{"input": "Revealed the location-specific flow patterns and quantified the speeds of various types of flow.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flow patterns", "start": 31, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reconstructed three-dimensional flow pattern under both conduction-mode melting and depression-mode melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 14, "end": 31}, {"text": "flow pattern", "start": 32, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "melting", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimentally analyzed the prevailing physical processes at different locations in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physical processes", "start": 39, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt flow plays a critical role in laser metal additive manufacturing, yet the melt flow behavior within the melt pool has never been explicitly presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Melt flow", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "melt flow", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser metal additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we report in-situ characterization of melt-flow dynamics in every location of the entire melt pool in laser metal additive manufacturing by populous and uniformly dispersed micro-tracers through in-situ high-resolution synchrotron x-ray imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "melt-flow dynamics", "start": 44, "end": 62}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 201, "end": 208}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser metal additive manufacturing", "start": 108, "end": 142}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 209, "end": 224}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray imaging", "start": 237, "end": 250}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The location-specific flow patterns in different regions of the melt pool are revealed and quantified under both conduction-mode and depression-mode melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flow patterns", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 149, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The physical processes at different locations in the melt pool are identified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physical processes", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 53, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The full-field melt-flow mapping approach reported here opens the way to study the detailed melt-flow dynamics under real additive manufacturing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt-flow", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "melt-flow dynamics", "start": 92, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 122, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results obtained provide crucial insights into laser additive manufacturing processes and are critical for developing reliable high-fidelity computational models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser additive manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "high-fidelity", "start": 131, "end": 144}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational models", "start": 145, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High resolution X-ray tomography was used to evaluate the efficiency of Hot Isostatic Pressing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "High resolution", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Hot Isostatic Pressing", "start": 72, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Full consolidation of large internal cavities filled with unmelted powder was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 5, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 67, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design of such cavities with unmelted powder could improve production rates by eliminating the need for some fraction of hatch melting in the interior of additively-manufactured structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "melting", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HIP is highly effective at closing most typical porosity distributions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 57, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Exceptions are highly interconnected pores and pores near the surface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "pores", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 62, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of additively manufactured metals is a widely adopted and effective method to improve the density and microstructure homogeneity within geometrically-complex metal structures fabricated with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Hot isostatic pressing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 24, "end": 27}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 32, "end": 55}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 220, "end": 243}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 245, "end": 249}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 131, "end": 145}, {"text": "geometrically-complex", "start": 165, "end": 186}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 204, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The role of pores in the fatigue performance of additively manufactured metal parts is increasingly being recognized as a critical factor and HIP post-processing is now heralded as a method to eliminate pores, especially for high-criticality applications such as in the aerospace industry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "critical factor", "start": 122, "end": 137}, {"text": "pores", "start": 203, "end": 208}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 48, "end": 71}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "as", "start": 178, "end": 180}, {"text": "as", "start": 260, "end": 262}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace industry", "start": 270, "end": 288}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the widely reported positive influence on fatigue performance and high efficiency of pore closure, examples have been reported in which pores have not been entirely closed or have subsequently re-opened upon heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "pore", "start": 93, "end": 97}, {"text": "pores", "start": 144, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 216, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A variety of porosity distributions and types of pores may be present in parts produced by LBPF and the effectiveness of pore closure may differ depending on these pore characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "pores", "start": 49, "end": 54}, {"text": "pore", "start": 121, "end": 125}, {"text": "pore", "start": 164, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 22, "end": 35}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 104, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, X-ray tomography was employed to provide insights into pore closure efficiency by HIP for an intentional and artificially-induced cavity as well as for a range of typical process-induced pores (lack of fusion, keyhole, contour pores, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray tomography", "start": 14, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 69, "end": 73}, {"text": "pores", "start": 201, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 96, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 168, "end": 173}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 216, "end": 222}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 233, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ") in coupon samples of Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 23, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The same samples were imaged non-destructively before and after HIP and aligned carefully for side-by-side viewing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 64, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High pore closure efficiency is demonstrated for all types of cavities and pores investigated, but near-surface pores of all types are shown to be problematic to varying degrees, in some cases perforating the superficial surface and creating new external notches.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 5, "end": 9}, {"text": "pores", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "pores", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 144, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "perforating", "start": 193, "end": 204}, {"text": "surface", "start": 221, "end": 228}], "feature": [{"text": "notches", "start": 255, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequent heat treatments (annealing after HIP) in some cases resulted in internal pore reopening for previously closed internal pores as well as a new “blistering” effect observed for some near-surface pores, which the authors believe is reported for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 11, "end": 26}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 44, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 84, "end": 88}, {"text": "pores", "start": 130, "end": 135}, {"text": "pores", "start": 204, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "as", "start": 144, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Implications of these results for quality control and HIP processing of LPBF parts are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 34, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 72, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the utility of using HIP to consolidate intentionally-unmelted powder in order to improve production rates of powder bed fusion has great potential and is preliminarily demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "production", "start": 99, "end": 109}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 119, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 72, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct Energy Deposition (DED) systems are currently used to repair and maintain existing parts in the aerospace and automotive industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Direct Energy Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 24}, {"text": "DED", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 103, "end": 112}, {"text": "automotive industries", "start": 117, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper discusses an effort to scale up the DED technique in order to Additively Manufacture (AM) molds and dies used in the composite manufacturing industry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 47, "end": 50}, {"text": "Additively Manufacture", "start": 73, "end": 95}, {"text": "AM", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "composite manufacturing", "start": 128, "end": 151}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 101, "end": 106}, {"text": "dies", "start": 111, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The US molds and dies market has been in a rapid decline over the last decade due to outsourcing to non-US entities.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 7, "end": 12}, {"text": "dies", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "outsourcing", "start": 85, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Wolf Robotics and Lincoln Electric have developed a Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing (MBAAM) system that uses a high deposition rate and a low-cost wire feedstock material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laboratory", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "Robotics", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing", "start": 90, "end": 127}, {"text": "MBAAM", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 155, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "wire feedstock material", "start": 191, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work we used the MBAAM system with a mild steel wire, ER70S-6, to fabricate a compression molding mold for composite structures used in automotive and mass-transit applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MBAAM", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "compression molding", "start": 86, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "mild steel", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "ER70S-6", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structures", "start": 115, "end": 135}], "application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 144, "end": 154}, {"text": "mass-transit", "start": 159, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the mechanical properties of the AM structure were investigated, and it was found that the MBAAM process delivers parts with high planar isotropic behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 17, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "MBAAM", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 150, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper investigates the microstructure and grain of the printed articles to confirm the roots of the observed planar isotropic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 27, "end": 41}, {"text": "grain", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 120, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The manufactured AM mold was used to fabricate 50 composite parts with no observed mold deformations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "deformations", "start": 88, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM mold", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "mold", "start": 83, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 50, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire feed metal additive manufacturing offers advantages, such as large build volumes and high build rates, over powder bed and blown powder techniques, but it has its own disadvantages, i.e., lower feature resolution and bead morphology control issues.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 5, "end": 9}, {"text": "build volumes", "start": 72, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 16, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "powder", "start": 134, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rates", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 199, "end": 206}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bead morphology", "start": 222, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new wire feed metal additive manufacturing process called Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing (mBAAM) uses a Gas Metal Arc Weld system on an articulated robot arm to increase build volume and deposition rate in comparison to powder bed techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 11, "end": 15}, {"text": "build volume", "start": 179, "end": 191}, {"text": "deposition rate", "start": 196, "end": 211}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 22, "end": 52}, {"text": "Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing", "start": 60, "end": 97}, {"text": "mBAAM", "start": 99, "end": 104}, {"text": "Gas Metal Arc Weld", "start": 113, "end": 131}, {"text": "powder bed techniques", "start": 229, "end": 250}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "robot arm", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high deposition rate implies a low-resolution process; therefore, parts designed for mBAAM must incorporate the use of machining to achieve certain features.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 76, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mBAAM", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "machining", "start": 123, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an introduction to how design rules, such as overhang constraint, large weld bead thickness, and support structure, for mBAAM interact in the context of an excavator arm case study, which was designed using topology optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design rules", "start": 43, "end": 55}, {"text": "weld bead", "start": 92, "end": 101}, {"text": "case study", "start": 190, "end": 200}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 117, "end": 134}, {"text": "designed", "start": 212, "end": 220}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 227, "end": 248}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mBAAM", "start": 140, "end": 145}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "excavator arm", "start": 176, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Interactive database for mechanical properties of metal lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "database", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 25, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 56, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice Unit-cell Characterization Interface for Engineering compiles 69 sources.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lattice", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "Interface", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "Engineering", "start": 49, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structure data compiled from analytical, experimental, and finite element.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structure", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 18, "end": 22}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 49, "end": 61}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 67, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data compilation includes nearly 1650 experimental and finite element data points.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 38, "end": 50}, {"text": "finite element data points", "start": 55, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice data incorporates 18 different common unit cell topologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lattice data", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "unit cell topologies", "start": 46, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the ever-increasing resolution of metal additive manufacturing processes, the ability to design and fabricate cellular or lattice structures is readily improving.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 67}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 127, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While there are few limits to the variety of unit cell topologies that can feasibly be manufactured, there is little known about the effect that the underlying unit cell topology has on lattice structure mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "unit cell topologies", "start": 45, "end": 65}, {"text": "unit cell topology", "start": 160, "end": 178}, {"text": "performance", "start": 215, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 84, "end": 86}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 186, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increased knowledge of lattice structure performance based on the unit cell topology can aid in appropriate unit cell selection to achieve desired lattice structure mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 23, "end": 40}, {"text": "lattice structure", "start": 147, "end": 164}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell topology", "start": 66, "end": 84}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "properties", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective in this work is to compile metal additively manufactured lattice structure characterization data found in the literature into Ashby-style plots that can be used to differentiate unit cell topologies and guide unit cell selection.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "be", "start": 167, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 47, "end": 70}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "structure characterization", "start": 79, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 106, "end": 110}, {"text": "unit cell topologies", "start": 192, "end": 212}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 223, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data gathered from literature encompasses over 69 papers describing 18 different unit cell topologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "unit cell topologies", "start": 81, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data on mechanical properties such as the effective modulus, Poisson’ s ratio, yield strength, buckling strength, and plateau strength, of lattice structures from analytical models based on mathematical derivations, finite element analysis, and experimental characterization was gathered and synthesized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 8, "end": 29}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 190, "end": 202}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 216, "end": 239}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 245, "end": 257}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "s", "start": 70, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 79, "end": 93}, {"text": "buckling strength", "start": 95, "end": 112}, {"text": "strength", "start": 126, "end": 134}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 139, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In total, nearly 1,650 data points for experimental and finite element analysis were compiled along with a variety of analytical models for 18 different unit cell topologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 23, "end": 27}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 39, "end": 51}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 56, "end": 79}, {"text": "unit cell topologies", "start": 153, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process of gathering the data from the literature along with the assumptions used to compile the data are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "data", "start": 29, "end": 33}, {"text": "data", "start": 101, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A graphical user interface and database were developed that allows for comparison of different lattice structure mechanical properties based on their unit cell topology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "properties", "start": 124, "end": 134}, {"text": "unit cell topology", "start": 150, "end": 168}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "database", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 95, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Lattice Unit-cell Characterization Interface for Engineers (LUCIE) provides a simple format to guide engineers, scientists, and others towards understanding the relationships of the unit cell topology and the lattice structure mechanical properties, with the intent of guiding appropriate unit cell selection.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lattice", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "Interface", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "unit cell topology", "start": 186, "end": 204}, {"text": "properties", "start": 242, "end": 252}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 293, "end": 302}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 82, "end": 88}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 213, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three cases studies are shown for using LUCIE to differentiate unit cell topologies for improved understanding of experimental and simulation-based results (Case Study 1), to identify unit cell topology options for reducing weight while maintaining yield stress or increasing yield stress without reducing weight (Case Study 2), and for quickly narrowing multiple options to an appropriate unit cell topology (Case Study 3).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell topologies", "start": 63, "end": 83}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 114, "end": 126}, {"text": "Case Study", "start": 157, "end": 167}, {"text": "unit cell topology", "start": 184, "end": 202}, {"text": "Case Study", "start": 314, "end": 324}, {"text": "unit cell topology", "start": 390, "end": 408}, {"text": "Case Study", "start": 410, "end": 420}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 224, "end": 230}, {"text": "weight", "start": 306, "end": 312}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 249, "end": 261}, {"text": "yield stress", "start": 276, "end": 288}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Drop-on-demand jetting of metals offers a fully digital manufacturing approach to surpass the limitations of the current generation powder-based additive manufacturing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Drop-on-demand jetting", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "digital manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 69}, {"text": "powder-based additive manufacturing", "start": 132, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 26, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, research on this topic has been restricted mainly to near-net shaping of relatively low melting temperature metals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "shaping", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 97, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here it is proposed a novel approach to jet molten metals at high-temperatures (> 1000 °C) to enable the direct digital additive fabrication of micro- to macro-scale objects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "molten metals", "start": 44, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct digital additive fabrication", "start": 105, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-", "start": 144, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technique used in our research–“MetalJet”-is discussed by studying the ejection and the deposition of two example metals, tin and silver.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "ejection", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "tin", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "silver", "start": 134, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The applicability of this new technology to additive manufacturing is evaluated through the study of the interface formed between the droplets and the substrate, the inter-droplets bonding, the microstructure and the geometrical fidelity of the printed objects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "interface", "start": 105, "end": 114}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 134, "end": 142}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 181, "end": 188}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 194, "end": 208}, {"text": "geometrical fidelity", "start": 217, "end": 237}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 151, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research shows that the integrity of the samples (in terms of density as well as metallurgy) varies dramatically in the two investigated materials due to the different conditions that are required to melt the interface of the stacked droplets.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "integrity", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "samples", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "materials", "start": 141, "end": 150}, {"text": "melt", "start": 204, "end": 208}, {"text": "interface", "start": 213, "end": 222}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 238, "end": 246}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless the research shows that by a careful choice of the jetting strategy and sintering treatments 3D structures of various complexity can be formed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 106, "end": 119}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 131, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "jetting", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 85, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 146, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research paves the way towards the next generation metal additive manufacturing where various printing resolutions and multi-material capabilities could be used to obtain functional components for applications in printed electronics, medicine and the automotive sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 124, "end": 138}, {"text": "functional components", "start": 176, "end": 197}, {"text": "printed electronics", "start": 218, "end": 237}, {"text": "medicine", "start": 239, "end": 247}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 56, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 158, "end": 160}], "application": [{"text": "automotive sectors", "start": 256, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing (AM) as an emerging manufacturing technique has been gradually accepted to manufacture end-use components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 104, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, one of the most critical issues preventing its broad applications is build failure resulting from residual stress accumulation in manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "build failure", "start": 78, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 107, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 139, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The goal of this work is to investigate the feasibility of using topology optimization to design support structure to mitigate residual stress induced build failure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "structure", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 65, "end": 86}, {"text": "design", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 127, "end": 142}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build failure", "start": 151, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To make topology optimization computationally tractable, the inherent strain method is employed to perform fast prediction of residual stress in an AM build.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 8, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 70, "end": 76}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 126, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 148, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Graded lattice structure optimization is utilized to design the support structure due to the open-celled and self-supporting nature of periodic lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 7, "end": 24}, {"text": "design", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "support structure", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "self-supporting", "start": 109, "end": 124}, {"text": "lattice structure", "start": 144, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "open-celled", "start": 93, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective for the optimization is to minimize the mass of sacrificial support structure under stress constraint.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 22, "end": 34}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 74, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 98, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By limiting the maximum stress under the yield strength, cracking resulting from residual stress can be prevented.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To show the feasibility of the proposed method, the support structure of a double-cantilever beam and a hip implant is designed, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 52, "end": 69}, {"text": "designed", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "double-cantilever beam", "start": 75, "end": 97}], "application": [{"text": "hip implant", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The support structure after optimization can achieve a weight reduction of approximately 60%.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 55, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The components with optimized support structures no longer suffer from stress-induced cracking after the designs are realized by AM, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 30, "end": 48}, {"text": "designs", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "stress-induced cracking", "start": 71, "end": 94}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 150, "end": 163}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is an emerging solid-state metal additive manufacturing technology renowned for strong interface adhesion and isotropic mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Additive", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "solid-state", "start": 56, "end": 67}, {"text": "interface", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "properties", "start": 172, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 138, "end": 146}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 151, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is postulated to result from the material flow phenomena near the interface, but experimental corroboration has remained absent.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 71, "end": 80}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 86, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we seek to understand the interface formed in AFSD via morphological and microstructural investigation, wherein the non-planar interfacial morphology is characterized on the track-scale (centimeter scale) using X-ray computed tomography and the material deformation history is explored by microstructure mapping at the interfacial regions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 79, "end": 94}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 145, "end": 155}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 260, "end": 271}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 295, "end": 309}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 217, "end": 242}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 251, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray computed tomography reveals unique 3D features at the interface with significant macroscopic material mixing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 0, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "interface", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 87, "end": 98}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 108, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the out-of-plane direction, the deposited material inserts below the initial substrate surface in the feed-rod zone, while the substrate surface surges upwards in the tool protrusion-affected zone.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "inserts", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "tool", "start": 170, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Complex 3D structures like fins and serrations form on the advancing side, leading to structural interlocking; on the retreating side, the interface manifests as a smooth sloped surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D structures", "start": 8, "end": 21}, {"text": "interface", "start": 139, "end": 148}, {"text": "surface", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure mapping reveals a uniform thermomechanical history for the deposited material, which develops a homogeneous, almost fully recrystallized microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 41, "end": 57}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 111, "end": 122}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 152, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "recrystallized", "start": 137, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The substrate surface develops partially recrystallized microstructures that are location-dependent; more intra-granular orientation gradients are found in the regions further away from the centerline of the deposition track.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 56, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "recrystallized", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 121, "end": 132}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 208, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From these observations, we discuss the mechanisms for interfacial material flow and interface morphology formation during AFSD.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 85, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Embedded electronics and sensors are becoming increasingly important for the development of Industry 4.0.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Embedded electronics", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "Industry 4.0", "start": 92, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 25, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For small components, space constraints lead to full 3D integration requirements that are only achievable through Additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 40, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D integration", "start": 53, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Manufacturing metal components usually require high temperatures incompatible with electronics but Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM) can produce components with mechanical properties close to bulk, but with the integration of internal embedded electronics, sensors or optics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing", "start": 99, "end": 132}, {"text": "UAM", "start": 134, "end": 137}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "components", "start": 151, "end": 161}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 263, "end": 270}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 52, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 83, "end": 94}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 167, "end": 188}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "embedded electronics", "start": 241, "end": 261}], "application": [{"text": "optics", "start": 274, "end": 280}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes a novel manufacturing route for embedding electronics with 3D via connectors in an aluminium matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "3D", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium matrix", "start": 104, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal foils with printed conductors and insulators were prepared separately from the UAM process thereby separating the electronics preparation from the part consolidation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "conductors", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "insulators", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "UAM", "start": 85, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 120, "end": 131}, {"text": "part consolidation", "start": 153, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A dual material polymer layer exhibited the best electrically insulating properties, while providing mechanical protection of printed conductive tracks stable up to 100 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrically", "start": 49, "end": 61}, {"text": "properties", "start": 73, "end": 83}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printed conductive", "start": 126, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "General design and UAM process recommendations are given for 3D embedded electronics in a metal matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "UAM", "start": 19, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "3D", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 73, "end": 84}, {"text": "metal matrix", "start": 90, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Functionally graded metals fabricated using high-temperature additive manufacturing can form intermetallics that fracture during printing due to thermal stresses generated by the heat source.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Functionally graded metals", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "intermetallics", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 113, "end": 121}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 179, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 61, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stresses", "start": 145, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To address this problem, we introduce a new class of non-equilibrium phase diagrams, termed Scheil Ternary Projection (STeP) diagrams, for designing optimal composition gradients that avoid brittle phases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "non-equilibrium phase diagrams", "start": 53, "end": 83}, {"text": "Scheil Ternary Projection", "start": 92, "end": 117}, {"text": "STeP", "start": 119, "end": 123}, {"text": "composition gradients", "start": 157, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 190, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the Fe-Cr-Al ternary as a model system, we compare the phase fields in equilibrium and STeP diagrams to show that intermetallic phase fields are dramatically expanded under the rapid solidification conditions in melt-based additive manufacturing, an important effect that must be accounted for when designing composition gradients.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fe-Cr-Al", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "as", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "intermetallic", "start": 120, "end": 133}, {"text": "be", "start": 283, "end": 285}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 32, "end": 37}, {"text": "phase", "start": 61, "end": 66}, {"text": "equilibrium", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "STeP diagrams", "start": 93, "end": 106}, {"text": "composition gradients", "start": 315, "end": 336}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 183, "end": 203}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 229, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present the results of 3D modeling of the laser and electron beam powder bed fusion process at the mesoscale with an in-house developed advanced multiphysical numerical tool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 55, "end": 68}, {"text": "mesoscale", "start": 102, "end": 111}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 172, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hydrodynamics and thermal conductivity core of the tool is based on the lattice Boltzmann method.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 22, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 43, "end": 47}, {"text": "tool", "start": 55, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 76, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The numerical tool takes into account the random distributions of powder particles by size in a layer and the propagation of the laser (electron beam) with a full ray tracing (Monte Carlo) model that includes multiple reflections, phase transitions, thermal conductivity, and detailed liquid dynamics of the molten metal, influenced by evaporation of the metal and the recoil pressure.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 49, "end": 62}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 136, "end": 149}, {"text": "model", "start": 189, "end": 194}, {"text": "phase", "start": 231, "end": 236}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 336, "end": 347}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 376, "end": 384}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 66, "end": 82}, {"text": "molten metal", "start": 308, "end": 320}, {"text": "metal", "start": 355, "end": 360}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 250, "end": 270}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We numerically demonstrate a strong dependence of the net energy absorption of the incoming heat source beam by the powder bed and melt pool on the beam power.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 58, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat source", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 104, "end": 108}, {"text": "powder bed", "start": 116, "end": 126}, {"text": "beam", "start": 148, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 131, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We show the ability of our model to predict the measurable properties of a single track on a bare substrate as well as on a powder layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "properties", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}, {"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "powder", "start": 124, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 131, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We obtain good agreement with experimental data for the depth, width and shape of a track for a number of materials and a wide range of energy source parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 30, "end": 47}, {"text": "materials", "start": 106, "end": 115}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 127, "end": 132}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 143, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We further apply our model to the simulation of the entire layer formation and demonstrate the strong dependence of the resulting layer morphology on the hatch spacing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "layer", "start": 130, "end": 135}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 154, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presented model could be very helpful for optimizing the additive process without carrying out a large number of experiments in a common trial-and-error method, developing process parameters for new materials, and assessing novel modalities of powder bed fusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "trial-and-error", "start": 141, "end": 156}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 176, "end": 194}, {"text": "materials", "start": 203, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 248, "end": 288}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particle size and shape distributions of metal powders used in additive manufacturing powder bed fusion processes are of technological importance for the final built product.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 28, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 45, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 67, "end": 89}, {"text": "bed fusion", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Current three-dimensional (3D) measurements of these distributions assume a spherical shape, while techniques that measure both size and shape are always two-dimensional (2D) measurements of particle projections.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 8, "end": 25}, {"text": "3D", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 53, "end": 66}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "two-dimensional", "start": 154, "end": 169}, {"text": "2D", "start": 171, "end": 173}, {"text": "particle projections", "start": 191, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes a set of techniques using X-ray computed tomography, combined with various mathematical algorithms, to measure the 3D size, shape, and internal porosity of individual particles.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 23, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 47, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mathematical algorithms", "start": 96, "end": 119}, {"text": "3D", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "particles", "start": 188, "end": 197}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 165, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Calibrated by a limited amount of visual examination of 3D images of individual particles, these techniques can classify powder particles as single near-spherical (SnS) particles, and non-spherical (NS) particles, which consist of either single highly non-spherical particles or multi-particles, where two or more smaller particles have been joined together.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Calibrated", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "3D images", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "particles", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "SnS", "start": 164, "end": 167}, {"text": "particles", "start": 169, "end": 178}, {"text": "non-spherical", "start": 184, "end": 197}, {"text": "particles", "start": 203, "end": 212}, {"text": "non-spherical", "start": 252, "end": 265}, {"text": "multi-particles", "start": 279, "end": 294}, {"text": "particles", "start": 322, "end": 331}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "visual examination", "start": 34, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 121, "end": 137}, {"text": "as", "start": 138, "end": 140}, {"text": "NS", "start": 199, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From this 3D data, other algorithms can generate 2D particle size and shape information to compare with the results of 2D measurement techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D data", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "2D particle", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "2D measurement techniques", "start": 119, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These techniques are applied to two metal powders composed of a specific alloy of titanium with aluminum and vanadium, denoted as Ti64, which is in common use as a powder for selective laser or electron beam melting powder bed additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "vanadium", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "powder", "start": 164, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser", "start": 175, "end": 190}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 194, "end": 215}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 227, "end": 249}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 223, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One powder was made with a gas-atomization process, the other with a plasma-atomization process, both have been recycled, and both pass the specifications for additive manufacturing use.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas-atomization process", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "plasma-atomization process", "start": 69, "end": 95}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 140, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 159, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powders differ in the fraction of NS particles and porous particles, in their size and shape distributions, and in average shape and size statistics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "NS", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "particles", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 97, "end": 110}, {"text": "average", "start": 119, "end": 126}, {"text": "statistics", "start": 142, "end": 152}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 55, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SnS/NS classification enables one to show how these classes contribute to the overall particle size distributions, even for a single powder type, and is useful for comparing different sources of powder as well as studying how the size/shape distributions of a powder might change over multiple recycling events.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "classification", "start": 11, "end": 25}, {"text": "particle size distributions", "start": 90, "end": 117}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 245, "end": 258}, {"text": "recycling", "start": 298, "end": 307}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 137, "end": 143}, {"text": "powder", "start": 199, "end": 205}, {"text": "as", "start": 206, "end": 208}, {"text": "as", "start": 214, "end": 216}, {"text": "powder", "start": 264, "end": 270}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrochemical microstructuring enables the production of polymer-metal hybrids by means of Material Extrusion without the need of coatings.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Electrochemical", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "Material Extrusion", "start": 93, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "polymer-metal hybrids", "start": 59, "end": 80}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The contact temperature between the metal sheet and the deposited polymer significantly influences the resulting component behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 113, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A consolidation roll improves the filling of microstructures for low contact temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 2, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 45, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development towards higher individualization and functional density pushes the need towards a flexible production of multi-material and lightweight components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "flexible production", "start": 98, "end": 117}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 121, "end": 135}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 140, "end": 151}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, extrusion based additive manufacturing was used to produce polymer-metal hybrids with polypropylene and aluminum alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "polymer-metal hybrids", "start": 74, "end": 95}, {"text": "polypropylene", "start": 101, "end": 114}, {"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this purpose, a screw-driven extruder on a six-axis robot was used.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "screw-driven extruder", "start": 20, "end": 41}, {"text": "six-axis robot", "start": 47, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the adhesion incompatibility of polypropylene and untreated metals, the surface of the aluminum sheets was electrochemically micro-structured.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 11, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "polypropylene", "start": 39, "end": 52}, {"text": "metals", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "aluminum sheets", "start": 94, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "electrochemically", "start": 114, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigations show that this enables a mechanically stressable joint through the filling of the surface microstructures with polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stressable", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 68, "end": 73}, {"text": "surface", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 109, "end": 124}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 130, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Investigations on lap shear joints reveal a distinct influence of the contact temperature between the polymer and metal onto the lap shear strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lap shear joints", "start": 18, "end": 34}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 102, "end": 109}, {"text": "metal", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "lap shear strength", "start": 129, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A sufficient contact temperature is required for filling surface microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 65, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, increased metal and extrusion temperatures favor higher strengths.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 62, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the use of a consolidation roll shows beneficial influences in lower temperature ranges due to the application of higher pressures during the polymer strand deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 26, "end": 39}, {"text": "pressures", "start": 134, "end": 143}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 170, "end": 180}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature ranges", "start": 82, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 155, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A virtual binocular vision sensor is developed to monitor molten pool width.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "virtual binocular", "start": 2, "end": 19}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 27, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "monitor", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "molten pool width", "start": 58, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A closed-loop controller is designed for molten pool width control.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop controller", "start": 2, "end": 24}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "molten pool width", "start": 41, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparison tests between open and closed-loop control are carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 34, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Gas metal arc (GMA) additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the significant wire and arc AM processes with the ability to produce large-scale metal parts in a layer by layer fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Gas metal arc", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "GMA", "start": 15, "end": 18}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 20, "end": 42}, {"text": "AM", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "wire and arc AM", "start": 74, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 157, "end": 171}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 172, "end": 179}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 140, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite this fact, techniques to realize process sensing and geometry control have not been perfectly developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 61, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims at molten pool width control in GMA AM using a passive vision sensing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "molten pool width", "start": 19, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "GMA AM", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "passive vision sensing", "start": 63, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A virtual binocular vision sensing system consisting of a biprism and a camera is designed to monitor the molten pool geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "virtual binocular vision sensing", "start": 2, "end": 34}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "biprism", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "camera", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "monitor", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "molten pool geometry", "start": 106, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The molten pool width in a captured image pair is extracted by a series of procedures, such as sensor calibration, image pair rectification, disparity calculation, and width reconstruction.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "molten pool width", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "image", "start": 115, "end": 120}, {"text": "reconstruction", "start": 174, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 92, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A verification test is conducted and reveals that the detection error of the sensing system is less than 3%.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "verification test", "start": 2, "end": 19}, {"text": "sensing system", "start": 77, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 64, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To keep consistent layer width in each layer, the deviation of the molten pool width is compensated by designing a fuzzy intelligent controller to adjust the arc current in real time.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "layer", "start": 39, "end": 44}, {"text": "molten pool width", "start": 67, "end": 84}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "fuzzy intelligent controller", "start": 115, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc current", "start": 158, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effectiveness of the controller is evaluated via the deposition of thin-walled parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "feature": [{"text": "thin-walled parts", "start": 71, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that the consistency of the molten pool width in GMA AM can be improved when employing the fuzzy controller.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "consistency", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "parameter": [{"text": "molten pool width", "start": 49, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "GMA AM", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "fuzzy controller", "start": 112, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity in additively manufactured metals can reduce material strength and is generally undesirable.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "material strength", "start": 54, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 12, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although studies have shown relationships between process parameters and porosity, monitoring strategies for defect detection and pore formation are still needed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 50, "end": 68}, {"text": "monitoring strategies", "start": 83, "end": 104}, {"text": "defect", "start": 109, "end": 115}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "pore", "start": 130, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, instantaneous anomalous conditions are detected in-situ via pyrometry during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing and correlated with voids observed using post-build micro-computed tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "instantaneous anomalous", "start": 15, "end": 38}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 143, "end": 153}, {"text": "voids", "start": 159, "end": 164}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "pyrometry", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "micro-computed tomography", "start": 191, "end": 216}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 92, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large two-color pyrometry data sets were used to estimate instantaneous temperatures, melt pool orientations and aspect ratios.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "pyrometry", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 72, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 86, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratios", "start": 113, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Machine learning algorithms were then applied to processed pyrometry data to detect outlier images and conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Machine learning algorithms", "start": 0, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "data", "start": 69, "end": 73}, {"text": "images", "start": 92, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that melt pool outliers are good predictors of voids observed post-build.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 59, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this approach, real time process monitoring can be incorporated into systems to detect defect and void formation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process monitoring", "start": 30, "end": 48}, {"text": "defect", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "void", "start": 103, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 53, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alternatively, using the methodology presented here, pyrometry data can be post processed for porosity assessment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "data", "start": 63, "end": 67}, {"text": "processed", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "pyrometry", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes an additive manufacturing method that combines fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing and an electroforming technology to fabricate multi-material structures composed of resin and metal.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 45}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 67, "end": 93}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 95, "end": 98}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "electroforming", "start": 119, "end": 133}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 148, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 196, "end": 201}, {"text": "metal", "start": 206, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this method, an FFF 3D printer prints a resin mold that functions as a structural unit in a multi-material structure and as a sacrificial plastic mold for the addition of the metal material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "FFF 3D printer", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "mold", "start": 49, "end": 53}, {"text": "sacrificial plastic mold", "start": 129, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "metal material", "start": 178, "end": 192}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural unit", "start": 74, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structure", "start": 95, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This sacrificial mold is eventually removed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 17, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electroforming the interior of a printed resin mold enables the fabrication of multi-material structures using resin and metal materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electroforming", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 64, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "printed resin", "start": 33, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 47, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structures", "start": 79, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 111, "end": 116}, {"text": "metal materials", "start": 121, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabrication conditions for multi-material structures when using the proposed method were investigated and the surfaces of the resulting structures were evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structures", "start": 31, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 114, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabrication conditions for the specified thickness per process and the total thicknesses from all the processes were determined.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "specified thickness", "start": 35, "end": 54}, {"text": "process", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "processes", "start": 106, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, our results indicated that the shape of the side of the metal portion depended on the forming precision of the FFF 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 99, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "FFF 3D printer", "start": 124, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present an example of the fabrication of a gear shape from resin and metal.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "gear", "start": 46, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "metal", "start": 72, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray CT and image analysis enable full surface characterization of LPBF channels.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray CT", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "surface characterization", "start": 40, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image analysis", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 68, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Novel methodology enables roughness profile extraction from 3D deviation data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D deviation data", "start": 60, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 36, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "360° roughness characterization enables predictive models for LPBF channels.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 5, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predictive models", "start": 40, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 62, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The increasingly complex shapes and geometries being produced using additive manufacturing necessitate new characterization techniques that can address the corresponding challenges.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 17, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Standard techniques for roughness and texture measurements are inept at characterizing the internal surfaces in freeform geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Standard", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 100, "end": 108}, {"text": "freeform geometries", "start": 112, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 38, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, this work presents a new methodology for extracting and quantitatively characterizing the roughness on internal surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "extracting", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology links X-ray CT with complete roughness characterization of channels manufactured by laser powder bed fusion through a novel image analysis approach of X-ray CT data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 84, "end": 96}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 140, "end": 154}, {"text": "data", "start": 176, "end": 180}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray CT", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "X-ray CT", "start": 167, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 100, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Global and local orientation parameters are defined to enable a full 360° description of the roughness inside additively manufactured channels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "local orientation", "start": 11, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 110, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray CT data is analyzed to generate 3D deviation data–based on which multiple local roughness profiles are extracted and analyzed in accordance with the ISO 4287:1997 standard.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray CT", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 9, "end": 13}, {"text": "3D deviation data", "start": 38, "end": 55}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 109, "end": 118}, {"text": "standard", "start": 169, "end": 177}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 86, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 155, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To demonstrate the proposed methodology, seven circular 17-4 PH stainless steel channels produced at different inclinations and with a diameter of 2 mm are investigated as a case study.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 135, "end": 143}, {"text": "case study", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "17-4 PH stainless steel", "start": 56, "end": 79}, {"text": "as", "start": 169, "end": 171}], "feature": [{"text": "inclinations", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 149, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Qualitative and quantitative characterization of the roughness is obtained through the use of the proposed methodology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Qualitative", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 53, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A strong dependence of the local roughness on the corresponding α and β orientations is found.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 72, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simple regression model is subsequently extracted from the calculated roughness values and allows prediction of Ra-values in the channels for the ranges between 0° ≤ α ≤ 90° and 80° ≤ β ≤ 280°.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "simple regression model", "start": 2, "end": 25}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 100, "end": 110}, {"text": "Ra-values", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness values", "start": 72, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to decreasing the effective hydraulic diameter of a cooling channel, the surface roughness also influences the local Nusselt number, which is quantified using the extracted regression model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hydraulic diameter", "start": 40, "end": 58}, {"text": "local Nusselt number", "start": 123, "end": 143}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 175, "end": 184}, {"text": "model", "start": 196, "end": 201}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cooling channel", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 85, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports on the results of a round robin test conducted by ten X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) laboratories with the same three selected titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) test parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "round robin test", "start": 39, "end": 55}, {"text": "X-ray micro computed tomography", "start": 73, "end": 104}, {"text": "micro-CT", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laboratories", "start": 116, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloy", "start": 158, "end": 172}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 174, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 183, "end": 206}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 208, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These parts were a 10-mm cube, a 60-mm long and 40-mm high complex-shaped bracket, and a 15-mm diameter rod.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cube", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 59, "end": 73}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bracket", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previously developed protocols for micro-CT analysis of these parts were provided to all participants, including suggested scanning parameters and image analysis steps.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "protocols", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "scanning parameters", "start": 123, "end": 142}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 147, "end": 161}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT analysis", "start": 35, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No further information on the samples were provided, and they were selected from a variety of parts from a previous different type of round robin study where various L-PBF laboratories provided identical parts for micro-CT analysis at one laboratory.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "laboratories", "start": 172, "end": 184}, {"text": "laboratory", "start": 239, "end": 249}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "round robin", "start": 134, "end": 145}, {"text": "micro-CT analysis", "start": 214, "end": 231}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 166, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this new micro-CT round robin test which involves various micro-CT laboratories, parts from the previous work were selected such that each part had a different characteristic flaw type, and all laboratories involved in the study analyzed the same set of parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT round robin test", "start": 12, "end": 37}, {"text": "micro-CT", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laboratories", "start": 70, "end": 82}, {"text": "flaw", "start": 178, "end": 182}, {"text": "laboratories", "start": 197, "end": 209}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 250, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 10-mm cube contained subsurface pores just under its top surface (relative to build direction), and all participants could positively identify this.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cube", "start": 10, "end": 14}, {"text": "surface", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 82, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The complex bracket had contour pores around its outer vertical sides, and was warped with two arms deflected towards one another.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "bracket", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 55, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 15-mm diameter rod had a layered stop/start flaw, which was also positively identified by all participants.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "flaw", "start": 48, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differences were found among participants for quantitative evaluations, ranging from no quantitative measurement made, to under and overestimation of the values in all analyses attempted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "overestimation", "start": 132, "end": 146}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "quantitative measurement", "start": 88, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This round robin provides the opportunity to highlight typical causes of errors in micro-CT scanning and image analysis as applied to additively manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "round robin", "start": 5, "end": 16}, {"text": "micro-CT scanning", "start": 83, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 73, "end": 79}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 105, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 134, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some workflow variations, sources of error and ways to increase the reproducibility of such analysis workflows are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "workflow variations", "start": 5, "end": 24}, {"text": "error", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "reproducibility", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "workflows", "start": 101, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ultimate aim of this work is to advance the efficient use of micro-CT facilities for process optimization and quality inspections for additively manufactured products.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "inspections", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process optimization", "start": 89, "end": 109}, {"text": "quality", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured products", "start": 138, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results provide confidence in the use of laboratory micro-CT but also indicate the need for further development of standards, protocols and image analysis workflows for quantitative assessment, especially for direct and quantitative comparisons between different laboratories.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laboratory", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "standards", "start": 119, "end": 128}, {"text": "protocols", "start": 130, "end": 139}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 144, "end": 158}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 224, "end": 236}, {"text": "laboratories", "start": 267, "end": 279}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "quantitative assessment", "start": 173, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Very limited Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes have been developed for production of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) reinforced by ceramic.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 35}, {"text": "AM", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "production", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "Metal Matrix Composites", "start": 89, "end": 112}, {"text": "MMCs", "start": 114, "end": 118}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Most of these processes use different mixing techniques to mix metal and ceramic powder particles in order to be used in an existing AM process such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "process", "start": 182, "end": 189}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "ceramic powder particles", "start": 73, "end": 97}, {"text": "be", "start": 110, "end": 112}, {"text": "as", "start": 149, "end": 151}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 133, "end": 143}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 177, "end": 180}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 162, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current AM techniques for MMCs fabrication have limitations due to material mixing and the AM process limitations itself.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 12, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "MMCs", "start": 30, "end": 34}, {"text": "material", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper introduces a novel AM method for fabrication of MMCs by Thermal Decomposition of Salts (TDS).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "Thermal Decomposition", "start": 67, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "MMCs", "start": 59, "end": 63}, {"text": "Salts", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "TDS", "start": 99, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this method inorganic salts are printed on metal powder bed to fabricate green part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "inorganic salts", "start": 15, "end": 30}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 46, "end": 58}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 59, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 66, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The green part undergoes bulk sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "green part", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bulk sintering", "start": 25, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During bulk sintering the printed inorganic salts are decomposed to fine ceramic particles to form MMC.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bulk sintering", "start": 7, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "inorganic salts", "start": 34, "end": 49}, {"text": "fine ceramic", "start": 68, "end": 80}, {"text": "MMC", "start": 99, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process is capable of generating MMC structures with uniformly distributed and dispersed ultra-fine ceramic particles in the metal matrix with less limitations and lower cost compared to other existing AM techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "metal matrix", "start": 130, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "MMC", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 207, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, bronze-alumina MMC was fabricated and studied by the TDS process to validate the proposed process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "bronze-alumina", "start": 15, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "TDS process", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "process", "start": 105, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also shown that the TDS process can be used to fabricate other types of MMCs besides bronze-alumina due to the nature of the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "TDS process", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "process", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "MMCs", "start": 79, "end": 83}, {"text": "bronze-alumina", "start": 92, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 54, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design of Experiments methodology was used to study and model the effects of sintering parameters on the properties of the bronze-alumina fabricated by the TDS process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Design of Experiments", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "model", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 87, "end": 97}, {"text": "properties", "start": 105, "end": 115}, {"text": "TDS process", "start": 156, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "bronze-alumina", "start": 123, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to MMCs unique properties combined with AM benefits, this novel method will be of great interest to various industries such as aerospace applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "MMCs", "start": 7, "end": 11}, {"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 112, "end": 122}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 131, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) promises rapid development cycles and fabrication of ready-to-use, geometrically-complex parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "ready-to-use", "start": 81, "end": 93}, {"text": "geometrically-complex", "start": 95, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The metallic parts produced by AM often contain highly non-equilibrium microstructures, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic parts", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 71, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "chemical microsegregation and residual dislocation networks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microsegregation", "start": 9, "end": 25}, {"text": "residual dislocation", "start": 30, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While such microstructures can enhance some material properties, they are often undesirable.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 11, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 44, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many AM parts are thus heat-treated after fabrication, a process that significantly slows production.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "production", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigated if electropulsing, the process of sending high-current-density electrical pulses through a metallic part, could be used to modify the microstructures of AM 316 L stainless steel (SS) and AlSi10Mg parts fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) more rapidly than thermal annealing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electropulsing", "start": 27, "end": 41}, {"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "high-current-density", "start": 66, "end": 86}, {"text": "electrical pulses", "start": 87, "end": 104}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 226, "end": 236}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic part", "start": 115, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 158, "end": 173}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 186, "end": 201}, {"text": "SS", "start": 203, "end": 205}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 211, "end": 219}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 177, "end": 179}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 240, "end": 263}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 265, "end": 268}, {"text": "thermal annealing", "start": 288, "end": 305}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electropulsing has shown promise as a rapid postprocessing method for materials fabricated using conventional methods, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Electropulsing", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "postprocessing", "start": 44, "end": 58}, {"text": "materials fabricated", "start": 70, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "casting and rolling, but has never been applied to AM materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "rolling", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 51, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For both the materials used in this study, as-fabricated SLM parts contained significant chemical heterogeneity, either chemical microsegregation (316 L SS) or a cellular interdendritic phase (AlSi10Mg).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "chemical heterogeneity", "start": 89, "end": 111}, {"text": "microsegregation", "start": 129, "end": 145}, {"text": "cellular interdendritic", "start": 162, "end": 185}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 57, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "316 L SS", "start": 147, "end": 155}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 193, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In both cases, annealing times on the order of hours at high homologous temperatures are necessary for homogenization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "homogenization", "start": 103, "end": 117}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "homologous temperatures", "start": 61, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using electropulsing, chemical microsegregation was eliminated in 316 L SS samples after 10, 16 ms electrical pulses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electropulsing", "start": 6, "end": 20}, {"text": "microsegregation", "start": 31, "end": 47}, {"text": "electrical pulses", "start": 99, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "316 L SS", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In AlSi10Mg parts, electropulsing produced spheroidized Si-rich particles after as few as 15, 16 ms electrical pulses with a corresponding increase in ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 3, "end": 11}, {"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "as", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electropulsing", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "particles", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "electrical pulses", "start": 100, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "spheroidized", "start": 43, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 151, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrated that electropulsing can be used to modify the microstructures of AM metals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electropulsing", "start": 29, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 70, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM metals", "start": 89, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Architected structural metamaterials, also known as lattice, truss, or acoustic materials, provide opportunities to produce tailored effective properties that are not achievable in bulk monolithic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 23, "end": 36}, {"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "acoustic materials", "start": 71, "end": 89}, {"text": "monolithic materials", "start": 186, "end": 206}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 61, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 143, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These topologies are typically designed under the assumption of uniform, isotropic base material properties taken from reference databases and without consideration for sub-optimal as-printed properties or off-nominal dimensional heterogeneities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topologies", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 88, "end": 107}, {"text": "properties", "start": 192, "end": 202}, {"text": "heterogeneities", "start": 230, "end": 245}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "databases", "start": 129, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, manufacturing imperfections such as surface roughness are present throughout the lattices and their constituent struts create significant variability in mechanical properties and part performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturing imperfections", "start": 9, "end": 36}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 90, "end": 98}, {"text": "variability", "start": 147, "end": 158}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 162, "end": 183}, {"text": "performance", "start": 193, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 42, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 121, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study utilized a customized tensile bar with a gauge section consisting of five parallel struts loaded in a stretch (tensile) orientation to examine the impact of manufacturing heterogeneities on quasi-static deformation of the struts, with a focus on ultimate tensile strength and ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile bar", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "gauge section", "start": 52, "end": 65}, {"text": "struts", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "struts", "start": 233, "end": 239}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 257, "end": 282}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 287, "end": 296}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 131, "end": 142}, {"text": "impact", "start": 158, "end": 164}, {"text": "heterogeneities", "start": 182, "end": 197}, {"text": "quasi-static deformation", "start": 201, "end": 225}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 168, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The customized tensile specimen was designed to prevent damage during handling, despite the sub-millimeter thickness of each strut, and to enable efficient, high-throughput mechanical testing.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimen", "start": 15, "end": 31}, {"text": "strut", "start": 125, "end": 130}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 173, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strut tensile specimens and reference monolithic tensile bars were manufactured using a direct metal laser sintering (also known as laser powder bed fusion or selective laser melting) process in a precipitation hardened stainless steel alloy, 17-4PH, with minimum feature sizes ranging from 0.5-0.82 mm, comparable to minimum allowable dimensions for the process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "monolithic", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 71, "end": 83}, {"text": "process", "start": 188, "end": 195}, {"text": "process", "start": 359, "end": 366}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 92, "end": 120}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 142, "end": 159}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 163, "end": 186}, {"text": "precipitation hardened", "start": 201, "end": 223}, {"text": "mm", "start": 304, "end": 306}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "steel alloy", "start": 234, "end": 245}, {"text": "17-4PH", "start": 247, "end": 253}], "parameter": [{"text": "minimum feature sizes", "start": 260, "end": 281}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 340, "end": 350}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Over 70 tensile stress-strain tests were performed revealing that the effective mechanical properties of the struts were highly stochastic, considerably inferior to the properties of larger as-printed reference tensile bars, and well below the minimum allowable values for the alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile stress-strain tests", "start": 8, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 80, "end": 101}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 128, "end": 138}, {"text": "properties", "start": 169, "end": 179}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 109, "end": 115}, {"text": "tensile bars", "start": 211, "end": 223}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 277, "end": 282}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pre- and post-test non-destructive analyses revealed that the primary source of the reduced properties and increased variability was attributable to heterogeneous surface topography with stress-concentrating contours and commensurate reduction in effective load-bearing area.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "non-destructive analyses", "start": 19, "end": 43}, {"text": "topography", "start": 171, "end": 181}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "primary source", "start": 62, "end": 76}, {"text": "properties", "start": 92, "end": 102}, {"text": "variability", "start": 117, "end": 128}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 149, "end": 162}, {"text": "stress-concentrating", "start": 187, "end": 207}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 234, "end": 243}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 208, "end": 216}, {"text": "load-bearing area", "start": 257, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the feasibility of achieving high deposition rate using wire + arc additive manufacturing in stainless steel to reduce lead time and cost of manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "cost of manufacturing", "start": 157, "end": 178}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 53, "end": 73}, {"text": "lead time", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additive manufacturing", "start": 80, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 117, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pulse MIG welding technique with a tandem torch was used for depositing martensitic stainless steel 17-4 pH.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MIG welding", "start": 10, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tandem torch", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "martensitic stainless steel", "start": 76, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pH", "start": 109, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical and metallurgical properties of the manufactured component were analysed to evaluate the limitations and the extent to which the rate of deposition reaches a maximum without any failure or defect being evident in the manufactured component.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "metallurgical", "start": 19, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "rate of deposition", "start": 144, "end": 162}, {"text": "failure", "start": 193, "end": 200}, {"text": "defect", "start": 204, "end": 210}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 232, "end": 244}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "component", "start": 245, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deposition rate of 9.5 kg/h was achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Deposition rate", "start": 0, "end": 15}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hardness was matched for the as deposited condition.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal conductivities of metal powders for additive manufacturing were measured.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Thermal conductivities", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 26, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Infiltrating gas pressure and composition influence the powder thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Infiltrating gas", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "composition", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 71, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "He infiltration yields 200% higher thermal conductivity than Ar or N2 at 1 atm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 3, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 35, "end": 55}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "N2", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "atm", "start": 75, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder thermal conductivities depend weakly on temperature from 295 K to 470 K. Gas-enhanced thermal conductivity is consistent with an effective medium model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "K", "start": 68, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 93, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal conductivities of five metal powders for powder bed additive manufacturing (Inconel 718, 17-4 stainless steel, Inconel 625, Ti-6Al-4V, and 316L stainless steel) were measured using the transient hot wire method.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 88, "end": 99}, {"text": "17-4 stainless steel", "start": 101, "end": 121}, {"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 123, "end": 134}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 136, "end": 145}, {"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 151, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed additive manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 197, "end": 206}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "hot wire method", "start": 207, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These measurements were conducted with three infiltrating gases (argon, nitrogen, and helium) within a temperature range of 295–470 K and a gas pressure range of 1.4–101 kPa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltrating gases", "start": 45, "end": 63}, {"text": "gas", "start": 140, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "argon", "start": 65, "end": 70}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "helium", "start": 86, "end": 92}, {"text": "K", "start": 132, "end": 133}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 103, "end": 120}, {"text": "range", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measurements of thermal conductivity indicate that the pressure and the composition of the gas have a significant influence on the effective thermal conductivity of the powder, but that the metal powder properties and temperature do not.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 20, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "composition", "start": 76, "end": 87}, {"text": "gas", "start": 95, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "effective thermal conductivity", "start": 135, "end": 165}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 222, "end": 233}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 173, "end": 179}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 194, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our measurements improve the accuracy upon which laser parameters can be optimized in order to improve thermal control of powder beds in selective laser melting processes, especially in overhanging and cellular geometries where heat dissipation by the powder is critical.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 49, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "powder", "start": 252, "end": 258}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal control", "start": 103, "end": 118}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 211, "end": 221}, {"text": "heat dissipation", "start": 228, "end": 244}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder beds", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting processes", "start": 137, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fundamental understanding of spatial and temporal thermal distributions is crucial for predicting solidification and solid-state microstructural development in parts made by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal distributions", "start": 52, "end": 73}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 100, "end": 114}, {"text": "solid-state microstructural", "start": 119, "end": 146}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 176, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While sophisticated numerical techniques that are based on finite element or finite volume methods are useful for gaining insight into these phenomena at the length scale of the melt pool (100–500 μm), they are ill-suited for predicting engineering trends over full part cross-sections (> 10 × 10 cm) or many layers over long process times (> many days) due to the necessity of fully resolving the heat source characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "numerical techniques", "start": 20, "end": 40}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 59, "end": 73}, {"text": "finite volume methods", "start": 77, "end": 98}, {"text": "cross-sections", "start": 271, "end": 285}, {"text": "process times", "start": 326, "end": 339}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 398, "end": 409}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scale", "start": 158, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 178, "end": 187}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 237, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, it is extremely difficult to resolve the highly dynamic nature of the process using purely in-situ characterization techniques [1].", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "process", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes a pragmatic alternative based on a semi-analytical approach to predicting the transient heat conduction during powder bed metal additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "semi-analytical approach", "start": 55, "end": 79}, {"text": "transient heat conduction", "start": 98, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed metal additive manufacturing processes", "start": 131, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model calculations were theoretically verified for selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg and electron beam melting of IN718 powders for simple cross-sectional geometries and the transient results are compared to steady state predictions from the Rosenthal equation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "cross-sectional geometries", "start": 145, "end": 171}, {"text": "transient", "start": 180, "end": 189}, {"text": "steady state", "start": 214, "end": 226}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 227, "end": 238}, {"text": "Rosenthal equation", "start": 248, "end": 266}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 55, "end": 78}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 95, "end": 116}, {"text": "simple", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "IN718", "start": 120, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the transient effects of the scan strategy create significant variations in the melt pool geometry and solid-liquid interface velocity, especially as the thermal diffusivity of the material decreases and the pre-heat of the process increases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "variations", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 107, "end": 115}, {"text": "solid-liquid interface velocity", "start": 120, "end": 151}, {"text": "thermal diffusivity", "start": 171, "end": 190}, {"text": "pre-heat", "start": 225, "end": 233}, {"text": "process", "start": 241, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "as", "start": 164, "end": 166}, {"text": "material", "start": 198, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With positive verification of the strategy, the model was then experimentally validated to simulate two point-melt scan strategies during electron beam melting of IN718, one intended to produce a columnar and one an equiaxed grain structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "verification", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "model", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "experimentally validated", "start": 63, "end": 87}, {"text": "point-melt", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 216, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 138, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 163, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through comparison of the solidification conditions (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 26, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "transient and spatial variations of thermal gradient and liquid-solid interface velocity) predicted by the model to phenomenological CET theory, the model accurately predicted the experimental grain structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "liquid-solid interface", "start": 57, "end": 79}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "model", "start": 107, "end": 112}, {"text": "phenomenological", "start": 116, "end": 132}, {"text": "CET theory", "start": 133, "end": 143}, {"text": "model accurately", "start": 149, "end": 165}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 180, "end": 192}], "feature": [{"text": "spatial variations", "start": 14, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradient", "start": 36, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing commercial three-dimensional (3D) printing systems based on powder bed fusion approach can normally only print a single material in each component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "3D", "start": 39, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 69, "end": 86}, {"text": "print", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 129, "end": 137}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 146, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, functionally gradient materials (FGM) with composition variation from a copper alloy to a soda-lime glass were manufactured using a proprietary nozzle-based multi-material selective laser melting (MMSLM) system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "functionally gradient materials", "start": 15, "end": 46}, {"text": "copper alloy", "start": 87, "end": 99}, {"text": "soda-lime glass", "start": 105, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 48, "end": 51}, {"text": "multi-material selective laser melting", "start": 172, "end": 210}, {"text": "MMSLM", "start": 212, "end": 217}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 126, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An in situ powder mixing system was designed to mix both metal and glass powders at selective ratios and the mixed powders were dispensed with an ultrasonic vibration powder feeding system with multiple nozzles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 3, "end": 10}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 18, "end": 24}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "glass", "start": 67, "end": 72}, {"text": "powders", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "ultrasonic vibration powder feeding system", "start": 146, "end": 188}, {"text": "nozzles", "start": 203, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the cross section analysis of the gradient structures, glass proportion increased gradually from the metallic matrix composite (MMC), transition phase to ceramic matrix composite (CMC).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cross section", "start": 9, "end": 22}, {"text": "gradient structures", "start": 39, "end": 58}, {"text": "transition phase", "start": 139, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 60, "end": 65}, {"text": "metallic matrix composite", "start": 106, "end": 131}, {"text": "MMC", "start": 133, "end": 136}, {"text": "ceramic matrix composite", "start": 159, "end": 183}, {"text": "CMC", "start": 185, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pure copper alloy joined the MMC part and the pure glass phase penetrated into the CMC part during laser processing, which anchored the glass phase, as the main mechanism of combining pure metal and pure glass by FGM in 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper alloy", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "MMC", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "glass", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "CMC", "start": 87, "end": 90}, {"text": "glass", "start": 140, "end": 145}, {"text": "as", "start": 153, "end": 155}, {"text": "pure metal", "start": 188, "end": 198}, {"text": "glass", "start": 208, "end": 213}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 103, "end": 119}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 165, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 217, "end": 220}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 224, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From results of indentation, tensile and shear tests on the gradient material samples, it showed that mechanical properties of the FGM gradually changed from ductility (metal side) to brittle (glass side).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "indentation", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 102, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 158, "end": 167}, {"text": "brittle", "start": 184, "end": 191}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "shear tests", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "metal", "start": 169, "end": 174}, {"text": "glass", "start": 193, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 131, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The weakest part of the FGM structure occurred at the interface between transition phase and the CMC, which was also the interface between the ductile and brittle phases.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "transition phase", "start": 72, "end": 88}, {"text": "interface", "start": 121, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "CMC", "start": 97, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductile", "start": 143, "end": 150}, {"text": "brittle", "start": 155, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing (AM) process metal powder bed fusion (PBF) can quickly produce complex parts with mechanical properties comparable to that of wrought materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}, {"text": "AM", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 40, "end": 63}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 65, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 109, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "wrought materials", "start": 153, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, thermal stress accumulated during Metal PBF may induce part distortion and even cause failure of the entire process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stress", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "failure", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "process", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This manuscript is the second part of two companion manuscripts that collectively present a part-scale simulation method for fast prediction of thermal distortion in Metal PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manuscript", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "manuscripts", "start": 52, "end": 63}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "thermal distortion", "start": 144, "end": 162}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 166, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first part provides a fast prediction of the temperature history in the part via a thermal circuit network (TCN) model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "thermal circuit network", "start": 87, "end": 110}, {"text": "TCN", "start": 112, "end": 115}, {"text": "model", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 49, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This second part uses the temperature history from the TCN to inform a model of thermal distortion using a quasi-static thermo-mechanical model (QTM).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "TCN", "start": 55, "end": 58}, {"text": "model", "start": 71, "end": 76}, {"text": "thermal distortion", "start": 80, "end": 98}, {"text": "quasi-static thermo-mechanical model", "start": 107, "end": 143}, {"text": "QTM", "start": 145, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The QTM model distinguished two periods of Metal PBF, the thermal loading period and the stress relaxation period.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "QTM model", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "thermal loading", "start": 58, "end": 73}, {"text": "stress relaxation", "start": 89, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 43, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the thermal loading period, the layer-by-layer build cycles of Metal PBF are simulated, and the thermal stress accumulated in the build process is predicted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal loading", "start": 7, "end": 22}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 35, "end": 49}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 150, "end": 159}], "parameter": [{"text": "build cycles", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "build", "start": 133, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stress", "start": 99, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the stress relaxation period, the removal of parts from the substrate is simulated, and the off-substrate part distortion and residual stress are predicted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stress relaxation", "start": 7, "end": 24}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 149, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 63, "end": 72}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 129, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Validation of part distortion predicted by the QTM model against both experiment and data in literature showed a relative error less than 20%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Validation", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "QTM model", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "data", "start": 85, "end": 89}, {"text": "relative error", "start": 113, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This QTM, together with the TCN, offers a framework for rapid, part-scale simulations of Metal PBF that can be used to optimize the build process and parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "QTM", "start": 5, "end": 8}, {"text": "TCN", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "framework", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 74, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "be", "start": 108, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 132, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are subject to lower stability compared to their traditional counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 59, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process inconsistency leads to anomalies in the build, which hinders AM’ s broader adoption to critical structural component manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "anomalies", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "structural component", "start": 108, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 129, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 77, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, it is crucial to detect any process change/anomaly in a timely and accurate manner for potential corrective operations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process change/anomaly", "start": 39, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Real-time thermal image streams captured from AM processes are regarded as most informative signatures of the process stability.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "thermal image", "start": 10, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 46, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing state-of-the-art studies on thermal image streams focus merely on in situ sensing, feature extraction, and their relationship with process setup parameters and material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "state-of-the-art", "start": 9, "end": 25}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "process", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 154, "end": 164}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 169, "end": 188}], "feature": [{"text": "thermal image", "start": 37, "end": 50}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "feature extraction", "start": 92, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this paper is to develop a statistical process control (SPC) approach to detect process changes as soon as it occurs based on predefined distribution of the monitoring statistics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "statistical process control", "start": 44, "end": 71}, {"text": "SPC", "start": 73, "end": 76}, {"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 154, "end": 166}, {"text": "statistics", "start": 185, "end": 195}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}, {"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There are two major challenges: 1) complex spatial interdependence exists in the thermal images and current engineering knowledge is not sufficient to describe all the variability, and 2) the thermal images suffer from a large data volume, a low signal-to-noise ratio, and an ill structure with missing data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spatial interdependence", "start": 43, "end": 66}, {"text": "engineering knowledge", "start": 108, "end": 129}, {"text": "variability", "start": 168, "end": 179}, {"text": "data", "start": 227, "end": 231}, {"text": "structure", "start": 280, "end": 289}, {"text": "data", "start": 303, "end": 307}], "feature": [{"text": "thermal images", "start": 81, "end": 95}, {"text": "thermal images", "start": 192, "end": 206}], "parameter": [{"text": "signal-to-noise ratio", "start": 246, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To tackle these challenges, multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) approach is used to extract low dimensional features and residuals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multilinear principal component analysis", "start": 28, "end": 68}, {"text": "MPCA", "start": 70, "end": 74}, {"text": "residuals", "start": 133, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, an online dual control charting system is proposed by leveraging multivariate T2 and Q control charts to detect changes in extracted low dimensional features and residuals, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "control charting", "start": 29, "end": 45}, {"text": "multivariate", "start": 79, "end": 91}, {"text": "control charts", "start": 101, "end": 115}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "residuals", "start": 176, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A real-world case study of thin wall fabrication using a Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) process is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and the accuracy of process anomaly detection is validated based on X-ray computed tomography information collected from the final build offline.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "process", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 127, "end": 140}, {"text": "process", "start": 187, "end": 194}, {"text": "anomaly", "start": 195, "end": 202}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 37, "end": 48}, {"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 57, "end": 85}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 87, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 175, "end": 183}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 235, "end": 260}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 298, "end": 303}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to establish modeling and simulation (M & S) in support of Additive Manufacturing Processes (AMP) control for tailoring functional component performance by design, a methodology is introduced for identifying relevant M & S challenges.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "M & S", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "M & S", "start": 226, "end": 231}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing Processes", "start": 68, "end": 100}, {"text": "AMP", "start": 102, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "functional component", "start": 129, "end": 149}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 175, "end": 186}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 165, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This exercise is meant to spur research addressing the specific issue of tailoring functional component performance by design, as well as AMP-related process optimization more generally.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "functional component", "start": 83, "end": 103}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 158, "end": 170}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 119, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "as", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AMP-related", "start": 138, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A composition abstraction that connects process control with functional performance of the multiscale modeling processes is presented, from both the forward and inverse analysis perspectives.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition abstraction", "start": 2, "end": 25}, {"text": "process control", "start": 40, "end": 55}, {"text": "performance", "start": 72, "end": 83}, {"text": "multiscale modeling", "start": 91, "end": 110}, {"text": "inverse analysis", "start": 161, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A brief ontology is introduced that describes the ordering of dependency and membership of all components of a model, which serves the purpose of isolating potential challenge areas.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "ontology", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "model", "start": 111, "end": 116}, {"text": "isolating", "start": 146, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 176, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Certain features of AMPs that are usually ignored by the community during modeling are a specific focus.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AMPs", "start": 20, "end": 24}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 74, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, two semantically reduced modeling approaches involving continuum abstractions for the computational domains are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "semantically", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "continuum abstractions", "start": 68, "end": 90}, {"text": "computational domains", "start": 99, "end": 120}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 38, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solutions of the relevant system of coupled partial differential equations are used to demonstrate both the positive and negative implications of a series of assumptions routinely made in M & S of AMPs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "partial differential equations", "start": 48, "end": 78}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "M & S", "start": 192, "end": 197}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AMPs", "start": 201, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a discrete element method model is presented to highlight the challenges introduced by the specific nature of this approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "discrete element method model", "start": 11, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing (AM) process metal powder bed fusion (PBF) can quickly produce complex parts with mechanical properties comparable to wrought materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}, {"text": "AM", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 40, "end": 63}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 65, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 109, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "wrought materials", "start": 145, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, thermal stress accumulated during PBF induces part distortion, potentially yielding parts out of specification and frequently process failure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stress", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "process failure", "start": 135, "end": 150}], "parameter": [{"text": "specification", "start": 106, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This manuscript is the first of two companion manuscripts that introduce a computationally efficient distortion and stress prediction algorithm that is designed to drastically reduce compute time when integrated in to a process design optimization routine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manuscript", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "manuscripts", "start": 46, "end": 57}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 101, "end": 111}, {"text": "prediction algorithm", "start": 123, "end": 143}, {"text": "process design optimization", "start": 220, "end": 247}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 116, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 152, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "compute time", "start": 183, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this first manuscript, we introduce a thermal circuit network (TCN) model to estimate the part temperature history during PBF, a major computational bottleneck in PBF simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manuscript", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "thermal circuit network", "start": 41, "end": 64}, {"text": "TCN", "start": 66, "end": 69}, {"text": "model", "start": 71, "end": 76}, {"text": "bottleneck", "start": 152, "end": 162}, {"text": "PBF simulation", "start": 166, "end": 180}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 98, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 125, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the TCN model, we are modeling conductive heat transfer through both the part and support structure by dividing the part into thermal circuit elements (TCEs), which consists of thermal nodes represented by thermal capacitances that are connected by resistors, and then building the TCN in a layer-by-layer manner to replicate the PBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "TCN model", "start": 7, "end": 16}, {"text": "conductive heat transfer", "start": 34, "end": 58}, {"text": "thermal circuit elements", "start": 129, "end": 153}, {"text": "TCEs", "start": 155, "end": 159}, {"text": "thermal capacitances", "start": 209, "end": 229}, {"text": "TCN", "start": 285, "end": 288}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 294, "end": 308}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 85, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "resistors", "start": 252, "end": 261}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 333, "end": 336}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In comparison to conventional finite element method (FEM) thermal modeling, the TCN model predicts the temperature history of metal PBF AM parts with more than two orders of magnitude faster computational speed, while sacrificing less than 15% accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 30, "end": 51}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 53, "end": 56}, {"text": "thermal modeling", "start": 58, "end": 74}, {"text": "TCN model", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 103, "end": 114}, {"text": "magnitude", "start": 174, "end": 183}, {"text": "computational speed", "start": 191, "end": 210}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 136, "end": 144}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 244, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The companion manuscript illustrates how the temperature history is integrated into a thermomechanical model to predict thermal stress and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manuscript", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "thermomechanical model", "start": 86, "end": 108}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 139, "end": 149}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 45, "end": 56}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stress", "start": 120, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is a set of emerging technologies that can produce physical objects with complex geometrical shapes directly from a digital model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 49, "end": 61}, {"text": "model", "start": 152, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, achieving the full potential of AM is hampered by many challenges, including the lack of predictive models that correlate processing parameters with the properties of the processed part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predictive models", "start": 98, "end": 115}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 142, "end": 152}, {"text": "properties", "start": 162, "end": 172}, {"text": "processed", "start": 180, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We develop a Gaussian process-based predictive model for the learning and prediction of the porosity in metallic parts produced using selective laser melting (SLM–a laser-based AM process).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "predictive model", "start": 36, "end": 52}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic parts", "start": 104, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 134, "end": 157}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 159, "end": 162}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "More specifically, a spatial Gaussian process regression model is first developed to model part porosity as a function of SLM process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "regression model", "start": 46, "end": 62}, {"text": "model", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 126, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 122, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, a Bayesian inference framework is used to estimate the statistical model parameters, and the porosity of the part at any given setting is predicted using the Kriging method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "inference framework", "start": 17, "end": 36}, {"text": "model", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 144, "end": 153}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 99, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A case study is conducted to validate this predictive framework through predicting the porosity of 17-4 PH stainless steel manufacturing on a ProX 100 selective laser melting system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 2, "end": 12}, {"text": "framework", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "17-4 PH stainless steel", "start": 99, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 151, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a concept of solidifying small quantities of metal powders in an additive manner, using localized microwave heating (LMH).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 65, "end": 78}, {"text": "additive", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 128, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results show solidification of metal powders in forms of spheres and rods (of ∼2 mm diameter) and extension of these rods by adding batches of powder and consolidating them locally as building blocks by LMH.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 30, "end": 44}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 48, "end": 61}, {"text": "powder", "start": 160, "end": 166}, {"text": "as", "start": 198, "end": 200}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A theoretical model applied for the LMH interaction with metal powders attributes a magnetic heating effect also to powders made of non-magnetic metals, due to eddy currents.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical model", "start": 2, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 57, "end": 70}, {"text": "powders", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "metals", "start": 145, "end": 151}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 93, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental observations and numerical results also suggest that micro-plasma discharges between the powder particles initiate their heating process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 106, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive LMH approach presented here is intended to extend microwave sintering capabilities, mainly known in volumetric molds, also to applications in the framework of rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing, and 3D-printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "microwave sintering", "start": 63, "end": 82}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 191, "end": 213}, {"text": "3D-printing", "start": 219, "end": 230}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 159, "end": 168}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 172, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Oscillating laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing (O-LHAM) is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface roughness of O-LHAM reduces to 20% of WAAM via laser-arc synergic effects.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Surface roughness", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 46, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High porosity easily occurs within laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing (LHAM) can be suppressed via periodical beam oscillation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 115, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "O-LHAM has better tensile properties because of finer microstructure and lower texture content.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 18, "end": 36}], "feature": [{"text": "finer microstructure", "start": 48, "end": 68}, {"text": "texture", "start": 79, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel additive manufacturing approach integrating an oscillating laser beam and a cold metal transfer arc was developed to balance the surface accuracy, deposition efficiency, and mechanical properties of the deposited parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 8, "end": 30}, {"text": "cold metal transfer", "start": 84, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "arc", "start": 104, "end": 107}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 155, "end": 165}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 182, "end": 203}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface accuracy", "start": 137, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The new method was termed as oscillating laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing (O-LHAM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sample properties of the wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing (LHAM), and O-LHAM processes were compared.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "properties", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "processes", "start": 128, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 60}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 62, "end": 66}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 86, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, both the surface roughness and minimum processing margin of the O-LHAM sample were reduced to 20% of the WAAM sample, because the droplet transfer was stabilized by the laser-arc synergic effects.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 16, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "sample", "start": 117, "end": 123}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 112, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Second, the grains were refined, and the {001} < 100 > -cube texture content was decreased to 1.6%, as the oscillation induced a strong stirring effect on the molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 159, "end": 170}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The nondestructive X-ray test suggested that the visible porosity within the O-LHAM sample was suppressed by beam oscillation when the periodically oscillated laser keyhole could “capture” the bubbles, while the porosity within the LHAM sample reached 24%.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 19, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 212, "end": 220}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "sample", "start": 237, "end": 243}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 109, "end": 113}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 159, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the microstructure changes and the porosity suppression, the O-LHAM almost eliminated the anisotropy of tensile strength and improved the elongation by up to 34%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 42, "end": 50}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 111, "end": 127}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 145, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite recent advances in our understanding of the unique mechanical behavior of natural structural materials such as nacre and human bone, traditional manufacturing strategies limit our ability to mimic such nature-inspired structures using existing structural materials and manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "limit", "start": 178, "end": 183}, {"text": "materials", "start": 263, "end": 272}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 135, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 141, "end": 166}, {"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 277, "end": 300}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 199, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To this end, we introduce a customizable single-step approach for additively fabricating geometrically-free metallic-based structural composites showing directionally-tailored, location-specific properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 77, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 134, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 195, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To exemplify this capability, we present a layered metal-ceramic composite not previously reported exhibiting significant directional and site-specific dependence of properties along with crack arrest ability difficult to achieve using traditional manufacturing approaches.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 166, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 236, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results indicate that nature-inspired microstructural designs towards directional properties can be realized in structural components using a novel additive manufacturing approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 42, "end": 57}, {"text": "properties", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "structural components", "start": 116, "end": 137}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 152, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) of metals is rapidly changing the landscape of industrial manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Layer Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "ALM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 82, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the PALMS process, derived from electrolytic plasma polishing, as a solution to this problem.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 65, "end": 71}, {"text": "solution", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The viability of the process on a scale compatible with commercial use is demonstrated with a prototype industrial implementation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "prototype", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 104, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PALMS was applied on AISI 316 stainless steel pieces produced either by ALM or by conventional machining (CM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 30, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ALM", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "conventional machining", "start": 82, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ") Surface states, microstructures and other properties were compared pre- and post-PALMS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surface", "start": 2, "end": 9}, {"text": "properties", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 18, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant improvements in surface state were observed after a 10 min treatment, with a 5-fold reduction in roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 96, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "ALM surfaces were not affected negatively by PALMS in any way measured, and showed slight improvements in hardness and pore density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ALM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 106, "end": 114}, {"text": "pore density", "start": 119, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two PVD coatings (TiN and WCC) were finally applied Post-PALMS, to test the compatibility of the process with further industrially relevant surface treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PVD", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "surface treatments", "start": 140, "end": 158}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "TiN", "start": 18, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PALMS enables good coating adhesion on ALM pieces, with improved friction and wear properties compared to their CM counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ALM", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "friction", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "wear properties", "start": 78, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) becomes more widely adopted in the aerospace and orthopedic industries, there is increasing demand to improve part quality and reduce overall cost.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "AM", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 72, "end": 81}, {"text": "industries", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 152, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high cost of powder feedstock has raised interest in recovering unmelted powder in the build chamber and its reuse in subsequent builds.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 17, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 91, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 133, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While degradation in powder properties with recovery and reuse can cause degradation in part properties, this topic has received rather limited attention.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 73, "end": 84}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 21, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study the properties of Ti6Al4V metal powder are evaluated over 30 build cycles in Electron Beam Melting (EBM) AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "build cycles", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 91, "end": 112}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 114, "end": 117}, {"text": "AM", "start": 119, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The morphological, microstructural, mechanical, and chemical changes are evaluated in cross-sectioned powder particles and compared to isolated control samples to understand the mechanisms of degradation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 19, "end": 34}, {"text": "samples", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 192, "end": 203}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 102, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that in response to the elevated build chamber temperature, the powder undergoes a sub-beta-transus aging heat treatment with powder reuse.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 46, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "powder", "start": 139, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on nanoindentation hardness measurements, the particles undergo an increase in near-surface hardness (up to 2 GPa) with respect to the core.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "nanoindentation", "start": 9, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 116, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 141, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, tint etching revealed an oxidized surface layers consistent with alpha case formation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "oxidized", "start": 35, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particle hardening appears to result from oxygen diffusion during powder recovery and not work hardening related to the mechanical aspects of that process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "process", "start": 151, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "work hardening", "start": 94, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 46, "end": 52}, {"text": "powder", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results demonstrate the importance of managing/mitigating oxidation of metal powder feedstock to improve its reusability and increasing its overall lifetime.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 77, "end": 89}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 90, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Components manufactured via Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing are usually characterised by large columnar grains.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Components", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 97, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This can be mitigated by introducing in-process cold rolling; in fact, the associated local plastic deformation leads to a reduction of distortion and residual stresses, and to microstructural refinement.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 9, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cold rolling", "start": 48, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "local plastic deformation", "start": 86, "end": 111}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 177, "end": 192}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 151, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research, inter-pass rolling was applied with a load of 50 kN to a tantalum linear structure to assess rolling’ s effectiveness in changing the grain structure from columnar to equiaxed, as well as in refining the grain size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "structure", "start": 91, "end": 100}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 122, "end": 135}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 152, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "rolling", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "tantalum", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "s", "start": 120, "end": 121}, {"text": "as", "start": 195, "end": 197}, {"text": "as", "start": 203, "end": 205}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 222, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An average grain size of 650 μm has been obtained after five cycles of inter-pass rolling and deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 3, "end": 10}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 82, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When the deformed layer was reheated during the subsequent deposition, recrystallisation occurred, leading to the growth of new strain-free equiaxed grains.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deformed", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 140, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The depth of the refined region has been characterised and correlated to the hardness profile developed after rolling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, a random texture was formed after rolling, which should contribute to obtaining isotropic mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 114, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture demonstrated the ability to deposit sound refractory metal components and the possibility to improve the microstructure when coupled with cold inter-pass rolling.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "rolling", "start": 186, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "refractory metal", "start": 74, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 137, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An innovative wire and arc additive manufacturing variant based on plastic deformation at high temperatures was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 14, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 67, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 95, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new variant is capable of collapsing pores that have been formed during the deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 81, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The in-situ hot forging technique refines the grain structure and improve mechanical properties in the deposited layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 46, "end": 61}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 74, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forging", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layer", "start": 103, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we propose a new variant of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) based on hot forging.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 78}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 80, "end": 84}, {"text": "forging", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During WAAM, the material is locally forged immediately after deposition, and in-situ viscoplastic deformation occurs at high temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 7, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 126, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the subsequent layer deposition, recrystallization of the previous solidification structure occurs that refines the microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "recrystallization", "start": 36, "end": 53}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of its similarity with hot forging, this variant was named hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forging", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "forging", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "arc additive manufacturing", "start": 88, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A customized WAAM torch was developed, manufactured, and tested in the production of samples of AISI316 L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 13, "end": 17}, {"text": "production", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 39, "end": 51}, {"text": "samples", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 106, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Forging forces of 17 N and 55 N were applied to plastically deform the material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Forging", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "forces", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "N", "start": 21, "end": 22}, {"text": "N", "start": 30, "end": 31}, {"text": "material", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that this new variant refines the solidification microstructure and reduce texture effects, as determined via high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments, without interrupting the additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 53, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 141, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 159, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 209, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical characterization was performed and improvements on both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 67, "end": 81}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 86, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, it was observed that HF-WAAM significantly affects porosity; pores formed during the process were closed by the hot forging process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "pores", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forging", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because deformation occurs at high temperatures, the forces involved are small, and the WAAM equipment does not have specific requirements with respect to stiffness, thereby allowing the incorporation of this new variant into conventional moving equipment such as multi-axis robots or 3-axis table used in WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 8, "end": 19}, {"text": "forces", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 35, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 88, "end": 92}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 306, "end": 310}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "equipment", "start": 246, "end": 255}, {"text": "robots", "start": 275, "end": 281}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 155, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 261, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A bimetallic additively-manufactured structure (BAMS) is a type of functionally-graded multi-material structure used for achieving different complementary material properties within the same structure as well as cost optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 155, "end": 174}, {"text": "structure", "start": 191, "end": 200}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 217, "end": 229}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structure", "start": 87, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 201, "end": 203}, {"text": "as", "start": 209, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers the capability to fabricate the BAMS in a simultaneous or sequential way.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire + arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 33}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 35, "end": 39}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 66, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To fully utilize the benefits of the BAMS, the interfacial joint should be strong, and each of the constituents should have reasonable mechanical integrity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical integrity", "start": 135, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this, a BAMS of low-carbon steel and austenitic-stainless steel was fabricated using a gas-metal-arc-welding (GMAW) -based WAAM process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "low-carbon steel", "start": 20, "end": 36}, {"text": "steel", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "process", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "GMAW", "start": 114, "end": 118}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 127, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, the BAMS was heat-treated at a range of 800 °C to 1100 °C and 30 min to 2 h. This resulted in 35% and 250% increases in the ultimate tensile strength and elongation, compared to the as-deposited BAMS.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 19, "end": 31}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 37, "end": 42}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 130, "end": 155}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 160, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAx), and the Vickers hardness test were used to characterize the BAMS.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 89, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing of metals and ceramics generally uses a concentrated laser heat source to form a local melt pool that moves quickly during the process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "metals and ceramics", "start": 30, "end": 49}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser heat", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 154, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material is deposited by fast cooling and progressive solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 58, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the effects of temperature gradient and progressive solidification on residual stress were analyzed using numerical finite-element models for a single rapidly solidifying bead during the deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 30, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 67, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 85, "end": 100}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 186, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 202, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conceptual two- and three-dimensional finite element models are proposed, considering the solidification effect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "finite element models", "start": 38, "end": 59}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 90, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the numerical results, a reduced-order modeling strategy was proposed to efficiently reproduce the final residual stress state of single-bead deposition processes in additive manufacturing, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 114, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition processes", "start": 151, "end": 171}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 175, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "sequential solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 11, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although additive manufacturing technology is available for the direct fabrication of metal parts, the process is still in a juvenile state compared to older metal fabrication methods such as sand casting.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 164, "end": 175}, {"text": "casting", "start": 197, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 86, "end": 91}, {"text": "metal", "start": 158, "end": 163}, {"text": "as", "start": 189, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 103, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, limited standards are available stipulating the use of additively-manufactured parts in critical service conditions such as extreme environments or safety components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "safety", "start": 159, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 166, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, since sand casting is suited for multiple units of parts, the time and resources needed to produce a single part through sand casting is not ideal for a competitive market.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sand casting", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "sand casting", "start": 130, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although additive manufacturing or “3D printing” has been combined with metal casting in the past through “rapid casting” to fabricate sand molds directly, the sand used is stipulated by the 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "casting", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "casting", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 125, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 72, "end": 77}, {"text": "sand", "start": 160, "end": 164}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 140, "end": 145}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 191, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of specialized sand may result in changes to infrastructure and large amounts of additional sand required to be stored on location.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 23, "end": 27}, {"text": "sand", "start": 100, "end": 104}, {"text": "be", "start": 117, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main question we sought to answer was if traditional foundry sand or “non-standard” sand could be used within a 3D printing system? We report herein that the although the increase in surface roughness may be tolerable, the use of foundry sand within a 3D printer produces molds with less than optimal results, mainly due to the absence of compaction.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "foundry", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 116, "end": 127}, {"text": "foundry", "start": 234, "end": 241}, {"text": "compaction", "start": 343, "end": 353}], "material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 88, "end": 92}, {"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}, {"text": "be", "start": 209, "end": 211}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 187, "end": 204}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 256, "end": 266}, {"text": "molds", "start": 276, "end": 281}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder bleeding via the liquid binder jetting process also contributes to a loss in dimensional quality.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Binder", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "liquid binder", "start": 24, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "jetting", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The behavior of high performance super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) during additive manufacturing (AM) has been investigated using a novel arc heat treatment technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "arc", "start": 140, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 76, "end": 98}, {"text": "AM", "start": 100, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc pulses were applied on a disc shaped sample mounted on a water-cooled chamber to physically simulate AM thermal cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Tungsten inert gas", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "TIG", "start": 20, "end": 23}, {"text": "AM", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "sample", "start": 66, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SDSS base metal and a duplicated additively manufactured structure (DAMS) were used as initial microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "base metal", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 95, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 33, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples were melted one, five, or 15 times by arc heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "melted", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "arc", "start": 46, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure characterization and modelling were performed to study the evolution of microstructure and properties with successive AM cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 87, "end": 101}, {"text": "properties", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 133, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructural changes were dependent on the number of reheating cycles, cooling rate, and peak temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructural", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 74, "end": 86}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 97, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, the DAMS austenite morphology and fraction changed after reheating to peak temperatures above 700 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 90, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nitrides and sigma were observed in the high and low temperature heat affected zones, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nitrides", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat affected zones", "start": 65, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sensitization to corrosion was more pronounced in reheated DAMS than in the base metal.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "base metal", "start": 76, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness was increased more by multiple remelting/reheating than by slow cooling.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 73, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that AM thermal cycles significantly affect SDSS properties especially for an initial microstructure similar to that produced by AM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 18, "end": 20}, {"text": "AM", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 99, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is a promising and rapidly rising technology in metal processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 71, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), the most applied metal additive manufacturing process, the repetitive heating and cooling cycles induce severe strains in the built material, which can have a number of adverse consequences such as deformation, cracking and decreased fatigue life that might lead to severe failure even already during processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 3, "end": 26}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 80}, {"text": "heating", "start": 105, "end": 112}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 117, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 167, "end": 175}, {"text": "as", "start": 230, "end": 232}, {"text": "lead", "start": 293, "end": 297}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 246, "end": 254}, {"text": "failure", "start": 308, "end": 315}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 269, "end": 281}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been reported recently that the application of laser shock peening (LSP) can counteract efficiently the named issues of LPBF through the introduction of beneficial compressive residual stresses in the surface regions mostly affected by tensile stresses from the manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "peening", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 127, "end": 131}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 269, "end": 290}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 183, "end": 200}, {"text": "tensile stresses", "start": 243, "end": 259}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 208, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we demonstrate how lattice strains implied by LPBF and LSP can efficiently be characterized through diffraction contrast neutron imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "neutron", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 51, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 105, "end": 116}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the spatial resolution need with regards to the significant gradients of the stress distribution and the specific microstructure, which prevent the application of more conventional methods, Bragg edge imaging succeeds to provide essential two-dimensionally spatial resolved strain maps in full field single exposure measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress distribution", "start": 85, "end": 104}, {"text": "strain", "start": 282, "end": 288}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 122, "end": 136}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 315, "end": 323}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 209, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two-wire TOP-TIG additive manufacturing of titanium aluminide alloys was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "titanium aluminide alloys", "start": 43, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Al wire was fed in TOP-TIG welding mode but the Ti6Al4V wire was fed in conventional TIG welding mode.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "TIG welding", "start": 89, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main microstructure of the as-fabricated component is α2/γ lamellae.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "lamellae", "start": 63, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The different Al content results in the different content and distribution of the α2 phase and the γ phase.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 14, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 62, "end": 74}, {"text": "phase", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "phase", "start": 101, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "50 at.% Al content provides better mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 8, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 35, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys are promising high-temperature structural materials in the aerospace field.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Titanium aluminide", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 75, "end": 84}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 92, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is a desirable process for fabricating TiAl alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 50, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 67, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the process of wire arc additive manufacturing of TiAl alloys, Al-based and Ti-based wires were used as the feedstocks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 7, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 58, "end": 64}, {"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it is hard to ensure the two different wires melt synchronously under the heat of one single arc, so the desired microstructures with γ (TiAl) phase and α2 (Ti3Al) phase are hard to obtain.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 54, "end": 58}, {"text": "heat", "start": 83, "end": 87}, {"text": "arc", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "phase", "start": 152, "end": 157}, {"text": "phase", "start": 173, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 122, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A two-wire TOP-TIG-based additive manufacturing process for TiAl alloys was proposed in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 25, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 65, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Ti6Al4V wire and pure Al wire were used as the feedstocks.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "Al", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 51, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Al wire was fed in TOP-TIG mode behind the molten pool, while the Ti6Al4V wire was fed in conventional TIG mode in front of the molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG", "start": 107, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The two wires melt synchronously in a broad range of parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 14, "end": 18}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 44, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The compositions of the component can be controlled by adjusting the two-wire feeding speeds.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 38, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main microstructures of the as-fabricated component contain α2/γ lamellae colonies, equiaxed γ grains, and α2 grains.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 9, "end": 24}, {"text": "lamellae", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 99, "end": 105}, {"text": "grains", "start": 114, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the top and middle regions, when the Al content is 45 at.%, the structures are full α2/γ lamellae; as the Al content increases to 50 at.%, some equiaxed γ distributed at the grain boundaries; the component with 55 at.% Al content exhibits the structures consists of equiaxed γ with snowflake-shaped α2/γ lamellae colonies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 40, "end": 42}, {"text": "lamellae", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "Al", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "Al", "start": 222, "end": 224}, {"text": "lamellae", "start": 307, "end": 315}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 177, "end": 193}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 199, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the bottom region, all components exhibit the coarse equiaxed α2 grains with γ laths.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 68, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the Al content increases, the α2 phase decreases, but the γ phase increases, and from the top region to the bottom region, the proportion of the α2 increases by about 52 at.%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Al", "start": 7, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "phase", "start": 63, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the Al content increases, the hardness decreases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Al", "start": 7, "end": 9}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 33, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The component with 50 at.% Al exhibits the highest compressive strength with 1762 MPa and a compressive ratio with 26.1.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 51, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 82, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of complex designs that are difficult to create by other means.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can incorporate intricate design features and demonstrate desirable mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 127, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 28, "end": 51}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 85, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process of iteratively converging on the appropriate build parameters increases the time and cost of creating functional LPBF manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "build parameters", "start": 57, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 125, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes a fast, scalable method for part-scale process optimization of arbitrary geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process optimization", "start": 60, "end": 80}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 94, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computational approach uses feature extraction to identify scan vectors in need of parameter adaptation and applies results from simulation-based feed forward control models.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "feature extraction", "start": 32, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 150, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method provides a framework to quickly optimize complex parts through the targeted application of models with a range of fidelity and by automating the transfer of optimization strategies to new part designs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 169, "end": 181}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 205, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computational approach and algorithmic framework are described, a software package is implemented, the method is applied to parts with complex features, and parts are printed on a customized open architecture LPBF machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 43, "end": 52}, {"text": "software", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 200, "end": 212}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 218, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CrC-Ni successfully deposited onto an AM stainless steel using cold spray coating.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The CrC-Ni coating reduced equivalent residual stresses in the substrate surface.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 38, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CrC-Ni coating improved the surface quality of an AM produced stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 7, "end": 14}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 28, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 62, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crack growth mechanism is changed due to the deposition of the CrC-Ni coating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Crack growth", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 70, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiaxial fatigue life of AM stainless steel significantly improved by the CrC-Ni coating.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Integration of metal additive manufacturing (AM) and cold spray (CS) technologies provide an unprecedented opportunity to manufacture coated material systems with complex geometrical features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 43}, {"text": "AM", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 69, "end": 81}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 134, "end": 140}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical features", "start": 171, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The application of these material systems in functionally critical components requires adequate structural integrity, particularly in the presence of cyclic loading.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "structural integrity", "start": 96, "end": 116}, {"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 150, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work aims to study the multiaxial fatigue (axial-torsional cyclic loading) behavior of a coated material system consists of 15Cr-5Ni PH stainless steel (15-5 PH SS) substrate additively manufactured by direct metal laser sintering with a layer of newly commercialized chromium carbide nickel (CrC-Ni) barrier coating deposited by CS coating.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 64, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "coating", "start": 314, "end": 321}, {"text": "coating", "start": 338, "end": 345}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PH", "start": 138, "end": 140}, {"text": "PH", "start": 163, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 151, "end": 156}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 170, "end": 179}, {"text": "chromium carbide", "start": 273, "end": 289}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 180, "end": 203}, {"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 207, "end": 235}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 243, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of AM and CS-induced residual stresses on fatigue performance of test specimens was thoroughly studied.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 56, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the effect of surface roughness and processes induced defects were considered to explain the crack growth mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 28, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "defects", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 107, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stresses assessed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction indicated a substantial accumulation of the residual stresses, particularly in the outer surface of the as fabricated 15-5 PH SS specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 95, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "PH", "start": 174, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 155, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The state of residual stress was changed notably following the deposition of CrC-Ni coating in the axial, hoop, and radial directions of the fatigue test specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 13, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue test", "start": 141, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, CS deposition of CrC-Ni coating caused significant improvement in the surface quality of the additively manufactured components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 76, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 99, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue test results indicated that the CS deposition of CrC-Ni substantially enhances the fatigue life of the AM-produced 15-5 PH SS substrate in all loading conditions, particularly in the high cycle fatigue regime.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Fatigue test", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "PH", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 91, "end": 103}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 202, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 134, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The improvement in the fatigue life of the specimens with coating was associated with the reduced surface equivalent residual stress and improvement in the specimens' surface condition (i.e., reduced surface roughness).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 117, "end": 132}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 200, "end": 217}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "surface", "start": 167, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the fractographic analysis of the specimen indicated although the crack tends to initiate in the surface of both as fabricated and cold sprayed specimens, the mechanism of crack growth differs notably following the CS coating.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "fractographic analysis", "start": 17, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 172, "end": 181}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 185, "end": 197}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sprayed", "start": 149, "end": 156}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 231, "end": 238}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the cracks tend to propagate in the planes parallel or with a small deviation from the build layers of the AM produced specimens, deposition of CrC-Ni coating increased the deviation of crack growth plane from the build layers of the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build layers", "start": 93, "end": 105}, {"text": "build layers", "start": 220, "end": 232}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 192, "end": 204}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 157, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 240, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electromagnetic wave based laser-powder particle interactions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 40, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder features are associated with additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 36, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New heat source model considering powder effects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat source", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 34, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A modified heat-source model based on electromagnetic wave theory was proposed to investigate the interactions between powder particles and a laser beam, considering the spatial distribution of particles inside the beam.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 142, "end": 152}, {"text": "particles", "start": 194, "end": 203}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 119, "end": 135}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 170, "end": 190}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 215, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The absorption of energy by these particles in laser directed energy deposition additive manufacturing was calculated using the proposed model, which was validated experimentally.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "particles", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "model", "start": 137, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser directed energy deposition additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both numerical model and experiment were used to study the effects of powder velocities on the temperature variations in the additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 125, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicate that the direct heat transfer from the laser to a target can be increased if the size distribution is wider; it also increases with the velocity of the particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 33, "end": 46}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 103, "end": 115}, {"text": "particles", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 78, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, with the increase of powder-flow rate, the rate of mass transfer decreases the heat transfer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 88, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt-pool depth in melting and re-melting processes can therefore be controlled by varying these parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire‐arc additive manufacturing is a metal additive manufacturing process that enables the production of large components at a high deposition rate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 37, "end": 65}, {"text": "production", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 111, "end": 121}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 127, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process transfers a large amount of heat to the workpiece, requiring the introduction of idle times between the deposition of subsequent layers so that the workpiece cools down.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "heat", "start": 41, "end": 45}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 117, "end": 127}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 161, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This procedure prevents the workpiece from collapsing and ensures a suitable interpass temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "workpiece", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 77, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main challenge is the selection of such an idle time capable of ensuring the required interpass temperature, because the cooling rate of the workpiece changes throughout the process, entailing the need for a different idle time between the deposition of subsequent layers to achieve a constant interpass temperature.This paper proposes an innovative approach to schedule the deposition of interlayer idle times for wire‐arc additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 90, "end": 111}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 125, "end": 137}, {"text": "interpass", "start": 298, "end": 307}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "workpiece", "start": 145, "end": 154}, {"text": "process", "start": 178, "end": 185}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 244, "end": 254}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 379, "end": 389}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 428, "end": 458}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technique is based on a finite element analysis of the thermal behavior of the workpiece, by solving the heat transfer equations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 28, "end": 51}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 109, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation data are processed using the developed algorithm to compute specific idle times for the deposition of each layer, thereby ensuring a constant interpass temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "processed", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 122, "end": 127}, {"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 157, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated by experiments performed on a test case component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The temperature data measured during the process are compared with the FE simulation results to verify the accuracy of the model.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 16, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "model", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is a growing interest in using recycled materials and economically produced powder in additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled materials", "start": 37, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 82, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 92, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "State-of-the-art powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes typically use spherical powder that are produced using an atomization process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "State-of-the-art", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 57}, {"text": "atomization", "start": 126, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 92, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, using irregularly shaped Ti-6Al-4V powder from the Hydride-Dehydride (HDH) process is more economical because fewer processing steps are required and it can use recycled material as feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V powder", "start": 34, "end": 50}, {"text": "as", "start": 188, "end": 190}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "recycled material", "start": 170, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the use of HDH powder in the electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) process is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 79}, {"text": "EBAM", "start": 81, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 87, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deposition parameters for the HDH powder were developed, followed by a detailed study of as-built porosity and microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 111, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 98, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powder flow characteristics were also studied, and the as-built part porosity was compared to the parts built using spherical atomized powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "atomized", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work demonstrates the successful use of non-spherical HDH powder in the EBAM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "non-spherical", "start": 45, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBAM", "start": 77, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extension of metal additive manufacturing (AM) to non-weldable Ni-based superalloys remains a challenge for the electron beam melting process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 45}, {"text": "AM", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 116, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 76, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various cracking mechanisms, including solidification, liquation, strain-age, and ductility dip cracking, make it difficult to fabricate traditionally non-weldable Ni-based superalloys using the AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 39, "end": 53}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 173, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because airfoil geometries are highly complicated, the correspondingly complex thermal signatures lead to various types of cracking in geometries that are under severe mechanical restraints during the printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 16, "end": 26}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 123, "end": 131}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 98, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 201, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work aims to understand the correlations between cracking, scan strategy, and part geometry in airfoil geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 54, "end": 62}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 108, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crack locations were monitored via an in-situ near-infrared camera during printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 60, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A part-scale finite element method (FEM) was used to reveal cracking mechanisms.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 13, "end": 34}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 36, "end": 39}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New scan strategies that avoided cracking were utilized in an FEM simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 62, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work demonstrates the potential for scan strategy optimization to manipulate stress distribution and the resultant microstructure of parts for industrial applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 62, "end": 74}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 127, "end": 141}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress distribution", "start": 89, "end": 108}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 155, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent work in metal additive manufacturing (AM) suggests that mechanical properties may vary with feature size; however, these studies do not provide a statistically robust description of this phenomenon, nor do they provide a clear causal mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 43}, {"text": "AM", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 63, "end": 84}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 241, "end": 250}], "parameter": [{"text": "feature size", "start": 99, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of the huge design freedom afforded by 3D printing, AM parts typically contain a range of feature sizes, with particular interest in smaller features, so the size effect must be well understood in order to make informed design decisions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 20, "end": 34}, {"text": "size effect", "start": 166, "end": 177}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "feature sizes", "start": 98, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 183, "end": 185}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 228, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigates the effect of feature size on the stochastic mechanical performance of laser powder bed fusion tensile specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "feature size", "start": 37, "end": 49}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 94, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A high-throughput tensile testing method was used to characterize the effect of specimen size on strength, elastic modulus and elongation in a statistically meaningful way.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 18, "end": 33}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 107, "end": 122}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 127, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effective yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and modulus decreased strongly with decreasing specimen size: all three properties were reduced by nearly a factor of two as feature dimensions were scaled down from 6.25 mm to 0.4 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 14, "end": 28}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 30, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 178, "end": 180}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 189, "end": 199}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 227, "end": 229}, {"text": "mm", "start": 237, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness and microstructural observations indicate that this size dependence was not due to an intrinsic change in material properties, but instead the effects of surface roughness on the geometry of the specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 163, "end": 180}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural observations", "start": 13, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 115, "end": 134}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 188, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite element analysis using explicit representations of surface topography shows the critical role surface features play in creating stress concentrations that trigger deformation and subsequent fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite element analysis", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "surface topography", "start": 58, "end": 76}, {"text": "surface", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 170, "end": 181}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 197, "end": 205}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentrations", "start": 135, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental and finite element results provide the tools needed to make corrections in the design process to more accurately predict the performance of AM components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "design process", "start": 96, "end": 110}, {"text": "performance", "start": 142, "end": 153}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 119, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 157, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hybrid manufacturing supply chain based on metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hybrid manufacturing", "start": 2, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal Additive Manufacturing", "start": 45, "end": 73}, {"text": "AM", "start": 75, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Adding capacity to existing AM hubs is preferred over establishing new AM hubs at current demand.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ever-growing applications of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in the production of low volume- high value metal parts can be attributed to improving AM processing capabilities and complex design freedom.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 33, "end": 55}, {"text": "AM", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "production", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "AM", "start": 148, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 105, "end": 110}, {"text": "be", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 187, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, secondary post-processing using traditional processes such as machining, grinding, heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing, i.e., Hybrid Manufacturing, is required to achieve Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD & T), surface finish and desired mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 19, "end": 34}, {"text": "processes", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "Hybrid Manufacturing", "start": 141, "end": 161}, {"text": "Geometric Dimensioning", "start": 186, "end": 208}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 262, "end": 283}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "GD", "start": 226, "end": 228}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "grinding", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 111, "end": 133}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 235, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is often challenging for most traditional manufacturers to participate in the rapidly evolving supply chain of direct digital manufacturing (DDM) through in-house investments in cost prohibitive metal AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "supply chain", "start": 98, "end": 110}, {"text": "DDM", "start": 144, "end": 147}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct digital manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 142}, {"text": "metal AM", "start": 198, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research investigates a system of strategically-located AM hubs which can integrate hybrid-AM with the capabilities and excess capacity in multiple traditional manufacturing facilities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research investigates", "start": 5, "end": 26}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 132, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 153, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) data for machine shops in the U.S., an uncapacitated facility location model is used to determine the optimal locations for AM hub centers based on: (1) geographical data, (2) demand and (3) cost of hybrid-AM processing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Industry", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Classification", "start": 30, "end": 44}, {"text": "data", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "model", "start": 131, "end": 136}, {"text": "data", "start": 226, "end": 230}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 184, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from this study have identified: (a) candidate US counties to build AM hubs, (b) total cost (fixed, operational and transportation) and (c) capacity utilization of the AM hubs.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 70, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "AM", "start": 176, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "b", "start": 86, "end": 87}, {"text": "c", "start": 145, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 148, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that uncapacitated facility location models identified demand centroid as the optimal location and was affected only by AM utilization rate whereas a constrained p-median model identified 22 AM hub locations as the initial sites for AM hubs which grows to 44 AM hubs as demand increases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "as", "start": 221, "end": 223}, {"text": "as", "start": 280, "end": 282}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "AM", "start": 204, "end": 206}, {"text": "AM", "start": 246, "end": 248}, {"text": "AM", "start": 272, "end": 274}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 184, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also found that transportation cost was not a significant factor in the hybrid-AM supply chain.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "supply chain", "start": 89, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Findings from this study will help both AM companies and traditional manufacturers to determine location in the U.S and key factors to advance the metal hybrid-AM supply chain.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "supply chain", "start": 163, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, maraging steel powder was deposited on top of an H13 tool steel using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 15, "end": 29}, {"text": "H13 tool steel", "start": 64, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 85, "end": 108}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 110, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties, microstructure, and interfacial characteristics of the additively manufactured MS1-H13 bimetals were investigated using different mechanical and microstructural techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 27, "end": 41}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 172, "end": 187}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 82, "end": 105}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several uniaxial tensile tests and micro-hardness indentations were performed to identify the mechanical properties of the additively manufactured bimetal.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 17, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 94, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 123, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Advanced electron microscopy techniques including electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the mechanism of interface formation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "electron microscopy", "start": 9, "end": 28}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 50, "end": 82}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 87, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 146, "end": 155}, {"text": "interface", "start": 159, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the microstructure of the additively manufactured maraging steel along with the conventionally fabricated substrate-H13 were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 17, "end": 31}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 39, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 72, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was concluded that, a very narrow interface was formed between the additively manufactured maraging steel and the conventional H13 without forming cracks or discontinuities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 70, "end": 93}, {"text": "forming", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "H13", "start": 130, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first deposited layers possessed the highest hardness due to grain size refinement, solid solution strengthening, and cellular solidification structure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 10, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "grain size", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "solid solution", "start": 88, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 131, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, under uniaxial tensile loading, the additively manufactured bimetal steel failed from the underlying tool steel, indicating a robust interface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 45, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 77, "end": 82}, {"text": "steel", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 110, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 142, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermomechanical analyses of WAAM by implicit FEM and explicit FEM were compared.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Thermomechanical", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 46, "end": 49}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 63, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 29, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Explicit FEM can be greatly accelerated (30,000×) using time scaling technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 9, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 17, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Real-time simulation of WAAM was achieved for a large-scale build (500 × 40 × 5 mm3).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 24, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 60, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Developed FEMs all showed high accuracy in predicting residual stress and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 54, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to advance the structural analysis of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) by considering the thermomechanical features inherent in direct energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "structural analysis", "start": 31, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 89}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 91, "end": 95}, {"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 154, "end": 178}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 116, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulation approaches including the iterative substructure method (ISM), dynamic mesh refining method (DMRM), and graphics processing unit (GPU) based explicit finite element method (FEM) were developed for accelerating additive manufacturing stress analysis that is very time consuming by conventional numerical methods.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "finite element method", "start": 160, "end": 181}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 183, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 220, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress and distortion of two large builds were analyzed, showing very consistent numerical results and good agreement with experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 48, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with the commercial software Abaqus, the novel approaches reduced the computational cost substantially without compromising accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Abaqus", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 133, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such high-fidelity modeling approaches will be very useful for building up a digital twin of WAAM to reduce development time and cost.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "high-fidelity", "start": 5, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 93, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "WAAM (Wire-Arc-Additive-Manufacturing) is a metal additive manufacturing process using arc welding to create large components with high deposition rate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 72}, {"text": "arc welding", "start": 87, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 131, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The workpiece quality and the process productivity are strongly dependent both on the process parameters (wire feed speed, voltage and current) and on the selected deposition path.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "workpiece quality", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 86, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 111, "end": 115}, {"text": "deposition path", "start": 164, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently, the CAM (Computer-Aided-Manufacturing) software dedicated to WAAM rely on a multi-pass strategy to create the component layers, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAM", "start": 15, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 72, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "each layer is built overlapping multiple welding passes.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 5, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 41, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, since WAAM can create wide layers, a single pass strategy can improve the process efficiency when dealing with thin walled components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 15, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes CAM software dedicated to WAAM, using a single pass strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAM", "start": 20, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 46, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed solution uses a midsurface representation of the workpiece as input, to generate the deposition toolpath.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A specific strategy is developed and proposed for each one of the selected features, with the aim of minimizing the geometrical errors and to ensure the required machining allowances for the subsequent finishing operations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 128, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "machining allowances", "start": 162, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing operations", "start": 202, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified manufacturing a test case.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process is an increasingly attractive method for producing porosity-free metal components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 35}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 122, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the residual stresses and distortions resulting from the WAAM process are major concerns as they not only influence the part tolerance but can also cause premature failure in the final component during service.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "failure", "start": 173, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "tolerance", "start": 134, "end": 143}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 194, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current paper presents a method for using neutron diffraction to measure residual stresses in Fe3Al intermetallic wall components that have been in-situ additively fabricated using the WAAM process with different post-production treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "neutron diffraction", "start": 46, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 77, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallic", "start": 104, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 123, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 149, "end": 156}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 168, "end": 178}, {"text": "process", "start": 194, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 189, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By using averaging methods during the experimental setup and data processing, more reliable residual stress results are obtained from the acquired neutron diffraction data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 38, "end": 50}, {"text": "data", "start": 61, "end": 65}, {"text": "data", "start": 167, "end": 171}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 92, "end": 107}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "neutron diffraction", "start": 147, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the present study indicates that the normal residual stresses are significant compared to normal butt/fillet welding samples, which is caused by the large temperature gradient in this direction during the additive layer depositions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 57, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 130, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 168, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 218, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) presents unprecedented opportunities to enable design freedom in parts that are unachievable via conventional manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 125, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 75, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, AM-processed components generally lack the necessary performance metrics for widespread commercial adoption.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present a novel AM processing and design approach using removable heat sink artifacts to tailor the mechanical properties of traditionally low strength and low ductility alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 19, "end": 21}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat sink", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 103, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 146, "end": 154}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 173, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The design approach is demonstrated with the Fe-50 at.% Co alloy, as a model material of interest for electromagnetic applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "Co", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model material", "start": 71, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM-processed components exhibited unprecedented performance, with a 300% increase in strength and an order-of-magnitude improvement in ductility relative to conventional wrought material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 135, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "wrought material", "start": 170, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results are discussed in the context of product performance, production yield, and manufacturing implications toward enabling the design and processing of high-performance, next-generation components, and alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 89, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 136, "end": 142}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 211, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rib-web structures are used for lightweight design in various applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 44, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The most prominent cases are found in aerospace engineering, where intricate structures are produced by forging and subsequent machining or by machining from solid blocks of material.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forging", "start": 104, "end": 111}, {"text": "machining", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "machining", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 174, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the large scrap rate involved in conventional manufacturing, rib-web structures are suitable applications for additive manufacturing (AM) processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 40, "end": 66}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 117, "end": 139}, {"text": "AM", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 145, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the AM processes, wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is highly suitable for rib-web structures due to its high deposition rate and the potential to manufacture large-size parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing", "start": 24, "end": 55}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 116, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 158, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In WAAM, the welding strategy greatly influences the properties and quality of deposited parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 3, "end": 7}, {"text": "welding", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "quality", "start": 68, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With an increasing number of starts and stops, the danger of uneven material build-up and welding defects increases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "welding defects", "start": 90, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents a novel strategy for generating optimal tool paths for WAAM of lightweight rib-web structures, mitigating the disadvantages of discontinuous welding paths such as welding defects and uneven build-up.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tool paths", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 83, "end": 94}, {"text": "defects", "start": 191, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 75, "end": 79}, {"text": "welding", "start": 161, "end": 168}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 180, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When two or more weld beads are deposited on each edge, the vertices of the rib-web structure may suffer from underfilling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "weld beads", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "structure", "start": 84, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "vertices", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that this can be avoided by a correction strategy, which consists in manufacturing the part once, evaluating the size of voids in the junctions, and computing a correction to deposit the required amount of material into the center of the junction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "material", "start": 218, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 81, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 133, "end": 138}], "application": [{"text": "junctions", "start": 146, "end": 155}, {"text": "junction", "start": 250, "end": 258}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While this strategy may be used if a single part is considered, it is shown that the tool path correction to be applied to arbitrary junction geometries can be represented by a neural network that is derived from an experimental database consisting of representative junction types.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "be", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tool path", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 142, "end": 152}, {"text": "neural network", "start": 177, "end": 191}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 216, "end": 228}], "application": [{"text": "junction", "start": 133, "end": 141}, {"text": "junction", "start": 267, "end": 275}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "database", "start": 229, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this approach, paths for any rib-web geometry can be generated, which saves lead time in variant-rich production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead time", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Locally dispensing fine and irregular dry powders with a stable and continuous flow rate for additive manufacturing purposes is challenging.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 93, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultrasonic vibration is an effective tool to deposit spherical powders.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Ultrasonic vibration", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the existing single ultrasonic vibration actuated powder dispenser could cause powder jamming and blockage when dispensing irregularly shaped ceramic particles.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "ultrasonic vibration", "start": 29, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 59, "end": 65}, {"text": "powder", "start": 88, "end": 94}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 151, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we demonstrate a hybrid ultrasonic and motor vibration integrated dispensing method to successfully deposit irregularly shaped silicon carbide (SiC) powder and SiC and metal powder mixtures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silicon carbide", "start": 142, "end": 157}, {"text": "SiC", "start": 159, "end": 162}, {"text": "powder", "start": 164, "end": 170}, {"text": "SiC", "start": 175, "end": 178}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 183, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Flow rate experiments on mixed SiC-316 L powders with SiC volume fractions of 25 vol%, 40 vol%, and 50 vol%, indicated that the powder flow rate was determined by powder packing density after pre-mixing and before deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Flow rate", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 128, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "SiC", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "powder", "start": 163, "end": 169}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 214, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A lower packing density resulted in a higher powder flow rate.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 45, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the SiC particle size and SiC volume fraction affected the final mixed powder packing density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SiC", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "SiC", "start": 31, "end": 34}, {"text": "powder", "start": 76, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 91, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SiC-316 L mixture with 40 vol% of 320 grit SiC powder had the highest powder flow rate (37.53 μL/s).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SiC powder", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 74, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the new powder deposition approach was successfully used for laser powder bed fusion manufacturing of a double helix structure made of a 316 L stainless steel and a SiC-316 L mixture.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 152, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "structure", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 70, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such a powder dispensing technology has the potential to be applied in powder materials involved in additive manufacturing and pharmacy industries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 7, "end": 13}, {"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "powder materials", "start": 71, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 100, "end": 122}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct observation and quantification of melt pool evolution during LPBF through in-situ x-ray imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt pool undergoes different melt regimes and exhibits orders-of-magnitude volume change under a constant input energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Melt pool", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 30, "end": 34}, {"text": "volume", "start": 76, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 113, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser absorption variation under constant input energy density is an important cause of melt pool variation.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 48, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser absorption variation stems from the separate effects of laser power and scan speed on depression zone development.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 62, "end": 73}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Size and shape of a melt pool play a critical role in determining the microstructure in additively manufactured metals.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 70, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 88, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it is very challenging to directly characterize the size and shape of the melt pool beneath the surface of the melt pool during the additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 141, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we report the direct observation and quantification of melt pool variation during the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process under constant input energy density by in-situ high-speed high-energy x-ray imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 92, "end": 115}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 117, "end": 121}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 123, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 175, "end": 189}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 193, "end": 200}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray imaging", "start": 224, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We show that the melt pool can undergo different melting regimes and both the melt pool dimension and melt pool volume can have orders-of-magnitude change under a constant input energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 102, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt pool dimension", "start": 78, "end": 97}, {"text": "energy density", "start": 178, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our analysis shows that the significant melt pool variation can not be solely explained by the energy dissipation rate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We found that energy absorption changes significantly under a constant input energy density, which is another important cause of melt pool variation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 14, "end": 31}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 77, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 129, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our further analysis reveals that the significant change in energy absorption originates from the separate roles of laser power and scan speed in depression zone development.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 60, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 116, "end": 127}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results reported here are important for understanding the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process and guiding the development of better metrics for processing parameter design.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process", "start": 62, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 178, "end": 187}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 188, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Successful round robin test conducted using various additive manufactured part producers of the same test parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "round robin test", "start": 11, "end": 27}], "application": [{"text": "additive manufactured part", "start": 52, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various intentional and unintentional defects identified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 38, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity/defect distribution extends from coupon samples to complex parts in general.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "samples", "start": 49, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Micro computed tomography (microCT) allows non-destructive insights into the quality of additively manufactured parts and the processes that produce them.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 6, "end": 25}, {"text": "microCT", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "processes", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 88, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A round robin test was conducted as follows: a series of standard test procedures (part sizes and shapes and test protocols) were applied–using one microCT system–to identical parts produced on a variety of metal additive manufacturing systems (specifically laser powder bed fusion systems).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "round robin test", "start": 2, "end": 18}, {"text": "microCT", "start": 148, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "protocols", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 207, "end": 235}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion systems", "start": 258, "end": 289}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These are simple parts: a 10 mm cube, a 15 mm diameter vertical-built cylinder and a basic topology optimized example part–a bracket.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "mm", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "mm", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cube", "start": 32, "end": 36}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "topology", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bracket", "start": 125, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 15 mm diameter cylinder acts as witness specimen for the build of the complex part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 7, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 10, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 61, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All these were produced in Ti6Al4V, and in some cases parts were provided with variations in process parameters or manufacturing conditions which led to different types of intentional manufacturing flaws or defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 93, "end": 111}, {"text": "flaws", "start": 198, "end": 203}, {"text": "defects", "start": 207, "end": 214}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 115, "end": 128}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 184, "end": 197}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 146, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The major result shown is that the analysis of a simple 10 mm cube clearly identifies incorrect process parameters even for very low levels of porosity, with unique porosity distributions and characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 49, "end": 55}, {"text": "mm", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cube", "start": 62, "end": 66}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 96, "end": 114}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 174, "end": 187}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 165, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The witness specimen (15 mm cylinder) allows clear identification of layered stop-start flaws, at a resolution better than a complex part built alongside it, allowing to identify defective builds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 189, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate a successful first step at standardized microCT analysis procedures for improvement of processes and quality control in additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 40, "end": 44}, {"text": "processes", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "quality control", "start": 122, "end": 137}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microCT", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 141, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Understanding microstructural development in additive manufacturing under highly non-equilibrium cooling conditions and the consequent effects on mechanical properties of the final component is critical for accelerating industrial adoption of these manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 14, "end": 29}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 146, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 45, "end": 67}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 249, "end": 262}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 181, "end": 190}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 220, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, simple but effective theoretical solidification models are recalled to evaluate their ability to predict of microstructural features in additive manufacturing applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 151, "end": 173}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical solidification", "start": 36, "end": 62}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 123, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a case study, the resulting solidification microstructure selection maps are created to predict the stable growth modality and the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) of an Al-10Si-0.5Mg alloy processed via Selective Laser Melting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Al-10Si-0.5Mg alloy", "start": 178, "end": 197}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 31, "end": 60}, {"text": "transition", "start": 155, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 212, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of this method in microstructural predictions for additively manufactured products, as well as outstanding challenges and limitations, are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 32, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured products", "start": 64, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}, {"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present theoretical/experimental investigation deals with the problem of performing the static assessment of notched components made of additively manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 121, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 140, "end": 163}], "material": [{"text": "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene", "start": 164, "end": 195}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 197, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The notch strength of this 3D-printed material was investigated by testing a large number of specimens, with the experiments being run not only under tension, but also under three-point bending.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "three-point bending", "start": 174, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples contained geometrical features of different sharpness and were manufactured (flat on the build plate) by changing the printing direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical features", "start": 22, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plate", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Being supported by the experimental evidence, the hypothesis was formed that the mechanical response of 3D-printed ABS can be modelled effectively by treating it as a material that is linear-elastic, brittle, homogenous and isotropic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 81, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 123, "end": 125}, {"text": "as", "start": 162, "end": 164}, {"text": "material", "start": 167, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 200, "end": 207}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 224, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This simplifying hypothesis allowed the Theory of Critical Distances to be employed also to assess static strength of 3D-printed ABS containing geometrical features.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical features", "start": 144, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The validation exercise based on the experimental results being generated demonstrates that this theory is highly accurate, with its use leading to predictions falling mainly within an error interval of about ±20%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "validation", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 37, "end": 49}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 148, "end": 159}, {"text": "error", "start": 185, "end": 190}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 114, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This level of accuracy is certainly satisfactory especially because this static assessment methodology can be used in situations of engineering relevance by making use of the results obtained by solving standard linear-elastic Finite Element models.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 91, "end": 102}, {"text": "standard", "start": 203, "end": 211}, {"text": "Finite Element models", "start": 227, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 132, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material calibration was carried out for DMLS-MS1 and hybrid DMLS-MS1-H13.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 9, "end": 20}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite element modeling for Rockwell hardness test was implemented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite element", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Rockwell hardness test", "start": 28, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A combined FEM-analytical approach was developed to calculate fatigue life of DMLS-MS1.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 62, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite element model of welding process on DMLS-MS1 was accomplished.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite element model", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 24, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue life of welded DMLS-MS1 was calculated using the developed FE framework.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fatigue life", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welded", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 67, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) has been recently used to deposit metal powder on top of conventional metals.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 62, "end": 74}, {"text": "metals", "start": 98, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Of particular interest is hybrid additively manufactured steels which were found to be a suitable solution to benefit from features of each metal at different spots of a mechanical component.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additively manufactured steels", "start": 33, "end": 63}, {"text": "be", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "metal", "start": 140, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 170, "end": 180}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 181, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to its superior mechanical characteristics, maraging steel (MS1) has recently attracted tremendous attention for additive manufacturing applications mainly in aerospace, tool and die, and marine industries or to be 3D printed on top of other metals as a hybrid product using different techniques such as Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 163, "end": 172}, {"text": "marine industries", "start": 192, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "be", "start": 216, "end": 218}, {"text": "metals", "start": 246, "end": 252}, {"text": "as", "start": 253, "end": 255}, {"text": "as", "start": 305, "end": 307}, {"text": "Metal", "start": 315, "end": 320}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 117, "end": 139}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 219, "end": 229}, {"text": "Laser Sintering", "start": 321, "end": 336}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 338, "end": 342}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 174, "end": 178}, {"text": "die", "start": 183, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper a predictive finite element (FE) model and a combined analytical-numerical framework were developed to evaluate the mechanical performance of hybrid additively manufactured components and facilitate the prediction of hardness and fatigue life of these parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 27, "end": 41}, {"text": "model", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "framework", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 217, "end": 227}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 163, "end": 186}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 231, "end": 239}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 244, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed tools were employed in two scopes: First to simulate the indentation hardness test of hybrid DMLS-MS1-H13 steels; and second to calculate fatigue crack nucleation life of maraging steel including defects (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "indentation hardness test", "start": 70, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 119, "end": 125}, {"text": "maraging steel", "start": 184, "end": 198}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 151, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "defects", "start": 209, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "welding residual stresses).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 8, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameters such as local and global displacements, changes in Young’ s modulus, and hardness, high cycle fatigue life, welding temperature distribution, and residual stress were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameters", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 139, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "s", "start": 69, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 105, "end": 117}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 157, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 127, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hardness experiments were carried out to improve the reported data found in similar studies, which were used as the main resource to validate the proposed numerical framework.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 66, "end": 70}, {"text": "framework", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capabilities of the presented frameworks enable this work to target existing ambiguities in additively manufactured mechanical components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 96, "end": 119}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 131, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A net-shape synthesis process has been used to convert different isovolumetric precursor mixtures composed of either 100 vol% 86/14 molar Cr/Cr2O3 or 50 vol% 86/14 molar Cr/Cr2O3 with 50 vol% Cr3C2 to form multilayer chromium carbide materials suitable for reactive powder bed fusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "precursor", "start": 79, "end": 88}, {"text": "chromium carbide", "start": 217, "end": 233}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 266, "end": 306}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective deposition was performed by patterning precursor layers using a masked high-volume, low-pressure slurry spray deposition technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "precursor", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "slurry", "start": 107, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Following deposition, each layer was thermochemically converted to Cr3C2 at 950 °C in a gas atmosphere containing 76 vol.% Ar, 4 vol.% H2, 20% vol.% CH4.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "gas", "start": 88, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 123, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process was repeated multiple times to construct layered structures representative of additively manufactured refractory ceramics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "layered structures", "start": 54, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 91, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 126, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray diffraction characterization and quantitative phase analysis of each converted layer indicated that the average phase fraction of Cr3C2 present in the multi-layered samples following conversion from Cr/Cr2O3 and Cr3C2/Cr/Cr2O3 precursors was 94.5 wt% (SD = 0.92) and 98.8 wt% (SD = 0.21) respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative phase", "start": 39, "end": 57}, {"text": "average", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 124, "end": 132}, {"text": "samples", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 85, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the higher phase fraction of Cr3C2 produced by the three-component precursor system, SEM imaging of the sample microstructures and fracture analysis indicated that increased bonding occurred in Cr3C2 produced by conversion of Cr/Cr2O3.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "sample", "start": 112, "end": 118}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 139, "end": 147}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 182, "end": 189}], "material": [{"text": "precursor", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 119, "end": 134}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 93, "end": 96}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This reaction-induced bonding enhanced the interlayer mechanical integrity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical integrity", "start": 54, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results in this work demonstrate the use of isovolumetric reaction synthesis techniques that are broadly applicable for non-oxide ceramic production using reactive additive manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "non-oxide", "start": 124, "end": 133}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 134, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 168, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel hydrodynamic cavitation abrasive finishing (HCAF) process was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "process", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 32, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Internal surface finishing was done using cavitation-aided microparticle abrasion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface finishing", "start": 9, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Synergistic effects enhanced the material removal and surface finish up to 80%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 54, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface finishing additive-manufactured (AM) internal channels is challenging.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Surface finishing", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "AM", "start": 41, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a novel hydrodynamic cavitation abrasive finishing (HCAF) technique is proposed and its feasibility for surface finishing is analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 103, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface finishing", "start": 119, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface finishing is performed using controlled hydrodynamic cavitation erosion and microparticle abrasion phenomena.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Surface finishing", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various surface-finishing conditions were employed to investigate material removal and surface finish enhancement via synergistic effects in the HCAF process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 87, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 150, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To quantify the contributions from each erosion mechanism, additively manufactured AlSi10Mg internal channels were surface finished in isolated conditions of a) liquid impingement, b) absolute cavitation erosion, c) absolute abrasion, and d) cavitation-assisted microparticle abrasion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "surface", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "cavitation", "start": 193, "end": 203}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 59, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "b", "start": 181, "end": 182}, {"text": "c", "start": 213, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The erosion rate and total thickness loss were established as the measurands to quantify the intensity of the surface finish.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 110, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A synergy map is proposed to quantify the contribution from the synergistic effects from hydrodynamic cavitation abrasive finishing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 102, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 113, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The synergistic material-removal mechanism is explained using surface morphology observations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 62, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hydrodynamic cavitation gradually removed loosely attached surface asperities in AM internal channels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "surface asperities", "start": 59, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings suggest that the synergistic effects in hydrodynamic cavitation abrasive finishing are effective in enhancing the material removal and surface-finish quality of AM components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "quality", "start": 163, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "material", "start": 127, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 174, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tracking codes are embedded inside 3D printed parts for product authentication.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 35, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Imaging method like micro-CT can retrieve the internal tracking code information.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Imaging", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT", "start": 20, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Micro-CT images of the code present poor contrast and imaging artifact challenges.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Micro-CT", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 54, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pre- and post-processing enable automatic and robust image reading and verification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 9, "end": 24}, {"text": "image", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "verification", "start": 71, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The developed image processing methods have no dependence on the original image.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "image", "start": 74, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The layer-by-layer printing process of additive manufacturing methods provides new opportunities to embed identification codes inside parts during manufacture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "process", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 147, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The availability of reverse engineering tools has increased the risk of counterfeit part production and new authentication technologies such as the one proposed in this paper are required for many applications including aerospace components and medical implants and devices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reverse engineering", "start": 20, "end": 39}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 123, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "aerospace components", "start": 220, "end": 240}], "application": [{"text": "medical implants", "start": 245, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The embedded codes are read by imaging techniques such as micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) scanners or radiography.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "radiography", "start": 107, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented in this paper is focused on developing methods that can improve the quality of the recovered micro-CT scanned code images such that they can be interpreted by standard code reader technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "images", "start": 134, "end": 140}, {"text": "standard", "start": 178, "end": 186}, {"text": "technology", "start": 199, "end": 209}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 160, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inherent low contrast and the presence of imaging artifacts are the main challenges that need to be addressed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image processing methods are developed to address these challenges using titanium and aluminum alloy specimens containing embedded quick response (QR) codes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 86, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed techniques for recovering the embedded codes are based on a combination of Mathematical Morphology and an innovative de-noising algorithm based on optimal image filtering techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mathematical", "start": 88, "end": 100}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 141, "end": 150}, {"text": "image", "start": 168, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, was originally used for rapid prototyping.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 90, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, research into new technologies has allowed AM to become applicable far beyond prototype fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 27, "end": 39}, {"text": "prototype", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 97, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, has designed and developed an anthropomorphic seven degree-of-freedom (DOF) dual arm hydraulic manipulator using metal AM technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laboratory", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "Research", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "manipulator", "start": 176, "end": 187}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 194, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The titanium manipulators are designed for subsea use.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "manipulators", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 30, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article will detail the novel AM design of the hydraulic manipulator system.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "manipulator", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It will cover the manipulators’ pitch and rotary link designs, custom valves, hydraulic power unit, and the motivation for a dual arm design.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "manipulators", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "design", "start": 134, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 88, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In all manufacturing processes, there are several factors for which the final product exhibits dimensional and shape deviations from its ideal nominal geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 7, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 151, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing, a part is built layerwise in a single manufacturing step and is often net-shaped.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 25}, {"text": "AM", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 86, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In most cases, no finishing operation is applied to change the dimensions of the product, apart from a reduction of the superficial roughness through sandblasting or polishing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing operation", "start": 18, "end": 37}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 166, "end": 175}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 132, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, knowing the dimensional tolerance of AM processes in advance is of fundamental importance, but little information is currently available in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional tolerance", "start": 23, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 48, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A benchmarking analysis of three different AM systems for polymers is presented in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 58, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The compared machines are based on different AM techniques which are fused filament fabrication (FFF), selective laser sintering (SLS) and Arburg plastic freeforming (APF).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 69, "end": 95}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 103, "end": 128}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 130, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 146, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dimensional accuracy of the machines has been defined using the ISO IT grades of a reference artifact.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 68, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the analysis of the benchmarking results, a specific focus is made on the importance of the thermal household in SLS and a parameter named SLS modulus is proposed to identify critical heat concentrations in the powder bed that may influence the dimensional accuracy of the manufactured part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 116, "end": 119}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 126, "end": 135}, {"text": "heat", "start": 187, "end": 191}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 276, "end": 288}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 214, "end": 224}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 248, "end": 268}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), which is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that uses metal materials, has a higher fabricated volume per unit time but a lower fabricated shape accuracy compared with other methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 35}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 37, "end": 41}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 56, "end": 78}, {"text": "AM", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 132, "end": 142}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 176, "end": 186}], "material": [{"text": "metal materials", "start": 102, "end": 117}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 193, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this process, the surface roughness of fabricated objects is several hundred micrometers or more, and a finishing process is necessary.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 23, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing process", "start": 109, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the fabricated objects after finishing can have uncut areas or can be overcut during the finishing process owing to the large difference between the target and actual fabricated shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 176, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "finishing process", "start": 98, "end": 115}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 63, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 76, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a cooperative system for WAAM and machining that includes a process that measures the shape of the fabricated object.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 78, "end": 82}, {"text": "machining", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the fabricated object was measured by structure from motion (SfM) and compared with the 3-D computer-aided design (CAD) data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 11, "end": 28}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "structure", "start": 82, "end": 91}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 132, "end": 135}, {"text": "data", "start": 164, "end": 168}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 151, "end": 157}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 159, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Second, the original design was modified, and the amount of material removed during finish cutting was optimized with the developed software.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cutting", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the fabricated hollow object was finished by milling to obtain a uniform wall thickness without any defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "defects", "start": 109, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milling", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thickness", "start": 82, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 3-D fabricated object was measured by SfM, and it was observed that the measurement accuracy was sufficiently high for the requirements of the system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 2, "end": 5}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 74, "end": 85}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 86, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, a fabricated hollow quadrangular pyramid with a closed shape was machined with a computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool with the modification of the work origin.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machined", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer numerical control", "start": 94, "end": 120}, {"text": "CNC", "start": 122, "end": 125}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine tool", "start": 127, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the amount of material removed during finish cutting was optimized, and the inclined wall thickness was uniform compared with that without modification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "material", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cutting", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thickness", "start": 98, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, a hollow turbine blade with a freeform shape was successfully finished without any defects.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "turbine blade", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "defects", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A wire arc additive manufactured sample with intentional defects is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 7, "end": 10}, {"text": "defects", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 11, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Owing to a lack of standards and codes, a calibration method was introduced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 42, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The known size defects were used for calibration of the ultrasonic system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 37, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM) was employed to manufacture a steel specimen with intentionally embedded defects which were subsequently used for calibration of an ultrasonic phased array system and defect sizing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture", "start": 15, "end": 46}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 48, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "defects", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 168, "end": 179}, {"text": "defect", "start": 221, "end": 227}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 84, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An ABB robot was combined with the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Gas Metal Arc (GMA) process to deposit 20 layers of mild steel.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "robot", "start": 7, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Cold Metal Transfer", "start": 35, "end": 54}, {"text": "CMT", "start": 56, "end": 59}, {"text": "Gas Metal Arc", "start": 61, "end": 74}, {"text": "GMA", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "mild steel", "start": 113, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tungsten-carbide balls (ø1-3 mm) were intentionally embedded inside the additive structure after the 4th, 8th, 12th and 18th layers to serve as ultrasonic reflectors, simulating defects within the WAAM sample.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 197, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 178, "end": 185}, {"text": "sample", "start": 202, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An ultrasonic phased array system, consisting of a 5 MHz 64 Element phased array transducer, was used to inspect the WAAM sample non-destructively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Element", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "transducer", "start": 81, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 117, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 122, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The majority of the reflectors were detected successfully using Total Focusing Method (TFM), proving that the tungsten carbide balls were successfully embedded during the WAAM process and also that these are good ultrasonic reflectors.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tungsten carbide balls", "start": 110, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 171, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 176, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Owing to a lack of standards and codes for the ultrasonic inspection of WAAM samples (Lopez et al., 2018), a calibration method and step-by-step inspection strategy were introduced and then used to estimate the size and shape of an unknown lack of fusion (LoF) indication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "samples", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 109, "end": 120}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 248, "end": 254}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "ultrasonic inspection", "start": 47, "end": 68}, {"text": "inspection", "start": 145, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 72, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of AM (SLM) and wrought 316 L SS are evaluated in physiological environment containing complexing agent i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Corrosion behavior", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 23, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "wrought 316 L SS", "start": 56, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ecorr for the SLM 316 L SS is consistently higher and breakdown potential, Ebd, is more than 3 times higher compared to the wrought.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "316 L SS", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 124, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM sample exhibits wider passive region and higher charge transfer resistance (Rt) (approximately 1.5 to 2.5 times).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "Rt", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM part shows better cell proliferation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 26, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to mitigate potential implant failures, it is essential to determine the corrosion behavior of biomaterials in a realistic physiological environment.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 82, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "biomaterials", "start": 104, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to simulate the real oxidative nature of human body fluid, this research considers the effects of a complexing agent while determining the corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel (SS) that has been fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 61, "end": 66}, {"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 170, "end": 190}, {"text": "SS", "start": 192, "end": 194}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 210, "end": 220}, {"text": "process", "start": 254, "end": 261}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 148, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 224, "end": 247}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 249, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "the citrate ion, in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution strongly affects the passivation behavior of 316L SS by complex species formation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "ion", "start": 12, "end": 15}, {"text": "Buffer", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "solution", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "passivation", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "Phosphate", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "PBS", "start": 45, "end": 48}, {"text": "SS", "start": 109, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, due to a rapid solidification process, the microstructural properties of the additively manufactured metal are not similar to that of the conventionally manufactured counterpart.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "rapid solidification process", "start": 18, "end": 46}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 52, "end": 67}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 162, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 86, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of the SLM 316L SS contains refined sub-grains within each coarse grain and the formation of micro-inclusions i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "grain", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 35, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM 316L SS had better pitting resistance and passive film stability.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ecorr for the SLM 316L SS was consistently higher and the breakdown potential, Ebd, was more than three times higher compared to the wrought counterpart as determined by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 153, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "potentiodynamic polarization", "start": 177, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the SLM sample had a wider passive region and higher charge transfer resistance (Rt) (approximately 1.5 to 2.5 times) as determined by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 14, "end": 17}, {"text": "Rt", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 168, "end": 183}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 194, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "cyclic voltammetry", "start": 145, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the attachment and proliferation tendency of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells were studied to evaluate biocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 113, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM part had better cell proliferation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 24, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To summarize, in a physiological environment, the SLM 316L SS outperformed the conventional wrought 316L SS in terms of corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 50, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "SS", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 120, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 145, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has become a promising metal 3D printing technology for fabricating large-scale and complex-shaped components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 33, "end": 37}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 68, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 123, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One major problem that limits the application of WAAM is the difficulty in controlling the dimensional accuracy under constantly changing interlayer temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 49, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 91, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 149, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the deposition process, as the wall height increases, the heat accumulates on the upper layers, which leads to the variation of the layer dimensions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 11, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 65, "end": 69}, {"text": "variation", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 139, "end": 144}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 145, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Normal practices such as introducing idle time and actively cooling the workpiece to mitigate such problems lack efficiency and practicality, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "workpiece", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel process planning strategy is proposed in this paper and aims to achieve a continuous deposition process while ensuring dimensional accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process planning", "start": 8, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 93, "end": 111}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 127, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the aid of a finite element model, the typical thermal transfer cycle of the workpiece was analyzed and then divided into different stages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 18, "end": 38}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When depositing material, the interlayer temperature of the subsequent layers can be predicted using the developed algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 115, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, the process parameters (e.g., wire feed speed and travel speed) can be varied according to the predicted interlayer temperature using the developed adaptive process model, and this will ensure the uniform layer dimensions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 11, "end": 29}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "process model", "start": 164, "end": 177}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 42, "end": 46}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 123, "end": 134}, {"text": "layer", "start": 212, "end": 217}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 218, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The result shows that such technique succeeds in a continuous fabrication of the component with high accuracy and efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 62, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 101, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "2219-Al specimens with no cracks and less pores were fabricated by novel laser-TIG hybrid additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 90, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties were higher than that fabricated by conventional TIG, CMT or SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "CMT", "start": 80, "end": 83}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 87, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of laser could refine grains and improve the uniformity of elements and eutectics.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 35, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 72, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Owing to its high strength to weight ratio, Al–Cu alloy is extensively used in the aeronautic and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength to weight ratio", "start": 18, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 98, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, there are some shortcomings in the additive manufacturing of Al–Cu alloy, such as cracks and poor strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 76, "end": 81}, {"text": "as", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, Al–Cu (2219-Al) specimens with excellent mechanical properties were fabricated by laser-Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) hybrid additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 55, "end": 76}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "Inert Gas", "start": 111, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG", "start": 122, "end": 125}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 134, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the microstructural studies, the average grain size in the laser zone (LZ) decreased to 14.4 μm, which was approximately 40.3% smaller than that in the arc zone (AZ).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 9, "end": 24}, {"text": "average", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "arc", "start": 157, "end": 160}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 64, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Its crystal orientation relationship was described as [110] α∥ [002] θ, (110) α∥ (002) θ between the α-Al matrix and the θ phase.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal orientation", "start": 4, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, the θ′ phase characterized a good coherent relationship with the α-Al matrix, which resulted in low phase boundary energy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 18, "end": 23}, {"text": "phase boundary", "start": 111, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the deposited specimens exhibited a yield strength of 155.5 ± 7.9 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 301.5 ± 16.7 MPa, with an elongation of 12.8 ± 2.8%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 49, "end": 63}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 90, "end": 115}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 145, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 132, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These mechanical properties were higher than in specimens fabricated by TIG, CMT and SLM methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 6, "end": 27}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "CMT", "start": 77, "end": 80}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 85, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The improved properties were predominately related to the smaller size of eutectics, the uniform distribution of Cu and the semi-coherent θ′ phases in the LZ.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 97, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 113, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combined effect of laser and arc can yield components with excellent mechanical properties, promoting the material for an expansive range of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 73, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 110, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New microstructural features were found in the TiAl alloy manufactured using the gas tungsten arc welding-based additive manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "gas", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "arc", "start": 94, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 112, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ion-irradiation responses of the new microstructure features were investigated in-situ via irradiation with 1 MeV Kr2+ ions at room and 873 K. Examination of the microstructure showed that the typical lamellar microstructure consisting of α2-Ti3Al and γ-TiAl phases formed α2/γ lamellar interfaces and γ/γ twin boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 166, "end": 180}, {"text": "lamellar", "start": 205, "end": 213}, {"text": "lamellar", "start": 282, "end": 290}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 315, "end": 325}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Apart from this, the γ lamellae were also found to form γ/γ lamellar boundaries with the two γ lamellae in the same orientation or the < 10-1 > // < 411 > orientation relationship.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lamellae", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "lamellae", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 116, "end": 127}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 155, "end": 166}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 69, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is not observed in the TiAl alloys fabricated using traditional alloy fabrication methods.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 69, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Kr ion-irradiation at room and elevated temperatures resulted in no significant difference in the morphologies of most radiation-induced defects in the < 411 > orientated γ lamellae and the < 10-1 > orientated γ lamellae.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 98, "end": 110}, {"text": "defects", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "lamellae", "start": 173, "end": 181}, {"text": "lamellae", "start": 212, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the areas of the new boundaries exhibited different damage morphologies in comparison with the traditional γ/γ twin boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "boundaries", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 61, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The formation mechanisms of the new microstructural features formed in the additive manufacturing process and their irradiation behaviour are investigated and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 75, "end": 105}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 116, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing can produce parts with complex geometries in fewer steps than conventional processing, which leads to cost reduction and a higher quality of goods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "cost reduction", "start": 125, "end": 139}, {"text": "quality", "start": 153, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One potential application is the production of molds and dies with conformal cooling for injection molding, die casting, and forging.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "injection molding", "start": 89, "end": 106}, {"text": "die casting", "start": 108, "end": 119}, {"text": "forging", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "dies", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "conformal cooling", "start": 67, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AISI H13 tool steel is typically used in these applications because of its high hardness at elevated temperatures, high wear resistance, and good toughness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "H13 tool steel", "start": 5, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 120, "end": 135}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 146, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 101, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, available data on the processing of H13 steel by additive manufacturing are still scarce.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 19, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "H13 steel", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, this study focused on the processability of H13 tool steel by powder bed fusion and its microstructural characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "H13 tool steel", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 68, "end": 85}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural characterization", "start": 94, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser power (97−216 W) and scan speed (300−700 mm/s) were varied, and the consolidation of parts, common defects, solidification structure, microstructure, and hardness were evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Laser power", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 74, "end": 87}, {"text": "defects", "start": 105, "end": 112}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 114, "end": 128}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 140, "end": 154}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Over the range of processing parameters, microstructural features were mostly identical, consisting of a predominantly cellular solidification structure of martensite and 19.8% –25.9% of retained austenite.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 9, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 41, "end": 56}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 128, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 156, "end": 166}, {"text": "retained austenite", "start": 187, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cellular/dendritic solidification structure displayed C, Cr, and V segregation toward cell walls.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "C", "start": 54, "end": 55}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "V", "start": 65, "end": 66}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 86, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal cycle resulted in alternating layers of heat-affected zones, which varied somewhat in hardness and microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycle", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 111, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Retained austenite was correlated to the solidification structure and displayed a preferential orientation with {001} //build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Retained austenite", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 95, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Density and porosity maps were obtained by helium gas pycnometry and light optical microscopy, respectively, and, along with linear crack density, were used to determine appropriate processing parameters for H13 tool steel.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Density and porosity", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "helium", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "H13 tool steel", "start": 208, "end": 222}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 50, "end": 53}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 193, "end": 203}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 75, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal capacity were measured to determine dimensionless processing parameters, which were then compared to others reported in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Thermal diffusivity", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 21, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The complex, nonequilibrium physical, chemical, and metallurgical nature of additive manufacturing (AM) tends to lead to uncontrollable and unpredictable material and structural properties.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 52, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 76, "end": 98}, {"text": "AM", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 113, "end": 117}, {"text": "material", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 178, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we investigated a laser opto-ultrasonic dual (LOUD) detection approach for simultaneous and real-time detection of elemental compositions, structural defects, and residual stress in aluminium (Al) alloy components during wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) processes.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural defects", "start": 154, "end": 172}, {"text": "processes", "start": 277, "end": 286}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 178, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 197, "end": 206}, {"text": "Al", "start": 208, "end": 210}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 212, "end": 217}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additive manufacturing", "start": 236, "end": 269}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 271, "end": 275}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this approach, a pulsed-laser beam was used to excite the surfaces of Al alloy samples to generate ultrasound and optical spectra.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 33, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "Al alloy", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical spectra", "start": 117, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the compositional information can be obtained from the optical spectra, while the structural defects and residual stress distributions can be extracted from the ultrasonic signals.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "be", "start": 152, "end": 154}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical spectra", "start": 68, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural defects", "start": 95, "end": 113}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 134, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 118, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The silicon (Si) and copper (Cu) compositions obtained from optical spectral analyses are consistent with those obtained from the electron-probe microanalyses (EPMA).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silicon", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "Si", "start": 13, "end": 15}, {"text": "copper", "start": 21, "end": 27}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 29, "end": 31}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "EPMA", "start": 160, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 1 mm blowhole and the residual stress distribution of the sample were detected by the ultrasonic signals in the LOUD detection, which shows consistency with the conventional ultrasonic testing (UT).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 6, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "blowhole", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 42, "end": 54}, {"text": "sample", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "consistency", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 26, "end": 41}, {"text": "UT", "start": 198, "end": 200}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 189, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both results indicate that the LOUD detection holds the promising of becoming an effective testing method for AM processes to ensure quality control and process feedback.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 110, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 133, "end": 148}, {"text": "process", "start": 153, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 161, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has already proven to be successful for the production of large metal parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 33}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 35, "end": 39}, {"text": "production", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "metal", "start": 105, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, there are still no specific standards available to label the quality requirements of the parts produced by WAAM and this is preventing a more widespread adoption of the technique.A crucial step towards the quality assurance of WAAM parts will be the development of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) systems capable of identifying defects while parts are being produced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "quality", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "step", "start": 198, "end": 202}, {"text": "quality", "start": 215, "end": 222}, {"text": "NDT", "start": 299, "end": 302}, {"text": "defects", "start": 335, "end": 342}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 116, "end": 120}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 236, "end": 240}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 252, "end": 254}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Non-Destructive Testing", "start": 274, "end": 297}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this regard, Eddy Current Testing (ECT) can play a significant role, by allowing the inspection of both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials, with high speeds and without contact with the material surface.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Eddy Current Testing", "start": 16, "end": 36}, {"text": "inspection", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 200, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The limitation here is that commercial ECT targets only the inspection of surface and subsurface defects.This study is focused on the development of a NDT system which includes customized ECT probes for the inline layer-by-layer detection of defects in aluminium WAAM samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 60, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "NDT", "start": 151, "end": 154}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 214, "end": 228}, {"text": "defects", "start": 242, "end": 249}, {"text": "samples", "start": 268, "end": 275}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probes", "start": 192, "end": 198}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 253, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results revealed that the developed EC probes were able to locate artificial defects: at depths up to 5 mm; with a thickness as small as 350 μm; with the probe up to 5 mm away from the inspected sample surface.The developed ECT probes proved to surpass the limitation of commercial ones.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "probes", "start": 39, "end": 45}, {"text": "probe", "start": 154, "end": 159}, {"text": "probes", "start": 228, "end": 234}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "sample", "start": 195, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "mm", "start": 168, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}, {"text": "as", "start": 134, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, these probes were able to overcome the limitations caused by the surface roughness of the samples and the high temperatures involved in the deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "probes", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 71, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 117, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 146, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These preliminary results represent an important step for the development of NDT systems for WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 49, "end": 53}, {"text": "NDT", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 93, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By using filaments comprising metal or ceramic powders and polymer binders, solid metal and ceramic parts can be created by combining low-cost fused filament fabrication (FFF) with debinding and sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "metal", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "ceramic powders", "start": 39, "end": 54}, {"text": "polymer binders", "start": 59, "end": 74}, {"text": "metal", "start": 82, "end": 87}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "be", "start": 110, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 143, "end": 169}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 171, "end": 174}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 195, "end": 204}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 181, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we explored a fabrication route using a FFF filament filled with 316 L steel powder at 55 vol.-%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 54, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "steel powder", "start": 85, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We investigated the printing, debinding and sintering parameters and optimized them with respect to the mechanical properties of the final part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 104, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 44, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Special focus was placed on debinding and sintering in order to obtain components of low residual porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "residual", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 98, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solvent debinding of the printed green bodies created an internal network of interconnected pores and was followed by thermal debinding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "green bodies", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal debinding", "start": 118, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal debinding allowed for complete removal of the remaining binder and produced mechanically stable brown parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Thermal debinding", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "brown parts", "start": 104, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 64, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sintering at 1360 °C provided densification of the parts and generated nearly isotropic linear shrinkage of about 20%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "densification", "start": 30, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 95, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using optimized parameters, it was possible to fabricate 316 L steel components with a density greater than 95% via the material extrusion additive manufacturing, debinding and sintering route, with achievable deflections in a 3-point bending test similar to rolled sheet material, albeit at lower strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 16, "end": 26}, {"text": "debinding", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 120, "end": 161}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 177, "end": 186}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "sheet material", "start": 266, "end": 280}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "strength", "start": 298, "end": 306}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bending test", "start": 235, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabricating a magnesium alloy using wire-and-arc-based additive manufacturing was successfully conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fabricating", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "magnesium alloy", "start": 14, "end": 29}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Suitable processing conditions for realizing a solid structure with few weld defects were clarified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "defects", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 72, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabricated object has sufficient tensile strength compared with the bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fabricated", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 33, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 73, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure at the boundary between the substrate and the fabricated object is finer than that on the top layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 109, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material properties, such as porosity, tensile strength, and microstructure, of magnesium-alloy components fabricated using wire-and-arc-based additive-manufacturing techniques, which essentially represent a form of arc-welding technology have been examined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Material properties", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 61, "end": 75}, {"text": "technology", "start": 228, "end": 238}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 39, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the proposed method, the wire material is melted by arc discharge, and the molten metal is subsequently solidified and accumulated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "molten metal", "start": 78, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 45, "end": 51}, {"text": "arc", "start": 55, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnesium wire developed in this study facilitated fabrication of magnesium-alloy components using the said additive-manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Magnesium", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, combinations of fabrication conditions, such as the welding current, torch feed speed, and cross feed of the torch, were explored, and suitable conditions for realizing a solid structure with fewer weld defects compared to those observed when using die-casting and other manufacturing methods, were determined.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "welding", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 285, "end": 298}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 89, "end": 93}, {"text": "feed", "start": 111, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 191, "end": 200}, {"text": "defects", "start": 217, "end": 224}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 212, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile tests and microstructure observations were also performed to elucidate mechanical properties of magnesium alloy components fabricated via the said wire-and-arc-based technique.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile tests", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 79, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "magnesium alloy", "start": 104, "end": 119}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was demonstrated that the fabricated object possesses sufficient tensile strength compared to the observed standard value of the bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "standard", "start": 110, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 68, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 137, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, results from microstructure observations demonstrated that the higher the torch feed speed, the finer is the microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 122, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 93, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the observed microstructure at the boundary between the substrate and fabricated object was finer compared to that at the top layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 23, "end": 37}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) is a metal AM (Additive Manufacturing) technology that allows high deposition rates and the manufacturability of very large components, compared to other AM technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 6, "end": 37}, {"text": "metal AM", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 76}, {"text": "AM technologies", "start": 193, "end": 208}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "manufacturability", "start": 131, "end": 148}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rates", "start": 101, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 163, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Distortions and residual stresses affecting the manufactured parts represent the main drawbacks of this AM technique.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 16, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 48, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technique", "start": 104, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FE (Finite Element) modeling could represent an effective tool to tackle such issues, since it can be used to optimize process parameters, deposition paths and to test alternative mitigation strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite Element", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 119, "end": 137}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 58, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition paths", "start": 139, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, specific modeling strategies are needed to reduce the computational cost of the process simulation, such as reducing the number of elements used in discretizing the model.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "process simulation", "start": 94, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}, {"text": "elements", "start": 145, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 179, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed technique is based on dividing the substrate in several zones, separately discretized and then connected by means of a double sided contact algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 145, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 153, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This strategy allows to achieve a significant reduction of the number of elements required, without affecting their quality parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "quality parameters", "start": 116, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 73, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The geometry and dimension of the mesh zones are identified through a dedicated algorithm that allows to achieve an accurate temperature prediction with the minimum element number.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 137, "end": 147}], "feature": [{"text": "dimension", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effectiveness of the proposed technique was tested by means of both numerical and experimental validation tests.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 86, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AlCoFeNiSmTiV based new high entropy alloys were designed and fabricated using additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 79, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elevated temperature corrosion performance of these alloys were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 21, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 52, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase analysis results indicated the presence of a single FCC phase in these HEAs after enduring corrosive atmospheres.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "FCC", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosive", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High entropy alloys have attracted great interest due to their great stability and exceptional mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 95, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to growing demand of novel engineering materials, which can endure harsh corrosive atmospheres, HEAs have been studied extensively to meet the demands of challenging industrial environments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "engineering materials", "start": 31, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosive", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 170, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Current manufacturing techniques of HEAs include arc-melting or spark plasma sintering, which are limited by factors such as high energy, grain refinement, alloying, and size limitations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 8, "end": 21}, {"text": "spark plasma sintering", "start": 64, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 138, "end": 154}], "feature": [{"text": "alloying", "start": 156, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study we report elevated temperature corrosion behavior of two new HEAs AlCoFeNiTiV0.9Sm0.1 and AlCoFeNiV0.9Sm0.1, produced by laser-based additive manufacturing, which offers high freedom of design, fast prototyping, and rapid quenching rates that are ideal for many industrial applications.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 45, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 135, "end": 169}, {"text": "quenching", "start": 236, "end": 245}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 200, "end": 206}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototyping", "start": 213, "end": 224}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 276, "end": 286}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These alloys were tested in corrosive syngas atmosphere at elevated temperatures to explore their applicability in such harsh environments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 6, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosive", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 68, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase analysis results indicated the presence of a single FCC phase in these HEAs with no major surface cracks after enduring such corrosive atmospheres.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "FCC", "start": 58, "end": 61}, {"text": "surface", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosive", "start": 131, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These alloys exhibited good corrosion resistance as revealed by electrochemical testing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 28, "end": 48}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 64, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CALPHAD and DFT simulations were also performed to reveal the phase stability and crystal structures to further corroborate our experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "DFT", "start": 12, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal structures", "start": 82, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology that uses wire-form materials and arc discharges as the energy source.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 35}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 37, "end": 41}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 71}, {"text": "AM", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "materials", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "arc", "start": 122, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 151, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM techniques can fabricate complicated shapes that can not be obtained via conventional processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Building lattice structures inside components enables weight reduction while maintaining high strength.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 9, "end": 27}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 54, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strut shapes must be constructed to form these lattice structures using WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Strut", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 18, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 47, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 72, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For fabricating strut shapes with high accuracy, the process parameters should be optimized.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 53, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the relationship between layer geometry and process parameters is not clear.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 34, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 53, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, in this study, struts were fabricated under various process conditions to investigate the influences of process parameters on the built object geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "process", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 115, "end": 133}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that fabrication of strut shapes depends on the heat input condition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 67, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, it was found that the arc discharge time had the highest influence on the layer height and diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 32, "end": 35}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 84, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inclination angle of an overhanging shape had little influence on the dimensional accuracy of the built object.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "inclination angle", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 74, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system was developed for the fabrication of lattice structures, and the lattice structures were successfully built using WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer-aided manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 41}, {"text": "CAM", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 169, "end": 173}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 92, "end": 110}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 120, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The build accuracy was measured using an x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner; the deviation in the structures designed using the CAM system and the actual fabricated structures measured using the CT scanner was lower than approximately ±2.3 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "x-ray computed tomography", "start": 41, "end": 66}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "CAM", "start": 132, "end": 135}, {"text": "CT", "start": 199, "end": 201}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 113, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 158, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 244, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The integration of coaxial connectors into the filter and waveguide designs via 3D printing eliminates the need for two additional bulky external SMA-to-waveguide transitions, and allows for customizable integrated SMA-to-waveguide transitions that minimize impedance mismatch.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "filter", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 68, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 80, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four designs, including air-filled and polycarbonate (PC) dielectric-filled waveguides and two-pole filters, are modeled and manufactured using additive manufacturing to demonstrate this integrative approach.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 39, "end": 52}, {"text": "PC", "start": 54, "end": 56}], "application": [{"text": "filters", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 144, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PC dielectric posts are also incorporated into the device to provide additional reinforcement to the coaxial connectors without impacting the radio frequency (RF) performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PC", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 3, "end": 13}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 80, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "radio frequency", "start": 142, "end": 157}, {"text": "performance", "start": 163, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper discusses the topology optimization and additive manufacturing (AM) specific re-design of a metallic C-frame as it is used in the riveting process in the automotive industry.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 25, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 73}, {"text": "AM", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 150, "end": 157}], "application": [{"text": "automotive industry", "start": 165, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main objective of the optimization and re-design process is the reduction of the structural weight where special attention needs to be paid to the specific manufacturing process of powder bed fusion which is a powder based layerwise additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "process", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "powder", "start": 214, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 160, "end": 181}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 185, "end": 202}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 237, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The initial optimization and AM specific re-design are performed under consideration of a number of free parameters that drive the performance and weight of the C-frame, and several generated solutions are compared under special consideration of the weight, the mechanical performance and the general manufacturability using powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 105, "end": 115}, {"text": "performance", "start": 131, "end": 142}, {"text": "manufacturability", "start": 301, "end": 318}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 325, "end": 342}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 147, "end": 153}, {"text": "weight", "start": 250, "end": 256}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 262, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selected optimized solution then undergoes a final detailed re-design which focusses on given manufacturing restrictions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 23, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 98, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical performance of the optimized C-frame is assessed employing detailed finite element simulations by evaluating the stress and deformation state.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 83, "end": 97}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 139, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 128, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The general manufacturability of the optimized part by powder bed fusion is demonstrated by the manufacturing of a scaled prototype.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturability", "start": 12, "end": 29}, {"text": "prototype", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 55, "end": 72}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 96, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to enable a comparison of the new AM solution with a classical manufacturing process, an optimized C-frame geared towards classical milling is established as well.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 72, "end": 93}, {"text": "milling", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 164, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both solutions are compared concerning weight, mechanical performance, manufacturability and economic aspects, and it can be shown that the AM solution offers a number of advantages that can not be exploited when employing classical means of manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 39, "end": 45}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturability", "start": 71, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 122, "end": 124}, {"text": "be", "start": 195, "end": 197}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 140, "end": 142}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 242, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper may serve as an introduction to the rather complex field of AM design of load bearing structures and is an illustrated case study thereof which can be of use for engineers working in this specific field that is still the topic of global academic and industrial research.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 159, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 261, "end": 271}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multifunctional lattice materials exhibit functionalities beyond conventional load-bearing usage and are usually fabricated by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 78, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 127, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work introduces a new class of functional lattice materials called liquid metal lattice materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 72, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These lattice materials consist of liquid metals and elastomers organized in a core-shell manner.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metals", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "elastomers", "start": 53, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This hybrid design induces a shape memory effect by harnessing the solid-liquid phase transition of liquid metals.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shape memory effect", "start": 29, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 80, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metals", "start": 100, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, several remarkable functionalities are achieved such as recoverable energy absorption, tunable rigidity, and reconfigurable behaviors.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 82, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These liquid metal lattice materials are fabricated by using a hybrid manufacturing approach, which integrates the 3D printing, vacuum casting, and conformal coating techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 6, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "hybrid manufacturing", "start": 63, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 115, "end": 126}, {"text": "vacuum casting", "start": 128, "end": 142}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 158, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A variety of lattice structures are presented to demonstrate the capability of this hybrid manufacturing method and the functionalities of liquid metal lattice materials.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 13, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "hybrid manufacturing", "start": 84, "end": 104}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 152, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 139, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new class of lattice materials have promising applications in aerospace, robotics, tunable metamaterials, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 18, "end": 25}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 67, "end": 76}, {"text": "robotics", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 96, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) is explored starting with WC preforms shaped with binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM) followed by melt infiltration of Co.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "tungsten", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "WC", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "binder", "start": 113, "end": 119}, {"text": "Co", "start": 187, "end": 189}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt infiltration", "start": 166, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research objective is to demonstrate the ability to net-shape WC-Co composites through BJAM of a WC preform followed by backfilling with cobalt via pressureless infiltration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "infiltration", "start": 165, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "WC", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "cobalt", "start": 141, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method also has the potential to minimize shrinkage and grain growth compared to other AM techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 61, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 92, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of sintering, Co content, and infiltration time on the net shaping and properties of processed composites are shown.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "shaping", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "Co", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "composites", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 42, "end": 54}, {"text": "properties", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "processed", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The best shaped material had an average grain size of 5.1 μm, 32 vol.% Co, density of 98.54% theoretical, fracture toughness of 23.2 MPa m1/2, and hardness of 9.0 GPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "Co", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 93, "end": 104}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 106, "end": 114}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 133, "end": 136}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 147, "end": 155}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 163, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data presented illustrates that the proposed approach results in favorable ceramic-metal (cermet) properties and is viable for fabricating cermets of other material combinations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "properties", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic-metal", "start": 75, "end": 88}, {"text": "cermet", "start": 90, "end": 96}, {"text": "cermets", "start": 139, "end": 146}, {"text": "material", "start": 156, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 127, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Successful AM of cermets provides complex geometries, high throughout, and low costs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 11, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "cermets", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 34, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Online nondestructive testing for quality control is a critical direction for research in additive manufacturing in the future.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "nondestructive testing", "start": 7, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 34, "end": 49}, {"text": "research", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 90, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, for the first time, optical emission spectroscopy was employed to probe the arc characteristics in the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of an Al alloy and to detect its structural features.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "emission", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 91, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 118, "end": 149}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 151, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "Al alloy", "start": 163, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The arc characteristics, such as spectral intensity, electron density, and electron temperature, were calculated based on the atomic emission spectral lines.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "emission", "start": 133, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting structural features of the deposited layers, namely the forming width, composition, grain size, and porosity defects, were analyzed, and a correlation between the arc characteristics and the structural features was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 41, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "defects", "start": 123, "end": 130}, {"text": "arc", "start": 177, "end": 180}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 98, "end": 108}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 114, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The arc cathode size, which changed with the number of deposited layers, controlled the arc energy distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "arc", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 99, "end": 111}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 55, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, the forming width had an approximately linear relation with the spectral intensity of Mg (a constituent of the alloy used for the wire feed) and the electron density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "Mg", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 142, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The porosity in the alloy was observed to be caused by H, which was a dominant pollutant in the process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the correlation between the porosity and H spectral intensity was observed to be approximately linear.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, no significant correlation between the grain size and the spectrum was noticeable.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 48, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results from this study establish the applicability of spectral diagnosis of the forming size and the porosity in WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specification and analysis of the system structure and components of a desktop additive manufacturing (AM) system.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Specification", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 79, "end": 101}, {"text": "AM", "start": 103, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Physical modeling of the energy consumption behavior of the desktop AM system using function-oriented bond graph.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Development of an energy simulation tool for the desktop AM system using MATLAB®/Simulink® platform.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 91, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental validation of the simulation accuracy of the developed simulation approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "simulation accuracy", "start": 31, "end": 50}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The assessment and minimization of energy consumptions of additive manufacturing (AM) processes are currently emerging research tasks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}, {"text": "AM", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "research", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is evident that the energy consumption of an AM process can be one or two orders of magnitude higher than conventional manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 87, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For improving the sustainability performance of AM, the energy use of AM should be evaluated and optimized in the design phase for planning products and AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainability performance", "start": 18, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "planning", "start": 131, "end": 139}, {"text": "AM processes", "start": 153, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 114, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to support the quantification and evaluation of the energy consumption of AM, we have developed an energy simulation of a desktop AM system by using a physical modeling approach.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM", "start": 139, "end": 141}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 115, "end": 125}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 169, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, experiments have been carried out to validate and confirm the simulation accuracy and reliability.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "simulation accuracy", "start": 72, "end": 91}, {"text": "reliability", "start": 96, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The result of the experimental validation has shown that the accuracy of the developed simulation approach can be up to approximately 98%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 111, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing is moving from rapid prototyping to on-demand manufacturing and even to serial production.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 88}, {"text": "production", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 44, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consistent part quality and development of a wider range of available materials are key for wider adoption.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "materials", "start": 70, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 51, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This requires control and optimization of various laser and scanning parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "scanning parameters", "start": 60, "end": 79}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 50, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, process modeling has been extensively pursued to reduce experimental runs in the search for parameters that produce dense, high-quality parts for the given alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process modeling", "start": 11, "end": 27}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 167, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, these optimal parameters remain machine-specific if conditions defined by the machine architecture are not considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 23, "end": 33}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 95, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous studies have shown that shielding gas flow is one such parameter that affects porosity and mechanical properties of parts produced with laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 100, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 145, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the effect of shielding gas flow velocity on porosity and melt pool geometry in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 39, "end": 42}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 95, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the vapor plume, and how effectively it is removed by the shielding gas flow, have a significant effect on the melt pool geometry in laser powder bed fusion, models aiming at predicting the melt pool geometry and attempts to transfer process parameters from one machine to another should consider the effect of the shielding gas flow.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 114, "end": 123}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 193, "end": 202}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 71, "end": 74}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 124, "end": 132}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 203, "end": 211}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 237, "end": 255}, {"text": "gas", "start": 328, "end": 331}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 136, "end": 159}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 265, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nickel Aluminum Bronze square bars were printed via wire-arc additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nickel Aluminum Bronze", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Formation of various κ-phases were discussed and compared with cast alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 63, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 68, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufactured (AM) alloy has fine solidification structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 42, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM-NAB exhibited superior tensile properties than the cast-NAB.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 26, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a step forward toward the development of the next generation of nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) components using wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), square bars were printed in the vertical direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "nickel aluminum bronze", "start": 67, "end": 89}, {"text": "NAB", "start": 91, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 5, "end": 9}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 185, "end": 193}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing", "start": 113, "end": 144}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 146, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built microstructure was characterized using multi-scale electron microscopy techniques, where the differences in phase formation were compared to the reference cast-NAB based on the solidification characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "phase", "start": 121, "end": 126}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 190, "end": 204}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electron microscopy", "start": 64, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-cast microstructure typically consists of Cu-rich α-matrix, and four types of intermetallic particles referred to as κ-phases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 12, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallic", "start": 85, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the WAAM-NAB, the formation of κI was suppressed due to high cooling rates.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 64, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure was finer and the volume fraction of intermetallic particles was significantly lower than that of the cast-NAB.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 37, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallic", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique and diffraction pattern analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the phases formed in the interdendritic regions were identified as κII (globular Fe3Al) and κIII (lamellar NiAl), whereas numerous fine (5–10 nm) Fe-rich κIV particles were precipitated uniformly within the α-matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "energy dispersive spectroscopy", "start": 9, "end": 39}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "diffraction pattern", "start": 60, "end": 79}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 95, "end": 127}, {"text": "TEM", "start": 129, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 199, "end": 201}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 233, "end": 241}, {"text": "particles", "start": 293, "end": 302}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscatter diffraction analysis revealed weak texture on both parallel and perpendicular planes to the building direction with (100) poles rotated away from the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 113, "end": 131}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 171, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The WAAM-NAB sample exhibited considerably higher yield strength (˜88 MPa) and elongation (˜10%) than the cast-NAB, but the gain in the ultimate tensile strength was marginal.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 50, "end": 64}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 136, "end": 161}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 124, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing of Inconel 718 and copper alloy GRCop-84 as a bimetallic structure using laser engineered net shaping (LENS).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 14, "end": 25}, {"text": "copper alloy", "start": 30, "end": 42}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 84, "end": 112}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 114, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A compositionally gradient layer with high laser energy input helped to process these bimetallic structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser energy", "start": 43, "end": 55}, {"text": "process", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bimetallic structure resulted in high thermal diffusivity as compared to pure Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "thermal diffusivity", "start": 42, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 82, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deposition of GRCop-84 Increased the thermal diffusivity of Inconel 718 by ∼250%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "thermal diffusivity", "start": 37, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 60, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To understand processing ability and measure resultant interfacial and thermal properties of Inconel 718 and copper alloy GRCop-84, bimetallic structures were fabricated using laser engineering net shaping (LENS™), a commercially available additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 71, "end": 89}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 159, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 93, "end": 104}, {"text": "copper alloy", "start": 109, "end": 121}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 176, "end": 181}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 182, "end": 193}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "shaping", "start": 198, "end": 205}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 240, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was hypothesized that additively combining the two aerospace alloys would form a unique bimetallic structure with improved thermophysical properties compared to the Inconel 718 alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "properties", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 168, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two approaches were used: the direct deposition of GRCop-84 on Inconel 718 and the compositional gradation of the two alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 118, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Vickers microhardness and flash thermal diffusivity were used to characterize these bimetallic structures to validate our hypothesis.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "energy dispersive spectroscopy", "start": 36, "end": 66}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 68, "end": 71}, {"text": "X-ray Diffraction", "start": 74, "end": 91}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "diffusivity", "start": 139, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 107, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "flash", "start": 125, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The compositional gradation approach showed a gradual transition of Inconel 718 and GRCop-84 elements at the interface, which was also reflected in the cross-sectional hardness profile across the bimetallic interface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "interface", "start": 109, "end": 118}, {"text": "interface", "start": 207, "end": 216}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "elements", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 168, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SEM images showed columnar grain structures at the interfaces with Cr2Nb precipitate accumulation along grain boundaries and the substrate-deposit interface.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 104, "end": 120}, {"text": "interface", "start": 147, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 18, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "precipitate", "start": 73, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average thermal diffusivity of the bimetallic structure was measured at 11.33 mm2/s for the temperature range of 50 °C–300 °C; a 250% increase in diffusivity when compared to the pure Inconel 718 alloy at 3.20 mm2/s.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "structure", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffusivity", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "diffusivity", "start": 150, "end": 161}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 96, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 188, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conductivity of the bimetallic structures increased by almost 300% compared to Inconel 718 as well.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Conductivity", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such structures with designed compositional gradation and tailored thermal properties opens up the possibilities of multi-material metal additive manufacturing for next generation of aerospace structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 67, "end": 85}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 116, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 131, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 183, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Depth-sensing (instrumented) indentation testing technique is a robust, reliable, convenient and non-destructive characterization method to study small-scale mechanical properties and rate-dependent plastic deformation in metals and alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "indentation", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 158, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 199, "end": 218}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 222, "end": 228}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 233, "end": 239}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 264, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present paper, depth-sensing indentation creep behavior of an additively manufactured, via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) method, Ti-6Al-4V alloy is studied at ambient temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "indentation", "start": 36, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep behavior", "start": 48, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 69, "end": 92}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 98, "end": 121}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 138, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 176, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Indentation creep tests were performed through a dual-stage scheme (loading followed by a constant load-holding and unloading) at different peak loads of 250 mN, 350 mN, and 450 mN with holding time of 400 s. Creep parameters including creep rate, creep stress exponent, and indentation size effect were analyzed, according to the Oliver and Pharr method, at different additive manufacturing scan directions and scan sizes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Indentation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "indentation", "start": 275, "end": 286}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "creep tests", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "mN", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "mN", "start": 166, "end": 168}, {"text": "mN", "start": 178, "end": 180}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Creep", "start": 209, "end": 214}, {"text": "creep", "start": 236, "end": 241}, {"text": "creep", "start": 248, "end": 253}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 369, "end": 391}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To assess processing parameter/ microstructure/ creep property correlations in the additively manufacture Ti-6Al-4V alloy, microstructural quantitative analyses (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufacture", "start": 83, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 123, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) were performed as well.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 23, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings of this study, according to stress exponent values, showed that the controlling mechanism of the creep at ambient temperature for the examined L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V is mainly glide-controlled dislocation creep.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "creep", "start": 110, "end": 115}, {"text": "creep", "start": 211, "end": 216}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 199, "end": 210}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 127, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 156, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These findings were compared against traditionally processed Ti-6Al-4V as well.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured, short fiber reinforced polymer composites have advantages over traditional continuous fiber composites, which include low cost and design flexibility.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "short fiber reinforced polymer composites", "start": 25, "end": 66}, {"text": "continuous fiber composites", "start": 100, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design flexibility", "start": 156, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, these composites suffer from low strength and stiffness as compared to their continuous fiber counterparts due to the limitation of low fiber volume.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "continuous fiber", "start": 86, "end": 102}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 42, "end": 50}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 55, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This direct write additive manufacturing technique allowed us to fabricate short fiber reinforced thermoset composites in intricate geometries, with unprecedented high compression strength (673 MPa), flexural strength (401 MPa), flexural stiffness (53 GPa), and fiber volume ratio (46%).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 81, "end": 86}, {"text": "composites", "start": 108, "end": 118}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 262, "end": 267}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 132, "end": 142}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 194, "end": 197}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 223, "end": 226}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression strength", "start": 168, "end": 188}, {"text": "flexural strength", "start": 200, "end": 217}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 238, "end": 247}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 252, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Milled carbon fibers were used as the reinforcing fibers, which were considered too short to have the ability to enhance the mechanical strength of composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Milled carbon fibers", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "reinforcing fibers", "start": 38, "end": 56}, {"text": "composites", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 125, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, in this study we show for the first time that milled carbon fibers have the ability to significantly reinforce the thermoset matrix and the composites reinforced with these fibers achieve mechanical performances similar to those of composites reinforced with longer fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "milled carbon fibers", "start": 55, "end": 75}, {"text": "composites", "start": 149, "end": 159}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 182, "end": 188}, {"text": "composites", "start": 241, "end": 251}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 275, "end": 281}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 197, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We believe that a transformation takes place at high fiber volumes on the load transport mechanism within the composites, leading to higher levels of strength and a stiffness enhancement.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "composites", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 150, "end": 158}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 165, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This pseudo transformation can give rise to short fibers that act as if they are longer, which aids in the effective transfer of tensile loads from the matrix phase to the fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "short fibers", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 172, "end": 178}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile loads", "start": 129, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 159, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study also showed that the mechanical properties of the additively fabricated thermoset composites match those of ubiquitous, denser structural metals, and these properties show nearly isotropic behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 32, "end": 53}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "properties", "start": 167, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "metals", "start": 149, "end": 155}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 190, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, these systems have great potential to find immediate applications where weight reduction and component complexity are both desired.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 114, "end": 124}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures are excellent candidates for lightweight, energy absorbing applications such as personal protective equipment.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 119, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper we explore several important aspects of lattice design and production by metal additive manufacturing, including the choice of cell size and the application of a post-manufacture heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice design", "start": 54, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 73, "end": 83}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 87, "end": 115}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 193, "end": 207}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "cell size", "start": 141, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key results include the characterisation of several failure modes in double gyroid lattices made of Al-Si10-Mg, the elimination of brittle fracture and low-strain failure by the application of a heat treatment, and the calculation of specific energy absorption under compressive deformation (16 × 106 J m−3 up to 50% strain).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure modes", "start": 52, "end": 65}, {"text": "strain", "start": 317, "end": 323}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "brittle fracture", "start": 131, "end": 147}, {"text": "failure", "start": 163, "end": 170}, {"text": "specific energy absorption", "start": 234, "end": 260}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 279, "end": 290}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 195, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results demonstrate the suitability of double gyroid lattices for energy absorbing applications, and will enable the design and manufacture of more efficient lightweight parts in the future.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 134, "end": 145}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 164, "end": 175}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 123, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Minimizing the residual stress build-up in metal-based additive manufacturing plays a pivotal role in selecting a particular material and technique for making an industrial part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 15, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 162, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In beam-based additive manufacturing, although a great deal of effort has been made to minimize the residual stresses, it is still elusive how to do so by simply optimizing the manufacturing parameters, such as beam size, beam power, and scan speed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 14, "end": 36}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 177, "end": 190}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 100, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 208, "end": 210}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 222, "end": 226}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 238, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With reference to the Ti6Al4V alloy and manufacturing by electron beam melting, we perform systematic finite element modeling of one-pass scanning to study the effects of beam size, beam power density, beam scan speed, and chamber bed temperature on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V alloy", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 40, "end": 53}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 57, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 102, "end": 116}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 138, "end": 146}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 268, "end": 280}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 171, "end": 175}, {"text": "beam", "start": 182, "end": 186}, {"text": "beam", "start": 202, "end": 206}, {"text": "bed", "start": 231, "end": 234}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 193, "end": 200}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 284, "end": 301}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 254, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our study elucidates both qualitative and quantitative features of the residual stress fields originated by these manufacturing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "qualitative", "start": 26, "end": 37}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 42, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 71, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our findings can serve as useful guidelines for engineers and designers to deal with residual stress build-up during additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 85, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 117, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LCAs of ten 3D printers were compared in different temporal & spatial utilizations.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 12, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Utilization alone is not enough; energy use and print materials are also critical.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 54, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous studies on the environmental impacts of polymeric additive manufacturing (AM) have shown that higher printer utilization dramatically improves impacts per part—so much so that it might dominate all other interventions if taken to an extreme.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}, {"text": "AM", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, life cycle assessments (LCAs) were performed for an inkjet fusion printer with exceptionally high spatial utilization capacity and were compared to previous LCAs of nine printers printing with eight materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "life cycle", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 74, "end": 80}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 133, "end": 141}, {"text": "materials", "start": 214, "end": 223}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 67, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 185, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparisons were performed in different utilizations, both temporal and spatial, to determine if high utilization reduces the environmental impact of AM more than other interventions, such as using sustainable print materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "sustainable", "start": 198, "end": 209}, {"text": "materials", "start": 216, "end": 225}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 150, "end": 152}, {"text": "print", "start": 210, "end": 215}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 189, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the inkjet fusion printer, maximum utilization dramatically reduced the environmental impact per part to less than 1% of its impact in lowest utilization; this was below the impacts of other printers in low utilizations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "impact", "start": 90, "end": 96}, {"text": "impact", "start": 129, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 195, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, when compared in the same utilization scenarios, the inkjet fusion printer still caused a higher environmental impact per part than almost all printers, primarily due to high energy use.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "impact", "start": 120, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 152, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lowest-impact printer used both high spatial utilization and low-impact materials that also enabled a low-energy printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 18, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 117, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, printer utilization is not the overriding factor and must be combined with energy efficiency and material choice.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "material", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultrasonic cavitation abrasive finishing reduced Ra on metal additively manufactured sloping and side surfaces by up to 40%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "metal", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 61, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No excessive removal occurs in UCAF as mass and dimensional changes induced by UCAF are dependent on the initial surface morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 113, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Internal surfaces of a 3 mm diameter channel were finished to less than 4 μm Ra.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 37, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moderate abrasive size and concentration led to a balance between the two mechanisms of surface roughness improvement.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 88, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The poor and non-uniform surface quality of parts produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) processes remains a huge limitation in additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 25, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 62, "end": 79}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 125, "end": 147}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 86, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we show that ultrasonic cavitation abrasive finishing (UCAF) could improve the surface integrity of PBF surfaces built at various orientations –0°, 45° and 90°.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 135, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 40, "end": 48}], "feature": [{"text": "surface integrity", "start": 84, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 105, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Average surface roughness, Ra, was reduced from as high as 6.5 μm on side surfaces (90°) to 3.8 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Average", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "as", "start": 56, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface morphological observations showed extensive removals of surface irregularities and peak reduction on sloping (45°) and side surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surface", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 96, "end": 105}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The micro-hardness of the first 100 μm of the surface layer was enhanced up to 15% post-UCAF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A parametric study further showed the effect of abrasive size, abrasive concentration, ultrasonic amplitude and working gap on UCAF’ s performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "abrasive", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "s", "start": 133, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 135, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A moderate abrasive size at 12.5 μm and concentration level at 5 wt% resulted in the lowest final Ra; as the two dominant material removal mechanisms–direct cavitation erosion and micro-abrasive impacts–were balanced.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, UCAF was demonstrated to result in 20% Ra improvement of internal surfaces of a 3 mm diameter channel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 103, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure of an additively manufactured AlSi10Mg through direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process is studied using multi-scale characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "process", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 21, "end": 44}, {"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 62, "end": 90}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 92, "end": 96}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 173, "end": 201}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 203, "end": 235}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 241, "end": 273}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of DMLS-AlSi10Mg consists of hierarchical characteristics, spanning three order of magnitude, where nanometer sized to sub-millimeter scaled features exist in the structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "structure", "start": 182, "end": 191}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 102, "end": 111}], "feature": [{"text": "nanometer", "start": 119, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These characteristics included grain and cell structures, nanoscale Si precipitates and pre-existing dislocation networks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 31, "end": 36}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 101, "end": 112}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 41, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 71, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dynamic mechanical behavior of the material is studied using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus over a range of strain rates varying between 800 s−1 and 3200 s−1.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Dynamic", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "Pressure", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "strain rates", "start": 118, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 109, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Investigation of the deformed microstructures reveals the role of hierarchical microstructure on the dynamic behavior of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deformed", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 79, "end": 93}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 125, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high strain-rate deformation is accommodated by dynamic recovery (DRV) process, where low angle grain boundaries evolve due to the generation of dislocations, evolution of dislocation networks, and annihilation of dislocations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "process", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 100, "end": 116}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 149, "end": 161}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 163, "end": 172}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 176, "end": 187}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 218, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both cell walls and Si precipitates contribute to impeding the dislocation motion and development of dislocation networks.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 5, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 20, "end": 22}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 23, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation motion", "start": 63, "end": 81}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At high strain rates, dislocation networks evolve in the nanoscale DRVed subgrains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rates", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "subgrains", "start": 73, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly growing field aimed to produce high-performance net-shaped parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), known for their superlative mechanical properties, are of remarkable interest for integration with AM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic glasses", "start": 16, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 69, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technology", "start": 140, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we pioneer the utilization of commercially available BMG sheetmetal as feedstock for AM, using laser foil printing (LFP) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "foil", "start": 116, "end": 120}, {"text": "LFP", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LFP and traditional casting were used to produce samples for four-point bending and Vickers hardness measurements to rigorously compare the mechanical performance of samples resulting from these two fabrication techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "LFP", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "bending", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 199, "end": 210}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "samples", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 84, "end": 100}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 140, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through LFP, fully amorphous BMG samples with dimensions larger than the critical casting thickness of the same master alloy were successfully made, while exhibiting high yield strength and toughness in bending.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "LFP", "start": 8, "end": 11}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 119, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 46, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 82, "end": 89}, {"text": "bending", "start": 203, "end": 210}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 171, "end": 185}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 190, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work exemplifies a potential method to fabricate high-value BMG commercial parts, like gears or mechanisms, where the parts are conventionally machined after printing, and greatly benefit from utilizing novel materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "machined", "start": 148, "end": 156}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "gears", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 214, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In industry, Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) is currently synonymous with expert knowledge and external consultants for many companies.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 3, "end": 11}, {"text": "companies", "start": 134, "end": 143}], "feature": [{"text": "Design for Additive Manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particularly in higher cost technologies, such as metal powder bed fusion, component design requires extensive additive manufacturing (AM) knowledge.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 28, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 56, "end": 73}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 133}, {"text": "AM", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 75, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If a part is improperly designed, then it can cause thousands of dollars of lost time and material through a failed print.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 116, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To avoid this situation, specialists must be consulted throughout the printing process; however, the shortage of trained personnel familiar with AM can create a bottleneck during design.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 70, "end": 86}, {"text": "AM", "start": 145, "end": 147}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bottleneck", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 179, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to help businesses identify candidate parts for Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) AM, this paper presents a DfAM worksheet to help engineers, drafters, and designers select good part candidates with little prior knowledge of the specific technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 57, "end": 74}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 237, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This worksheet uses data from the literature to support the values used for design guidance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 20, "end": 24}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 76, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Example components are shown to demonstrate the worksheet process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 8, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 58, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ratings of these components are then compared with expert raters’ assessments of their suitability for fabrication with PBF from a geometric standpoint.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 103, "end": 114}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 120, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In recent years, combining additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies has attracted much attention from both industrial and academic sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "subtractive manufacturing", "start": 40, "end": 65}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 118, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thereafter, the design of process planning for combining additive and subtractive manufacturing processes is focused.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process planning", "start": 26, "end": 42}, {"text": "processes", "start": 96, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "subtractive manufacturing", "start": 70, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This allows achieving the geometry and quality of final part from the existing part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "quality", "start": 39, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology for process planning design is developed in two major steps using the manufacturing feature concept, the knowledge of manufacturing processes, technological requirements, and available resources.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "process planning", "start": 20, "end": 36}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "feature", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 86, "end": 99}, {"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 134, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the first step, manufacturing features (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "machining and additive manufacturing features) are extracted from the information of the existing and final parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 14, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 51, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the second step, the process planning is generated from extracted features by respecting the relationships of features and the manufacturing precedence constraints.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 14, "end": 18}, {"text": "process planning", "start": 24, "end": 40}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 130, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a case study is used to illustrate the proposed methodology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 57, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although vibration-assisted powder delivery systems have been developed and studied in the literature, their characteristics and principles of operation are generally not well suited for powder-based additive manufacturing operations mainly because of their powder flows and deposition characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder delivery systems", "start": 28, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder-based additive manufacturing", "start": 187, "end": 222}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 258, "end": 264}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 275, "end": 285}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The flow rate, one of the key parameters in these processes, was used to evaluate the system.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "processes", "start": 50, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Its sensitivity and dependence on powder particle size, piezo excitation frequency and amplitude, hopper volume, nozzle size, and humidity were assessed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 34, "end": 49}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "excitation", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 113, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results, using 316 L stainless steel powders, have shown that the mass powder flow rate can be effectively controlled and that it is most prominently influenced by the piezo excitation frequency.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "316 L stainless steel powders", "start": 19, "end": 48}, {"text": "be", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 75, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "excitation", "start": 178, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti6Al4V + Al12Si compositionally graded cylindrical structures were fabricated on a Ti6Al4V substrate using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™) process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V substrate", "start": 84, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "process", "start": 145, "end": 152}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 108, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LENS™ fabricated materials had two regions of Ti6Al4V + Al12Si compositions, a pure Al12Si, and a pure Ti6Al4V area.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 111, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructural changes were affected by both laser power and compositional variations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructural", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "variations", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 46, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, TiSi2 and Ti3Al phase formations were also identified in low and high laser power processed Ti6Al4V + Al12Si sections, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 83, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 105, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the high laser power processed Ti6Al4V + Al12Si section showed the highest hardness value of 685.6 ± 10.6 HV0.1, which was caused due to the formation of new intermetallic phases.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "intermetallic", "start": 168, "end": 181}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 85, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This high hardness section exhibited brittle failure modes during compression tests, while the pure Al12Si sections showed ductile deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "ductile", "start": 123, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "brittle failure", "start": 37, "end": 52}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 131, "end": 142}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 66, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum compressive strengths of Ti6Al4V + Al12Si compositionally graded material was 507.8 ± 52.0 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strengths", "start": 12, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "material", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 103, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that compositionally gradient bulk structures of Ti6Al4V and Al12Si can be directly manufactured using additive manufacturing, however, performances can vary significantly based on process parameters and compositional variations.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "be", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 101, "end": 113}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 198, "end": 216}, {"text": "variations", "start": 235, "end": 245}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 120, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) enables highly complex-shaped and functionally optimized parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 43, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, as today’ s computer-aided design (CAD) tools are still based on low-level, geometric primitives, the modeling of complex geometries requires many repetitive, manual steps.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "s", "start": 19, "end": 20}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer-aided design", "start": 21, "end": 42}, {"text": "CAD", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 111, "end": 119}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 49, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 123, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a consequence, the need for an automated design approach is emphasized and regarded as a key enabler to quickly create different concepts, allow iterative design changes, and customize parts at reduced effort.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "as", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "design", "start": 158, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Topology optimization exists as a computational design approach but usually demands a manual interpretation and redesign of a CAD model and may not be applicable to problems such as the design of parts with multiple integrated flows.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Topology optimization", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "design", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "design", "start": 186, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "be", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "as", "start": 179, "end": 181}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD model", "start": 126, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presents a computational design synthesis framework to automate the design of complex-shaped multi-flow nozzles.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 35, "end": 41}, {"text": "design", "start": 78, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 88, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The framework provides AM users a toolbox with design elements, which are used as building blocks to generate finished 3D part geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "application": [{"text": "3D part", "start": 119, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elements are organized in a hierarchical architecture and implemented using object-oriented programming.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 45, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the layout of the elements is defined with a visual interface, the process is accessible to non-experts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "elements", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layout", "start": 7, "end": 13}, {"text": "interface", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "process", "start": 70, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a proof of concept, the framework is applied to successfully generate a variety of customized AM nozzles that are tested using co-extrusion of clay.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "clay", "start": 146, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the work discusses the framework’ s benefits and limitations, the impact on product development and novel AM applications, and the transferability to other domains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "impact", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "product development", "start": 85, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 43, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 115, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "17-4PH stainless steel thin-walled samples were additively manufactured by SLM Samples parallel and at 45˚ to the scan axes gave beam path lengths of 19-0.8 mm Longer beam paths gave microstructures comprising mostly coarse-grained ferrite The shortest beam paths gave structures with mostly austenite and some martensite Re-heating of ferrite leads to austenite, with martensite forming during cooling Components with varying dimensions are found in numerous applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "17-4PH", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "steel", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 183, "end": 198}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 232, "end": 239}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 292, "end": 301}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 311, "end": 321}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 336, "end": 343}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 353, "end": 362}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 369, "end": 379}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "Samples", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 48, "end": 71}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "mm", "start": 157, "end": 159}, {"text": "forming", "start": 380, "end": 387}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 395, "end": 402}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 129, "end": 133}, {"text": "beam", "start": 167, "end": 171}, {"text": "beam", "start": 253, "end": 257}, {"text": "Components", "start": 403, "end": 413}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 427, "end": 437}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current work examines how microstructures and phases change for additively manufactured 17-4PH thin walls as a function of laser path length, path direction, and wall thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 30, "end": 45}, {"text": "17-4PH", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 110, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 68, "end": 91}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 127, "end": 132}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thickness", "start": 166, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two sample sets were designed, each consisting of four walls with thicknesses of 6.4 mm to 0.8 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 85, "end": 87}, {"text": "mm", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the first set, the wall axes were parallel to the scan axes, such that the laser path length varied from layer to layer with the laser path either being parallel or perpendicular to the wall.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 13, "end": 16}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "laser", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "layer", "start": 117, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the second set, the walls lay at 45° to the scan axes, such that the laser path had the same length in all layers and gradually decreased with wall thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lay", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 72, "end": 77}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thickness", "start": 146, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Substantial changes in phase stability and microstructure are observed as the wall thickness decreases, with ferritic phases and coarse grains changing to fine grains and an increasing volume fraction of austenite.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 43, "end": 57}, {"text": "grains", "start": 136, "end": 142}, {"text": "grains", "start": 160, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "ferritic", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 204, "end": 213}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thickness", "start": 78, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 185, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These changes are attributed to changes in the local temperature-time profile as the length of the laser paths change from 19 mm to 0.8 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "mm", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These observations demonstrate the range of microstructure and phase control options available in additive manufacturing with judicious selections of part layouts on build plates and of laser beam directions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 44, "end": 58}, {"text": "phase", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 186, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 98, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plates", "start": 166, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the anisotropy in the nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) component manufactured by WAAM process has been shown and investigated by different methods including material and mechanical tests.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "bronze", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "NAB", "start": 61, "end": 64}, {"text": "material", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 92, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 181, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quenching and tempering heat treatments have been used in this paper to reduce the anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "quenching", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "tempering", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 28, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 87, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results have indicated that the quenching and tempering heat treatments can effectively reduce the anisotropy in the NAB component.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "quenching", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "tempering", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 56, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "NAB", "start": 117, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results have shown that the additively manufactured materials possess relatively better tensile performances.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 28, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a nickel-aluminum bronze alloy component is built using wire-arc additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "bronze alloy", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing process", "start": 71, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to investigate the influence of anisotropy introduced by the wire-arc additive manufacturing process, the layer-by-layer manufactured components with different post-production heat treatments are characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy morphologies, X-ray diffraction and mechanical tests in longitudinal, transverse and normal directions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing process", "start": 70, "end": 109}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 185, "end": 200}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 115, "end": 129}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 263, "end": 275}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 143, "end": 153}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 222, "end": 229}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 234, "end": 262}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 277, "end": 294}, {"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 299, "end": 315}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, the ductility of the alloy is significantly improved with the designed quenching and tempering method, and competitive mechanical properties are achieved when tempering temperature reaches 650 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 10, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempering", "start": 91, "end": 100}, {"text": "tempering", "start": 165, "end": 174}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 125, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 175, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the anisotropy in the additively manufactured alloy can be effectively modified by the quenching and tempering heat treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 35, "end": 58}, {"text": "quenching", "start": 100, "end": 109}, {"text": "tempering", "start": 114, "end": 123}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 124, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the most popular industrial polymer additive manufacturing processes with applications in aerospace, biomedical, tooling, prototyping, and beyond.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 78, "end": 110}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 132, "end": 141}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 143, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 155, "end": 162}, {"text": "prototyping", "start": 164, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLS is capable of creating unique, functional parts with little waste and no tooling by using a high-powered laser to selectively melt powdered polymer into desired shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "melt", "start": 130, "end": 134}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process relies heavily on understanding and controlling the thermodynamics of the polymer melt process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "polymer melt", "start": 87, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the biggest challenges SLS faces is lack of adequate process control, which leads to comparatively high component variations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process control", "start": 60, "end": 75}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 111, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been shown that implementing more advanced laser control techniques enable a higher level of control over the processing temperatures and lead to more uniform components.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 145, "end": 149}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 166, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently, there are no commercial options for a laser power controller that allows continuously variable power to be used as a galvanometer system adjusts the laser position.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "power", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 115, "end": 117}, {"text": "as", "start": 123, "end": 125}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 160, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process consistency and control are bottleneck issues to wider insertion of powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing in the industrial shopfloor.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process consistency", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "bottleneck", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 87, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 116}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Of particular interest is the porosity of the components, which remains the limiting factor to high-cycle fatigue performance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 30, "end": 38}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 46, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent experiments have shown that, with increasing energy density, a surge in porosity is seen in selectively laser melted metals.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 52, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 79, "end": 87}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 111, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 124, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this high-energy density regime, porosity must originate from mechanisms that are different from the well-known incomplete melting in the low energy density regime.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 145, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To shed light on this interesting phenomenon, this paper first discusses the mechanism of bubble formation in the melt pool and possible trapping during the solidification, and then formulates a predictive model for porosity in this regime.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 157, "end": 171}, {"text": "predictive model", "start": 195, "end": 211}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 216, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To compare with experimental results, we perform computer modeling and simulations which have been fully validated by experiments to determine the parameters in the model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "model", "start": 165, "end": 170}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We show that the model predictions are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "qualitative", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 63, "end": 75}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 95, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, the proposed model can be used as a tool to predict the porosity, and further to control and possibly reduce porosity in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing, paving the way for its wider adoption in manufacturing shopfloors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 145, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 43, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 128, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 152, "end": 174}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 217, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) uses a focused, high power laser to repeatedly scan geometric patterns on thin layers of metal powder, which build up to a final, solid three-dimensional (3D) part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "build", "start": 140, "end": 145}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 58, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 120, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 167, "end": 184}, {"text": "3D", "start": 186, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process is somewhat limited in that the parts tend to have poorer surface finish (compared to machining or grinding) and distortion due to residual stress, as well as multiple other deficiencies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 126, "end": 136}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 71, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 99, "end": 108}, {"text": "grinding", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 144, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 161, "end": 163}, {"text": "as", "start": 169, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Typical laser scan strategies are relatively simple and use constant laser power levels.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 8, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This elicits local variations in the melt pool size, shape, or temperature, particularly near sharp geometric features or overhang structures due to the relatively higher thermal conductivity of solid metal compared to metal powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "metal", "start": 201, "end": 206}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 219, "end": 231}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "overhang", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 171, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we present a new laser power control algorithm, which scales the laser power to a value called the geometric conductance factor (GCF).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 52, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The GCF is calculated based on the amount of solid vs. powder material near the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 55, "end": 70}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 80, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, we detail the hardware and software implementation on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) additive manufacturing metrology testbed (AMMT), which includes co-axial melt pool monitoring using a high-speed camera.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "Standards", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "Technology", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 118, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 191, "end": 200}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 231, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Six parts were fabricated out of nickel superalloy 625 (IN625) with the same nominal laser power, but with varying GCF algorithm parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 119, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "nickel", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 85, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate the effect of tailored laser power on reducing the variability of melt pool intensity measured throughout the 3D build.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 38, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "3D", "start": 125, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 81, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, we contrast the difference between the ‘optimized’ part vs. the standard build parameters, including the deflection of the final part top surface near the overhang and the variation of surface finish on the down-facing surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "surface", "start": 147, "end": 154}, {"text": "variation", "start": 181, "end": 190}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 228, "end": 236}], "parameter": [{"text": "build parameters", "start": 82, "end": 98}, {"text": "overhang", "start": 164, "end": 172}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 194, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultimately, the improvements to the in-situ process monitoring and part qualities demonstrate the utility and future potential tuning and optimizing more complex laser scan strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 162, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder-fed laser additive manufacturing (LAM) based on directed energy deposition (DED) technology is used to produce S316-L austenitic, and S410-L martensitic stainless steel structures by 3D-printing through a layer-upon-layer fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 39}, {"text": "LAM", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 55, "end": 81}, {"text": "DED", "start": 83, "end": 86}, {"text": "3D-printing", "start": 190, "end": 201}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 229, "end": 236}], "material": [{"text": "austenitic", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "martensitic stainless steel", "start": 148, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural features and crystallographic textural components are studied via electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) analysis, hardness indentation and tensile testing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 123, "end": 127}, {"text": "tensile testing", "start": 164, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results are compared with commercial rolled sheets of austenitic and martensitic stainless steels.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sheets", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "martensitic stainless steels", "start": 73, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A well-developed < 200 > direction solidification texture (with a J-index of ∼11.5) is observed for the austenitic structure produced by the LAM process, compared to a J-index of ∼2.0 for the commercial austenitic rolled sheet.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 35, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "austenitic", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 203, "end": 213}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 221, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 141, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such a texture in the LAM process is caused by equiaxed grain formation in the middle of each layer followed by columnar growth during layer-upon-layer deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 7, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 22, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 94, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A quite strong preferred orientation (J-index of 17.5) is noticed for martensitic steel developed by LAM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 25, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 101, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large laths of martensite exhibit a dominant textural component of {011} < 111 > in the α-phase, which is mainly controlled by transformation during layer-by-layer deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer deposition", "start": 149, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, the martensitic commercial sheet consists of equiaxed grains without any preferred orientation or completely random orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 64, "end": 79}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 135, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of the austenitic steel, mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and ductility were severely deteriorated during the LAM deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "austenitic", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 37, "end": 58}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 98, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 146, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A ductility loss of about 50% is recorded compared to the commercially rolled sheets that is attributed to the cast/solidified structure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 2, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "sheets", "start": 78, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, LAM manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel structures leads to a considerably enhanced mechanical strength (more than double) at the expense of reduced ductility, because of martensitic phase transformations under higher cooling rates.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 9, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "martensitic stainless steel", "start": 30, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 102, "end": 121}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 167, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 201, "end": 206}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 236, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a widely used industrial coating technique for depositing polymer, ceramic, and metal thin films.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electrophoretic deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "coating", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 94, "end": 101}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "metal", "start": 116, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, there has been interested in using EPD for additive manufacturing using reconfigurable electrodes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 75}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrodes", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate a resolution limit of 10 μm for the deposited feature, which corresponds to the limits of the optical system.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "limits", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the first 3D overhanging structure made with EPD is presented, which points to the ability to create architected cellular materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "structure", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "cellular materials", "start": 126, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These improvements open the possibility for EPD to be a true 3D additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 51, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 73, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Addresses thermal annealing of additively manufactured polymer parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal annealing", "start": 10, "end": 27}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 31, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrates significant enhancement in thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 40, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data quantify dependence of enhancement on annealing time and temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Develops a theoretical thermal model, with good agreement with measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "model", "start": 31, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results may help improve thermal performance of polymer AM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 56, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While additive manufacturing offers significant advantages compared to traditional manufacturing technologies, deterioration in thermal and mechanical properties compared to properties of the underlying materials is a serious concern.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 6, "end": 28}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 71, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 97, "end": 109}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 140, "end": 161}, {"text": "properties", "start": 174, "end": 184}, {"text": "materials", "start": 203, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the context of polymer extrusion based additive manufacturing, post-process approaches, such as thermal annealing have been reported for improving mechanical properties based on reptation of polymer chains and enhanced filament-to-filament adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 18, "end": 35}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 107, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-process", "start": 66, "end": 78}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 150, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 194, "end": 201}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 243, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, there is a lack of similar work for improving thermal properties such as thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 55, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 90, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports significant enhancement in build-direction thermal conductivity of polymer extrusion based parts as a result of thermal annealing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 62, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 86, "end": 103}, {"text": "thermal annealing", "start": 131, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A theoretical model based on Arrhenius kinetics for neck growth and a heat transfer model for the consequent impact on inter-layer thermal contact resistance is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical model", "start": 2, "end": 19}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 70, "end": 83}, {"text": "impact", "start": 109, "end": 115}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Predicted thermal conductivity enhancement is found to be in good agreement with experimental data for a wide range of annealing temperature and time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Predicted", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 81, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 119, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The theoretical model may play a key role in developing practical thermal annealing strategies that account for the multiple constraints involved in annealing of polymer parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical model", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal annealing", "start": 66, "end": 83}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 149, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work may facilitate the use of polymer extrusion additive manufacturing for producing enhanced thermal conductivity parts capable of withstanding thermal loads.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 36, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 100, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured metamaterials such as lattices offer unique physical properties such as high specific strengths and stiffnesses.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 68, "end": 87}, {"text": "specific strengths", "start": 101, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, additively manufactured parts, including lattices, exhibit a higher variability in their mechanical properties than wrought materials, placing more stringent demands on inspection, part quality verification, and product qualification.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 9, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "variability", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 98, "end": 119}, {"text": "quality", "start": 195, "end": 202}], "material": [{"text": "wrought materials", "start": 125, "end": 142}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 178, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous research on anomaly detection has primarily focused on using in-situ monitoring of the additive manufacturing process or post-process (ex-situ) x-ray computed tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "anomaly", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "post-process", "start": 130, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 96, "end": 126}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray computed tomography", "start": 153, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we show that convolutional neural networks (CNN), a machine learning algorithm, can directly predict the energy required to compressively deform gyroid and octet truss metamaterials using only optical images.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "neural networks", "start": 41, "end": 56}, {"text": "images", "start": 215, "end": 221}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "machine learning algorithm", "start": 66, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 176, "end": 181}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 182, "end": 195}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 207, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the tiled nature of engineered lattices, the relatively small data set (43 to 48 lattices) can be augmented by systematically subdividing the original image into many smaller sub-images.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "data", "start": 68, "end": 72}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 87, "end": 95}, {"text": "image", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During testing of the CNN, the prediction from these sub-images can be combined using an ensemble-like technique to predict the deformation work of the entire lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 7, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 128, "end": 139}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach provides a fast and inexpensive screening tool for predicting properties of 3D printed lattices.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 56, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Importantly, this artificial intelligence strategy goes beyond ‘inspection’, since it accurately estimates product performance metrics, not just the existence of defects.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "accurately", "start": 86, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 115, "end": 126}, {"text": "defects", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Plaster Binder Jetting (BJ) is one of the major Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies which has been in use since the 1990s.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder Jetting", "start": 8, "end": 22}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "AM", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 76, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has many advantages such as the ability to print in full color CMY (K), no support structures, and is relatively faster and less expensive when compared to other AM technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "K", "start": 71, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "AM technologies", "start": 165, "end": 180}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 78, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since there is no phase transformation (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 18, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "powder to molten pool in powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition), BJ does not require support structures and enables higher packing density in the build volume.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 10, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 25, "end": 42}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 44, "end": 70}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 93, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "build volume", "start": 154, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, relatively lower mechanical strength when compared to other AM processes has mostly limited it to non-functional applications such as prototyping.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 26, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 69, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 140, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper investigates novel methods to improve the mechanical and temperature performance of plaster BJ additive manufactured parts via improved infiltration processes and incorporation of infiltrants with higher strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "performance", "start": 80, "end": 91}, {"text": "infiltration", "start": 147, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "additive manufactured parts", "start": 106, "end": 133}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "BJ", "start": 103, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 215, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Potential applications include functional end use products, including tooling, jigs and fixtures for higher temperature applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "jigs", "start": 79, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 108, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three 2-part epoxy resin systems were evaluated as infiltrants in comparison to epoxy and cyanoacrylate (CA) resins recommended by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "epoxy", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "CA", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "resins", "start": 109, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiple impregnation methods including hot and wet vacuum were evaluated on their infiltration effectiveness.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "impregnation", "start": 9, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration effectiveness", "start": 83, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The best impregnation method was then used to prepare tensile, flexural and compressive samples for additional evaluation of each resin.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "impregnation", "start": 9, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 130, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both resins and infiltrated samples were individually evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to determine glass transition temperatures and other thermal events.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resins", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "Scanning", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "glass transition temperatures", "start": 123, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 105, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Infiltrated specimens of the best performing resins were evaluated for Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) performance utilizing Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resins", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Heat Deflection", "start": 71, "end": 86}, {"text": "performance", "start": 105, "end": 116}, {"text": "Dynamic Mechanical Analysis", "start": 127, "end": 154}, {"text": "DMA", "start": 156, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that infiltration is anisotropic, with the higher penetration depth from the sides (between layers) than top and bottom (across layers).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "penetration depth", "start": 63, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vacuum impregnation resulted in the highest infiltration depth by fully impregnating the 25 mm cubic samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "impregnation", "start": 7, "end": 19}, {"text": "mm", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "samples", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The best performing epoxy showed a 10% increase in mechanical strength over the OEM epoxy at 76% reduction in cost.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "epoxy", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 51, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The OEM cyanoacrylate had the lowest mechanical strength across all tests.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 37, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DSC analysis revealed that the plaster and gypsum base material will start to dehydrate above 100 °C and will ultimately limit the parts’ high temperature capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "material": [{"text": "gypsum", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "material", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 121, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 143, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The OEM epoxy showed the highest HDT.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 8, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High residual stresses are typical in additively manufactured metals and can reach levels as high as the yield strength, leading to distortions and even cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 5, "end": 22}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 105, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 38, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, an in situ method for controlling residual stress during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 40, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 63, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By illuminating the surface of a build with homogeneously intense, shaped light from a set of laser diodes, the thermal history was controlled thereby reducing the residual stress in as-built parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 87, "end": 90}, {"text": "diodes", "start": 100, "end": 106}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 94, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 164, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "316L stainless steel bridge-shaped parts were built to characterize the effect of in situ annealing on the residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 107, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A reduction in the overall residual stress value of up to 90% was realized without altering the as-built grain structure (no grain growth).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 2, "end": 11}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 105, "end": 120}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 27, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some annealing effects on the cellular-dendritic solidification structure (patterns of higher solute content) occurred in areas that experienced prolonged exposure to elevated temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 5, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 49, "end": 63}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 155, "end": 163}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 122, "end": 127}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 176, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison of the in situ process to conventional post-build annealing demonstrated equivalent stress reduction compared to rule-of-thumb thermal treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "thermal treatments", "start": 140, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 97, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Use of this method could reduce or remove the need for post processing to remove residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 55, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 81, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metallic cellular solids are a class of materials known for their high specific mechanical properties, being desirable in applications where a combination of high strength or stiffness and low density are important.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metallic", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 80, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 163, "end": 171}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 175, "end": 184}, {"text": "density", "start": 193, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These lightweight materials are often stochastic and manufactured by foaming or casting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 53, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If regular (periodic) lattice structures are desired, they may be manufactured by metallic additive manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 22, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metallic additive manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, these have characteristic issues, such as un-melted powders, porosity and heterogeneous microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "powders", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 83, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study reports a novel low-cost route for producing regular lattice structures by an additive manufacturing assisted investment casting technique.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 64, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 89, "end": 111}, {"text": "investment casting", "start": 121, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication is used to produce the lattice structure pattern which is infiltrated with plaster.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 50, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pattern is then burnt off and the aluminum is cast in vacuum.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 50, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this way we can manufacture non-stochastic metallic lattices having fine struts/ribs (0.6 mm cross-section using a 0.4 mm nozzle) and relative densities down to 0.036.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "mm", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 137, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) showed that as-cast A356 Aluminium alloy frameworks have high dimensional tolerances and fine detail control.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray micro computed tomography", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "dimensional tolerances", "start": 100, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "Aluminium alloy", "start": 63, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Frameworks based on units of six connected struts ranging from intruding (auxetic) to protruding (hexagonal) strut angles are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "strut", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "feature": [{"text": "hexagonal", "start": 98, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vertical struts are finer than expected, reducing their moment of area which could impact their compressive strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Vertical", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "impact", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 96, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new, low cost, route for producing high precision metallic cellular lattices offers an attractive alternative to other additive manufacturing techniques (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "selective laser and electron beam melting).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 20, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fine equiaxed dendrites and discrete Laves phase were obtained using alow pulse frequency.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 14, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 37, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Discrete distribution of δ-phase and high-density precipitation of γ″-Ni3Nb were obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 50, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A good combination of strength and ductility was obtained by optimizing the microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 76, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Controlling of Nb-rich intermetallics is an important topic for laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "intermetallics", "start": 23, "end": 37}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 102, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser additive manufacturing", "start": 64, "end": 92}, {"text": "LAM", "start": 94, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work, a novel quasi-continuous-wave LAM (QCW-LAM) with different pulse frequencies is used to control the morphology, distribution and amount of Nb-rich phases of Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 121, "end": 131}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 133, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 178, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that dispersively distributed Nb-rich Laves phases are produced by introducing equiaxed dendrites at a low pulse frequency while a high pulse frequency results in coarse and chain-like Laves phases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phases", "start": 55, "end": 67}, {"text": "Laves phases", "start": 202, "end": 214}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples featured by fine and discrete Laves phases show a good response to the post solution-aging treatment in which the dissolution of Laves-phase and subsequently discrete precipitations of δ-phase as well as high-density precipitation of γ″-Ni3Nb strengthening phase are promoted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "Laves phases", "start": 42, "end": 54}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 229, "end": 242}, {"text": "strengthening phase", "start": 255, "end": 274}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 205, "end": 207}, {"text": "as", "start": 213, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, a good combination of strength and ductility is achieved for the QCW-LAM fabricated Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 28, "end": 36}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 79, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study shows a desired mechanical property can be obtained by synergistically optimizing the microstructures in which various Nb-rich phases are involved even though the formation of brittle Laves phases is hardly avoided during LAM of Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 27, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 97, "end": 112}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 240, "end": 251}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 187, "end": 194}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 233, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper discusses the effects of process parameters in TIG based WAAM for specimens created using Hastelloy X alloy (Haynes International) welding wire and 304 stainless-steel plate as the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 36, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG", "start": 58, "end": 61}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 68, "end": 72}, {"text": "welding", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "Hastelloy", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "as", "start": 185, "end": 187}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 192, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Taguchi method and ANOVA were used to determine the effects of travel speed, wire feed rate, current, and argon flow rate on the responses including bead shape and size, bead roughness, oxidation levels, melt through depth, and the microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Taguchi method", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "melt", "start": 208, "end": 212}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 236, "end": 250}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 86, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "argon", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 153, "end": 157}, {"text": "bead", "start": 174, "end": 178}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 190, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing travel speed or decreasing current caused a decrease in melt through depth and an increase in roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No observable interface between the layers was present suggesting a complete fusion between layers with no oxidation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 107, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The zones were characterized by the size and distribution of the molybdenum carbide formations within the matrix grain formations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 45, "end": 57}, {"text": "grain", "start": 113, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "molybdenum carbide", "start": 65, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reactive-deposition additive manufacturing was employed to manufacture titanium-based metal matrix composites for improving the wear resistance and temperature capability of commercially pure titanium (CPTi); a standard material in the aerospace, biomedical, and marine industries, among others.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 20, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "standard", "start": 211, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "metal matrix composites", "start": 86, "end": 109}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 192, "end": 200}, {"text": "material", "start": 220, "end": 228}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 128, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 148, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 236, "end": 245}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 247, "end": 257}, {"text": "marine industries", "start": 263, "end": 280}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composites were manufactured by leveraging in situ high-temperature reactions between CPTi, zirconium (Zr), and boron nitride (BN) powders during laser-based directed-energy-deposition (DED) 3D-printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Composites", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "zirconium", "start": 92, "end": 101}, {"text": "Zr", "start": 103, "end": 105}, {"text": "boron nitride", "start": 112, "end": 125}, {"text": "BN", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "powders", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 186, "end": 189}, {"text": "3D-printing", "start": 191, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of Zr and BN on the processability, phase formation (s), surface wear, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium was studied by printing commercially-pure titanium with premixed additions of 20 wt% Zr and 10 wt% BN using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 14, "end": 16}, {"text": "BN", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "s", "start": 64, "end": 65}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 173, "end": 181}, {"text": "Zr", "start": 216, "end": 218}, {"text": "BN", "start": 230, "end": 232}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "surface", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 239, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the as-printed BN-containing structures, phase analysis revealed reinforcing ceramic phases TiN, TiB, and TiB2, whose presence was substantiated through first-principles analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 44, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "TiN", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combined addition of Zr and BN produced a Ti-Zr alloy matrix with BN-particle and in situ phase-reinforced microstructure with 450% higher hardness (from 318 ± 26 HV0.1/15 to 1424 ± 361 HV0.5/15), a stabilized sliding−COF within 50 m of reciprocating wear testing, and 9x lower final wear rate in comparison to LENS™ deposited titanium.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "BN", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 331, "end": 339}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 111, "end": 125}, {"text": "wear", "start": 255, "end": 259}, {"text": "wear", "start": 288, "end": 292}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 143, "end": 151}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 260, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Zr-addition alone revealed a combined alloyed and particle-reinforced composite with 12% higher hardness, 23% higher compressive yield strength, and an 11% decrease in final wear rate compared to LENS™-produced titanium.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 211, "end": 219}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 129, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 174, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results demonstrate that reactive-deposition based additive manufacturing can be exploited to create unique coatings and net-shape alloyed structures to enhance the surface and bulk properties of standard engineering materials such as titanium.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "engineering materials", "start": 209, "end": 230}, {"text": "as", "start": 236, "end": 238}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 169, "end": 176}, {"text": "properties", "start": 186, "end": 196}, {"text": "standard", "start": 200, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We propose a simple method to construct a process map for additive manufacturing using a support vector machine.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 104, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By observing the surface of the built parts and classifying them into two classes (good or bad), this method enables a process map to be constructed in order to predict a process condition that is effective at fabricating a part with low pore density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "process", "start": 119, "end": 126}, {"text": "process", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 134, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 210, "end": 221}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore density", "start": 238, "end": 250}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This proposed method is demonstrated in a biomedical CoCr alloy system.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 58, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study also shows that the value of a decision function in a support vector machine has a physical meaning (at least in the proposed method) and is a semi-quantitative guideline for porosity density of parts fabricated by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity density", "start": 186, "end": 202}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 212, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 226, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In binder jetting additive manufacturing (BJAM), the part geometry is generated via a binding agent during printing and structural integrity is imparted during sintering at a later stage.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting additive manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 40}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 160, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "structural integrity", "start": 120, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This separation between shape generation and thermal processing allows the sintering process to be uniquely controlled and the final microstructural characteristics to be tailored.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 75, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 133, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "be", "start": 168, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The separation between the printing and consolidation steps offers a unique opportunity to print responsive materials that are later “activated” by temperature and/or environment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 40, "end": 53}, {"text": "materials", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 91, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 148, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This concept is preliminarily demonstrated using a foaming copper feedstock, such that the copper is printed, sintered and then foamed via intraparticle expansion in separate steps.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 59, "end": 65}, {"text": "copper", "start": 91, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 110, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The integration of foaming feedstock in BJAM could allow for creation of ultra-lightweight structures that offer hierarchical porosity, graded density, and/or tailored absorption properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "feedstock", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 126, "end": 134}, {"text": "density", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 168, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigates processing protocol for copper foam structures to achieve the highest porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "protocol", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 93, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The copper feedstock was prepared by distributing copper oxides through the copper matrix via mechanical milling, and that powder was then printed into a green geometry through BJAM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "copper oxides", "start": 50, "end": 63}, {"text": "copper", "start": 76, "end": 82}, {"text": "powder", "start": 123, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mechanical milling", "start": 94, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed green parts were then heat treated using different thermal cycles to investigate the porosity evolution relative to various heating conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "green parts", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 97, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 34, "end": 38}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 106, "end": 115}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 63, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 136, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heat treated parts were then examined for their resulting properties including porosity, microstructural evolution, and volumetric shrinkage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "properties", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 93, "end": 118}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 135, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 83, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts that were initially sintered in air and then annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere led to higher porosity compared to those sintered in hydrogen alone.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 126, "end": 134}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 85, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 99, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy in linear shrinkage in X, Y, and Z direction was also observed in the heat treated parts with the largest linear shrinkage occurring in the Z direction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "heat", "start": 81, "end": 85}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "Y", "start": 37, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing that allows layer by layer shaping of complex structures is of rapidly increasing interest in production technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "production", "start": 117, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 35, "end": 49}, {"text": "complex structures", "start": 61, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A particularly rapid prototyping technique of additive manufacturing is laser beam melting (LBM).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 15, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This 3D printing method is based on a powder bed fusion technique, using a high-powered laser to melt and consolidate metallic powders.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 5, "end": 16}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 38, "end": 55}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 97, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "metallic powders", "start": 118, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process needs a tightly controlled atmosphere of inert gas, which requires a confined space of a building chamber.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "inert gas", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "building chamber", "start": 101, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This and more process related factors like elevated temperatures, laser radiation or the resulting light intensity caused by the melting of metals, make a closed-loop quality control very ambitious.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "quality control", "start": 167, "end": 182}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 52, "end": 64}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 140, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we propose a new in-process approach for quality control with high precision metrology based on structured light.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 56, "end": 71}, {"text": "metrology", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The precise layer by layer dimensional measurement of both the printed part and the powder deposition, allows for process assessment in- or off-line.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 12, "end": 26}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "process", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 84, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufactured (AM) metals, residual stress-induced cracking often occurs at the interface between the solid and lattice support, and hence it is important to characterize the as-built critical J-integral of the interface to prevent cracking to occur.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 4, "end": 27}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 36, "end": 57}, {"text": "AM", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 95, "end": 103}, {"text": "interface", "start": 124, "end": 133}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 156, "end": 163}, {"text": "interface", "start": 255, "end": 264}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 276, "end": 284}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the standard testing method for the critical J-integral of the interface (ASTM E1820-01) does not work well in this situation for four reasons: 1) standard test blocks consisting of half solid and half lattice support crack during the printing process; 2) even after reinforcing the block with side walls to prevent cracking, post-stress relief causes the yield strength to change significantly, which would affect J-integral significantly; 3) post-build machining processes to obtain the required standard specimen geometry release a significant amount of residual stress, which also gives incorrect J-integral value; 4) the interface is so brittle that it is very difficult to machine it to the required standard configuration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "interface", "start": 72, "end": 81}, {"text": "standard", "start": 156, "end": 164}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 211, "end": 218}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 325, "end": 333}, {"text": "standard", "start": 507, "end": 515}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 525, "end": 533}, {"text": "interface", "start": 635, "end": 644}, {"text": "standard", "start": 715, "end": 723}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 724, "end": 737}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 244, "end": 260}, {"text": "machining", "start": 464, "end": 473}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 365, "end": 379}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 566, "end": 581}, {"text": "brittle", "start": 651, "end": 658}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 688, "end": 695}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence a more effective method that combines printing experiments and residual stress simulation is proposed to determine the as-built critical J-integral of the interface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 69, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 161, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, the experimentally-validated modified inherent strain method is utilized to simulate residual stress and compute the critical J-integral at where the interfacial cracking occurs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "modified inherent strain method", "start": 35, "end": 66}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 91, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed method is subsequently validated using the obtained critical J-integral to predict cracking in different geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 118, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method eliminates the uncertainties associated with stress relaxation by heat treatment and machining on mechanical properties, as well as sheds light on crack prediction for as-built L-PBF components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stress relaxation", "start": 57, "end": 74}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 110, "end": 131}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 165, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 78, "end": 92}, {"text": "machining", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 189, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "as", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 195, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to investigate the fabrication feasibility of a conventionally rolled low-carbon low-alloy shipbuilding steel plate (EH36) by emerging wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology using ER70S feedstock wire.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 151, "end": 182}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 184, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 120, "end": 125}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 213, "end": 222}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 190, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Following the fabrication process, different heat treatment cycles, including air-cooling and water-quenching from the intercritical austenitizing temperature of 800 °C, were applied to both conventionally rolled and WAAM samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 14, "end": 25}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "austenitizing", "start": 133, "end": 146}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 217, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 222, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructural features and mechanical properties of both rolled and WAAM fabricated ship plates were comprehensively characterized and compared before and after different heat treatment cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructural", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 29, "end": 50}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 70, "end": 74}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 173, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both air-cooling and water-quenching heat treatments resulted in the formation of hard martensite-austenite (MA) constituents in the microstructure of the rolled ship plate, leading to the increased hardness and tensile strength and reduced ductility of the component.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 37, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 133, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 199, "end": 207}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 212, "end": 228}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 241, "end": 250}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 258, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, air-cooling heat treatment was found to homogenize the microstructure of the WAAM ship plate, causing a slight decrease in the hardness and tensile strength, while the water-quenching cycle led to the formation of acicular ferrite and intergranular pearlite, contributing to the improved mechanical properties of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 31, "end": 45}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 96, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 74, "end": 88}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 307, "end": 328}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 146, "end": 154}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 159, "end": 175}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 209, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 242, "end": 249}, {"text": "pearlite", "start": 268, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the enhanced mechanical integrity of the water-quenched WAAM component as compared to its rolled counterpart verified the fabrication feasibility of the ship plates by the WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical integrity", "start": 24, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 67, "end": 71}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 133, "end": 144}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 183, "end": 187}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to combine multiple materials (MM) into a single component to expand its range of functional properties is of tremendous value to the ceaseless optimization of engineering systems.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "properties", "start": 105, "end": 115}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 156, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MM", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 172, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although fusion and solid-state joining techniques have been typically used to join dissimilar metals, additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to produce MM parts with a complex spatial distribution of materials and properties that is otherwise unachievable.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "solid-state", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "materials", "start": 208, "end": 217}, {"text": "properties", "start": 222, "end": 232}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "joining", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 103, "end": 125}, {"text": "AM", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "MM", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 184, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the selective laser melting (SLM) process was used to manufacture MM parts which feature steep material transitions from 316L stainless steel (SS) to Ti-6Al-4V (TiA) through an interlayer of HOVADUR® K220 copper–alloy (CuA).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 18, "end": 41}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 135, "end": 155}, {"text": "SS", "start": 157, "end": 159}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 164, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure in both the CuA/SS and TiA/CuA interfaces were examined in detail and the latter was found to be the critical interface as it contained three detrimental phases (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "interface", "start": 129, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 113, "end": 115}, {"text": "as", "start": 139, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "L21 ordered phase, amorphous phase, and Ti2Cu) which limit the mechanical strength of the overall MM part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "phase", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "limit", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 63, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MM", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By making use of the non-homogeneity within the melt pool and limiting the laser energy input, the relatively tougher interfacial α′-Ti phase can be increased at the expense of other brittle phases, forming what is essentially a composite structure at the TiA/CuA interface.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "be", "start": 146, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser energy", "start": 75, "end": 87}, {"text": "phase", "start": 136, "end": 141}, {"text": "composite structure", "start": 229, "end": 248}, {"text": "interface", "start": 264, "end": 273}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 199, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During tensile testing, the interfacial α′-Ti phase is capable of deflecting cracks from the relatively brittle TiA/CuA interface towards the ductile CuA interlayer and an overall tensile strength in excess of 500 MPa can be obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 7, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "interface", "start": 120, "end": 129}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 214, "end": 217}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 104, "end": 111}, {"text": "ductile", "start": 142, "end": 149}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 180, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 222, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method of introducing an interfacial composite structure to improve MM bonding is envisioned to be applicable for the SLM of other metallic combinations as well.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structure", "start": 42, "end": 61}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MM", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 123, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 136, "end": 144}, {"text": "as", "start": 158, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A stereolithographic approach based on thiol-ene click chemistry is developed to 3D print preceramic polymers into infusible thermosets.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 55, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D print", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 101, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three classes of preceramic polymers, including siloxane, carbosilane and carbosilazane, are additively manufactured.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 93, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Upon pyrolysis, thermosets transform into glassy ceramics with uniform shrinkage and high density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 5, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 90, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fabricated SiOC honeycomb exhibits a significantly higher compressive strength to weight ratio in comparison to other porous ceramics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 2, "end": 12}, {"text": "honeycomb", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 60, "end": 80}, {"text": "porous", "start": 120, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 84, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 127, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we introduce a versatile stereolithographic route to produce three different kinds of Si-containing thermosets that yield high performance ceramics upon thermal treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 144, "end": 152}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal treatment", "start": 158, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the rapidity and efficiency of the thiol-ene click reactions, this additive manufacturing process can be effectively carried out using conventional light sources on benchtop printers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 74, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "light sources", "start": 155, "end": 168}, {"text": "printers", "start": 181, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through pyrolysis the thermosets transform into glassy ceramics with uniform shrinkage and high density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained ceramic structures are nearly fully dense, have smooth surfaces, and are free from macroscopic voids and defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "smooth surfaces", "start": 61, "end": 76}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "defects", "start": 118, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fabricated SiOC honeycomb was shown to exhibit a significantly higher compressive strength to weight ratio in comparison to other porous ceramics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 2, "end": 12}, {"text": "honeycomb", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 72, "end": 92}, {"text": "porous", "start": 132, "end": 138}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Schematic representation of the stereolithographic additive manufacturing of preceramic polymers into intricately patterned thermosets assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry and their subsequent conversion into ceramics.Download: Download high-res image (189 Advances in multi-material additive manufacturing have enabled advancements in the manufacture of composite materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 73}, {"text": "multi-material additive manufacturing", "start": 270, "end": 307}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 356, "end": 375}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 163, "end": 172}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 238, "end": 252}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 341, "end": 352}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a family of thermite-based reactive materials is created and evaluated for the suitability as composite energetic structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "reactive materials", "start": 41, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The burn rate with respect to binder ratio is observed to be highly predictable and exponential (coefficients of determination of rTi2=0.984 and rAl2=0.973), with composites transitioning from one binder mass fraction to another.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "be", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "composites", "start": 163, "end": 173}, {"text": "binder", "start": 197, "end": 203}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predictable", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 209, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To create composites, a single layered syringe and nozzle are used in conjunction with continuous filament direct ink writing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "filament", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "ink", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "syringe", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 51, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting prints show success in composite structure with a transition zone between printed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structure", "start": 37, "end": 56}, {"text": "transition", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "materials", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results show both a variety of thermite-based energetics with easily modifiable reaction rates and a technique to print said reactive materials to create composite structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reaction rates", "start": 86, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "reactive materials", "start": 131, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structures", "start": 160, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Space agencies are looking for advanced technologies to build light weight and stiff payload components to bear space environment and launch loads.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "weight", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques like Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is one of the suitable option which can be explored for space applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "Direct Metal Laser Sintering", "start": 44, "end": 72}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 74, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 120, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper highlights the development process of Antenna Feed Array (AFA) using DMLS as an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "Feed", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 80, "end": 84}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 91, "end": 113}, {"text": "AM", "start": 115, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such horns are preferred for this development as they are the prime choice for feed elements in High Throughput satellites (HTS) that employ Multibeam Antennas.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "elements", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 79, "end": 83}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Throughput", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the development process, certain design rules of AM are adopted based on consideration to produce self-sustaining structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "design rules", "start": 36, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AFA realized by DMLS is evaluated by functional testing, vibration testing for space qualification test levels.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 16, "end": 20}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "testing", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variations in local processing parameters and conditions in additively manufactured materials make mechanical properties difficult to characterize.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variations", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 99, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 60, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microtensile testing is providing a wealth of information on these local property variations.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "property variations", "start": 73, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we utilize spatial autocorrelation techniques to show autocorrelation of grain sizes and mechanical properties with build height in a specially-designed, additively manufactured AlSi10Mg part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain sizes", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 94, "end": 115}], "parameter": [{"text": "build height", "start": 121, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 159, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This result suggests that, at least in some cases, an interplay between local part geometry and the fabrication process occurs that affects local mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 146, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 100, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Complex thermal behaviour during fabrication plays an import role in the geometrical formation and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V components manufactured using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 162, "end": 193}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 195, "end": 199}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 99, "end": 120}, {"text": "technology", "start": 201, "end": 211}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 124, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, through in-situ temperature measurement, the heat accumulation and thermal behaviour during the gas tungsten wire arc additive manufacturing (GT-WAAM) process are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "gas", "start": 111, "end": 114}, {"text": "process", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 60, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of heat accumulation on microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V parts were studied by means of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and standard tensile tests, aiming to explore the feasibility of fabricating Ti6Al4V parts by GT-WAAM using localized gas shielding.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 15, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 36, "end": 50}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 55, "end": 76}, {"text": "standard", "start": 270, "end": 278}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 316, "end": 327}, {"text": "gas", "start": 384, "end": 387}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 80, "end": 103}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 331, "end": 342}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 143, "end": 161}, {"text": "OM", "start": 163, "end": 165}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 168, "end": 185}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 187, "end": 190}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 193, "end": 221}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 223, "end": 226}, {"text": "energy dispersive spectrometer", "start": 229, "end": 259}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 261, "end": 264}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that due to the influences of thermal accumulation, the layer’ s surface oxidation, microstructural evolution, grain size, and crystalline phase vary along the building direction of the as-fabricated wall, which creates variations in mechanical properties and fracture features.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "building direction", "start": 177, "end": 195}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 80, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 101, "end": 126}, {"text": "phase", "start": 156, "end": 161}, {"text": "variations", "start": 237, "end": 247}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 251, "end": 272}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 277, "end": 285}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has also been found that it is necessary to maintain the process interpass temperature below 200 °C to ensure an acceptable quality of Ti6Al4V part fabricated using only localized gas shielding in an otherwise open atmosphere.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "quality", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 151, "end": 161}, {"text": "gas", "start": 183, "end": 186}], "parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 68, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research provides a better understanding of the effects of heat accumulation on targeted deposition properties during the WAAM process, which will benefit future process control, improvement, and optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "process", "start": 132, "end": 139}, {"text": "process control", "start": 167, "end": 182}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 201, "end": 213}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 64, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 127, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel binder-free 3D printing method with zero process contaminants is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "binder-free", "start": 8, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "process contaminants", "start": 49, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first ever study on employing microwave (MW) sintering for inkjet 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MW", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "inkjet 3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reduction of sintering time up to four times compared to conventional sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Reduction", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "sintering time", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 70, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Discussion on thermal and non-thermal effects in MW sintering of 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MW sintering", "start": 49, "end": 61}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 65, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing (3DP) is a two-step additive manufacturing technique (AM) in which additively manufactured green parts in the first step are transformed into functional parts during the second step.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 13, "end": 16}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 32, "end": 54}, {"text": "AM", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 79, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 128, "end": 132}, {"text": "step", "start": 189, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we use capillary-mediated binderless 3DP as a novel method to additively manufacture green parts of Mg-5.06Zn-0.15 Zr powder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "capillary-mediated binderless 3DP", "start": 12, "end": 45}, {"text": "additively manufacture", "start": 67, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "Mg-5.06Zn-0.15 Zr", "start": 105, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A unified perspective on the development steps of process parameters to obtain sufficient handling strength and a high level of dimensional accuracy in the green parts without compromising its chemical composition is established by using a scanning electron microscope, X-ray micro-tomography, vibrational spectroscopy, and chemical analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 50, "end": 68}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 193, "end": 213}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "handling strength", "start": 90, "end": 107}, {"text": "green parts", "start": 156, "end": 167}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 128, "end": 148}, {"text": "X-ray micro-tomography", "start": 270, "end": 292}, {"text": "chemical analysis", "start": 324, "end": 341}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 240, "end": 268}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "vibrational spectroscopy", "start": 294, "end": 318}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the first time, microwave (MW) sintering is successfully used for densification of the green parts with centimeter-scale dimensions in which the primary chemical composition of the Mg-Zn-Zr powder is retrieved from the green parts, resulting in a compositionally zero-sum AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MW", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "centimeter-scale dimensions", "start": 108, "end": 135}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 157, "end": 177}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "densification", "start": 70, "end": 83}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 276, "end": 286}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "green parts", "start": 91, "end": 102}, {"text": "green parts", "start": 223, "end": 234}], "material": [{"text": "Mg-Zn-Zr powder", "start": 185, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that swelling leads to loss of shape fidelity during MW sintering of the green parts at temperatures ≥ 510 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "swelling", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "shape fidelity", "start": 43, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MW sintering", "start": 65, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "green parts", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 100, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As discussed in the context of thermal and non-thermal effects, MW significantly reduced sintering time by a factor of three to four times when compared to sintering in a conventional furnace.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MW", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "sintering time", "start": 89, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 156, "end": 165}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "conventional furnace", "start": 171, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of this study suggest the notion of capillary-mediated binderless 3DP as well as MW sintering as a potential alternative for the first and second steps of 3DP, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "capillary-mediated binderless 3DP", "start": 48, "end": 81}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 96, "end": 105}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 167, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "as", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing of HSLA steel was performed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 44, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure and mechanical properties were related to the thermal cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 19, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 61, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No preferential texture was developed, leading to near-isotropic mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 65, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-built parts exhibited excellent ductility and high mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 54, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a viable technique for the manufacture of large and complex dedicated parts used in structural applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 35}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 73, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels are well-known for their applications in the tool and die industries and as power-plant components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 83, "end": 87}, {"text": "die", "start": 92, "end": 95}, {"text": "components", "start": 126, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-built parts are investigated, and are correlated with the thermal cycles involved in the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 23, "end": 44}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "process", "start": 144, "end": 151}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 113, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heat input is found to affect the cooling rates, interlayer temperatures, and residence times in the 800–500 °C interval when measured using an infrared camera.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 148, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 38, "end": 51}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 64, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural characterization performed by scanning electron microscopy reveals that the microstructural constituents of the sample remain unchanged.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural characterization", "start": 4, "end": 36}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 50, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 96, "end": 111}, {"text": "sample", "start": 132, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "i.e., the same microstructural constituents—ferrite, bainite, martensite, and retained austenite are present for all heat inputs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 15, "end": 30}, {"text": "heat", "start": 117, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "bainite", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "retained austenite", "start": 78, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscattered diffraction analysis shows that no preferential texture has been developed in the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 23, "end": 34}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 105, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of the homogeneity in the microstructural features of the as-built parts, the mechanical properties of the as-built parts are found to be nearly isotropic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 34, "end": 49}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 143, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 153, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical testing of samples shows excellent ductility and high mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical testing", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 65, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is the first study elucidating on the effect of thermal cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties during WAAM of HSLA steel.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 53, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 75, "end": 89}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 94, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 123, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Components produced by near net shape additive manufacturing processes often require subsequent subtractive finishing operations to satisfy requisite surface finish and geometric tolerances.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Components", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "near net shape additive manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 60}, {"text": "subtractive finishing operations", "start": 96, "end": 128}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 150, "end": 164}, {"text": "geometric tolerances", "start": 169, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is well established that the microstructure and properties of the as-built component are sensitive to the additive processing history.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "properties", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, downstream secondary processes may be affected by the as-built components’ mechanical behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 32, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 46, "end": 48}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 86, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work we study the sensitivity of secondary machining operations on CoCrMo samples produced via laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 103, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 82, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Utilizing novel high-throughput mechanical testing, microstructure characterization, and a rigorous statistical analysis we investigate the degree of material anisotropy present in the as-built material.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 32, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 52, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 150, "end": 158}, {"text": "material", "start": 194, "end": 202}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 159, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We then study the effects of this anisotropy on secondary processing via slot milling experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milling", "start": 78, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results indicate that mechanical anisotropy is driven by both the morphology of the microstructure as well as crystallographic texture.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 26, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 88, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 103, "end": 105}, {"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The machining force response is correspondingly sensitive to these sources of anisotropy, which has the potential to impact how manufacturers finish additively built parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "impact", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents a detailed characterization of room temperature bulk microstructure and texture of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples with the neutron time-of-flight diffractometer HIPPO.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 56, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 73, "end": 87}, {"text": "neutron", "start": 160, "end": 167}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 103, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 137, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison is made between samples that were manufactured by two different methods utilizing selective laser melting and electron beam melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 47, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 95, "end": 118}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 123, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analysis of the orientation distribution function shows a dependency upon the particular fabrication technique used as well as on the location within the built body and orientation relative to the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 169, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 89, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 197, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the texture components strength in the hexagonal phase depends on the relative tilt angle between the build direction and that the overall texture of samples prepared with the electron beam method is weaker than those prepared with the selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "tilt angle", "start": 96, "end": 106}, {"text": "texture", "start": 156, "end": 163}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 119, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 167, "end": 174}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 193, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 253, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such knowledge on the bulk microstructure allows to optimize additive manufacturing process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 27, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 61, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One rapidly advancing technology with high space resource utilization potential is additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 83, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is already prevalent in the aerospace industry and is an enabling technology of significant potential for weight savings, cost reduction, tool repair, and just-in-time manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 191, "end": 204}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace industry", "start": 51, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "cost reduction", "start": 145, "end": 159}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 129, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 161, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the last few years, institutions such as ASTM International and NASA have released standards for additive manufacturing, but research done in the field of additive manufacturing with space resources is still in its infancy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "research", "start": 128, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 100, "end": 122}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 158, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the technologies under investigation, powder bed fusion technologies for melting regolith show particular promise due to their efficiency and freedom from binder material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 44, "end": 61}, {"text": "melting", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As strict material and process control is difficult with space resource utilization focused technology, the lessons learned by terrestrial manufacturing experts are still being adapted for use in the burgeoning field.Proposed is a framework for adapting existing standards for use with space resources by identifying specific risks and fundamental factors for part quality, determining part criticality, and documenting material, process controls, environmental conditions, and other influencing factors.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "material", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "material", "start": 420, "end": 428}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process control", "start": 23, "end": 38}, {"text": "technology", "start": 92, "end": 102}, {"text": "framework", "start": 231, "end": 240}, {"text": "standards", "start": 263, "end": 272}, {"text": "quality", "start": 365, "end": 372}, {"text": "process controls", "start": 430, "end": 446}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 139, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research explored the influences of shielding gases on the appearance of weld beads and the microstructures and mechanical properties of thin-wall samples using conventional gas metal arc welding as the heat source by using 5356 aluminium alloy welding wire as the raw materials and nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar) as the shielding gases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "weld beads", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 117, "end": 138}, {"text": "samples", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 208, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 97, "end": 112}, {"text": "as", "start": 201, "end": 203}, {"text": "aluminium alloy", "start": 234, "end": 249}, {"text": "as", "start": 263, "end": 265}, {"text": "raw materials", "start": 270, "end": 283}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 288, "end": 296}, {"text": "N2", "start": 298, "end": 300}, {"text": "argon", "start": 306, "end": 311}, {"text": "as", "start": 317, "end": 319}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas metal arc welding", "start": 179, "end": 200}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 313, "end": 315}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that under the same parameters and after mono-layer single-bead welding was performed using N2 as the shielding gas, the bead height was higher, the bead width was narrower, and the penetration depth was shallower.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "gas", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "N2", "start": 111, "end": 113}, {"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 140, "end": 144}, {"text": "bead width", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "parameter": [{"text": "penetration depth", "start": 201, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The grain size of the thin-wall sample protected by N2 was 43.5–47.8% smaller than that obtained under Ar protection.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "N2", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 103, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the sample protected by N2 contained many flaky nitrides, whose presence improved the microhardness but reduced the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and plasticity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 95, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "N2", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "nitrides", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 125, "end": 150}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 152, "end": 155}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 161, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average UTS of the thin-wall sample protected by N2 in the horizontal direction was 82.5% of the UTS of the samples shielded using Ar.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "sample", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "samples", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "N2", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "UTS", "start": 101, "end": 104}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 135, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the average elongation in the horizontal direction of the samples protected by N2 was 18.6% of that of the samples shielded by Ar.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "samples", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "samples", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "N2", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of the sample protected by argon were more excellent.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "sample", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "argon", "start": 53, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An eco-design for AM framework based on energy performance assessment has been proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 18, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 47, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simulation tool has been proposed to predict energy consumption of AM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 2, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 69, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design mechanisms and the workflow for eco-design for AM have been discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "workflow", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) has been considered as a promising technology with higher resource efficiency and better ecological benefits in production systems.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "production systems", "start": 140, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If the parameters are not designed appropriately, the ecological performance of AM can be worse than conventional manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 7, "end": 17}, {"text": "performance", "start": 65, "end": 76}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 87, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To ensure the ecological benefits of AM, eco-design based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a promising approach to analyze and minimize the environmental impacts of AM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "AM", "start": 166, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Life Cycle", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, LCA can only be carried out at the later stage of the design process after most design and decision operations are already made because the implementation of LCA requires detailed process and inventory information of the entire life cycle.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design process", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "process", "start": 189, "end": 196}, {"text": "life cycle", "start": 237, "end": 247}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 89, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If users attempt to optimize the ecological performance of their design solutions, they need to repeat almost the entire design process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "design process", "start": 121, "end": 135}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 65, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed approach uses a holistic framework consisting of three parts: a simulation tool for energy consumption prediction of AM, an assessment model for energy performance of AM, and general workflows of eco-design for AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 116, "end": 126}, {"text": "model", "start": 148, "end": 153}, {"text": "performance", "start": 165, "end": 176}, {"text": "workflows", "start": 196, "end": 205}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 130, "end": 132}, {"text": "AM", "start": 180, "end": 182}, {"text": "AM", "start": 224, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since the energy performance quantification and assessment of AM require less process information, it can be integrated earlier and easier into the eco-design for AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "process", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "AM", "start": 163, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, an example of use case is provided that confirms the feasibility of this framework.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 67, "end": 78}, {"text": "framework", "start": 87, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By employing selective laser melting (SLM), we demonstrate how Sn3Ag4Ti alloy can robustly bond to silicon via additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 13, "end": 36}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 72, "end": 77}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this technology, heat removal devices (e.g., vapor chamber evaporators, heat pipes, micro-channels) can be directly printed onto the electronic package without using thermal interface materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "heat", "start": 22, "end": 26}, {"text": "heat", "start": 77, "end": 81}, {"text": "interface", "start": 179, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This reduces operating temperature, saving power and reducing electronic-waste.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "power", "start": 43, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bonding of common metal alloys used in additive manufacturing onto silicon is relatively weak and generally possesses high contact angles (poor wetting and interfacial strength).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "metal alloys", "start": 22, "end": 34}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 65}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 172, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By using the proper interlayer material, wettability and reactivity with the silicon substrate increase drastically.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wettability", "start": 41, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unlike conventional dissimilar material brazing that can take tens of minutes to form a strong bond, this study demonstrates how this kinetic limitation can be overcome to form a good bond in sub-milliseconds via intense laser heating.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "be", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "brazing", "start": 40, "end": 47}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 221, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 227, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanism for rapid bonding lies in using an alloy that can form a strong intermetallic bond to the substrate at a low temperature, and exposing the sample multiple times to give sufficient diffusion time for a strong bond.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "sample", "start": 153, "end": 159}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 194, "end": 203}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 49, "end": 54}, {"text": "intermetallic", "start": 78, "end": 91}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 123, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bonding of Sn3Ag4Ti to silicon occurs through the formation of a thin (∼μm) titanium-silicide interfacial layer that makes the silicon wettable to the Sn3Ag4Ti.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Bonding", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "silicon", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 106, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These printed parts are mechanically resistant to thermal cycling, with no mechanical failures visible after over a week of continuous thermal cycling (−40 °C and 130 °C).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 50, "end": 65}, {"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 135, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical failures", "start": 75, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured low porosity equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi alloy parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 59, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts are single phase with inter-cellular regions enriched in Mn and Ni.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 17, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "Mn", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile properties exceeded most previous work on similar alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile properties", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 58, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Initiation of pitting for CoCrFeMnNi alloy was comparable to 304 L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 67, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the mechanical and corrosion properties of as-built and annealed equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi alloy produced by laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 43, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 111, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 141, "end": 167}, {"text": "DED", "start": 169, "end": 172}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 174, "end": 196}, {"text": "AM", "start": 198, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high cooling rates of DED produced a single-phase, cellular microstructure with cells on the order of 4 μm in diameter and inter-cellular regions that were enriched in Mn and Ni.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 9, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 114, "end": 122}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "Mn", "start": 172, "end": 174}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 179, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Annealing created a chemically homogeneous recrystallized microstructure with a high density of annealing twins.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Annealing", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 96, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 58, "end": 72}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average yield strength of the as-built condition was 424 MPa and exceeded the annealed condition (232 MPa), however; the strain hardening rate was lower for the as-built material stemming from higher dislocation density associated with DED parts and the fine cell size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 61, "end": 64}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 106, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "dislocation density", "start": 204, "end": 223}, {"text": "cell size", "start": 263, "end": 272}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 125, "end": 141}, {"text": "DED", "start": 240, "end": 243}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 174, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In general, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation-to-failure for the as-built material exceeded values from previous studies that explored other AM techniques to produce the CoCrFeMnNi alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 16, "end": 30}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 32, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 102, "end": 110}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 209, "end": 214}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 169, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ductile fracture occurred for all specimens with dimple initiation associated with nanoscale oxide inclusions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Ductile fracture", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "oxide inclusions", "start": 93, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The breakdown potential (onset of pitting corrosion) was similar for the as-built and annealed conditions at 0.40 VAg/AgCl when immersed in 0.6 M NaCl.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting corrosion", "start": 34, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "NaCl", "start": 146, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A passive oxide film depleted in Cr cations with substantial incorporation of Mn cations is proposed as the primary mechanism for local corrosion susceptibility of the CoCrFeMnNi alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 10, "end": 15}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 179, "end": 184}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 116, "end": 125}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 136, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of complex lattice structures, for which a single part may have hundreds or thousands of individual geometric features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional methods for measuring part geometry and performing quality control, which typically use a small number of low-dimensional measurements, are not well suited for lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "quality control", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 173, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes a method for scanning and automatically extracting individual features of the lattice and applies this method to characterize AM lattice structures in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "extracting", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "two-dimensional", "start": 177, "end": 192}, {"text": "three-dimensional lattices", "start": 197, "end": 223}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 147, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research measured 94 lattice parts fabricated from 3 materials in 9 different designs using either a high-resolution document scanner or X-ray computed tomography (CT).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "materials", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 105, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 141, "end": 166}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 168, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A statistical analysis considered manufacturing variances as a function of material type and part design on a subset of the data, comprising the size and location of over 15,000 individual features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "material", "start": 75, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 124, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We studied the geometric variations of these struts in uniform, hierarchical and gradated parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 45, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For a single design and material, the standard deviation of lattice feature size is quite small.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviation", "start": 38, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "feature size", "start": 68, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For example, a lattice strut with thickness 0.5 mm has a standard deviation of 30 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviation", "start": 57, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, when the same process is used to manufacture multiple parts having different designs and from different materials, the standard deviation of feature size can be larger by 2X or more.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "materials", "start": 113, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviation", "start": 128, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "feature size", "start": 150, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 167, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This type of automated measurement and analysis may allow for rigorous monitoring, qualification and control of AM lattice parts in production.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "automated measurement", "start": 13, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "production", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The adhesion and merging of adjacent filaments in polymer extrusion based additive manufacturing (AM) plays a key role in determining the thermal and mechanical properties of the built part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 50, "end": 67}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 74, "end": 96}, {"text": "AM", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 150, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is well known that maintaining the deposited filaments at a high temperature aids in the process of adhesion and merging.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 103, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While external mechanisms such as laser and infrared heating have been used in the past to heat up deposited filaments, this paper presents a simpler, less invasive and in situ mechanism for heating of previously deposited layers using a hot metal block integrated with and rastering together with the filament-dispensing nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 109, "end": 118}, {"text": "metal", "start": 242, "end": 247}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "heat", "start": 91, "end": 95}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 169, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "heating", "start": 191, "end": 198}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 213, "end": 229}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 322, "end": 328}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Infrared thermography based quantitative measurement of temperature field along the raster line is carried out for two configurations–a preheater and a postheater traveling ahead of or behind the nozzle respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Infrared", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "quantitative measurement", "start": 28, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 56, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 196, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In each case, significant temperature rise in the deposited filaments is shown.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 60, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured temperature rise is shown to be a function of process parameters such as raster speed and heater-to-base gap.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 59, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental measurements are shown to agree well with theoretical and simulation models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 71, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cross-section imaging of samples printed without and with the in situ heating clearly show significant improvement in neck growth and filament-to-filament merging compared to the baseline case.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 70, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Improvement in thermal and structural performance of printed samples is also demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "structural performance", "start": 27, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 61, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The improved temperature field and consequently enhanced filament adhesion reported here may help design and build parts with superior thermal and mechanical properties using polymer AM.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "build", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 147, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 183, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pore structures of additively manufactured metal parts were investigated with X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Pore", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 19, "end": 42}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray Computed Tomography", "start": 78, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Disks made of a cobalt-chrome alloy were produced using laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF) processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 68, "end": 85}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 87, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 92, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing processing parameters (scan speed and hatch spacing) were varied in order to have porosities varying from 0.1% to 70% so as to see the effects of processing parameters on the formation of pores and cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 184, "end": 194}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 65, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 109, "end": 119}, {"text": "pores", "start": 215, "end": 220}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 148, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The XCT images directly show three-dimensional (3D) pore structure, along with cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 8, "end": 14}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 29, "end": 46}, {"text": "3D", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 52, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Qualitative visualization is useful; however, quantitative results depend on accurately segmenting the XCT images.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Qualitative", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "images", "start": 107, "end": 113}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 77, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Methods of segmentation and image analysis were carefully developed based, as much as possible, on aspects of the images themselves.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image analysis", "start": 28, "end": 42}, {"text": "images", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These enabled quantitative measures of porosity, including how porosity varies in and across the build direction, pore size distribution, how pore structure varies between parts with similar porosity levels but different processing parameters, pore shape, and particle size distribution of un-melted powder trapped in pores.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 124, "end": 136}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 232, "end": 242}, {"text": "particle size distribution", "start": 260, "end": 286}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "pore", "start": 142, "end": 146}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 191, "end": 199}, {"text": "pore", "start": 244, "end": 248}, {"text": "pores", "start": 318, "end": 323}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 97, "end": 112}, {"text": "pore size", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 300, "end": 306}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These methods could possibly serve as the basis for standard segmentation and image analysis methods for metallic additively manufactured parts, enabling accurate and reliable defect detection and quantitative measures of pore structure, which are critical aspects of qualification and certification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 78, "end": 92}, {"text": "defect", "start": 176, "end": 182}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 197, "end": 209}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 114, "end": 137}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 222, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aluminium alloy wire 2319 is commonly used for Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "aluminium alloy", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 84}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 86, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is oversaturated with copper, like other alloys of the precipitation hardening 2 ###series, which are used for structural applications in aviation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "precipitation hardening", "start": 58, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stress and distortion are one of the biggest challanges in metal additive manufacturing, however this topic is not widely investigated for aluminium alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stress", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium alloys", "start": 148, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Neutron diffraction measurements showed that the as-built component can contain constant tensile residual stresses along the height of the wall, which can reach the materials' yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Neutron diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stresses", "start": 89, "end": 114}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 176, "end": 190}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 165, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These stresses cause bending distortion after unclamping the part from the build platform.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 75, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two different rolling techniques were used to control residual stress and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 54, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vertical rolling was applied inter-pass on top of the wall to deform each layer after its deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Vertical", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 74, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This technique virtually elimiated the distortion, but produced a characteristic residual stress profile.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Side rolling instead was applied on the side surface of the wall, after it has been completed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 45, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An interesting observation from the neutron diffraction measurements of the stress-free reference was the significantly larger FCC aluminium unit cell dimension in the inter-pass rolled walls as compared to the as-build condition.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "neutron diffraction", "start": 36, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FCC", "start": 127, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 131, "end": 140}, {"text": "as", "start": 192, "end": 194}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 146, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is a result of less copper in solid solution with aluminium, indicating greater precipitation and thus, potentially contibuting to improve the strenght of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "solid solution", "start": 35, "end": 49}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "material", "start": 164, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 85, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating bulk nanostructured high modulus steels in-situ by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 87, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This ideal match of novel processes and alloy concepts opens up new pathways for lightweight design by producing light, stiff, strong and ductile components with minimal geometric restraints.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductile", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the example of an Fe–Ti–B alloy, a conventional processing sequence of melting and casting pre-alloys, gas-atomisation and laser powder bed fusion (selective laser melting) led to finely dispersed metastable particle and matrix phases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fe", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "B", "start": 27, "end": 28}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "casting", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 126, "end": 149}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 151, "end": 174}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 176, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "metastable", "start": 200, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simple annealing step transformed them into the desired equilibrium constituents of ductile ferrite (matrix) and light and stiff TiB2 (particles), with only minimal changes in particle size (about 20–150 nm in diameter) and distribution (mainly on the matrix grain boundaries).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple annealing", "start": 2, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equilibrium", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "particles", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "particle", "start": 178, "end": 186}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 212, "end": 220}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 226, "end": 238}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 261, "end": 277}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductile", "start": 86, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This nano-scaled composite structure promises an extremely attractive property profile, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structure", "start": 17, "end": 36}, {"text": "property", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 79, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "an increased stiffness/ratio at elevated strength and without deteriorated ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 75, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the not yet optimized parameters of the laser fusion process led to the formation of few pores and cracks, which prevented the complete assessment of the property profile of the manufactured samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "property", "start": 163, "end": 171}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 187, "end": 199}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 49, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 172, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material and processing strategies for the further development of this promising lightweight design approach–including the suitability of other powder metallurgy processing routes–are outlined and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder metallurgy", "start": 144, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes have made it possible to build parts with complex geometric features by adopting a layer-by-layer approach.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 127, "end": 141}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 69, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, additional support structures are needed to support overhanging surfaces and reduce distortion that may occur in these parts.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 20, "end": 38}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This increases the overall build time of the part and leads to additional post processing efforts for removal of support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build time", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 74, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "removal of support", "start": 102, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, support structures have a detrimental effect on the surface finish on the areas of the part that come in contact with the supports.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 9, "end": 27}, {"text": "surface finish", "start": 61, "end": 75}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "supports", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, minimizing the need for support structures and ensuring its maximum removal is essential for an efficient part build in AM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 30, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 126, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Part build orientation is the main parameter that influences the need for support structures to build a part.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 5, "end": 22}, {"text": "build", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 74, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an approach to identify the best build orientation for a part such that the overall part build time is minimized while ensuring maximum removal of supports and minimizing the contact area between the part surface and supports.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 53, "end": 70}, {"text": "build time", "start": 109, "end": 119}, {"text": "area", "start": 203, "end": 207}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "removal of supports", "start": 156, "end": 175}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 195, "end": 202}, {"text": "supports", "start": 237, "end": 245}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 225, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hierarchical octree data structure has been used to analyze support accessibility and the area of support in contact with part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 62, "end": 69}, {"text": "support", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "contact", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 92, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 2D setup map highlighting the feasible directions of setups for support removal has also been presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 2, "end": 4}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 66, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The estimation for overhang angle of a 3D structural surface is established by fitting the local element density distribution with a density hyperplane in ℝ4 space.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "overhang angle", "start": 19, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "surface", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "local element density distribution", "start": 91, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D hanging feature issue is resolved by the combination of horizontal minimum length constraint and overhang angle constraint.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang angle", "start": 104, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A constraint-based approach for 3D topology optimization with a large number of element-wise constraints is proposed to obtain an accurate solution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 44, "end": 56}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper studies additive manufacturing oriented structural topology optimization with SIMP approach and aims at 3D high-resolution printable structural topology design with overhang and horizontal minimum length control for minimum compliance.To start with, we construct a hyperplane in ℝ4 by fitting a local element density distribution in the 18 Elements Scheme, use its gradient to estimate the overhang angle, the directional-dependent overhang angle and formulate the corresponding constraints.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 62, "end": 83}, {"text": "design", "start": 164, "end": 170}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 115, "end": 117}, {"text": "topology", "start": 155, "end": 163}, {"text": "local element density distribution", "start": 306, "end": 340}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang", "start": 176, "end": 184}, {"text": "overhang angle", "start": 401, "end": 415}, {"text": "overhang angle", "start": 443, "end": 457}], "material": [{"text": "Elements", "start": 351, "end": 359}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, we propose a Horizontal Square Scheme and four support sets around the concerned element.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 87, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The horizontal minimum length was controlled by forbidding the concerned element’ s density to be larger than the average density of the elements in one of the support sets.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "element", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "s", "start": 82, "end": 83}, {"text": "be", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "elements", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 160, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By combining these two constraints, the hanging feature is well suppressed.A new implementation scheme with an improved weight function is proposed to meet these element wise AM constraints well.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 120, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 162, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 175, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To get high resolution structural boundaries with low computational efforts, this paper applies the multiresolution topology optimization (MTOP) method.The structural TO problem is solved by MMA.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "high resolution", "start": 7, "end": 22}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 116, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A number of numerical examples and AM experiments show the effectiveness of this method.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 59, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present approach works efficiently when the building direction is in slight misalignment with the vertical direction.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 48, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 102, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) of grain structures associated with processing conditions has been observed during metallic additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "grain structures", "start": 45, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metallic additive manufacturing", "start": 125, "end": 156}, {"text": "AM", "start": 158, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the formation mechanisms of these grain structures have not been well understood under rapid solidification conditions, especially for AM of superalloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structures", "start": 43, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 96, "end": 116}, {"text": "AM", "start": 144, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 150, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms that govern the CET of AM metals, using a well-tested multiscale phase-field model where heterogeneous nucleation, grain selection and grain epitaxial growth are considered.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM metals", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 130, "end": 135}, {"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 142, "end": 166}, {"text": "grain", "start": 168, "end": 173}, {"text": "grain", "start": 188, "end": 193}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 194, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using In718 as an example, the simulated results show that the CET is critically controlled by the undercooling, involving constitutional supercooling, thermal and curvature undercoolings in the melt pool, which dictates the extent of heterogeneous nucleation with respect to the grain epitaxial growth during rapid solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "In718", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "as", "start": 12, "end": 14}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 195, "end": 204}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "supercooling", "start": 138, "end": 150}, {"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 235, "end": 259}, {"text": "grain", "start": 280, "end": 285}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 286, "end": 295}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 310, "end": 330}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) of light metals such as high-strength Al-based alloys offers tremendous potential for e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "LAM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "light metals", "start": 38, "end": 50}, {"text": "as", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 82, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "weight reduction and associated reduced fuel consumptions for the transportation industry.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 7, "end": 16}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 81, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Typically, commercial Sc-containing alloys, such as Scalmalloy®, rely on precipitation hardening to increase their strength.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "precipitation hardening", "start": 73, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional processing involves controlled ageing during which ordered and coherent Al3Sc precipitates form from a Sc-supersaturated solid solution.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 91, "end": 103}, {"text": "solid solution", "start": 134, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we show how the intrinsic heat treatment (IHT) of directed energy deposition (DED) can be used to trigger the precipitation of Al3Sc already during the LAM process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 31, "end": 45}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 55, "end": 81}, {"text": "DED", "start": 83, "end": 86}, {"text": "LAM", "start": 157, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 115, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High number densities of 1023 nano-precipitates per m3 can be realized through solid-state phase transformation from the supersaturated Al-Sc matrix that results from the fast cooling rate in LAM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 79, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 176, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 192, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Yet, the IHT causes precipitates to coarsen, hence reducing their strengthening effect.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 20, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 66, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We implement alternative solidification conditions to exploit the IHT to form a Zr-rich shell around the Al3Sc precipitates that prevents coarsening.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 25, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 111, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our approach is applicable to a wide range of precipitation-hardened alloys to trigger in-situ precipitation during LAM.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 37, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 116, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermo-mechanical finite element modeling of additive manufacturing processes, such as Directed Energy Deposition and Laser Powder Bed Fusion, has been widely applied for the prediction and mitigation of part distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Thermo-mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "Deposition", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 175, "end": 185}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 209, "end": 219}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 45, "end": 77}, {"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 118, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, as the size of modeled geometries gets larger, the number of nodes and elements required in the finite element mesh increases significantly.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "elements", "start": 80, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 105, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because runtime will increase as more nodes are added, it is not practical to conduct full simulations of large builds using standard static meshes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 112, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 125, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Advanced meshing strategy is required to reduce the run time and to retain the accuracy of the prediction.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 79, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 95, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a mesh coarsening strategy is evaluated for predicting temperature, distortion, and residual stress in additive manufacturing, aiming to achieve feasible run times with reasonable accuracy on large builds.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 69, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 98, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 117, "end": 139}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 194, "end": 202}, {"text": "builds", "start": 212, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed Energy Deposition of thin wall geometries built from Inconel® 625 and Ti6Al4V is used as a reference and models with 2 levels of Octree mesh coarsening are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "as", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal history, in situ distortion, residual stress, and run times are compared with previously experimentally validated static mesh results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "experimentally validated", "start": 101, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 41, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two levels of mesh coarsening is found to be the most effective case for both materials reducing the computational time by 75% while reporting less than 2.5% error for the peak distortion and negligible error for the thermal history difference as compared to the static mesh.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "as", "start": 244, "end": 246}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "error", "start": 158, "end": 163}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 177, "end": 187}, {"text": "error", "start": 203, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Keeping two fine layers of elements underneath the heat source is found to be the most efficient in terms of prediction accuracy and run time.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "be", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat source", "start": 51, "end": 62}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 120, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cork powder residues were used to produce a biodegradable filament for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cork", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "filament", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 71, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of a maleic anhydride-based coupling agent to the PLA matrix improved the mechanical behavior of CPC.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 63, "end": 66}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 87, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A cork-like filament fully biodegradable and filled with low granulometry cork powder residues was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "cork", "start": 74, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cork-polymer composites (CPC) were prepared using a Brabender type mixer incorporating 15% (w/w) of cork powder (corresponding to 55% (v/v)) and having polylactic acid (PLA) as matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "cork", "start": 100, "end": 104}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 152, "end": 167}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 169, "end": 172}, {"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to promote a chemical adhesion between cork particles and PLA, the effect of maleic anhydride grafted PLA (MAgPLA) was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "cork", "start": 48, "end": 52}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 111, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fourier Transform Infrared–Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) analysis was used to evaluate the functionalization of MAgPLA onto the polymeric chain.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Fourier Transform Infrared", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Reflection", "start": 44, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of MAgPLA enhanced the mechanical behavior by increasing tensile properties while improving the dispersion of cork particles within PLA matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 70, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dispersion", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "cork", "start": 123, "end": 127}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 145, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, cork particles and MAgPLA acted as nucleating agents during PLA melting process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cork", "start": 13, "end": 17}, {"text": "as", "start": 45, "end": 47}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 73, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 77, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To evaluate the printability of the developed CPC filament, specimens were printed by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and compared to those obtained by injection molding (IM).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 16, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 86, "end": 112}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 114, "end": 117}, {"text": "injection molding", "start": 153, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FFF allowed to preserve the cork alveolar structure in the specimens, benefiting CPC mechanical behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "material": [{"text": "cork", "start": 28, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D parts could be printed with the CPC filament thereby demonstrating the usefulness of the fully biodegradable cork-based filament here developed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D parts", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "filament", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "filament", "start": 123, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printed parts exhibit unique characteristics, such as a nonplastic and warm touch, a natural colour and the release of a pleasant odour during the printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 150, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AISI 316L steel was tested under high Hertzian loads at different temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 66, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printed material presents higher wear resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 40, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The triboxides present the same chemical composition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 32, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material produced using SLM presents a thinner strain-hardened layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 67, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printed material begins dynamic recrystallization at higher temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 67, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This material is also suitable for use in the 3D printing of metal components.In this study, the wear behavior of AISI 316L steel produced using Selective Laser Melting technology was investigated in order to determine its metallurgical evolution under high Hertzian stress.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "metal", "start": 61, "end": 66}, {"text": "steel", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 46, "end": 57}, {"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 145, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 97, "end": 101}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 237, "end": 246}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 223, "end": 236}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 267, "end": 273}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results were compared to AISI 316L that was classically forged.A preliminary mechanical and microstructural characterization was carried out in order to characterize the material and compare the properties of 3D printed with material that has been forged.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 81, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural characterization", "start": 96, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 174, "end": 182}, {"text": "material", "start": 229, "end": 237}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 199, "end": 209}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 213, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wear rates were then calculated using a stylus profilometer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "stylus profilometer", "start": 44, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wear tracks were characterized in the top view to determine the composition of the triboxide layer using SEM-EDXS and Raman spectroscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "composition", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Raman spectroscopy", "start": 122, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cross sections of the samples were then used to conduct SEM analysis in order to determine the thickness of the tribolayer and the characteristics of the strain hardened layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cross sections", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "samples", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 56, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 154, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardened", "start": 161, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBSD mapping was also conducted on the same samples to determine the regions in which recrystallization had taken place.The results showed that the 3D printed material has lower wear rates than the forged material, due to the finer microstructure of the material produced by 3D.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "recrystallization", "start": 86, "end": 103}, {"text": "wear", "start": 178, "end": 182}, {"text": "3D", "start": 275, "end": 277}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 205, "end": 213}, {"text": "material", "start": 254, "end": 262}], "feature": [{"text": "finer microstructure", "start": 226, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the triboxides formed on the additively manufactured component were finer, although the nature of the oxide was the same.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 42, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 115, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printed material showed a dynamic recrystallization at 600 °C, while the forged material started to recrystallize at 200 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 87, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Medium powered LPBF machines can process pure Cu to an acceptable level.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 15, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 46, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Resistivity of as-built Cu increases by 33% depending on build orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Resistivity", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 57, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Resistivity can be reduced by over 50% from as-built conditions via heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Resistivity", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 16, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 68, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrical resistivity values once heat treated are lower than AlSi10Mg values.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electrical resistivity", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 35, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 63, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pure copper is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor, however, attempts to process it with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have seen various levels of success.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 5, "end": 11}, {"text": "conductor", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 127, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 99, "end": 121}, {"text": "AM", "start": 123, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While electron beam melting (EBM) has successfully processed pure copper to high densities, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has had difficulties achieving the same results without the use of very high power lasers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 6, "end": 27}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 29, "end": 32}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 92, "end": 115}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 117, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 66, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 200, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This requirement has hampered the exploration of using LPBF with pure copper as most machines are equipped with lasers that have low to medium laser power densities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 55, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 70, "end": 76}, {"text": "as", "start": 77, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 143, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, experiments were conducted to process pure copper with a 200 W LPBF machine with a small laser spot diameter resulting in an above average laser power density in order to maximise density and achieve low electrical resistivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 114, "end": 122}, {"text": "average", "start": 145, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 77, "end": 81}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 103, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 159, "end": 164}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 165, "end": 172}, {"text": "density", "start": 194, "end": 201}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 218, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of initial build orientation and post heat treatment were also investigated to explore their influence on electrical resistivity.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 23, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 118, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that despite issues with high porosity, heat treated specimens had a lower electrical resistivity than other common AM materials such as the aluminium alloy AlSi10Mg.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 88, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 129, "end": 141}, {"text": "as", "start": 147, "end": 149}, {"text": "aluminium alloy AlSi10Mg", "start": 154, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By conducting these tests, it was found that despite having approximately double the resistivity of commercially pure copper, the resistivity was sufficiently low enough to demonstrate the potential to use AM to process copper suitable for electrical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 130, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "copper", "start": 220, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 206, "end": 208}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "application": [{"text": "electrical applications", "start": 240, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large Area Additive Manufacturing now enables the fabrication of structures that are dramatically more substantial than those produced with standard 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 6, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 50, "end": 61}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 149, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 140, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the use of support structure is generally not appropriate when printing at these scales, understanding the limits of overhanging feature angles is necessary to establish the economic case for using large 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 14, "end": 31}, {"text": "overhanging feature", "start": 120, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 110, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 207, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, understanding the physics of the process is paramount to avoiding expensive failed prints.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physics", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rapid sequential layers can result in slumping as the structure retains excessive heat when the next layer is printed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "heat", "start": 82, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 101, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model can be used to insert additional dwell times after each layer so that the next layer of printing initiates after the previous layer is sufficiently cool such that the existing structure is appropriately solidified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "structure", "start": 186, "end": 195}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 14, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "insert", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "parameter": [{"text": "dwell times", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "layer", "start": 66, "end": 71}, {"text": "layer", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "layer", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inputs to the model include the feedstock material, the number of beads in the overhanging wall, the angle of overhang and the threshold of failure represented as out-of-plane displacement from the intended geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "failure", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 207, "end": 215}], "material": [{"text": "feedstock material", "start": 32, "end": 50}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang", "start": 110, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed thermal model can then be used with slicing software to insert pauses a priori, or can be leveraged during the print in conjunction with infrared imaging in order to provide in situ process control to improve quality and yield.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 150, "end": 158}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 187, "end": 194}, {"text": "quality", "start": 222, "end": 229}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "be", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "insert", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) as an additive manufacturing process can fabricate near to net shape metallic components directly from Computer aided design models, which may be difficult to fabricate using conventional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 36, "end": 66}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 71, "end": 80}, {"text": "net shape", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 189, "end": 198}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 205, "end": 231}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "be", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Computer aided design", "start": 133, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the powdered metals used as the raw material feedstock in the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powdered metals", "start": 18, "end": 33}, {"text": "as", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "raw material", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 76, "end": 99}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 101, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 106, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM manufacturing processibility of nickel based super alloy, powders related to the particle Size Distribution (PSD), flow ability, mechanical properties and microstructures was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "nickel", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "super alloy", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "powders", "start": 62, "end": 69}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 159, "end": 174}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle Size Distribution", "start": 85, "end": 111}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 133, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different powder characterisation methods were also investigated to establish which might be most useful for SLM application.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "be", "start": 90, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 109, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three different Inconel 625 (IN625) powder feedstock materials have been accounted for this study.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 36, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 53, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Firstly, three different IN625 powders were fully characterised for chemical composition, particle size distribution and flow ability using different types of characterisation techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 68, "end": 88}, {"text": "particle size distribution", "start": 90, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been found that the presence of any significant proportion of powder particles smaller than 10-μm diameter, leads to severe agglomeration and make SLM processing difficult.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 69, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 154, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Secondly, coupons were manufactured using SLM from each powder with different process parameter, which were analysed for porosity and mechanical behaviour.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 78, "end": 95}, {"text": "mechanical behaviour", "start": 134, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 42, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 121, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) are employed to investigate the microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 10, "end": 38}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 40, "end": 43}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 84, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 122, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, data analysis was employed on the data collected by metal powders characterization, SLM manufacturing, SEM/EBSD study and mechanical properties of the IN625.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 9, "end": 13}, {"text": "data", "start": 43, "end": 47}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 131, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 61, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM manufacturing", "start": 93, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been observed that the powder characteristics, as well as SLM process parameters influences on the quality of the IN625 fabricated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 69, "end": 87}, {"text": "quality", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 127, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jetting additive manufacturing (BJAM) is a comparatively low-cost process that enables manufacturing of complex and customizable metal parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder jetting additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 37}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process is applied to low-cost water-atomized iron powder with the goal of understanding the effects of printing parameters and sintering schedule on maximizing the green and sintered densities of manufactured samples, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 118, "end": 128}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 202, "end": 214}], "material": [{"text": "iron", "start": 51, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 133, "end": 142}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 180, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powder is characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis (Camsizer X2).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 37, "end": 65}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 67, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 76, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the AM process, the effects of powder compaction, layer thickness, and liquid binder level on green part density are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 7, "end": 17}, {"text": "compaction", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 34, "end": 40}, {"text": "liquid binder", "start": 74, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 53, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "green part", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "density", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-process heat treatment is applied to selected samples, and suitable debinding parameters are studied by using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Post-process heat", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "samples", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "debinding", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "TGA", "start": 144, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sintering at various temperatures and durations results in densities of up to 91.3%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 21, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image processing of x-ray computed tomography (μCT) scans of the samples reveals that porosity distribution is affected by powder spreading, and gradients in pore distribution in the sample are largely reduced after sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "samples", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 95, "end": 107}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 163, "end": 175}, {"text": "sample", "start": 183, "end": 189}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray computed tomography", "start": 20, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 86, "end": 94}, {"text": "pore", "start": 158, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 123, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 216, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that the sintering temperature and time might be tailored to achieve target densities anywhere in the range of 64% and 91%, with possibly higher densities by increasing sintering time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 123, "end": 128}, {"text": "sintering time", "start": 190, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder-jetting, an additive manufacturing process and relatively low-cost technology is utilized to deposit complex-shaped thin ceramic cores.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 19, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "low-cost technology", "start": 65, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 108, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "ceramic cores", "start": 128, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, for enhancing sintering quality, a decomposable binder was prepared using binder-jetting by dispersing different contents of zirconium basic carbonate (ZBC) into an inorganic colloidal binder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "zirconium", "start": 140, "end": 149}, {"text": "colloidal binder", "start": 190, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of different ZBC contents on the printability of the binder and the performance characteristics of the ceramic cores by binder-jetting were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 65, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "ceramic cores", "start": 115, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the surface tension of the binder decreases with the increasing of ZBC contents, indicating that the addition of ZBC particles perturbs the interaction between water molecules.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 26, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 139, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of newly generated ZrO2 particles decomposed by ZBC demonstrated a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the ceramic cores.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ZrO2", "start": 32, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 106, "end": 127}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "ceramic cores", "start": 135, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sintered density increased by about 44%, the bending strength improved from 60 to 79 MPa, and linear shrinkage decreased from 20 to 13% after sintering at 1500 °C as the ZBC content was increased from 0 to 35 wt%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 146, "end": 155}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "bending strength", "start": 49, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 89, "end": 92}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 167, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Purposely introduced gas pores in wire + arc additive manufactured titanium (WAAM Ti-6Al-4 V).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 21, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additive manufactured", "start": 34, "end": 66}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 77, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 82, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Interrupted fatigue testing with X-ray computed tomography scanning at intervals.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue testing", "start": 12, "end": 27}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 33, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 59, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Changes in porosity morphology observed with fatigue loading cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 20, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cyclic stress-strain response in the vicinity of gas pores calculated by finite element method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 49, "end": 52}, {"text": "finite element method", "start": 73, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue life predicted using the traditional notch fatigue approach.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fatigue life", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 45, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity defects remain a challenge to the structural integrity of additive manufactured materials, particularly for parts under fatigue loading applications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "structural integrity", "start": 43, "end": 63}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 67, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the wire + arc additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V builds are typically fully dense, occurrences of isolated pores may not be completely avoided due to feedstock contamination.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additive manufactured", "start": 13, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "be", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 115, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study used contaminated wires to build the gauge section of fatigue specimens to purposely introduce spherical gas pores in the size range of 120–250 micrometres.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 38, "end": 43}, {"text": "range", "start": 138, "end": 143}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "gauge section", "start": 48, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "spherical gas pores", "start": 106, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Changes in the defect morphology were monitored via interrupted fatigue testing with periodic X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue testing", "start": 64, "end": 79}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 94, "end": 119}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prior to specimen failure, the near surface pores grew by approximately a factor of 2 and tortuous fatigue cracks were initiated and propagated towards the nearest free surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "surface", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "free surface", "start": 164, "end": 176}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elastic-plastic finite element analysis showed cyclic plastic deformation at the pore root as a result of stress concentration; consequently for an applied tension-tension cyclic stress (stress ratio 0.1), the local stress at the pore root became a tension-compression nature (local stress ratio −1.0).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 16, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 54, "end": 73}, {"text": "pore", "start": 81, "end": 85}, {"text": "cyclic stress", "start": 172, "end": 185}, {"text": "stress", "start": 187, "end": 193}, {"text": "stress", "start": 216, "end": 222}, {"text": "pore", "start": 230, "end": 234}, {"text": "stress", "start": 283, "end": 289}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 106, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue life was predicted using the notch fatigue approach and validated with experimental test results.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fatigue life", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 79, "end": 91}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 37, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing-structure-property relationships in material extrusion additive manufacturing are complex, non-linear, and poorly understood.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we designed an informatics workflow for the collection of high pedigree data from each stage of the fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "workflow", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "data", "start": 86, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 114, "end": 140}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 142, "end": 145}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 147, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In conjunction with a design of experiments, we applied the workflow to investigate the influences of processing parameters on weld strength across three commercially available FFF printers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiments", "start": 22, "end": 43}, {"text": "workflow", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 127, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 177, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Environmental, material, and print conditions that may impact performance were monitored to ensure that relevant data were collected in a consistent manner.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "data", "start": 113, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament was used to print ASTM D638-14 Type V tensile bars.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "filament", "start": 38, "end": 46}, {"text": "V", "start": 83, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile bars", "start": 85, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data were analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "multivariate", "start": 25, "end": 37}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The magnitude of the effects of extrusion temperature, layer thickness, print bed temperature, and print speed on the tensile properties of the final print were determined.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 55, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "print", "start": 72, "end": 77}, {"text": "print", "start": 99, "end": 104}, {"text": "print", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 78, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 118, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrated that printer selection is important and changes the impact of print parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 87, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Non-destructive dielectric imaging during additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D characterization of relative dielectric permittivity within printed devices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 32, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Integrated, in-line quality control technique for AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 20, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 50, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are used increasingly for the direct fabrication of microwave devices, such as graded index lenses and dielectric resonator antennas, which have spatially-varying dielectric properties (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 76, "end": 87}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 115, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 142, "end": 152}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 202, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, there is no effective method to characterize the spatial distribution of permittivity within the printed component, either during manufacture or once the component is complete.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 58, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 114, "end": 123}, {"text": "component", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 139, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore it is not possible to confirm the extent to which the manufactured spatial distribution of permittivity meets the intended design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 64, "end": 76}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 85, "end": 97}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 133, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report the integration of a novel split ring resonator (SRR) surface mapping technique directly into an AM process to make non-destructive in-line measurements of the local relative dielectric permittivity (ϵr) within 3D objects as they are formed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "resonator", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "3D objects", "start": 221, "end": 231}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 185, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We then reconstruct these data into 3D dielectric “images” of the printed component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 26, "end": 30}, {"text": "3D", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "images", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 74, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Detailed insights into the dielectric imaging principle, data processing/analysis, as well as limitations and opportunities related to the technique are described.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work aims to accelerate the design-make-test cycle for advanced microwave devices, and suggests the possibility for real-time, closed-loop control of dielectric properties during AM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 131, "end": 150}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 183, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variation of texture in Ti-6Al-4V samples produced by three different additive manufacturing (AM) processes has been studied by neutron time-of-flight (TOF) diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variation", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "samples", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "processes", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "neutron", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 70, "end": 92}, {"text": "AM", "start": 94, "end": 96}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 157, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigated AM processes were electron beam melting (EBM), selective laser melting (SLM) and laser metal wire deposition (LMwD).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 35, "end": 56}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 58, "end": 61}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 64, "end": 87}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 89, "end": 92}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 115, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, for the LMwD material separate measurements were done on samples from the top and bottom pieces in order to detect potential texture variations between areas close to and distant from the supporting substrate in the manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 213, "end": 222}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 166, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 230, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was also performed on material parallel and perpendicular to the build direction to characterize the microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 107, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 143, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Understanding the context of texture for AM processes is of significant relevance as texture can be linked to anisotropic mechanical behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 41, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 110, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that LMwD had the strongest texture while the two powder bed fusion (PBF) processes EBM and SLM displayed comparatively weaker texture.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "texture", "start": 140, "end": 147}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 63, "end": 80}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 82, "end": 85}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 105, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 87, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The texture of EBM and SLM was of the same order of magnitude.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 15, "end": 18}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 23, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 52, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results correlate well with previous microstructural studies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 43, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, texture variations were found in the LMwD sample, where the part closest to the substrate featured stronger texture than the corresponding top part.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "texture", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 94, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The crystal direction of the α phase with the strongest texture component was [112¯3].", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 64, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Carries out in situ high speed imaging of polymer extrusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measures thermal conductivity of built part as a function of process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 9, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 61, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Develops correlation between process, microstructure and thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 38, "end": 52}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 57, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show strong dependence of thermal property on raster speed & layer height.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal property", "start": 34, "end": 50}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 69, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results may be helpful for process optimization to obtain novel, functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 12, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process optimization", "start": 27, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing has gained significant research attention due to multiple advantages over traditional manufacturing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 97, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 123, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fundamental understanding of the relationships between process parameters, microstructure and functional properties of built parts is critical for optimizing the additive manufacturing process and building parts with desired properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 57, "end": 75}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 77, "end": 91}, {"text": "properties", "start": 107, "end": 117}, {"text": "properties", "start": 227, "end": 237}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 164, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is also critical for a multi-functional part where the process needs to be optimized with respect to disparate performance requirements such as mechanical strength and thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "performance", "start": 116, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 160, "end": 168}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 173, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents in situ high speed imaging and build-direction thermal conductivity measurements of polymer extrusion based additively manufactured parts in order to understand the effect of process parameters such as raster speed, infill percentage and layer height on build-direction thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 195, "end": 213}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 67, "end": 87}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 290, "end": 310}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 104, "end": 121}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 128, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 219, "end": 221}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill percentage", "start": 236, "end": 253}, {"text": "layer height", "start": 258, "end": 270}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measurements of thermal conductivity using a one-dimensional heat flux method are correlated with in situ process images obtained from a high speed camera as well as cross section images of the built part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 16, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "images", "start": 114, "end": 120}, {"text": "images", "start": 180, "end": 186}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 148, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 155, "end": 157}, {"text": "as", "start": 163, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicate strong dependence of build-direction thermal conductivity on raster speed, layer thickness and infill percentage, which is corroborated by high speed imaging of the printing process at different values of these process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 54, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 92, "end": 107}, {"text": "infill percentage", "start": 112, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 167, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 182, "end": 198}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 228, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key trade-offs between process throughput and thermal properties are also identified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 46, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to enhancing our fundamental understanding of polymer extrusion based additive manufacturing and its influence on thermal properties of built parts, results presented here may facilitate process optimization towards parts with desired thermal and multi-functional properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 58, "end": 75}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 126, "end": 144}, {"text": "process optimization", "start": 199, "end": 219}, {"text": "properties", "start": 276, "end": 286}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lightweight design is an area of mechanical engineering that becomes increasingly important in many industries, as they pursue reduced mass and more efficient parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lightweight", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 25, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical engineering", "start": 33, "end": 55}, {"text": "industries", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A special class of materials for load-bearing structures are metallic cellular materials with cubic unit cells, which can be manufactured conveniently through laser beam melting (LBM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 100, "end": 110}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 159, "end": 169}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "cellular materials", "start": 70, "end": 88}, {"text": "be", "start": 122, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such materials exhibit a rather complex microstructure and can be analysed using analytical and numerical methods wherein the determination of properties such as relative density, effective elastic and yield strength properties is of special interest.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 40, "end": 54}, {"text": "properties", "start": 143, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 171, "end": 178}, {"text": "elastic and yield strength", "start": 190, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper addresses closed-form analytical methods based on beam theories for the determination of the effective properties of additively manufactured microstructures such as lattices, and a comparison with experimental results [1], [2] which leads to excellent agreements for relative densities lower than 40%, although results reveal a great dependency on the manufacturing strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 61, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 208, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 128, "end": 151}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 363, "end": 376}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 278, "end": 296}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lastly, a classification concerning the topology of the cellular units is presented as well in order to help the engineer choose appropriate geometries for specific application purposes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "classification", "start": 10, "end": 24}, {"text": "topology", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In conclusion, this structural concept may be applied in many fields such as bioengineering and in functional graded materials as they are applied in lightweight engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "functional graded materials", "start": 99, "end": 126}, {"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 150, "end": 161}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 162, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymeric Pellet-Based Additive Manufacturing (PPBAM) systems are increasing in the field of 3D printing as a result of the evolution of additive technologies as their development process consolidates and expands.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 45}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 124, "end": 133}, {"text": "process", "start": 180, "end": 187}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "additive technologies", "start": 137, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New opportunities for industrial integration of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are identified, including AM of large polymeric parts.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "AM", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "AM", "start": 115, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 76, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The PPBAM process consists of adapting a pellet-fed extrusion mechanism to a displacement system, either a Cartesian mechanism or a robotic arm system, building parts in a multi-layered approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 117, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "robotic arm", "start": 132, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This use is justified by the extruded filament sizes required and the material costs when facing large-format prints.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "facing", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 70, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article, a pellet extrusion based printer prototype is presented together with a case study.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pellet", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "case study", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 42, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The case study consists of the development of a two cubic meter capacity plastic part for the naval industry with a topology optimization design approach and material selection and validation methodology for a large-volume pellet based extrusion system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "validation methodology", "start": 181, "end": 203}, {"text": "pellet", "start": 223, "end": 229}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "meter", "start": 58, "end": 63}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 116, "end": 137}, {"text": "design", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 158, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 236, "end": 245}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two functional prototypes were developed with the selected materials from the explained methodology a PLA and a flame retardant ABS, and post processed to full fill the actual product´s specifications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "functional prototypes", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "materials", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 88, "end": 99}, {"text": "processed", "start": 142, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "flame retardant", "start": 112, "end": 127}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 128, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 186, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first report on the fatigue behavior of additively manfacutred (AM) biodegradable porous Mg alloy (WE43) and how it is affected by biodegradation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "porous", "start": 86, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "Mg alloy", "start": 93, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biodegradation decreased the fatigue strength of the porous material from 30% to 20% of its yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 29, "end": 45}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 92, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "porous material", "start": 53, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, cyclic loading significantly increased its biodegradation rate.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 10, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanistic aspects of how biodegradation and cyclic loading interacted with each other on both micro and macro scales were revealed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macro scales", "start": 110, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured (AM) biodegradable metals with topologically ordered porous structures hold unprecedented promise as potential bone substitutes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "AM", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "biodegradable metals", "start": 29, "end": 49}, {"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "topologically", "start": 55, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 135, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is, however, no information available in the literature regarding their mechanical performance under cyclic loading or the interactions between biodegradation and cyclic loading.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 107, "end": 121}, {"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 169, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We therefore used selective laser melting (SLM) to fabricate porous magnesium alloy (WE43) scaffolds based on diamond unit cells.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 18, "end": 41}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "magnesium alloy", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of the resulting material was examined using electron back-scattered diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 88, "end": 99}, {"text": "scanning transmission electron microscopy", "start": 101, "end": 142}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 148, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fatigue behaviors of the material in air and in revised simulated body fluid (r-SBF) were evaluated and compared.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 75, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biodegradation decreased the fatigue strength of the porous material from 30% to 20% of its yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 29, "end": 45}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 92, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "porous material", "start": 53, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, cyclic loading significantly increased its biodegradation rate.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 10, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanistic aspects of how biodegradation and cyclic loading interacted with each other on different scales were revealed as well.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, dislocations became more tangled after the fatigue tests.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocations", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue tests", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the macro-scale, cracks preferred initiating at the strut junctions where tensile stress concentrations were present, as revealed by the finite element analysis of the porous material under compressive loading.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "junctions", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 77, "end": 91}, {"text": "compressive loading", "start": 193, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}, {"text": "porous material", "start": 171, "end": 186}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 140, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further improvements in the biodegradation-affected fatigue performance of the AM porous Mg alloy may therefore be realized by optimizing both the topological design of the porous structure and the laser-processing parameters that determine the microstructure of the SLM porous material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "porous", "start": 173, "end": 179}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 79, "end": 81}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 267, "end": 270}], "material": [{"text": "Mg alloy", "start": 89, "end": 97}, {"text": "be", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "porous material", "start": 271, "end": 286}], "feature": [{"text": "topological design", "start": 147, "end": 165}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 215, "end": 225}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 245, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing workflow was employed for fabrication of patient-specific fracture fixation implants.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 99, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Orthotropic material properties of AM implants along with their biomechanical behavior were investigated using experimental and computational methods.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Orthotropic", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 12, "end": 31}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "biomechanical", "start": 64, "end": 77}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational methods", "start": 128, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "medial fracture gap displacement) by 47.2% and risk of screw cut-out by 14.6% when compared to the conventional plate design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "screw", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 118, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) have motivated researchers to consider this fabrication technique as a solution for challenges in patient-specific orthopaedic needs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 45}, {"text": "AM", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "orthopaedic", "start": 166, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although there is an increasing trend in the applications of AM in medical fields, there is a critical need to understand the biomechanical performance of AM implants.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trend", "start": 32, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "AM", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "biomechanical", "start": 126, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, design opportunities, anisotropic material properties and resulting stability of AM implant constructs for large bone defects such as osteosarcoma, comminuted fractures and infections are unexplored.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic material properties", "start": 37, "end": 68}, {"text": "stability", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone defects", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to evaluate metal AM for complex fracture fixation using both computational and experimental methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 96, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, this research highlights the role of AM in the entire workflow to fabricate metal AM fixation plates for treatment of comminuted proximal humerus fractures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "workflow", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 79, "end": 88}, {"text": "AM", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new AM-centric patient-specific implant design for reducing common postoperative complications such as varus collapse and screw cutout is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "screw", "start": 124, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biocompatible 316L stainless steel specimens processed in laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is subjected to tensile testing and post-hoc microhardness to obtain orthotropic material properties of the AM implants.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Biocompatible", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 14, "end": 34}, {"text": "orthotropic", "start": 159, "end": 170}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 135, "end": 148}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 171, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "AM", "start": 198, "end": 200}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 106, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, risk of screw cut-out is evaluated using finite element modelling (FEM) of AM implant-bone constructs.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "screw", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "finite element modelling", "start": 55, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 81, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 89, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "medial fracture gap displacement) by 47.2% and risk of screw cut-out by 14.6% when compared to the conventional plate design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "screw", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 118, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Findings from this study can be extended to other patient anatomy, loading conditions, and AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 91, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The feasibility of a hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) method combining material extrusion and powder bed binder jetting (PBBJ) techniques for fabrication of structures made of silicone (polysiloxane) is investigated in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 73, "end": 91}, {"text": "powder bed binder jetting", "start": 96, "end": 121}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 178, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A full factorial experimental design was conducted to maximize the geometrical accuracy of the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental design", "start": 17, "end": 36}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 79, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rheological and morphological properties of the silicone powders, the thermal characteristics of the liquid silicone binder, and mechanical characterization the additively manufactured parts are reported.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "silicone powders", "start": 52, "end": 68}, {"text": "silicone binder", "start": 112, "end": 127}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 133, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 165, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this hybrid AM method, porous cylindrical structures (5 mm diameter (D) × 3 mm height (H)) with potential applications in biomedical industry were additively manufactured.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 18, "end": 20}, {"text": "mm", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "mm", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 153, "end": 176}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical industry", "start": 128, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final structures are composed of ∼60% silicone powder, ∼ 30% silicone binder, and < 10% air voids.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silicone powder", "start": 42, "end": 57}, {"text": "silicone binder", "start": 65, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 96, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These three phases are distributed throughout the structure in a non-uniform fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 77, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder bed binder jetting additive manufacturing was used for the first time to produce porous silicone (polysiloxane) structures.Download: Download high-res image (285 Additive manufacturing of soft magnetic materials and components based on laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) offers new opportunities for soft magnetic core materials in efficient energy converters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder bed binder jetting additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 48}, {"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 169, "end": 191}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 243, "end": 266}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 268, "end": 273}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "high-res image", "start": 149, "end": 163}, {"text": "materials", "start": 209, "end": 218}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 223, "end": 233}, {"text": "core", "start": 318, "end": 322}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For more favorable material compositions like FeSi6.7 (strategy 1) with larger electrical resistivity and close-to-zero magnetostriction a maximum permeability of μmax = 31,000, minimum coercivity of Hc = 16 A/m and hysteresis losses of 0.7 W/kg at 1 T and 50 Hz have been realized.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 79, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "magnetostriction", "start": 120, "end": 136}, {"text": "permeability", "start": 147, "end": 159}, {"text": "hysteresis", "start": 216, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Feasibility, functionality and potential of the different strategies (and combinations thereof) are discussed based on first prototypes and supporting simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Feasibility", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "prototypes", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 151, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results are compared to conventional electrical steel and SMC (soft magnetic composites).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 81, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigates the feasibility of a binderless, extrusion-based additive manufacturing approach to fabricate alumina (Al2O3) parts from nanopowder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 27, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 72, "end": 94}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 107, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "alumina", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 126, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Traditional manufacture of ceramics with subtractive methods is limited due to their inherent hardness and brittleness, inevitably leading to ceramic parts with less-than-optimal geometries for the specific application.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 179, "end": 189}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "subtractive", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With an additive manufacturing approach, ceramic parts with complex 3D geometries, including overhangs or hollow enclosures, become possible.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 8, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "feature": [{"text": "3D geometries", "start": 68, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhangs", "start": 93, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These complex ceramic parts are highly valuable in heat exchanger, condenser, biomedical implant, chemical reactant vessel, and electrical isolation applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat exchanger", "start": 51, "end": 65}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research employed direct coagulation of alumina nanopowder slurries with the polyvalent salt tri-ammonium citrate providing the solidification mechanism in an extrusion-based printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "coagulation", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "solidification mechanism", "start": 133, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "alumina", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "salt", "start": 93, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 180, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The viscosity of the slurries was adjusted from ∼35 Pa-s to ∼1000 Pa-s by adjusting pH from ∼9 to ∼4, resulting in a paste that is suitable for extrusion, which retains near-net geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pH", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 178, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was shown that the direct coagulation approach can be used to create a suspension with tuneable flow characteristics and coagulation rate, and a mechanism describing the process was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "coagulation", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "coagulation", "start": 124, "end": 135}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 148, "end": 157}, {"text": "process", "start": 173, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The direct coagulation printing (DCP) method is described in detail, including how slurry is extruded, solidified, and printed in complex geometries, and sintered to full density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "coagulation", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 130, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "slurry", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 93, "end": 101}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 171, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts were printed with a sintered resolution of 450 μm and green densities as high as 65%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties were characterized with a comparison to different materials and methods from literature, showing hardness and flexural modulus up to ∼1800 HV and 400 GPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "materials", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 119, "end": 127}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 172, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat transfer in standoff region between nozzle tip and bed is critical.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Heat transfer", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "standoff", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "bed", "start": 56, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Carries out infrared based temperature measurement in standoff region.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 27, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "standoff", "start": 54, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Develops analytical model to predict temperature distribution in standoff region.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 49, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 37, "end": 48}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "standoff", "start": 65, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Shows good agreement between measurements and model in wide range of parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 60, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contributes towards accurate thermal design of polymer additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dispensing of a polymer filament above its glass transition temperature is a critical step in several polymer-based additive manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer filament", "start": 16, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 43, "end": 71}, {"text": "step", "start": 86, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 116, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the nozzle assembly heats up the filament prior to dispense, it is important to minimize cooling down of the filament in the standoff distance between the nozzle tip and bed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "standoff", "start": 131, "end": 139}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 161, "end": 167}, {"text": "bed", "start": 176, "end": 179}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "filament", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While heat transfer processes within the nozzle assembly, such as filament melting, and on the bed, such as thermally-driven filament-to-filament adhesion, have been well studied, there is a lack of work on heat transfer in the filament in the standoff region.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 6, "end": 19}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 207, "end": 220}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "bed", "start": 95, "end": 98}, {"text": "standoff", "start": 244, "end": 252}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "melting", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "filament", "start": 228, "end": 236}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 146, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents infrared thermography based measurement of temperature distribution in the filament in the standoff region, and an analytical model for heat transfer in this region.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 75, "end": 87}, {"text": "model", "start": 146, "end": 151}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 156, "end": 169}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "standoff", "start": 111, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analytical model, based on a balance between thermal advection and convective/radiative heat loss predicts an exponentially decaying temperature distribution, the nature of which is governed by the characteristic length, a parameter that combines multiple process parameters such as mass flowrate, filament diameter, heat capacity and cooling conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "heat", "start": 92, "end": 96}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 149, "end": 161}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 227, "end": 236}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 260, "end": 278}, {"text": "heat capacity", "start": 321, "end": 334}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 137, "end": 148}, {"text": "filament diameter", "start": 302, "end": 319}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 284, "end": 286}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 339, "end": 346}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental data in a wide range of process parameters are found to be in very good agreement with the analytical model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental data", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 37, "end": 55}, {"text": "model", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal design space for ensuring minimal temperature drop in the standoff region is explored based on the analytical model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design space", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "model", "start": 122, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "standoff", "start": 70, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental data and theoretical modeling presented here improve our fundamental understanding of heat transfer in polymer additive manufacturing, and may contribute towards design tools for thermal optimization of these processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental data", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 99, "end": 112}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 200, "end": 212}, {"text": "processes", "start": 222, "end": 231}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer additive manufacturing", "start": 116, "end": 146}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 175, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A complete understanding of processing-structure-property-performance relationship of additively manufactured (AM) components are critical from an application standpoint.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 86, "end": 109}, {"text": "AM", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 115, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, in the current investigation, a comprehensive microstructural characterization and mechanical properties (tensile, fatigue and impact toughness) evaluation of nickel alloy 718 AM by the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technique have been performed.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural characterization", "start": 57, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 94, "end": 115}, {"text": "impact", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "nickel alloy", "start": 170, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 187, "end": 189}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 197, "end": 220}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 222, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM builds were made from powders manufactured via different atomization conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "atomization", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 33, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the standard post-heat treatment procedure led to the removal of severe interdendritic segregation both grain boundary and intra-grain precipitation of δ phase occurred.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "grain boundary", "start": 113, "end": 127}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 144, "end": 157}, {"text": "phase", "start": 163, "end": 168}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 52, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Regardless of δ phase presence, axial fatigue properties of both the AM builds were similar to design handbook wrought fatigue data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 111, "end": 118}, {"text": "data", "start": 127, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 69, "end": 71}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 95, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, due to the δ phase, impact toughness properties were comparable to the wrought material conditions that exhibited δ phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 22, "end": 27}, {"text": "impact", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "properties", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "phase", "start": 125, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "wrought material", "start": 80, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fractured surfaces of Charpy impact samples exhibited crack propagation extensively along the boundaries decorated by δ precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "impact", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "crack propagation", "start": 54, "end": 71}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 120, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variability in the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metal parts is a key concern for their application in service.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variability", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 19, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 44, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the parameters affecting the above-mentioned property is solidification texture which is driven by scan patterns and other process variables.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "property", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "process", "start": 130, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan patterns", "start": 106, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Understanding of how these textures arise in the AM process can provide a pathway to control these features which ultimately decide the final structural material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 153, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a Cellular Automata (CA) based two-dimensional microstructure model is formulated and implemented to understand grain evolution in AM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "two-dimensional microstructure", "start": 45, "end": 75}, {"text": "model", "start": 76, "end": 81}, {"text": "grain evolution", "start": 126, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Grain evolution in multilayer depositions using various scan patterns in Directed Energy Deposition (DED), Metal Laser Sintering/Selective Laser Melting (MLS/SLM), and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is presented and qualitatively compared with reported literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Grain evolution", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan patterns", "start": 56, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 73, "end": 99}, {"text": "DED", "start": 101, "end": 104}, {"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 168, "end": 189}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 191, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 107, "end": 112}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "Laser", "start": 139, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show strong correlation of scan patterns with evolving grain orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scan patterns", "start": 35, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 63, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variability in grain size and orientation evolution during SLM and EBM processing of metallic materials showed direct influence by exposure to different cooling rates and thermal gradients.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variability", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "orientation evolution", "start": 30, "end": 51}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 59, "end": 62}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 67, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "metallic materials", "start": 85, "end": 103}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 153, "end": 166}, {"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 171, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The similarities between the simulated and reported results lead us to conclude CA based modeling for predicting grain orientation and size in metal AM processes is useful for prediction of continuum level structural properties at global and local length scales.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "CA", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 176, "end": 186}, {"text": "continuum", "start": 190, "end": 199}, {"text": "properties", "start": 217, "end": 227}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 143, "end": 151}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 248, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the methodology and findings of a novel piece of research with the purpose of understanding and mitigating distortion caused by the combined processes of additive manufacturing (AM) and post machining to final specifications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "research", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 127, "end": 137}, {"text": "processes", "start": 161, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 174, "end": 196}, {"text": "AM", "start": 198, "end": 200}, {"text": "machining", "start": 211, "end": 220}], "parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 230, "end": 244}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research work started with the AM building of a stainless steel 316 L industrial impeller that was then machined by removing around 0.5 mm from certain surfaces of the impeller’ s blades and hub.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 156, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "machined", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "mm", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 52, "end": 67}, {"text": "s", "start": 182, "end": 183}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Distortion and residual stresses were experimentally measured.The manufacture of the impeller by AM and then machining was numerically simulated by applying the finite element (FE) method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Distortion", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 161, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 15, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "machining", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 177, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Distortion and residual stresses were simulated and validated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Distortion", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 15, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FE distortion was then used in a numerical procedure to reverse distortion directions in order to produce a new impeller with mitigated distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 7, "end": 17}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 140, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 2-stage hybrid manufacturing supply chain based on metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) is proposed which includes AM hubs, Heat Treatment (HT) facilities and machine shops.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hybrid manufacturing", "start": 10, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal Additive Manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 81}, {"text": "AM", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "Heat Treatment", "start": 123, "end": 137}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 158, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "p-median models are applied to identify the optimal location for metal AM hubs in the U.S. that would serve as near-net manufacturers to supply processed build plates to HT facilities who will ship it to machine shops after HT.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 144, "end": 153}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plates", "start": 154, "end": 166}, {"text": "machine", "start": 204, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fewer number of heat treatment facilities require concentrated locations and fewer AM hubs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 16, "end": 30}, {"text": "AM", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hybrid Manufacturing is defined as the integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically metal AM, with traditional manufacturing post-processing such as heat treatment and machining.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Hybrid Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 137, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "as", "start": 158, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 76}, {"text": "AM", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "metal AM", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 136}, {"text": "machining", "start": 180, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hybrid AM enables Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) who can offer post-processing services to integrate into the growing AM supply chain.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 7, "end": 9}, {"text": "AM", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 67, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Most near-net metal AM parts require heat treatment processes (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 37, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "residual stress relieving/annealing) before machining to achieve final engineering specification.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research investigates a two-stage facility model to optimize the locations and capacities for new metal AM hubs which require two sequential post-processing services: heat treatment and machining.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research investigates", "start": 5, "end": 26}, {"text": "model", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 146, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 172, "end": 186}, {"text": "machining", "start": 191, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) data for machine shops and heat treatment facilities in the U.S., a p-median location model is used to determine the optimal locations for AM hub centers based on: (1) geographical data, (2) demand and (3) fixed and operational costs of hybrid-AM processing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Industry", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Classification", "start": 30, "end": 44}, {"text": "data", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "model", "start": 146, "end": 151}, {"text": "data", "start": 241, "end": 245}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 87, "end": 101}, {"text": "AM", "start": 199, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from this study have identified: (a) candidate US counties to locate metal AM hubs, (b) total cost (fixed, operational and transportation), (c) capacity utilization of the AM hubs and (d) demand assignments across machine shops–heat treatment facilities–AM hubs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal AM", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM", "start": 180, "end": 182}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 236, "end": 250}, {"text": "AM", "start": 262, "end": 264}], "material": [{"text": "b", "start": 93, "end": 94}, {"text": "c", "start": 149, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 152, "end": 160}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 222, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that 2-stage p-Median model identified 22 A M hub locations as the initial sites for AM hubs which grows to 35 A M hubs as demand increases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "as", "start": 133, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also found that relatively fewer number of heat treatment facilities than machine shops resulted in a more concentrated locations of AM hubs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 50, "end": 64}, {"text": "AM", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, transportation costs were not adversely affected by the inclusion of as-build plates and showed that including heat treatment facilities as part of the hybrid AM supply chain will be mutually beneficial to all stakeholders of metal hybrid AM supply chain, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "inclusion", "start": 69, "end": 78}, {"text": "as", "start": 150, "end": 152}, {"text": "be", "start": 193, "end": 195}, {"text": "metal", "start": 239, "end": 244}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 124, "end": 138}, {"text": "AM", "start": 172, "end": 174}, {"text": "AM", "start": 252, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM → Heat treatment → Machining.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Heat treatment", "start": 5, "end": 19}, {"text": "Machining", "start": 22, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a promising direct energy deposition technology to produce high-value material components with a low buy-to-fly ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 33, "end": 37}, {"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 54, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "WAAM is able to produce thin-walled structures of large scale and also truss structures without any support.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To manufacture complex parts, process reliability and repeatability are still a necessity and this often leads to long developing times.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 3, "end": 14}, {"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "repeatability", "start": 54, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a method is proposed to automatically manufacture complex truss structures with point by point arc additive manufacturing and a six axis robot.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "robot", "start": 152, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc additive manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software is designed to manage (i) material deposition at intersections and (ii) collisions between the part under construction and the torch.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Computer aided manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "CAM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 150, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because it is difficult to model the deposition process, the bead geometry is monitored using video imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 37, "end": 55}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead geometry", "start": 61, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image treatment program detects the contour of the deposit and computes its current position.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 36, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this position, the CAM software corrects the geometry of the part for future deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAM", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 82, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simple case studies are tested to validate the algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Simple", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "case studies", "start": 7, "end": 19}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 47, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two solid free form geometries designed by topology optimization are manufactured with this skeleton arc additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 69, "end": 81}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 43, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti-6Al-4V powders from six different vendors were compared with respect to their microstructures, size-distributions, chemistries, surface appearances, flow behavior, and packing densities.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V powders", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analysis approaches followed closely ASTM F3049, the standard guide for characterization of additive manufacturing metal powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 96, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 125, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Chemistries, including impurity content, agreed well with the standard requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "impurity", "start": 23, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 62, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder particle microstructures revealed acicular alpha prime for all vendors.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder particle", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 16, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quantificational analysis of porosity in the WAAM 2319 alloy was revealed by XCT.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 45, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 55, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The formation and evolution of micropores are affected by microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 58, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evolution mechanisms include particles dissolution, H pore precipitation and growth.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Evolution", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "particles", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 54, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Majority of the micropores were adjacent to second phase particles.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "second phase particles", "start": 44, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Given its detrimental influence on mechanical properties, porosity defect is a major problem for wire + arc additively manufactured (WAAM) Al components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 35, "end": 56}, {"text": "defect", "start": 67, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additively manufactured", "start": 97, "end": 131}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 133, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 139, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We performed X-ray computed tomography, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to observe the spatial distribution, size, and shape of micropores and reveal their formation and evolution mechanisms during the deposition and heat treatment of the WAAM 2319 Al alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 13, "end": 38}, {"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 40, "end": 58}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 64, "end": 92}, {"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 108, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 191, "end": 200}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 223, "end": 233}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 238, "end": 252}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 260, "end": 264}], "material": [{"text": "Al alloys", "start": 270, "end": 279}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key findings demonstrated that thehydrogenmicropores and solidification microvoids existed in as-deposited alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 57, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 107, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The amounts and morphologies of hydrogen micropores and solidification microvoids varied from the top, middle, and bottom of the wall sample because of the distinct microstructure and second-phase distribution in each section.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 56, "end": 70}, {"text": "sample", "start": 134, "end": 140}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 165, "end": 179}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 197, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After the heat treatment, a significant variation in micropores involving three main evolution mechanisms, namely, hydrogen micropore precipitation, phase particle dissolution, and micropore growth, was observed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 10, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 134, "end": 147}, {"text": "phase particle", "start": 149, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results of this research may provide a solid foundation for the safe application of WAAM Al alloy structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 84, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "Al alloy", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the heterogeneous anisotropic microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured (CoCrFeMnNi) 99C1 high-entropy alloy (HEA) are comprehensively investigated using experimental and theoretical analyses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 19, "end": 32}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 64, "end": 85}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 195, "end": 207}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 212, "end": 223}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 89, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 144, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the present alloys, the selective laser melting (SLM) process produced orthogonally anisotropic microstructure with not only strong macroscopic morphological but also sharp microscopic crystallographic textures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 28, "end": 51}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 53, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 136, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 88, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, due to the complex thermal gradient and history in the melt pools, the columnar grains were heterogeneously evolved along the building direction with alternatively arranged layers of fine and coarse grains parallel to the laser scanning direction.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradient", "start": 29, "end": 45}, {"text": "building direction", "start": 136, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneously", "start": 102, "end": 117}, {"text": "grains", "start": 209, "end": 215}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 232, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This unique morphological texture played a dominant factor for the big difference in tensile properties between different loading directions in the early stage of deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 85, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 163, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, the alternatively arrangement of fine and coarse grains could generate high hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening along the scanning direction in the as-built samples by profuse evolution of geometrically necessary dislocation at the boundaries of each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 64, "end": 70}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 144, "end": 152}, {"text": "samples", "start": 179, "end": 186}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 198, "end": 207}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 235, "end": 246}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 254, "end": 264}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 273, "end": 278}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, upon the last stage of plastic deformation, the crystallographic texture played a crucial role in directional flow behavior by modulating twinning activity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 42, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "twinning", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combined contribution of the various anisotropic microstructural factors to the tensile properties of the SLM-processed HEAs was clarified both qualitatively and quantitatively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 41, "end": 52}, {"text": "tensile properties", "start": 84, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitatively", "start": 166, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work will shed light on effective utilization of both heterogeneity and anisotropy of the structural parts for customized performance via expanding multi-scale freedom of design in additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneity", "start": 59, "end": 72}, {"text": "performance", "start": 127, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 176, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 186, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "IN625 grains grew epitaxially on the fine grains of SS316L forming Type-I interface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "grains", "start": 42, "end": 48}, {"text": "interface", "start": 74, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bidirectional nucleation from IN625 and mushy zone at SS316L formed Type-II interface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "mushy zone", "start": 40, "end": 50}, {"text": "interface", "start": 76, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cracking was formed at Type-II interface and in the SS316L tracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cracking", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "interface", "start": 31, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cracking mechanisms include solidification, liquidation, and ductility dip cracking.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cracking", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 28, "end": 42}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 75, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 61, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research illustrates the rationale of adopting a preferred printing sequence by examining crack generation predominated by resultant interfaces and microstructural inhomogeneity, through underlying governing mechanisms in directed energy deposition of 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 (SS316L/IN625) bimetals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 153, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 227, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this purpose, microstructural and crystallographic characterizations augmented by numerical simulations were employed on additively manufactured two distinct interfaces, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 18, "end": 33}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 125, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Type-I (IN625 deposition on SS316L) and Type-II (SS316L deposition on IN625).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 56, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Changing the printing sequence generated these two types of interfaces with unique morphologies, which was found attributable to the compositional variations and mismatch in thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 83, "end": 95}, {"text": "variations", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 174, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Type-I interface was typified by gradual-change composition in the transition zone, causing the IN625 grains to grow epitaxially on the grains of SS316L.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 7, "end": 16}, {"text": "composition", "start": 48, "end": 59}, {"text": "transition", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "grains", "start": 102, "end": 108}, {"text": "grains", "start": 136, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Type-II interface was characterized as a compositional sudden-change zone (CSCZ) adjacent to SS316L, leading to merging bidirectional nucleation and grain growth from the bottom IN625 and upper CSCZ, and lack of epitaxial growth.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 134, "end": 144}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 149, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 212, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, high cracking susceptibility occurred near the Type-II interface rather than the Type-I interface, which was related to solidification and liquidation cracking, and further promoted ductility dip cracking.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "interface", "start": 69, "end": 78}, {"text": "interface", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 134, "end": 148}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 165, "end": 173}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 210, "end": 218}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 196, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research will provide a guideline for the additive manufacturing of bimetals with the consideration of printing sequence to control interface formation for a crack-free structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "interface", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "structure", "start": 174, "end": 183}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray μCT used for non-destructive measurement of porosity through the multiple stages of the CEAM.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 35, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 50, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity was quantified and mapped within the parts by using image analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image analysis", "start": 61, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vertical and radial gradient of porosity and pore size observed in green, de-bound and sintered samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Vertical", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "samples", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 87, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microscopic and macroscopic quality of samples improves through the process stages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "samples", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "process", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ceramic Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (CEAM) enables the die-less fabrication of small ceramic parts, with a process chain that includes four consecutive stages: the 3D printing, solvent de-binding, thermal de-binding, and sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ceramic", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 169, "end": 180}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 226, "end": 235}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "process chain", "start": 112, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printing process was implemented through Ephestus, a specially developed EAM machine for the manufacturing of parts from alumina feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 100, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "alumina", "start": 128, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A test part was designed, and X-ray computed tomography (μ-CT) was used to quantify its characteristics through the processing stages of the EAM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 30, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The porosity distribution and the distribution of void size and shape were determined throughout the samples at each stage, using image analysis techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "void", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "samples", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 130, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the evolution of some macroscopic quality properties was measured.The results show that both microscopic (porosity) and macroscopic (geometry, density) properties of the samples improve through the process stages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "properties", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 133, "end": 144}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 146, "end": 154}, {"text": "properties", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "samples", "start": 183, "end": 190}, {"text": "process", "start": 211, "end": 218}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 119, "end": 127}, {"text": "density", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A vertical gradient of porosity is present in green and de-bound samples, with porosity decreasing with increasing sample height.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 2, "end": 10}, {"text": "samples", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "sample", "start": 115, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 79, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After sintering, the vertical gradient of porosity disappears.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 6, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 42, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sphericity and the diameter of voids are negatively correlated and dispersed over a wide range in the green state.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "voids", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 93, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sintering process has a homogenization effect on the void shape distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "homogenization", "start": 28, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "void", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 68, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The geometrical deviation from the nominal designed dimensions and the surface quality of parts improves when moving from the green to the sintered state.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 71, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental investigation of porosities in additive manufactured ceramics parts.Download: Download high-res image (178 In this paper, the authors explore the use of impedance-based monitoring techniques for in-situ detection of additive manufacturing build defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 100, "end": 114}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 208, "end": 215}, {"text": "defects", "start": 258, "end": 265}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 44, "end": 65}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 229, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By physically coupling a piezoceramic (PZT) sensor to the part being fabricated, the measured electrical impedance of the PZT can be directly linked to the mechanical impedance of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PZT", "start": 39, "end": 42}, {"text": "PZT", "start": 122, "end": 125}, {"text": "be", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 156, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is hypothesized that one can detect build defects in geometry or material properties in-situ by comparing the signatures collected during printing of parts with that of a defect-free control sample.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 56, "end": 64}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 68, "end": 87}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 88, "end": 95}, {"text": "sample", "start": 194, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the authors explore the layer-to-layer sensitivity for both PZT sensors embedded into printed parts and for a fixture-based PZT sensor.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "PZT", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "PZT", "start": 139, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this work, this concept is evaluated in context of material jetting.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material jetting", "start": 55, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A set of control samples is created and used to establish a baseline signature.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 2, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 17, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(e.g., internal voids) are fabricated and their layer-to-layer signatures are compared to a control sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "internal voids", "start": 7, "end": 21}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "sample", "start": 100, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this technique, the authors demonstrate an ability to track print progress and detect defects as they occur.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For embedded sensors the defects were detectable at 2.28% of the part volume (95.6 mm3) and by fixture-based sensors when it affected 1.38% of the part volume.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 109, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "volume", "start": 70, "end": 76}, {"text": "volume", "start": 152, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface roughness of an as produced AM component is very high, which prohibits the direct utilization of additively manufactured (AM) components for the intended applications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Surface roughness", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 105, "end": 128}, {"text": "AM", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 134, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reducing surface roughness is exponentially more challenging for the internal surfaces of an AM component.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 9, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 93, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports our research in the area of postprocessing of interior surfaces of an AM component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "postprocessing", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 39, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 89, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have investigated electropolishing and chemical polishing (chempolishing) methods to reduce the surface roughness of the internal surface.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electropolishing", "start": 21, "end": 37}, {"text": "chemical polishing", "start": 42, "end": 60}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 99, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We found that chempolishing was effective in simultaneously reducing the internal and external surface roughness of 316 steel AM components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 95, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 126, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Chempolishing is found suitable for any complicated AM shape and geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 65, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our electropolishing methodology was effective in reducing the surface roughness of the internal or external surfaces provided that a counter electrode could be positioned in the proximity of the surface to be polished.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electropolishing", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 63, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "surface", "start": 196, "end": 203}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 142, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "be", "start": 207, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have performed optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurement study to investigate the difference between electropolishing and chemical polishing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 40, "end": 68}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electropolishing", "start": 144, "end": 160}, {"text": "chemical polishing", "start": 165, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modelling of wire-arc additive manufacturing process is an effective way for adapting the optimum parameters as well as understanding and managing the sequences of layer-by-layer deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modelling", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing process", "start": 13, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 98, "end": 108}, {"text": "layer-by-layer deposition", "start": 164, "end": 189}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some of these parameters such as toolpath, deposition intervals and heat source power play important roles in improving the process viability and cost efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "process", "start": 124, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article, we have studied Al-5Mg, Al-3Si alloys as demonstrators, from both experimental and modelling perspectives, to benchmark different deposition parameters and provided guidelines for optimising the process conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 83, "end": 95}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "process", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Physical values such as total distortion and residual stress were selected as indicators for the manufacturability of the structure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "manufacturability", "start": 97, "end": 114}, {"text": "structure", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 45, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulations were performed by Simufact Welding software, that is outfitted with the MARC solver and the experiments were executed in a robotic cell.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Welding", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 147, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have introduced a method for optimising the process parameters based on the heat source power modification and selection of unique parameters for each deposition layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 47, "end": 65}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 134, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition layer", "start": 154, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This was performed by monitoring the evolution of the molten pool size and geometry when building a wall structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 54, "end": 65}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "structure", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggest that achieving an uninterrupted deposition process entails modification of the heat input for each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 52, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 99, "end": 103}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, a simple analytical method was proposed to estimate the heat input reduction coefficient for a wall structure as a function of molten pool geometry and the height at which, a new layer is being deposited.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 62, "end": 66}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "structure", "start": 106, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "molten pool geometry", "start": 133, "end": 153}, {"text": "layer", "start": 185, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also shown that a generic selection of parameters for aluminium alloys may impair the eventual quality for some of the alloys due to their inherent physical properties such as high temperature flowability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "quality", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium alloys", "start": 61, "end": 77}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 126, "end": 132}, {"text": "as", "start": 180, "end": 182}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 155, "end": 174}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 188, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the current investigation, an ultrasonic imaging system originally developed for visualization of microstructures in sheet metals, with capabilities of generating plane two-dimensional images at spatial resolutions between 1 and 200 μm, was used to quantitatively evaluate a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) processed 3D test part.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 101, "end": 116}, {"text": "sheet metals", "start": 120, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "two-dimensional images", "start": 172, "end": 194}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 252, "end": 266}, {"text": "processed 3D", "start": 311, "end": 323}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 278, "end": 304}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 306, "end": 309}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the ultrasonic system, a custom software program was written to control all components of the inspection schemes in a continuous scan mode, including the movement of three orthogonal translational stages, as well as display a live ultrasonic image during scanning and provide tools for advanced post-processing of the recorded ultrasonic signals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "image", "start": 246, "end": 251}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 259, "end": 267}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 299, "end": 314}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 80, "end": 90}, {"text": "tools", "start": 280, "end": 285}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 209, "end": 211}, {"text": "as", "start": 217, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prior to collecting ultrasonic data for a selected test specimen, an optical flat reference standard was used to characterize the ultrasonic probes and to quantify the system’ s mechanical stability, repeatability, and accuracy when measuring the physical dimensions of features.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 31, "end": 35}, {"text": "standard", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "repeatability", "start": 200, "end": 213}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 219, "end": 227}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probes", "start": 141, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 176, "end": 177}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 178, "end": 188}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 256, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultrasonic data collected at different spatial resolutions were used to characterize a part’ s surface flatness, internal defects, and fusion conditions; and to measure the physical dimensions of intended features.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 11, "end": 15}, {"text": "defects", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 135, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 93, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flatness", "start": 103, "end": 111}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 182, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a suggestion is made for adopting a process to qualify or certify FFF based additive manufacturing machines in the market by applying a reliable NDE validation method to a standardized part with various features of different shapes and physical dimensions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "validation", "start": 158, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 75, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "additive manufacturing machines", "start": 85, "end": 116}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 254, "end": 264}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Successful printing of high-performance material with suitable properties using additive manufacturing methods such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) can create many advanced applications in industries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "Filament", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 80, "end": 102}, {"text": "Fabrication", "start": 134, "end": 145}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 147, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 193, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the high viscosity of high-performance polymers causes complications during the FFF process and reduces the final print quality.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 89, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "print quality", "start": 123, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome this challenge, Inorganic Fullerene Tungsten Sulphide (IF-WS2) nanoparticles are applied in this study to enhance the flowability of poly-ether-ketone-ketone (PEEK) without compromising its mechanical and thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fullerene", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "PEEK", "start": 171, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 75, "end": 88}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 217, "end": 235}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 202, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the first step, different loadings of IF-WS2 nanoparticles are melt compounded with PEEK and the nanocomposites are characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 13, "end": 17}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 48, "end": 61}, {"text": "melt", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 87, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SEM and EDX images of fractured surfaces indicate that a good dispersion of nanoparticles is achieved without any pre-treatment or pre-dispersion.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "EDX", "start": 8, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 32, "end": 40}, {"text": "dispersion", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 76, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A reduction in melt viscosity of 25%, and a simultaneous growth in storage modulus, crystallization and degradation temperature of about 60%, 53% and 100 °C is found with addition of 2 wt% IF-WS2 to PEEK, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 2, "end": 11}, {"text": "melt", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 84, "end": 99}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 104, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 199, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This great achievement is mainly ascribed to the unique characteristics of IF-WS2 nanoparticles, acting as both reinforcing and lubricating agents, indicated by a reduction in coefficient of friction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 82, "end": 95}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of friction", "start": 176, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is no significant increase of crystallization and melting temperatures with the addition of IF-WS2 nanoparticles, which is beneficial in the FFF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 36, "end": 51}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 105, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperatures", "start": 56, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 147, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the second step, the PEEK nanocomposite filaments are printed via FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 24, "end": 28}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 69, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The print quality and mechanical properties of the printed PEEK are also improved with the incorporation of IF-WS2 nanoparticles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "print quality", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 22, "end": 43}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 115, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 59, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, incorporation of IF-WS2 nanoparticles into PEEK via melt compounding is an effective approach for the development of suitable high-performance engineering materials for FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 31, "end": 44}, {"text": "melt", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "engineering materials", "start": 150, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 176, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dislocation structures, chemical segregation, γ′, γ″, δ precipitates, and Laves phase were quantified within the microstructures of Inconel 718 (IN718) produced by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) and subjected to standard, direct aging, and modified multi-step heat treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 74, "end": 85}, {"text": "standard", "start": 233, "end": 241}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 56, "end": 68}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 113, "end": 128}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 132, "end": 143}, {"text": "IN718", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 164, "end": 210}, {"text": "AM", "start": 212, "end": 214}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 281, "end": 296}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, heat-treated samples still attached to the build plates vs. those removed were also documented for a standard heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 124, "end": 138}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plates", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the different resulting microstructures on room temperature strengths and elongations to failure are revealed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 39, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 75, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 104, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Knowledge derived from these process-structure-property relationships was used to engineer a super-solvus solution anneal at 1020 °C for 15 min, followed by aging at 720 °C for 24 h heat treatment for AM-IN718 that eliminates Laves and δ phases, preserves AM-specific dislocation cells that are shown to be stabilized by MC carbide particles, and precipitates dense γ′ and γ″ nanoparticle populations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 106, "end": 114}, {"text": "Laves", "start": 226, "end": 231}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 268, "end": 279}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 182, "end": 196}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 280, "end": 285}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 304, "end": 306}, {"text": "MC", "start": 321, "end": 323}, {"text": "carbide", "start": 324, "end": 331}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 347, "end": 359}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This “optimized for AM-IN718 heat treatment” results in superior properties relative to wrought/additively manufactured, then industry-standard heat treated IN718: relative increases of 7/10% in yield strength, 2/7% in ultimate strength, and 23/57% in elongation to failure are realized, respectively, regardless of as-printed vs. machined surface finishes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 29, "end": 43}, {"text": "machined", "start": 331, "end": 339}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 107, "end": 119}, {"text": "heat", "start": 144, "end": 148}, {"text": "failure", "start": 266, "end": 273}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 195, "end": 209}, {"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 219, "end": 236}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 252, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work the effect of manufacturing strategy and post process treatment on the high strain rate (HSR) compressive deformation behavior of additively manufactured powder bed fusion 17-4PH stainless steel is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 27, "end": 40}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 143, "end": 166}, {"text": "bed fusion", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "strain rate", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 119, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "17-4PH", "start": 185, "end": 191}, {"text": "steel", "start": 202, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens were fabricated using three different laser vector path strategies to impart different thermal histories and resulting microstructures in the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 129, "end": 144}, {"text": "material", "start": 152, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of post processing in the form of hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment and their effect on HSR compressive deformation response of the material was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 14, "end": 29}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 123, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 45, "end": 67}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 72, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 151, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Defect characteristics were quantified using x-ray micro computed tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Defect", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray micro computed tomography", "start": 45, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the laser vector strategy had a strong influence on the development of microstructure and defect characteristics and spatial distribution in the materials which strongly influence the HSR response and the HSR compressive flow stresses of the materials varied by as much as 43% in the regimes tested.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 89, "end": 103}, {"text": "defect", "start": 108, "end": 114}, {"text": "materials", "start": 163, "end": 172}, {"text": "materials", "start": 260, "end": 269}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 135, "end": 155}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flow stresses", "start": 239, "end": 252}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 280, "end": 282}, {"text": "as", "start": 288, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work proposes a finite element (FE) analysis workflow to simulate directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing at a macroscopic length scale (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "workflow", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 71, "end": 97}, {"text": "DED", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 104, "end": 126}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scale", "start": 144, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "part length scale) and to predict thermal conditions during manufacturing, as well as distortions, strength and residual stresses at the completion of manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "length scale", "start": 5, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 60, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 151, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 112, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed analysis method incorporates a multi-step FE workflow to elucidate the thermal and mechanical responses in laser engineered net shaping (LENS) manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical responses", "start": 96, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 120, "end": 148}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 150, "end": 154}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 156, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For each time step, a thermal element activation scheme captures the material deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "material", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 78, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, activated elements and their associated geometry are analyzed first thermally for heat flow due to radiation, convection, and conduction, and then mechanically for the resulting stresses, displacements, and material property evolution.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "heat", "start": 88, "end": 92}, {"text": "material property", "start": 213, "end": 230}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 231, "end": 240}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations agree with experimentally measured in situ thermal measurements for simple cylindrical build geometries, as well as general trends of local hardness distribution and plastic strain accumulation (represented by relative distribution of geometrically necessary dislocations).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 87, "end": 98}, {"text": "trends", "start": 136, "end": 142}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 161, "end": 173}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 231, "end": 243}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 271, "end": 283}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 80, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 152, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stresses play an important role for the structural integrity of engineering components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stresses", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "structural integrity", "start": 49, "end": 69}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study residual stresses were determined in titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and Inconel 718 samples produced using selective-laser-melting (SLM) additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 14, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloy", "start": 51, "end": 65}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 67, "end": 76}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 142, "end": 145}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 147, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The contour method and a numerical simulation approach (inherent-strain-based method) were used to determine the residual stress distributions.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 25, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 113, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 129, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inherent-strain-based method reduces the computational time compared to weakly-coupled thermo-mechanical simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 91, "end": 108}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 109, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed the presence of high tensile residual stresses at and near the surface of both titanium and Inconel alloys samples, whereas compressive residual stresses were seen at the center region.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stresses", "start": 36, "end": 61}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 151, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "Inconel alloys", "start": 107, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A good agreement was seen between the results obtained from contour method and the numerical simulation, particularly 1 mm below the surface of the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 83, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 133, "end": 140}, {"text": "samples", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents an automated thresholding method for analyzing and quantifying the internal composition of additive manufacturing (AM) parts using computed tomography (CT) data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "data", "start": 176, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 133}, {"text": "AM", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 151, "end": 170}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 172, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A mixed skewed-Gaussian distribution (MSGD) algorithm, derived from a statistical image analysis technique called Mixed Gaussian Distribution (MGD) clustering, integrates a mixture of skewed-Gaussian distributions to model the internal phases from CT data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 24, "end": 36}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 82, "end": 96}, {"text": "Gaussian", "start": 120, "end": 128}, {"text": "Distribution", "start": 129, "end": 141}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 200, "end": 213}, {"text": "model", "start": 217, "end": 222}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 248, "end": 250}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parameters of the MSGD algorithm (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 27, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "probability, mean, standard deviation, and skew) are inferred from the measured grayscale histogram using least-squares fitting and are assigned to phases present in the CT data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "probability", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviation", "start": 19, "end": 37}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 170, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the MSGD fitted and thresholded CT data, phase volume percentages and spatial variations of density of the phases are quantified.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "spatial variations", "start": 75, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The MSGD algorithm was validated using previously reported CT analysis and experimental porosity measurements of two Cobalt Chrome (CoCr) specimens (∼1% and ∼13% porosity) fabricated by powder bed fusion (PBF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 75, "end": 87}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 172, "end": 182}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "Cobalt Chrome", "start": 117, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 162, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 186, "end": 203}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 205, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with the 1.1% and 13.7% porosity of the specimens measured by the Archimedes method, the MSGD method predicted a porosity of 1.6% +/− 0.7% and 14.5% +/− 1.9%, a measured increase of 0.5% and 0.8%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Archimedes method", "start": 75, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 110, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results show a similarity in predicted porosity between Archimedes and MSGD method indicating that CT and the MSGD method may provide a reasonable estimate for part porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 171, "end": 179}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 105, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Developed a design and fabrication workflow for DM-based FGM structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "FGM", "start": 57, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The workflow integrates material as well as structural design with fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "workflow", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 24, "end": 32}, {"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 67, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Used a simplified regression-based model to predict the mechanical behavior of DMs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 56, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimentally validated the workflow with the help of voxel printed FGM structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimentally validated", "start": 0, "end": 24}, {"text": "workflow", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "voxel", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 69, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Voxel-based multimaterial jetting additive manufacturing allows fabrication of digital materials (DMs) at the meso-scale (∼1 mm) by controlling the deposition patterns of soft elastomeric and rigid glassy polymers at the voxel-scale (∼90 μm).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multimaterial jetting additive manufacturing", "start": 12, "end": 56}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 64, "end": 75}, {"text": "mm", "start": 125, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "digital materials", "start": 79, "end": 96}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 205, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The digital materials can then be used to create heterogeneous functionally graded material (FGM) structures at the macro-scale (∼10 mm) programmed to behave in a predefined manner.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "digital materials", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "functionally graded material", "start": 63, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "mm", "start": 133, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This offers huge potential for design and fabrication of novel and complex bespoke mechanical structures.This paper presents a complete design and manufacturing workflow that simultaneously integrates material design, structural design, and product fabrication of FGM structures based on digital materials.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "design", "start": 136, "end": 142}, {"text": "design", "start": 210, "end": 216}, {"text": "structural design", "start": 218, "end": 235}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 147, "end": 160}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 249, "end": 260}, {"text": "FGM", "start": 264, "end": 267}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "digital materials", "start": 288, "end": 305}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is enabled by a regression analysis of the experimental data on mechanical performance of the DMs i.e., Young’ s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "regression analysis", "start": 21, "end": 40}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 48, "end": 65}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 116, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 127, "end": 143}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 148, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This allows us to express the material behavior simply as a function of the microstructural descriptors (in this case, just volume fraction) without having to understand the underlying microstructural mechanics while simultaneously connecting it to the process parameters.Our proposed design and manufacturing approach is then demonstrated and validated in two series of design exercises to devise complex FGM structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 30, "end": 38}, {"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 185, "end": 200}, {"text": "process", "start": 253, "end": 260}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 124, "end": 139}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 285, "end": 291}, {"text": "design", "start": 371, "end": 377}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing approach", "start": 296, "end": 318}, {"text": "FGM", "start": 406, "end": 409}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, we design, computationally predict and experimentally validate the behavior of prescribed designs of FGM tensile structures with different material gradients.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "designs", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 108, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material gradients", "start": 146, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Second, we present a design automation approach for optimal FGM structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "automation", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 60, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The comparison between the simulations and the experiments with the FGM structures shows that the presented design and fabrication workflow based on our modeling approach for DMs at meso-scale can be effectively used to design and predict the performance of FGMs at macro-scale.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 68, "end": 71}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 119, "end": 130}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 108, "end": 114}, {"text": "design", "start": 220, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 197, "end": 199}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 243, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous titanium and tantalum structures were fabricated by additive manufacturing with 30% volume fraction designed porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "tantalum", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 91, "end": 106}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nanotubes were formed on the surface of the porous titanium using anodization process (TNT).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Nanotubes", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "surface", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "anodization", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "TNT", "start": 87, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous TNT and porous Ta showed comparable new bone formation as early as 5 weeks after surgery in a rat distal femur model.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "porous", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 47, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "application": [{"text": "surgery", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 118, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our findings for TNT pave a way to avoid high manufacturing cost related to biomedical application of tantalum.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "TNT", "start": 17, "end": 20}, {"text": "tantalum", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturing cost", "start": 46, "end": 64}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical application", "start": 76, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material properties of implants such as volume porosity and nanoscale surface modification have been shown to enhance cell-material interactions in vitro and osseointegration in vivo.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Material properties", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 23, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "osseointegration", "start": 158, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface modification", "start": 70, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous tantalum (Ta) and titanium (Ti) coatings are widely used for non-cemented implants, which are fabricated using different processing routes.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "Ta", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "implants", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In recent years, some of those implants are being manufactured using additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 50, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 69, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, limited knowledge is available on direct comparison of additively manufactured porous Ta and Ti structures towards early stage osseointegration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 64, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "Ta", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "osseointegration", "start": 136, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we have fabricated porous Ta and Ti6Al4V (Ti64) implants using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™) with similar volume fraction porosity to compare the influence of surface characteristics and material chemistry on in vivo response using a rat distal femur model for 5 and 12 weeks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "surface", "start": 181, "end": 188}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 218, "end": 227}, {"text": "model", "start": 273, "end": 278}], "material": [{"text": "Ta", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "material", "start": 209, "end": 217}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 78, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 128, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 144, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have also assessed whether surface modification on Ti64 can elicit similar in vivo response as porous Ta in a rat distal femur model for 5 and 12 weeks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface modification", "start": 30, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "Ti64", "start": 54, "end": 58}, {"text": "as", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "Ta", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 130, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The harvested implants were histologically analyzed for osteoid surface per bone surface.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 76, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was done to assess the bone-implant interface.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Field emission scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 43}, {"text": "FESEM", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "feature": [{"text": "bone-implant interface", "start": 75, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results presented here indicate comparable performance of porous Ta and surface modified porous Ti64 implants towards early stage osseointegration at 5 weeks post implantation through seamless bone-material interlocking.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "porous", "start": 93, "end": 99}, {"text": "osseointegration", "start": 134, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface modified", "start": 76, "end": 92}, {"text": "implantation", "start": 167, "end": 179}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 105, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) allows optimising parts by integrating complexity.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design for Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DfAM adds value to powder bed fusion (PBF) manufacturing in terms of cost, manufacturing lead time, and productivity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 19, "end": 36}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 56}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 88}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead time", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 104, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material usage is the main cost driver in metal PBF and is determined by part volume and lattice volume fraction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "metal", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 104, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DfAM can reduce the manufacturing cost by 53.7%, manufacturing time by 54.3%, and overall weight by 52.5%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturing cost", "start": 20, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 90, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DfAM is necessary to increase the economic feasibility of AM business cases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cost-effectiveness of metal powder bed fusion (PBF) systems in high-throughput production are dominated by the high cost of metallic powder materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 26, "end": 49}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 51, "end": 54}, {"text": "production", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "metallic powder", "start": 128, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal PBF technologies become more competitive in production scenarios when Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) is integrated to embed functionality through shape complexity, weight, and material reduction through topology optimization and lattice structures.This study investigates the value of DfAM in terms of unit cost and manufacturing time reduction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "material", "start": 192, "end": 200}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 245, "end": 252}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 275, "end": 287}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 351, "end": 360}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 332, "end": 345}], "feature": [{"text": "Design for Additive Manufacturing", "start": 76, "end": 109}, {"text": "shape complexity", "start": 162, "end": 178}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 219, "end": 240}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 180, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Input design parameters, such as lattice design-type, part size, volume fraction, material type and production volumes are included in a Design-of-Experiment to model their impact.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 6, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 65, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 161, "end": 166}, {"text": "impact", "start": 173, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance variables for cost and manufacturing time were assessed for two scenarios: (i) outsourcing scenario using an online quotation system, and (ii) in-house scenario utilizing a decision support system (DSS) for metal PBF.The results indicate that the size of the part and the lattice volume fraction are the most significant parameters that contribute to time and cost savings.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "outsourcing", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 288, "end": 295}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 303, "end": 311}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 337, "end": 347}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 52}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 198, "end": 205}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 223, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study shows that full utilization of build platforms by volume-optimized parts, high production volumes, and reduction of volume fraction lead to substantial benefits for metal PBF industrialization.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platforms", "start": 42, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 127, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 143, "end": 147}, {"text": "metal", "start": 176, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Integration of DfAM and lattice designs for lightweight part production can decrease the unit cost of production down to 70.6% and manufacturing time can be reduced significantly down to 71.7% depending on the manufacturing scenarios and design constraints when comparing to solid infill designs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice designs", "start": 24, "end": 39}, {"text": "design", "start": 238, "end": 244}, {"text": "designs", "start": 288, "end": 295}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "production", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 131, "end": 144}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 210, "end": 223}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 281, "end": 287}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study also provides a case example of a bracket design whose cost is reduced by 53.7%, manufacturing time is reduced by 54.3%, and the overall weight is reduced significantly with the use of lattices structures and topology optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "bracket", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 91, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 147, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 219, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capability to manufacture items in space is an exploration enabling advancement, and will be crucial for sustainable human exploration as we progress beyond Earth orbit.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "sustainable", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "as", "start": 139, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrusion based Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method using thermoplastics represents a robust and simple methodology applicable to printing parts for both current and future human spaceflight exploration missions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 20, "end": 46}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 48, "end": 51}, {"text": "simple", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 66, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 112, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Understanding the performance and behaviour of the FFF process under varying gravity loads is therefore an important knowledge gap that needs to be addressed in order to fully appreciate the characteristics of space manufactured elements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 216, "end": 228}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 145, "end": 147}, {"text": "elements", "start": 229, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we detail an experiment conducted on a parabolic flight campaign (PFC) wherein we produced a number of FFF polylactic acid (PLA) polymer test articles and compared them to terrestrially fabricated articles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 201, "end": 211}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 118, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 139, "end": 142}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report on the methodology and the operational parameters used, as well as presenting an analysis of the samples via optical microscopy and tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 49, "end": 59}, {"text": "samples", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 119, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compressive, tensile and other technical properties are reported herein.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 41, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An approach to teaching additive manufacturing (AM) course for engineering students is suggested.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 24, "end": 46}, {"text": "AM", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A pedagogical model was developed, based on PDL strategy, for a 14-week AM course.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 72, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The students designed and 3D printed devices helping people with disabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 26, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The projects served as useful collaborative learning experiences for AM education.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 20, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 69, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The course demonstrates the potential of AM technologies as innovative environment.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 41, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study suggests an approach to teaching a novel additive manufacturing (AM) course for engineering students at the graduate level, developed in 2015 and taught currently at Afeka Academic College of Engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}, {"text": "AM", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 98, "end": 109}, {"text": "Engineering", "start": 210, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed course is dedicated to the fundamentals, methods, materials, standards and industrial applications of AM, and involves introduction lectures, special topic lectures organized with industry and academic experts, laboratory training and final engineering projects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "standards", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "laboratory", "start": 224, "end": 234}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "industry", "start": 193, "end": 201}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 254, "end": 265}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 115, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first project proposed by the students was to develop and build an opener for medicine containers; the second was to design and build a device for pouring liquids for people with Parkinson’ s disease; and the third was to design and construct a 3D puzzle for blind or visually impaired people.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "build", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "medicine", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "3D", "start": 249, "end": 251}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 121, "end": 127}, {"text": "design", "start": 226, "end": 232}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 194, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All three projects were designed with a computer-aided design program and then printed using the ABS material.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer-aided design", "start": 40, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "ABS material", "start": 97, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quality control (three-point bending tests and light microscopy) was routinely conducted on standard specimens printed on the same tray with the components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quality control", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "standard", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "three-point bending tests", "start": 17, "end": 42}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 145, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The learning process included two iteration steps that were executed to improve and optimize the structural design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "structural design", "start": 97, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final 3D printed objects, the students’ presentations, their experience, as reflected in their final reports, and their personal written evaluations, lead to the conclusion that the projects served as useful learning experience for engineering education.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "lead", "start": 154, "end": 158}, {"text": "as", "start": 202, "end": 204}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 236, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we report a pre-fractal antenna design based on the Sierpinski tetrahedron that has been developed with additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Sierpinski tetrahedron-based antenna was simulated with finite element method (FEM) modeling and experimentally tested to highlight its potential for wideband communications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 60, "end": 81}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 83, "end": 86}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 88, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Sierpinski tetrahedron-based antennas were fabricated by two methods, the first involves printing the antenna out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), followed by spin casting a coating of an ABS solution containing graphene flakes produced through electrochemical exfoliation, the second method involves 3D printing the antenna from graphene-impregnated polylactic acid (PLA) filament directly without any coating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "flakes", "start": 234, "end": 240}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 258, "end": 273}], "material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 121, "end": 152}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 154, "end": 157}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 201, "end": 204}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 225, "end": 233}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 364, "end": 379}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 381, "end": 384}, {"text": "filament", "start": 386, "end": 394}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 177, "end": 184}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 314, "end": 325}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 187, "end": 194}, {"text": "coating", "start": 416, "end": 423}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These antennas incorporate the advantages of 3D printing which allows for rapid prototyping and the development of devices with complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 45, "end": 56}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 74, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 128, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to these manufacturing advantages, self-similar antennas like the Sierpinski tetrahedron can be realized which provide increased gain and multi-band performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 133, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 153, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures fabricated via Additive Manufacturing (AM) offer improved performance over traditional manufacturing methods, however, predicting their mechanical behaviour both accurately and with acceptable computational efficiency remains a challenge.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "performance", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "mechanical behaviour", "start": 155, "end": 175}, {"text": "computational efficiency", "start": 212, "end": 236}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 56}, {"text": "AM", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 119}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 181, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM associated defects combined with multiple high aspect-ratio strut elements require fine 3D finite-element (FE) meshes; resulting in high computational complexity that limits the number of lattice unit cells that can be practically simulated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "3D", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 154, "end": 164}, {"text": "limits", "start": 170, "end": 176}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 63, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "FE", "start": 110, "end": 112}, {"text": "be", "start": 219, "end": 221}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice unit", "start": 191, "end": 203}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 204, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alternatively, Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko beam elements can be specified to reduce computational complexity.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 45, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 100, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, these beam elements are typically based on idealised representations that exclude AM associated defects.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 15, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 105, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research proposes a novel method which combines data driven AM defect modelling, Markov Chains and Monte Carlo (MCS) simulation techniques to predict the stiffness of an AM lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "data", "start": 53, "end": 57}, {"text": "structure", "start": 186, "end": 195}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "AM", "start": 175, "end": 177}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 159, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, this method accommodates stochastic distributions of AM associated defects within computationally effective beam models; thereby enabling the simulation of large-scale lattice structures at a relatively low computational cost.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stochastic distributions", "start": 38, "end": 62}, {"text": "defects", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 121, "end": 125}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 155, "end": 165}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 181, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed method is aimed at reliability analysis or a probabilistic approach to structural analysis of AM lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "structural analysis", "start": 84, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 107, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combination of generating AM strut digital realisations and MCS, resulted in a variety of possible strut deformation shapes and effective diameters under axial compression.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 103, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 164, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The propagation of effective diameter variability to the lattice-scale level displayed the possible variation in the mechanical response of AM lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "variation", "start": 100, "end": 109}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 117, "end": 136}, {"text": "structure", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 140, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations are validated and insight into how a lattice structures unit cell topology affects simulation accuracy is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 49, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cell topology", "start": 73, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "simulation accuracy", "start": 95, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of laser additive manufacturing based on melting of injected zirconium powder under localized shielding was evaluated in terms of microstructures and mechanical properties of thin wall structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 39}, {"text": "melting", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "zirconium powder", "start": 69, "end": 85}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 138, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 158, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material was characterized in both the laser travel and the build directions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "build directions", "start": 64, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructures, tensile properties and fracture behavior were assessed for deposits made using as-received and recycled powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "powder", "start": 125, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 21, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microcopy revealed a fine structure of Zr-α laths with nano-scale iron-rich precipitates at the lath interfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "transmission", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "nano-scale", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 137, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties of the fabricated components, which were made using new as-received powder were comparable to a Zr-2.5Nb alloy substrate, with yield strengths of over 569 MPa and uniform strains up to the ultimate tensile stress ranging from 8.5 to 9.9%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 170, "end": 173}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 33, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 83, "end": 89}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strengths", "start": 142, "end": 157}, {"text": "tensile stress", "start": 213, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, when recycled powder was used, the ductility dropped with total strains to failure of 1.0–7.5%, as a result of porosity and unmelted powder particles serving as brittle inclusions in the deposited material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "failure", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "powder particles", "start": 142, "end": 158}, {"text": "as", "start": 167, "end": 169}, {"text": "inclusions", "start": 178, "end": 188}, {"text": "material", "start": 206, "end": 214}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 120, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printed AlSi10Mg can be used in electrical applications once heat treated Electrical resistivity values once heat treated are comparable to cast alloy values Resistivity of as-built AlSi10Mg increases by 27% depending on build orientation Heat treatment can reduce as-built resistivity by 33% Additive manufacturing (AM) opens up a design freedom beyond the limits of traditional manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "cast", "start": 143, "end": 147}, {"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 296, "end": 318}, {"text": "AM", "start": 320, "end": 322}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 371, "end": 396}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 148, "end": 153}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 185, "end": 193}], "application": [{"text": "electrical applications", "start": 35, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 64, "end": 68}, {"text": "heat", "start": 112, "end": 116}, {"text": "design freedom", "start": 335, "end": 349}, {"text": "limits", "start": 361, "end": 367}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Electrical resistivity", "start": 77, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Resistivity", "start": 161, "end": 172}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 277, "end": 288}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 224, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrical windings created through AM could lead to more powerful and compact electric motors, but only if the electrical properties of the AM printed part can be shown to be similar to conventionally manufactured systems.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "compact", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "AM", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 45, "end": 49}, {"text": "be", "start": 161, "end": 163}, {"text": "be", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrical properties", "start": 112, "end": 133}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 202, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Until now, no study has reported on the suitability of AM parts for electrical applications as there are few appropriate materials available to AM for this purpose.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "application": [{"text": "electrical applications", "start": 68, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 121, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 144, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AlSi10Mg is a relatively good electrical conductor that does not have the same reported issues associated with processing pure aluminium or copper via selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "conductor", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "copper", "start": 140, "end": 146}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 151, "end": 174}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 176, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, experiments were conducted to test the effects of geometry and heat treatments on the resistivity of AlSi10Mg processed by SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 69, "end": 84}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 129, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that post heat treatments resulted in a resistivity that was 33% lower than the as-built material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 23, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 102, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heat treatment also eliminated variance in the resistivity of as-built parts due to initial build orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 96, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By conducting these tests, it was found that, with this material, there is no penalty in terms of higher resistivity for using AM in electrical applications, thus allowing more design freedom in future electrical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 105, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 127, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "electrical applications", "start": 133, "end": 156}, {"text": "electrical applications", "start": 202, "end": 225}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 177, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Future exploration missions beyond low-Earth orbit would significantly benefit from a closed loop recyclable Additive Manufactured capability, allowing the production of general purpose tools and items in a time and cost effective manner.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recyclable", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufactured", "start": 109, "end": 130}, {"text": "production", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 186, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To realize this ambition, we present a feasibility study of a Solvent-Cast Direct-Write method using Polyvinyl Alcohol as biodegradable material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}, {"text": "material", "start": 136, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process parameters such as solution viscosity, evaporation rate, print pressure and scan speed are optimized in order to achieve a consistent and reliable print outcome.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process parameters", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "evaporation rate", "start": 47, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 65, "end": 70}, {"text": "print", "start": 155, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate the process by fabricating test complex geometries of sample specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 47, "end": 65}, {"text": "sample", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 30, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, we report on the mechanical properties of printed geometries as well as the recyclability aspects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 27, "end": 48}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "recyclability", "start": 86, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aerospace, automotive and medical industries are suffering from significant number of counterfeited metallic products that not only have caused financial losses but also endanger lives.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "medical industries", "start": 30, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 104, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rapid development of additive manufacturing technologies makes such a situation even worse.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 25, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this investigation, we successfully applied a novel hybrid powder delivery selective laser melting (SLM) approach to embed dissimilar tagging material (Cu10Sn copper alloy) safety features (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "material", "start": 145, "end": 153}, {"text": "copper alloy", "start": 162, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 78, "end": 101}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 103, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "safety", "start": 176, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "QR code) into metallic components made of 316 L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 48, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 23, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray imaging was found to be a suitable method for the identification of the embedded safety features up to 15 mm in depth.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray imaging", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "safety", "start": 87, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray fluorescence was used for the chemical composition identification of the imbedded security tagging material.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "fluorescence", "start": 6, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 36, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 105, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A criterion for the selection of tagging material, its dimensions and imbedding depth is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 55, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The multiple material SLM technology was shown to offer the potential to be integrated into metallic component production for embedding anti-counterfeiting features.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "be", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 101, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development of cooling devices is important for many industrial products, and the lattice structure fabricated by additive manufacturing is expected to be useful for effective liquid cooling.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 118, "end": 140}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 187, "end": 194}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 86, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, lattice density should be carefully designed for an effective arrangement of coolant flow.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice density", "start": 9, "end": 24}, {"text": "designed", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "coolant", "start": 86, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research, we optimize the lattice density distribution using a lattice structure approximation and the gradient method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 50, "end": 62}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice density", "start": 34, "end": 49}, {"text": "lattice structure", "start": 71, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fluid flow is approximated by deriving effective properties from the Darcy–Forchheimer law and analyzing the flow according to the Brinkman–Forchheimer equation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fluid flow", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 49, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use a simple basic lattice shape composed of pillars, optimizing only its density distribution by setting the pillar diameter as the design variable.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 120, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density distribution", "start": 77, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 136, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Steady-state pressure and temperature reductions are treated as multi-objective functions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through 2D and 3D numerical studies, we discuss the validity and limitations of the proposed method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 8, "end": 10}, {"text": "3D", "start": 15, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although observable errors in accuracy exist between the results obtained from the optimization and full scale models, relative performance optimization was considered successful.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 83, "end": 95}, {"text": "performance optimization", "start": 128, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 30, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing has seen large growth due to its numerous process advantages, yet some undesirable defects in additive manufactured (AM) products include pores and micro-cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 117, "end": 138}, {"text": "AM", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "defects", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "micro-cracks", "start": 171, "end": 183}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 161, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These defects weaken the high temperature oxidation resistance of the final parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "oxidation resistance", "start": 42, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, laser shock peening (LSP) is used as a post-treatment method to change the surface characteristics of selective laser melted (SLM) nano-TiC particle-reinforced Inconel 625 nanocomposites (TiC/IN625).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "peening", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "post-treatment", "start": 53, "end": 67}, {"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 116, "end": 138}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 140, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 174, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 89, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of LSP on surface morphology, residual stress, microhardness, microstructure, and high temperature oxidation behavior of fabricated parts are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 22, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 42, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 59, "end": 72}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 74, "end": 88}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 133, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 111, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate pores in the as-built sample can be closed by the severe plastic deformation, which is induced by LSP.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 78, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum hardness is found to reach 462 ± 7 HV with a ∼ 460 μm hardened layer, and the surface stress state transforms from tensile to compressive after LSP.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "stress", "start": 98, "end": 104}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardened", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 90, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of the (111) and (200) diffraction broaden, which can be attributed to grain refinement and an increase in lattice strain in the LSP samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "grain refinement", "start": 116, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "samples", "start": 178, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dislocation walls and dislocation tangles with high dislocation density form in the LSP sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "sample", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "dislocation density", "start": 52, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with as-built sample, the LSP samples exhibit lower mass gain after oxidation at 900 °C for 100 h, indicating that LSP samples have greater oxidation resistance at high temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "samples", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "samples", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 66, "end": 70}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 178, "end": 189}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "oxidation resistance", "start": 149, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The underlying mechanism governing the high temperature oxidation resistance is proposed based on the experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 102, "end": 114}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "oxidation resistance", "start": 56, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study shows that LSP can be used as an effective method to modify the surface characteristics of SLM TiC/IN625.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 102, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many applications require structures composed of layers of heterogeneous materials and prefabricated components embedded between the layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 59, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The existing additive manufacturing process based on layered object manufacturing is not able to handle multiple layer materials and can not embed prefabricated components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 13, "end": 43}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 113, "end": 118}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 161, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the existing process imposes restrictions on the material options.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 59, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This significantly limits the type of heterogeneous structures that can be manufactured using traditional additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 38, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 106, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an extension of sheet lamination object manufacturing process by using a robotic cell to perform the sheet manipulation and handling.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sheet lamination", "start": 36, "end": 52}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 60, "end": 81}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 101, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 121, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It makes the following three advances: (1) enabling the use of multi-material layers and inclusion of prefabricated components between the layers, (2) developing an algorithmic foundation to facilitate automated generation of robot instructions, and (3) identifying the relevant process constraints related to speed, accuracy, and strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "process", "start": 279, "end": 286}], "material": [{"text": "inclusion", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 116, "end": 126}, {"text": "robot", "start": 226, "end": 231}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 317, "end": 325}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 331, "end": 339}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate the system capabilities by using three case studies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case studies", "start": 54, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pure Zn bulk samples of good formation quality and high tensile properties were produced.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zn", "start": 5, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "quality", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 56, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of scanning speed on grain size, morphology and texture was clarified.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 14, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crystallographic effects resulted to strong anisotropy in mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 58, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The existence of tiny pores in LPBF samples influenced corrosion behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 22, "end": 27}, {"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 55, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 31, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion rate increased with increasing scanning speed at the initial stage of immersion, and the gap narrowed as immersion time passed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has been previously used to produce customized medical implants from biodegradable Zn and its alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "medical implants", "start": 78, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "Zn", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 125, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we investigated the effect of the grain structure on the mechanical properties and in vitro corrosion behavior of pure Zn samples, by varying the scanning speed and building direction during the LPBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structure", "start": 49, "end": 64}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 72, "end": 93}, {"text": "samples", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 107, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "Zn", "start": 134, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 161, "end": 175}, {"text": "building direction", "start": 180, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 210, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the scanning speed from 300 to 700 mm/s resulted in finer grains, irregular grain morphology, and a weaker grain texture, which enhanced the strength and ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 15, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "grain", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "grain", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 152, "end": 160}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 165, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vertically built LPBF Zn tensile samples had higher strength and ductility compared with horizontally built samples, indicating strong anisotropy of the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "strength", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "samples", "start": 108, "end": 115}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 153, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrochemical tests revealed that the in vitro corrosion behavior was not strongly correlated with the scanning speed.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electrochemical tests", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 49, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 105, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This was attributable to the random distribution of tiny pores on the surface of the LPBF samples, although immersion tests showed that the sample prepared with the highest scanning speed exhibited the highest corrosion rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 36, "end": 48}, {"text": "surface", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "sample", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 210, "end": 219}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 85, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 173, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing immersion time in Hank’ s solution, the Zn2+ concentrations of the samples produced with different scanning speeds increased, their pH stabilized, and the differences between the corrosion rates narrowed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 40, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "pH", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 195, "end": 204}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speeds", "start": 115, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the processing parameters on the final performance of the samples could be well explained by the grain structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "performance", "start": 54, "end": 65}, {"text": "samples", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "grain structures", "start": 112, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 87, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings of this study afford bases for selecting the processing parameters for optimizing the properties of LPBF-produced Zn parts for biodegradable applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "properties", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "Zn", "start": 127, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing powder feedstock metrics for powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) are related to packing efficiency and flowability, and newer techniques, such as powder rheometry and dynamic avalanche testing, have received recent attention in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 9, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 38, "end": 55}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 57, "end": 60}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 62, "end": 84}, {"text": "AM", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 168, "end": 170}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 192, "end": 199}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 210, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To date, however, no powder characterization technique is able to predict the spreadability of AM feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study endeavored to establish viable powder spreadability metrics through the development of a spreadability testing rig that emulates the recoating conditions present in commercial PBF AM systems.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF AM", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As no metrics for spreadability currently exist, four potential metrics were evaluated in a 3∙23 split plot experimental design.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental design", "start": 108, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These four metrics were: (1) the percentage of the build plate covered by spread powder, (2) the rate of powder deposition, (3) the average avalanching angle of the powder, and (4) the rate of change of the avalanching angle.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plate", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spread", "start": 74, "end": 80}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 112, "end": 122}, {"text": "average", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "powder", "start": 105, "end": 111}, {"text": "powder", "start": 165, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three samples of gas atomized, Al-10Si-0.5 Mg PBF powder representing differing degrees of quality were used as the levels of the powder quality input variable.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "quality", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas atomized", "start": 17, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "Mg", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "powder", "start": 50, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "powder", "start": 130, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As no powder quality metrics have been shown to be indicative of powder spreadability in PBF, various bulk powder characteristics were used as the powder quality indicator during ANOVA.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "powder", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "be", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "powder", "start": 65, "end": 71}, {"text": "powder", "start": 107, "end": 113}, {"text": "as", "start": 140, "end": 142}, {"text": "powder", "start": 147, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 89, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Of the four metrics tested, the average avalanching angle, while statistically dependent of the powders angle of repose, showed poor correlation with experimental data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 150, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "poor build plate coverage and powder clumping, as measured by the viable spreading metrics.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plate", "start": 5, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Other processing parameters, such as the recoating speed and the recoater blade material were shown to also influence the spread quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "spread quality", "start": 122, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "material", "start": 80, "end": 88}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "recoater blade", "start": 65, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A design strategy for lattice cell configurations beyond Maxwell criterion.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 2, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "Maxwell criterion", "start": 57, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 30, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Established theoretical models to predict compressive modulus and strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical models", "start": 12, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compressive tests and μ-CT to assess mechanical properties and defects.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Compressive tests", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 37, "end": 58}, {"text": "defects", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A finite element modeling method based on inherent manufacturing defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 2, "end": 16}, {"text": "defects", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison of experimental and theoretical results rendered minimal deviation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 33, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology exhibits potential for the design and manufacturing of complex lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}, {"text": "AM", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 96, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 85, "end": 91}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 121, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, a novel design strategy is proposed for the lattice unit cell configurations, including triangular prism (T), quadrangular prism (Q) and hexagonal prism (H), by considering the tight spatial arrangement and manufacturing constraints.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 16, "end": 22}, {"text": "lattice unit", "start": 52, "end": 64}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 145, "end": 154}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 65, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturing constraints", "start": 215, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the influence of altering the degree of freedom of nodes, caused by additional struts, on mechanical performance and energy absorption capacity is systematically investigated by theoretical modeling, experimental characterization and finite element method.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption capacity", "start": 127, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 188, "end": 199}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 210, "end": 222}, {"text": "finite element method", "start": 244, "end": 265}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 200, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A series of lattice core sandwich panels is designed and manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice core", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "designed", "start": 44, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 73, "end": 96}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 98, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) is carried out to obtain the realistic geometrical information.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray micro-computed tomography", "start": 0, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quasi-static uniaxial compressive tests are performed to investigate the failure mechanism and mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quasi-static", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compressive tests", "start": 22, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mechanism", "start": 73, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 95, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results reveal that the joint connectivity of the unit cell increased with the increase of the number of the struts, resulting in superior compressive modulus and ultimate strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 113, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 167, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main deformation mode of cells is gradually changed from bending-dominated to stretch-dominated with the increase of the joint connectivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "joint", "start": 125, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 29, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed design ensures the performance consistency of the manufactured struts and facilitates the theoretical predictions and analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance consistency", "start": 32, "end": 55}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 63, "end": 75}, {"text": "theoretical predictions", "start": 103, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the specific energy absorption of the structure also increased with the increase of joint connectivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "specific energy absorption", "start": 17, "end": 43}, {"text": "structure", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "joint", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of unit cells with different configurations, T series rendered superior specific strength and specific energy absorption, whereas Q series exhibited excellent specific stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cells", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "specific energy absorption", "start": 106, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific strength", "start": 84, "end": 101}, {"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 171, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly moving from research to commercial applications due to its ability to produce geometric features difficult or impossible to generate by conventional machining.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "conventional machining", "start": 175, "end": 197}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 51, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fielded components need to endure fatigue loadings over long operational lifetimes.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 8, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 34, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work evaluates the ability of shot and laser peening to enhance the fatigue lifetime and strength of AM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser peening", "start": 44, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "strength", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As previously shown, peening processes induce beneficial microstructure and residual stress enhancement; this work takes a step to demonstrate the fatigue enhancement of peening including for the case of geometric stress risers as expected for fielded AM components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "as", "start": 228, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "peening", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "peening", "start": 170, "end": 177}, {"text": "AM", "start": 252, "end": 254}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 57, "end": 71}, {"text": "step", "start": 123, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 147, "end": 154}, {"text": "stress", "start": 214, "end": 220}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "risers", "start": 221, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present AM sample fatigue results with and without a stress riser using untreated baseline samples and shot and laser peening surface treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 11, "end": 13}, {"text": "laser peening", "start": 115, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "stress", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "riser", "start": 63, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 94, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser peening is clearly shown to provide superior fatigue life and strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser peening", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "strength", "start": 68, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also investigated the ability of analysis to select laser peening parameters and coverage that can shape and/or correctively reshape AM components to a high degree of precision.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser peening", "start": 55, "end": 68}, {"text": "AM", "start": 136, "end": 138}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 170, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrated this potential by shaping and shape correction using our finite element based predictive modeling and highly controlled laser peening.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "shaping", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "laser peening", "start": 136, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 73, "end": 87}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 105, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work addressed the challenges of identifying applicable Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques suitable for inspection and materials characterization techniques for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Non-Destructive Testing", "start": 68, "end": 91}, {"text": "inspection", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "NDT", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "materials", "start": 137, "end": 146}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 179, "end": 214}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 216, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the view of transferring WAAM to the industry and qualifying the manufacturing process for applications such as structural components, the quality of the produced parts needs to be assured.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 30, "end": 34}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 70, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "be", "start": 183, "end": 185}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, the main objective of this paper is to review the main NDT techniques and assess the capability of detecting WAAM defects, for inspection either in a monitoring, in-process or post-process scenario.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "NDT", "start": 61, "end": 64}, {"text": "defects", "start": 120, "end": 127}, {"text": "post-process", "start": 182, "end": 194}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 115, "end": 119}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Radiography and ultrasonic testing were experimentally tested on reference specimens in order to compare the techniques capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Radiography", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 27, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metallographic, hardness and electrical conductivity analysis were also applied to the same specimens for material characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 29, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental outcomes prove that typical WAAM defects can be detected by the referred techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "defects", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 41, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The electrical conductivity measurement may complement or substitute some destructive methods used in AM processing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 4, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 102, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compressive creep properties of AlSi10Mg parts produced by additive manufacturing selective laser melting (AM-SLM) were studied using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) apparatus, capable of performing uniaxial compressive creep tests.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}, {"text": "spark plasma sintering", "start": 136, "end": 158}, {"text": "SPS", "start": 160, "end": 163}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "creep tests", "start": 219, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stress relief-treated specimens were tested under an applied stress of 100–130 MPa in the 175–225 °C temperature range.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Stress", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "stress", "start": 61, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 79, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 101, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The creep parameters (i.e., stress exponent n and apparent activation energy Q), were empirically determined.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "stress", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "n", "start": 44, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results, together with microstructural examination of specimens, indicate that plastic deformation was controlled by dislocation activity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 40, "end": 55}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 134, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 96, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, it is suggested that the annihilation process of dislocations during creep was enhanced by the electric current.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 82, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This experimental study investigates the combined effect of the three primary Additive Manufacturing (AM) build orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) and an extensive array of heat treatment plans on the plastic anisotropy of maraging steel 300 (MS1) fabricated on the EOSINT M280 Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 5, "end": 17}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 24, "end": 36}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 245, "end": 255}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 78, "end": 100}, {"text": "AM", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 170, "end": 184}, {"text": "Direct Metal Laser Sintering", "start": 275, "end": 303}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 305, "end": 309}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientations", "start": 106, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 198, "end": 205}, {"text": "maraging steel", "start": 220, "end": 234}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 206, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The alloy's microstructure, hardness, tensile properties and plastic strain behaviour have been examined for various strengthening heat-treatment plans to assess the influence of the time and temperature combinations on plastic anisotropy and mechanical properties (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 220, "end": 227}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 12, "end": 26}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 243, "end": 264}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 28, "end": 36}, {"text": "tensile properties", "start": 38, "end": 56}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 228, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 117, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 192, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "strength, ductility).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 10, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comprehensive visual representation of the material's overall mechanical properties, for all three AM build orientations, against the various heat treatment plans is offered through time–temperature contour maps.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 64, "end": 85}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 110, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 144, "end": 158}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 189, "end": 200}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 201, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considerable plastic anisotropy has been confirmed in the as-built condition, which can be reduced by aging heat-treatment, as verified in this study.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "be", "start": 88, "end": 90}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 21, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it has identified that a degree of transverse strain anisotropy is likely to remain due to the AM alloy's fabrication history, a finding that has not been previously reported in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain anisotropy", "start": 55, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 115, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 107, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the heat treatment plan (6h at 490 °C) recommended by the DMLS system manufacturer has been found not to be the optimal in terms of achieving high strength, hardness, ductility and low anisotropy for the MS1 material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 14, "end": 28}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturer", "start": 80, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 115, "end": 117}, {"text": "material", "start": 218, "end": 226}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 167, "end": 175}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 177, "end": 186}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 195, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the use of the comprehensive experimental data collected and analysed in this study, and presented in the constructed contour maps, the alloy's heat treatment parameters (time, temperature) can be tailored to meet the desired strength/ductility/anisotropy design requirements, either for research or part production purposes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 34, "end": 51}, {"text": "research", "start": 293, "end": 301}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 123, "end": 130}, {"text": "design", "start": 261, "end": 267}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 141, "end": 146}, {"text": "be", "start": 199, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 149, "end": 163}, {"text": "production", "start": 310, "end": 320}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 182, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have investigated the relationship between structure and thermal conductivity in additively manufactured interpenetrating A356/316L composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 60, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 84, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 135, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We used X-ray microcomputed tomography to characterize the pore structure in as-fabricated composites, finding microporosity in both constituents as well as a 50 μm thick layer of interfacial porosity separating the constituents.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 8, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 59, "end": 63}, {"text": "microporosity", "start": 111, "end": 124}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 192, "end": 200}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}, {"text": "as", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 171, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We measured the thermal conductivity of a 43 vol% 316L composite to be 53 Wm−1K−1, which is significantly less than that predicted by a simple rule-of-mixtures approximation, presumably because of the residual porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 16, "end": 36}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 210, "end": 218}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 121, "end": 130}, {"text": "residual", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 136, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Motivated by these experimental results we used periodic homogenization theory to determine the combined effects of porosity and unit cell structure on the effective thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 129, "end": 138}, {"text": "structure", "start": 139, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenization", "start": 57, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "parameter": [{"text": "effective thermal conductivity", "start": 156, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This analysis showed that in fully dense composites, the topology of the constituents has a weak effect on the thermal conductivity, whereas in composites with interfacial porosity, the size and structure of the unit cell strongly influence the thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "composites", "start": 144, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "topology", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "structure", "start": 195, "end": 204}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 212, "end": 221}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 111, "end": 131}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 172, "end": 180}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 245, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also found that an approximation formula of the strong contrast expansion method gives excellent estimates of the effective thermal conductivity of these composites, providing a powerful tool for designing functionally graded composites and for identifying mesostructures with optimal thermal conductivity values.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "effective thermal conductivity", "start": 117, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 157, "end": 167}, {"text": "composites", "start": 229, "end": 239}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 190, "end": 194}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 209, "end": 228}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 288, "end": 308}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the performance of a focus variation instrument for measurement of areal topography of metal additive surfaces was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "variation", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "topography", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 101, "end": 106}, {"text": "additive", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples were produced using both laser and electron beam powder bed fusion processes with some of the most common additive materials: Al-Si-10Mg, Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 43, "end": 56}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 114, "end": 122}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 146, "end": 157}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 162, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surfaces parallel and orthogonal to the build direction were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surfaces", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 40, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measurement performance was qualified by visually inspecting the topographic models obtained from measurement and quantified by computing the number of non-measured data points, by estimating local repeatability error in topography height determination and by computing the value of the areal field texture parameter Sa.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Measurement", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 98, "end": 109}, {"text": "topography", "start": 221, "end": 231}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 165, "end": 169}, {"text": "repeatability error", "start": 198, "end": 217}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 307, "end": 316}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 299, "end": 306}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variations captured through such indicators were investigated as focus variation-specific measurement control parameters were varied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variations", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 90, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Changes in magnification, illumination type, vertical resolution and lateral resolution were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "magnification", "start": 11, "end": 24}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 77, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental campaign was created through full factorial design of experiments, and regression models were used to link the selected measurement process control parameters to the measured performance indicators.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "factorial design", "start": 51, "end": 67}, {"text": "regression models", "start": 88, "end": 105}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "performance", "start": 192, "end": 203}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 137, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that focus variation microscopy measurement of metal additive surfaces is robust to changes of the measurement control parameters when the Sa texture parameter is considered, with variations confined to sub-micrometre scales and within 5% of the average parameter value for the same surface and objective.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 140, "end": 150}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 171, "end": 180}, {"text": "variations", "start": 201, "end": 211}, {"text": "average", "start": 267, "end": 274}, {"text": "surface", "start": 304, "end": 311}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microscopy", "start": 42, "end": 52}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 53, "end": 64}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 68, "end": 73}, {"text": "additive", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 163, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The number of non-measured points and the local repeatability error were more affected by the choice of measurement control parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "repeatability error", "start": 48, "end": 67}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 124, "end": 134}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, such changes could be predicted by the regression models, and proved consistent once material, type of additive process and orientation of the measured surface are set.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "material", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "additive", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "regression models", "start": 48, "end": 65}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 133, "end": 144}, {"text": "surface", "start": 161, "end": 168}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 173, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is a technique of applying high pressures through a fluid medium at high temperatures to enclosed powders, castings and pre-sintered metal parts to eliminate porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Hot Isostatic Pressing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressures", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 81, "end": 86}, {"text": "powders", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "metal", "start": 162, "end": 167}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 102, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pre-sintered", "start": 149, "end": 161}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 187, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to uniform volumetric shrinkage expected from this process, it can be a useful post-processing technique for complex-geometry parts fabricated using Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "process", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 83, "end": 98}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 136, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 153, "end": 175}, {"text": "AM", "start": 177, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order for the technique to work effectively, parts are typically required to have a minimum density of 92%, where surface porosity is closed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While HIP has been used in conjunction with powder bed fusion AM processes, its use for parts made using Binder Jetting (BJ) has not been investigated in detail due to the limitations of BJ in fabricating sufficiently high-density parts without infiltration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 6, "end": 9}, {"text": "powder bed fusion AM processes", "start": 44, "end": 74}, {"text": "Binder Jetting", "start": 105, "end": 119}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 121, "end": 123}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 187, "end": 189}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 193, "end": 204}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 245, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, detailed investigations on the effect of HIP on BJ parts printed from three different powder configurations, which led to varying levels of porosity, are performed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 55, "end": 58}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 100, "end": 106}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 129, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of HIP on the density, microstructure, tensile strength, and ductility of the resulting parts is reported.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 15, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 51, "end": 67}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 35, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A maximum density of 97.32% was achieved by HIP of printed and sintered parts created via bimodal powders.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the tensile strength and ductility were found to improve following HIP, which suggests that the reduction in porosity is predominant compared to the detrimental effects of grain coarsening.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 9, "end": 25}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 114, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 72, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "grain", "start": 177, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Control of the atomic structure, as measured by the extent of the embrittling B2 chemically ordered phase, is demonstrated in intermetallic alloys through additive manufacturing (AM) and characterized using high fidelity neutron diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "atomic structure", "start": 15, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "intermetallic alloys", "start": 126, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 100, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 155, "end": 177}, {"text": "AM", "start": 179, "end": 181}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "neutron diffraction", "start": 221, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a layer-by-layer rapid solidification process, AM was employed to suppress the extent of chemically ordered B2 phases in a soft ferromagnetic Fe-Co alloy, as a model material system of interest to electromagnetic applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 151, "end": 156}, {"text": "as", "start": 158, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 5, "end": 19}, {"text": "model material", "start": 163, "end": 177}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 26, "end": 48}, {"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extent of atomic ordering was found to be insensitive to the spatial location within specimens and suggests that the thermal conditions within only a few AM layers were most influential in controlling the microstructure, in agreement with the predictions from a thermal model for welding.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "welding", "start": 284, "end": 291}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 209, "end": 223}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 247, "end": 258}, {"text": "model", "start": 274, "end": 279}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analysis of process parameter effects on ordering found that suppression of B2 phase was the result of an increased average cooling rate during processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 12, "end": 29}, {"text": "phase", "start": 79, "end": 84}, {"text": "average", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM processing parameters, namely interlayer interval time and build velocity, were used to systematically control the relative fraction of ordered B2 phase in specimens from 0.49 to 0.72.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "phase", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness of AM specimens was more than 150% higher than conventionally processed bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 12, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 86, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Implications for tailoring microstructures of intermetallic alloys are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 27, "end": 42}, {"text": "intermetallic alloys", "start": 46, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wire–arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an emergent method for the production and repair of high value components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 33, "end": 37}, {"text": "production", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Introduction of plastic strain by inter-pass rolling has been shown to produce grain refinement and improve mechanical properties, however suitable quality control techniques are required to demonstrate the refinement non-destructively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 79, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 108, "end": 129}, {"text": "quality control", "start": 148, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, undeformed and rolled specimens have been analysed by spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS), allowing the efficacy of the rolling process to be observed in velocity maps.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 96, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling process", "start": 146, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 165, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work has three primary outcomes (i) differentiation of texture due to rolling force, (ii) understanding the acoustic wave velocity response in the textured material including the underlying crystallography, (iii) extraction of an additional build metric such as layer height from acoustic maps and further useful material information such as minimum stiffness direction.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "crystallography", "start": 194, "end": 209}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 160, "end": 168}, {"text": "as", "start": 263, "end": 265}, {"text": "material", "start": 317, "end": 325}, {"text": "as", "start": 343, "end": 345}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 245, "end": 250}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 354, "end": 363}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variations in acoustic response due to grain refinement and crystallographic orientation have been explored.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variations", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 77, "end": 88}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 39, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This allowed prior-β grains to be resolved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A basic algorithm has been proposed for the automated measurement, which could be used for in-line closed loop control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "closed loop control", "start": 99, "end": 118}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "automated measurement", "start": 44, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) professionals often throw around the notion that complexity is free.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 77, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Indeed, complexity is much easier and potentially cheaper to achieve through AM than through traditional manufacturing, but it is not free.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 8, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 93, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Upon attempting to manufacture complex designs, it is quickly found that certain features, or topologies, are more manufacturable than others, with sacrificial support material required for many complex designs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "topologies", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "manufacturable", "start": 115, "end": 129}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "designs", "start": 203, "end": 210}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 160, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This will significantly increase machining costs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 33, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Topology Optimization (TO) is a freeform computational design methodology which is ideal for designing lightweight structures through a combination of modeling and rigorous optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Topology Optimization", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "design", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform", "start": 32, "end": 40}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 173, "end": 185}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "lightweight structures", "start": 103, "end": 125}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 151, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While AM can realize many complex topologies, there still remain AM manufacturing limitations (such as overhangs), which require customized TO design algorithms beyond freeform TO.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 6, "end": 8}, {"text": "AM", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "topologies", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 150, "end": 160}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 143, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a projection-based TO methodology is presented to design for 3D self-supporting structures–i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "3D", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 64, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "structures that do not require sacrificial support material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 43, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The foundation of the presented methodology is a 2D overhang projection framework.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "2D", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "framework", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to expanding the methodology to three dimensions, the algorithm is drastically improved through (1) adopting a new overhang mapping scheme which allows for exact specification of allowable overhang angle, and (2) implementing an adjoint approach to sensitivity calculations to speed up calculation drastically and to allow for scalability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "specification", "start": 174, "end": 187}, {"text": "overhang angle", "start": 201, "end": 215}, {"text": "sensitivity", "start": 261, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using several examples, it is shown that the presented methodology generates self-supporting structures (given a prescribed printable overhang angle) which are entirely manufacturable without any added sacrificial support material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 55, "end": 66}, {"text": "manufacturable", "start": 169, "end": 183}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 77, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang angle", "start": 134, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 214, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Upon printing a couple topologies with mixed success, further customization of the algorithm is proposed for situations where multiple directional-dependent overhang angles are possible in a single AM system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topologies", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang angles", "start": 157, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 198, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An analytical process model for predicting the layer height and wall width from the process parameters was developed for wire + arc additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V, which includes inter-pass temperature and material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process model", "start": 14, "end": 27}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 84, "end": 102}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 209, "end": 228}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 47, "end": 59}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 193, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additive manufacture", "start": 121, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 156, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Capillarity theory predicted that cylindrical deposits were produced where the wall width was less than 12 mm (radius < 6 mm) due to the large value of the surface tension.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "mm", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 156, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Power was predicted with an accuracy of ±20% for a wide range of conditions for pulsed TIG and plasma deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Power", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "range", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "plasma deposition", "start": 95, "end": 112}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG", "start": 87, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Interesting differences in the power requirements were observed where a surface depression was produced with the plasma process due to differences in melting efficiency and/or convection effects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 113, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 150, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, it was estimated the impact of controlling the workpiece temperature on the accuracy of the deposit geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 85, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing of Si and hydroxyapatite reinforced Ti6Al4Vmatrix compositesusinglaser-based directed energy deposition (DED) from powder blends.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 14, "end": 16}, {"text": "hydroxyapatite", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "powder blends", "start": 126, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 88, "end": 114}, {"text": "DED", "start": 116, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Si addition helped form in situ reactive phases of titanium silicides and vanadium silicides Composites showed higher hardness, lower coefficient of friction and better wear resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "titanium silicides", "start": 51, "end": 69}, {"text": "vanadium", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "Composites", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 118, "end": 126}, {"text": "coefficient of friction", "start": 134, "end": 157}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 169, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed-energy deposition (DED) -based additive manufacturing (AM) was explored for composite development using silicon (Si) and hydroxyapatite (HA) in Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) matrix for articulating surfaces of load-bearing implants.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 16, "end": 26}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 40, "end": 62}, {"text": "AM", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "Si", "start": 122, "end": 124}, {"text": "hydroxyapatite", "start": 130, "end": 144}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 153, "end": 163}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 165, "end": 169}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 207, "end": 219}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 220, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, laser engineered net shaping (LENSTM)–a commercially available DED-based AM technique–was used to fabricate composites from premixed-feedstock powders.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 14, "end": 42}, {"text": "AM technique", "start": 87, "end": 99}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 112, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 122, "end": 132}, {"text": "powders", "start": 157, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The AM’ d composites proved to not only improve upon Ti64’ s mechanical properties but also produced an in-situ Si-based tribofilm during tribological testing that minimized wear induced damage.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 53, "end": 57}, {"text": "s", "start": 59, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 61, "end": 82}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 104, "end": 111}, {"text": "tribological", "start": 138, "end": 150}, {"text": "wear", "start": 174, "end": 178}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 151, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, it was found that with the introduction of Si, titanium silicides and vanadium silicides were formed; allowing for 114% increased hardness, decreased coefficient of friction (COF) and a reduction of wear rate of 38.1% and 70.8%, respectively, for a 10 wt.% Si presence.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "titanium silicides", "start": 61, "end": 79}, {"text": "vanadium", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "Si", "start": 271, "end": 273}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 144, "end": 152}, {"text": "coefficient of friction", "start": 164, "end": 187}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 200, "end": 209}, {"text": "wear", "start": 213, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The produced composites also displayed a positive shift in open-circuit potential (OCP) during linear wear, along with a reduction in the change of OCP from idle to linear wear conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 102, "end": 106}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 121, "end": 130}, {"text": "wear", "start": 172, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, contact resistance (CR) values increased with a maximum value of 1500 ohms due to the formation of Si-based tribofilm on the wear surface.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "CR", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 139, "end": 143}, {"text": "surface", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such composite development approach using DED-based AM can open up the possibilities of innovating next-generation implants that are designed and manufactured via multi-material AM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 5, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "AM", "start": 178, "end": 180}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 115, "end": 123}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 133, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 146, "end": 158}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 163, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We investigate experimentally and numerically the influence of the processing conditions on the cross-section of a strand printed by material extrusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 133, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parts manufactured by this method generally suffer from a poor surface finish and a low dimensional accuracy, coming from the lack of control over the shape of the printed strands.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 67, "end": 81}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 92, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using optical microscopy, we have measured the cross-sections of the extruded strands, for different layer heights and printing speeds.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 6, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cross-sections", "start": 47, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer heights", "start": 101, "end": 114}, {"text": "printing speeds", "start": 119, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the first time, we have compared the measurements of strands’ cross-sections to the numerical results of a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of the deposition flow.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cross-sections", "start": 66, "end": 80}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 111, "end": 128}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 171, "end": 181}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 129, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed numerical model shows good agreement with the experimental results and is able to capture the changes of the strand morphology observed for the different processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 129, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combination of additive manufacturing principles and electron beam (EB) technology allows complex metal parts, featuring excellent quality material, to be produced, whenever traditional methods are expensive or difficult to apply.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 57, "end": 70}, {"text": "technology", "start": 76, "end": 86}, {"text": "quality", "start": 135, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 102, "end": 107}, {"text": "material", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "be", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Today, the optimization of process parameters, for a given metal powder, is generally attained through an empirical trial and error approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 27, "end": 45}, {"text": "empirical", "start": 106, "end": 115}, {"text": "error", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 59, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process simulation can be used as a tool for decision-making and process optimization, since a virtual analysis can help to facilitate the possibility of exploring “what if” scenarios.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Process simulation", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process optimization", "start": 65, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a new type of modelling has been introduced for energy source and powder material properties and it has been included in a thermal numerical model in order to improve the effectiveness and reliability of Electon Beam Melting (EBM) FE simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 80, "end": 95}, {"text": "FE", "start": 245, "end": 247}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 155, "end": 160}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 185, "end": 198}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 203, "end": 214}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Beam", "start": 226, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 240, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several specific subroutines have been developed to automatically calculate the powder properties as temperature functions, and to consider the position of the beam during scanning as well as the material state changes from powder to liquid in the melting phase and from liquid to solid during cooling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}, {"text": "as", "start": 181, "end": 183}, {"text": "as", "start": 189, "end": 191}, {"text": "material", "start": 196, "end": 204}, {"text": "powder", "start": 224, "end": 230}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 160, "end": 164}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 172, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 248, "end": 255}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 294, "end": 301}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison of the numerical results and experimental data taken from literature has shown a good forecasting capability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 42, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average deviations of the simulation from an experimental scan line width have been found to be below about 15%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 49, "end": 61}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "ISO 25178-2 surface texture from X-ray CT, interlaboratory comparison, is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO 25178-2", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray CT", "start": 33, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Less than 0.5% Sa areal roughness between metrology CT and focus variation values.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metrology", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "variation", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 52, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Artefact design allows separation of surface determination and scaling errors.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "errors", "start": 71, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study compared the results obtained for the extraction of areal surface texture data per ISO 25178-2 from five X-ray computed tomography (CT) volume measurements from each of four laboratories.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface texture", "start": 68, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 84, "end": 88}, {"text": "volume", "start": 146, "end": 152}, {"text": "laboratories", "start": 184, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO 25178-2", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 115, "end": 140}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 142, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two Ti6Al4V ELI (extra-low interstitial) components were included in each of the CT acquisitions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 81, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first component was an additively manufactured (AM) cube manufactured using an Arcam Q10 electron beam melting (EBM) machine.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "machine", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 93, "end": 114}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 116, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cube", "start": 56, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface texture data was extracted from CT scans of this part.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Surface texture", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 16, "end": 20}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 25, "end": 34}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The values of selected parameters per ISO 25178-2 are reported, including Sa, the arithmetic mean height, for which the values from the Nikon MCT 225 metrology CT measurements were all within 0.5% of the mean reference focus variation measurement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "arithmetic mean", "start": 82, "end": 97}, {"text": "metrology", "start": 150, "end": 159}, {"text": "variation", "start": 225, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO 25178-2", "start": 38, "end": 49}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 235, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CT resolution requirements are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 0, "end": 2}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The second component was a machined dimensional test artefact designed to facilitate independent analysis of CT global voxel scaling errors and surface determination errors.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 11, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machined", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 109, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voxel", "start": 119, "end": 124}, {"text": "errors", "start": 133, "end": 139}, {"text": "surface", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "errors", "start": 166, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of mathematical global scaling and surface determination correction of the dimensional artefact data is reported.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mathematical", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "surface", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "data", "start": 108, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dimensional test artefact errors for the XT H 225 commercial CT for length, outside diameter and inside diameter reduced from -0.27%, -0.83% and -0.54% respectively to less than 0.02% after performing mathematical correction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 205, "end": 217}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 65, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work will assist the development of surface texture correction protocols, help define surface-from-CT measurement envelope limits and provide valuable information for an expanded Stage 2 interlaboratory comparison, which will include a more diverse range of CT systems and technologies, further expanding the surface-from-CT knowledge base.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface texture", "start": 41, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "protocols", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "limits", "start": 128, "end": 134}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 278, "end": 290}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 254, "end": 259}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 263, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bimetallic structures belong to a class of multi-material structures, and they potentially offer unique solutions to many engineering problems.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "multi-material structures", "start": 43, "end": 68}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 122, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, bimetallic structures of Inconel 718 and Ti6Al4V (Ti64) alloys were processed using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 64, "end": 68}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 98, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During LENS™ processing, three build strategies were attempted: direct deposition, compositional gradation and use of an intermediate bond layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "build strategies", "start": 31, "end": 47}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 139, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inconel 718 and Ti64 alloys exhibit thermal properties mismatch along with brittle intermetallic phase formation at the interface resulting in delamination.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "Ti64 alloys", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 36, "end": 54}, {"text": "phase", "start": 97, "end": 102}, {"text": "interface", "start": 120, "end": 129}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 143, "end": 155}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For a successful build, the use of a compositional bond layer (CBL) was employed, which was a mixture of a third material-Vanadium Carbide-with the parent alloys to form an intermediate layer used in bonding the two immiscible alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "layer", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "layer", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 113, "end": 121}, {"text": "Vanadium Carbide", "start": 122, "end": 138}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 155, "end": 161}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 227, "end": 233}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 200, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A crack-free bimetallic structure of Inconel 718 and Ti64 was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 37, "end": 48}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 53, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction and Vickers hardness were used to characterize these bimetallic structures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "energy dispersive spectroscopy", "start": 36, "end": 66}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 68, "end": 71}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 74, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 96, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "XRD analysis indicated presence of Cr3C2 phases.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 0, "end": 3}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CBL improved the bonding strength by avoiding formation of brittle intermetallic phases such as TiNi3 and Ti2Ni as well as reducing thermal stresses at the interface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "bonding strength", "start": 17, "end": 33}, {"text": "brittle", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "thermal stresses", "start": 132, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 156, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results successfully demonstrate the formation of Inconel 718 and Ti64 bimetallic structures using a laser-based commercially available additive manufacturing approach.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 54, "end": 65}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 70, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 140, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a new technology that obliterates the geometrical limits of the produced workpieces and promises low running costs as compared to traditional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 38, "end": 49}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 184, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "as", "start": 169, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 60, "end": 70}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical limits", "start": 92, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, additive manufacturing technology has high expectations in industry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 7, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unfortunately, the lack of a proper quality monitoring prohibits the penetration of this technology into an extensive practice.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "penetration", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "technology", "start": 89, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigates the feasibility of using acoustic emission for quality monitoring and combines a sensitive acoustic emission sensor with machine learning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "acoustic emission", "start": 48, "end": 65}, {"text": "quality", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "acoustic emission", "start": 114, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The acoustic signals were recorded using a fiber Bragg grating sensor during the powder bed additive manufacturing process in a commercially available selective laser melting machine.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "machine", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed additive manufacturing", "start": 81, "end": 114}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 151, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process parameters were intentionally tuned to invoke different processing regimes that lead to the formation of different types and concentrations of pores (1.42 ± 0.85%, 0.3 ± 0.18% and 0.07 ± 0.02%) inside the workpiece.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 217, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 92, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The classifier, based on spectral convolutional neural network, was trained to differentiate the acoustic features of dissimilar quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "neural network", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "quality", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In view of the narrow range of porosity, the results can be considered as promising and they showed the feasibility of the quality monitoring using acoustic emission with the sub-layer spatial resolution.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 22, "end": 27}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 193, "end": 203}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 104, "end": 115}, {"text": "quality", "start": 123, "end": 130}, {"text": "acoustic emission", "start": 148, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An automated python script to slice a macro-scale part into micro-scale layers and assign boundary conditions steps for each layer is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slice", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "micro-scale", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 90, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 125, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key parameter interdependencies of resolution, energy and time are investigated in a series of layer-scaling thermomechanical process models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "thermomechanical process", "start": 109, "end": 133}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 35, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Guidelines for simulation the thermal and stress results of higher resolution by lower resolution for the LPBF modelling are proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "higher resolution", "start": 60, "end": 77}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 106, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel efficient method for simulating powder-solid heat conduction by interface surface convection is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat conduction", "start": 53, "end": 68}, {"text": "interface", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) category of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is currently receiving much attention for computational process modelling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laser Beam", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "process", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Bed Fusion", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 76}, {"text": "AM", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 146, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Major challenges exist in how to reconcile resolution, energy and time in a real build, with the practical limitations of resolution (layer height and mesh resolution), energy (heat format and magnitude) and time (heating and cooling step times) in the computational space.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "build", "start": 81, "end": 86}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 122, "end": 132}, {"text": "layer height", "start": 134, "end": 146}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 156, "end": 166}, {"text": "magnitude", "start": 193, "end": 202}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 177, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 214, "end": 221}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 226, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel thermomechanical PBF-LB process model including an efficient powder-interface heat loss mechanism was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 8, "end": 24}, {"text": "process model", "start": 32, "end": 45}, {"text": "heat", "start": 86, "end": 90}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of variations in layer height (layer scaling), energy and time on the temperature and stress evolution was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "layer", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 97, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of heating step time and cooling step time was characterised and the recommended ratio of element size to layer scaling was presented, based on a macroscale 2D model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "element size", "start": 104, "end": 116}, {"text": "layer", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscale 2D", "start": 160, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The layer scaling method was effective when scaling up to 4 times the layer thickness and appropriately also scaling the cooling step time.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 70, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 121, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research provides guidelines and a framework for layer scaling for finite element modelling of the PBF-LB process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "framework", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "process", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "finite element modelling", "start": 72, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly growing technology that enables the fast production of complex and near-net-shaped (NNS) components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 130, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the many applicable AM methods (particularly powder bed technologies), electron-beam melting (EBM) is gaining increased interest mainly in aerospace and medical industries, due to its inherent advantages for the printing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "melting", "start": 91, "end": 98}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 100, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 145, "end": 154}, {"text": "medical industries", "start": 159, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 230, "end": 245}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although major strides have been made towards understanding the effect of hot isostatic pressure (HIP) on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced by AM, its effect on corrosion performance remains relatively unexplored.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 110, "end": 131}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 175, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 98, "end": 101}, {"text": "AM", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To date, the reported corrosion studies remain essentially limited to the selective laser melting (SLM) process, while the corrosion behavior of EBM Ti-6Al-4V and particularly HIPed EBM Ti-6Al-4V have not been fully realized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "process", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 74, "end": 97}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 145, "end": 148}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 182, "end": 185}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 123, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper provides a detailed analysis of this corrosion performance, including the stress-corrosion susceptibility of EBM Ti-6Al-4V in as-build condition and after HIP heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 102, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 120, "end": 123}, {"text": "HIP heat treatment", "start": 166, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure and phase identifications were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "phase", "start": 19, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 58, "end": 86}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction analysis", "start": 97, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion performance was evaluated by electrochemical measurements, including open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization analysis and impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as well as stress-corrosion examination in terms of slow strain-rate testing (SSRT).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "SSRT", "start": 259, "end": 263}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrochemical measurements", "start": 39, "end": 67}, {"text": "potentiodynamic polarization", "start": 109, "end": 137}, {"text": "impedance spectroscopy", "start": 151, "end": 173}, {"text": "EIS", "start": 175, "end": 178}, {"text": "testing", "start": 250, "end": 257}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 181, "end": 183}, {"text": "as", "start": 189, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All of the corrosion tests were carried out in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at ambient temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 11, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "NaCl", "start": 58, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 83, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Owing to the natural excellent corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V, the obtained results revealed that the HIP process has only a slight positive effect on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V produced by EBM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 31, "end": 51}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 158, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 182, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 105, "end": 108}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 204, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This minor improvement may be related to the improved efficiency of the passivation layer that was attributed to the increased β-phase content and the reduction of α/β interfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "passivation", "start": 72, "end": 83}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 84, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In terms of stress corrosion sensitivity, the HIPed specimens exhibited extended time-to-failure (TTF) at the low strain rate at 2.5 10-7 1/sec, where the effect of the corrosive environment was more dominant.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "corrosive", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "strain rate", "start": 114, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We study linearity assumptions in the transient macroscale mechanical aspect of additive manufacturing (AM) process simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "linearity", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "transient macroscale", "start": 38, "end": 58}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 80, "end": 102}, {"text": "AM", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "process simulation", "start": 108, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Linearity assumptions are often resorted to in combination with calibrated inelastic deformation components to arrive at computationally tractable yet reasonably accurate AM process models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Linearity", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "process models", "start": 174, "end": 188}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 162, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We point out that linearity assumptions permit the independent computation of the response increment in each step of the AM process, and the total mechanical response is the superposition of all the process-step increments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "linearity", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "computation", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "step", "start": 109, "end": 113}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 147, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In effect, process-step increments are computed with respect to the stress-free reference configuration in each step.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 90, "end": 103}, {"text": "step", "start": 112, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The implication is that the mechanical response increment in each linearised AM process step may be computed in parallel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 28, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "geometric or material) is modelled.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 13, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Distortions in Additive Manufacturing (AM) Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) occur in the newly-built component due to rapid heating and solidification and can lead to shape deviations and cracking.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 37}, {"text": "AM", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "Laser Metal Deposition", "start": 43, "end": 65}, {"text": "LMD", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "heating", "start": 120, "end": 127}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 132, "end": 146}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 184, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 155, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is applied together with optical filters to measure in-situ distortions directly on a wall geometry produced with LMD.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Digital Image Correlation", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "DIC", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "application": [{"text": "filters", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LMD", "start": 146, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wall shows cyclic expansion and shrinking with the edges bending inward and the top of the sample exhibiting a slight u‐shape as residual distortions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 130, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, a structural Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the experiment is established, calibrated against experimental temperature profiles and used to predict the in-situ distortions of the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite Element Analysis", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 110, "end": 122}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 168, "end": 175}, {"text": "sample", "start": 195, "end": 201}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 135, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison of the experimental and numerical results reveals a good agreement in length direction of the sample and quantitative deviations in height direction, which are attributed to the material model used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "sample", "start": 107, "end": 113}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 118, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 191, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The suitability of the novel experimental approach for measurements on an AM sample is shown and the potential for the validated numerical model as a predictive tool to reduce trial-and-error and improve part quality is evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "model", "start": 139, "end": 144}, {"text": "trial-and-error", "start": 176, "end": 191}, {"text": "quality", "start": 209, "end": 216}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 161, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper we investigate the use of passive stabilization to support stereolithography (SLA) printing aboard a moving vessel at sea.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "passive stabilization", "start": 40, "end": 61}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 73, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 92, "end": 95}, {"text": "moving vessel", "start": 115, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing is a useful technology onboard a seagoing vessel to support engineering development, shipboard maintenance, and other applications when land-based manufacturing resources are unavailable.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "engineering development", "start": 72, "end": 95}, {"text": "shipboard maintenance", "start": 97, "end": 118}, {"text": "land-based manufacturing", "start": 148, "end": 172}], "application": [{"text": "seagoing", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "support", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLA printed material is particularly suited for underwater applications requiring sealed housings, since SLA printers are capable of producing high-resolution models that are fully solid and impervious to water.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "sealed housings", "start": 82, "end": 97}, {"text": "SLA printers", "start": 105, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "application": [{"text": "underwater applications", "start": 48, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 143, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impervious", "start": 191, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hydrostatic pressure can quickly compromise parts created using standard fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Hydrostatic pressure", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 73, "end": 99}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 101, "end": 104}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 106, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the dynamic environment onboard a moving vessel could impact the ability of an SLA printer to selectively cure voxels in a liquid resin bath as it undergoes constant motion, and can cause spilling over the walls of the resin tank.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "impact", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "cure", "start": 115, "end": 119}, {"text": "liquid resin bath", "start": 132, "end": 149}, {"text": "spilling", "start": 197, "end": 205}, {"text": "resin tank", "start": 228, "end": 238}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "moving vessel", "start": 43, "end": 56}, {"text": "SLA printer", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 150, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using passive stabilization platforms onboard moving research vessels, we successfully printed a number of parts with no discernable differences from those produced in a traditional land-based laboratory.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "passive stabilization platforms", "start": 6, "end": 37}, {"text": "research vessels", "start": 53, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "discernable", "start": 121, "end": 132}, {"text": "land-based laboratory", "start": 182, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a practical demonstration of this capability, we printed at sea underwater pressure housings that remained sealed to 200 m water depth with functional integrated internal electronics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "underwater pressure housings", "start": 67, "end": 95}, {"text": "integrated internal electronics", "start": 154, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "water depth", "start": 126, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No post-print machining was required to create the sealed housings.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "post-print machining", "start": 3, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sealed housings", "start": 51, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work lays the foundation for lithographic 3D printing in seagoing oceanographic and naval applications, and additionally presents an economical approach for producing custom waterproof pressure housings in the field.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lithographic 3D printing", "start": 34, "end": 58}], "application": [{"text": "seagoing oceanographic", "start": 62, "end": 84}, {"text": "naval applications", "start": 89, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "waterproof", "start": 179, "end": 189}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "pressure housings", "start": 190, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct printing of microstructures using material jetting based additive manufacturing (3D printing) onto PMMA substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 19, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material jetting", "start": 41, "end": 57}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 64, "end": 86}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 88, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Substrate surface free energy contributes to both microstructure resolution and adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Substrate", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface modification is an effective mechanism to tailor build–substrate interactions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Surface modification", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to directly print 3D microstructures across the surface of large dimension substrates opens up numerous possibilities not feasible with conventional 2D or 2.5D printing or coating techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "surface", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "2D", "start": 161, "end": 163}], "feature": [{"text": "dimension", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 184, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrated herein is a method to print 3D microstructures onto clear poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plates using material jetting technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "material jetting", "start": 118, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 41, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contact angle and profilometry analysis indicated that the VeroCyan™ photopolymer had enhanced wetting of the PMMA surface leading to greater droplet spreading affecting the geometries printed compared to VeroCyan™ integrated models.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Contact", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 69, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 142, "end": 149}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 174, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface chemistry and wetting behaviour played a crucial role in influencing interfacial interactions with the VeroCyan™ photopolymer hence its adhesion to the PMMA surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 12, "end": 21}, {"text": "surface", "start": 169, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 148, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing has facilitated fabrication of complex and patient-specific metallic meta-biomaterials that offer an unprecedented collection of mechanical, mass transport, and biological properties as well as a fully interconnected porous structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "as", "start": 206, "end": 208}, {"text": "as", "start": 214, "end": 216}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 240, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, applying meta-biomaterials for addressing unmet clinical needs in orthopedic surgery requires additional surface functionalities that should be induced through tailor-made coatings.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "surgery", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 181, "end": 189}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 150, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we developed multi-functional layer-by-layer coatings to simultaneously prevent implant-associated infections and stimulate bone tissue regeneration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 36, "end": 50}, {"text": "bone tissue regeneration", "start": 130, "end": 154}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 51, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We applied multiple layers of gelatin- and chitosan-based coatings containing either bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) -2 or vancomycin on the surface of selective laser melted porous structures made from commercial pure Titanium (CP Ti) and designed using a triply periodic minimal surface (i.e., sheet gyroid).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 85, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 142, "end": 149}, {"text": "triply periodic minimal surface", "start": 258, "end": 289}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 153, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 176, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "Titanium", "start": 220, "end": 228}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 233, "end": 235}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 297, "end": 302}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 241, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing process resulted in a porous structure and met the the design values comparatively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 4, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 82, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra confirmed the presence and composition of the coating layers.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 87, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells was enhanced, as shown by two-fold increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity and up to four-fold increase in the mineralization of all experimental groups containing BMP-2.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "mesenchymal stem cells", "start": 34, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 196, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Eight-week subcutaneous implantation in vivo showed no signs of a foreign body response, while connective tissue ingrowth was promoted by the layer-by-layer coating.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "subcutaneous", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "implantation", "start": 24, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 142, "end": 156}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 157, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results unequivocally confirm the superior multi-functional performance of the developed biomaterials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "biomaterials", "start": 95, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The feasibility of in situ quantitative multielemental analysis during additive manufacturing process has been demonstrated for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 71, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The specially designed laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument was equipped the laser cladding head installed at an industrial robot.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 47, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 95, "end": 109}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "industrial robot", "start": 131, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt pool surface sampling by LIBS probe was demonstrated to be the only choice for quantitative elemental analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Melt pool", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "be", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sampling", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 84, "end": 96}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "elemental analysis", "start": 97, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On-line LIBS quantitative analysis of carbon and tungsten has been demonstrated during the synthesis of wear resistant coatings.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "wear", "start": 104, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "tungsten", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Online LIBS results were in good agreement with offline analysis by conventional techniques (EDX, XRF and combustion infrared absorption method).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EDX", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "infrared absorption", "start": 117, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The feasibility of in situ quantitative multi-elemental analysis during the additive manufacturing process has been demonstrated for the first time using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 178, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 76, "end": 106}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 154, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The coaxial laser cladding technique was utilized for the production of highly wear-resistant coatings (nickel alloy reinforced with tungsten carbide grains).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 12, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "nickel alloy", "start": 104, "end": 116}, {"text": "tungsten carbide", "start": 133, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 150, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-quality production as well as gradient composition coating synthesis required an online technique for quantitative elemental analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 107, "end": 119}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "elemental analysis", "start": 120, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A low-weight, compact LIBS probe was designed to equip the laser cladding head installed at an industrial robot.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compact", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "laser cladding", "start": 59, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "industrial robot", "start": 95, "end": 111}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 37, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot solidified clad as well as a melt pool surface was sampled by the LIBS probe but meaningful analytical results were achieved only for the latter case due to non-uniform distribution of tungsten carbide grains in the upper surface layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 20, "end": 22}, {"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "tungsten carbide", "start": 189, "end": 205}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 173, "end": 185}, {"text": "grains", "start": 206, "end": 212}, {"text": "surface", "start": 226, "end": 233}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 234, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LIBS sampling inside the melt pool did not affect the clad properties according to optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sampling", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "properties", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 25, "end": 34}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 83, "end": 101}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 106, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On-line LIBS quantitative analysis of key components (carbon and tungsten) was demonstrated during the synthesis of highly wear-resistant coatings and obtained results were in good agreement with offline analysis performed by electron energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and the combustion infrared absorption method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "tungsten", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 138, "end": 146}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy", "start": 235, "end": 271}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 273, "end": 278}, {"text": "fluorescence", "start": 279, "end": 291}, {"text": "infrared absorption", "start": 325, "end": 344}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ quantitative multielemental analysis by LIBS is a perspective control or/and feedback tool to improve quality of compositionally graded materials in additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "quality", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "materials", "start": 144, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 157, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our objective herein is to investigate laser-based additive manufacturing to fabricate application-optimized machine-tools that perform comparably to commercially-available products.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 73}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 77, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To demonstrate this technology, multi-layer Stellite™ (Co-Cr-W superalloy) structures were deposited on a stainless-steel substrate via directed energy deposition technique to be used as a tool for cutting applications requiring high-temperature strength and ductility, an area where conventional carbide and high-speed steel tools are challenged.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 122, "end": 131}, {"text": "be", "start": 176, "end": 178}, {"text": "as", "start": 184, "end": 186}, {"text": "carbide", "start": 297, "end": 304}, {"text": "steel", "start": 320, "end": 325}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 136, "end": 162}, {"text": "cutting", "start": 198, "end": 205}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 189, "end": 193}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 246, "end": 254}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 259, "end": 268}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 273, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-printed structures were free of large-scale defects and voids, and were further characterized and compared to commercial Blackalloy 525 barstock (B525), a Co-Cr-W alloy tool of similar composition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "voids", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "composition", "start": 192, "end": 203}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 170, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Stellite™ contained mostly Co-rich (α-phase) dendrites, as well as inter-dendritic Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 phases.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The B525 composition consisted of a range of lamellar-eutectic microstructure comprised of Co-phase with W6C reinforcement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 63, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "reinforcement", "start": 109, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During a turning operation of SS304L, the Stellite™ 6 tool demonstrated consistent chip formation and more consistent rake-face and cratering wear in comparison to the B525 tool, indicating its adequacy for service in this application.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "turning", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 54, "end": 58}, {"text": "tool", "start": 173, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "chip", "start": 83, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 142, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results demonstrate for the first time that directed-energy-deposition can be utilized to fabricate advanced cutting tool concepts for job-specific applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "application": [{"text": "cutting tool", "start": 113, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of geometry and scan pattern on the microstructure evolution and magnetic performance of additively manufactured Fe-3Si components was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 50, "end": 74}, {"text": "performance", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan pattern", "start": 30, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 103, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 134, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To reduce eddy current losses, novel geometries were designed and built and the microstructure and properties of these samples were characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 80, "end": 94}, {"text": "properties", "start": 99, "end": 109}, {"text": "samples", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 53, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The laser scan pattern was shown to strongly influence both the as-built grain structure and strength of the crystallographic texture, resulting in measurable changes in the as-built magnetic performance.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structure", "start": 73, "end": 88}, {"text": "performance", "start": 192, "end": 203}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 126, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In thin wall samples, heat treatment resulted in an increase in the maximum relative magnetic permeability and decrease in power losses in most samples, consistent with grain growth.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "samples", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 169, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 22, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "permeability", "start": 94, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared to simple parallel plate construction and a mesh structure, a novel cross-section design based on the Hilbert space filling curve was found to produce the lowest power losses.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 34, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 91, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 171, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanisms behind these results were explored using a combination of heat conduction and electromagnetic simulations, providing a route for future component and process optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat conduction", "start": 73, "end": 88}, {"text": "process optimization", "start": 165, "end": 185}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 151, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a laser-based additive manufacturing route of selective laser melting (SLM) was applied to fabricate carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced Al-based nanocomposites with tailored microstructures and excellent mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 51}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 61, "end": 84}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 86, "end": 89}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 106, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "carbon nanotubes", "start": 116, "end": 132}, {"text": "CNTs", "start": 134, "end": 138}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 189, "end": 204}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 140, "end": 150}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 219, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The densification behavior, microstructure features and mechanical properties were investigated and the relationship between process and property was established.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 28, "end": 42}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 56, "end": 77}, {"text": "process", "start": 125, "end": 132}, {"text": "property", "start": 137, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that the applied laser power and scan speed were the governing factors of the densification behavior of SLM-processed Al-based nanocomposites.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 52, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 97, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM processing of 0.5 wt.% CNTs/AlSi10Mg nanocomposite powder led to the formation of three typical microstructures including the primary Al9Si cellular dendrites decorated with fibrous Si, the in situ Al4C3 covered on CNTs, and the precipitated Si inside the cellular grains.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 100, "end": 115}, {"text": "CNTs", "start": 219, "end": 223}, {"text": "Si", "start": 246, "end": 248}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 62, "end": 65}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fibrous", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 194, "end": 201}, {"text": "cellular grains", "start": 260, "end": 275}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the optimal SLM processing parameters of laser power of 350 W and scan speed of 2.0 m/s were applied, the fully dense SLM-processed CNTs/Al-based nanocomposites exhibited high microhardness of 154.12 HV0.2, tensile strength of 420.8 MPa and elongation of 8.87%, due to the formation of high densification and ultrafine microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 15, "end": 18}, {"text": "densification", "start": 294, "end": 307}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 179, "end": 192}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 236, "end": 239}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 322, "end": 336}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "fully dense", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 210, "end": 226}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 244, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The grain refinement effect, Orowan looping system and load transfer are considered as three strengthening mechanisms occurred simultaneously during tensile tests, leading to excellent mechanical properties of SLM-processed CNTs/Al-based nanocomposites.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "tensile tests", "start": 149, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Orowan looping", "start": 29, "end": 43}, {"text": "strengthening mechanisms", "start": 93, "end": 117}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 185, "end": 206}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A skeleton sand mold which includes lattice-shell type, rib enforced type and air pockets structure was presented.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 11, "end": 15}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 16, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 90, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These sand molds can save mold sand and control the time of casting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 6, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 11, "end": 16}, {"text": "mold", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 60, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These sand molds make it possible to adjust the cooling and solidification conditions of castings.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 6, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 60, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These sand molds can improve production efficiency, and reduce deformation, residual stress and defects of castings.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 6, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "defects", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 76, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The advance of additive manufacturing drives the design of molds for castings.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 37}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 59, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The shell forms the cavity for a casting and the surrounding ribs or lattices support and enforce the shell.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "shell", "start": 102, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 69, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This type of mold structure design results in fast and uniform cooling of a casting, which can improve production efficiency and reduce the deformation and residual stress of a casting.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "casting", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "production", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "casting", "start": 177, "end": 184}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 140, "end": 151}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 156, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, it provides more space and flexibility to adjust the cooling conditions of interested locations of a casting.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "casting", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thickness of the shell can be varied according to the local geometries of a casting.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The support is designed based on the hydrostatic pressure before solidification and the weight after solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "hydrostatic pressure", "start": 37, "end": 57}, {"text": "weight", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 65, "end": 79}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 101, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An air pocket (hollow structure) in the shell was designed for the riser to postpone its solidification and then facilitate shrinkage feeding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 89, "end": 103}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "riser", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 50, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results revealed that the new design of sand molds saved at least 60% sand and shortened the shakeout time by at least 20%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "sand", "start": 87, "end": 91}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Local hollow structure prolonged its solidification process by approximately 15%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 37, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the first time, a method of comparing quantitatively measurement apparatus for additive manufacture is defined.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "quantitatively measurement", "start": 42, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacture", "start": 83, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Novel instrumentation is subject to this analysis by way of case studies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case studies", "start": 60, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results allow researchers and industrial users alike to quickly assess the compatibility of an NDE technique with additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 114, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cs and Ct, the spatial and temporal capability, respectively, are shown to be useful analysis methods for integration feasibility efforts.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ct", "start": 7, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 118, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unlike more established subtractive or constant volume manufacturing technologies, additive manufacturing methods suffer from a lack of in-situ monitoring methodologies which can provide information relating to process performance and the formation of defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "subtractive", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "manufacturing technologies", "start": 55, "end": 81}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 83, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 136, "end": 143}, {"text": "process performance", "start": 211, "end": 230}, {"text": "defects", "start": 252, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-process evaluation for additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly important in order to assure the integrity of parts produced in this way.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 26, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "integrity", "start": 107, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper addresses the generic performance of inspection methods suitable for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 80, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key process and measurement parameters are explored and the impacts these have upon production rates are defined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new method of benchmarking in-situ inspection instruments and characterising their suitability for additive manufacturing processes is presented to act as a design tool to accommodate end user requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 101, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 159, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two inspection examples are presented: spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography for scanning selective laser melting and selective laser sintering parts, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "optical", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 117, "end": 125}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 136, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 154, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Observations made from the analyses presented show that the spatial capability arising from scanning parameters affects the temporal penalty and hence impact upon production rates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning parameters", "start": 92, "end": 111}, {"text": "impact", "start": 151, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 163, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A case study, created from simulated data, has been used to outline the spatial performance of a generic nondestructive evaluation method and to show how a decrease in data capture resolution reduces the accuracy of measurement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 2, "end": 12}, {"text": "data", "start": 37, "end": 41}, {"text": "performance", "start": 80, "end": 91}, {"text": "data", "start": 168, "end": 172}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 181, "end": 191}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 204, "end": 212}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 216, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While copper is a potent strengthener in titanium alloys, its use in commercial alloys has been severely restricted due to the strong tendency for segregation during solidification, leading to heterogeneous microstructures and what has often been referred to as the “beta-fleck” problem.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 41, "end": 56}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "as", "start": 259, "end": 261}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "segregation", "start": 147, "end": 158}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 166, "end": 180}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 193, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This problem can be largely obviated by using additive manufacturing (AM) for processing Ti-Cu alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "AM", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study focuses on AM of a binary Ti-4Cu and a ternary Ti-4Cu-4Al alloy using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 85, "end": 113}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 115, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "binary", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "process", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 69, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of post-deposition annealing treatments and the subsequent cooling rate on the microstructure and tensile properties of these alloys has been investigated in detail.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing treatments", "start": 33, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 73, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 112, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 140, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase fraction of the eutectoid alpha + Ti2Cu product is dependent on the cooling rate from above the beta transus temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "eutectoid", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 119, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the Ti2Cu phase exhibited a far-from equilibrium composition in case of the water-quenched Ti-4Cu-4Al alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 24, "end": 29}, {"text": "equilibrium composition", "start": 51, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 116, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the yield stress (∼550−650 MPa) as well as the ductility (∼15–18%) were also higher in case of the ternary alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 32, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "as", "start": 45, "end": 47}, {"text": "ternary alloy", "start": 104, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high strengths exhibited by the water-quenched samples of both alloys, while maintaining appreciable tensile ductility, could be attributed to clustering of Cu within the α laths, revealed by atom probe tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "tensile ductility", "start": 105, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "be", "start": 130, "end": 132}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 161, "end": 163}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "atom probe tomography", "start": 196, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) technology, such as electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting, has attracted tremendous academic and industrial interests because of its capacity to fabricate components with greater complexity compared with traditional processes, without significantly increasing the cost.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 40}, {"text": "AM", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 89, "end": 92}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 98, "end": 121}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 209, "end": 218}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 197, "end": 205}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 243, "end": 253}, {"text": "processes", "start": 280, "end": 289}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 75, "end": 79}, {"text": "components", "start": 219, "end": 229}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 161, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It provides significantly higher design freedom to the designers and can make the built components closer to the optimum design in theory when compared with traditional processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "processes", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 121, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the mechanical performance of the new design fabricated by AM has not been clarified yet.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we report the fabrication and tensile deformation behavior of the EBM-built lightweight car suspension double wishbone for both conventional and optimized designs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "car", "start": 94, "end": 97}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBM process is an effective method to produce a highly-dense Ti-6Al-4V lightweight design component with good reproducibility and fine α/β duplex microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "reproducibility", "start": 110, "end": 125}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 146, "end": 160}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 90, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A poor mechanical performance in the optimized design is observed, which results from the build thickness-dependent mechanical performance that is caused by both various microstructures and rough surfaces in the Ti-6Al-4V parts.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 7, "end": 17}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 170, "end": 185}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 212, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 196, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Notably, the rough surface plays a dominant role in premature failure when the build thickness is below 2 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "failure", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 79, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on these findings, the degraded mechanical performance in the optimized design is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 78, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results and analyses provide a guideline for the design of lightweight structures that are mainly comprised of thin walls and/or struts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 66, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "lightweight structures", "start": 76, "end": 98}, {"text": "struts", "start": 146, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) allows engineers to design and manufacture complex weight saving lattice structures with relative ease.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 93, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 79, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A non-destructive testing and evaluation method used to assess material properties and quality is the focus of this paper, namely acoustic resonance (AR) testing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "non-destructive testing", "start": 2, "end": 25}, {"text": "testing", "start": 154, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 63, "end": 82}, {"text": "quality", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "AR", "start": 150, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this research, AR testing was conducted on weight saving lattice structures (fine and coarse) manufactured by powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 98, "end": 110}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "AR", "start": 19, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 61, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 114, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The suitability of AR testing was assessed through a combined approach of experimental testing and FE modelling.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "AR", "start": 19, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 74, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 99, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A sensitivity study was conducted on the FE model to quantify the influence of element coarseness on the resonant frequency prediction and this needs to be taken into account in the application and analysis of the technique.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 2, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "element", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "be", "start": 153, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The AR and FE modelling modulus of elasticity values were validated using specimens of known properties.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "AR", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 11, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "modulus of elasticity", "start": 24, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There was fair agreement between the FE and compression test extracted values of effective modulus for the coarse lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compression test", "start": 44, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the fine lattice, there was agreement in the values of effective modulus extracted from AR, 3-point bend, and compression experimental tests carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "AR", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 114, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that loose powder fusing from AM resulted in the fine lattice structure having a higher density (at least 1.5 times greater) than calculated due to the effect of loose powder adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "powder", "start": 181, "end": 187}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusing", "start": 31, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 67, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 188, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This effect resulted in an increased stiffness of the fine lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 59, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AR can be used as a measure of determining loose powder adhesion and other unique structural characteristics resulting from AM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "AR", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 7, "end": 9}, {"text": "as", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "powder", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 124, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing performance requirements of advanced components demands versatile fabrication techniques to meet application-specific needs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 77, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composite material processing via laser-based additive manufacturing offers high processing-flexibility and limited tooling requirements to meet this need, but limited information exists on the processing-property relationships for these materials as well as how to exploit them for application-specific needs.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Composite material", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "as", "start": 248, "end": 250}, {"text": "as", "start": 256, "end": 258}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "materials", "start": 238, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, Ti/B4C + BN composites are developed for high-temperature applications by designed-incorporation of ceramic reinforcement (5 wt% total) into commercially-pure titanium to form combined particle and in situ reinforcing phases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "BN", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "ceramic reinforcement", "start": 115, "end": 136}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 174, "end": 182}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 200, "end": 208}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 213, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We combine both B4C (limited reactivity with matrix) and BN (high reactivity with matrix) reinforcements to understand the processing characteristics, in situ phase formations, and combinatorial effect of the multiphase microstructures on thermomechanical properties and high-temperature oxidation resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "B4C", "start": 16, "end": 19}, {"text": "BN", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 220, "end": 235}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 151, "end": 158}, {"text": "thermomechanical properties", "start": 239, "end": 266}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "oxidation resistance", "start": 288, "end": 308}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combined reinforcement in this new composite material leads to superior yield strength and wear resistance in comparison to the other compositions and matrix, as well as comparable oxidation characteristics to commercially-developed high temperature titanium alloys, alleviating the need for multiple rare-earth alloying elements that significantly raises costs for manufacturers.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 9, "end": 22}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 238, "end": 249}], "material": [{"text": "composite material", "start": 35, "end": 53}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "as", "start": 167, "end": 169}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 259, "end": 265}, {"text": "alloying elements", "start": 312, "end": 329}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 72, "end": 86}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 91, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 181, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tubular structures are fabricated to demonstrate the ease of site-specific composition and dimensional tolerancing using this method.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Tubular", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "composition", "start": 75, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results indicate that tailored ceramic reinforcement in titanium via laser-based AM could lead to significantly enhanced engineering structures, particularly for developing higher temperature titanium-based materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic reinforcement", "start": 35, "end": 56}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "lead", "start": 94, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 184, "end": 195}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 211, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous research on the powder bed fusion electron beam additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 has established a definite correlation between the processing conditions and the solidification microstructure of components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 176, "end": 205}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion electron beam additive manufacturing", "start": 25, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 83, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 209, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the direct role of physical phenomena such as fluid flow and vaporization on determining the solidification morphology have not been investigated quantitatively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification morphology", "start": 102, "end": 127}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 155, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we investigate the transient and spatial evolution of the fusion zone geometry, temperature gradients, and solidification growth rates during pulsed electron beam melting of the powder bed with a focus on the role of key physical phenomena.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "fusion zone", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 112, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 85, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 154, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 183, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of spot density during pulsing, which relates to the amount of heating of the build area during processing, on the columnar-to-equiaxed transition of the solidification structure was studied both experimentally and theoretically.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "build area", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 165, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Predictions and the evaluation of the role of heat transfer and fluid flow were established using existing solidification theories combined with transient, three-dimensional numerical heat transfer and fluid flow modeling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Predictions", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 46, "end": 59}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 107, "end": 121}, {"text": "transient", "start": 145, "end": 154}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 156, "end": 173}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 184, "end": 197}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "fluid flow", "start": 202, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metallurgical characteristics of the alloy’ s solidification are extracted from the transient temperature fields, and microstructure is predicted and validated using optical images and electron backscattered diffraction data from the experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Metallurgical", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "s", "start": 44, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "transient", "start": 84, "end": 93}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 118, "end": 132}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 136, "end": 145}, {"text": "images", "start": 174, "end": 180}, {"text": "data", "start": 220, "end": 224}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 234, "end": 246}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 94, "end": 105}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 166, "end": 173}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 208, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While conductive heat transfer dominates in the mushy region, both the pool geometry and the solidification parameters are affected by convective heat transfer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "conductive heat transfer", "start": 6, "end": 30}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "solidification parameters", "start": 93, "end": 118}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 146, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, increased spot density during processing is shown to increase the time of solidification, lowering temperature gradients and increasing the probability of equiaxed grain formation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 83, "end": 97}, {"text": "probability", "start": 149, "end": 160}, {"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 164, "end": 178}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 108, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper we have used laser powder bed fusion (PBF) to manufacture and characterize metal microwave components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 52, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 89, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we focus on a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator, manufactured by PBF from the alloy AlSi10Mg.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "application": [{"text": "resonator", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 55, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 71, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 84, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Of particular interest is its thermal expansion coefficient, especially since many microwave applications for PBF produced components will be in satellite systems where extreme ranges of temperature are experienced.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal expansion coefficient", "start": 30, "end": 59}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 110, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 123, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 139, "end": 141}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 187, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We exploit the inherent resonant frequency dependence on cavity geometry, using a number of TM cavity modes, to determine the thermal expansion coefficient over the temperature range 6–450 K. Our results compare well with literature values and show that the material under test exhibits lower thermal expansion when compared with a bulk aluminium alloy alternative (6063).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 293, "end": 310}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal expansion coefficient", "start": 126, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 165, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 258, "end": 266}, {"text": "aluminium alloy", "start": 337, "end": 352}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing is an emerging method to fabricate components used in the aerospace and biomedical industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "biomedical industries", "start": 101, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, one of the significant challenges in this approach is the surface quality of the fabricated components.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 67, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After metal additive manufacturing operations, post-processing is essential to meet the expected surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 6, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 47, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 97, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents the surface characteristics of as-built specimens manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM), where improvement of the surface can be achieved by post-processing operations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 70, "end": 82}, {"text": "surface", "start": 142, "end": 149}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 169, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 86, "end": 109}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 111, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 154, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The post-processing operations in focus are finish machining (FM), vibratory surface finishing (VSF) and drag finishing (DF) operations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finish machining", "start": 44, "end": 60}, {"text": "surface finishing", "start": 77, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "drag", "start": 105, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface topography, average surface roughness, microhardness, microstructure and XRD analysis have been carried out to examine the surface characteristics resulting from the post-processing operations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surface topography", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "average", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 47, "end": 60}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 62, "end": 76}, {"text": "surface", "start": 131, "end": 138}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 174, "end": 189}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 81, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates that the drag finishing operation can be used for post-processing to meet the surface quality requirement of SLM manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "drag", "start": 33, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 74, "end": 89}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 137, "end": 149}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 102, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 133, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-process deformation methods such as rolling can be used to refine the large columnar grains that form when wire + arc additively manufacturing (WAAM) titanium alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "be", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 153, "end": 168}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 79, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire + arc additively manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 145}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 147, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the laterally restrained geometry, application to thick walls and intersecting features required the development of a new ‘inverted profile’ roller.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "roller", "start": 148, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A larger radii roller increased the extent of the recrystallised area, providing a more uniform grain size, and higher loads increased the amount of refinement.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "roller", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 65, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscatter diffraction showed that the majority of the strain is generated toward the edges of the rolled groove, up to 3 mm below the rolled surface.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 65, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 152, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results will help facilitate future optimisation of the rolling process and industrialisation of WAAM for large-scale titanium components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling process", "start": 62, "end": 77}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 103, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 124, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this contribution, a simplified macroscopic and semi-analytical thermal analysis of directed energy deposition (DED) is presented to obtain computationally efficient simulations of the entire process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "process", "start": 195, "end": 202}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 67, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 87, "end": 113}, {"text": "DED", "start": 115, "end": 118}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 169, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solidification and solid-state phase transitions are taken into account.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Solidification", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 19, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is derived for laser metal powder directed energy deposition, although it can be simply adapted for other focused thermal energy (e.g., electron beam, or plasma arc).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "thermal energy", "start": 124, "end": 138}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 146, "end": 159}, {"text": "plasma arc", "start": 164, "end": 174}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 25, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "be", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 44, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The gas flow used for carrying the powder significantly influences cooling conditions, which is included in the model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "model", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 35, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed simulation strategy applies to multilayer composites with a wide range of shapes in the horizontal plane and arbitrary laser scanning strategies (continuous way, back and forth, etc.).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "laser", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 78, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed work provides a simple tool to study the influence of most process parameters, design in situ experiments and in turn develop optimization loops to reach material requirements and specific microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 72, "end": 90}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 139, "end": 151}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 92, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 167, "end": 175}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 202, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ pyrometer measurements have been compared to the model, and good agreement has been observed with 2.6% error in average.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "model", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "error", "start": 111, "end": 116}, {"text": "average", "start": 120, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is used to demonstrate the effect of various process parameters for a simple cylindrical geometry and a more complex auxetic cell.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 55, "end": 73}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 87, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 80, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 135, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing using nanoparticles (NPs) is a growing field due to the ever-increasing demand for parts with smaller and smaller features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 29, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Of particular interest are copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) due to the ubiquitous use of Cu in microelectronics applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microelectronics", "start": 92, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There are numerous methods currently available to synthesize Cu NPs in both powder and ink forms.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "powder", "start": 76, "end": 82}, {"text": "ink", "start": 87, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the effect of how the NPs are manufactured on the sintering properties of the NPs produced is not well understood.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 39, "end": 51}, {"text": "properties", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 59, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper shows that NP size, morphology, and synthesis method can have a significant effect on the sintering temperature and sintering quality for Cu NPs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "quality", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 127, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 149, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, surface coatings and surfactants used in Cu NP inks can help to reduce agglomeration in the dried NP samples, prevent oxidation of the Cu NPs, and restrict the sintering of the Cu NPs at lower temperatures due to the need to thermally remove the surface coatings before sintering can occur.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "samples", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "surface", "start": 259, "end": 266}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 267, "end": 275}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 190, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "dried", "start": 105, "end": 110}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 131, "end": 140}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 283, "end": 292}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 206, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, these coatings improve the Cu NP packing density and increase the temperature required for necking to occur which leads to better sintering of the Cu NP ink samples.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "ink", "start": 164, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 77, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "necking", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 141, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is also observed in this paper that most of these surface coatings are removed during the sintering processes leaving the sintered parts with a much higher Cu percentage than contained in the original NPs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "processes", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 159, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, at temperatures near the melting temperature of the Cu NPs, the surface coatings can start to graphitize and hinder the fusion of the NPs.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "melting temperature", "start": 34, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 129, "end": 135}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 81, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the optimal sintering conditions for Cu NP inks are at temperature high enough to break down the polymer surface coating on the NPs but low enough that the Cu NPs do not start to melt and that graphitizing of the surface coatings does not start to occur.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 23, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 108, "end": 115}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 167, "end": 169}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 124, "end": 131}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 232, "end": 240}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 190, "end": 194}, {"text": "surface", "start": 224, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, 420 stainless steel parts with different porosities in the range of ∼6% to ∼ 54% were fabricated via the binder jet printing technology followed by pre-sintering between 1000 and 1400 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 22, "end": 41}, {"text": "binder", "start": 127, "end": 133}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "printing technology", "start": 138, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pre-sintering", "start": 170, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Initially, during the pre-sintering at 1150 °C, evidences of neck formation between the 420 stainless steel particles were observed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pre-sintering", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 88, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Later, when pre-sintered at higher temperature between 1300 and 1350 °C, the parts were found with 3D interconnected open-porous channels.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pre-sintered", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 35, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 99, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, pre-sintering at 1400 °C led to closed/isolated pores within the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pre-sintering", "start": 9, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 34, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 57, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequent bronze infiltration into the as-built (without pre-sintering) and pre-sintered (< 1350 °C) 420 stainless steel parts with open porous channels were carried out successfully and their corresponding microstructures and mechanical properties were presented and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "bronze", "start": 11, "end": 17}, {"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 102, "end": 121}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 208, "end": 223}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pre-sintering", "start": 58, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pre-sintered", "start": 77, "end": 89}, {"text": "porous", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 228, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relatively more uniform bronze infiltration was able to be achieved for the parts pre-sintered between 1300 and 1350 °C due to the presence of 3D interconnected open-porous channels.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "bronze", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pre-sintered", "start": 82, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 143, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When compared to the as-built parts, the combination of pre-sintering at 1350 °C and subsequent bronze infiltration led to a significant increase in the tensile properties exhibiting a maximum tensile yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of ∼ 647 and ∼ 1053 MPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pre-sintering", "start": 56, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "bronze", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 116, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 153, "end": 171}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 193, "end": 200}, {"text": "strength", "start": 207, "end": 215}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 220, "end": 245}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 266, "end": 269}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fractured surfaces indicated a typical brittle mode of fracture with cleavages on the 420 stainless steel matrix whereas dimples and ridges were observed within the bronze phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 90, "end": 109}, {"text": "bronze", "start": 169, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Characterization of the local deformation of the microstructure of 316L stainless steel single-track thickness walls.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 49, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 67, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBSD and DIC analysis of material elements under in situ SEM tensile loading.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "DIC", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "material elements", "start": 25, "end": 42}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 61, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crystallographic morphology and texture aligned with heat flow pattern induced by printing strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "heat flow pattern", "start": 53, "end": 70}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 32, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Statistical analysis of morphology and strain patterns for small and large grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "grains", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 39, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relationship between grain's morphology, strain patterns and anisotropy of macroscopic behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In additive manufacturing, the process parameters have a direct impact on the microstructure of the material and consequently on the mechanical properties of the manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 31, "end": 49}, {"text": "impact", "start": 64, "end": 70}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 78, "end": 92}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 133, "end": 154}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 162, "end": 174}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 100, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of this paper is to explore this relation by characterizing the local microstructural response via in situ tensile test under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with high resolution digital image correlation (HR-DIC) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) maps.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 82, "end": 97}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 111, "end": 118}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 205, "end": 230}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 140, "end": 168}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 170, "end": 173}, {"text": "Electron Backscatter Diffraction", "start": 244, "end": 276}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 278, "end": 282}], "parameter": [{"text": "high resolution", "start": 189, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The specimens under scrutiny were extracted from bidirectionally-printed single-track thickness 316L stainless steel walls built by directed energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 96, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 132, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The morphologic and crystallographic textures of the grains were characterized by statistical analysis and associated with the particular heat flow pattern of the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "heat flow pattern", "start": 138, "end": 155}, {"text": "process", "start": 163, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Grains were sorted according to their size into large columnar grains located within the printed layer and small equiaxed grains located at the interfaces between successive layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Grains", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 113, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 54, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ tensile experiments were performed with a loading direction either perpendicular or along the printing direction and exhibit different mechanisms of deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 157, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A statistical analysis of the average deformation per grain indicates that for a tensile loading along the building direction, small grains deform less than the large ones.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "grain", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "grains", "start": 133, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 107, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, HR-DIC combined with EBSD maps showed strain localization situated at the interface between layers in the absence of small grains either individual or in clusters.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 34, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "grains", "start": 136, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For tensile loads along the printing direction, the strain localization was present in several particular large grains.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile loads", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 52, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 112, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These observations permit to justify the differences in yield and ultimate strength noticed during macroscopic tensile tests for both configurations.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 66, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic", "start": 99, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, they indicate that an optimization of the process parameters could trigger the control of microstructure and consequently the macroscopic mechanical behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 32, "end": 44}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 52, "end": 70}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 100, "end": 114}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 136, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strategies for fabricating iron-based materials with high strength and ductility are rare despite intense research efforts within the last decades.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 15, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "research", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study provides a novel approach to achieve the synthesis of highly strong and ductile iron-based composites reinforced with a high weight fraction of WC particles (20 wt%) utilizing laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) as processing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductile", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "WC", "start": 155, "end": 157}, {"text": "as", "start": 218, "end": 220}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 136, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "particles", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 187, "end": 210}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 212, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thereby, the LPBF-fabricated composite material has a multi-phase microstructure consisting of ductile austenite (main phase), highly strong martensite and carbidic precipitations extending across different length-scales.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite material", "start": 29, "end": 47}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 103, "end": 112}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 66, "end": 80}, {"text": "phase", "start": 119, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductile", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The precipitation of (Fe, W) 3C type carbide at the Fe/WC interface is well controlled.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "interface", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "Fe", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "carbide", "start": 37, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, a very thin reaction layer (< 500 nm) forms between the WC particles and iron-based matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "WC", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 65, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These iron-based composites synthesized by LPBF show an excellent compressive strength of about 2833 MPa and large fracture strain of about 32%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 43, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 66, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 101, "end": 104}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The following mechanisms contribute to the improved mechanical properties: (1) multiphase material system, (2) grain refinement, (3) substructures, (4) coherent multiscale interfaces and (5) nano-precipitations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 52, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 111, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a proven additive manufacturing (AM) technology for producing metallic components with complex shapes using layer-by-layer manufacture principle.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 65}, {"text": "AM", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 142, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 121, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the fabrication of crack-free high-performance Ni-based superalloys such as Hastelloy X (HX) using LPBF technology remains a challenge because of these materials’ susceptibility to hot cracking.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 108, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 161, "end": 170}, {"text": "hot cracking", "start": 190, "end": 202}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 172, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper addresses the above problem by proposing a novel method of introducing 1 wt.% titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "titanium carbide", "start": 89, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 112, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings reveal that the addition of TiC nanoparticles results in the elimination of microcracks in the LPBF-fabricated enhanced HX samples; i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "microcracks", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "samples", "start": 136, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "the 0.65% microcracks that were formed in the as-fabricated original HX were eliminated in the as-fabricated enhanced HX, despite the 0.14% residual pores formed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microcracks", "start": 10, "end": 21}, {"text": "residual", "start": 140, "end": 148}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 149, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It also contributes to a 21.8% increase in low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and a 98 MPa increase in yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 53, "end": 69}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 87, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 103, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study revealed that segregated carbides were unable to trigger hot cracking without sufficient thermal residual stresses; the significantly increased subgrains and low-angle grain boundaries played a key role in the hot cracking elimination.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbides", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "hot cracking", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "subgrains", "start": 154, "end": 163}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 178, "end": 194}, {"text": "hot cracking", "start": 220, "end": 232}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 107, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These findings offer a new perspective on the elimination of hot cracking of nickel-based superalloys and other industrially relevant crack-susceptible alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hot cracking", "start": 61, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "nickel-based superalloys", "start": 77, "end": 101}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 152, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings also have significant implications for the design of new alloys, particularly for high-temperature industrial applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 112, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to construct complex geometries through the simple and highly repetitive process of layer-by-layer deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "simple", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 59, "end": 77}, {"text": "process", "start": 119, "end": 126}, {"text": "layer-by-layer deposition", "start": 130, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process is repetitive and fully automated, but the interactions between layers during deposition are tightly coupled.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To unravel these interactions, the computational models of the manufacturing process are critically needed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational models", "start": 35, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 63, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, current state-of-the-art physics-based models are computationally demanding and can not be used for any realistic optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "state-of-the-art", "start": 17, "end": 33}, {"text": "physics-based models", "start": 34, "end": 54}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 123, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To address this challenge, we built a surrogate model (SM) of thermal profiles that significantly reduced the computational cost.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "thermal profiles", "start": 62, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "SM", "start": 55, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We built this model based on the observation that any AM process exhibits a high level of redundancy and periodicity, making it an ideal problem for machine learning and surrogate modeling.We introduced a unique geometry representation that is the key insight for this work.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 212, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 149, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rather than directly using the part geometry, we directly use the GCode and translate it into a set of features (local distances from heat sources, e.g., extruder, and sinks, e.g., cooling surfaces).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "heat sources", "start": 134, "end": 146}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 96, "end": 99}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 181, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This set of features is directly used as an input for the SM of thermal history.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 5, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "SM", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since this set can be calculated a priori from GCode, the explicit geometry considerations are largely factored out.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 11, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 19, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 67, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, we leveraged the analytical solution to the moving heat source model to determine heat influence zone (HIZ).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "analytical solution", "start": 27, "end": 46}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 61, "end": 72}, {"text": "heat", "start": 92, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We showed that for fused filament fabrication, the size of HIZ is small; thus, the number of input variables for the SM is small as well.To build the SM, we first generated the thermal data using a physics-based model and use it to train an artificial neural network model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 19, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "SM", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "SM", "start": 150, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 140, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 185, "end": 189}, {"text": "physics-based model", "start": 198, "end": 217}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "artificial neural network", "start": 241, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We trained the SM and demonstrate its high predictive power and low computational cost.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SM", "start": 15, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With such performance, this model opens the possibility of optimization as well as process planning, and in situ monitoring for closed-loop control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 10, "end": 21}, {"text": "model", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "planning", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 128, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the context of additive manufacturing, there is an exponential use of thermoplastic materials in the industrial and public open-source additive manufacturing sector, leading to an increase in global polymer consumption and waste generation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 138, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic materials", "start": 73, "end": 96}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 202, "end": 209}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "open-source", "start": 126, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the coupling of the open-source 3D printers with polymer processing could potentially offer the basis for a new paradigm of distributed recycling process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "open-source", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "recycling process", "start": 145, "end": 162}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 58, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It could be a complementary alternative to the traditional paradigm of centralized recycling of polymers, which is often uneconomical and energy intensive due to transportation embodied energy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycling", "start": 83, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to achieve this goal, a first step is to prove the technical feasibility to recycle thermoplastic material intended for open-source 3D printing feedstock.The contribution of the present study is twofold: first, a general methodology to evaluate the recyclability of thermoplastics used as feedstock in open-source 3D printing machines is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 39, "end": 43}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 129, "end": 140}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 230, "end": 241}, {"text": "recyclability", "start": 258, "end": 271}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 311, "end": 322}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic material", "start": 93, "end": 115}, {"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 275, "end": 289}, {"text": "as", "start": 295, "end": 297}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 141, "end": 152}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 323, "end": 334}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, the proposed methodology is applied to the recycling study of polylactic acid (PLA) material addressed to the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique, which is currently the most widely used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "recycling", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 85, "end": 88}, {"text": "material", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 116, "end": 142}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 144, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main results of this application contribute to the understanding of the influence of the material's physico-chemical degradation on its mechanical properties as well as its potential distributed recyclability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 93, "end": 101}, {"text": "as", "start": 162, "end": 164}, {"text": "as", "start": 170, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 121, "end": 132}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 140, "end": 161}, {"text": "recyclability", "start": 199, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured internal lattice structures offer a unique approach to lightweight components and adding multi-functionality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 33, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 91, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design methods for parts based on lattices are emerging and include a family of topology optimization schemes for tailoring local cell density to service loadings.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 80, "end": 101}, {"text": "cell density", "start": 130, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 34, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to gain confidence, these methods must be validated in a controlled manner.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 12, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 48, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we report optimization, analysis, manufacturing, and mechanical test validation of a casing-like test article.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 25, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical test", "start": 68, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The test article was optimized using a stress-based homogenized topology optimization approach and achieved a 53% weight reduction versus a solid, fully-dense casing with the same form factor.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 52, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 73, "end": 85}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 121, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 114, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimized geometry was studied with high-fidelity finite element analysis and then additively manufactured.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "high-fidelity finite element analysis", "start": 40, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 87, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical testing was performed and demonstrated good correlation between the homogenized finite element model used for optimization, the high-fidelity finite element model, and experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical testing", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 91, "end": 111}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 121, "end": 133}, {"text": "high-fidelity finite element model", "start": 139, "end": 173}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 179, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings validate the optimization approach for the particular use and load case and start to build confidence in the approach as an accepted method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 131, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work explores the feasibility of using the Abrasive Fluidized Bed (AFB) method to finish flat AlSi10Mg substrates manufactured by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 119, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "Abrasive", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Bed", "start": 67, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Direct Metal Laser Sintering", "start": 135, "end": 163}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 165, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finishing was performed by rotating the substrates inside a fluidized bed of abrasives at high speeds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Finishing", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fluidized bed", "start": 60, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "abrasives", "start": 77, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interaction between the fluidized abrasives and AlSi10Mg substrates has been investigated to analyze the influence of the operational parameters, namely, abrasive type and rotational speed, on the finishing performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "abrasives", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "abrasive", "start": 158, "end": 166}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 201, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The morphological features of the substrates and geometrical tolerances have been inspected by field emission gun–scanning electron microscopy (FEG–SEM) and contact gauge profilometry.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "tolerances", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "emission", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "electron microscopy", "start": 123, "end": 142}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 157, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After short finishing cycles, the substrates featured a smoother surface morphology, while the edges were only influenced slightly by the abrasive impacts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 12, "end": 21}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 65, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "abrasive", "start": 138, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Abrasive Fluidized Bed (AFB) can therefore be considered a potential easy-to-automate, low cost, low time consuming and sustainable finishing technology for metal parts obtained through additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Abrasive", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "metal", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Bed", "start": 19, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainable", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 132, "end": 141}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 186, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A texture prediction method was proposed for epitaxial columnar grains in SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 2, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial columnar grains", "start": 45, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 74, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The texture prediction method was combined with the melt pool prediction.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 52, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process and microstructure were linked quantitatively for the metal SLM AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 12, "end": 26}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 39, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Texture evolution with the number of layers for SLM AlSi10Mg was simulated.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Texture", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "number of layers", "start": 27, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 48, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 52, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated texture showed pattern and intensity similar to experiment results.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 62, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing (AM) such as selective laser melting (SLM) has the powerful capability to produce very different microstructural features, hence different mechanical properties in metals using the same feedstock material but different values of process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 67, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "metals", "start": 193, "end": 199}, {"text": "feedstock material", "start": 215, "end": 233}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 126, "end": 141}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 168, "end": 189}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 258, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lack of a reliable theoretical model of the processing-microstructure relationship of AM material is preventing AM technology from being widely adopted by the manufacturing community.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical model", "start": 23, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "AM material", "start": 90, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technology", "start": 116, "end": 129}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 163, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, the goal of this work is to establish the link between the microstructure (texture) and the process parameters (laser power, scanning speed, preheat and scanning strategy) of a metal SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 66, "end": 80}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 99, "end": 117}, {"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 160, "end": 177}, {"text": "process", "start": 194, "end": 201}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 119, "end": 130}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 132, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 184, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To achieve the above goal, a quantitative semi-empirical method is proposed to predict the texture of the epitaxial columnar grains grown from polycrystal substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 29, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial columnar grains", "start": 106, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combined with the melt pool prediction by the Rosenthal solution, the processing and microstructure were linked together quantitatively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Rosenthal solution", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 85, "end": 99}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 121, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed method is used to estimate the texture evolution with the number of layers for EOS-DMLS-processed AlSi10Mg (unidirectional scanning direction in one layer and no rotation of scanning direction between layers).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "unidirectional scanning", "start": 121, "end": 144}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 187, "end": 195}], "parameter": [{"text": "number of layers", "start": 71, "end": 87}, {"text": "layer", "start": 162, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 111, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The texture reaches a steady state after five layers, and the steady state texture has similar pattern and intensity to that obtained from the experiment using the same process parameter values and scanning strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "steady state", "start": 22, "end": 34}, {"text": "steady state", "start": 62, "end": 74}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 143, "end": 153}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 169, "end": 186}, {"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 198, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The severe thermal gradients associated with selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) generate large residual stresses (RS) that geometrically distort and otherwise alter the performance of printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 11, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 45, "end": 68}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 70, "end": 73}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 97}, {"text": "AM", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 118, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 192, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite broad research interest in this field, it has remained challenging to measure warpage in general as well as RS distributions in situ, which has obfuscated the mechanisms of stress formation during the printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "warpage", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 119, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 181, "end": 187}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 209, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In pursuit of this goal, we have developed a non-destructive framework for RS measurement in SLM parts using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) to capture in situ surface distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 109, "end": 126}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 127, "end": 152}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 173, "end": 180}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 189, "end": 199}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "RS measurement", "start": 75, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 93, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A two-dimensional analytical model was developed to convert DIC surface curvature measurements to estimates of in-plane residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "two-dimensional", "start": 2, "end": 17}, {"text": "model", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "DIC", "start": 60, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 120, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental validation using stainless steel 316 L “inverted-cone” parts demonstrated that residual stress varied across the surface of the printed part, and strongly interacted with the component geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "surface", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 30, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 92, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 188, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D-DIC based RS measurements were validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), with an average error of 6% between measured and analytically derived stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "RS measurements", "start": 17, "end": 32}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 51, "end": 68}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 84, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Systematic variation in RS was attributed to the sector-based laser raster strategy, which was supported by complementary finite element calculations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 11, "end": 20}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 122, "end": 136}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Calculations showed that the heterogeneous RS distribution in the parts emerged from the sequential re-heating and cooling of the new surface, and changed dynamically between layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 29, "end": 42}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "surface", "start": 134, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 115, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The unique DIC based RS methodology brings substantial benefits over alternatively proposed in situ AM RS measurements, and should facilitate enhanced process optimization and understanding leading towards AM part qualification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "DIC", "start": 11, "end": 14}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "process optimization", "start": 151, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM part", "start": 206, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interior porous defects formed during the layer-by-layer fabrication process have attracted increasing attention for different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and are regarded as a crucial factor affecting the overall performance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 46, "end": 60}, {"text": "performance", "start": 229, "end": 240}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 61, "end": 72}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 131, "end": 153}, {"text": "AM", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 187, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, aiming at the cold spray Ti6Al4V bulk materials, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment is adopted to reduce the interior defects, adjust the microstructure, and improve the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "defects", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 160, "end": 174}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 192, "end": 213}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 67, "end": 89}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 91, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To characterize the pore morphologies and porosity evolution, the CS Ti6Al4V sample is characterized by optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography (XCT).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 20, "end": 24}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 25, "end": 37}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "sample", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 104, "end": 122}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 127, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D reconstructions by XCT show that the fully dense Ti6Al4V alloy can be obtained through the high temperature diffusion and high pressure compacting of the HIP sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 115, "end": 124}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 134, "end": 142}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 103, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "be", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 161, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After the HIP treatment, the severely deformed grains experience an obvious growth with the uniformly distributed β precipitates around equiaxed α grains.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 10, "end": 13}, {"text": "deformed", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 116, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 147, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile test shows that the strength of CS Ti6Al4V alloys can be largely improved by the enhanced diffusion and resultant metallurgical bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V alloys", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "metallurgical bonding", "start": 126, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the HIP treatment, the CS samples exhibit highly densified morphology and adjusted microstructure that can benefit the improvement of mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "densified", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 88, "end": 102}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 139, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A number of strategies that enable lattice structures to be derived from Topology Optimisation (TO) results suitable for Additive Manufacturing (AM) are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 35, "end": 53}, {"text": "Topology Optimisation", "start": 73, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 121, "end": 143}, {"text": "AM", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed strategies are evaluated for mechanical performance and assessed for AM specific design related manufacturing considerations.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 94, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from Finite Element (FE) analysis for the two loading scenarios considered: intended loading, and variability in loading, provide insight into the solution optimality and robustness of the design strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite Element", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "variability", "start": 106, "end": 117}, {"text": "solution", "start": 155, "end": 163}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 29, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "robustness", "start": 179, "end": 189}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 197, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice strategies that capitalised on TO results were found to be considerably (∼40–50%) superior in terms of specific stiffness when compared to the structures where this was not the case.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lattice", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 111, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Graded strategy was found to be the most desirable from both the design and manufacturing perspective.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 80, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presented pros-and-cons for the various proposed design strategies aim to provide insight into their suitability in meeting the challenges faced by the AM design community.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "faced", "start": 143, "end": 148}, {"text": "AM", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accompanying the increasing advances and interest in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies is an increasing demand for an industrial workforce that is knowledgeable about the technologies and how to apply them to solve real-world problems.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 75}, {"text": "AM", "start": 77, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 81, "end": 93}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 178, "end": 190}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 125, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a step towards addressing this knowledge gap, a workshop was held at the National Science Foundation (NSF) to discuss the educational needs to prepare industry for AM and its use in different fields.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 5, "end": 9}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 167, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The workshop participants–66 representatives from academia, industry, and government–identified several key educational themes: (1) AM processes and process/material relationships, (2) engineering fundamentals with an emphasis on materials science and manufacturing, (3) professional skills for problem solving and critical thinking, (4) design practices and tools that leverage the design freedom enabled by AM, and (5) cross-functional teaming and ideation techniques to nurture creativity.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 185, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 132, "end": 144}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 252, "end": 265}, {"text": "AM", "start": 409, "end": 411}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 230, "end": 239}, {"text": "design freedom", "start": 383, "end": 397}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 338, "end": 344}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 359, "end": 364}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, ensure that all AM curricula provide students with an understanding of (i) AM and traditional manufacturing processes to enable them to effectively select the appropriate process for product realization; (ii) the relationships between AM processes and material properties; and (iii) “Design for AM”, including computational tools for AM design as well as frameworks for process selection, costing, and solution generation that take advantage of AM capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "AM", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 89, "end": 114}, {"text": "AM processes", "start": 242, "end": 254}, {"text": "AM", "start": 302, "end": 304}, {"text": "AM", "start": 341, "end": 343}, {"text": "AM", "start": 452, "end": 454}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 115, "end": 124}, {"text": "process", "start": 178, "end": 185}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 259, "end": 278}, {"text": "computational tools", "start": 317, "end": 336}, {"text": "process selection", "start": 377, "end": 394}, {"text": "solution", "start": 409, "end": 417}], "feature": [{"text": "Design", "start": 291, "end": 297}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 351, "end": 353}, {"text": "as", "start": 359, "end": 361}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Second, establish a national network for AM education that, by leveraging existing “distributed” educational models and NSF’ s Advanced Technology Education (ATE) Programs, provides open source resources as well as packaged activities, courses, and curricula for all educational levels (K-Gray).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 125, "end": 126}, {"text": "as", "start": 204, "end": 206}, {"text": "as", "start": 212, "end": 214}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Technology", "start": 136, "end": 146}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fourth, provide support for collaborative and community-oriented maker spaces that promote awareness of AM among the public and provide AM training programs for incumbent workers in industry and students seeking alternative pathways to gain AM knowledge and experience.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "industry", "start": 182, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "AM", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "AM", "start": 241, "end": 243}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 236, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dynamic tensile properties of additively manufactured (AM) and cast Al-10Si-Mg alloy were investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging coupled with a modified Kolsky bar apparatus.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "properties", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 34, "end": 57}, {"text": "AM", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "cast", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 142, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A controlled tensile loading (strain rate ≈ 750 s−1) was applied using the Kolsky bar apparatus and the deformation and fracture behavior were recorded using the high-speed X-ray imaging setup.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rate", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 104, "end": 115}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 120, "end": 128}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray imaging", "start": 173, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (CT) and high-speed imaging results worked together to identify the location of the critical flaw and to capture the dynamics of crack propagation.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "CT", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 22, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "flaw", "start": 135, "end": 139}, {"text": "crack propagation", "start": 171, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In all experiments, the critical flaw was located on the surface of each specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaw", "start": 33, "end": 37}, {"text": "surface", "start": 57, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The AM specimens showed significantly higher crack propagation speed, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, strain hardening coefficient, and yet lower ductility compared to the cast specimens under dynamic tension.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "strain hardening", "start": 113, "end": 129}, {"text": "cast", "start": 183, "end": 187}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crack propagation", "start": 45, "end": 62}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 204, "end": 211}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 86, "end": 111}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the strength values were higher for the AM specimens, the critical mode I stress intensity factors were comparable for both specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "stress", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 49, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructures of the samples were characterized by CT and scanning electron microcopy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 57, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The correlation between the dynamic fracture behavior of the samples and the microstructure of the samples is analyzed and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "samples", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 77, "end": 91}, {"text": "samples", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is uniquely suitable for healthcare applications due to its design flexibility and cost effectiveness for creating complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design flexibility", "start": 88, "end": 106}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 116, "end": 129}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 143, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Successful arthroplasty requires integration of the prosthetic implant with the bone to replace the damaged joint.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "prosthetic", "start": 52, "end": 62}, {"text": "implant", "start": 63, "end": 70}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 80, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 108, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bone-mimetic biomaterials are utilised due to their mechanical properties and porous structure that allows bone ingrowth and implant fixation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "biomaterials", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 52, "end": 73}, {"text": "bone ingrowth", "start": 107, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 78, "end": 84}], "application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 125, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The predictability of predetermined interconnected porous structures produced by AM ensures the required shape, size and properties that are suitable for tissue ingrowth and prevention of the implant loosening.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 121, "end": 131}], "application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 192, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quality of the manufacturing process needs to be established before the utilisation of the parts in healthcare.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 19, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 50, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper demonstrates a novel examination method of acetabular hip prosthesis cups based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) and image processing.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "hip prosthesis", "start": 65, "end": 79}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 94, "end": 119}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 129, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method was developed based on an innovative hip prosthesis acetabular cup prototype with a prescribed non-uniform lattice structure forming struts over the surface, with the interconnected porosity encouraging bone adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "hip prosthesis", "start": 48, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "surface", "start": 160, "end": 167}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 118, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 193, "end": 201}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 219, "end": 227}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 214, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This non-destructive, non-contact examination method can provide information of the interconnectivity of the porous structure, the standard deviation of the size of the pores and struts, the local thickness of the lattice structure in its size and spatial distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 109, "end": 115}, {"text": "pores", "start": 169, "end": 174}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviation", "start": 131, "end": 149}, {"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 248, "end": 268}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 179, "end": 185}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 214, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue limit of L-PBF maraging steels was characterized by infrared thermography.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fatigue", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 17, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different manufacturing strategies led to varying fatigue limit values.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 10, "end": 23}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 50, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printing process optimization with respect to fatigue performance can be envisaged.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Printing process", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 17, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper deals with the fatigue performance of maraging steels manufactured by Powder Bed Fusion using a laser beam (L-PBF).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steels", "start": 49, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 65, "end": 77}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 81, "end": 98}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of the study was to develop a method for the rapid and reliable characterization of the produced material’ s fatigue limit using infrared (IR) thermography.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 111, "end": 119}, {"text": "s", "start": 121, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 123, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 143, "end": 151}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 153, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, fatigue tests instrumented by IR camera were processed using heat source reconstruction to measure the mechanical dissipation due to fatigue damage.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue tests", "start": 6, "end": 19}, {"text": "IR", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 39, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue damage", "start": 139, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A statistical model was then proposed to identify the fatigue limit of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 75, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a practical application was performed to compare different manufacturing strategies using the same powder, opening perspectives for the rapid optimization of the printing process with respect to the fatigue performance of the parts produced.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 81}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 171, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 108, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 151, "end": 163}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 208, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetically isotropic bonded magnets with a high loading fraction of 70 vol.% Nd-Fe-B are fabricated via an extrusion-based additive manufacturing, or 3D printing system that enables rapid production of large parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "magnets", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 125, "end": 147}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 152, "end": 163}, {"text": "production", "start": 190, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The density of the printed magnet is ∼ 5.2 g/cm3.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "application": [{"text": "magnet", "start": 27, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-printed magnets are then coated with two types of polymers, both of which improve the thermal stability as revealed by flux aging loss measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "magnets", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "coated", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}, {"text": "flux", "start": 126, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stability", "start": 93, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile tests performed at 25 °C and 100 °C show that the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) increases with increasing loading fraction of the magnet powder, and decreases with increasing temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile tests", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 67, "end": 81}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 83, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "magnet", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 183, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AC magnetic susceptibility and resistivity measurements show that the 3D printed Nd-Fe-B bonded magnets exhibit extremely low eddy current loss and high resistivity.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "magnetic susceptibility", "start": 3, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 153, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 70, "end": 80}], "application": [{"text": "magnets", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the 3D printed magnets in a DC motor configuration via back electromotive force measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 80, "end": 93}, {"text": "force", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DC", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During solidification of many so-called high-performance engineering alloys, such as 6000 and 7000 series aluminum alloys, which are also unweldable autogenously, volumetric solidification shrinkage and thermal contraction produces voids and cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 7, "end": 21}, {"text": "solidification shrinkage", "start": 174, "end": 198}, {"text": "contraction", "start": 211, "end": 222}, {"text": "voids", "start": 232, "end": 237}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "aluminum alloys", "start": 106, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During additive manufacturing processing, these defects can span the length of columnar grains, as well as intergranular regions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 7, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 79, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 used powder bed heating at 500 °C in combination with other experimentally determined processing parameters to produce crack-free components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 18, "end": 41}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 43, "end": 47}, {"text": "heating", "start": 93, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 52, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "components", "start": 207, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, melt-pool banding, which is a normal solidification feature in LPBF, was eliminated, illustrating solidification process modification as a consequence of powder bed heating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 76, "end": 80}, {"text": "solidification process", "start": 111, "end": 133}, {"text": "heating", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 147, "end": 149}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 167, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corresponding microindentation hardness and tensile testing of the as-fabricated AA6061 components indicated an average Vickers hardness of HV 54, and tensile yield, ultimate strength, and elongation values of 60 MPa, 130 MPa, and 15%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 128, "end": 136}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 151, "end": 158}, {"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 166, "end": 183}, {"text": "elongation values", "start": 189, "end": 206}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 44, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "AA6061", "start": 81, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 112, "end": 119}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 213, "end": 216}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 222, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These mechanical properties and those of heat treated parts showed values comparable to annealed and T6 heat treated wrought products, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 6, "end": 27}, {"text": "heat", "start": 41, "end": 45}, {"text": "heat", "start": 104, "end": 108}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy revealed columnar grain growth in the build direction with the as-fabricated, powder-bed heated product microstructure characterized by [100] textured, elongated grains (∼ 25 μm wide by 400 μm in length), and both intragranular and intergranular, noncoherent Al-Si-O precipitates which did not contribute significantly to the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 22, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 79, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 145, "end": 159}, {"text": "grains", "start": 203, "end": 209}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 367, "end": 388}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 308, "end": 320}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of this study are indicative that powder bed heating may be used to assist with successful fabrication of AA6061 and other alloy systems susceptible to additive manufacturing solidification cracking.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 46, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 103, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "AA6061", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 135, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "additive manufacturing solidification", "start": 164, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent developments in additive manufacturing (AM) technologies involving heat and mass deposition have exposed the need for computationally efficient modeling of thermal field histories.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 45}, {"text": "AM", "start": 47, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "heat", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 151, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is due to the effect of such histories on resulting morphologies and quantities of interest, such as micro- and meso-structure, residual strains and stresses, as well as on material and structural properties and associated functional performance at the macro-scale.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "residual", "start": 133, "end": 141}, {"text": "properties", "start": 202, "end": 212}, {"text": "performance", "start": 239, "end": 250}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 103, "end": 105}, {"text": "as", "start": 164, "end": 166}, {"text": "as", "start": 172, "end": 174}, {"text": "material", "start": 178, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, in this paper, analytic solutions are enriched and then used to model the thermal aspects of AM, in a manner that demonstrates both high computational performance and fidelity required to enable “in the loop” use for feedback control of AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "performance", "start": 165, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "AM processes", "start": 251, "end": 263}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 231, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is first shown that the utility of existing analytical solutions is limited due to their underlying assumptions, some of which are their derivation based on a homogeneous semi-infinite domain and temperature independent material properties among others.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "analytical solutions", "start": 47, "end": 67}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 162, "end": 173}, {"text": "domain", "start": 188, "end": 194}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 223, "end": 242}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 199, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These solutions must therefore be enriched in order to capture the actual thermal physics associated with the relevant AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "physics", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 119, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Enrichments introduced herein include the handling of strong nonlinear variations in material properties due to their dependence on temperature, finite non-convex solution domains, behavior of heat sources very near domain boundaries, and mass accretion coupled to the thermal problem.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 85, "end": 104}, {"text": "solution", "start": 163, "end": 171}, {"text": "heat sources", "start": 193, "end": 205}, {"text": "domain", "start": 216, "end": 222}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 223, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design for additive manufacturing (AM) requires knowledge of the constraints associated with your targeted AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design for additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One important design concern is the unintentional trapping of parasitic mass in occluded void geometries with either uncured or non-solidified material, or in some cases, sacrificial support material.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void geometries", "start": 89, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "support material", "start": 183, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These occluded features create the need to physically alter the optimal topology to remove the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topology", "start": 72, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 95, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a projection-based topology optimization design formulation is proposed to eliminate occluded void topological features in optimal AM designs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 33, "end": 54}, {"text": "design", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 108, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The algorithm is based on the combination and enhancement of two existing algorithms: a projection-based, overhang-constrained algorithm to design self-supporting structures in AM, and a void projection algorithm to design topologies through control of the void phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "void", "start": 187, "end": 191}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 203, "end": 212}, {"text": "void phase", "start": 257, "end": 267}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "design", "start": 216, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 177, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combined algorithm results in topologies with void regions that always possess an exit path to predefined outer surfaces–i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "topologies", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "void", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solutions are first demonstrated in two dimensions, with increasing design freedom allowed through algorithm enhancements.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 68, "end": 82}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The algorithm is then adapted to 3D, adopting a multi-phase TO approach to not only regain control of the solid phase length scale, but also to drive toward superior performing topologies with minimal impact on the part performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "3D", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "phase", "start": 112, "end": 117}, {"text": "topologies", "start": 177, "end": 187}, {"text": "impact", "start": 201, "end": 207}, {"text": "performance", "start": 220, "end": 231}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scale", "start": 118, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Steel–Inconel multi-scale multilayer by liquid metal dispersed powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Steel", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "Inconel", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "liquid metal", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 63, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nano-scale microstructural design by reactive additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Nano-scale microstructural", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 27, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Gradients of microstructure, texture, residual stresses and chemical composition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 60, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 38, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Zig-zag columnar grains, grain boundaries and crack formation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 8, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 25, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-scale correlative characterization of additively manufactured gradient structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 44, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Synthesis of multi-metal hybrid structures with narrow heat affected zones, limited residual stresses and secondary phase occurrence represents a serious scientific and technological challenge.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat affected zones", "start": 55, "end": 74}, {"text": "phase", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 84, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, liquid dispersed metal powder bed fusion was used to additively manufacture a multilayered structure based on alternating Inconel 625 alloy (IN625) and 316L stainless steel (316L) layers on a 316L base plate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 31, "end": 54}, {"text": "additively manufacture", "start": 67, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 625 alloy", "start": 136, "end": 153}, {"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 166, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopies, high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation analysis reveal sharp compositional, structural and microstructural boundaries between alternating 60 μm thick alloys’ sub-regions and unique microstructures at macro-, micro- and nano-scales.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 174, "end": 189}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission electron microscopies", "start": 24, "end": 58}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 90, "end": 101}, {"text": "nanoindentation", "start": 106, "end": 121}, {"text": "micro-", "start": 291, "end": 297}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 72, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 190, "end": 200}, {"text": "nano-scales", "start": 302, "end": 313}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 233, "end": 239}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 264, "end": 279}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The periodic occurrence of IN625 and 316L sub-regions is correlated with a cross-sectional hardness increase and decrease and compressive stress decrease and increase, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 91, "end": 99}, {"text": "compressive stress", "start": 126, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The laser scanning strategy induced a growth of elongated grains separated by zig-zag low-angle grain boundaries, which correlate with the occurrence of zig-zag cracks propagating in the growth direction.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 58, "end": 64}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 96, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The occurrence of the C-like stress gradient with a pronounced surface tensile stress of about 500 MPa is interpreted by the temperature gradient mechanism model.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "stress", "start": 79, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "temperature gradient mechanism", "start": 125, "end": 155}, {"text": "model", "start": 156, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Chemical analysis indicates a formation of reinforcing spherical chromium-metal-oxide nano-dispersoids and demonstrates a possibility for reactive additive manufacturing and microstructural design at the nanoscale, as a remarkable attribute of the deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Chemical analysis", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 174, "end": 189}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 147, "end": 169}, {"text": "deposition process", "start": 248, "end": 266}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 190, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 215, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the study shows that the novel approach represents an effective tool to combine dissimilar metallic alloys into unique bionic hierarchical microstructures with possible synergetic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 73, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "metallic alloys", "start": 100, "end": 115}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 148, "end": 163}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 189, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jetting (BJ) is a high build-rate additive manufacturing process with growing commercial interest.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder jetting", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 41, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Growth in BJ applications is driven by the use of finer powders and improved post-processing methods that can produce dense, homogenous final parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "BJ", "start": 10, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 77, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper considers the impact of in-process drying, part geometry, and droplet size on a key printing parameter: binder saturation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 46, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "droplet size", "start": 73, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 115, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts of varying thicknesses are printed with a range of saturation levels under various heating conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 89, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In unheated powder beds, part mass increases linearly with printing saturation levels across the range tested (30% –130%).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder beds", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, when the powder is heated between layers, there is a wide range of print saturation levels (30–80%) over which increasing binder saturation or droplet volume does not increase the part mass.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "binder", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 76, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 152, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This stable part mass corresponds to accurate part geometries without bleeding and is likely due to enhanced evaporation of the binder solvent between layers.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 37, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 51, "end": 61}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 128, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Smaller droplet volume (42 pl) was also shown to decrease saturation levels in unheated powder bed and in single layer parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "pl", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 113, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The differences in part mass with print saturation and droplet volume are most pronounced in thin parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 34, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 55, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These observations lead to a simple method for determining an appropriate print saturation parameter for a powder/binder combination in thick parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 19, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "print", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 91, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) is widely gaining popularity as an alternative manufacturing technique for complex and customised parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 57, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM materials are used for various medical applications in both metal and polymer options.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "metal", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "application": [{"text": "medical applications", "start": 34, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence technology is a rapid, user-friendly method of quantifying surface cleanliness and was used in this study to gather quantitative data on levels of contamination on AM materials at three different stage processes: post build, post cleaning and post sterilization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "surface", "start": 104, "end": 111}, {"text": "quantitative data", "start": 161, "end": 178}, {"text": "processes", "start": 247, "end": 256}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 209, "end": 221}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 263, "end": 268}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cleaning", "start": 275, "end": 283}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface cleanliness of eleven AM materials, three metals and eight polymers, was tested.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "metals", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "ATP bioluminescence provided the sensitivity to evaluate different material surface characteristics, and specifically the impact of surface finishing techniques on overall cleanliness.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 122, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface finishing", "start": 132, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) provides flexibility in creating novel metal-matrix composites (MMCs) with unique microstructures and enhanced mechanical properties over conventionally manufactured MMGs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "MMCs", "start": 94, "end": 98}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 112, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 141, "end": 162}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 183, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a Zr-based metallic glass (MG) decorated Ti6Al4V (Ti64) composite with a unique hybrid nanostructure and enhanced mechanical properties and wear resistance was fabricated using SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic glass", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "MG", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 65, "end": 69}, {"text": "composite", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 129, "end": 150}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 175, "end": 185}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 155, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 192, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results revealed that a near-full dense and crack-free Ti-based composite was produced, with its reinforcements consisting of ultrafine β dendrites set with partially crystallized MG nanobands uniformly distributed along the boundaries of the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "MG", "start": 184, "end": 186}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 247, "end": 256}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 142, "end": 151}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 229, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of MG significantly affected the solidification behavior of the Ti-liquid because of its higher dynamic viscosity and density as well as compositional effect on the phase stability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "MG", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "as", "start": 139, "end": 141}, {"text": "as", "start": 147, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 46, "end": 60}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 109, "end": 116}, {"text": "phase", "start": 178, "end": 183}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With such a unique nanostructured reinforcement, the Ti64/MG composite exhibited an enhanced yield strength (> 1 GPa) with reasonable ductility and fracture toughness.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 34, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 93, "end": 107}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 113, "end": 116}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 134, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 148, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the basis of the result of a theoretical analysis, we attributed the main strengthening mechanism to Orowan strengthening.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "strengthening mechanism", "start": 77, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 111, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wear resistance was also much improved in the Ti64/MG composite, arising from the higher hardness of the nanostructured reinforcement and the formation of a more protective tribo-oxide layer during sliding.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 124, "end": 137}, {"text": "layer", "start": 189, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The confinement of the 3D distributed reinforcement phase played a crucial role in preventing the delamination of the tribo-layer on the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "phase", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 98, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 38, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work opens a pathway to the design of novel additively manufactured MMCs with outstanding mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 49, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 95, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue of laser beam powder bed fused (LB-PBF) 316 L stainless steel is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fatigue", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 54, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of build orientation and surface roughness are examined.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 11, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 33, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fractography and failure analysis on fatigue specimens are conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Fractography", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 37, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fracture mechanics-based approach is employed to explain the fatigue results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 2, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of layer orientation and surface roughness on the mechanical properties and fatigue life of 316L stainless steel (SS) fabricated via a laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) additive manufacturing process were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 37, "end": 54}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 88, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 62, "end": 83}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 104, "end": 124}, {"text": "SS", "start": 126, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 185, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quasi-static tensile and uniaxial fatigue tests were conducted on LB-PBF 316L SS specimens fabricated in vertical and diagonal directions in their as-built surface condition, as well as in horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions where the surface had been machined to remove any effects of surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quasi-static", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 105, "end": 113}, {"text": "surface", "start": 156, "end": 163}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 201, "end": 209}, {"text": "surface", "start": 245, "end": 252}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue tests", "start": 34, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 175, "end": 177}, {"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machined", "start": 262, "end": 270}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 296, "end": 313}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Similarly, in the as-built condition, vertical specimens demonstrated better fatigue resistance when compared to diagonal specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 77, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the detrimental effects of surface roughness on fatigue life of LB-PBF 316L SS specimens was not significant, which may be due to the presence of large internal defects in the specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 40, "end": 57}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 61, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "be", "start": 133, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 174, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy of LB-PBF 316L SS specimens was attributed to the variation in layer orientation, affecting defects’ directionality with respect to the loading direction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "defects", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 74, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These defect characteristics can significantly influence the stress concentration and, consequently, fatigue behavior of additive manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 6, "end": 12}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 61, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "application": [{"text": "additive manufactured parts", "start": 121, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the elastic-plastic energy release rates, a fracture mechanics-based concept that incorporates size, location, and projected area of defects on the loading plane, were determined to correlate the fatigue data and acceptable results were achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "defects", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "data", "start": 215, "end": 219}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 136, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 207, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-built microstructure of L-PBF AM consists of fine dendrites and precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF AM", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 67, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Precipitates comprise mostly Laves phase and small amount of NbC carbide.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Precipitates", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "carbide", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 29, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniformly distributed hardness for samples built with and without support.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 66, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Calculations show heat build-up of 487 K with support versus 353 K without support.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 18, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "K", "start": 39, "end": 40}, {"text": "K", "start": 65, "end": 66}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "support", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solidification cooling rate 6.57 × 105 K/s with support versus 8.45 × 105 K/s without.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Solidification cooling rate", "start": 0, "end": 27}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 48, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "INCONEL® 718 cubes with and without structural support were built by laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 94, "end": 99}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of support on the as-built microstructure was studied based on the microstructural characteristics and micro-hardness variations.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 38, "end": 52}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 78, "end": 93}, {"text": "variations", "start": 129, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, the microstructure was examined by optical microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 49, "end": 67}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 86, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The precipitates were identified via selected area diffraction supplemented by high-resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 46, "end": 50}, {"text": "high-resolution", "start": 79, "end": 94}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy", "start": 95, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Micro-hardness distributions on cross sections parallel and perpendicular to the build direction were mapped.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 15, "end": 28}, {"text": "cross sections", "start": 32, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 81, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, analytical equations, taking into account various laser processing parameters, material properties and support geometries, were developed to calculate the heat build-up and cooling conditions during L-PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 63, "end": 79}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 92, "end": 111}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 124, "end": 134}, {"text": "heat", "start": 168, "end": 172}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 186, "end": 193}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 212, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of microstructure characterization and analytical calculation showed a marginal effect of the support on the local microstructure and hardness due to the low heat input in L-PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 15, "end": 29}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 127, "end": 141}, {"text": "heat", "start": 170, "end": 174}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 146, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 184, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the comprehensive set of microstructure data is useful for future work of modelling processing-microstructure relation as well as optimizing post-fabrication heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure data", "start": 35, "end": 54}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 84, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 168, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to simulate the thermal, mechanical, and material response in additive manufacturing offers tremendous utility for gaining a deeper understanding of the process, while also having significant practical application.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 74, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The approach and progress in establishing an integrated computational system for simulating additive manufacturing of metallic components are discussed, with the primary focus directed at the computational intensive components, which include the process and material models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 92, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 118, "end": 126}, {"text": "material", "start": 258, "end": 266}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 127, "end": 137}, {"text": "components", "start": 216, "end": 226}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 246, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SRAS optical data was used for defect characterisation of an SLM layer.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 13, "end": 17}, {"text": "defect", "start": 31, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 61, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 65, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A bespoke algorithm was developed to target defects for rework.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "defects", "start": 44, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hatch pattern rework showed to be the most effective method for rework.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 33, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A general framework for targeted rework in AM processes is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 10, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 43, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A major factor limiting the adoption of powder-bed-fusion additive manufacturing for production of parts is the control of build process defects and the effect these have upon the certification of parts for structural applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}, {"text": "production", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 137, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In response to this, new methods for detecting defects and to monitor process performance are being developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 62, "end": 69}, {"text": "performance", "start": 78, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, effective utilisation of such methods to rework parts in process has yet to be demonstrated.This study investigates the use of spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS) scan data to inform repair strategies within a commercial selective laser melting machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 112, "end": 124}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 164, "end": 176}, {"text": "data", "start": 189, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 242, "end": 265}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 266, "end": 273}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New methodologies which allow for rework of the most common defects observed in selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing are proposed and demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 80, "end": 103}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 105, "end": 108}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three rework methodologies are applied to targeted surface breaking pores: a hatch pattern, a spiral pattern and a single shot exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 127, "end": 135}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 68, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented shows that it is possible to correct surface breaking pores using targeted re-melting, reducing the depth of defects whilst minimising changes in local texture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "defects", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 73, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 171, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work is part of a programme to develop a method by which defects can be detected and the part reworked in-process during SLM to enable defect specification targets to be met.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 62, "end": 69}, {"text": "defect", "start": 140, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "be", "start": 172, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 126, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the rapid adoption of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Additive Manufacturing by industry, current processes remain largely open-loop, with limited real-time monitoring capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 30, "end": 53}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 55, "end": 59}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 61, "end": 83}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While some machines offer powder bed visualization during builds, they lack automated analysis capability.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "powder bed", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 58, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presents an approach for in-situ monitoring and analysis of powder bed images with the potential to become a component of a real-time control system in an LPBF machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "images", "start": 81, "end": 87}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "component", "start": 119, "end": 128}, {"text": "control system", "start": 144, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 165, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, a computer vision algorithm is used to automatically detect and classify anomalies that occur during the powder spreading stage of the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "computer vision algorithm", "start": 16, "end": 41}, {"text": "anomalies", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "process", "start": 149, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 119, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anomaly detection and classification are implemented using an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, operating on a moderately-sized training database of image patches.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Anomaly", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "classification", "start": 22, "end": 36}, {"text": "image", "start": 156, "end": 161}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "machine learning algorithm", "start": 75, "end": 101}, {"text": "database", "start": 144, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance of the final algorithm is evaluated, and its usefulness as a standalone software package is demonstrated with several case studies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "software", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "case studies", "start": 134, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical, metallurgical and corrosion properties of Alloy 625 produced using the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) manufacturing process were investigated and compared with typical performance of the alloy produced using conventional forging processes.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "metallurgical", "start": 16, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 34, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 58, "end": 63}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 204, "end": 209}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 87, "end": 110}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 112, "end": 117}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 119, "end": 140}, {"text": "forging", "start": 238, "end": 245}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 185, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Test specimens were produced near net shape along with several demonstration pieces that were produced to examine the geometric complexity that could be achieved with the process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "near net shape", "start": 29, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 128, "end": 138}, {"text": "process", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 150, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additively manufactured specimens exhibited strength, fracture toughness and impact toughness that was equal to or better than properties typically achieved for wrought product.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 4, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "impact", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "properties", "start": 131, "end": 141}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There was no evidence of stress corrosion cracking susceptibility in 3.5% NaCl solution at stress intensities up to 70 ksi-in1/2 after 700 h exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stress corrosion cracking", "start": 25, "end": 50}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "NaCl", "start": 74, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 91, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure was equiaxed in the plane of the powder bed build platform (X–Y) and exhibited a columnar shape in the Z direction although there was not any significant evidence of anisotropy in the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 203, "end": 224}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed build platform", "start": 52, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 185, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high hardness, melting temperature and environmental resistance of most ceramic materials makes them well-suited for propulsion, tribilogical and protective applications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 19, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic materials", "start": 76, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, these same attributes pose difficulties for manufacturing and machining of ceramics and ultimately limit the achievable design space of these materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 66}, {"text": "machining", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "design space", "start": 129, "end": 141}, {"text": "materials", "start": 151, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, a new class of preceramic photopolymers has been developed that enables additive manufacturing of ceramics using commercially available stereolithography systems.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymers", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 108, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 104}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 146, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By consolidating preceramic monomers via layer-wise exposure to ultraviolet light and subsequently pyrolyzing under an inert atmosphere to form a ceramic, this method allows for complex geometry parts that can not be produced with traditional sintering, pressing or vapor infiltration processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "ultraviolet light", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "complex geometry", "start": 178, "end": 194}, {"text": "infiltration", "start": 272, "end": 284}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 146, "end": 153}, {"text": "be", "start": 214, "end": 216}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 243, "end": 252}, {"text": "pressing", "start": 254, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To this end, we present x-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) measurements of the dimensional stability and uniformity of additively manufactured silicon-based ceramics as a function of geometry and processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray micro-computed tomography", "start": 24, "end": 55}, {"text": "micro-CT", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 99, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 127, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 165, "end": 173}, {"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 191, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser polishing (LP) is an emerging technique with the potential to be used for post-build, or in-situ, precision smoothing of rough, fatigue-initiation prone, surfaces of additive manufactured (AM) components.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 160, "end": 168}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 172, "end": 193}, {"text": "AM", "start": 195, "end": 197}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 199, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LP uses a laser to re-melt a thin surface layer and smooths the surface by exploiting surface tension effects in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 86, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 117, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, rapid re-solidification of the melted surface layer and the associated substrate thermal exposure can significantly modify the subsurface material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 40, "end": 46}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "material", "start": 147, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study has used an electron beam melted (EBM) Ti6Al4V component, representing the worst case scenario in terms of roughness for a powder bed process, as an example to investigate these issues and evaluate the capability of the LP technique for improving the surface quality of AM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 23, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 45, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "powder bed", "start": 134, "end": 144}, {"text": "AM parts", "start": 281, "end": 289}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 262, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiments have shown that the surface roughness can be reduced to below Sa = 0.51 μm, which is comparable to a CNC machined surface, and high stress concentrating defects inherited from the AM process were removed by LP.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 32, "end": 49}, {"text": "stress", "start": 144, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 113, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 126, "end": 133}, {"text": "defects", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 192, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the re-melted layer underwent a change in texture, grain structure, and a martensitic transformation, which was subsequently tempered in-situ by repeated beam rastering and resulted in a small increase in sub-surface hardness.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structure", "start": 60, "end": 75}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempered", "start": 134, "end": 142}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 163, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 226, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, a high level of near-surface tensile residual stresses was generated by the process, although they could be relaxed to near zero by a standard stress relief heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stresses", "start": 42, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "standard", "start": 147, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 170, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently, additive manufacturing is a rapidly growing technique that should be explored for the development of various composites and alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "composites", "start": 120, "end": 130}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 135, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Graphene is also simultaneously gaining considerable attention as a reinforcement material for metals due to its superior properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Graphene", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "metals", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 68, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 122, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a graphene/AlSi10Mg composite was developed using the powder bed fusion (PBF) technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 69, "end": 86}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 88, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of graphene reinforcement and laser power variation was studied on the basis of the porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "composite", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 105, "end": 119}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 124, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, graphene (0.1 and 0.2 wt.%) was mixed in AlSi10Mg powder by conducting low-energy ball milling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ball milling", "start": 89, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resultant mixture was used for PBF at laser power values of 200, 300 and 400 W. The prepared samples were characterised by synchrotron-based X-ray computed tomography to observe their pore distribution and morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 193, "end": 205}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 210, "end": 220}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 145, "end": 170}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 188, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The observation results reveal that the energy (laser power) required for appropriate melting of the powder was increased after graphene incorporation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 101, "end": 107}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscattered diffraction analysis revealed grain refinement and increase in fraction of high angle grain boundaries due to progressive addition of graphene.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "grain refinement", "start": 53, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 86, "end": 94}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 109, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strain developed after graphene incorporation was also validated using X-ray diffraction analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction analysis", "start": 75, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The uniform distribution of graphene and its structural inherency was confirmed by Raman analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Raman analysis", "start": 83, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, transmission electron microscopy revealed a suitable graphene-matrix interface.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 10, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 79, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile properties were significantly influenced by the porosity induced in the samples irrespective of graphene reinforcement.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, a yield strength increase of 22% was observed in the composite compared with the strength of unreinforced sample of equivalent density.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 11, "end": 25}, {"text": "strength", "start": 90, "end": 98}, {"text": "density", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 115, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness increased progressively with the graphene content and was unaffected by variation in the laser power.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "graphene", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 98, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material jetting 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique that allows producing complex parts without tooling and minimum material wastage.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material jetting 3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, orientation control of randomly shaped, anisotropic hard magnetic ferrite particles is demonstrated for material jetting-based additive manufacturing processes using a developed particle alignment configuration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "particle", "start": 193, "end": 201}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 212, "end": 225}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 81, "end": 88}, {"text": "material", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 142, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strontium ferrite and PR-48 photosensitive resin were used as the base materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "photosensitive resin", "start": 28, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An automated experimental setup with two neodymium permanent cube magnets capable of generating a dipolar magnetic field was built to align magnetic particles in the resin.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "cube", "start": 61, "end": 65}, {"text": "magnetic field", "start": 106, "end": 120}, {"text": "particles", "start": 149, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "neodymium", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "resin", "start": 166, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particle alignment was characterized for directionality using images obtained through real time optical microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Particle", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "images", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 96, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The orientation of magnetic particles was observed to be dependent on the distance of separation between the cube magnets and the magnetization time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "particles", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "cube", "start": 109, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray diffraction was used to indicate the c-axis alignment of the hexagonal strontium ferrite particles in the cured specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "feature": [{"text": "hexagonal", "start": 67, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 112, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of process parameters on particle orientation was evaluated, employing a full factorial experiment analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 17, "end": 35}, {"text": "particle", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 48, "end": 59}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 102, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This fundamental research serves as a basis for constructing and optimizing the magnetic particle alignment setup for additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "particle", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 118, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measurements of the temperature and distortion evolution during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are taken as a function of time.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 64, "end": 87}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 89, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ measurements have proven vital to the development and validation of FE (finite element) models for alternate forms of additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "validation", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 80, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 126, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to powder obscuring all but the top layer of the part in LPBF, many non-contact measurement techniques used for in situ measurement of additive manufacturing processes are impossible.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 7, "end": 13}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 61, "end": 65}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 139, "end": 171}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, an enclosed instrumented system is designed to allow for the in situ measurement of temperature and distortion in an LPBF machine without the need for altering the machine or the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 111, "end": 121}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "build", "start": 190, "end": 195}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 128, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 175, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By instrumenting a substrate from underneath, the spread powder does not affect measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "powder", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spread", "start": 50, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Default processing parameters for the EOS M280 machine prescribe a rotating scan pattern of 67° for each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "EOS", "start": 38, "end": 41}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan pattern", "start": 76, "end": 88}, {"text": "layer", "start": 105, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One test is completed using the default rotating scan pattern and a second is completed using a constant scan pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scan pattern", "start": 49, "end": 61}, {"text": "scan pattern", "start": 105, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental observations for the build geometry tested showed that for Inconel® 718 and a constant scan pattern produce results in a 37.6% increase in distortion as compared with a rotated scan pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "scan pattern", "start": 100, "end": 112}, {"text": "scan pattern", "start": 190, "end": 202}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 163, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The in situ measurements also show that the thermal cycles caused by the processing of a layer can impact the distortion accumulated during the deposition of the previous layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "impact", "start": 99, "end": 105}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 110, "end": 120}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 144, "end": 154}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 44, "end": 58}, {"text": "layer", "start": 89, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The amount of distortion built per layer between the rotating and constant scan pattern cases highlights inter-layer effects not previously discovered in LPBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "scan pattern", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 154, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The demonstrated inter-layer effects in the LPBF process should be considered in the development of thermo-mechanical models of the LPBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 44, "end": 48}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 132, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical models", "start": 100, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing demand for high-quality additive manufactured parts in the aerospace, automotive, medical, and oil and gas industries requires careful control of the part microstructure, residual stress, and density homogeneity.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "additive manufactured parts", "start": 35, "end": 62}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 81, "end": 91}, {"text": "medical", "start": 93, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "oil", "start": 106, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 114, "end": 117}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 166, "end": 180}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 182, "end": 197}, {"text": "density", "start": 203, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to improve part quality, partial remelting of the as-built material during subsequent beam scans is desirable.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 95, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we make use of computer simulations to explicitly study remelting in laser- or electron beam-melting additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "computer simulations", "start": 21, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 107, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By explicitly implementing phase transformations between the powder, the liquid, and the bulk, we track the amount of material that is subject to remelting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 61, "end": 67}, {"text": "material", "start": 118, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of the beam parameters, such as the beam size, scan speed and power, are investigated and both the cases of an exponential as well as a linear beam absorption profile are considered.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 21, "end": 25}, {"text": "beam", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "beam", "start": 157, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}, {"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "power", "start": 76, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 162, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find that, at constant beam cross section, there is an optimal beam shape for remelting.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 26, "end": 30}, {"text": "beam", "start": 66, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Calculations are presented for the model case of AISI 316L stainless steel but can be extended to a wide class of metals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 54, "end": 74}, {"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "metals", "start": 114, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jetting technology enables the production of sand casting molds and cores without a pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder jetting", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "production", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "sand casting", "start": 52, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 65, "end": 70}, {"text": "cores", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 91, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Real-time inertial measurement is demonstrated with encapsulated wireless sensors in sand cores.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "encapsulated", "start": 52, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "cores", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 85, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, real-time in-process monitoring of core motion in metal castings is demonstrated through the use of two emerging technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 49, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 127, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D sand printing (3DSP) is a binder jetting additive manufacturing process that is quickly manifesting itself as a technological disrupter in the metal casting industry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 66}, {"text": "casting", "start": 152, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 110, "end": 112}, {"text": "metal", "start": 146, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on its direct digital manufacturing principle, 3DSP enables complex mold and core design freedom that has been previously unavailable to foundry engineers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct digital manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 41}, {"text": "foundry", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "core", "start": 83, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the miniaturization and affordability of electronics and sensing equipment is rapidly accelerating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 78, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An experimental casting and mold were designed in this research to demonstrate and evaluate wireless sensing of core shifts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 3, "end": 15}, {"text": "research", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "core", "start": 112, "end": 116}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the use of 3D sand printing, precisely sized and located pockets were manufactured inside of cores.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cores", "start": 98, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Miniature wireless Bluetooth sensors capable of measuring acceleration and rotation were then embedded inside the cores.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "cores", "start": 114, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From these, high fidelity data were captured wirelessly from the sensors during the casting process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 84, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With strategically designed core prints designed to allow varying levels of core motion, it is shown that core shifts can be measured and discriminated during casting in real time.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core prints", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "core", "start": 76, "end": 80}, {"text": "core", "start": 106, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture properties (stress intensity factor and energy release rate) of additively manufactured (AM) polylactic acid (PLA) and its short carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites have been studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 160, "end": 170}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 77, "end": 100}, {"text": "AM", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 106, "end": 121}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 123, "end": 126}, {"text": "short carbon fiber", "start": 136, "end": 154}, {"text": "composites", "start": 171, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of CF reinforcement, nozzle geometry and bead lay-up orientations in fracture properties, void contents, and interfacial bonding were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 18, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 65, "end": 77}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "void", "start": 102, "end": 106}, {"text": "interfacial bonding", "start": 121, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 53, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fused filament fabrication (FFF) -based AM specimens using both circular and square shaped nozzle were printed and compared with the conventional compression molded (CM) samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 30}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 32, "end": 35}, {"text": "AM", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 150, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 174, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compact tension (CT) specimens with different CF concentrations (0 wt.%, 3 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Compact", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 17, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "%, 5 wt.%, 7 wt.% and 10 wt.%) were printed with two bead lay-up orientations (450/-450 and 00/900) using PLA and CF/PLA composite filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 65, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "composite", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show significant improvement in fracture toughness and fracture energy for CF/PLA composites in comparison to neat PLA.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 127, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The increase in fracture energy was observed to be about 77% for 00/900 and 88% for 450/-450 bead orientations, respectively for the same fiber reinforcement (5 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 93, "end": 97}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber reinforcement", "start": 138, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such improvement in fracture properties is expected to be higher for all 900 bead orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 77, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples printed by square-shaped nozzle showed enhanced fracture toughness with less inter-bead voids and larger bonded areas in comparison to the circular-shaped nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "voids", "start": 100, "end": 105}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 167, "end": 173}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 124, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the fracture toughness showed very negligible differences between 00/900 and 450/-450 specimens, distinguishable variation may be seen in the case of 00 and 900 bead orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "variation", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 136, "end": 138}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 170, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The crack propagation path and fracture mechanisms were studied using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "crack propagation", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 70, "end": 88}, {"text": "OM", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 98, "end": 126}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 128, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fractography revealed different modes of failure with a very high fiber orientation along the printing direction and a relatively higher void contents for 7 and 10 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Fractography", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "void", "start": 137, "end": 141}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber orientation", "start": 66, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% fiber reinforcement.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "fiber reinforcement", "start": 2, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The advent of additive manufacturing (AM), also often referred to as 3D printing, has enabled the rapid production of parts with complex geometries that are either labor-intensive or unrealizable by traditional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 14, "end": 36}, {"text": "AM", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "production", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 199, "end": 224}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 129, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many existing 3D printing technologies, however, only allow one material to be printed at one time, while many applications require the integration of different materials, which sometimes can not be printed by one AM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 14, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "be", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "be", "start": 196, "end": 198}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 161, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technology", "start": 214, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a novel multi-material multi-method (m4) 3D printer comprised of multiple AM technologies is presented as a solution to the current limitations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 23, "end": 37}, {"text": "solution", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "m4", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "AM technologies", "start": 89, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 118, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This printer fosters the advancement of AM by combining materials traditionally unable to be printed concurrently while adding functionality to printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 90, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The m4 3D printer integrates four AM technologies and two complementary technologies onto one single platform, including inkjet (IJ), fused filament fabrication (FFF), direct ink writing (DIW), and aerosol jetting (AJ), along with robotic arms for pick-and-place (PnP) and photonic curing for intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "m4", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "AM technologies", "start": 34, "end": 49}, {"text": "inkjet", "start": 121, "end": 127}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 134, "end": 160}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 162, "end": 165}, {"text": "DIW", "start": 188, "end": 191}, {"text": "jetting", "start": 206, "end": 213}, {"text": "curing", "start": 282, "end": 288}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 320, "end": 329}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 7, "end": 17}, {"text": "platform", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "robotic arms", "start": 231, "end": 243}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 72, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 175, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The integration of these AM technologies and PnP into a single platform allows for rapid fabrication of complex devices, providing a wide range of functionalities with applications ranging from soft robotics and flexible electronics to medical devices.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 25, "end": 40}, {"text": "rapid fabrication", "start": 83, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 138, "end": 143}], "application": [{"text": "soft robotics", "start": 194, "end": 207}, {"text": "medical devices", "start": 236, "end": 251}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 221, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnesium alloys are highly attractive in aerospace and auto industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Magnesium alloys", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "industries", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing of Mg alloys can further save cost from materials and machining time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "machining", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "Mg alloys", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper investigates the microstructure and dynamic mechanical behavior of WE-43 Mg alloy built through the powder bed fusion process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 28, "end": 42}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "Mg alloy", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion process", "start": 111, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples from four different combinations of processing parameters were built.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 55, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These builds were studied in both as-built and hot isostatically pressed conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 6, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pressed", "start": 65, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resultant complex microstructures were studied under scanning and transmission electron microscopes while their dynamic mechanical behavior was evaluated using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar testing system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 22, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 182, "end": 190}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission electron microscopes", "start": 70, "end": 103}, {"text": "testing", "start": 195, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of initial porosity and microstructural evolution during HIP treatment on mechanical response are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 32, "end": 57}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 82, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 65, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Any literature investigation of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) manufacturing of metal parts would reveal that the development of internal stresses is a serious limitation in the application of this technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 32, "end": 55}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 64, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal stresses", "start": 130, "end": 147}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 199, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Researchers have used a variety of different methods to quantify this stress and investigate scanning strategies aimed at reducing or distributing this stress more evenly in the part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 70, "end": 76}, {"text": "stress", "start": 152, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategies", "start": 93, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These techniques provide a rapid method to give a quantitative comparison of scan strategies and parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Non-destructive diffraction based methods can be used to calculate the profile of stress in a part but these are often prohibitively expensive or difficult to use on a large scale.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 46, "end": 48}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 82, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents a methodology which combines deflection based methods with either the hole drilling or contour methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hole drilling", "start": 90, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 107, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that these experiments can be completed in a cost effective manner, with standard lab based equipment to generate a through thickness measurement of residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 147, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 162, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To benefit from the fascinating properties of multi-material structures, the interfacial joint should exhibit good mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "joint", "start": 89, "end": 94}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structures", "start": 46, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 115, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evaluating the shear strength of a bimetallic joint via conventional methods is usually complex, and in most cases produces unreliable data due to induced bending stress among others.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear strength", "start": 15, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "data", "start": 135, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 155, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a novel single-shear test device was designed and fabricated to measure shear strength of bimetallic joints.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear strength", "start": 86, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The device was first standardized by shearing standard materials, and the results were in good agreement with published data.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "shearing", "start": 37, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "data", "start": 120, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, the shear strength of Inconel 718/copper alloy (GRCop-84) bimetallic joint built via laser engineered net shaping (LENS™) was evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear strength", "start": 18, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 99, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression test on the bimetallic joint was carried out as well for more mechanical characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Compression test", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both shear and compressive yield strengths of the bimetallic joints were compared with the base materials in addition to influence of thermal cycling on the joint strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strengths", "start": 27, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 96, "end": 105}, {"text": "joint", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 134, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inconel 718/GRCop-84 bimetallic-joint shear strength was 220 ± 18 MPa and 231 ± 27 MPa for as-printed sample and after thermal cycling, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear strength", "start": 38, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 66, "end": 69}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 83, "end": 86}, {"text": "sample", "start": 102, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 119, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Likewise, the bimetallic yield strength after compression test was 232 ± 3 MPa and 337 ± 15 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 25, "end": 39}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compression test", "start": 46, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 92, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No cracking through or along the interface was observed even after thermal cycling, which indicates no thermal degradation at the bimetallic interfacial joint.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 3, "end": 11}, {"text": "interface", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 111, "end": 122}, {"text": "joint", "start": 153, "end": 158}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 67, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increase in compressive yield strength after thermal cycling could be attributed to precipitation of Cr2Nb particles in GRCop-84 matrix along with strengthening due to gamma phases in Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 24, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 45, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 184, "end": 195}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 84, "end": 97}, {"text": "particles", "start": 107, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 147, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and backscatter electron imaging were used to examine the interfacial microstructures and failure modes.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 105, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure modes", "start": 125, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EDS was used as well to analyze the interface elemental composition.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EDS", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "composition", "start": 56, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development of the single-shear test device can provide an added opportunity to effectively evaluate mechanical behavior, reliability and performance of additively manufactured multi-material structures through bond strength analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 126, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 142, "end": 153}, {"text": "bond strength", "start": 215, "end": 228}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 157, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we develop a simple model to determine the upper bound of feed rates that do not cause jamming in material extrusion additive manufacturing, also known as fused deposition modeling (FDM) ™ or fused-filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 112, "end": 153}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 196, "end": 199}, {"text": "fused-filament fabrication", "start": 206, "end": 232}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 234, "end": 237}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "deposition modeling", "start": 175, "end": 194}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 72, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 166, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We first derive a relation between the tube temperature and Péclet number for the solid portion of polymer filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "polymer filaments", "start": 99, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We focus on the boundary between the solid and molten polymer in the heated portion of the tube.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 54, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find the Péclet number that corresponds to the point at which this boundary makes contact with the nozzle, and identify this as the upper bound of the feed rate.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 102, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 154, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We compare our predictions to experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 30, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find good agreement for tube temperatures sufficiently above the glass-transition temperature, which is the temperature region of typical additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 32, "end": 44}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 111, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 141, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing potential of cold spray technology was used to fabricate freestanding samples of a copper alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 70, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "samples", "start": 93, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "copper alloy", "start": 106, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different volume fractions of micro and nanocrystalline powder particles were used to obatin a bimodal structure with heterogeneous arrangement of crystalline phases.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "volume fractions", "start": 10, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 56, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 103, "end": 112}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 118, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of volume fractions of each phase were investigated on the microstructural arrangement, porosity, microhardness, residual stresses, and mechanical strength of the deposited materials.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "volume fractions", "start": 15, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 71, "end": 86}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 110, "end": 123}, {"text": "materials", "start": 185, "end": 194}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 100, "end": 108}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 125, "end": 142}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 148, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A series of finite element simulations were developed and validated by experimental data to describe the influence of volume fraction, morphology, and spatial distribution of the phases on the global strength of the samples under tensile loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 12, "end": 26}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 71, "end": 88}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 135, "end": 145}, {"text": "samples", "start": 216, "end": 223}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 118, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 151, "end": 171}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 200, "end": 208}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 230, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained results evidence the possibility of tailoring the mechanical response of freestanding cold spray deposits, adopting a heterogeneous phase structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 63, "end": 82}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 131, "end": 144}, {"text": "structure", "start": 151, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimized fabrication parameters and post-processing strategies should be studied to further enhance the performance of the designed bimodal materials and overcome the intrinsic brittleness of cold spray deposits.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 10, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 37, "end": 52}, {"text": "performance", "start": 105, "end": 116}, {"text": "materials", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article, we propose a model that can account for the effect of porosity and high surface roughness on the fatigue crack initiation of AM Ti6Al4V alloys in moderate and high cycle fatigue regimes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 89, "end": 106}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 187, "end": 194}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 153, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Within these fatigue regimes, the applied force to the component is below the yield stress, however, defective features, viz., porosity and high surface roughness, can act as stress raisers.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "yield stress", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 145, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 55, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 172, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a consequence, local plasticity can occur.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plasticity", "start": 24, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To capture this phenomenon, a nonlinear isotropic kinematic hardening elasto-plasticity model is employed in our finite element (FE) model.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 88, "end": 93}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 113, "end": 127}, {"text": "model", "start": 133, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For creating the geometry of the FE models, inputs from fractography analyses and surface roughness measurements are needed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fractography", "start": 56, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 82, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From fractography analyses, the shape of pores formed by gas bubbles during manufacture appears quite regular.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "fractography", "start": 5, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 57, "end": 60}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 76, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, these pores are modeled as circles in FE models.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "FE", "start": 44, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The size of these pores and their distance to a free surface of the tested specimens are extracted from Scanning Electron Microscope images.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "free surface", "start": 48, "end": 60}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "images", "start": 133, "end": 139}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Scanning Electron Microscope", "start": 104, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, it has been mentioned in the literature that statistical parameters of surface roughness can not fully describe the detrimental effect of this type of defect to the fatigue life of the associated component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "defect", "start": 161, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 81, "end": 98}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 175, "end": 187}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 206, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, in our FE model, the surface topography, which was measured using stylus-based profilometer, is explicitly modeled.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topography", "start": 27, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "profilometer", "start": 85, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The finite element results are then post-processed by our in-house software to extract the Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) fatigue indicator parameter (FIP).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "software", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 135, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SWT parameter is calculated at each element centroid of the FE mesh, i.e., the local indicator.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "FE", "start": 64, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Afterward, an average value of the SWT parameter over a so-called critical area whose center is located at the considered centroid is also calculated, i.e., the average indicator.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "average", "start": 161, "end": 168}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 75, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the local SWT indicator is too conservative in predicting the fatigue life of the AM Ti64 alloys while the average SWT one can provide good results.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 84, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 112, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A complete metallurgical and mechanical assessment of additively-manufactured maraging tool steels has been undertaken, beginning with the initial powder and ending at hybrid builds.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 11, "end": 24}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "maraging", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "powder", "start": 147, "end": 153}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 175, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of powder recycling on powder characteristics is investigated using flowability, size distribution, and density measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 14, "end": 20}, {"text": "powder", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 97, "end": 109}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "density measurements", "start": 115, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Virgin and re-used powder have similar characteristics in terms of size distribution and chemical and phase homogeneity, but no flowability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 72, "end": 84}, {"text": "phase", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A microstructural characterization of the as-built and heat-treated samples is undertaken, showing the phase evolution, and the formation of porosity between build layers.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural characterization", "start": 2, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 55, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase evolution", "start": 103, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "parameter": [{"text": "build layers", "start": 158, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The age-hardening response of the alloy at 490 °C and 650 °C is demonstrated to be similar to the material in the wrought condition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "material", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, hybrid build scenarios are examined–maraging steel powder deposited onto C300 maraging steel, as well as H13 tool steel substrates–using digital image correlation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "maraging steel", "start": 87, "end": 101}, {"text": "as", "start": 103, "end": 105}, {"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}, {"text": "steel", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 146, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In both cases, the interface remains coherent without any sign of de-bonding during tensile deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 84, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of the maraging steel powder/C300 substrate, the deformation is homogeneous throughout until failure localizes away from the interface.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 61, "end": 72}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 76, "end": 87}, {"text": "failure", "start": 105, "end": 112}, {"text": "interface", "start": 137, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of the maraging steel powder/H13 substrate, the deformation is predominantly within the substrate until failure localizes at the interface.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "H13", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "failure", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "interface", "start": 141, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A heat treatment strategy for the maraging steel powder/H13 tool steel substrate is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 2, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 34, "end": 48}, {"text": "H13 tool steel", "start": 56, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of electrode positive time cycle (% EP) of the alternating current TIG process has been investigated for aluminium wire + arc additive manufacture of linear walls.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 14, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "TIG process", "start": 78, "end": 89}, {"text": "additive manufacture", "start": 137, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 116, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 133, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study considered the effect on oxide removal, linear wall dimensions, microstructure, mechanical properties as well as the effect on electrode wear.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 74, "end": 88}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 90, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 137, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure analysis showed a noticeable increase in the grain size for higher% EP.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 60, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study also showed that% EP had no significant effect on mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 60, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study also indicated that there could be other contributing factors to wall dimensions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For aluminium wire + arc additive manufacture of linear walls, minimum cleaning ranged between 10% EP and 20% EP.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 21, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacture", "start": 25, "end": 45}, {"text": "cleaning", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reverted austenite is a metastable phase that can be used in maraging steels to increase ductility via transformation-induced plasticity or TRIP effect.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "be", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "maraging steels", "start": 61, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "metastable", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 126, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, 18Ni maraging steel samples were built by selective laser melting, homogenized at 820 °C and then subjected to different isothermal tempering cycles aiming for martensite-to-austenite reversion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 27, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 64, "end": 87}, {"text": "homogenized", "start": 89, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "isothermal", "start": 143, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermodynamic simulations were used to estimate the inter-critical austenite + ferrite field and to interpret the results obtained after tempering.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 14, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 67, "end": 76}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempering", "start": 137, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was performed during the heating, soaking and cooling of the samples to characterize the martensite-to-austenite reversion kinetics and the reverted austenite stability upon cooling to room temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "samples", "start": 99, "end": 106}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 20, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 187, "end": 196}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 228, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reverted austenite size and distribution were measured by Electron Backscattered Diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 32, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Diffraction", "start": 85, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that the selected soaking temperatures of 610 °C and 650 °C promoted significant and gradual martensite-to-austenite reversion with high thermal stability.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 41, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stability", "start": 152, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tempering at 690 °C caused massive and complete austenitization, resulting in low austenite stability upon cooling due to compositional homogenization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Tempering", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 107, "end": 114}, {"text": "homogenization", "start": 136, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process of additive manufacturing (AM) has rapidly developed over the past two decades and is now addressing the needs of industry for fast production of samples with tailored properties and complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "samples", "start": 158, "end": 165}, {"text": "properties", "start": 180, "end": 190}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 195, "end": 213}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 37}, {"text": "AM", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "production", "start": 144, "end": 154}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 126, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the most common alloys fabricated from powder using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) method is AlSi10Mg.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "powder", "start": 46, "end": 52}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 63, "end": 86}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 88, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the inherent anisotropy and existing porosity in AM AlSi10Mg were investigated in terms of thermophysical properties, namely thermal conductivity, diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal expansion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 140, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 121, "end": 131}, {"text": "heat capacity", "start": 175, "end": 188}, {"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 193, "end": 210}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffusivity", "start": 162, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In both cases, the sample showed abnormal thermal expansion and conductivity, as compared to a conventionally fabricated sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 42, "end": 59}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 64, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After heat treatment, macro- and microstructure analysis confirmed that thermally induced porosity (TIP) had occurred.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 6, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 33, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 90, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The anisotropic behaviors of thermal conductivity, diffusivity and thermal expansion were found to be related to the texture, preferred orientation and pore distribution of the aluminum grains in the L-PBF-treated samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 29, "end": 49}, {"text": "pore", "start": 152, "end": 156}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffusivity", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 67, "end": 84}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 136, "end": 147}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 157, "end": 169}, {"text": "samples", "start": 214, "end": 221}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 177, "end": 185}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) guidelines are important for helping designers avoid iterations and leverage the design freedoms afforded by additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design for additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedoms", "start": 122, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 150, "end": 172}, {"text": "AM", "start": 174, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes how quantitative design guidelines are compiled for a polymer selective laser sintering (SLS) process via a metrology study.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 25, "end": 37}, {"text": "process", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "metrology", "start": 129, "end": 138}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 93, "end": 108}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 110, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As part of the metrology study, a test part is designed to focus specifically on geometric resolution and accuracy of the polymer SLS process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metrology", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "process", "start": 134, "end": 141}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The test part is compact, allowing it to be easily inserted into existing SLS builds and therefore eliminating the need for dedicated metrology builds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compact", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "builds", "start": 144, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metrology", "start": 134, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To build a statistical foundation upon which design guidelines can be compiled, multiple copies of the test part are fabricated within existing commercial builds in a factorial study with materials, build orientations, and locations within the build chamber as control factors.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 3, "end": 8}, {"text": "build orientations", "start": 199, "end": 217}, {"text": "build chamber", "start": 244, "end": 257}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "as", "start": 258, "end": 260}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 117, "end": 127}, {"text": "materials", "start": 188, "end": 197}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 155, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Enhancing the corrosion resistance and improving the biological response to 316 L stainless steel is a long-standing and active area of biomedical research.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 14, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 82, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 128, "end": 132}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we analyzed the structure and corrosion tendency of selective laser melted-additively manufactured (AM) 316 L stainless steel (AM 316L SS) and its wrought counterpart.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 92, "end": 104}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 153, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser", "start": 58, "end": 73}, {"text": "AM", "start": 106, "end": 108}, {"text": "AM", "start": 133, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 116, "end": 131}, {"text": "SS", "start": 141, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SEM analysis showed a fine (500–800 nm) interconnected sub-granular structure for the AM 316L SS, but a polygonal coarse-grained structure for the wrought sample.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "structure", "start": 129, "end": 138}, {"text": "wrought sample", "start": 147, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 94, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relative to the wrought sample, the AM 316L SS also exhibited a higher charge transfer resistance and higher breakdown potential (˜1000 mV vs. SCE) when tested in biological electrolytes, which included human serum, PBS, and 0.9 M NaCl.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought sample", "start": 16, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "PBS", "start": 216, "end": 219}, {"text": "NaCl", "start": 231, "end": 235}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "application": [{"text": "electrolytes", "start": 174, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A higher pitting resistance (extended passive region) and improved stability of the AM 316L SS was attributed to its dense structure of oxide film and refined microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "structure", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 159, "end": 173}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 67, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 84, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, material compatibility with pre-osteoblasts was analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 9, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large cytoplasmic extension of osteoblast cells and retention of stiller morphology was observed when cells were cultured on the AM 316L SS as compared to its wrought counterpart, suggesting that the AM 316L SS was a better substrate for cell spreading and differentiation.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast cells", "start": 31, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 73, "end": 83}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 102, "end": 107}, {"text": "cell", "start": 238, "end": 242}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "AM", "start": 200, "end": 202}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 137, "end": 139}, {"text": "as", "start": 140, "end": 142}, {"text": "SS", "start": 208, "end": 210}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 224, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Runx2, an anti–proliferative marker indicative of differentiation, was equivalent in cells cultured on either samples, but overall more cells were present on the AM 316L SS.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "cells", "start": 136, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 162, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 170, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Given its higher corrosion resistance and ability to support osteoblast adherence, spreading and differentiation, the AM 316L SS has potential for use in the biomedical industry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 17, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "biomedical industry", "start": 158, "end": 177}], "biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 126, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations of the material deposition in extrusion-based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prediction of the strand cross-section as function of the processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Prediction", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 39, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Negative linear relationship between the printing force and the printing speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 64, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We propose a numerical model to simulate the extrusion of a strand of semi-molten material on a moving substrate, within the computation fluid dynamics paradigm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "computation", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "semi-molten", "start": 70, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 103, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "According to the literature, the deposition flow of the strands has an impact on the inter-layer bond formation in extrusion-based additive manufacturing, as well as the surface roughness of the fabricated part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "impact", "start": 71, "end": 77}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 131, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 155, "end": 157}, {"text": "as", "start": 163, "end": 165}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 170, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under the assumptions of an isothermal Newtonian fluid and a creeping laminar flow, the deposition flow is controlled by two parameters: the gap distance between the extrusion nozzle and the substrate, and the velocity ratio of the substrate to the average velocity of the flow inside the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "isothermal", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "average", "start": 249, "end": 256}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 49, "end": 54}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 191, "end": 200}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 232, "end": 241}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 166, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 289, "end": 295}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The numerical simulation fully resolves the deposition flow and provides the cross-section of the printed strand.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 44, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) for fabricating biomedical implants at hospitals provides many potential benefits.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 16, "end": 38}, {"text": "AM", "start": 40, "end": 42}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 60, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relative to biomedical implants fabricated via traditional manufacturing (TM), typically available by suppliers out of the immediate region, biomedical implants fabricated through AM provides an opportunity to receive more patient-specific, customized parts with faster response, a lower inventory level, and reduced delivery costs.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 72}, {"text": "AM", "start": 180, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the promising features of AM technologies, the make-or-buy decisions are not straightforward and require careful investigation due to the relatively high AM machine and production costs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 34, "end": 49}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM machine", "start": 162, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "production costs", "start": 177, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No research efforts, to the best of our knowledge, have been dedicated to the quantitative analysis of the costs of supply chains integrated with AM facilities, e.g., inventory cost, transportation cost, product lead time, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 3, "end": 11}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "supply chains", "start": 116, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 146, "end": 148}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead time", "start": 212, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we propose a stochastic cost model to quantify the supply-chain level costs associated with the production of biomedical implants using AM techniques, and investigate the economic feasibility of using such technologies to fabricate biomedical implants at the sites of hospitals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stochastic", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "cost model", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 195, "end": 206}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 221, "end": 233}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "AM techniques", "start": 151, "end": 164}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 237, "end": 246}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 247, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The problem is formulated in the form of a stochastic programming model, which determines the number of AM facilities to be established and volume of product flow between manufacturing facilities and hospitals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stochastic", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "model", "start": 66, "end": 71}, {"text": "volume", "start": 140, "end": 146}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 171, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A customized Sample Average Algorithm (SAA) is developed to obtain the solutions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Sample", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "Average Algorithm", "start": 20, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We apply the cost model to a real-world case study that focuses on the use of biomedical implants for hospitals in the state of Mississippi (MS), and identify the conditions and cost parameters that have significant impact on the economic feasibility of AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cost model", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "case study", "start": 40, "end": 50}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 183, "end": 193}, {"text": "impact", "start": 216, "end": 222}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 239, "end": 250}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 254, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find that the ratio between the unit production costs of AM and TM (ATR), as well as product lead time and demands, are key cost parameters that determine the economic feasibility of AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "production costs", "start": 40, "end": 56}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 132, "end": 142}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 171, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "AM", "start": 186, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead time", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Popular dialogue around additive manufacturing (AM) often assumes that AM will cause a move from centralized to distributed manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 24, "end": 46}, {"text": "AM", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We combine a Process-Based Cost Model and an optimization model to analyze the optimal location and number of manufacturing sites, and the tradeoffs between production, transportation and inventory costs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cost Model", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "optimization model", "start": 45, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 123}, {"text": "production", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use as a case study the commercial aviation maintenance market and a titanium jet engine bracket as an exemplar of a class of parts that are not flight-critical.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 7, "end": 9}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bracket", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We run our analysis for three different scenarios, one corresponding to the current state of the technology, and two which represent potential improvements in AM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technology", "start": 159, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results suggest that the cost-minimizing number of manufacturing locations does not vary significantly when taking into account a range of plausible improvements in the technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 134, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 173, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this case, distributed manufacturing is only favorable for a set of non-critical components that can be produced on the same equipment with minimal certification requirements and whose annual demand is in the tens of thousands.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 26, "end": 39}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 64, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "equipment", "start": 128, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Distributed manufacturing is attractive at lower volumes for components that require no hot isostatic pressing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 12, "end": 25}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 88, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through the combination of in-situ alloying and additive manufacturing with gas tungsten arc welding, a new approach to fabricating titanium aluminide alloys is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "feature": [{"text": "alloying", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "gas tungsten arc welding", "start": 76, "end": 100}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 151, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This innovative and low cost process has many similarities to multipass welding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been a generally accepted practice to maintain a specified interpass temperature when multipass welding many different alloys to prevent defects such as cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 66, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 126, "end": 132}, {"text": "as", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the interpass temperature can facilitate phase transformation by extending the high temperature period and produce the desired weld microstructure.This study examines the influence of different interpass temperatures on in-situ alloyed and additively manufactured γ-TiAl alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 15, "end": 36}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "interpass temperatures", "start": 205, "end": 227}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 231, "end": 238}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 138, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 251, "end": 274}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 282, "end": 287}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure, chemical composition, phase constitution and microhardness of all the test components were respectively examined by using light microscopy, SEM-EDS, X-ray diffraction and a Duromain 70 Hardness Tester.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 20, "end": 40}, {"text": "phase", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 65, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microscopy", "start": 148, "end": 158}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 169, "end": 186}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 205, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No appreciable changes in microstructure and composition were found as interpass temperature was changed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "composition", "start": 45, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 81, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, as the interpass temperature was increased from 100 °C to 400 °C, a decrease of α2 phase fraction was observed due to the lower cooling rate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 9, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 16, "end": 37}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 137, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 92, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the microhardness value also decreased.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 18, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A further increase of interpass temperature to 500 °C produced only minor reductions in the brittle α2 phase fraction and the microhardness value.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 22, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 103, "end": 117}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 126, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In view of these results, a suitable interpass temperature was found for producing crack-free components.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "interpass temperature", "start": 37, "end": 58}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 94, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasingly, metal parts made by additive manufacturing are produced using powder bed fusion (PBF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 56}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 76, "end": 93}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper we report upon the combined effects of PBF parameters, including power and scan speed, in layer-by-layer manufacturing of gas atomized non-modulated (NM) Ni-Mn-Ga alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 53, "end": 56}, {"text": "gas atomized", "start": 136, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 104, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 79, "end": 84}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 177, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of process parameters upon PBF is studied by applying nine different parameter sets in the as-printed state and after homogenization and ordering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 15, "end": 33}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 39, "end": 42}, {"text": "homogenization", "start": 130, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The chemical composition of the samples is analyzed using EDX attached to an SEM, and the crystal structures are determined by X-ray diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "samples", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "EDX", "start": 58, "end": 61}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 77, "end": 80}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 127, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal structures", "start": 90, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase transformation temperatures are measured using a low-field ac susceptibility measurement system and the magnetic properties are measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "properties", "start": 123, "end": 133}, {"text": "sample", "start": 164, "end": 170}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 25, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 72, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 87, "end": 98}, {"text": "VSM", "start": 185, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Before the heat-treatment, all as-printed samples showed paramagnetic behavior with low magnetization and no phase transformations could be observed in the susceptibility measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "phase", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 156, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After annealing, the samples recovered the ferromagnetic behavior with comparable magnetization to annealed gas atomized powder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "gas atomized", "start": 108, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 21, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-printed samples were composed of a mixture of different crystal structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal structures", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, after annealing the original NM structure with a = b = 5.47 Å and c = 6.66 Å with a c/a -ratio of 1.22 was recovered and crystallographic twins could be observed in an SEM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "b", "start": 60, "end": 61}, {"text": "c", "start": 75, "end": 76}, {"text": "be", "start": 159, "end": 161}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 177, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Expanding on prior process mapping work by the authors, multiple melt pool cross-sections are measured at multiple process parameter combinations for the Inconel 718 alloy in a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "cross-sections", "start": 75, "end": 89}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 115, "end": 132}, {"text": "process", "start": 209, "end": 216}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 154, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 177, "end": 200}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 202, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Collection of such data enables the study of the variability of melt pool geometry (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 19, "end": 23}, {"text": "variability", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 64, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "width, depth, and cross-sectional area) across process space.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 34, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the statistical distribution of the measured melt pool geometries is compared to that of an equivalent normal distribution and intriguing outliers are observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 123, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 58, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cross-sectional morphology of the melt pools are associated with defects such as keyholing porosity and balling and the variability of the defects is quantified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "defects", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "variability", "start": 124, "end": 135}, {"text": "defects", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 95, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final product of this work is a robust description of L-PBF In718 melt pool behavior, based on ex-situ observations, which can be linked to in-situ observations of melt pool morphology in future work.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 58, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "In718", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "be", "start": 131, "end": 133}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 168, "end": 177}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study evaluates the performance of continuous carbon, Kevlar and glass fibre reinforced composites manufactured using the fused deposition modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "fused deposition", "start": 127, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 51, "end": 57}, {"text": "Kevlar", "start": 59, "end": 65}, {"text": "glass fibre", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "composites", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 155, "end": 158}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 160, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fibre reinforced nylon composites were fabricated using a Markforged Mark One 3D printing system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibre", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "nylon composites", "start": 21, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 82, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical performance of the composites was evaluated both in tension and flexure.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "flexure", "start": 79, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of fibre orientation, fibre type and volume fraction on mechanical properties were also investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibre", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "fibre", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 51, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 70, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results were compared with that of both non-reinforced nylon control specimens, and known material property values from literature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nylon", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material property", "start": 94, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was demonstrated that of the fibres investigated, those fabricated using carbon fibre yielded the largest increase in mechanical strength per fibre volume.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibres", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "carbon fibre", "start": 76, "end": 88}, {"text": "fibre", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 121, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Its tensile strength values were up to 6.3 times higher than those obtained with the non-reinforced nylon polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "nylon", "start": 100, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the carbon and glass fibre volume fraction increased so too did the level of air inclusion in the composite matrix, which impacted on mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 7, "end": 13}, {"text": "glass fibre", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "inclusion", "start": 84, "end": 93}, {"text": "composite", "start": 101, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 37, "end": 45}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 137, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, a maximum efficiency in tensile strength was observed in glass specimen as fibre content approached 22.5%, with higher fibre contents (up to 33%), yielding only minor increases in strength.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "glass", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}, {"text": "fibre", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 37, "end": 53}, {"text": "strength", "start": 193, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Approaches used in Computational Welding Mechanics are applicable for additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Welding", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "additive Manufacturing", "start": 70, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model sizes pose additional challenges in case of simulating AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 65, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Models must couple microstructural and material behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 19, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 39, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper describes the application of modeling approaches used in Computational Welding Mechanics (CWM) applicable for simulating Additive Manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Welding", "start": 81, "end": 88}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 131, "end": 153}, {"text": "AM", "start": 155, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It focuses on the approximation of the behavior in the process zone and the behavior of the solid material, particularly in the context of changing microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 148, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 98, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two examples are shown, one for the precipitation hardening Alloy 718 and one for Ti-6Al-4V.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "precipitation hardening", "start": 36, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 60, "end": 65}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The latter alloy is subject to phase changes due to the thermal cycling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 56, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A model for additive manufacturing by selective laser melting of a powder bed with application to alumina ceramic is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 2, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 12, "end": 34}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 38, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "alumina", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on Beer–Lambert law, a volume heat source model taking into account the material absorption is derived.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The level set method is used to track the shape of deposed bead.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 10, "end": 13}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 59, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Shrinkage during consolidation from powder to liquid and compact medium is modeled by a compressible Newtonian constitutive law.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Shrinkage", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "consolidation", "start": 17, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 36, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compact", "start": 57, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A semi-implicit formulation of surface tension is used, which permits a stable resolution to capture the liquid/gas interface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 31, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 116, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of different process parameters on temperature distribution, melt pool profiles and bead shapes is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 27, "end": 45}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 61, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 75, "end": 84}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 98, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of liquid viscosity and surface tension on melt pool dynamics are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "surface tension", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 55, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three dimensional simulations of several passes are also presented to study the influence of the scanning strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 97, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) system is used to fabricate iron rich Fe–Al intermetallics with 25 at% aluminum content.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-arc additive manufacturing", "start": 2, "end": 33}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 35, "end": 39}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallics", "start": 85, "end": 99}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 112, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The alloy is produced in situ through controlled addition of the elemental iron and aluminum components into the welding process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "iron", "start": 75, "end": 79}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "process", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties of the fabricated material are assessed using optical microstructure analysis, hardness testing, tensile testing, X-ray diffraction phase characterization and electron dispersive spectrometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 69, "end": 83}, {"text": "phase", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "tensile testing", "start": 112, "end": 127}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 129, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the WAAM system is capable of producing iron rich Fe–Al intermetallics with higher yield strength and similar room temperature ductility when compared to equivalent materials produced using powder metallurgy.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "WAAM system", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "iron", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "intermetallics", "start": 73, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 100, "end": 114}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 144, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 182, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder metallurgy", "start": 207, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Support structures are required in powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing of metallic components with overhanging structures in order to reinforce and anchor the part, preventing warping during fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Support structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 202, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "overhanging structures", "start": 110, "end": 132}, {"text": "warping", "start": 187, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we tested the tensile structural strength of support structures with four different 2-dimensional lattice geometries by fabricating samples composed of solid material on the bottom, followed by support material in the middle, followed by solid material on the top.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "strength", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 60, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice geometries", "start": 113, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 135, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 173, "end": 181}, {"text": "support material", "start": 209, "end": 225}, {"text": "material", "start": 259, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The support structure regions were fabricated with a lower linear heat input than the solid material, providing deliberate geometrical stress concentrations to enable the removal of support material after processing.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "heat", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "material", "start": 190, "end": 198}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentrations", "start": 135, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "removal of support", "start": 171, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These samples were subjected to tension in the vertical direction to measure the strengths of the support structure-solid material interfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two strengths were computed: an effective structural strength defined as the total force that the structure withstood normalized by the full cross-sectional area, and a ligament structural strength, defined as the effective structural strength normalized by the density of the solid material, thereby ignoring the volume of the surrounding powder and voids that do not contribute to the strength of the lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "strength", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "strength", "start": 189, "end": 197}, {"text": "strength", "start": 235, "end": 243}, {"text": "density", "start": 262, "end": 269}, {"text": "strength", "start": 387, "end": 395}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 207, "end": 209}, {"text": "material", "start": 283, "end": 291}, {"text": "powder", "start": 340, "end": 346}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "structure", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "volume", "start": 314, "end": 320}, {"text": "voids", "start": 351, "end": 356}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 403, "end": 410}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 157, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effective structural strength was 14–32% of the strength of fully dense Ti-6Al-4V made by PBF and the ligament structural strength was 34–49% of the strength of fully dense material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "strength", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "strength", "start": 126, "end": 134}, {"text": "strength", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 64, "end": 75}, {"text": "fully dense", "start": 165, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 94, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These interface strengths are lower than that of fully-dense material due to the stress concentrations at the support structure-solid material interfaces, not any intrinsic difference in the intrinsic strength of support structure versus solid material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 6, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "material", "start": 134, "end": 142}, {"text": "material", "start": 244, "end": 252}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentrations", "start": 81, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 213, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results can be used to tailor the support structure geometry to balance sufficient anchoring strength during fabrication and ease of part removal and subsequent machining during post-processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 18, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 40, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 184, "end": 199}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 115, "end": 126}, {"text": "machining", "start": 167, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ detection of processing defects is a critical challenge for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "defects", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many of these defects are related to interactions between the recoater blade, which spreads the powder, and the powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "recoater blade", "start": 62, "end": 76}, {"text": "powder bed", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 96, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work leverages Deep Learning, specifically a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), for autonomous detection and classification of many of these spreading anomalies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Neural Network", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "classification", "start": 115, "end": 129}, {"text": "anomalies", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Importantly, the input layer of the CNN is modified to enable the algorithm to learn both the appearance of the powder bed anomalies as well as key contextual information at multiple size scales.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "anomalies", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 141, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These modifications to the CNN architecture are shown to improve the flexibility and overall classification accuracy of the algorithm while mitigating many human biases.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 31, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 69, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "classification", "start": 93, "end": 107}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A case study is used to demonstrate the utility of the presented methodology and the overall performance is shown to be superior to that of methodologies previously reported by the authors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 2, "end": 12}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "performance", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 117, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The observation of sub-grained cellular features in additively manufactured (AM) /selectively laser melted (SLM) 316L stainless steel components has remained an interesting, though incompletely understood phenomenon.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 52, "end": 75}, {"text": "AM", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 108, "end": 111}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 94, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 113, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the recently observed correlation linking the presence of these features with significantly enhanced mechanical strength in SLM 316L materials has driven a renewed interest and effort toward elucidating the mechanism (s) by which they are formed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 110, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 133, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 142, "end": 151}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 216, "end": 225}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 227, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These phenomena include SLM-induced intrinsic strain-aging, Cottrell atmosphere formation, and twin-boundary enhanced mass diffusion to structural defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mass diffusion", "start": 118, "end": 132}, {"text": "structural defects", "start": 136, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, evidence is provided to support the proposed theory that the observed chemical heterogeneity coincident with dislocation cell structures is actually the result of local, strain energy density induced solid state diffusion.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "cell", "start": 134, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical heterogeneity", "start": 83, "end": 105}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 122, "end": 133}, {"text": "solid state diffusion", "start": 213, "end": 234}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 183, "end": 189}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 190, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical simulation of residual deformation in metallic components with dense lattice support structures by the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process has been a significant challenge due to the very high computational expense in performing both finite element meshing and analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Numerical simulation", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "residual deformation", "start": 24, "end": 44}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 271, "end": 285}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 113, "end": 136}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 138, "end": 143}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 145, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the modified inherent strain method is extended to enable efficient residual deformation simulation of l-PBF components with lattice support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "modified inherent strain method", "start": 18, "end": 49}, {"text": "residual deformation", "start": 82, "end": 102}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "l-PBF", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 123, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The asymptotic homogenization method is employed to obtain the equivalent mechanical properties including the anisotropic elastic modulus and inherent strains given the topological configuration and laser scanning strategy of the thin-walled lattice support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenization method", "start": 15, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 74, "end": 95}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 181, "end": 194}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 242, "end": 249}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 110, "end": 121}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 199, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A key finding is that the in-plane homogenized inherent strain values decrease with increasing volume density, which can be attributed to the directional dependence of inherent strains for the AM-processed material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 35, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 56, "end": 62}, {"text": "density", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 121, "end": 123}, {"text": "material", "start": 206, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the homogenized mechanical properties and inherent strains, the thin-walled lattice support structures can be considered to be an effective solid continuum so that the simulation can be accelerated significantly to obtain residual deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "continuum", "start": 155, "end": 164}, {"text": "residual deformation", "start": 231, "end": 251}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "be", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "be", "start": 192, "end": 194}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Good accuracy of the homogenized mechanical property and inherent strains is validated by comparing the simulated residual deformation with experimental deformation measurement of several lattice structured beams of different volume densities.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "property", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "residual deformation", "start": 114, "end": 134}, {"text": "experimental deformation", "start": 140, "end": 164}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 188, "end": 195}, {"text": "volume", "start": 226, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the scalability of the proposed method is also verified through application to a complex L-PBF component fabricated with thin-walled support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 102, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 146, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) promises great potential benefits for industrial manufacturers who require low volume and functional, highly complex, end-use products.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 107, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Commercial adoption of AM has been slow due to factors such as quality control, production rates, and repeatability.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "production", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "repeatability", "start": 102, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, given AM's potential, numerous research efforts are underway to improve the quality of the product realization process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 15, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "quality", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "process", "start": 120, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A major area of opportunity is to complement existing efforts with advancements in end-to-end digital implementations of AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 8, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 121, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Systematically configured digital implementations would facilitate informational transformations through standard interfaces, streamlining the AM digital spectrum.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 143, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we propose the development of a federated, information systems architecture for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 69, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 86, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We establish an information requirements workflow for streamlining information throughput during product realization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "workflow", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "throughput", "start": 79, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The architecture is delivered through the development of a solution stack, including the identification of areas where advancements in information representations will have the highest impact.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "impact", "start": 185, "end": 191}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 107, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Common data structures and interfaces will allow developers and end users of additive manufacturing technologies to simplify, coordinate, validate, and verify end-to-end digital implementations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 7, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 77, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "coordinate", "start": 126, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper investigates the development of a novel high temperature polymer composite material by modifying polyetherimide (PEI) ULTEM™ 1010 with the addition of functional additives and processing it into filaments for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 56, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "polymer composite", "start": 68, "end": 85}, {"text": "material", "start": 86, "end": 94}, {"text": "additives", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 206, "end": 215}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 220, "end": 246}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 248, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through twin-screw extrusion, four different formulations were obtained using combinations of hollow glass microspheres, nanoclay, and non-halogenated flame-retardant additives.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 19, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 101, "end": 106}, {"text": "additives", "start": 167, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These additives were designed to create a material that exhibits low density, high char yield, and low flammability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additives", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "material", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Filament quality was characterized and reported.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Filament", "start": 0, "end": 8}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SiC particles were added in-situ during WAAM of an high strength low alloy steel.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SiC", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "high strength low alloy steel", "start": 51, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 40, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cementite formed in the SiC-containing parts due to SiC dissociation in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cementite", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "SiC", "start": 52, "end": 55}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 76, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Non-melted SiC particles acted as nucleating agents promoting grain refinement.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SiC", "start": 11, "end": 14}, {"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 62, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Improved mechanical properties were obtained upon the use of SiC.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 9, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "SiC", "start": 61, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, SiC particles were added to the molten pool during WAAM of a high strength low alloy steel.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SiC", "start": 14, "end": 17}, {"text": "high strength low alloy steel", "start": 75, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 65, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The introduction of these high melting point particles promoted grain refinement, and the precipitation of Fe3C due to SiC dissociation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "melting point", "start": 31, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 64, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 90, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "SiC", "start": 119, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural evolution was studied by optical and electron microscopy techniques and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 4, "end": 29}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "electron microscopy", "start": 57, "end": 76}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, mechanical testing and hardness profiles were obtained for the SiC-containing and SiC-free parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 14, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 37, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An improvement in the mechanical strength of the SiC-added WAAM parts was observed, which was attributed to the refined grain structure and finely dispersed Fe3C.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 22, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structure", "start": 120, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study systematically investigated the mechanical properties of wire-based (wire and arc additive manufacturing, known as WAAM) deposition of steel metals, both stainless steel 304 and mild steel ER70S.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 50, "end": 71}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 139, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 87, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 130, "end": 132}, {"text": "steel metals", "start": 153, "end": 165}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 172, "end": 187}, {"text": "mild steel", "start": 196, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Graded material properties of stainless steel 304 were observed for wear and hardness in the direction of deposition and in Z height, due to variations in local thermal histories of the metal.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 7, "end": 26}, {"text": "wear", "start": 68, "end": 72}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "variations", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 30, "end": 45}, {"text": "metal", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 77, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The yield and ultimate strength, however, were not found to be statistically significantly different (p = 0.55) along the direction of deposition for SS304.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 14, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "p", "start": 102, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 135, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During wear testing, a grain refinement was observed directly beneath the wear scar in these materials in a focused ion beam channel observed under scanning electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 7, "end": 11}, {"text": "wear", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "materials", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "ion", "start": 116, "end": 119}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "grain refinement", "start": 23, "end": 39}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 148, "end": 176}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 120, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, no significant difference in yield strength was observed in printed mild steel (ER70S) between vertical and horizontal specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 43, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "mild steel", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "biomedical": [{"text": "horizontal specimens", "start": 122, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The observed graded mechanical properties in stainless steel 304 allow the opportunity for varying the processing conditions to design parts with locally optimized or functionally graded mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 20, "end": 41}, {"text": "functionally graded", "start": 167, "end": 186}, {"text": "properties", "start": 198, "end": 208}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 45, "end": 60}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 128, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures are frequently found in nature and engineering due to their myriad attractive properties, with applications ranging from molecular to architectural scales.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattices have also become a key concept in additive manufacturing, which enables precise fabrication of complex lattices that would not be possible otherwise.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lattices", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 65}, {"text": "precise fabrication", "start": 81, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While design and simulation tools for stiff lattices are common, here we present a digital design and nonlinear simulation approach for additive manufacturing of soft lattices structures subject to large deformations and instabilities, for which applications in soft robotics, healthcare, personal protection, energy absorption, fashion and design are rapidly emerging.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "design", "start": 91, "end": 97}, {"text": "design", "start": 341, "end": 347}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 167, "end": 175}, {"text": "deformations", "start": 204, "end": 216}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 329, "end": 336}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 136, "end": 158}], "application": [{"text": "soft robotics", "start": 262, "end": 275}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 310, "end": 327}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our framework enables design of soft lattices with curved members conforming to freeform geometries, and with variable, gradually changing member thickness and material, allowing the local control of stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "freeform geometries", "start": 80, "end": 99}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 160, "end": 168}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 200, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We model the lattice members as 3D curved rods and using a spline-based isogeometric method that allows the efficient simulation of nonlinear, large deformation behavior of these structures directly from the CAD geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 3, "end": 8}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "3D", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 149, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 29, "end": 31}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 118, "end": 128}, {"text": "CAD", "start": 208, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, we enhance the formulation with a new joint stiffening approach, which is based on parameters derived from the actual node geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 51, "end": 56}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 96, "end": 106}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulation results are verified against experiments with soft lattices realized by PolyJet multi-material polymer 3D printing, highlighting the potential for simulation-driven, digital design and application of non-uniform and curved soft lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulation", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "simulation-driven", "start": 158, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 62, "end": 70}, {"text": "PolyJet multi-material", "start": 83, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 114, "end": 125}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 185, "end": 191}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 239, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Premelting electron beam-assisted freeform fabrication (PEBF3) method is proposed for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "freeform fabrication", "start": 34, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Al and Ti are joined by PEBF3 with no defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 7, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 38, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, TiAl3 reinforced aluminum matrix composites are obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum", "start": 28, "end": 36}, {"text": "composites", "start": 44, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "TiAl3 reinforced aluminum matrix composites have better wear resistance than aluminum alloy with no TiAl3.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "composites", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 77, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 56, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reasons for the friction coefficient of the deposition with TiAl3 changes periodically are explained and verified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "friction", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 48, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Premelting electron beam-assisted freeform fabrication, as a new method to avoid the direct coupling of wire-beam-molten pool during electron beam freeform fabrication, is proposed for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "freeform fabrication", "start": 34, "end": 54}, {"text": "electron beam freeform fabrication", "start": 133, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 56, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The three factors referring to wire, beam and molten pool, are decomposed into two factors as wire and beam.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 37, "end": 41}, {"text": "beam", "start": 103, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The liquid metal is formed in the diversion nozzle, as the wire is heated and melted inside it by an electron beam, and, subsequently, is transferred to the substrate with solidification process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 157, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 101, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 172, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a continuous and stable process of premelting electron beam-assisted freeform fabrication is achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "freeform fabrication", "start": 78, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When an aluminum alloy was deposited on a TC4 substrate by premelting electron beam-assisted freeform fabrication, the TC4 base metal did not melt because the electron beam did not directly act on the TC4 substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 8, "end": 22}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "base metal", "start": 123, "end": 133}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 205, "end": 214}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "freeform fabrication", "start": 93, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 142, "end": 146}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 159, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is no stirring of the electron beam inside the liquid deposition body, and the dissolution and diffusion of elemental Ti exists, which ensures the effective connection between the deposition and the TC4 substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 28, "end": 41}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 186, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 209, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although TiAl3 intermetallic compounds were generated in the deposition, the interface between TiAl3 and the Al matrix was coherent, as (101) TiAl3// (020) Al was clearly detected in the center of the deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "intermetallic compounds", "start": 15, "end": 38}, {"text": "Al", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "as", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "Al", "start": 156, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "interface", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 201, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There are no cracks or other defects in the deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 44, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The acicular TiAl3 intermetallic compounds are dispersed in the deposition, which improves the wear resistance of the deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "intermetallic compounds", "start": 19, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 95, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) enables production of geometrically-complex elastomeric structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometrically-complex", "start": 50, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elastic recovery and strain-rate dependence of these materials means they are ideal for use in dynamic, repetitive mechanical loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "elastic recovery", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "materials", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "mechanical loading", "start": 119, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Their process-dependence, and the frequent emergence of new AM elastomers, commonly necessitates full material characterisation; however, accessing specialised equipment means this is often a time-consuming and expensive process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 60, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 160, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 221, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presents an innovative equi-biaxial rig that enables full characterisation via a conventional material testing machine (supplementing uni-axial tension and planar tension tests).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tension tests", "start": 173, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combined with stress relaxation data, this provides a novel route for hyperelastic material modelling with viscoelastic components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stress relaxation", "start": 14, "end": 31}, {"text": "data", "start": 32, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscoelastic", "start": 107, "end": 119}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach was validated by recording the force-displacement and deformation histories from finite element modelling a honeycomb structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "finite element modelling", "start": 95, "end": 119}], "feature": [{"text": "honeycomb structure", "start": 122, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These data compared favourably to experimental quasistatic and dynamic compression testing, validating this novel and convenient route for characterising complex elastomeric materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 6, "end": 10}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "materials", "start": 174, "end": 183}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Supported by data describing the potential for high build-quality production using an AM process with low barriers to entry, this study should serve to encourage greater exploitation of this emerging manufacturing process for fabricating elastomeric structures within industrial communities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 200, "end": 221}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 226, "end": 237}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 268, "end": 278}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for layer-by-layer fabrication of complex metallic parts with features typically unobtainable via conventional manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 54, "end": 65}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 133, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 39, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic parts", "start": 77, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For heat exchangers, such complex features are desirable for enhancing their heat transfer capability and conformability to specific applications.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat exchangers", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 77, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this case study, Selective Laser Melting (SLM), a laser-based additive manufacturing process, was utilized to fabricate a compact (5.08 cm × 3.81 cm × 1.58 cm) flat-plate oscillating heat pipe (FP-OHP) with innovative design features, including a Ti–6Al–4V casing and a closed-loop, circular mini-channel (1.53 mm in diameter) consisting of four interconnected layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 8, "end": 18}, {"text": "heat", "start": 186, "end": 190}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 320, "end": 328}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 20, "end": 43}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 45, "end": 48}, {"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 87}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 113, "end": 122}, {"text": "compact", "start": 125, "end": 132}, {"text": "mm", "start": 314, "end": 316}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 221, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Venting holes were integrated to intersect each layer to allow for a unique layer-by-layer, plug-and-pressurize de-powdering procedure.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 76, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "de-powdering", "start": 112, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The device channel surface was inspected via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)–and it was found that the channel wall consisted of partially un-melted particles, as well as amorphous melt regions; surface characteristics influential on surface/fluid capillarity and heat transfer.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "channel", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning Electron Microscopy", "start": 45, "end": 73}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 75, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 152, "end": 161}, {"text": "melt", "start": 184, "end": 188}, {"text": "surface", "start": 198, "end": 205}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 267, "end": 280}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 163, "end": 165}, {"text": "as", "start": 171, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study also highlights important design and manufacturing concerns encountered during SLM of channel-embedded parts, such as channel surface quality and de-powdering.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 61}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 90, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 137, "end": 152}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "de-powdering", "start": 157, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Ti–6Al–4V FP-OHP was found to operate successfully with an effective thermal conductivity of approximately 110 W/m K at a power input of 50 W; demonstrating a 400–500% increase relative to solid Ti–6Al–4V.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "effective thermal conductivity", "start": 63, "end": 93}, {"text": "power", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "K", "start": 119, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper addresses a comprehensive analytical model for the laser powder-fed additive manufacturing (LPF-AM) process, also known as directed energy deposition AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "process", "start": 111, "end": 118}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 79, "end": 101}, {"text": "AM", "start": 161, "end": 163}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 131, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model analytically couples the moving laser beam with Gaussian energy distribution, the powder stream and the semi-infinite substrate together, while considering the attenuated laser power intensity distribution, the heated powder spatial distribution and the melt pool 3D shape with its boundary variation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 42, "end": 52}, {"text": "Gaussian", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 74, "end": 86}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 203, "end": 215}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 243, "end": 255}, {"text": "3D", "start": 274, "end": 276}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "powder", "start": 228, "end": 234}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 264, "end": 273}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 181, "end": 192}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 292, "end": 300}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particles concentration on transverse plane is modeled with Gaussian distribution based on optical measurement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "Gaussian", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 73, "end": 85}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical measurement", "start": 95, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model can effectively be used for process development/optimization and controller design, while predicting adequate clad geometry as well as the catchment efficiency rapidly.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "process", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "as", "start": 134, "end": 136}, {"text": "as", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 75, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental validation through the deposition of Inconel 625 proves the model can accurately predict the clad geometry and catchment efficiency in the range of specific energy that is corresponding to high clad quality (maximum percentage difference is 6.2% for clad width, 7.8% for clad height and 6.8% for catchment efficiency).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "model", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 111, "end": 119}, {"text": "quality", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 50, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 152, "end": 157}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific energy", "start": 161, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To produce complex functional devices while eliminating the need for assembly calls for a multi-material additive manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "multi-material additive manufacturing", "start": 90, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presented a 3D-printing system that integrated fused filament fabrication (FFF) and laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF) to produce hybrid metal and polymer components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 58, "end": 84}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 86, "end": 89}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 107, "end": 124}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 126, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 149, "end": 154}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 167, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PBF-printed metal and FFF-printed polymer, both of which differ in material properties, were joined through PBF-printed interlocking structures, with their joining strength enhanced by laser heating.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 67, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "joining", "start": 156, "end": 163}, {"text": "heating", "start": 191, "end": 198}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 185, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile and shear tests confirmed good joint strength of the printed metal/polymer components, which were created without adhesives.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "shear tests", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "adhesives", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, metal powder deposition onto the top of polymer substrates through laser melting was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 80, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, several 3D components consisting of hybrid stainless steel (SS 316L), copper (Cu10Sn) and polymer (PLA, PET) were successfully printed and their potential applications were discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 52, "end": 67}, {"text": "SS", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "copper", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 108, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Depending on the available laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) system, and the intended application, the use of highly-optimized LPBF parameters to fabricate near-perfect density alloys may not be feasible, economical or required.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 52, "end": 56}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 124, "end": 128}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 174, "end": 180}, {"text": "be", "start": 189, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, it is important to understand how sub-optimal density and microstructure can simultaneously affect the mechanical properties of alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 109, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 134, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we study the microstructure and properties of an AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated with sub-optimal parameters and investigate the effectiveness of post-processing by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and T6 heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "properties", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 128, "end": 141}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 145, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 54, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 164, "end": 186}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 188, "end": 191}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 200, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Defects were characterized using micro-computed tomography while the microstructure was analysed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Defects", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 69, "end": 83}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-computed tomography", "start": 33, "end": 58}, {"text": "transmission", "start": 103, "end": 115}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 120, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built microstructure features dendritically-arranged nano-crystalline Si particles that are favourable for high hardness, strength and impact toughness while T6 generally caused these properties to degrade.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "particles", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "impact", "start": 142, "end": 148}, {"text": "properties", "start": 191, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 77, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 119, "end": 127}, {"text": "strength", "start": 129, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HIP was unable to close large defects due to trapped gases, which limited fatigue life improvements.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 74, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Defects oriented normal to the loading axis (or parallel to the fracture plane) are very detrimental, but when oriented favourably, the alloy was still able to achieve comparable strength and ductility to results reported in literature for LPBF-fabricated AlSi10Mg alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Defects", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 136, "end": 141}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg alloys", "start": 256, "end": 271}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 179, "end": 187}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 192, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Interestingly, the anisotropic nano-crystalline Si structures of the as-built alloy resulted in substantially improved toughness even when defects were oriented unfavourably.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 119, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are being frequently used in industry as they allow the manufacture of complex parts with reduced lead times.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 94, "end": 105}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead times", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron beam-powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) as an AM technology is known for its near-net-shape production capacity with low residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "AM technology", "start": 47, "end": 60}, {"text": "near-net-shape", "start": 78, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 122, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the surface quality and geometrical accuracy of the manufactured parts are major obstacles for the wider industrial adoption of this technology, especially when enhanced mechanical performance is taken into consideration.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 13, "end": 28}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 61, "end": 73}, {"text": "technology", "start": 142, "end": 152}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 179, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Identifying the origins of surface features such as satellite particles and sharp valleys on the parts manufactured by EB-PBF is important for a better understanding of the process and its capability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "particles", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 103, "end": 115}, {"text": "process", "start": 173, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, understanding the influence of the contour melting strategy, by altering process parameters, on the surface roughness of the parts and the number of near-surface defects is highly critical.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 83, "end": 101}, {"text": "defects", "start": 172, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 110, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, processing parameters of the EB-PBF technique such as scanning speed, beam current, focus offset, and number of contours (one or two) with the linear melting strategy were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "offset", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 85, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 127, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A sample manufactured using Arcam-recommended process parameters (three contours with the spot melting strategy) was used as a reference.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 2, "end": 8}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 46, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 72, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the samples with one contour, the scanning speed had the greatest effect on the arithmetical mean height (Sa), and for the samples with two contours, the beam current and focus offset had the greatest effect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "samples", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "offset", "start": 181, "end": 187}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "contours", "start": 144, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 38, "end": 52}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 158, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the samples with two contours, a lower focus offset and lower scan speed (at a higher beam current) resulted in a lower Sa; however, increasing the scan speed for the samples with one contour decreased Sa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "offset", "start": 49, "end": 55}, {"text": "samples", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "contour", "start": 188, "end": 195}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 90, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In general, the samples with two contours provided a lower Sa (∼22%) but with slightly higher porosity (∼8%) compared to the samples with one contour.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "samples", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "contour", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fewer defects were detected with a lower scanning speed and higher beam current.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 67, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The number of defects and the Sa value for the samples with two contours manufactured using the linear melting strategy were ∼85% and 16%, respectively, lower than those of the reference samples manufactured using the spot melting strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "samples", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "samples manufactured", "start": 187, "end": 207}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "melting", "start": 223, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Given the attention around additive manufacturing (AM), organizations want to know if their products should be fabricated using AM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 27, "end": 49}, {"text": "AM", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "AM", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To facilitate product development decisions, a reference system is shown describing the key attributes of a product from a manufacturability stand-point: complexity, customization, and production volume.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "product development", "start": 14, "end": 33}, {"text": "manufacturability", "start": 123, "end": 140}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 185, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A geometric complexity factor developed for cast parts is modified for a more general application.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 44, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts with varying geometric complexity are then analyzed and mapped into regions of the complexity, customization, and production volume model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "model", "start": 138, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Implications for product development and manufacturing business approaches are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "product development", "start": 17, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 41, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rod shaped samples of AlSi10Mg additively manufactured using recycled powder through direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process showed higher quasi-static uniaxial tensile strength in both horizontal and vertical build directions than those of cast counterpart alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Rod", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "process", "start": 121, "end": 128}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 143, "end": 155}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 205, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "powder", "start": 70, "end": 76}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 262, "end": 267}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 31, "end": 54}, {"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 85, "end": 113}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 115, "end": 119}, {"text": "cast", "start": 245, "end": 249}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 165, "end": 181}], "parameter": [{"text": "build directions", "start": 214, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, they offered mechanical properties within the range of other additively manufactured counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 26, "end": 47}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 74, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "TEM showed that the microstructure of the as-built samples comprised of cell-like structures featured by dislocation networks and Si precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "TEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 20, "end": 34}, {"text": "samples", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 105, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 130, "end": 132}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 133, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HRTEM studies revealed the semi-coherency characteristics of the Si precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "HRTEM", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 68, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After deformation, the dislocation density increased as a result of generation of new dislocations due to dislocation motion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 86, "end": 98}, {"text": "dislocation motion", "start": 106, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "dislocation density", "start": 23, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 53, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dislocations bypassed the precipitates by bowing around them and penetrating the semi-coherent precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocations", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 30, "end": 42}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 99, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strengthening of recycled DMLS-AlSi10Mg alloys manufactured in both directions was attributed to Orowan mechanism (due to existence of Si precipitates), Hall-Petch effect (due to eutectic cell walls), and dislocation hardening (due to pre-existing dislocation networks).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Strengthening", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 104, "end": 113}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 179, "end": 187}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 205, "end": 216}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 248, "end": 259}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 40, "end": 46}, {"text": "Si", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 138, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 188, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the slightly different microstructure, the contribution of each strengthening mechanism was slightly different in identical samples made with virgin powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 30, "end": 44}, {"text": "strengthening mechanism", "start": 71, "end": 94}, {"text": "samples", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "virgin powder", "start": 149, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three different AlSi10Mg_200C samples with near optimum process parameters were built.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 56, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AlSi10Mg_200C samples with very low surface roughness were produced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 36, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AlSi10Mg_200C samples also possessed very low porosity levels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 46, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "OM and SEM Microscopy analyses were performed to investigate causality.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "OM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 7, "end": 10}, {"text": "Microscopy", "start": 11, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser sintered aluminum alloys produced by metal 3D printers can replace cast aluminum alloys in aerospace, defense, and marine industries by offering better mechanical properties, less porosity, and competitive fatigue characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum alloys", "start": 15, "end": 30}, {"text": "metal", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "cast aluminum alloys", "start": 73, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "marine industries", "start": 121, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 158, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 186, "end": 194}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 212, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the major issues currently is the considerable surface roughness of additively manufactured aluminum alloys demanding post-processing procedures such as bead blasting or machining.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 54, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 75, "end": 98}, {"text": "machining", "start": 177, "end": 186}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 108, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 125, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the current study, the process parameters such as laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing were altered such that better surface roughness could be achieved for AlSi10Mg_200C using a Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 26, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "be", "start": 150, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 82, "end": 95}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 126, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Direct Metal Laser Sintering", "start": 188, "end": 216}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 218, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process parameters were chosen such that three samples with the same core properties but different upskin characteristics were produced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "samples", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 73, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The achieved surface roughness of the additively manufactured aluminum samples were almost as low as one fifth of the regular samples manufactured using standard process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 38, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "samples manufactured", "start": 126, "end": 146}, {"text": "standard", "start": 153, "end": 161}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 162, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and the porosity level of the samples printed by different process parameters were studied to reveal the causality of the low surface roughness for the proposed process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "samples", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 78, "end": 96}, {"text": "process", "start": 180, "end": 187}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 145, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large-scale polymer AM is very susceptible to part failure due to thermal warping.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 20, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "warping", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 1D heat transfer model can predict the temperature evolution of thin walls.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 5, "end": 18}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 41, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameter studies provide guidance for minimizing the likelihood of build failure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameter", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build failure", "start": 68, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Higher thermal conductivity is shown to be detrimental to the success of the build.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 7, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 77, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The incremental deposition process utilized by most additive manufacturing (AM) technologies presents significant challenges related to residual stresses and warping which arise from repeated deposition of hot material onto cooler material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 16, "end": 34}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}, {"text": "AM", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 80, "end": 92}, {"text": "warping", "start": 158, "end": 165}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 192, "end": 202}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 136, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 210, "end": 218}, {"text": "material", "start": 231, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work we investigate the thermal evolution in thin walls of carbon fiber/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF/ABS) composite materials fabricated via Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 121, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 160, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 165, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We measure the thermal evolution of composite parts during the build process using infrared imaging, and develop a simple 1D transient thermal model to describe the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "transient", "start": 125, "end": 134}, {"text": "model", "start": 143, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "build", "start": 165, "end": 170}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 115, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model predictions are in excellent agreement with the observed temperature profiles and from the results we develop criteria to guide deposition parameter selection to minimize the likelihood of cracking during printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 138, "end": 148}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 199, "end": 207}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 79, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) was used to produce 3D-printed net shape NdFeB (Neodymium Iron Boron) permanent magnets that exhibit relatively large internal permanent magnetization structures, without exposure to any external magnetizing field.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "Neodymium", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "Iron Boron", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "permanent magnets", "start": 100, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 201, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The permanent magnetization can be detected via the stray field that appears after cutting the sample into pieces.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cutting", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 95, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Maximum magnetic flux densities of almost 80 mT are recorded 1 mm above the cut surfaces in the air.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "flux", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dependencies of the effect on SLM process parameters, as well as on the sample size and shape are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 34, "end": 52}, {"text": "sample size", "start": 72, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The discovered effect may offer new routes for producing magnetized rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) permanent magnets without using a magnetizer, and it shows that the SLM 3D-printing process can lead to new material behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "permanent magnets", "start": 104, "end": 121}, {"text": "lead", "start": 200, "end": 204}, {"text": "material", "start": 212, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM 3D-printing", "start": 172, "end": 187}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 188, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermally induced residual stresses and residual distortions in the additive manufactured (AM) parts are two of the major obstacles that are preventing AM technology from gaining wide adoption.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 18, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "residual distortions", "start": 40, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 68, "end": 89}, {"text": "AM", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "AM technology", "start": 152, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a three-dimensional thermo-elastic-plastic model is proposed to predict the thermomechanical behavior in the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process of Ti-6Al-4V using Finite Element Method (FEM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 16, "end": 33}, {"text": "model", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 90, "end": 106}, {"text": "process", "start": 159, "end": 166}, {"text": "Finite Element Method", "start": 186, "end": 207}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 209, "end": 212}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 123, "end": 151}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 153, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 170, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the computed thermal history and mechanical deformations are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformations", "start": 61, "end": 73}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 105, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main contributions of this study are: (I) in the past, a point-wise comparison between simulation results and experimental measurements is more favored to validate the employed model, where the general picture is lost; rather, to validate the proposed model, the simulated distortion of the bottom surface of a thin substrate is compared with experimental measurements using a 3D laser scanner, in terms of both magnitude and distribution map.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 114, "end": 126}, {"text": "model", "start": 181, "end": 186}, {"text": "model", "start": 256, "end": 261}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 277, "end": 287}, {"text": "surface", "start": 302, "end": 309}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 347, "end": 359}, {"text": "3D", "start": 381, "end": 383}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 430, "end": 442}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 320, "end": 329}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 416, "end": 425}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(II) Rather few works have been done to show the effectiveness of widely employed quasi-static mechanical analysis in the transient LENS process; as such, both quasi-static and dynamic simulations are performed and compared mechanically to demonstrate the validity of using quasi-static modeling to save computational cost.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 49, "end": 62}, {"text": "quasi-static mechanical analysis", "start": 82, "end": 114}, {"text": "transient", "start": 122, "end": 131}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 160, "end": 172}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 177, "end": 184}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 274, "end": 286}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 132, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 287, "end": 295}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured (AM) conformal cooling channels are currently the state of the art for high performing tooling with reduced cycle times.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "AM", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "conformal cooling channels", "start": 29, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "art", "start": 87, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 111, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper introduces the concept of conformal cooling layers which challenges the status quo in providing higher heat transfer rates that also provide less variation in tooling temperatures.The cooling layers are filled with self-supporting repeatable unit cells that form a lattice throughout the cooling layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "conformal cooling", "start": 37, "end": 54}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 114, "end": 127}, {"text": "variation", "start": 157, "end": 166}, {"text": "tooling", "start": 170, "end": 177}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 253, "end": 263}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 276, "end": 283}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 195, "end": 202}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 299, "end": 306}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 226, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lattices increase fluid vorticity which improves convective heat transfer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 64, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 22, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical testing of the lattices shows that the design of the unit cell significantly varies the compression characteristics.A virtual case study of the injection moulding of a plastic enclosure is used to compare the performance of conformal cooling layers with that of conventional (drilled) cooling channels and conformal (AM) cooling channels.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical testing", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "case study", "start": 137, "end": 147}, {"text": "performance", "start": 220, "end": 231}, {"text": "conformal cooling", "start": 235, "end": 252}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 50, "end": 56}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "injection moulding", "start": 155, "end": 173}, {"text": "AM", "start": 328, "end": 330}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 179, "end": 186}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cooling channels", "start": 296, "end": 312}, {"text": "cooling channels", "start": 332, "end": 348}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show the conformal layers reduce cooling time by 26.34% over conventional cooling channels.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "conventional cooling channels", "start": 73, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A wide range of materials is suitable for processing by powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 7, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 56, "end": 73}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 75, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the latest formulations, maraging steel 18Ni-300, which is a martensite-hardenable alloy, is often used when both high fracture toughness and high strength are required, or if dimensional changes need to be minimised.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 31, "end": 45}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "be", "start": 210, "end": 212}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 153, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In direct tooling, 18Ni-300 can be successfully employed in numerous applications, for example in the production of dies for injection moulding and for casting of aluminium alloys; moreover, it is particularly valuable for high-performance engineering parts.Even though bibliographic data are available on the effects that parameters, employed in PBF processes, have on the obtained density, roughness, hardness and microstructure of 18Ni-300, there is still a lack of knowledge on the fatigue life of PBF manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "data", "start": 284, "end": 288}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 323, "end": 333}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 416, "end": 430}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 506, "end": 518}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "aluminium alloys", "start": 163, "end": 179}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "injection moulding", "start": 125, "end": 143}, {"text": "casting", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 347, "end": 350}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 502, "end": 505}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 116, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 240, "end": 251}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 383, "end": 390}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 392, "end": 401}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 403, "end": 411}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 486, "end": 498}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes the fatigue behaviour of 18Ni-300 steel manufactured by PBF, as compared by forging.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 61, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 77, "end": 80}, {"text": "forging", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relevant negative effects of the cross-contamination of the raw material are originally identified in this paper, which emphasizes the inadequacy of current acceptability protocols for PBF powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cross-contamination", "start": 33, "end": 52}, {"text": "protocols", "start": 171, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "raw material", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 185, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the absence of contamination, endurance achieved by PBF is found equal to that by forging and consistent with tooling requirements as set out by industrial partners, based on injection moulding process modelling.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 55, "end": 58}, {"text": "forging", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "injection moulding", "start": 178, "end": 196}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 134, "end": 136}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 205, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal powder bed additive manufacturing technologies, such as the Electron Beam Melting process, facilitate a high degree of geometric flexibility and have been demonstrated as useful production techniques for metallic parts.However, the EBM process is typically associated with lower resolutions and higher surface roughness compared to similar laser-based powder bed metal processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal powder", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 210, "end": 218}, {"text": "metal", "start": 369, "end": 374}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 13, "end": 16}, {"text": "powder bed", "start": 358, "end": 368}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 39}, {"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 66, "end": 87}, {"text": "production", "start": 184, "end": 194}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 238, "end": 241}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 135, "end": 146}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 308, "end": 325}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In part, this difference is related to the larger powder size distribution and thicker layers normally used.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 50, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 62, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As part of an effort to improve the resolution and surface roughness of EBM fabricated components, this study investigates the feasibility of fabricating components with a smaller powder size fraction and layer thickness (similar to laser based processes).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "powder", "start": 180, "end": 186}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 205, "end": 220}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 51, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 142, "end": 153}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 87, "end": 97}, {"text": "components", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 110, "end": 122}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 127, "end": 138}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 192, "end": 200}, {"text": "processes", "start": 245, "end": 254}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 233, "end": 238}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface morphology, microstructure and tensile properties of the produced samples were evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 24, "end": 38}, {"text": "samples", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 43, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings indicate that microstructure is dependent on wall-thickness and that, for thin walled structures, tensile properties can become dominated by variations in surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 27, "end": 41}, {"text": "thin walled structures", "start": 87, "end": 109}, {"text": "variations", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 111, "end": 129}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 168, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing provides new chances in the manufacturing of highly complex, mass-customized structures with negligible wastes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jetting holds distinctive promise among additive manufacturing technologies due to its fast, low-cost manufacturing; stress-free structures with complex internal and external geometries; and the isotropic properties of the final printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder jetting", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 182, "end": 192}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 202, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An ExOne binder jet 3D printer is used to produce frameworks for removable partial dentures from metallic powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "metallic powder", "start": 97, "end": 112}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "application": [{"text": "dentures", "start": 83, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Initially, an existing framework is scanned using micro-computed tomography and then the obtained model is printed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "model", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-computed tomography", "start": 50, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consolidation of the printed parts is achieved with the relative density higher than 99% density with controlled shrinkage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Consolidation", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 113, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 56, "end": 72}, {"text": "density", "start": 89, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Presented results demonstrate that binder jetting may be used to produce mechanically sound complex-shaped structures as shown here on a denture metal framework model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 35, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "framework", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "application": [{"text": "denture", "start": 137, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical simulation is used to understand the melting and pressurization mechanism in fused filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Numerical simulation", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 87, "end": 113}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 115, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 74, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show the incoming fiber melts axisymmetrically, forming a cone of unmelted material in the center surrounded by melted polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "material", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 124, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Details of the simulation reveal that a recirculating vortex of melted polymer is formed at the fiber entrance to the hot end.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "hot end", "start": 118, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Generalized Newtonian Fluid (GNF) model was appropriate for simulation within the region that melts the fiber, however, a viscoelastic model, the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) model, was required to capture flow within the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Newtonian Fluid", "start": 16, "end": 31}, {"text": "model", "start": 38, "end": 43}, {"text": "model", "start": 139, "end": 144}, {"text": "model", "start": 174, "end": 179}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 108, "end": 113}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscoelastic", "start": 126, "end": 138}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 221, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is due to the presence of an elongational flow as molten material transitions from the melting region (diameter of 3 mm) to the nozzle at the exit (diameter of 0.5 mm).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "material", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "mm", "start": 122, "end": 124}, {"text": "mm", "start": 169, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 133, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increased manufacturing rates are limited by high pressures, necessitating more consideration in the nozzle design of future FFF printers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 10, "end": 23}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressures", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 101, "end": 107}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 108, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A unique and efficient semi-analytic method is presented for quickly predicting the three-dimensional thermal field produced by conduction from a heat source moving along an arbitrary path.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 84, "end": 101}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 146, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A Green's function approach is used to decouple the solution at each time step into the analytical source contribution and a conduction contribution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "step", "start": 74, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 99, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The latter is solved numerically using efficient Gaussian convolution algorithms.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This decoupling allows for boundary conditions on side boundaries to be satisfied numerically and lowers computational expenses by allowing calculations to be localized around the heat source.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 27, "end": 46}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 180, "end": 191}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "be", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal field resulting from arbitrary scan paths is constructed using analytical solutions for elementary linear segments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "analytical solutions", "start": 75, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of various scan patterns are presented and successfully verified against finite element simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scan patterns", "start": 23, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 85, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computational times of predictions are shown to be faster than the corresponding finite element simulation by an order of magnitude with less than 1% average error.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 85, "end": 99}, {"text": "average", "start": 154, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 126, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Given its ability to quickly predict the thermal history and changes in melt pool geometry due to arbitrary scan paths, this method provides a potentially powerful tool for exploration and optimization of laser powder bed fusion processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 189, "end": 201}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 164, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 205, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The origins of nano-scale oxide inclusions in 316 L austenitic stainless steel (SS) manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was investigated by quantifying the possible intrusion pathways of oxygen contained in the precursor powder, extraneous oxygen from the process environment during laser processing, and moisture contamination during powder handling and storage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nano-scale", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 84, "end": 96}, {"text": "process", "start": 268, "end": 275}, {"text": "laser processing", "start": 295, "end": 311}], "material": [{"text": "inclusions", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "austenitic stainless steel", "start": 52, "end": 78}, {"text": "SS", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 199, "end": 205}, {"text": "precursor powder", "start": 223, "end": 239}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 252, "end": 258}, {"text": "powder", "start": 347, "end": 353}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 100, "end": 123}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 125, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When processing the fresh, as-received powder in a well-controlled environment, the oxide inclusions contained in the precursor powder were the primary contributors to the formation of nano-scale oxides in the final additive manufactured (AM) product.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 39, "end": 45}, {"text": "oxide inclusions", "start": 84, "end": 100}, {"text": "precursor powder", "start": 118, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nano-scale", "start": 185, "end": 195}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 216, "end": 237}, {"text": "AM", "start": 239, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These oxide inclusions were found to be enriched with oxygen getter elements like Si and Mn.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide inclusions", "start": 6, "end": 22}, {"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "elements", "start": 68, "end": 76}, {"text": "Si", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 89, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By controlling the extraneous oxygen level in the process environment, the oxygen level in AM produced parts was found to increase with the extraneous oxygen level.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 151, "end": 157}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The intrusion pathway of this extra oxygen was found to be dominated by the incorporation of spatter particles into the build during processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 93, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 101, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 120, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moisture induced oxidation during powder storage was also found to result in a higher oxide density in the AM produced parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "AM", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 34, "end": 40}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 86, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SS 316 L powder free of Si and Mn oxygen getters was processed in a well-controlled environment and resulted in a similar level of oxygen intrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "powder", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "Si", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 53, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness testing indicated that the oxide volume fraction increase from extraneous oxygen did not influence hardness values.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 113, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, a marked decrease in hardness was found for the humidified and Si-Mn free AM processed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) is a metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique that carries great potential for the fabrication and repair of high-integrity structural and engine components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "metal Additive Manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 70}, {"text": "AM", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 123, "end": 134}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 186, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Confident application of the LENS technique requires a fundamental understanding of the microstructure and properties of the fabricated materials, as well as their correlations to processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 29, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 88, "end": 102}, {"text": "properties", "start": 107, "end": 117}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 147, "end": 149}, {"text": "as", "start": 155, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, two alloys fabricated by LENS, Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718, were examined and compared to their wrought counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 40, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The differences between low and high laser power fabrications, as well as the effects of various post-LENS heat treatments were systematically investigated and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 37, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 107, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interfacial bond strength between LENS depositions and substrates were also evaluated for repair purposes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "interfacial bond", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 38, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual porosity and surface roughness of metal materials generated via additive manufacturing are generally regarded as the major influence factors on the fatigue strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 161, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "metal materials", "start": 47, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 123, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 77, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of specimens out of tool steel 1.2344 were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 46, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 51, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile strength and hardness achieved results in the range of conventionally fabricated parts, whereas a significantly lower fatigue strength was observed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile strength", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 126, "end": 142}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cracks were induced by the present cavities as well as in the steel matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "steel", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further investigations of the oxygen content showed a high oxygen content of 570 ppm homogeneously distributed inside the specimens potentially limiting the strength of the matrix itself.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 59, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process monitoring in additive manufacturing (AM) is a crucial component in the mission of broadening AM industrialization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process monitoring", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 44}, {"text": "AM", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "AM", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, conventional part evaluation and qualification techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), can only be utilized after the build is complete, and thus eliminate any potential to correct defects during the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "be", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 133, "end": 138}, {"text": "build", "start": 215, "end": 220}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 196, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast to post-build CT, in situ defect detection based on in situ sensing, such as layerwise visual inspection, enables the potential for in-process re-melting and correction of detected defects and thus facilitates in-process part qualification.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "defect", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "defects", "start": 193, "end": 200}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 106, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes the development and implementation of such an in situ defect detection strategy for powder bed fusion (PBF) AM using supervised machine learning.During the build process, multiple images were collected at each build layer using a high resolution digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "defect", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "images", "start": 201, "end": 207}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 105, "end": 122}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 124, "end": 127}, {"text": "AM", "start": 129, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 149, "end": 156}, {"text": "camera", "start": 301, "end": 307}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 177, "end": 182}, {"text": "build layer", "start": 231, "end": 242}, {"text": "high resolution", "start": 251, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For each neighborhood in the resulting layerwise image stack, multi-dimensional visual features were extracted and evaluated using binary classification techniques, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 49, "end": 54}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "binary", "start": 131, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "a linear support vector machine (SVM).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 24, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through binary classification, neighborhoods are then categorized as either a flaw, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "binary", "start": 8, "end": 14}, {"text": "flaw", "start": 78, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "an undesirable interruption in the typical structure of the material, or a nominal build condition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 83, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "the true location of flaws and nominal build areas, which are needed to train the binary classifiers, were obtained from post-build high-resolution 3D CT scan data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "binary", "start": 82, "end": 88}, {"text": "3D", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "data", "start": 159, "end": 163}], "parameter": [{"text": "build areas", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "high-resolution", "start": 132, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In CT scans, discontinuities, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 3, "end": 5}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "incomplete fusion, porosity, cracks, or inclusions, were identified using automated analysis tools or manual inspection.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 11, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "inclusions", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After the classifier had been properly trained, in situ defect detection accuracies greater than 80% were demonstrated during cross-validation experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "defect", "start": 56, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper the heat transfer and residual stress evolution in the direct metal laser sintering process of the additive manufacturing of titanium alloy products are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 18, "end": 31}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 69, "end": 97}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 113, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloy", "start": 139, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A numerical model is developed in a COMSOL multiphysics environment considering the temperature-dependent material properties of TiAl6V4.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 106, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermo-mechanical coupled simulation is performed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 30, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3-D simulation is used to study single-layer laser sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 45, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 2-D model is used to study the multi-layer effects of additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 6, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 56, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results reveal the behavior of the melt pool size, temperature history, and change of the residual stresses of a single layer and among the multiple layers of the effects of the change of the local base temperature and laser power etc.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 39, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 55, "end": 66}, {"text": "layer", "start": 124, "end": 129}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 207, "end": 218}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 223, "end": 234}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 94, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The result of the simulation provides a better understanding of the complex thermo-mechanical mechanisms of laser sintering additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 76, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering additive manufacturing processes", "start": 108, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser-matter interactions in laser additive manufacturing (LAM) occur on short time scales (10−6–10−3 s) and have traditionally proven difficult to characterise.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 57}, {"text": "LAM", "start": 59, "end": 62}], "feature": [{"text": "time scales", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 102, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We investigate these interactions during LAM of stainless steel SS316L and 13-93 bioactive glass powders using a custom built LAM process replicator (LAMPR) with in situ and operando synchrotron X-ray real-time radiography.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "LAM", "start": 126, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 48, "end": 63}, {"text": "bioactive glass", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 162, "end": 169}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 183, "end": 194}, {"text": "radiography", "start": 211, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This reveals a wide range of melt track solidification phenomena as well as spatter and porosity formation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 20, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 29, "end": 33}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 40, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 88, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We hypothesise that the SS316L powder absorbs the laser energy at its surface while the trace elements in the 13-93 bioactive glass powder absorb and remit the infra-red radiation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "trace elements", "start": 88, "end": 102}, {"text": "bioactive glass", "start": 116, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser energy", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "surface", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 170, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that a low viscosity melt, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 38, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "8 mPa s for SS316L, tends to generate spatter (diameter up to 250 μm and an average spatter velocity of 0.26 m s−1) and form a melt track by molten pool wetting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mPa", "start": 2, "end": 5}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "average", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "melt", "start": 127, "end": 131}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 141, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 38, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, a high viscosity melt, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 30, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "2 Pa s for 13-93 bioactive glass, inhibits spatter formation by damping the Marangoni convection, forming a melt track via viscous flow.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Pa", "start": 2, "end": 4}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "bioactive glass", "start": 17, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 108, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The viscous flow in 13-93 bioactive glass resists pore transport; combined with the reboil effect, this promotes pore growth during LAM, resulting in a pore size up to 600 times larger than that exhibited in the SS316L sample.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "bioactive glass", "start": 26, "end": 41}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "pore", "start": 113, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LAM", "start": 132, "end": 135}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 152, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 219, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An evaluation of low-cost, high-oxygen content Zr-Cu-Al-Nb bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) produced through laser powder bed fusion (PBF) was performed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic glasses", "start": 64, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 105, "end": 128}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 130, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four-point bending and wear resistance tests were used to compare the mechanical properties of the printed alloy with laboratory grade cast parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "cast", "start": 135, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 23, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 70, "end": 91}, {"text": "laboratory", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 107, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the laser PBF parts, while not being able to be cast as a bulk glass, can be printed amorphous up to at least several millimeters thick and yet still have reasonable mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "glass", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 183, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) of highly viscous materials, e.g., polysiloxane (silicone) has gained attention in academia and different industries, specifically the medical and healthcare sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 134, "end": 144}, {"text": "medical", "start": 163, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different AM processes including micro-syringe nozzle dispensing systems have demonstrated promising results in the deposition of highly viscous materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 116, "end": 126}, {"text": "materials", "start": 145, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This contact-based 3D printing system has drawbacks such as overfilling of material at locations where there is a change in the direction of the trajectory, thereby reducing the printing quality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "material", "start": 75, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 187, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modeling the continuous flow of a highly viscous polysiloxane in the nozzle dispensing AM system using finite element analysis will be the first step to solve this overfilling phenomenon.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modeling", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 103, "end": 126}, {"text": "step", "start": 145, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 132, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of simulation can be used to predict the required variation in the value of pressure before the nozzle reaches a corner.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 108, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The level-set method is employed for this simulation, and the results are validated by comparing the flow profile and geometrical parameters of the model with those of the experimental trials of the dispensing of polysiloxane.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "model", "start": 148, "end": 153}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 172, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparisons show that the model is able to predict the location of the droplet before it reaches the substrate, as well as the height of the droplet generated on the substrate accurately.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 166, "end": 175}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To predict the width of the droplet, adjustment factors need to be considered in calculations based on the value of the pressure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 120, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A significant microstructural inhomogeneity in EBM fabricated Co-Cr-Mo alloy along building direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 14, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 83, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-production heat treatment regime homogenized microstructures and enhanced mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 16, "end": 30}, {"text": "homogenized", "start": 38, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 79, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase constituents significantly affected the mechanical behaviors of Co-Cr-Mo alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 83, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The electron beam melting (EBM), a layer-by-layer additive manufacturing (AM) technique, has been recently utilized for fabricating metallic components with complex shape and geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 50, "end": 72}, {"text": "AM", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 35, "end": 49}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 175, "end": 183}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shape", "start": 157, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the inhomogeneity in microstructures and mechanical properties are the main drawbacks constraining the serviceability of the EBM-built parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 30, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 50, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, we found remarkable microstructural inhomogeneity along build direction in the EBM-built Co-based alloy, owing to the competitive grain growth and subsequent isothermal γ-fcc → ε-hcp phase transformation, which affects the corresponding tensile properties significantly.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 42, "end": 57}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 152, "end": 164}, {"text": "isothermal", "start": 180, "end": 190}, {"text": "phase", "start": 205, "end": 210}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 78, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 259, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, we succeeded in eliminating the inhomogeneities, modifying the phase structures and refining grain sizes via comprehensive post-production heat treatment regimes, which provides a valuable implication for improving the reliabilities of AM-built metals and alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain sizes", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 145, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 251, "end": 257}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 262, "end": 268}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Co-based alloy can be selectively transformed into predominant ε or predominant γ phase by the regime, and the grains were refined to 1/10 of the initial sizes by repeated heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "be", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 86, "end": 91}, {"text": "grains", "start": 115, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 176, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, we investigated the tensile properties and fracture behaviors of the alloy before and after each heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 29, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 106, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The γ → ε strain-induced martensitic transformation is the major deformation mode of the γ phase, meanwhile the formation of stripped ε phase at {111} γ habit planes contributed to a good combination of strength and ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "phase", "start": 91, "end": 96}, {"text": "phase", "start": 136, "end": 141}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 203, "end": 211}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 216, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, the ε phase was deformed mainly by (0001) ε < 11 2¯0 > ε basal and {1 1¯00} ε < 11 2¯0 > ε prismatic slip systems, exhibiting very limited ductility and strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "prismatic", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deformed", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 153, "end": 162}, {"text": "strength", "start": 167, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the ε grains act as secondary hardening factor in the samples consisting of dual γ/ε phase, leading to a non-uniform deformation behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "samples", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "phase", "start": 98, "end": 103}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 130, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 43, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two new high-carbon high speed steel alloys; Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V and Febal−x-C-Cr-Mo-V-Wx were additively manufactured by directed energy deposition (DED) process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "high speed steel alloys", "start": 20, "end": 43}, {"text": "Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V", "start": 45, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 91, "end": 114}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 118, "end": 144}, {"text": "DED", "start": 146, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 151, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Micro-hardness (0.5 HV) measurement of multilayer additively manufactured samples showed no softening of martensite matrix under complex thermal cycling.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 50, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 137, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to larger phase fraction of metal carbides and formation of a relatively stable oxide layer, Febal−x-C-Cr-Mo-V-Wx showed better high temperature (500 °C) wear resistance than Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V. Neutron diffraction of powders and additively manufactured samples of Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V and Febal−x-C-Cr-Mo-V-Wx alloys showed weak scattering properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 14, "end": 28}, {"text": "properties", "start": 337, "end": 347}], "material": [{"text": "metal carbides", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 84, "end": 89}, {"text": "powders", "start": 219, "end": 226}, {"text": "Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V", "start": 266, "end": 281}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 307, "end": 313}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 137, "end": 148}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 158, "end": 173}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Neutron diffraction", "start": 196, "end": 215}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 231, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inconclusive strain scanning was either result of a strong crystallographic texture in the bulk or due to existence of nano- or semi-crystalline phases.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 17, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed energy deposition (DED) of two high-carbon high speed steel alloys Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V and Febal−x-C-Cr-Mo-V-Wx was performed by using a 4 kW Nd: YAG laser source.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed energy deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "high speed steel alloys", "start": 52, "end": 75}, {"text": "Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "Nd: YAG", "start": 147, "end": 154}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "laser source", "start": 155, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of additive manufacturing was design and evaluation of thermally stable–high temperature wear resistant alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 37}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 89, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 116, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High temperature (500 °C) pin-on-disc tests were conducted to investigate the effect of carbides phase fraction on friction and wear.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 5, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "carbides", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "friction", "start": 115, "end": 123}, {"text": "wear", "start": 128, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain scanning of the powder and additively manufactured materials was carried out by Neutron diffraction.Microstructures of both alloys consisted of a martensitic matrix with networks of primary and eutectic carbides.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Strain", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "Neutron", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 131, "end": 137}, {"text": "carbides", "start": 210, "end": 218}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 34, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Febal−x-C-Cr-Mo-V-Wx showed a better high temperature wear resistance due to greater phase fraction of VC and Mo2C carbides.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 85, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "VC", "start": 103, "end": 105}, {"text": "carbides", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fracture surfaces of post-heat treated tensile samples of Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V and Febal−x-C-Cr-Mo-V-Wx revealed brittle failures with minimal plasticity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fracture", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "samples", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "brittle failures", "start": 108, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "Febal-C-Cr-Mo-V", "start": 58, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Neutron strain mapping of the metal powders and the additively manufactured materials resulted in a weak diffraction signal and peak widening effect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Neutron", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 30, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 52, "end": 75}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 105, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti–6Al–4V parts made using additive manufacturing processes such as selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) are subject to the inclusion of defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 27, "end": 59}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 102, "end": 123}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "inclusion", "start": 149, "end": 158}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study purposely fabricated Ti–6Al–4V samples with defects by varying process parameters from the factory default settings in both SLM and EBM systems.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "samples", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "defects", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 74, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 135, "end": 138}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 143, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process parameters are classified according to their tendency to create certain types of porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process parameters", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, defect characteristics are discussed with respect to defect generation mechanisms; and effective process windows for SLM and EBM system are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "defect", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "process", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Developed intra-layer, closed-loop control of additive manufacturing build plan.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 23, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Control affected macrostructure, microstructure, and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 53, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrated reduced variability in microstructure and hardness with control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 36, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 55, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The location, timing, and arrangement of depositions paths used to build an additively manufactured component–collectively called the build plan–are known to impact local thermal history, microstructure, thermal distortion, and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 67, "end": 72}, {"text": "build", "start": 134, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 76, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 158, "end": 164}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 188, "end": 202}, {"text": "thermal distortion", "start": 204, "end": 222}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 228, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a novel system architecture for intra-layer, closed-loop control of the build plan is introduced and demonstrated for directed-energy deposition of Ti–6Al–4V.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 29, "end": 41}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 59, "end": 78}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 86, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 148, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The control strategy altered the build plan in real time to ensure that the temperature around the start point of each hatch, prior to deposition, was below a threshold temperature of 415 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 76, "end": 87}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 169, "end": 180}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 135, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with open-loop processing, closed-loop control resulted in vertical alignment of columnar prior-β grains, more uniform α-lath widths, and more-uniform microhardness values within the deposited component.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 36, "end": 55}, {"text": "component", "start": 202, "end": 211}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 68, "end": 76}, {"text": "grains", "start": 107, "end": 113}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 160, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has been utilized to produce a NiTi shape memory alloy actuator with embedded channels for liquid metal forced fluid convection to increase actuator heat transfer rates.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "NiTi", "start": 73, "end": 77}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 91, "end": 96}, {"text": "liquid metal", "start": 133, "end": 145}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 153, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "actuator", "start": 182, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To enable further increases in performance, it is critical to characterize and control the surface quality of fully interior channels which have higher surface roughness compared to exterior top surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 91, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 152, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work utilizes a design of experiments methodology by varying laser power, scan speed, hatch space, scan pattern, channel orientation, and channel diameter on the as-fabricated surface roughness of the overhangs and walls of interior channels in NiTi.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiments", "start": 21, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "scan pattern", "start": 104, "end": 116}, {"text": "overhangs", "start": 206, "end": 215}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 118, "end": 125}], "feature": [{"text": "channel diameter", "start": 143, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 181, "end": 198}], "material": [{"text": "NiTi", "start": 250, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To enable post-process increases in surface quality, the channels are subjected to an electropolishing treatment and further characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-process", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electropolishing", "start": 86, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Internal channel surfaces are characterized using optical profilometry and SEM imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 75, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is concluded that channel orientation plays a prominent role in determining the surface roughness of as-fabricated interior channels, and a lower laser energy density results in the highest reduction in surface roughness after an electropolishing treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 83, "end": 100}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 206, "end": 223}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 149, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 193, "end": 202}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electropolishing", "start": 233, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing and laser welding are powerful metal processing techniques with broad applications in advanced sectors such as the biomedical and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}, {"text": "laser welding", "start": 58, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "as", "start": 162, "end": 164}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 169, "end": 179}, {"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 184, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One common process variable that can tune laser-material interaction dynamics in these two techniques is adjustment of the composition and pressure of the atmosphere in which the process is conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "composition", "start": 123, "end": 134}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 139, "end": 147}, {"text": "process", "start": 179, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While some of the physical mechanisms that are governed by the ambient pressure are well known from the welding literature, it remains unclear how these mechanisms extend to the distinct process conditions of LPBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "process", "start": 187, "end": 194}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 104, "end": 111}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 209, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ studies of the differences in subsurface structure and behavior are essential for understanding the effects of gas pressure and composition on the LPBF processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "structure", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "gas", "start": 119, "end": 122}, {"text": "composition", "start": 136, "end": 147}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 155, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article reports the use of in situ X-ray imaging to directly probe the morphological evolution of the liquid-vapor interface during laser melting as a function of ambient pressure and oxygen partial pressure under LPBF conditions in 316 L steel, Ti-64, aluminum 6061, and Nickel 400.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "interface", "start": 120, "end": 129}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 176, "end": 184}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 204, "end": 212}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 137, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 189, "end": 195}, {"text": "steel", "start": 244, "end": 249}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 258, "end": 266}, {"text": "Nickel", "start": 277, "end": 283}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 219, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We observe significant changes in melt pool morphology as a function of pressure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 72, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, similar changes in morphology occur due to an increase in oxygen partial pressure in the process atmosphere.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 86, "end": 94}, {"text": "process", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 71, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature- and composition-dependent changes in surface tension of the liquid metal drive this change in behavior, which has the potential to influence defect creation and final morphology in LPBF parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 50, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 73, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 154, "end": 160}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 180, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 194, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is a relatively new technology to produce metallic parts in a layer by layer fashion by melting and fusing the metallic powders.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron beam additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 36}, {"text": "EBAM", "start": 38, "end": 42}, {"text": "melting", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 106, "end": 120}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 121, "end": 128}, {"text": "fusing", "start": 144, "end": 150}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic parts", "start": 86, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "metallic powders", "start": 155, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti–6Al–4V is one of the most used industrial alloys used for aerospace and biomedical application.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "biomedical application", "start": 75, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 45, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBAM is a rapid solidification process and the properties of the build material depend on the solidification behavior as well as the microstructure of the build material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBAM", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "rapid solidification process", "start": 10, "end": 38}, {"text": "properties", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 94, "end": 108}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 133, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "build material", "start": 65, "end": 79}, {"text": "as", "start": 118, "end": 120}, {"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "build material", "start": 155, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, the prediction of part microstructures during the process may be an important factor for process optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "process optimization", "start": 95, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 29, "end": 44}, {"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a phase field model is developed for microstructure evolution of Ti–6Al–4V powder in EBAM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "model", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 52, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBAM", "start": 100, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FORTRAN code is used to solve the phase field equations, which incorporates the temperature gradient and solidification velocity as the simulation parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 80, "end": 100}, {"text": "solidification velocity", "start": 105, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of temperature gradient and the beam scan speed on microstructure is investigated through simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 14, "end": 34}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 43, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 62, "end": 76}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results are compared with the analytical model and experimental findings by measuring the spacing evolution under the solidification condition Exciting progress in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which enables fabrication of cellular structures with highly complex lattices and pores, has stimulated the development of lightweight structural products with improved performance and increased functionality.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 66, "end": 78}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 113, "end": 122}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 133, "end": 147}, {"text": "technology", "start": 207, "end": 217}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 288, "end": 296}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 342, "end": 353}, {"text": "performance", "start": 388, "end": 399}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 179, "end": 201}, {"text": "AM", "start": 203, "end": 205}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 233, "end": 244}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 248, "end": 267}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 301, "end": 306}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, conventional design and analysis tools lack the ability to optimize complex geometries efficiently and robustly.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 77, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this motivation, in this study, homogenized material models of open-cell polymeric foams with spherical cell architectures that are manufactured by using an AM technology are formulated through both experimental and numerical investigations, which in turn can be employed in a novel micromechanics based topology optimization algorithm developed for the optimization of cellular structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 37, "end": 48}, {"text": "AM technology", "start": 162, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 99, "end": 108}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 137, "end": 149}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 204, "end": 216}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 331, "end": 340}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 359, "end": 371}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 109, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 265, "end": 267}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 309, "end": 330}, {"text": "cellular structures", "start": 375, "end": 394}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this regard, generating computer aided drawing (CAD) data, which is mandatory for AM, randomly intersected spherical ensemble method is employed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "CAD", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drawing", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "AM", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 56, "end": 60}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 110, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several foam models with different porosities are generated, and utilized in nonlinear finite element analyses (FEAs) to determine constitutive elastic constants.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "foam", "start": 8, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analyses", "start": 87, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "elastic constants", "start": 144, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Plastic stress-strain data for the bulk AM material are obtained through static tensile tests in a variety of different loading directions and these results used in FEA as true stress-strain data.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Plastic", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "AM material", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "as", "start": 169, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 22, "end": 26}, {"text": "data", "start": 191, "end": 195}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 80, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Homogenization is performed based on a quadratic form of the widely used Gibson and Ashby foam model, which describes the Young’ s modulus E∗ and yield strength σpl∗ of cellular structures in terms of relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Homogenization", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "foam", "start": 90, "end": 94}, {"text": "s", "start": 129, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 146, "end": 160}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 201, "end": 217}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 169, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Predicting residual distortion in metal additive manufacturing (AM) is important to ensure quality of the fabricated component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual distortion", "start": 11, "end": 30}, {"text": "quality", "start": 91, "end": 98}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 62}, {"text": "AM", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 117, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inherent strain method is ideal for this purpose, but has not been well developed for AM parts yet.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 90, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a modified inherent strain model is proposed to estimate the inherent strains from detailed AM process simulation of single line depositions on top of each other.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 35, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained inherent strains are employed in a layer-by-layer static equilibrium analysis to simulate residual distortion of the AM part efficiently.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "equilibrium", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "residual distortion", "start": 103, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM part", "start": 130, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To validate the model, depositions of a single wall and a rectangular contour wall models with different number of layers deposited by a representative directed energy deposition (DED) process are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "process", "start": 185, "end": 192}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "number of layers", "start": 105, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 152, "end": 178}, {"text": "DED", "start": 180, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed model is demonstrated to be accurate by comparing with full-scale detailed process simulation and experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "process simulation", "start": 88, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on this approach, simulation results applied to the rectangular contour wall structures of different heights show that the modified inherent strain method is quite efficient, while the residual distortion of AM parts can be accurately computed within a short time.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "modified inherent strain method", "start": 129, "end": 160}, {"text": "residual distortion", "start": 191, "end": 210}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 214, "end": 222}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 227, "end": 229}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 230, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The improvement of the computational efficiency can be up to 80 times in some specific cases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "computational efficiency", "start": 23, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 52, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stainless steel 316L dogbones produced using two production methods were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Stainless steel", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 49, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "General corrosion was not considered to be a major form of corrosion after 2184 h. Mechanical properties for the traditionally manufactured samples did not change.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 83, "end": 104}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 127, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties for the AM samples decreased during the exposure time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hydrogen embrittlement in the AM samples caused the mechanical properties decrease.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Hydrogen embrittlement", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 52, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects on the surface and mechanical properties of stainless steel AISI316L dogbones created using either traditional manufacturing (TM) or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exposed to 0.75 M sulfuric acid solution over 2184 h were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 31, "end": 52}, {"text": "solution", "start": 208, "end": 216}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 56, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 136}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 145, "end": 168}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 170, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "General corrosion was not a major form of corrosion, based on surface feature changes, surface roughness, and mass loss for either method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "surface", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 87, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No change to the mechanical properties occurred for the TM samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 17, "end": 38}, {"text": "samples", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both tensile stress and strain decreased for the LPBF samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 5, "end": 19}, {"text": "strain", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 49, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The decrease was caused by hydrogen embrittlement, due to the formation of large brittle particles, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hydrogen embrittlement", "start": 27, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 119, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) of complex tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) parts was achieved using binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM) of WC powders followed by Co infiltration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 107, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "tungsten", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "binder", "start": 96, "end": 102}, {"text": "WC", "start": 140, "end": 142}, {"text": "powders", "start": 143, "end": 150}, {"text": "Co", "start": 163, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using BJAM with infiltration of the metal phase can limit shrinkage and grain growth in ceramic-metal (cermet) composites compared to other additive manufacturing (AM) methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "limit", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 72, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "ceramic-metal", "start": 88, "end": 101}, {"text": "cermet", "start": 103, "end": 109}, {"text": "composites", "start": 111, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 140, "end": 162}, {"text": "AM", "start": 164, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Knowledge of previous infiltration studies was used to help process parts to imitate production of parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 22, "end": 34}, {"text": "process", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties such as density, microstructure, grain size, and hardness of the parts are characterized along the infiltration height.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "infiltration", "start": 114, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 20, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 64, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fracture toughness is measured where applicable.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fracture", "start": 0, "end": 8}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach has the potential to achieve highly dense WC-Co parts that are net-shaped with some ternary phase and z-direction distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 106, "end": 111}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 116, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes a novel geometric based scanning strategy adopted in the selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing technology aimed at reducing the level of residual stresses generated during the build-up process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 44, "end": 61}, {"text": "process", "start": 211, "end": 218}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 77, "end": 100}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "manufacturing technology", "start": 107, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 163, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A set of computer simulations of the build, based on different scans strategies, including temperature dependent material properties, and a moving heat flux, were performed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 2, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "computer simulations", "start": 9, "end": 29}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 113, "end": 132}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 147, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 91, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research novelty explores intermittent scan strategies in order to analyze the effect of reduction on heat concentration on the residual stress and deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "heat", "start": 106, "end": 110}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 152, "end": 163}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 132, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Coupled thermal-structural computations revealed a significant stress and warpage reduction on the proposed scanning scheme.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "warpage reduction", "start": 74, "end": 91}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different powder material properties were investigated and the computational model was validated against published numerical and experimental studies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 10, "end": 25}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational model", "start": 63, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 129, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study focuses on the microstructural evolution in additively manufactured (AM) β titanium alloys due to solid-state phase transformations occurring during the reheating of previously deposited layers, directly influencing the uniformity of microstructure across the entire build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 26, "end": 51}, {"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 109, "end": 126}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 245, "end": 259}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 55, "end": 78}, {"text": "AM", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 86, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 188, "end": 204}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 278, "end": 283}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the AM of titanium alloys of a wide variety of compositions, including α + β alloys such as Ti-6Al-4 V, and β alloys, when the laser or electron beam hits the sample, the grains in the previously deposited topmost layers either re-melt or transform into the β phase.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 11, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 17, "end": 32}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "V", "start": 108, "end": 109}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 134, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 143, "end": 156}, {"text": "sample", "start": 166, "end": 172}, {"text": "grains", "start": 178, "end": 184}, {"text": "phase", "start": 267, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, during the cooling cycle, depending on the alloy composition, second-phase precipitation may occur within these layers via solid-state precipitation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 89, "end": 102}, {"text": "solid-state precipitation", "start": 137, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study compares two binary β -Ti alloys, Ti-12Mo and Ti-20 V, that have been processed using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™), a directed energy deposition technique for AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "binary", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "processed", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "V", "start": 70, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 104, "end": 132}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 144, "end": 170}, {"text": "AM", "start": 185, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared to Ti-V, which exhibited grains of only the β phase in the as-built condition, the less β stabilized Ti-Mo had extensive second-phase α precipitation within the build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 34, "end": 40}, {"text": "phase", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 145, "end": 158}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 170, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The location within the LENS™ build played a pivotal role in determining the size scale, area fraction, and morphology of the α precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "area", "start": 89, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 128, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These changes have been attributed to the different thermal cycles experienced during the deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 52, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 90, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Irrespective of the alloy composition, columnar grains were observed in the depositions with a strong [001] β texture along the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 20, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 39, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 128, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the Ti-12Mo alloy, wherein second phase α precipitation takes place, there was no significant α texturing, with all twelve variants forming.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 45, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 135, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant attention has been focused on modeling of metallic additive manufacturing (AM) processes, with the initial aim of predicting local thermal history, and ultimately structure and properties.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metallic additive manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 91, "end": 100}, {"text": "structure", "start": 175, "end": 184}, {"text": "properties", "start": 189, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing models range greatly in physical complexity and computational cost, and the implications of various simplifying assumption often go unassessed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "go", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work, we first formulate a fast acting Discrete Source Model (DSM) capable of handling the complex processing often encountered in metal powder bed fusion AM.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Source", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Model", "start": 70, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 146, "end": 169}, {"text": "AM", "start": 170, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We then assess implications of the source representation, details of the numeric implementation, as well as effects of boundary conditions and thermophysical parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 35, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 119, "end": 138}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 158, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While a number of approximations limit its quantitative accuracy, the inexpensive nature and ability to treat complex processing plans suggests it will be useful for screening and identification of regions experiencing anomalous thermal history.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 43, "end": 55}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 152, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron beam welding (EBW) is a high-density energy (low heat input) welding technique, resulting in a narrow heat affected zone (HAZ), causing minimal metallurgical changes in the workpieces.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron beam welding", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBW", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "welding", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "heat affected zone", "start": 111, "end": 129}, {"text": "HAZ", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 153, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present research work investigates EB autogenous welded AlSi10Mg samples, produced by the selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) method, with emphasis on the characterization of the joint's macro- and microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "joint", "start": 205, "end": 210}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 224, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welded", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 94, "end": 117}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 119, "end": 122}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 146}, {"text": "AM", "start": 148, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When comparing the EB welded AM parts to the EB welded cast samples two main differences were observed: weld metal porosity and a negligible HAZ in the AM joints and low porosity level but substantial HAZ in the welded cast parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welded", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "welded cast", "start": 48, "end": 59}, {"text": "AM", "start": 152, "end": 154}, {"text": "welded cast", "start": 212, "end": 223}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "HAZ", "start": 141, "end": 144}, {"text": "HAZ", "start": 201, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "weld metal", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 115, "end": 123}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 170, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These preliminary results show for the first time the feasibility of the EBW technique on AM-SLM specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBW", "start": 73, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material extrusion additive manufacturing technique known as fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an interesting method to fabricate complex ceramic parts whereby feedstocks containing thermoplastic binders and ceramic powders are printed and the resulting parts are subjected to debinding and sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 45}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 80, "end": 91}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 126, "end": 135}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 297, "end": 306}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "filament", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 166, "end": 176}, {"text": "thermoplastic binders", "start": 188, "end": 209}, {"text": "ceramic powders", "start": 214, "end": 229}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 283, "end": 292}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A limiting factor of this process is the debinding step, usually done thermally.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "debinding", "start": 41, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long thermal cycles are required to avoid defects such as cracks and blisters caused by trapped pyrolysis products.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 5, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current study addresses this issue by developing a novel FFF binder formulation for the production of zirconia parts with an intermediate solvent debinding step.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 61, "end": 64}, {"text": "production", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 65, "end": 71}, {"text": "zirconia", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 150, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different unfilled binder systems were evaluated considering the mechanical and rheological properties required for the FFF process together with the solvent debinding performance of the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 80, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 120, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 158, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, the same compounds were used in feedstocks filled with 47 vol.% of zirconia powder, and the resulting morphology was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "feedstocks", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "zirconia powder", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 116, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the most promising formulation, containing zirconia, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene copolymer, paraffin wax, stearic acid, and acrylic acid-grafted high density polyethylene was successfully processed by FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "zirconia", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "copolymer", "start": 96, "end": 105}, {"text": "paraffin", "start": 107, "end": 115}, {"text": "acrylic", "start": 139, "end": 146}, {"text": "high density polyethylene", "start": 160, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 203, "end": 212}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 216, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After solvent debinding, 55.4 wt.% of the binder was dissolved in cyclohexane, creating an interconnected porosity of 29 vol.% that allowed a successful thermal debinding and subsequent pre-sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 14, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal debinding", "start": 153, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pre-sintering", "start": 186, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The layered structure of Additive Manufacturing processes results in a stair- stepping effect of the surface topographies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layered structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "surface topographies", "start": 101, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing processes", "start": 25, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In general, the impact of this effect strongly depends on the build angle of a surface, whereas the overall surface roughness is additionally caused by the resolution of the specific AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 16, "end": 22}, {"text": "surface", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 108, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 183, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of this work is the prediction of the surface quality in dependence of the building orientation of a part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 46, "end": 61}, {"text": "building orientation", "start": 83, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results can finally be used to optimize the orientation to get a desired surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 50, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 79, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As not all parts of the component surface are equally important, a preselection of areas can be used to improve the overall surface quality of relevant areas.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "surface quality", "start": 124, "end": 139}, {"text": "areas", "start": 152, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model uses the digital AMF format of a part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "AMF", "start": 27, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Each triangle is assigned with a roughness value and by testing different orientations the best one can be found.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness value", "start": 33, "end": 48}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 74, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach needs a database for the surface qualities.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "database", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface qualities", "start": 39, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This must be done separately for each Additive Manufacturing process and is shown exemplarily with a surface topography simulation for the laser sintering process.A validation of the model is done with a monitor bracket of EOS GmbH.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 10, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing process", "start": 38, "end": 68}, {"text": "laser sintering", "start": 139, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topography", "start": 101, "end": 119}, {"text": "validation", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "model", "start": 183, "end": 188}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 204, "end": 211}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bracket", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "application": [{"text": "EOS GmbH", "start": 223, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measurements of five different orientations of the part, optimized according selected surface areas, show a good accordance between the real surface roughness and the predicted roughness of the simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 31, "end": 43}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 167, "end": 176}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface areas", "start": 86, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 141, "end": 158}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 194, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing using the materials extrusion additive manufacturing (ME-AM) process is highly nonisothermal.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "materials extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 64}, {"text": "ME-AM", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 73, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this process, a solid polymer filament is mechanically drawn into a heated hot end (liquefier) where the polymer is ideally melted to a viscous liquid.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "melted", "start": 127, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "polymer filament", "start": 25, "end": 41}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "hot end", "start": 78, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This melt is extruded through an orifice using applied pressure of the solid filament that is continuously being drawn into the extruder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 5, "end": 9}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extruded filament melt is deposited to build up the desired part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 43, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The poor thermal conductivity of most polymers inevitably leads to temperature gradients, in both the radial and axial directions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 9, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 67, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we quantify the temperature evolution of the polymer filament in axial direction using embedded fine thermocouples as a function of process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 137, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "polymer filament", "start": 50, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "thermocouples", "start": 106, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Information about the radial gradients is obtained by introducing dye markers within the filament through understanding the flow behavior through the extruder by the deformation of the dye from a linear to pseudo parabolic profile.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 166, "end": 177}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 223, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The polymer is heated above the glass transition temperature for less than 30 s for reasonable print conditions with the center of the filament remaining cooler than the liquefier temperature throughout the process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "s", "start": 78, "end": 79}, {"text": "filament", "start": 135, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 32, "end": 60}, {"text": "process", "start": 207, "end": 214}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 95, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 180, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These process measurements provide critical data to enable improved simulation and modeling of the ME-AM process and the properties of the printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "data", "start": 44, "end": 48}, {"text": "properties", "start": 121, "end": 131}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 99, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dendrites built from elongated cells lead to a dislocation cell structure After a solution heat treatment the dislocation density is significantly decreased Nitrided AM structures can be built to match the properties of conventional 316 L A solution treatment prevents CrN precipitation by eliminating stress A solution treatment plus nitriding are beneficial for corrosion and wear properties Due to the limited wear and corrosion properties of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 L, some applications require the benefits of nitriding.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "Dendrites", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 31, "end": 36}, {"text": "cell", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "properties", "start": 206, "end": 216}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 364, "end": 373}, {"text": "wear properties", "start": 378, "end": 393}, {"text": "wear", "start": 413, "end": 417}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution heat treatment", "start": 82, "end": 105}, {"text": "Nitrided", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "AM", "start": 166, "end": 168}, {"text": "solution treatment", "start": 241, "end": 259}, {"text": "solution treatment", "start": 311, "end": 329}, {"text": "nitriding", "start": 335, "end": 344}, {"text": "nitriding", "start": 531, "end": 540}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "dislocation density", "start": 110, "end": 129}, {"text": "stress", "start": 302, "end": 308}, {"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 422, "end": 442}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 184, "end": 186}, {"text": "CrN", "start": 269, "end": 272}, {"text": "austenitic stainless steel", "start": 450, "end": 476}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of this work was to investigate whether the same positive effect of nitriding could be obtained for 316 L that was additive manufactured using the laser powder-bed fusion process and further solution treated at 1060 °C for 30 min, low-temperature plasma nitrided at 430 °C or both.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "nitriding", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 123, "end": 144}, {"text": "plasma nitrided", "start": 255, "end": 270}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 155, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 172, "end": 178}, {"text": "solution", "start": 199, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study was designed to better understand the additive-manufactured and solution-treated microstructures as well as developing a nitride and a diffusion layer.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 92, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}, {"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 146, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The comparison of the wear and corrosion resistance, the microhardness and the microstructure changes of the additive-manufactured steel in different post-treated conditions with a commercial steel was carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 22, "end": 26}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 31, "end": 51}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 57, "end": 70}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 131, "end": 136}, {"text": "steel", "start": 192, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the post-treated low-temperature plasma nitriding improves the wear and corrosion resistance of the additive-manufactured samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "plasma nitriding", "start": 51, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 81, "end": 85}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 90, "end": 110}, {"text": "samples", "start": 140, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained values are similar to the values of conventionally fabricated and nitrided 316 L. The solution treating itself (without further nitriding) did not have any significant impact on these properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "solution", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "impact", "start": 181, "end": 187}, {"text": "properties", "start": 197, "end": 207}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "nitrided", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "nitriding", "start": 141, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was possible to explain the microstructure at the nano level as well as correlating the wear and corrosion properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 31, "end": 45}, {"text": "wear", "start": 91, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "nano", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 100, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Control of laser power to improve part quality is critical for fabrication of complex components via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) processes.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "processes", "start": 160, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 101, "end": 124}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 126, "end": 130}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 132, "end": 154}, {"text": "AM", "start": 156, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 86, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If the laser power is too low, it will result in a small melt pool and lack of fusion; on the other hand, if the laser power is too high, it will result in keyhole and material evaporation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 7, "end": 18}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "material", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 177, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper examines a model-based feed-forward control for laser power in LPBF to improve build quality by avoiding the onset of keyhole formation or reducing over-melting.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "build", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 74, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, an analytical, control-oriented model on the dynamics of melt-pool cross-sectional area in scanning a multi-track part was developed, and then a nonlinear inverse-dynamics controller was designed to adjust laser power such that the melt-pool cross-sectional area can be regulated to a constant set point during the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 39, "end": 44}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 90, "end": 94}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 213, "end": 224}, {"text": "area", "start": 265, "end": 269}, {"text": "build", "start": 322, "end": 327}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 179, "end": 189}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 194, "end": 202}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 274, "end": 276}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 301, "end": 304}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting control trajectory on laser power from the simulated closed-loop controller was then implemented in a LPBF process as a feed-forward (FF) controller for laser power.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 167, "end": 178}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop controller", "start": 67, "end": 89}, {"text": "controller", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 116, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiple bead-on-plate samples of Inconel 625, with different number of tracks and track lengths, were then built on an EOSINT M 280 AM system to evaluate the performance of the resulting FF-Analytic controller.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "performance", "start": 159, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 133, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 200, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed FF-Analytic control of laser power was able to avoid the onset of keyhole formation that occurred under a constant laser power for certain samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "samples", "start": 191, "end": 198}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 75, "end": 86}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 167, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the proposed FF-Analytic control was demonstrated to have significantly reduced over-melting at the returning ends of the laser scan path in scanning a multi-track part compared to applying a constant laser power, albeit with some over-compensation due to modeling imperfection.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 135, "end": 145}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 269, "end": 277}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 154, "end": 162}, {"text": "imperfection", "start": 278, "end": 290}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 214, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, the proposed FF-Analytic control of laser power had 23–40% lower average error rate than applying a constant laser power in regulating the melt-pool cross-sectional area to a constant reference value, in terms of measurements of cross-sections at track ends.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 118, "end": 129}, {"text": "area", "start": 174, "end": 178}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "cross-sections", "start": 238, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Forming quality was compared for AM-built-IN718 samples using two types of powders.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Forming", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples built with imperfect spherical powders tend to be porous and uneven.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing with spherical powders has a broad process window suppressing defect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "process", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "defect", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 26, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High cooling and solidification rates suppress the interdendritic void formation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "solidification rates", "start": 17, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 66, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The characteristics of powder applied in electron beam powder-bed fusion (EB-PBF) play a vital role in the process stability and final part performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 41, "end": 54}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 66, "end": 72}, {"text": "process", "start": 107, "end": 114}, {"text": "performance", "start": 140, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use two types of Inconel 718 alloy powders for experiments, namely, (i) imperfect spherical and (ii) spherical powders.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "powders", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "They have similar particle size distributions but are different in geometry and built-in defect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle size distributions", "start": 18, "end": 45}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "defect", "start": 89, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The forming qualities concerning surface topography, density, and internal defect of the EB-PBF-built samples prepared using two types of powders are characterized under the same processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topography", "start": 33, "end": 51}, {"text": "defect", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "samples", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, the forming qualities are further compared under the optimal process condition to highlight the decisive role of powder features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 68, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 128, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Notably, different powder geometries with distinct surface feature inevitably affect the heat transfer during melting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "surface", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 89, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The significance of powder feedstock characteristics in defect suppression is clarified with the aid of numerical simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 20, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 104, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results show that compared to spherical powders, fabrication using imperfect spherical powders is more likely to evoke lack–of–fusion and excessive melting under low and high energy conditions, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "powders", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "melting", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, spherical powders have a broader process window in ensuring a higher density and smoother surface than that of imperfect spherical powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "process", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "surface", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 127, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "powders", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, in the sample built with spherical powders, the high cooling and solidification rates evaluated by numerical simulations result in the suppression of the interdendritic voids.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "voids", "start": 179, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 63, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "solidification rates", "start": 75, "end": 95}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 109, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of feedstocks from metal injection molding (MIM) for the additive manufacturing (AM) of green parts, which are then debound and sintered in a process called shaping, debinding, and sintering (SDS), is promising in terms of production costs of metallic parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "feedstocks", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal injection molding", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 65, "end": 87}, {"text": "AM", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 136, "end": 144}, {"text": "shaping", "start": 165, "end": 172}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 189, "end": 198}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "green parts", "start": 96, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 150, "end": 157}, {"text": "debinding", "start": 174, "end": 183}, {"text": "production costs", "start": 231, "end": 247}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic parts", "start": 251, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, in order to use the cost-efficient AM technique fused filament fabrication (FFF) for SDS, powder-binder mixtures known for MIM feedstocks must be adapted to filament requirements resulting in adjustments to debinding and sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technique", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 72, "end": 83}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 85, "end": 88}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 230, "end": 239}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "be", "start": 152, "end": 154}, {"text": "filament", "start": 166, "end": 174}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "debinding", "start": 216, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast to FFF, screw-based material extrusion is capable of processing already available MIM feedstocks, but machine costs are high due to complex print heads.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 15, "end": 18}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 32, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "feedstocks", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "print heads", "start": 152, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a new process called piston-based feedstock fabrication (PFF) is developed for processing already available MIM feedstocks at comparable costs to FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "feedstock", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 126, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 160, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, the state of the art is reviewed highlighting the potential of piston-based material extrusion for its usage in SDS.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "art", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 83, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental studies are performed to validate the developed PFF printer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 65, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As material, a Ti-6Al-4V MIM feedstock is used.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 29, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thresholds for piston speed (0.175 mm/min), extrusion temperature (80 °C), and nozzle diameter (0.4 mm) are determined to ensure a viscosity that allows to control the extrusion process via steps per mm.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "piston", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "mm", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "extrusion process", "start": 168, "end": 185}, {"text": "mm", "start": 200, "end": 202}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 79, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 131, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With these thresholds it is found that a constant extrusion process can be established in a filling range of the cylinder up to 155 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion process", "start": 50, "end": 67}, {"text": "mm", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 100, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the performance of the PFF system is evaluated in terms of nozzle geometry, print speed, and reproducibility showing that reproducible green part properties are achieved at a maximum speed of 8.18 mm/s while using a tapered FFF nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "reproducibility", "start": 102, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 233, "end": 236}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "green part", "start": 144, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A thermo-mechanical model of directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V is developed using measurements of the surface convection generated by gasses flowing during the deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical model", "start": 2, "end": 25}, {"text": "surface", "start": 131, "end": 138}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 189, "end": 199}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In directed energy deposition, material is injected into a melt pool that is traversed to fill in a cross-section of a part, building it layer-by-layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 3, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 137, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This creates large thermal gradients that generate plastic deformation and residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 19, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 51, "end": 70}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 75, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite element analysis (FEA) is often used to study these phenomena using simple assumptions of the surface convection.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite element analysis", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "surface", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 75, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work proposes that a detailed knowledge of the surface heat transfer is required to produce more accurate FEA results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 60, "end": 73}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 102, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface convection generated by the deposition process is measured and implemented in the thermo-mechanical model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "thermo-mechanical model", "start": 94, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 40, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three depositions with different geometries and dwell times are used to validate the model using in situ measurements of the temperature and deflection as well as post-process measurements of the residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "model", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "dwell times", "start": 48, "end": 59}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 152, "end": 154}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 196, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An additional model is developed using the assumption of free convection on all surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that a measurement-based convection model is required to produce accurate simulation results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 82, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Easily segregated Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy bulk material was fabricated using a selective laser melting (SLM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "process", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 73, "end": 96}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 98, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of SLM-manufactured Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy was investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 80, "end": 98}, {"text": "OM", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 105, "end": 133}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 135, "end": 138}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 141, "end": 158}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 160, "end": 163}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 170, "end": 202}, {"text": "TEM", "start": 204, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differences in the microstructures and elemental segregation of gas-atomized alloy powder, cast ingots, and SLM-manufactured samples were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 19, "end": 34}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 77, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "segregation", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "samples", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 91, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The statistical average grain size of the SLM-manufactured Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy was 4.03 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 71, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures of the SLM-manufactured sample were mainly composed of epitaxially grown slender cellular structures with submicron widths.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 97, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microsegregation was detected by TEM, and 80- to 200-nm Sn-enriched precipitates were dispersed between cellullar structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microsegregation", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "TEM", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 68, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many dislocations and dislocation tangles appeared around the precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocations", "start": 5, "end": 17}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 62, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An EBSD test revealed that most local misorientations within 3 degrees were concentrated in fusion line regions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 3, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 92, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with cast ingots, the yield strength Rp0.2, ultimate tensile strength Rm, elongation A, and elastic modulus E of the SLM-manufactured sample increased by 67%, 24.6%, 360%, and 7%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 31, "end": 45}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 53, "end": 78}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 101, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 143, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the SLM-manufactured Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy could be directly aged at 350℃ for 12 h, reaching Rm = 991.1 MPa and A =3%, with no need for solid solution treatment or cold working.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "solid solution", "start": 142, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 110, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cold working", "start": 170, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A method for modeling the effect of stress relaxation at high temperatures during laser direct energy deposition processes is experimentally validated for Ti-6Al-4V samples subject to different inter-layer dwell times.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "laser", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "stress relaxation", "start": 36, "end": 53}, {"text": "experimentally validated", "start": 126, "end": 150}, {"text": "samples", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 62, "end": 74}, {"text": "dwell times", "start": 206, "end": 217}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 88, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 155, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The predicted mechanical responses are compared to those of Inconel® 625 samples, which experience no allotropic phase transformation, deposited under identical process conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "mechanical responses", "start": 14, "end": 34}, {"text": "samples", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "phase", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "process", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal response of workpieces in additive manufacturing is known to be strongly dependent on dwell time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 38, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "parameter": [{"text": "dwell time", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work the dwell times used vary from 0 to 40 s. Based on past research on ferretic steels and the additive manufacturing of titanium alloys it is assumed that the effect of transformation strain in Ti-6Al-4V acts to oppose all other strain components, effectively eliminating all residual stress at temperatures above 690 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "dwell times", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 306, "end": 318}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 90, "end": 96}, {"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 131, "end": 146}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 205, "end": 214}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 195, "end": 201}, {"text": "strain", "start": 240, "end": 246}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 287, "end": 302}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 247, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model predicts that Inconel® 625 exhibits increasing distortion with decreasing dwell times but that Ti-6Al-4V displays the opposite behavior, with distortion dramatically decreasing with lowering dwell time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "dwell times", "start": 84, "end": 95}, {"text": "dwell time", "start": 201, "end": 211}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These predictions are accurate when compared with experimental in situ and post-process measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "post-process", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 22, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study demonstrates for the first time a unique UK-designed and built Additive Manufacturing (AM) hybrid system that combines polymer based structural deposition with digital deposition of electrically conductive elements.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 81, "end": 103}, {"text": "AM", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "hybrid system", "start": 109, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 137, "end": 144}, {"text": "elements", "start": 224, "end": 232}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 162, "end": 172}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 186, "end": 196}, {"text": "electrically", "start": 200, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This innovative manufacturing system is based on a multi-planar build approach to improve on many of the limitations associated with AM, such as poor surface finish, low geometric tolerance and poor robustness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturing system", "start": 16, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 133, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 150, "end": 164}, {"text": "geometric tolerance", "start": 170, "end": 189}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "robustness", "start": 199, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, the approach involves a multi-planar Material Extrusion (ME) process in which separated build stations with up to 5 axes of motion replace traditional horizontally-sliced layer modelling.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Extrusion", "start": 51, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 102, "end": 107}, {"text": "layer", "start": 185, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The construction of multi-material architectures also involved using multiple print systems in order to combine both ME and digital deposition of conductive material.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 20, "end": 34}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 132, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To demonstrate multi-material 3D Printing (3DP) we used three thermoplastics to print specimens, on top of which a unique Ag nano-particulate ink was printed using a non-contact jetting process, during which drop characteristics such as shape, velocity, and volume were assessed using a bespoke drop watching system.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multi-material 3D Printing", "start": 15, "end": 41}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "print", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "jetting", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 62, "end": 76}, {"text": "ink", "start": 142, "end": 145}, {"text": "as", "start": 234, "end": 236}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 258, "end": 264}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrical analysis of printed conductive tracks on polymer surfaces was performed during mechanical testing (static tensile and flexural testing and dynamic fatigue testing) to assess robustness of the printed circuits.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printed conductive", "start": 23, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 90, "end": 108}, {"text": "testing", "start": 138, "end": 145}, {"text": "testing", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "robustness", "start": 185, "end": 195}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 150, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both serpentine and straight line patterns were used in the testing of Ag particle loaded ink and they showed very similar resistance changes during mechanical exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 160, "end": 168}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 90, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 123, "end": 133}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Monitored resistance and stress changed as a function of strain exhibiting hysteresis with more prominent residual strain during stretching and compression cycles and 3-point bending flexural tests of PA and CoPA substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "stress", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "strain", "start": 57, "end": 63}, {"text": "hysteresis", "start": 75, "end": 85}, {"text": "compression", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 201, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bare and encapsulated tracks exhibited low electrical resistivity (1–3*10−6 Ω*m), and its change was more rapid on ABS and minor on PA and CoPA when increasing tensile and flexural strain up to 1.2% and 0.8%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "encapsulated", "start": 9, "end": 21}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 43, "end": 65}, {"text": "PA", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 115, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 160, "end": 167}, {"text": "strain", "start": 181, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Resistance of Ag tracks on ABS also increased rapidly during fatigue testing and the tracks easily fractured during repeated stretching-compression cycles at 1% and 1.2% strain.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Resistance", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "strain", "start": 170, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue testing", "start": 61, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No resistance changes of Ag tracks printed on PA and CoPA were observed at lower strain amplitudes whereas at higher strain amplitudes these changes were the lowest for conductive tracks on CoPA.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 3, "end": 13}, {"text": "strain", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "strain", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 46, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal analyses were conducted to determine the printed material’ s glass transition temperature (Tg), stability and degradation behavior to find the optimum annealing conditions post printing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Thermal analyses", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "Tg", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "s", "start": 67, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 69, "end": 97}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 118, "end": 129}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 159, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The novel AM printer has the ability to fabricate fully functional objects in one build, including integrated printed circuitry and embedded electronics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 10, "end": 12}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "embedded electronics", "start": 132, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new technology also gives the opportunity for designers to improve existing products, as well as create new products with the added advantages of geometrically unconstrained 3DP.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "as", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3DP", "start": 179, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes computational models of the direct energy deposition and powder bed fusion processes developed for process control applications.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational models", "start": 20, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 48, "end": 72}, {"text": "powder bed fusion processes", "start": 77, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process control", "start": 119, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both models are built upon a regression metamodel of heat transfer beneath the laser beam, to which an auxiliary thermal model is added to account for residual heat in track-to-track interactions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "regression", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 53, "end": 66}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "model", "start": 121, "end": 126}, {"text": "residual heat", "start": 151, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both models are coupled by taking temperatures predicted with the auxiliary model and incorporating them as initial conditions for metamodel predictions of future laser scans.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 34, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "model", "start": 76, "end": 81}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 141, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scans", "start": 163, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The synergy of the metamodel and the auxiliary model creates a high-fidelity model, which is used to generate training data for a model-free optimal controller.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "high-fidelity", "start": 63, "end": 76}, {"text": "data", "start": 119, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulation results prove the capability of the proposed optimal controller to adjust scan speed to control temperature when accounting for track-to-track interactions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 107, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the serious obstacles preventing wide industrial use of additive manufacturing (AM) in metals and alloys is a lack of materials available for this technology.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 63, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 125, "end": 134}, {"text": "technology", "start": 154, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is particularly true for the Electron Beam Melting (EBM®) process, where only a few materials are commercially available, which significantly limits the use of the method.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 32, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "materials", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "limits", "start": 145, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the dominant trends in AM today is developing processes for technological materials already widely used by other methods and developed for other industrial applications, gaining further advantages through the unique value added by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trends", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "processes", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "materials", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 238, "end": 260}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Developing new materials specifically for additive manufacturing that can utilize the properties and specifics of the method in full is still a research and development subject, and such materials are yet far from full scale industrial usage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "properties", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "research", "start": 144, "end": 152}, {"text": "materials", "start": 187, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 225, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stainless steels are widely used in industry due to good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and low cost of material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Stainless steels", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "material", "start": 117, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 57, "end": 78}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 80, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, there is potentially a market for this material and one possible business driver compared with casting for example is that lead times could be cut drastically by utilizing an additive approach for one-off or small series production.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "be", "start": 147, "end": 149}, {"text": "additive", "start": 182, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 102, "end": 109}, {"text": "production", "start": 228, "end": 238}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead times", "start": 130, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents results from the additive manufacturing of components from the known alloy 316L using EBM®.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 37, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 89, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previously the samples of 316L were made by laser-based AM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technology", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work was performed as a part of the large project with the long term aim to use additively manufactured components in a nuclear fusion reactor.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 85, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 133, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Components and test samples successfully made from 316L stainless steel using EBM® process show promising mechanical properties, density and hardness compared to its counterpart made by powder metallurgy (hot isostatic pressing, HIP).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Components", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "process", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 106, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 51, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder metallurgy", "start": 186, "end": 203}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 205, "end": 227}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 229, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As with the other materials made by EBM® process, 316L samples show rather low porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "process", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "samples", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 79, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Present paper also reports on the hierarchical microstructure features of the 316L material processed by EBM® characterized by optical and electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 47, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "electron microscopy", "start": 139, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Roles of heat treatment and build direction are analyzed for SLM IN718.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 9, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 61, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 28, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 65, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strength and anisotropic characteristics is explained via microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "anisotropic", "start": 17, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 62, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High resolution tomography displays the prevalence of near surface porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "High resolution", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 67, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain partitioning is observed based on the γ’’ precipitates diffraction spots.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Strain", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 49, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The benefits of additive manufacturing have been well documented, but prior to these materials being used in critical applications, the deformation mechanisms must be properly characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 16, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 136, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 164, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the role of heat treatment and build orientation of selective laser melting IN718 is investigated through detailed characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 66, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 45, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of this material is probed through a combination of electron microscopy to identify the precipitate structure, electron backscatter diffraction to quantify the grain-level features, and synchrotron-based X-ray microcomputed tomography to detect porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "precipitate", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electron microscopy", "start": 71, "end": 90}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 130, "end": 162}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 223, "end": 228}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 264, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A high degree of porosity is observed spatially near the free surface of the part, where the contour during the build process meets the interior hatch.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "free surface", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 93, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 112, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, microstructure based deformation mechanisms are explored through digital image correlation relative to the grain features after monotonic and cyclic loading and in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction to identify the lattice strain evolution in these materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 9, "end": 23}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 74, "end": 99}, {"text": "grain", "start": 116, "end": 121}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 170, "end": 177}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 224, "end": 231}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 239, "end": 248}, {"text": "materials", "start": 258, "end": 267}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 151, "end": 165}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 190, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demarcations between the behaviors of the as-built versus post-processed materials are discussed; specifically, in terms of anisotropy with respect to build direction and values of the strength properties, based on the grain morphology, coherent twin formation, and precipitate structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "grain", "start": 219, "end": 224}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 124, "end": 134}, {"text": "strength properties", "start": 185, "end": 204}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 151, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "precipitate", "start": 266, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lastly, the presence of dislocation sub-structures within the grains is observed to homogenize deformation within the as-built sample, while strain partitioning is observed during loading of the post-processed sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "grains", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "sample", "start": 127, "end": 133}, {"text": "sample", "start": 210, "end": 216}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 141, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A process is presented for the rapid production of microstructured monofilaments via thermal drawing of additively manufactured polymer preforms.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 2, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "drawing", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 104, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preforms are produced wholly, or in part, via fused filament fabrication of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 46, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 109, "end": 112}, {"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 118, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 132, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Example monofilaments include “microprinted” monofilaments that contain an arbitrary image embedded in the monofilament cross section; microfluidic monofilaments in which flow channels are formed by combining optically transparent and opaque materials; dual-material monofilaments that combine ABS and polycarbonate into a regular spoked geometry with five-fold symmetry; and a microfluidic preform co-fed with glass optical fiber, allowing both fluid and light transmission through the monofilament.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "cross section", "start": 120, "end": 133}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 219, "end": 230}, {"text": "materials", "start": 242, "end": 251}, {"text": "dual-material", "start": 253, "end": 266}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 338, "end": 346}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 294, "end": 297}, {"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 302, "end": 315}, {"text": "glass", "start": 411, "end": 416}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 425, "end": 430}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 446, "end": 451}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission", "start": 462, "end": 474}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The primary advantages of this monofilament fabrication technique include short lead times; minimal investment in materials and equipment; a means of directly combining multiple materials into a single monofilament, even if the material components have different thermorheological properties; and the ability to create arbitrary and complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead times", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 114, "end": 123}, {"text": "materials", "start": 178, "end": 187}, {"text": "properties", "start": 281, "end": 291}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 333, "end": 351}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "components", "start": 237, "end": 247}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 228, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Energy system components with embedded sensors, or smart parts, can be a pathway in obtaining real-time system performance feedback and in situ monitoring during operation.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 111, "end": 122}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 123, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Traditional surface contact or cavity placed sensors increase the possibility of disturbing the normal operation of energy systems due to changes in part design required for sensor placement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 174, "end": 180}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 154, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabrication of smart parts using additive manufacturing (AM) technology can allow the flexibility of embedding a sensor within a structure without compromising the structure and/or functionality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 37, "end": 59}, {"text": "AM", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "structure", "start": 133, "end": 142}, {"text": "structure", "start": 168, "end": 177}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 90, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 117, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The embedding of a sensor within a desired location allows an end user the ability to monitor specific critical regions that are of interest such as high temperature and pressure (e.g., combustor inlet conditions that can reach up to 810 K and 2760 kPa).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "inlet", "start": 196, "end": 201}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "monitor", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 170, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}, {"text": "K", "start": 238, "end": 239}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 154, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the non-intrusive placement of the sensor within a part’ s body can increase the sensor’ s life span by isolating the sensor from the aforementioned harsh operating environments.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 70, "end": 71}, {"text": "s", "start": 102, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "isolating", "start": 117, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper focuses on the fabrication of smart parts using electron beam melting (EBM) AM technology as well as the characterization of the sensor’ s functionality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 26, "end": 37}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 59, "end": 80}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 82, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM technology", "start": 87, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "s", "start": 148, "end": 149}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 140, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development of a “stop and go” process was explored that comprised of pausing a part’ s fabrication process to allow the placement of piezoelectric ceramic material into pre-designed cavities within a part’ s body, and resuming the process to complete the final product.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "go", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "s", "start": 90, "end": 91}, {"text": "ceramic material", "start": 152, "end": 168}, {"text": "s", "start": 211, "end": 212}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "process", "start": 236, "end": 243}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 92, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A compression test was performed on the smart parts fabricated using EBM to demonstrate the sensor’ s capability of sensing external forces.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "compression test", "start": 2, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 52, "end": 62}, {"text": "forces", "start": 133, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 92, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 100, "end": 101}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A maximum sensing voltage response of approximately 3 V was detected with a maximum pressure not exceeding 40 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 54, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 110, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research work demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating smart parts with embedded sensors without the need of post-processing (e.g., CNC machining and polishing).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 117, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 51, "end": 62}, {"text": "CNC machining", "start": 140, "end": 153}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 89, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the sensing capability of monitoring a component’ s performance has been validated, leading to the possibility of fabricating other smart parts that could impact industries such as energy, aerospace, automotive, and biomedical industries for applications like air/fuel pre-mixing, pressure tubes, and turbine blades.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 202, "end": 211}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 213, "end": 223}, {"text": "biomedical industries", "start": 229, "end": 250}, {"text": "turbine blades", "start": 314, "end": 328}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 63, "end": 64}, {"text": "as", "start": 191, "end": 193}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "impact", "start": 168, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 127, "end": 138}, {"text": "pressure tubes", "start": 294, "end": 308}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recycling metal powders in the Additive Manufacturing (AM) process is an important consideration in affordability with reference to traditional manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recycling", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "process", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 10, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}, {"text": "AM", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 132, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal powder recyclability has been studied before with respect to change in chemical composition of powders, effect on mechanical properties of produced parts, effect on flowability of powders and powder morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal powder", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "powders", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "powders", "start": 186, "end": 193}, {"text": "powder", "start": 198, "end": 204}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 77, "end": 97}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 120, "end": 141}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 205, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we propose a data-driven method to understand in situ behavior of recycled powder on the build platform.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 104, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our method is based on comprehensive analysis of log file data from various sensors used in the process of printing metal parts in the Arcam Electron Beam Melting (EBM) ® system.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "file", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "process", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 141, "end": 162}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 164, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using rake position data and rake sensor pulse data collected during Arcam builds, we found that Inconel 718 powders exhibit additional powder spreading operations with increased reuse cycles compared to Ti-6Al-4V powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 20, "end": 24}, {"text": "data", "start": 47, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 97, "end": 108}, {"text": "powder", "start": 136, "end": 142}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V powders", "start": 204, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We substantiate differences found in in situ behavior of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 powders using known sintering behavior of the two powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 37, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "powders", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 103, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The novelty of this work lies in the new approach to understanding powder behavior especially spreadability using in situ log file data that is regularly collected in Arcam EBM® builds rather than physical testing of parts and powders post build.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "powders", "start": 227, "end": 234}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "data", "start": 131, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "file", "start": 126, "end": 130}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 178, "end": 184}, {"text": "testing", "start": 206, "end": 213}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 240, "end": 245}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to studying powder recyclability, the proposed methodology has potential to be extended generically to monitor powder behavior in AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "be", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 142, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) provides an economic approach to manufacturing Ni-base superalloy components for high-pressure gas turbines as well as repairing damaged blade sections during operation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 63, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 96, "end": 106}, {"text": "gas turbines", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 138, "end": 140}, {"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, two advanced processing routes are combined: SLM, to fabricate small specimens of the nonweldable CMSX-4, and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with a rapid cooling rate as post-processing to heal defects while the target γ/γ´ microstructure is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 60, "end": 63}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 125, "end": 147}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 149, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 167, "end": 179}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 180, "end": 182}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 207, "end": 214}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 237, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An initial parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the SLM process parameters on the microstructure and defects occurring during SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 153, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 83, "end": 101}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 109, "end": 123}, {"text": "defects", "start": 128, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Special emphasis is placed on understanding and characterizing the as-built SLM microstructures by means of high-resolution characterization techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 80, "end": 95}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 108, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The post-processing heat treatment is then optimized with respect to segregation and the γ/γ´ microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing heat", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 94, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article proposes a new method for reducing the amount of support material required for 3-D printing of complex designs generated by topology optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 62, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 92, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 137, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This procedure relies on solving sequentially two structural optimization problems–the first on a discrete truss-based model and the second on a continuum-based model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structural optimization", "start": 50, "end": 73}, {"text": "model", "start": 119, "end": 124}, {"text": "model", "start": 161, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the optimization of the discrete model, the maximum overhang limitation is imposed based on geometrical parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 7, "end": 19}, {"text": "model", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang", "start": 55, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimized discrete pattern is then projected on to the continuum so that it influences the material distribution in the continuum optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "continuum", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 104, "end": 116}, {"text": "continuum", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 95, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical results indicate that the designs obtained by this approach exhibit improved printability as they have fewer overhanging features.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "overhanging features", "start": 119, "end": 139}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 87, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In some cases, practically no supporting material will be required for printing the optimized design.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 94, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The importance of additive manufacturing (AM) to the future of product design and manufacturing infrastructure demands educational programs tailored to embrace its fundamental principles and its innovative potential.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "AM", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "product design", "start": 63, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lectures begin with in-depth technical analysis of the major AM processes and machine technologies, then focus on special topics including design methods, machine controls, applications of AM to major industry needs, and emerging processes and materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 65, "end": 77}, {"text": "AM", "start": 193, "end": 195}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 82, "end": 89}, {"text": "machine", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 143, "end": 149}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 205, "end": 213}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 234, "end": 243}, {"text": "materials", "start": 248, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In lab sessions, students operate and characterize desktop AM machines, and work in teams to design and fabricate a bridge having maximum strength per unit weight while conforming to geometric constraints.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM machines", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 116, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 138, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 156, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In a single semester of the course, teams created prototype machines for 3D printing of molten glass, 3D printing of soft-serve ice cream, robotic deposition of biodegradable material, direct-write deposition of continuous carbon fiber composites, large-area parallel extrusion of polymers, and in situ optical scanning during 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 198, "end": 208}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 295, "end": 302}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 311, "end": 319}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 73, "end": 84}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 268, "end": 277}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 327, "end": 338}], "material": [{"text": "molten glass", "start": 88, "end": 100}, {"text": "continuous carbon fiber", "start": 212, "end": 235}, {"text": "composites", "start": 236, "end": 246}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 281, "end": 289}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biodegradable material", "start": 161, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several of these projects led to patent applications, follow-on research, and peer-reviewed publications.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "led", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "patent", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "research", "start": 64, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We conclude that AM education, while arguably rooted in mechanical engineering, is truly multidisciplinary, and that education programs must embrace this context.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical engineering", "start": 56, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel soft mold casting method for metal part fabrication is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 37, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paste can be utilized with direct paste printing and soft mold casting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 14, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional metal parts can be obtained with good geometric precision.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 18, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 66, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) of metals has enjoyed significant advancement.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 10, "end": 32}, {"text": "AM", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 41, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the mainstream AM methods utilize high-energy power beams to melt metal powders, other low-cost alternatives are also being developed (e.g., direct ink printing).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "ink printing", "start": 154, "end": 166}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 78, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a copper powder-binder paste is developed, which is not only capable to be used for direct printing, but also to be cast using soft molds.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "be", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 147, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dense three-dimensional parts can be obtained by sintering green bodies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 6, "end": 23}, {"text": "green bodies", "start": 59, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 49, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The electrical and mechanical properties of the sintered samples are evaluated by conductivity, hardness measurements and tensile tests, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 19, "end": 40}, {"text": "samples", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 82, "end": 94}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 122, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results are comparable to other powder processed copper materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "copper", "start": 53, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties of 3-D printed polymeric parts depend significantly on the processing conditions under which they are fabricated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 18, "end": 21}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 117, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to determine how the use of low-pressure additive manufacturing (AM) processing conditions, influences the mechanical performance of printed polymeric parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}, {"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 123, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This polymer material extrusion (PME) study was carried out using an open-source desktop printer, under both low pressure (1 Pa) and at atmospheric pressure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer material", "start": 5, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "PME", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "open-source", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 113, "end": 121}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 148, "end": 156}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Pa", "start": 125, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printing study was carried out using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and a nylon co-polymer (PA6).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 41, "end": 72}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 74, "end": 77}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 80, "end": 95}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "nylon", "start": 108, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resultant polymer parts were compared based on their printed mass, density, volume, porosity, surface energy, ATR-IR analysis and thermal properties (DSC).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "surface", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 134, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 154, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As expected only minor differences in chemical functionality were observed between parts printed under the two processing pressures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressures", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under low-pressure printing conditions, the polymer parts exhibited some physical changes, when compared to those, printed under atmospheric conditions, such as an increase in density and a decrease in porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "as", "start": 158, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 176, "end": 183}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 202, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparing low-pressure printed type V dog bones (ASTM D-638), with those printed at atmospheric pressure, it was observed that the ABS, PLA and PA6 exhibited an increase in Ultimate Tensile Strength of 9%, 13% and 42% respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "V", "start": 36, "end": 37}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 131, "end": 134}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 136, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Ultimate Tensile Strength", "start": 173, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is proposed that the superior mechanical properties obtained for polymers printed under low pressure conditions, may be due to a combination of two factors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 33, "end": 54}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 68, "end": 76}, {"text": "be", "start": 120, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These are the reduction in porosity of the printed part and the reduction in heat loss at the printed polymer surface, yielding enhanced bonding between the polymer layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "heat", "start": 77, "end": 81}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 102, "end": 109}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 157, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In a further printing study carried out at atmospheric pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere, it was also demonstrated that any oxidation of the polymer layers during printing, did not significantly influence the mechanical properties of the resultant printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 209, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "nitrogen", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 124, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are used to build structural components layer-by-layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 67, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cold spray is considered an AM process, whereby particles impact a substrate at high velocities to generate the deposition layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles impact", "start": 48, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 67, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition layer", "start": 112, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effect of spray angles on bonding strength at the cold spray deposit and substrate interface was experimentally investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "bonding strength", "start": 26, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 83, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that bonding strength increased with decreasing spray angle from the normal direction (90° spray angle), and the maximum bonding strength was observed at 45° spray angle; however, the deposition efficiency and strength of the bulk deposit material decreased with decreasing spray angle.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "bonding strength", "start": 24, "end": 40}, {"text": "bonding strength", "start": 140, "end": 156}, {"text": "strength", "start": 229, "end": 237}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 203, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 258, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D finite element modeling of single-particle impact combined with experimental observation of “splat” deposits was conducted to understand bonding process under different spray angles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "impact", "start": 46, "end": 52}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 140, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 10, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relationships between parameters contributing bonding formations (e.g., plastic deformation and temperature rise due to impact) and processing parameters (e.g., spray angles, impact velocity, pre-heating temperature) were established and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "impact", "start": 124, "end": 130}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "impact", "start": 179, "end": 185}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 76, "end": 95}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 208, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These relationships are useful for understanding bonding mechanisms and strengths of deposits sprayed at different angles and can be used to define an optimized spray angle.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bonding mechanisms", "start": 49, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sprayed", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 130, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The modeling results also revealed that increasing particle impact velocity and pre-heating temperature promoted deposit quality, but in different respects.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "impact", "start": 60, "end": 66}, {"text": "quality", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 92, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the influence of different primary accelerating gases (helium vs nitrogen) on the material properties of the deposits was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "helium", "start": 64, "end": 70}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 91, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile testing showed that fully dense deposits produced with different gases had similar stiffness and yield strength, but different ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 95, "end": 104}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 109, "end": 123}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 139, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particle impact model was further used to explain the different material behaviors, which also demonstrated feasibility to connect the spray parameters and the material properties via modeling for optimizing cold spray process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "impact", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 112, "end": 123}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 145, "end": 155}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 164, "end": 183}, {"text": "process", "start": 223, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 188, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lithography-based additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly becoming the technology of choice for the small series or single unit production.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "AM", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "production", "start": 132, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 75, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the TU Vienna a digital light processing (DLP) system was developed for the fabrication of complex technical ceramics, requiring high levels of detail and accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital light processing", "start": 19, "end": 43}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 45, "end": 48}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 158, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The DLP-system used in this study creates a ceramic green part by stacking up layers of a photo-curable resin with a solid loading of around 45 vol.% zirconia.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "photo-curable resin", "start": 90, "end": 109}, {"text": "zirconia", "start": 150, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After a thermal debinding and sintering step the part turns into a dense ceramic and gains its final properties.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal debinding", "start": 8, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The native resolution of the DLP process depends on the light engine's DMD (digital mirror device) chip and the optics employed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 29, "end": 32}, {"text": "DMD", "start": 71, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "chip", "start": 99, "end": 103}], "application": [{"text": "optics", "start": 112, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently it is possible to print 3D-structures with a spatial resolution down to 40 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A modification of the light source allows for the customization of the light curing strategy for each pixel of the exposed layers.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "light source", "start": 22, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 77, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presents methods to improve the geometrical accuracy as well as the structural properties of the final 3D-printed ceramic part by using the full capabilities of the light source.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "light source", "start": 175, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the one hand, the feasibility to control the dimensional overgrowth to gain resolution below the native resolution of the light engine—a sub-pixel resolution—was evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overgrowth occurs due to light scattering and was found to be sensitive to both exposure time and exposed area.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "light scattering", "start": 25, "end": 41}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 80, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 106, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, different light curing strategies (LCSs) and depths of cure (Cd) were used for the 3D-printing of ceramic green parts and their influence on cracks in the final ceramic was evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 35, "end": 41}, {"text": "3D-printing", "start": 102, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cure", "start": 74, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "Cd", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 180, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was concluded that softstart LCSs, as well as higher values for Cd, reduce cracks in the final ceramic.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "as", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "Cd", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Applying these findings within the 3D-printing process may be another step toward flawless and highly accurate ceramic parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 35, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 70, "end": 74}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 102, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct additive manufacturing of ceramics using melt cast route.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 7, "end": 29}, {"text": "cast", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 48, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabrication of compositionally gradient ceramic-metal structure in one additive manufacturing operation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 71, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic-metal", "start": 40, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Characterization and defect analysis of AM processed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™), which is a laser based additive manufacturing method, was utilized to fabricate Ti-Al2O3 compositionally graded structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 61, "end": 83}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 49, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Ti-Al2O3 graded composites consisted of different sections −Ti6Al4V alloy, Ti6Al4V + Al2O3 composites, and pure Al2O3 ceramic.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 72, "end": 77}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 116, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After LENS™ processing, microstructural characterization, phase analysis, elemental distribution, and microhardness measurements were performed on the cross sections of Ti-Al2O3 graded composites.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural characterization", "start": 24, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 58, "end": 63}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 84, "end": 96}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 102, "end": 115}, {"text": "cross sections", "start": 151, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 185, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Each section had their unique microstructures and phases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 30, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, hardness measurements demonstrated that the pure Al2O3 section had the highest hardness of 2365.5 ± 64.7 HV0.3.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "Al2O3", "start": 59, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional ceramic processing requires extensive post-processing including high temperature sintering, which makes it difficult for direct fabrication of metal-ceramic multi-layer structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ceramic processing", "start": 13, "end": 31}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 94, "end": 103}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 141, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 51, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 82, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrate that LENS™ can be utilized to process multi-material metal ceramic composites in a single step while maintaining the size, shape and compositional variations based on computer aided design files.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "metal ceramic", "start": 77, "end": 90}, {"text": "composites", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process multi-material", "start": 54, "end": 76}, {"text": "step", "start": 114, "end": 118}, {"text": "variations", "start": 171, "end": 181}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer aided design", "start": 191, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since this is a first-generation work, and limited research results are available in published literature related to LENS™ processing of both metals and ceramics in one operation, the demonstration of this work is expected to inspire future studies on manufacturing of multi-material composites using AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 269, "end": 283}], "material": [{"text": "metals and ceramics", "start": 142, "end": 161}, {"text": "composites", "start": 284, "end": 294}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 252, "end": 265}, {"text": "AM", "start": 301, "end": 303}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A rather simple computational analysis for the thermomechanical simulation of the EBM is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 82, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 47, "end": 63}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 64, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new model is provided to account the powder bed behaviour during the melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 6, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 71, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Shrinkage and porosity for both powder and bulk materials are considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Shrinkage", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "materials", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 32, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental validations support strongly the effectiveness of the proposed model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 46, "end": 59}, {"text": "model", "start": 76, "end": 81}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 25, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed approach might be useful for other powder-based AM processes as well.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 28, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 61, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, an improved but still rather simple computational analysis is presented for a more detailed prediction of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process outcomes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 120, "end": 141}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 143, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "process", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fully coupled thermomechanical analysis is developed in which nonlinearities due to the variation of material properties when the material melts are included.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 16, "end": 32}, {"text": "variation", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 103, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new analytical approach is developed to emulate the volume variation of the powder bed during heating and melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "variation", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "melting", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particularly, the expansion of the powder particles and the porosity reduction within the powder bed are considered simultaneously.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 35, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal expansion and the shrinkage of solid material during heating and cooling and the stress formation within the solid material are also modelled.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "material", "start": 127, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 93, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model can predict the geometrical transformation of the powder into solid material in an efficient way.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 60, "end": 66}, {"text": "material", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison between experimental and simulated cross-sectional areas of melted single lines is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 21, "end": 33}, {"text": "melted", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 64, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both continues line melting and fractional line melting, multi beam melting, are considered.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "melting", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 63, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model shows a good ability to provide consistent and accurate forecasts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main goal of this work is the adoption of additive manufacturing for the production of inexpensive rare-earth free MnAl-based permanent magnets.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "production", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "permanent magnets", "start": 130, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of more advanced binder-free additive manufacturing technique such as Electron Beam Melting (EBM) allows obtaining fully-dense magnetic materials with advanced topology and complex shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "binder-free", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "materials", "start": 144, "end": 153}, {"text": "topology", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 37, "end": 59}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 101, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Beam", "start": 87, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 181, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We focus on the feasibility of controlling the phase formation in additively manufactured Mn-Al alloys by employing post-manufacturing heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "phase", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 66, "end": 89}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 135, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 96, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-manufactured EBM samples contain 8% of the desired ferromagnetic τ-MnAl phase.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 20, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 79, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After the optimized annealing treatment, the content of the τ-phase was increased to 90%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing treatment", "start": 20, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This sample has a coercivity value of 0.15 T, which is also the maximum achieved in conventionally produced binary MnAl magnets.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 5, "end": 11}, {"text": "binary", "start": 108, "end": 114}], "application": [{"text": "magnets", "start": 120, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the EBM samples are fully dense and have the same density as the samples produced by conventional melting density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 14, "end": 17}, {"text": "melting", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "density", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A modelling strategy is proposed to evaluate the influence of defect morphology on the fatigue limit of additively manufactured Al alloys by: (i) obtaining an x-ray micro-Computed Tomography (μ-CT) 3D image of the material, (ii) computing the Equivalent Inertia Ellipsoid of each individual pore, (iii) modelling the influence of the defect on the fatigue limit through the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) approach coupled to the Eshelby theory and, (iv) 3D mapping the criticality of each individual defect.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 2, "end": 11}, {"text": "modelling", "start": 303, "end": 312}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "3D image", "start": 198, "end": 206}, {"text": "defect", "start": 334, "end": 340}, {"text": "Defect", "start": 374, "end": 380}, {"text": "3D", "start": 452, "end": 454}, {"text": "defect", "start": 498, "end": 504}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "pore", "start": 291, "end": 295}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 348, "end": 355}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 104, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 131, "end": 137}, {"text": "material", "start": 214, "end": 222}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray micro-Computed Tomography", "start": 159, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this fatigue study, an AlSi10Mg alloy was manufactured by laser powder bed fusion using sub-optimal deposition parameters in order to produce large lack-of-fusion defects.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 27, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "defects", "start": 167, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 62, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After a T6 heat treatment, tension-compression fatigue tests, with R = −1, were conducted on specimens oriented with their loading axis either parallel or normal to the Z-axis of the additive manufacturing equipment.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 11, "end": 25}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 183, "end": 205}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue tests", "start": 47, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Z-axis", "start": 169, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two samples were characterised before μ-CT testing in order to characterise the initial 3D defect population.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "3D", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "biomedical": [{"text": "population", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Each sample was fatigued step by step in order to determine the fatigue limit.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 5, "end": 11}, {"text": "step", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "step", "start": 33, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture surface was observed in order to identify the critical defect in the initial μ-CT image.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "defect", "start": 68, "end": 74}, {"text": "image", "start": 95, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison with the fatigue results led to the following conclusions: (i) when the longest axis of the defect is perpendicular to the loading axis, modelling the defect as an equivalent inertia prolate ellipsoid gives better results (5% error on the fatigue limit) than modelling it as a simple equivalent sphere (22% error on the fatigue limit), (ii) the prolate ellipsoid is not relevant when the longest axis of the defect is oriented along the loading axis; in this case an oblate equivalent ellipsoid should be used, (iii) the concept of ‘size’ for a complex 3D shaped defect should be linked to the inertia and the loading, (iv) with this approach, surface defects are shown to be more critical than internal ones for fatigue life and, (v) a 3D defect criticality map of the entire sample can be plotted to provide visual feedback on which defects are the most critical for fatigue life.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 252, "end": 259}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 333, "end": 340}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 726, "end": 738}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 882, "end": 894}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 38, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 105, "end": 111}, {"text": "defect", "start": 164, "end": 170}, {"text": "error", "start": 239, "end": 244}, {"text": "error", "start": 320, "end": 325}, {"text": "defect", "start": 421, "end": 427}, {"text": "3D", "start": 566, "end": 568}, {"text": "defect", "start": 576, "end": 582}, {"text": "surface defects", "start": 657, "end": 672}, {"text": "3D", "start": 750, "end": 752}, {"text": "sample", "start": 790, "end": 796}, {"text": "defects", "start": 848, "end": 855}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 150, "end": 159}, {"text": "modelling", "start": 272, "end": 281}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 171, "end": 173}, {"text": "as", "start": 285, "end": 287}, {"text": "be", "start": 515, "end": 517}, {"text": "be", "start": 590, "end": 592}, {"text": "be", "start": 686, "end": 688}, {"text": "v", "start": 745, "end": 746}, {"text": "be", "start": 801, "end": 803}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 290, "end": 296}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 830, "end": 838}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In common thermoplastic additive manufacturing (AM) processes, a solid polymer filament is melted, extruded though a rastering nozzle, welded onto neighboring layers and solidified.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 10, "end": 23}, {"text": "polymer filament", "start": 71, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 24, "end": 46}, {"text": "AM", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "welded", "start": 135, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "melted", "start": 91, "end": 97}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 127, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The temperature of the polymer at each of these stages is the key parameter governing these non-equilibrium processes, but due to its strong spatial and temporal variations, it is difficult to measure accurately.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "processes", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "variations", "start": 162, "end": 172}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 201, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we utilize infrared (IR) imaging–in conjunction with necessary reflection corrections and calibration procedures–to measure these temperature profiles of a model polymer during 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "model", "start": 161, "end": 166}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "reflection", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 135, "end": 146}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 147, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 182, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the temperature profiles of the printed layer (road) and sublayers, the temporal profile of the crucially important weld temperatures can be obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "layer", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 126, "end": 138}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "profile", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "weld", "start": 121, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 143, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under typical printing conditions, the weld temperature decreases at a rate of approximately 100 °C/s and remains above the glass transition temperature for approximately 1 s. These measurement methods are a first step in the development of strategies to control and model the printing processes and in the ability to develop models that correlate critical part strength with material and processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 39, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 124, "end": 152}, {"text": "step", "start": 214, "end": 218}, {"text": "model", "start": 267, "end": 272}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 400, "end": 410}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 182, "end": 193}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing processes", "start": 277, "end": 295}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 362, "end": 370}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 376, "end": 384}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel compulsively constricted wire arc additive manufacturing（CC-WAAM）method was proposed with arc and droplets ejected out of a narrow space.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "arc", "start": 98, "end": 101}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 42, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Small-size liquid droplets were transferred to previous layer with stable path and direction with low heat input.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "heat", "start": 102, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 56, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Good shielding and heat preservation for high-temperature liquid droplets as well as the liquid pool were guaranteed by the ejected arc plasma.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 19, "end": 23}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "arc", "start": 132, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniform and fine microstructures were achieved in the deposited metal using mild steel filler wire in CC-WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 17, "end": 32}, {"text": "metal", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "mild steel", "start": 76, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to realize oriented wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) featured by low heat input and small droplets, a novel compulsively constricted WAAM (CC-WAAM) method was proposed and investigated in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire and arc additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 64}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 66, "end": 70}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 152, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 88, "end": 92}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The arc burned between a metallic wire and a tungsten electrode in a narrow-space nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "tungsten", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 82, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed technology could provide compulsive constriction for arc plasma and liquid metal droplets using a cubic boron nitride (CBN) ceramic nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "arc", "start": 66, "end": 69}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 81, "end": 93}, {"text": "cubic boron nitride", "start": 111, "end": 130}, {"text": "CBN", "start": 132, "end": 135}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 137, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surrounding arc was ejected out of the nozzle and offered extra heating and a good shielding environment during the whole manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 16, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 126, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The arc and metal transfer behaviors could be improved for better performance and higher quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "performance", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "quality", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The economic and efficient new method is expected to solve the challenges faced by traditional WAAM such as excessive heat input and poor geometrical accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "faced", "start": 74, "end": 79}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 95, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 150, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preliminary experiments showed that the two AM layers produced by the novel method had homogeneous microstructure distribution and fine grains.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous", "start": 87, "end": 98}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 114, "end": 126}, {"text": "grains", "start": 136, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The geometrical dimensions of each layer can be effectively controlled by regulating the travel speed of the torch.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wide-range adjustable heat input can effectively control the state of the metallic formation, making it possible to realize an accurate control of the microstructure and properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 26, "end": 30}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 155, "end": 169}, {"text": "properties", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stress distribution in cold spray microparticles for additive manufacturing is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stress", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 16, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 62, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simulation model for cold-spray additive manufacturing based on arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 2, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress formation mechanism in cold-spray additive manufacturing is explained in detail.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cold spray (CS) residual stress was measured by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and contour methods.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 16, "end": 31}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 52, "end": 69}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 71, "end": 74}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress components SX and SY, perpendicular to the thickness, have similar distributions and approximately equal magnitudes.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 87, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both are compressive on the deposited surface and become tensile inside the structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "structure", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 57, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An advanced simulation model based on the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method was developed to investigate the residual stress distributions in a single CS microparticle and multi-layer CS microparticles and reveal the formation mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 134, "end": 147}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 236, "end": 245}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 118, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress components SX and SY predicted by the proposed simulation model have the same distribution as shown by the measurements, i.e., compressive on the surface and tensile inside.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "model", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 98, "end": 110}, {"text": "surface", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the number of deposition layers increases, the position of maximum tensile stress moves from the substrate to the deposited layers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition layers", "start": 17, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 70, "end": 84}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 117, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress component SZ in the direction of the deposition thickness shows alternate tensile and compressive distributions in the transverse direction, which is quite different from that of the transverse component.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "component", "start": 214, "end": 223}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 118, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work provides a guideline for effectively tailoring the residual stress in CS parts and thereby improving the fatigue lifetime.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 122, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because many of the most important defects in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) occur at the size and timescales of the melt pool itself, the development of methodologies for monitoring the melt pool is critical.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 46, "end": 69}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 118, "end": 127}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 188, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This works examines the possibility of in-situ detection of keyholing porosity and balling instabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 70, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, a visible-light high speed camera with a fixed field of view is used to study the morphology of L-PBF melt pools in the Inconel 718 material system.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 134, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A scale-invariant description of melt pool morphology is constructed using Computer Vision techniques and unsupervised Machine Learning is used to differentiate between observed melt pools.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "melt pools", "start": 178, "end": 188}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Computer Vision", "start": 75, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Machine", "start": 119, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By observing melt pools produced across process space, in-situ signatures are identified which may indicate flaws such as those observed ex-situ.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "flaws", "start": 108, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This linkage of ex-situ and in-situ morphology enabled the use of supervised Machine Learning to classify melt pools observed (with the high speed camera) during fusion of non-bulk geometries such as overhangs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 162, "end": 168}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 181, "end": 191}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Machine", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "camera", "start": 147, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "as", "start": 197, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to deposit a consistent and predictable solidification microstructure can greatly accelerate additive manufacturing (AM) process qualification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictable", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 67, "end": 81}, {"text": "process", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 127}, {"text": "AM", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process mapping is an approach that represents process outcomes in terms of process variables.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "process", "start": 76, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a solidification microstructure process map was developed using finite element analysis for deposition of single beads of Ti-6Al-4V via electron beam wire feed AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 16, "end": 45}, {"text": "process", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 78, "end": 101}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 150, "end": 163}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 127, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 169, "end": 173}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 174, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process variable combinations yielding constant beta grain size and morphology were identified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 53, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparison with a previously developed process map for melt pool geometry shows that maintaining a constant melt pool cross sectional area will also yield a constant grain size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 134, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 166, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the grain morphology boundaries are similar to curves of constant melt pool aspect ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "aspect ratio", "start": 90, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 80, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results support the numerical predictions and identify a proportional size scaling between beta grain widths and melt pool widths.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "grain", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 126, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results further demonstrate that in situ indirect control of solidification microstructure is possible through direct melt pool dimension control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 61, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt pool dimension", "start": 118, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of electron beam manufactured (EBM) process-induced defects on local microstructural failure initiation and propagation in IN 718 have been investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 15, "end": 28}, {"text": "defects", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "microstructural failure", "start": 81, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 43, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Predictions for transgranular fracture, based on local cleavage plane stresses, and for intergranular fracture, based on dislocation-grain boundary (GB) interactions and evolving dislocation pileups, were combined with a crystalline dislocation-density plasticity approach to understand the influence of AM process-induced defects, such as porosity, NbC precipitates, and regions of dry powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Predictions", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "transgranular fracture", "start": 16, "end": 38}, {"text": "cleavage plane", "start": 55, "end": 69}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 102, "end": 110}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 179, "end": 190}, {"text": "defects", "start": 323, "end": 330}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 139, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plasticity", "start": 253, "end": 263}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 304, "end": 306}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 337, "end": 339}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 354, "end": 366}, {"text": "powder", "start": 387, "end": 393}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High local stresses along the peripheries of pores caused crack nucleation, and mismatches in deformation behavior between NbC precipitates and the surrounding matrix led to local stress gradients that induced crack nucleation and decohesion at precipitate/matrix interfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "stress", "start": 180, "end": 186}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 94, "end": 105}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 216, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 127, "end": 139}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 167, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Regions of unmelted powder had significant stress accumulations that initiated failure at low nominal strains.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 20, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 79, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Failure due to high localized stresses near regions of unmelted powder was dominant over precipitate/matrix decohesion and crack nucleation near pore peripheries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Failure", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 129, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 145, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the predictions, the mechanical behavior of AM alloys is governed by local dislocation-density evolution near process-induced defects, which preferentially nucleate material failure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 104, "end": 113}, {"text": "defects", "start": 135, "end": 142}, {"text": "failure", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 56, "end": 62}, {"text": "material", "start": 174, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, interactions between these different defect types can significantly accelerate failure initiation and propagation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 50, "end": 56}, {"text": "failure", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures can add value to high-performance components manufactured by laser powder bed fusion due to their high specific strength and stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 80, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific strength", "start": 122, "end": 139}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A further use of lattice structures is in thermo-mechanical applications, where the high surface area of the lattice may aid heat transfer.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 17, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 42, "end": 59}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 109, "end": 116}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 125, "end": 138}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface area", "start": 89, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, little characterisation of lattices under thermal loading is currently available in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "thermal loading", "start": 51, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a custom-built test rig was used to characterise the thermal conduction for three triply periodic minimal surface lattice types, namely: gyroid, diamond and Schwarz primitives, with unit cell size and volume fraction being varied.Results show that thermal conductivity is primarily a function of the material properties and volume fraction of the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "triply periodic minimal surface", "start": 97, "end": 128}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 197, "end": 206}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 315, "end": 334}, {"text": "sample", "start": 362, "end": 368}], "material": [{"text": "diamond", "start": 160, "end": 167}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 216, "end": 231}, {"text": "volume fraction", "start": 339, "end": 354}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 263, "end": 283}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, some effects of the geometry, such as surface area to volume ratio, can be used to explain slight differences in the measured conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "volume", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 55, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 135, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Schwarz primitive unit cell consistently gave the highest conductivity, with diamond and gyroid unit cells being marginally lower.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "diamond", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Larger cell sizes typically gave higher conductivity than smaller cells, which can be attributed to greater intra-cell convective heat transfer and better interface coupling with the testing apparatus.The experimental results are used to derive equations that allow samples with a specified thermal conductivity to be designed, thus demonstrating how a component may be manufactured with a custom thermal profile by varying the volume fraction of the lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "cell sizes", "start": 7, "end": 17}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 40, "end": 52}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 291, "end": 311}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "be", "start": 315, "end": 317}, {"text": "be", "start": 367, "end": 369}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 130, "end": 143}, {"text": "interface", "start": 155, "end": 164}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 205, "end": 217}, {"text": "samples", "start": 266, "end": 273}, {"text": "thermal profile", "start": 397, "end": 412}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 451, "end": 458}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 353, "end": 362}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 428, "end": 443}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sensing and closed-loop control are critical attributes of a robust 3D printing process, such as Directed Energy Deposition (DED), in which it is necessary to manage geometry, material properties, and residual stress and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Sensing", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 12, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "DED", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Deposition", "start": 113, "end": 123}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 166, "end": 174}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 176, "end": 195}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 221, "end": 231}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 201, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present research demonstrates multiple modes of closed-loop melt pool size control in laser-wire based DED, a form of large-scale metal additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 107, "end": 110}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 134, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, real-time closed-loop melt pool size control through laser power modulation was demonstrated for intralayer control of bead geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead geometry", "start": 126, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, an interlayer trend in laser power during the printing of layered components was documented, which inspired the development of novel modes of control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trend", "start": 20, "end": 25}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A controller that modulates print speed and deposition rate on a per-layer basis was developed and demonstrated, enabling the control of either average melt pool size alone or average laser power in coordination with real-time melt pool size control.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 2, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 44, "end": 59}, {"text": "power", "start": 190, "end": 195}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "average", "start": 176, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 227, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work demonstrates that accumulated heat in components under construction can be exploited to maintain process stability as print speed and deposition rate are automatically increased under closed-loop control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 40, "end": 44}, {"text": "process", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 194, "end": 213}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 65, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 144, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This has major implications for overall production efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 40, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Control modes are characterized in terms of their effect on local bead geometry, global part geometry, and interlayer effect on energy density, among other factors.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bead geometry", "start": 66, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 128, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quality control in metal additive manufacturing prioritizes the development of advanced inspection schemes to characterize the defect evolution during processing and post-processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quality control", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "defect", "start": 127, "end": 133}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 166, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 47}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 88, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This involves grand challenges in detecting internal defects and analyzing large and complex defect datasets in macroscopic samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "defect", "start": 93, "end": 99}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 112, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we present an inspection pipeline that integrates (i) fast, micro X-ray computed tomography reconstruction, (ii) automated 3D morphology analysis, and (iii) machine learning-based big data analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 72, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reconstruction", "start": 98, "end": 112}, {"text": "3D", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "data", "start": 190, "end": 194}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 163, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray computed tomography and automated computer vision result in a holistic defect morphology database for the inspected macroscopic volume, based on which machine learning analysis is employed to reveal quantitative insights into the global evolution of defect characteristics beyond qualitative human observations.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 0, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "computer vision", "start": 40, "end": 55}, {"text": "defect", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 122, "end": 133}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 205, "end": 217}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 243, "end": 252}, {"text": "defect", "start": 256, "end": 262}, {"text": "qualitative", "start": 286, "end": 297}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "database", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 157, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate this pipeline by examining the global-scale pore evolution in post-processing of binder jetting additive manufacturing, from the green state, to the sintered state, and to the hot isostatic pressed state of copper.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 77, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting additive manufacturing", "start": 96, "end": 133}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 164, "end": 172}, {"text": "pressed", "start": 205, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 222, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pipeline is shown to be effective at detecting and processing the information associated with a large number (∼105) of pores in macroscopic volumes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic", "start": 132, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By quantifying the evolution of (i) the weight of pore morphology parameters and (ii) the pore number and volume fraction of each categorized group, new understandings are developed regarding the effects of sintering and hot isostatic pressing on pore decomposition, shrinkage, and smoothing during post-processing of binder jetting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 267, "end": 276}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 299, "end": 314}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 40, "end": 46}, {"text": "volume fraction", "start": 106, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "pore", "start": 90, "end": 94}, {"text": "pore decomposition", "start": 247, "end": 265}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 207, "end": 216}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 221, "end": 243}, {"text": "binder jetting", "start": 318, "end": 332}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pore structures with isotropic stiffness fabricated via selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Pore", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 21, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 56, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The structures were based on topology optimization and additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 29, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stiffness was experimentally verified.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 4, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stiffness and strength were higher than conventional porous metals.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "strength", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "porous metals", "start": 57, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent additive manufacturing technologies can be used to fabricate porous metals with precise internal pore structures and effective performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 7, "end": 29}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "metals", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 104, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 134, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use topology optimization to derive an optimal pore structure shape with high stiffness that is verified experimentally.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 7, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 50, "end": 54}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 81, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The design maximizes the effective bulk modulus and isotropic stiffness, and the performance is compared with Hashin–Shtrikman (HS) bounds.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "bulk modulus", "start": 35, "end": 47}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "HS", "start": 128, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimized structure is fabricated via selective laser melting of maraging steel, which is a high-strength, iron-nickel steel that can not easily be made porous with conventional methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 42, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 69, "end": 83}, {"text": "steel", "start": 123, "end": 128}, {"text": "be", "start": 149, "end": 151}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimal porous structure achieved 85% of the performance of the HS upper bound in numerical simulations, and at least 90% of them were realized in compressive testing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "HS", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 163, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the performance is discussed relative to that of other metals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 64, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In metal additive manufacturing, microstructural inhomogeneities, like anisotropic mechanical strength and geometric limitations in directed energy deposition, electron beam melting, or selective laser sintering, have led to the exploration of alternative techniques in recent years.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 31}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 132, "end": 158}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 160, "end": 181}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 186, "end": 211}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 33, "end": 48}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "strength", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 218, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among these techniques, fused filament fabrication is an attractive alternative due to its successes in producing dense parts, approaching traditional manufacturing specifications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 24, "end": 50}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 139, "end": 164}], "parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 165, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite this success, many challenges remain to produce reliable parts with reproducible properties using FFF, particularly in the thermal treatment for part densification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "thermal treatment", "start": 131, "end": 148}, {"text": "densification", "start": 158, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% Ti-6Al-4V powder to create a printable filament.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V powder", "start": 2, "end": 18}, {"text": "filament", "start": 41, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printed Ti-6Al-4V parts using these filaments were sintered at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1340 °C and evaluated by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 63, "end": 75}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray diffraction", "start": 121, "end": 138}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 140, "end": 168}, {"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 173, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sintered samples demonstrated a linear decrease in β-phase from 15 to 11 vol.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 13, "end": 20}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% with increasing temperature, while residual stress and Young’ s modulus increased.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 37, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 64, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the density of printed and sintered Ti-6Al-4V parts could be increased up to 91% of the theoretical density of Ti-6Al-4V by increasing the sintering temperature up to 1340 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "density", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 125, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 102, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples that were sintered at 1340 °C showed a higher Young’ s modulus compared to SLM samples, likely due to the increased α-phase in samples sintered at 1340 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "samples", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "samples", "start": 135, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 83, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 61, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructures of additively manufactured (AM) metal components have been shown to be heterogeneous and spatially variable when compared to conventionally manufactured counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "metal", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "be", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 23, "end": 46}, {"text": "AM", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 160, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the mechanical properties of AM-metal parts are expected to vary locally within their volume.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 18, "end": 39}, {"text": "volume", "start": 100, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For AM structural components intended to operate in extreme environments, including high-strain-rate loading scenarios, there is a need to quantify variability of mechanical behavior within the same AM-build domain at quasi-static and dynamic strain-rates as well as the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 281, "end": 295}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 148, "end": 159}, {"text": "domain", "start": 208, "end": 214}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 218, "end": 230}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 235, "end": 242}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 303, "end": 324}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 163, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 256, "end": 258}, {"text": "as", "start": 264, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of loading direction and direct-age hardening heat treatment on quasi-static and dynamic mechanical response within an Inconel 718 volume produced by laser powder bed fusion using manufacturer-recommended processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 207, "end": 230}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quasi-static", "start": 121, "end": 133}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 138, "end": 145}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 273, "end": 283}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 176, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniaxial compression tests and a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were used to investigate the quasi-static and dynamic response, respectively, of as-built and heat-treated specimens extracted along the three principal processing directions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 9, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 98, "end": 110}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 186, "end": 195}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 163, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscatter diffraction measurements were made for representative specimens within the build domain to correlate microstructural features to observed location-specific mechanical deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 122, "end": 137}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 188, "end": 199}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from both quasi-static and dynamic loading show that the recommended processing parameters yield a homogeneous stress-strain response throughout the material volume in the as-built condition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quasi-static", "start": 18, "end": 30}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deformed specimen geometries showed a systematic and repeatable preferential deformation along the build direction, regardless of condition or loading strain rate when loading was applied in either of the two orthogonal processing directions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Deformed", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "strain rate", "start": 151, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 99, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The deformation dependence is found to be related to the underlying, process-induced crystallographic texture and grain morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "grain", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two different honeycomb structures are manufactured with LENS system from Ti-6Al-4V alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "honeycomb structures", "start": 14, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 74, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy are determined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 29, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Procedure for acquiring proper data for the elasto-visco-plastic constitutive model is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 31, "end": 35}, {"text": "model", "start": 78, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Energy-absorption properties of the honeycomb cellular structures are assessed during experimental and numerical testing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "honeycomb", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 86, "end": 98}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 46, "end": 65}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper presents a methodology investigation of honeycomb cellular structures deformation process in quasi-static compression tests.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "honeycomb", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "process", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 103, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 60, "end": 79}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 116, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two honeycomb topologies with different elementary cells were designed and manufactured from Ti-6Al-4 V alloy powder with the use of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) system and compressed using a universal strength machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "honeycomb", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V alloy", "start": 93, "end": 109}, {"text": "powder", "start": 110, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 133, "end": 161}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 163, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 209, "end": 217}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 218, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To simulate the deformation process with LS-Dyna software, the mechanical properties of the material were assessed and correlated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "software", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 63, "end": 84}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 119, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 92, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An elasto-visco-plastic material model (Mat_Plasticity_With_Damage) was used for predicting the material behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 24, "end": 32}, {"text": "material", "start": 96, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of experimental tests and numerical simulations were compared.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 15, "end": 27}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 38, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A reasonable agreement between deformation, failure and force histories was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "failure", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "force", "start": 56, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, both the topologies were compared for their energy absorption capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topologies", "start": 23, "end": 33}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 58, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The validated numerical modelling with the adopted constitutive model will be used in the further studies to analyze different cellular structures topologies subjected to dynamic loading.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 127, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel technique was developed to control the microstructure evolution in Alloy 718 processed using Electron Beam Melting (EBM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 47, "end": 71}, {"text": "processed", "start": 85, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 101, "end": 122}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 124, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ solution treatment and aging of Alloy 718 was performed by heating the top surface of the build after build completion scanning an electron beam to act as a planar heat source during the cool down process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "surface", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 139, "end": 152}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 172, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 67, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 98, "end": 103}, {"text": "build", "start": 110, "end": 115}, {"text": "cool down", "start": 195, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results demonstrate that the measured hardness (478 ± 7 HV) of the material processed using in situ heat treatment similar to that of peak-aged Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 100, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large solidification grains and cracks formed, which are identified as the likely mechanism leading to failure of tensile tests of the in situ heat treatment material under loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification grains", "start": 6, "end": 27}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 82, "end": 91}, {"text": "failure", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 135, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 114, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 143, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite poor tensile performance, the technique proposed was shown to successively age Alloy 718 (increase precipitate size and hardness) without removing the sample from the process chamber, which can reduce the number of process steps in producing a part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 128, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "sample", "start": 159, "end": 165}, {"text": "process", "start": 175, "end": 182}, {"text": "process", "start": 223, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "precipitate", "start": 107, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tighter controls on processing temperature during layer melting to lower process temperature and selective heating during in situ heat treatment to reduce over-sintering are proposed as methods for improving the process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "layer", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "process", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 107, "end": 114}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 130, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures with isotropic stiffness fabricated via electron beam melting.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The structures were based on topology optimization and additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 29, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The designed isotropic stiffness was experimentally verified.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 23, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strength was also isotropic as the same with stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron-beam melting (EBM) exhibits advantages over other metal-additive manufacturing techniques owing to its low residual stress, rapid fabrication speed, and high energy efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 74, "end": 87}, {"text": "rapid fabrication", "start": 133, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 116, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, in EBM, metal powder is preheated and sintered to stabilize the temperature gradient and powder position during melting with a high-power electron beam.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 12, "end": 15}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "melting", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "powder", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 73, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 147, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When making a lattice structure by EBM, a certain size of the powder-removing hole is required to remove the sintered remaining metal powder from the lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 14, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 150, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, a large powder-removing hole can reduce the lattice mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "performance", "start": 72, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We conducted topology optimization to derive an optimal lattice structure shape with high isotropic stiffness assuming fabrication by EBM and minimizing the performance reduction owing to fixed large powder-removing holes.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 13, "end": 34}, {"text": "lattice structure", "start": 56, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 119, "end": 130}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 134, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 157, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimized structure was fabricated via the EBM of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimal lattice structure achieved 83% of the performance of the Hashin–Shtrikman upper bound in numerical simulations, but an approximate 20% stiffness reduction was observed in the experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 12, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 50, "end": 61}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 157, "end": 166}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 101, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a commonly used powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing (AM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 49, "end": 66}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 67, "end": 95}, {"text": "AM", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although SLM is preferred due to its near-net-shape part commitment, the deposition rate of this process is slower compared with alternative metal processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "near-net-shape", "start": 37, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 73, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 141, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A higher deposition rate of SLM can be obtained by increasing the laser scanning velocity and laser power; however, this results in decreased part quality due to the SLM process’ s physical limits.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 9, "end": 24}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 94, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 166, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "s", "start": 179, "end": 180}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 147, "end": 154}, {"text": "process", "start": 170, "end": 177}, {"text": "limits", "start": 190, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents the conditions for a higher deposition rate for various process parameters with defocused beams to eliminate the void defects due to keyholing formed in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 48, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 76, "end": 94}, {"text": "void defects", "start": 133, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 177, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Single bead experiments were conducted, and the thresholds of the process parameters resulting in voids were identified.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 7, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 66, "end": 84}, {"text": "voids", "start": 98, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A melt pool depth-to-width ratio of 0.85 was found to be a critical value for preventing voids in the process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 2, "end": 11}, {"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "process", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The melt pool aspect ratio was related with the process parameters by using the normalized enthalpy and the volumetric energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratio", "start": 14, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 48, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The threshold values of the normalized enthalpy due to voids were independent from the beam diameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "beam diameters", "start": 87, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, unstable single bead track thresholds were plotted as a function of the beam diameters.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "beam diameters", "start": 82, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to the experiments, a finite element analysis model was built with calibrated absorptivity and heat source parameters to predict the melt pool geometries for a wide range of process parameters (power = 100–370 W, velocity = 200–2000 mm/s, and beam diameter = 100–260 μm).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 34, "end": 57}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 107, "end": 118}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 155, "end": 165}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 186, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 145, "end": 154}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 177, "end": 182}, {"text": "power", "start": 206, "end": 211}, {"text": "beam diameter", "start": 255, "end": 268}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new laser metal desposition process based on an inside-laser coaxial powder feeding system was successfully applied to manufacture reduced activation steel, which is featured with fine microstructure and excellent mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 6, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 121, "end": 132}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 187, "end": 201}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 216, "end": 237}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feeding system", "start": 71, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 152, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, infrared thermal imaging experiments and Abaqus numerical simulation were conducted to characterize the complex thermal history during the laser metal deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Abaqus", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser metal deposition", "start": 152, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and mechanical properties of reduced activation steel were systematically investigated in the as-fabricated and heat-treated samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 23, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 131, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicat that the peak temperature increased and the cooling rate decreased in the melt pool when the additional layers were deposited as a result of a cumulative effect of heat in the fabricated thin wall samples.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 64, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 94, "end": 103}, {"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 184, "end": 188}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 196, "end": 206}, {"text": "samples", "start": 217, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reduced cooling rate directly contributed to the decreased heterogeneous nucleation rate and the coarsening of austenite grains in the top domain.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 63, "end": 87}, {"text": "domain", "start": 143, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 115, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The differences in terms of microstructure and hardness of the as-fabricated samples along the building direction were also in a good agreement with the evolution of temperature field.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 28, "end": 42}, {"text": "samples", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 95, "end": 113}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 166, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal cycling experimental and cyclic heat treatment results confirmed that in-situ thermal cycles were unable to trigger recrystallization because the stored strain energy was insufficient to induce nucleation of new austenite grains during laser directed energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 82, "end": 89}, {"text": "recrystallization", "start": 128, "end": 145}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 206, "end": 216}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 44, "end": 58}, {"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 248, "end": 280}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 165, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 224, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacture of sand molds via binder jetting enables the casting of complex metal geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacture", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "binder jetting", "start": 39, "end": 53}, {"text": "casting", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 24, "end": 28}, {"text": "metal", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 91, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various material systems have been created for 3D printing of sand molds; however, a formal study of the materials’ effects on cast products has not yet been conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Various material", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "sand", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "cast", "start": 127, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper the authors investigate potential differences in material properties (microstructure, porosity, mechanical strength) of A356–T6 castings resulting from two different commercially available 3D printing media.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 63, "end": 82}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 84, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 100, "end": 108}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 110, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 203, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the material properties of cast products from traditional “no-bake” silica sand is used as a basis for comparison of castings produced by the 3D printed molds.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 17, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 40, "end": 44}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 155, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "silica sand", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "as", "start": 101, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was determined that resultant castings yielded statistically equivalent results in four of the seven tests performed: dendrite arm spacing, porosity, surface roughness, and tensile strength and differed in sand tensile strength, hardness, and density.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 153, "end": 170}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 176, "end": 192}, {"text": "strength", "start": 222, "end": 230}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 232, "end": 240}, {"text": "density", "start": 246, "end": 253}], "material": [{"text": "sand", "start": 209, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As additive manufacturing (AM) advances rapidly towards new materials and applications, it is vital to understand the performance limits of AM technologies and to overcome these limits via improved machine design and process integration.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 25}, {"text": "AM", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "AM technologies", "start": 140, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "performance limits", "start": 118, "end": 136}, {"text": "limits", "start": 178, "end": 184}, {"text": "process", "start": 217, "end": 224}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 198, "end": 205}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 206, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrusion-based AM (i.e., fused filament fabrication, FFF) is compatible with a wide variety of thermoplastic polymer and composite materials, and can be deployed across a wide range of length scales.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 26, "end": 52}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 54, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic polymer", "start": 96, "end": 117}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 122, "end": 141}, {"text": "be", "start": 151, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 177, "end": 182}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 186, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the build rate of both desktop and professional FFF systems is comparable (∼10’ s of cm3/h at ∼0.2 mm layer thickness), suggesting that fundamental aspects of the machine design and process physics limit system performance.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 57, "end": 60}, {"text": "mm", "start": 108, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 89, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 111, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 172, "end": 179}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 180, "end": 186}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process physics", "start": 191, "end": 206}, {"text": "limit", "start": 207, "end": 212}, {"text": "performance", "start": 220, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We determine the rate limits to FFF by analysis of machine modules: the filament extrusion mechanism, the heater and nozzle, and the motion system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 32, "end": 35}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 72, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We determine, by direct measurements and numerical analysis, that FFF build rate is influenced by the coincident module-level limits to traction force exerted on the filament, conduction heat transfer to the filament core, and gantry velocity for positioning the printhead.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 66, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 70, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 126, "end": 132}, {"text": "force", "start": 145, "end": 150}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 187, "end": 200}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 166, "end": 174}, {"text": "filament", "start": 208, "end": 216}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 217, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our findings are validated by direct measurements of build rate versus part complexity using desktop FFF systems.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 101, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Last, we study the scaling of the rate limits using finite element simulations of thermoplastic flow through the extruder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 39, "end": 45}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 52, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 82, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 113, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We map the scaling of extrusion force, polymer exit temperature, and average printhead velocity onto a unifying trade-space of build rate versus resolution.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 22, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 52, "end": 63}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 145, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 127, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach validates the build rate performance of current FFF systems, and suggests that significant enhancements in FFF build rate with targeted quality specifications are possible via mutual improvements to the extrusion and heating mechanism along with high-speed motion systems.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "build rate", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 62, "end": 65}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 121, "end": 124}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 217, "end": 226}, {"text": "heating", "start": 231, "end": 238}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 150, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to design complex copper (Cu) parts into the most efficient thermal structures is an old dream, but difficult to realize with conventional manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 138, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The recent development of laser 3D printing techniques makes it possible to fully explore intricate designs and maximize the thermal performance of Cu-based thermal management components but present significant challenges due to its high optical reflectivity.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 133, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 176, "end": 186}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 238, "end": 245}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we demonstrated the laser 3D printing of pure Cu with a moderate laser power (400 W).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 80, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dense Cu parts (95%) with smooth surface finishing (Ra ∼18 μm) were obtained at a scan speed of 400 mm/s, a hatch distance of 0.12 mm, and a layer thickness of 0.03 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 6, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "smooth surface", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "mm", "start": 131, "end": 133}, {"text": "mm", "start": 165, "end": 167}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "hatch distance", "start": 108, "end": 122}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 141, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hardness, electrical, and thermal conductivity of the printed Cu parts are 108 MPa, 5.71 × 107 S/m, and 368 W/m·K, respectively which are close to those of bulk Cu.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 30, "end": 50}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 165, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 83, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, complex heat sink structures were printed with large surface areas (600 mm2/g), and their cooling performances were compared to a commercial heat sink with a smaller surface area (286 mm2/g) on an electronic chip.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat sink", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "heat sink", "start": 155, "end": 164}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface areas", "start": 67, "end": 80}, {"text": "surface area", "start": 180, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "chip", "start": 222, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The complex heat sinks printed cools the electronic chip 45% more efficiently than the commercial one.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat sinks", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "chip", "start": 52, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The introduction of selective laser melting to additively manufacturing Cu heat sinks offers the promise to enhance the performance beyond the scope of exciting thermal management components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 20, "end": 43}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 180, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Control of microstructure in a TiAl alloy was conducted by electron beam melting (82/85).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An unique layered microstructure was created by the proposed EBM process (74/85).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 18, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 61, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The room temperature ductility was greater than 2% under an appropriate condition (83/85).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 21, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-EBM specimens exhibited high yield strength and good ductility at 800 °C (76/85).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 56, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper clarified a novel strategy to improve the tensile properties of the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM), via the finding of the development of unique layered microstructure composed of duplex-like fine grains layers and coarser γ grains layers.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 53, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 116, "end": 137}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 139, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 198, "end": 212}, {"text": "grains", "start": 242, "end": 248}, {"text": "grains", "start": 270, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was clarified that the mechanical properties of the alloy fabricated by EBM can be controlled by varying an angle θ between EBM-building directions and stress loading direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 26, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 75, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 155, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At room temperature, the yield strength exhibits high values more than 550 MPa at all the loading orientations investigated (θ = 0, 45 and 90°).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 8, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 25, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 98, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The anisotropy of the yield strength decreased with increasing temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 22, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All the examined alloys exhibited a brittle-ductile transition temperature of approximately 750 °C and the yield strength and tensile elongation at 800 °C were over 350 MPa and 40%, respectively.By the detailed observation of the microstructure, the formation mechanism of the unique layered microstructure was found to be closely related to the repeated local heat treatment effect during the EBM process, and thus its control is further possible by the tuning-up of the process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 320, "end": 322}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 52, "end": 62}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 169, "end": 172}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 230, "end": 244}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 260, "end": 269}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 292, "end": 306}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 472, "end": 490}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 107, "end": 121}, {"text": "tensile elongation", "start": 126, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 361, "end": 375}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 394, "end": 397}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrate that the EBM process enables not only the fabrication of TiAl products with complex shape but also the control of the tensile properties associated with the peculiar microstructure formed during the process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shape", "start": 100, "end": 113}, {"text": "tensile properties", "start": 142, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 190, "end": 204}, {"text": "process", "start": 223, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (Ti-185) and other Fe containing β -Ti alloys are attractive because of their high strength and low cost.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fe", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 97, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These alloys, however, can not be produced through ingot casting due to strong Fe segregation and the formation of β flecks.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "ingot", "start": 51, "end": 56}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 57, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) was successfully used to produce Ti-185 components starting from elemental Ti and Fe powders, and an Al-V master alloy powder with irregular shape.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 70, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 143, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure analysis of the as-built components demonstrated that SLM can be used to produce a very fine grain microstructure with nano-scale precipitates and non-detrimental Fe segregation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "grain", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "nano-scale", "start": 134, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 178, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings are interpreted in terms of the rapid solidification conditions during SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 45, "end": 65}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 84, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression test results reveal that ultra-high strength and reasonable ductility can be achieved in the as-built as well as heat treated samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Compression test", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 86, "end": 88}, {"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual distortion is a major technical challenge for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM), since excessive distortion can cause build failure, cracks and loss in structural integrity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Residual distortion", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 131, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 55, "end": 78}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 80, "end": 84}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 86, "end": 108}, {"text": "AM", "start": 110, "end": 112}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build failure", "start": 152, "end": 165}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "structural integrity", "start": 186, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, residual distortion can hardly be avoided due to the rapid heating and cooling inherent in this AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual distortion", "start": 9, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, fast and accurate distortion prediction is an effective way to ensure manufacturability and build quality.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "manufacturability", "start": 76, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 98, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes a multiscale process modeling framework for efficiently and accurately simulating residual distortion and stress at the part-scale for the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process modeling", "start": 33, "end": 49}, {"text": "framework", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "residual distortion", "start": 102, "end": 121}, {"text": "process", "start": 195, "end": 202}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 159, "end": 187}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 189, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this framework, inherent strains are extracted from detailed process simulation of micro-scale model based on the recently proposed modified inherent strain model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "micro-scale", "start": 86, "end": 97}, {"text": "model", "start": 160, "end": 165}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "process simulation", "start": 64, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 153, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The micro-scale detailed process simulation employs the actual parameters of the DMLS process such as laser power, velocity, and scanning path.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "micro-scale", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 129, "end": 137}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "process simulation", "start": 25, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 81, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 108, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniform but anisotropic strains are then applied to the part in a layer-by-layer fashion in a quasi-static equilibrium finite element analysis, in order to predict residual distortion/stress for the entire AM build.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer fashion", "start": 66, "end": 88}, {"text": "quasi-static equilibrium finite element analysis", "start": 94, "end": 142}, {"text": "residual", "start": 164, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 206, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effectiveness of this proposed framework is demonstrated by simulating a double cantilever beam and a canonical part with varying wall thicknesses and comparing with experimental measurements which show very good agreement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Effectiveness", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "framework", "start": 31, "end": 40}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 166, "end": 178}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cantilever beam", "start": 80, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thicknesses", "start": 130, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The metallurgy of selected metal and alloy components fabricated by additive metallurgy using electron beam melting (EBM) is presented for a range of examples including Ti-6Al-4V, Co-Cr-Mo super alloy, Ni-base super alloy systems (Inconel 625, 718 and Rene 142), Nb and Fe.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "metallurgy", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "additive", "start": 68, "end": 76}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 169, "end": 178}, {"text": "super alloy", "start": 189, "end": 200}, {"text": "super alloy", "start": 210, "end": 221}, {"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 231, "end": 242}, {"text": "Rene", "start": 252, "end": 256}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 263, "end": 265}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 270, "end": 272}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 94, "end": 115}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 117, "end": 120}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 141, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Precursor and pre-alloyed powders are preheated and selectively melted using a range of EBM process parameters including beam scan strategies, beam current variations, and cooling rate features.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Precursor", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "powders", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 64, "end": 70}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 100, "end": 110}, {"text": "variations", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 79, "end": 84}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 172, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 88, "end": 91}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 121, "end": 125}, {"text": "beam", "start": 143, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures and residual mechanical properties are discussed for selected systems in contrast to more conventional wrought and cast products.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual mechanical properties", "start": 20, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 131, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Novel features of EBM fabrication include columnar microstructural architectures which result by layer-by-layer melt-solidification phenomena.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 18, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 51, "end": 66}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 97, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combining electrical and magnetic materials in the same part has been a challenge in 3D printing due to difficulties co-printing complex materials in many additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "materials", "start": 137, "end": 146}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 155, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Past 3D printed inductors and other similar magnetic devices have therefore either lacked the magnetic materials necessary for improved performance, or required sintering at high temperatures for extended periods, beyond the capability of most 3D printable polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 161, "end": 170}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 103, "end": 112}, {"text": "performance", "start": 136, "end": 147}, {"text": "3D", "start": 244, "end": 246}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 179, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 257, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we demonstrate a room temperature process for incorporating conductive and magnetic materials into the same 3D printed device.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 36, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "materials", "start": 98, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 122, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A multi-stage fabrication process based on 3D printing followed by fill with magnetic and conductive fluids is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 14, "end": 25}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "fluids", "start": 101, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-layer microfluidic channels for magnetic passives are first printed in a stereolithography process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 79, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microfluidic systems are then filled with room temperature liquid metal, a gallium alloy liquid at room temperature, and ferrofluid to create inductors, transformers and wireless power coils.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 51, "end": 62}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 108, "end": 119}, {"text": "power", "start": 183, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 63, "end": 75}, {"text": "gallium", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 87, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D finite element modeling of LSFF process is presented based on a moving mesh approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 10, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temporal behaviors of stress fields and temperature distributions are explored for different deposited layers.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 52, "end": 65}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 93, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of preheating and addition of nano particles are thoroughly investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "feature": [{"text": "nano", "start": 38, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning velocity of the laser plays a key role on the clad shape.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Scanning", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 25, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Gas turbine blades, turbine shafts and centrifugal compressor impellers are often damaged by erosion and/or corrosion.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Gas turbine", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 108, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By laser cladding technique, a coating layer can be deposited on the base material in order to rebuild, repair and improve anti-erosion or anti-corrosion properties of the sensitive machine parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 3, "end": 17}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "material", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 182, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element modeling of the laser solid freeform fabrication (LSFF) process for nickel alloy 625 powder mixed with nano-CeO2 on AISI 4140 steel is extensively studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 17, "end": 34}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 35, "end": 49}, {"text": "process", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "freeform fabrication", "start": 78, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "nickel alloy", "start": 118, "end": 130}, {"text": "powder", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "steel", "start": 176, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using Comsol Multiphysics software and the finite element method (FEM), the heat transfer equation, moving mesh equation and stress tensor are numerically solved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "finite element method", "start": 43, "end": 64}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 66, "end": 69}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 76, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 125, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Clad shape, temperature distribution and stress fields are obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 24, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 41, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of preheating as well as addition of nano-CeO2 are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dependence of the clad height on the scanning velocity of the laser is also studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 37, "end": 45}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper demonstrates the ability to 3D print a fluoropolymer based energetic material which could be used as part of a multifunctional reactive structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D print", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "as", "start": 109, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented lays the technical foundation for the 3D printing of reactive materials using fusion based material extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 57, "end": 68}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 110, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "reactive materials", "start": 72, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 97, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A reactive filament comprising of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with 20% mass loading of aluminum (Al) was prepared using a commercial filament extruder and printed using a Makerbot Replicator 2X.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "binder", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "Al", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "filament", "start": 145, "end": 153}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printing performance of the energetic samples was compared with standard 3D printing materials, with metrics including the bead-to-bead adhesion and surface quality of the printed samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Printing performance", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "samples", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "standard", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "samples", "start": 180, "end": 187}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 136, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 149, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reactivity and burning rates of the filaments and the printed samples were comparable.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 66, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis showed that the onset temperature for the reactions was above 350 °C, which is well above the operation temperature of both the filament extruder and the fused deposition printer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "fused deposition", "start": 221, "end": 237}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 171, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 204, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A lattice Boltzmann (LB) method to simulate melt pool dynamics and a cellular automaton (CA) to simulate the solidification process are coupled to predict the microstructure evolution during selective electron beam melting (SEBM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 2, "end": 9}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 159, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "CA", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 109, "end": 131}, {"text": "selective electron beam melting", "start": 191, "end": 222}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 224, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting CALB model takes into account powder related stochastic effects, energy absorption and evaporation, melt pool dynamics and solidification microstructure evolution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 101, "end": 112}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 137, "end": 166}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 167, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 79, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several physical phenomena are observed during grain solidification, e.g., initial grain selection starting at the base plate, grain boundary perturbation, grain nucleation due to unmolten powder particles in the bulk, grain penetration from the surface of the part or grain alignment dependent on the beam scanning strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "grain", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "grain boundary", "start": 127, "end": 141}, {"text": "grain", "start": 156, "end": 161}, {"text": "grain", "start": 219, "end": 224}, {"text": "surface", "start": 246, "end": 253}, {"text": "grain", "start": 269, "end": 274}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 189, "end": 205}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 302, "end": 306}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of process parameters on the final grain structure and texture evolution is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 46, "end": 61}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 74, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 66, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Manufacturing of ceramic components with a geometrically complex 3D architecture and highly detailed features for use in a variety of practical applications is still a challenge.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 65, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In our investigation, we adopted a synergistic strategy for fabricating SiOC ceramics with intricate 3D morphologies by additive manufacturing and origami technique or assemblage, taking advantage of the high printability and flexibility of a commercially available silicone elastomer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 120, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "silicone elastomer", "start": 266, "end": 284}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 209, "end": 221}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 226, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Secondary shaping using origami of different 2D layers with varied design allowed the manufacturing of spiral, flower-like and polyhedron architectures, which are difficult to fabricate without adding supports or by any conventional ceramic fabrication processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "shaping", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 86, "end": 99}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 176, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 45, "end": 47}, {"text": "processes", "start": 253, "end": 262}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 67, "end": 73}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 233, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Produced samples showed no cracks or pores and fully retained the given shape after pyrolysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 37, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 84, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Origami-assisted 3D printing enables easy fabrication of complex SiOC ceramic structures without requiring any supports.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 111, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of adding fillers into the silicone material used in this work could expand the applicability of the manufactured structures introducing additional functional properties.Download: Download high-res image (212 The aim of this paper is to investigate the evolution of a matrix-filler interface during the processing of novel composites formed by a matrix of polylactic acid (PLA) and Mg particles, when they are manufactured by Materials Extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silicone material", "start": 41, "end": 58}, {"text": "composites", "start": 337, "end": 347}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 370, "end": 385}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 387, "end": 390}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 396, "end": 398}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 115, "end": 127}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 203, "end": 217}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 267, "end": 276}, {"text": "interface", "start": 296, "end": 305}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 424, "end": 436}, {"text": "Materials", "start": 440, "end": 449}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Extrusion", "start": 450, "end": 459}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particles addition to the PLA was carried out through the preparation of a Magnesium stable suspension in the polymer solution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "Magnesium", "start": 79, "end": 88}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To improve the Mg dispersion, the surfaces of the particles were previously modified by the adsorption of dispersants, namely Polyethylenimine (PEI) and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous suspension.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Mg", "start": 15, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dispersion", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "particles", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "adsorption", "start": 92, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The physical and mechanical characterization of PLA/Mg composites show that the Mg surface modification is the key to its successful dispersion due to the formation of ionic interactions between the dispersants and the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dispersion", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is favoured by the seeding effect of the PEI-modified Mg particles over the PLA re-precipitation during the composite shaping.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Mg", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "composite", "start": 113, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, a PEI-PLA covalent bond appeared in the printed scaffolds as a consequence of the temperature applied (165 °C) during extrusion and printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "covalent bond", "start": 20, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 128, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the matrix-filler strengthened interface improved the extrusion process and permits the printing of 3D customized pieces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "3D", "start": 114, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion process", "start": 68, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the same time, particle agglomeration and the nozzle blocking is prevented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "blocking", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 49, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To reveal the mechanism of oxidation and the effect of inclusion characteristics on the mechanical properties of additively-manufactured metal matrix, two groups of AISI 316 L stainless steel samples were fabricated under different flow rates of shielding gas (Ar) at two intensities of laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 88, "end": 109}, {"text": "metal matrix", "start": 137, "end": 149}, {"text": "samples", "start": 192, "end": 199}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 205, "end": 215}, {"text": "gas", "start": 256, "end": 259}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 287, "end": 297}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "inclusion", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 176, "end": 191}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rates", "start": 232, "end": 242}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 261, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As flow rates of shielding gas increased from 5 L/min to 25 L/min, the oxygen content in the melt pool decreased from 775 ppm to 375 ppm at low intensity of laser beam (73 W/m2), and from 677 ppm to 1470 ppm at high intensity of laser beam (725 W/m2).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 71, "end": 77}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 157, "end": 167}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 229, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variation in oxygen content affected melt pool shape, solidification texture, and the mechanical properties of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variation", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 54, "end": 68}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "material", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In each intensity of laser beam group, optimal flow rates of shielding gas condition for tensile property existed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "gas", "start": 71, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rates", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile property", "start": 89, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As inclusion number density increased from 8866/mm2 to 45909/mm2, yield stress increased to 26%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "yield stress", "start": 66, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A rapid drop in ductility occurred at flow rate 5 L/min, because independently-nucleated spinel accelerated inclusion coalescence in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "spinel", "start": 89, "end": 95}, {"text": "inclusion", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 137, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed energy deposition (DED) is a metal additive manufacturing process, where dimensional accuracy and repeatability are traditionally challenging to achieve.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed energy deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 38, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 82, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "repeatability", "start": 107, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strategies for computationally inexpensive process modelling and fast-response process controls of the laser deposition process are necessary to keep the geometric features close to the required dimensional tolerances.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "process controls", "start": 79, "end": 95}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "laser", "start": 103, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 109, "end": 127}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional tolerances", "start": 195, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The deposition geometry depends highly on the complex local laser-material interaction and global thermal history of the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to control the deposition geometry, an accurate and computationally inexpensive discretized state space thermal history model coupled with an analytical deposition geometry model is developed in this work.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "model", "start": 129, "end": 134}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 162, "end": 172}, {"text": "model", "start": 182, "end": 187}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 48, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model accounts for the local laser-material interaction using the mass and energy equilibrium equations coupled in a lumped parameter solution, as well as the global thermal history of the product using a state space thermomechanical discretization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "equilibrium", "start": 86, "end": 97}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 221, "end": 237}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "as", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In literature, studies have only focused on 1D toolpaths with constant process parameters such as speed, powder feedrate, and laser power.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 71, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "powder", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 126, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As it is possible to achieve highly complex geometric shapes with additive manufacturing, it is important to have models compatible with 2D/3D complex toolpaths.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "feature": [{"text": "geometric shapes", "start": 44, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 66, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, an analytical thermomechanical model and a coupled deposition geometry model for DED process are presented and experimentally validated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical model", "start": 29, "end": 51}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "model", "start": 86, "end": 91}, {"text": "experimentally validated", "start": 126, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 96, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As such, the thermal history of the deposited part is predicted throughout the process and the geometric features are predicted for 2D toolpaths.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "process", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 118, "end": 127}, {"text": "2D", "start": 132, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the ongoing success of metal additive manufacturing and especially the selective laser melting (SLM) technology, process-related defects, distortions and residual stresses impede its usability for fracture-critical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 59}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 79, "end": 102}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 104, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 109, "end": 119}, {"text": "defects", "start": 137, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 162, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, results of in situ X-ray diffraction experiments are presented that offer insights into the strain and stress formation during the manufacturing of multi-layer thin walls made from Inconel 625.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 107, "end": 113}, {"text": "stress", "start": 118, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 146, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 196, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using different measuring modes and laser scanning parameters, several experimental observations are discussed to validate and extend theoretical models and simulations from the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 157, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 51, "end": 61}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 71, "end": 83}, {"text": "theoretical models", "start": 134, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a sample is built-up layer by layer, the stress state changes continuously up until the last exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 5, "end": 11}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 24, "end": 38}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 44, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The localized energy input leads to a complex stress field around the heat source that involves alternating tensile and compressive stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 46, "end": 52}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 108, "end": 115}, {"text": "compressive stresses", "start": 120, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat source", "start": 70, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The correlation of temperature and yield strength results in a stress maximum at a certain distance to the top layer.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "layer", "start": 111, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 35, "end": 49}, {"text": "stress", "start": 63, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study demonstrates the potential of high-energy synchrotron radiation diffraction for in situ SLM research.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "research", "start": 110, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabry-Pérot ultrasonic metamaterials have been additively manufactured using laser powder bed fusion to contain subwavelength holes with a high aspect-ratio of width to depth.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 23, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 47, "end": 70}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 77, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such metamaterials require the acoustic impedance mismatch between the structure and the immersion medium to be large.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 5, "end": 18}, {"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown for the first time that metallic structures fulfil this criterion for applications in water over the 200–800 kHz frequency range.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic structures", "start": 36, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 135, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is also demonstrated that laser powder bed fusion is a flexible fabrication method for the ceration of structures with different thicknesses, hole geometry and tapered openings, allowing the acoustic properties to be modified.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 29, "end": 52}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 150, "end": 158}, {"text": "properties", "start": 203, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 217, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was confirmed via both finite element simulation and practical measurements that these structures supported Fabry-Pérot resonances, needed for metamaterial operation, at ultrasonic frequencies in water.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterial", "start": 146, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) is shown to be a viable production route for titanium aluminides components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective electron beam melting", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 33, "end": 37}, {"text": "production", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 104, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fully dense and crack free parts can be produced.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Fully dense", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present paper a titanium aluminide alloy Ti-45Al-4Nb-C was investigated and the complete processing chain was developed, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "titanium aluminide alloy", "start": 23, "end": 47}, {"text": "Ti-45Al-4Nb-C", "start": 48, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "starting from the determination of the processing window, the evaluation of corresponding material properties for cube like specimens and finally the production of turbocharger wheels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 90, "end": 109}, {"text": "cube", "start": 114, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 150, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material properties were optimized by adjusting scanning strategy as well as heat treatment with particular consideration of the application to turbocharger wheels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 4, "end": 23}, {"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 52, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The issue of dimensional accuracy and the feasibility of joining will be discussed and a proof test is performed.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "joining", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys are widely used in load-bearing implants; specifically, in hip, knee, and spinal applications due to their excellent wear resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 36, "end": 42}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 75, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hip", "start": 102, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "knee", "start": 107, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 160, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, due to in vivo corrosion and mechanically assisted corrosion, metal ion release occurs and accounts for poor biocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "ion", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 118, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, a significant interest to improve upon CoCrMo alloy exists.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CoCrMo alloy", "start": 50, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work we hypothesize that calcium phosphate (CaP) will behave as a solid lubricant in CoCrMo alloy under tribological testing, thereby minimizing wear and metal ion release concerns associated with CoCrMo alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "calcium phosphate", "start": 40, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "lubricant", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "CoCrMo alloy", "start": 100, "end": 112}, {"text": "metal", "start": 169, "end": 174}, {"text": "CoCrMo alloy", "start": 212, "end": 224}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tribological", "start": 119, "end": 131}, {"text": "wear", "start": 160, "end": 164}, {"text": "ion", "start": 175, "end": 178}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CoCrMo-CaP composite coatings were processed using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™) system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite coatings", "start": 11, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser engineered net shaping", "start": 51, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After LENS™ processing, CoCrMo alloy was subjected to laser surface melting (LSM) using the same LENS™ set-up.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CoCrMo alloy", "start": 24, "end": 36}, {"text": "LSM", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 68, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples were investigated for microstructural features, phase identification, and biocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 30, "end": 45}, {"text": "phase", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 82, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that LSM treated CoCrMo improved wear resistance by 5 times.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "LSM", "start": 18, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 46, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that careful surface modification treatments can simultaneously improve wear resistance and in vivo biocompatibility of CoCrMo alloy, which can correlate to a reduction of metal ion release in vivo.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface modification", "start": 30, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 89, "end": 104}, {"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 117, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "CoCrMo alloy", "start": 137, "end": 149}, {"text": "metal", "start": 189, "end": 194}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 176, "end": 185}, {"text": "ion", "start": 195, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) has several possible advantages over traditional manufacturing including increased design freedom, reduced material usage, and shorter lead-times.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 65, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 111, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 135, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A noteworthy capability of AM is the ability to monitor the process during material deposition and interrupt the process during fabrication if necessary.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 128, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "monitor", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "process", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "process", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 75, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, such monitoring, feedback, and control have been made possible by implementing in situ infrared (IR) thermography in powder bed fusion AM technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion AM technologies", "start": 127, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of the current research was to investigate the acquisition of absolute surface temperatures using in situ IR imaging of the melted or solid surfaces layer-by-layer during fabrication within an electron beam melting (EBM) system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "surface", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "melted", "start": 136, "end": 142}, {"text": "surfaces layer-by-layer", "start": 152, "end": 175}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 183, "end": 194}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 205, "end": 226}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 228, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal camera was synchronized with the system's signal voltages of three synchronized events (pre-heating, melting, and raking) to automatically capture images.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 159, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To acquire absolute temperature values from the IR images, a calibration procedure was established to determine the solid material's emissivity and reflected temperature or mean radiant temperature of the build chamber, which are necessary input parameters for the IR camera.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 158, "end": 169}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 186, "end": 197}, {"text": "build chamber", "start": 205, "end": 218}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "IR", "start": 265, "end": 267}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 51, "end": 57}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 61, "end": 72}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 246, "end": 256}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 268, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A blackbody radiator was fabricated via EBM and was used as a tool to determine the emissivity of Ti–6Al–4V (determined to be 0.26 in the temperature range of the current study).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 40, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "be", "start": 123, "end": 125}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 138, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "heat shielding) that were used in calculating the mean radiant temperature of the manufacturing environment (∼342 °C).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental validation of the model was performed using a thermocouple embedded during fabrication that showed a 3.77% difference in temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "model", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "thermocouple", "start": 59, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 134, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A temperature difference of ∼366 °C (1038 °C vs. 672 °C) was observed when comparing uncorrected IR temperature data with corrected temperature data.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 2, "end": 13}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 112, "end": 116}, {"text": "data", "start": 144, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Upon validation of the IR parameters for a melted area, experimentation was conducted to also determine powder emissivity (found to be 0.50).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "validation", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "melted", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 50, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 104, "end": 110}, {"text": "be", "start": 132, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal model presented here can be modified and implemented in other AM technologies for consideration of radiation energy to acquire absolute temperatures of layered surfaces, leading to improved thermal monitoring and control of the fabrication process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 172, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 74, "end": 89}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 111, "end": 120}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 240, "end": 251}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 148, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ welding during powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Highly dense part without degrading of mechanical properties was fabricated by EBM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 39, "end": 60}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 79, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The applications of EBM technology was expanded using the in-situ welding concept.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 20, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 58, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As one of the powder-bed-fusion additive manufacturing processes, electron beam melting (EBM) is able to produce metal parts directly.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "metal", "start": 113, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 32, "end": 64}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 66, "end": 87}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 89, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many small volume components with high quality have been fabricated using the EBM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 11, "end": 17}, {"text": "quality", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 78, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, there are only few reports on the EBM fabrication of medium-sized components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 75, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This, in turn, drastically degrades the mechanical properties of the EBM printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 40, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 69, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we firstly report an in-situ welding process to overcome the lack of energy issue caused by the long scan length during EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "process", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 126, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After the investigation of the corresponding microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties, it is revealed that the in-situ welding zone is fully joined and the mechanical properties of the in-situ welded part are comparable to that of the wrought counterpart.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 61, "end": 74}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 123, "end": 130}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 168, "end": 189}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 197, "end": 204}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 247, "end": 254}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 79, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This implies that medium-sized components can be successfully fabricated using the EBM, with no compromise on the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 46, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 114, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 83, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From pottery to clay tablets and building materials, clay easily qualifies as one of the most versatile materials in the history of human civilization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 16, "end": 20}, {"text": "clay", "start": 53, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "materials", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Clay owes this versatility to the distinct properties it exhibits before and after firing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Clay", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "firing", "start": 83, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Soft, unfired clay can morph into complex shapes, while fired clay offers a fixed shape and higher stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 14, "end": 18}, {"text": "clay", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 34, "end": 48}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 99, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fired", "start": 56, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite several potential applications, thus far, no designer materials with similar properties have been demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "properties", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we introduce the concept of metallic clay: a designer material that mimics the two-state behavior of clay.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic clay", "start": 34, "end": 47}, {"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "clay", "start": 107, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metallic clay could initially morph into arbitrarily complex shapes owing to numerous degrees-of-freedom that its various kinematic (moving) and compliant (deformable) joints afford.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metallic clay", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 53, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabrication of metallic clay requires novel designs of joints and locking mechanisms that are compatible with metal 3D printing (additive manufacturing) techniques such that metallic clay can be fabricated through a single-step, non-assembly, and self-supporting 3D printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 120, "end": 131}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 133, "end": 155}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 267, "end": 278}], "material": [{"text": "metallic clay", "start": 19, "end": 32}, {"text": "metal", "start": 114, "end": 119}, {"text": "metallic clay", "start": 178, "end": 191}, {"text": "be", "start": 196, "end": 198}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "self-supporting", "start": 251, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We designed with 3D printing 17 prototypes using selective laser melting from a medical grade high strength titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) to demonstrate the various aspects of metallic clay.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 3, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 49, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototypes", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 117, "end": 122}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 124, "end": 133}, {"text": "metallic clay", "start": 173, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biomass-derived polymers have been rapidly developed for alleviating excessive fossil-fuel-based plastic consumption, as green manufacturing is required due to many environmental issues.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "as", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 127, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "environmental issues", "start": 165, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, using a recently developed biopolymer, bio-based polycarbonate (bio PC), we demonstrated the processability of filament-feedstock extrusion and extrusion-type 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "biopolymer", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 55, "end": 68}, {"text": "PC", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 136, "end": 145}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 165, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under a set of optimal process conditions, the as-printed bio PC products showed superior tensile strength compared to other commercial polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 8, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 15, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "PC", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 136, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 90, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also confirmed the environmentally friendly characteristics of the thermoplastic processes of bio PC by measuring hazardous emissions during 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 70, "end": 83}, {"text": "PC", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 84, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 144, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, considering sterilization of the as-printed consumer products, we tested the resistive properties of bio PC parts against heat and UV.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "consumer products", "start": 53, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 96, "end": 106}, {"text": "heat", "start": 131, "end": 135}, {"text": "UV", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "PC", "start": 114, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Collectively, the good 3D printability, low gas and particle emission, and decent durability of the bio PC material indicate great potential applications for indoor home manufacturing of various consumer products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "gas", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "particle", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "emission", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "durability", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "PC material", "start": 104, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 170, "end": 183}], "application": [{"text": "consumer products", "start": 195, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process−property relationships in additive manufacturing (AM) play critical roles in process control and rapid certification.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 56}, {"text": "AM", "start": 58, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process control", "start": 85, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In laser-based directed energy deposition, powder mass flow into the melt pool influences the cooling behavior and properties of a built part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 15, "end": 41}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 115, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study develops predictive computational models that provide the microhardness of AM components processed with miscible dissimilar alloys, and then investigates the influence of varying process parameters on properties in experiments and modeling.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational models", "start": 31, "end": 51}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 242, "end": 250}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 69, "end": 82}, {"text": "processed", "start": 100, "end": 109}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 152, "end": 164}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 190, "end": 208}, {"text": "properties", "start": 212, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "dissimilar alloys", "start": 124, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimentally-determined clad dilution and microhardness results of Ni-based superalloy Inconel 718 clads deposited onto 1045 carbon steel substrates are compared to the values from a computational thermo-fluid dynamics (CtFD) model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 44, "end": 57}, {"text": "model", "start": 228, "end": 233}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "carbon steel", "start": 127, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The numerical model considers the fluidic mechanisms of molten metal during powder deposition and the resulting transient melt pool geometry changes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "transient", "start": 112, "end": 121}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 132, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "molten metal", "start": 56, "end": 68}, {"text": "powder", "start": 76, "end": 82}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model also handles the change in thermo-physical properties caused by the composition mixture between the powder and substrate materials in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "properties", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "composition", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 110, "end": 116}, {"text": "substrate materials", "start": 121, "end": 140}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 148, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the computed temperature and velocity distributions in the melt pool, cooling rate, dilution of the melt pool and microhardenss are evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 79, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 47, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capability to predict thermal histories in such models is calibrated and validated with experimental thermal imaging and microstructures of additive manufactured clads.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "calibrated", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 92, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 125, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 144, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the roles of cooling rate and alloy composition on the microhardness are examined.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 68, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that variation in microhardness is dominated by composition mixture between the powder and substrate materials, rather than cooling behavior or dendrite arm spacing at liquid-solid interface in laser deposited Inconel 718 on AISI 1045 carbon steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "composition", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "liquid-solid interface", "start": 185, "end": 207}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 97, "end": 103}, {"text": "substrate materials", "start": 108, "end": 127}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 227, "end": 238}, {"text": "carbon steel", "start": 252, "end": 264}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 161, "end": 169}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 211, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new one-way coupled thermal-mechanical finite element based model of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is developed to simulate the process, and predict distortion and cracking failure location in the fabricated components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "model", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "process", "start": 136, "end": 143}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 157, "end": 167}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 172, "end": 180}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 205, "end": 215}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 71, "end": 99}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 101, "end": 105}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 216, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model takes into account the layer-by-layer additive manufacturing features, solidification and melting phenomena.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 81, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "melting", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is first validated using experimental data, then model is applied to a DMLS fabricated component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "model", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 81, "end": 85}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study shows how the stress distribution at the support-solid interface is critical to contributing to cracking and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress distribution", "start": 24, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 106, "end": 114}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the DMLS process, thermal stress at the support-solid interface reaches its maximum during the printing process, particularly when the first solid layer is built above the support layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 11, "end": 15}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 102, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stress", "start": 25, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 154, "end": 159}, {"text": "layer", "start": 187, "end": 192}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 179, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This result suggests that cracking at the interface may occur during the printing process, which is consistent with experimental observation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "interface", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 116, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 73, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using a design parametric study, a thick and low-density porous layer is found to reduce residual stress and distortion in the built component.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 57, "end": 63}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 89, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 133, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The developed finite element model can be used to future design and optimize DMLS process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 14, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 77, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is growing interest in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) or Selective Laser Melting (SLM) manufacturing of high conductivity metals such as copper and refractory metals.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 29, "end": 52}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 64, "end": 87}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 89, "end": 92}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 116, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 141, "end": 143}, {"text": "refractory metals", "start": 155, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM manufacturing of high thermal conductivity metals is particularly difficult.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 26, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 47, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In case of refractory metals, the difficulty is amplified because of their high melting point and brittle behaviour.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "refractory metals", "start": 11, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "melting point", "start": 80, "end": 93}, {"text": "brittle", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rapid process development strategies are essential to identify suitable process parameters for achieving minimum porosities in these alloys, yet current strategies suffer from several limitations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 72, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 133, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We propose a simple approach for rapid process development using normalized process maps.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "process", "start": 76, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using plots of normalized energy density vs. normalized hatch spacing, we identify a wide processability window.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is further refined using analytical heat transfer models to predict melt pool size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 41, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 73, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Final optimization of the parameters is achieved by experiments based on statistical Design of Experiments concepts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 6, "end": 18}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "Design of Experiments", "start": 85, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article we demonstrate the use of our proposed approach for development of process parameters (hatch spacing, layer thickness, exposure time and point distance) for SLM manufacturing of molybdenum and aluminium.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 83, "end": 101}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 135, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 103, "end": 116}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 118, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM manufacturing", "start": 173, "end": 190}], "material": [{"text": "molybdenum", "start": 194, "end": 204}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 209, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relative densities of 97.4% and 99.7% are achieved using 200 W pulsed laser and 400 W continuous laser respectively, for molybdenum and aluminium, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach for SLM processing of high conductivity materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Relative densities", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 222, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pulsed laser", "start": 63, "end": 75}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 199, "end": 202}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "molybdenum", "start": 121, "end": 131}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 165, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inconel 718, a widely used nickel based super alloy, is of special interest to the aerospace and automotive fields for its highly desirable and consistent material properties over a large range of temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "nickel", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "super alloy", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 155, "end": 174}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 188, "end": 193}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 197, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this research is to understand the effect of process parameters of a Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) machine, concerning mainly beam power between 40 W and 300 W and scan line speed between 200 mm/s and 2500 mm/s on scan line quality, line geometry and dimensions, and melt pool geometry in laser melted Inconel 718 line scans.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 62, "end": 80}, {"text": "quality", "start": 247, "end": 254}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 261, "end": 269}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 300, "end": 308}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Direct Metal Laser Sintering", "start": 86, "end": 114}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 116, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "beam", "start": 149, "end": 153}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 274, "end": 284}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 290, "end": 299}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 325, "end": 336}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 312, "end": 317}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Higher power runs resulted in voids forming in the bottom of the melt pool and were consistent with either electron beam welding or melting processes operating at higher temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 7, "end": 12}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 170, "end": 182}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "electron beam welding", "start": 107, "end": 128}, {"text": "melting", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 65, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser energy density (LED), a method of correlating the effects of scan speed and beam power into one characteristic process parameter, was also investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Laser energy density", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "application": [{"text": "LED", "start": 22, "end": 25}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 82, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 117, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This ratio of beam power to scan speed follows a second order polynomial trend line for melt pool width and a logarithmic trend for average line width.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "trend", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "trend", "start": 122, "end": 127}, {"text": "average", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LED values for melt pool depth are separated to show two trend lines as two mechanisms operate at low values below 0.25 J/mm and high values above 0.25 J/mm.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "LED", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt pool depth", "start": 15, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "trend", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 69, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process optimization has always been a crucial step for effective usage of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes: it consists in establishing quantitative relations between final part's characteristics and process parameters to find their optimal combination and obtain a fully functional mechanical component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process optimization", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "step", "start": 47, "end": 51}, {"text": "processes", "start": 109, "end": 118}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 148, "end": 160}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 212, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 103}, {"text": "AM", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 295, "end": 305}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 306, "end": 315}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental investigation techniques are usually employed for this purpose but they can be extremely expensive and time-consuming, especially when the output of the process depends on a large number of parameters, like for AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "process", "start": 166, "end": 173}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 203, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 224, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical simulation could represent an alternative solution: by reproducing the real process characteristics, a simulation could provide useful insights, allowing to evaluate the performance of the process for different parameter combinations without relying exclusively on expensive experimental campaigns.In this work, a finite element AM simulation based on the inherent strain (IS) method was developed and the prediction performance in terms of part's residual deformation was evaluated by comparing the numerical results with the measurements carried out on an experimental campaign.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Numerical simulation", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "process", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "performance", "start": 180, "end": 191}, {"text": "process", "start": 199, "end": 206}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 221, "end": 230}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 285, "end": 297}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 324, "end": 338}, {"text": "prediction performance", "start": 416, "end": 438}, {"text": "residual deformation", "start": 458, "end": 478}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 568, "end": 580}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 339, "end": 341}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 375, "end": 381}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new model calibration approach for prediction improvement was also implemented and it allowed to discover an unexpected behaviour of the model that strongly affects the validity of this method for AM simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model calibration", "start": 6, "end": 23}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "model", "start": 139, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 199, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The role of volumetric energy density on the microstructural evolution, texture and mechanical properties of 304L stainless steel parts additively manufactured via selective laser melting process is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 23, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 45, "end": 70}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 84, "end": 105}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 114, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 136, "end": 159}, {"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 164, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "304L is chosen because it is a potential candidate to be used as a matrix in a metal matrix composite with nanoparticles dispersion for energy and high temperature applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "metal matrix composite", "start": 79, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles dispersion", "start": 107, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 152, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The highest relative density of 99% ±0.5 was achieved using a volumetric energy density of 1400 J/mm3.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 12, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 73, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both XRD analysis and Scheil simulation revealed the presence of a small trace of the delta ferrite phase, due to rapid solidification within the austenitic matrix of 304L.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 5, "end": 8}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 146, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 114, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fine cellular substructure ranged between 0.4–1.8 μm, was detected across different energy density values.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 86, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the highest energy density value, a strong texture in the direction of [100] was identified.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 15, "end": 29}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 46, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At lower energy density values, multicomponent texture was found due to high nucleation rate and the existing defects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "defects", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and microhardness of samples with a relative density of 99% were measured to be 540 ± 15 MPa, 660 ± 20 MPa and 254 ± 7 HV, respectively and higher than mechanical properties of conventionally manufactured 304L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Yield strength", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 16, "end": 41}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 79, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 47, "end": 60}, {"text": "samples", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 132, "end": 135}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 146, "end": 149}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 195, "end": 216}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 235, "end": 247}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 120, "end": 122}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 253, "end": 268}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat treatment of the laser melted 304L at 1200 °C for 2 h, resulted in the nucleation of recrystallized equiaxed grains followed by a decrease in microhardness value from 233 ± 3 HV to 208 ± 8 HV due to disappearance of cellular substructure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Heat treatment", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "recrystallized", "start": 90, "end": 104}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 76, "end": 86}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 105, "end": 120}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 147, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work the process of Acoustoplastic Metal Direct-write (AMD) is introduced for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 43, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Millimeter-scale 3D aluminum articles were printed to demonstrate the process feasibility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "process feasibility", "start": 70, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evidence of process-induced inter-layer and intra-layer mass transport resulting in metallurgical bonding across voxels was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metallurgical bonding", "start": 84, "end": 105}, {"text": "voxels", "start": 113, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During voxel formation, a process temperature rise of 5 ° Celsius from a process ambient temperature of 25 ° Celsius was recorded.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "voxel", "start": 7, "end": 12}, {"text": "process", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "process", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 89, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, acoustic energy-induced microstructural changes during process were observed in the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 37, "end": 52}, {"text": "process", "start": 68, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 97, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented here not only demonstrates the feasibility of a new non-melt fusion room temperature metal 3D printing approach—capable of producing metals with more than 99 percent density—but also presents both observational study and an initial theoretical basis upon which a new athermal microstructural transformation process may be understood Selective laser melting and other additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have recently attracted substantial interest of both researchers and the processing industry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 50, "end": 61}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 251, "end": 262}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 295, "end": 310}, {"text": "process", "start": 326, "end": 333}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 104, "end": 109}, {"text": "metals", "start": 152, "end": 158}, {"text": "be", "start": 338, "end": 340}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 352, "end": 375}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 386, "end": 408}, {"text": "AM", "start": 410, "end": 412}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 509, "end": 517}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the selective laser melting (SLM) process, the components are produced layer-wise using a laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 7, "end": 30}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 32, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 50, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM is a powder bed based AM process and is characterized by the complete melting of the utilized powder material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "melting", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 98, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Employing SLM, complex three-dimensional parts and light weight structures can be produced directly from 3D CAD data.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 10, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 23, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "data", "start": 112, "end": 116}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, although SLM is a very promising technology, there are still challenges to solve.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 18, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 42, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under cyclic loading, pores can act as stress raisers and lead to premature crack initiations, which reduce the fatigue strength of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 6, "end": 20}, {"text": "pores", "start": 22, "end": 27}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 112, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "lead", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "material", "start": 136, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) offers the possibility to reduce the porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Hot isostatic pressing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HIP combines high pressure and high temperature to produce materials with superior properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "materials", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "properties", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 36, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of the HIP process parameters on the density and microstructure of IN718 SLM components is investigated by means of micro X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 21, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 63, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 136, "end": 161}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 166, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of the experiments show that the majority of pores can be densified by means of HIP.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 92, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, some pores can not be densified.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 38, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reason for this is seen in entrapped argon gas from the SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "argon", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 60, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing technology is sensitive to variations in powder particle morphology and size distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 81, "end": 91}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 131, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 95, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the absence of a clear link between the powder characteristics and the LPBF performances complicates the development, selection and quality control of LPBF powder feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 49, "end": 55}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 172, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 80, "end": 84}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 160, "end": 164}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 141, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, three Ti-6Al-4 V powder lots produced by two different techniques, namely, plasma atomization and gas atomization, were selected and characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V powder", "start": 20, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "atomization", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "gas atomization", "start": 112, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Following the micro-computed tomography analysis of the powder particles’ morphology, size and density, the flowability of these powder lots was concurrently evaluated using Hall and Gustavsson flowmeters and an FT4 powder rheometer.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-computed tomography", "start": 14, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 56, "end": 72}, {"text": "powder", "start": 129, "end": 135}, {"text": "powder", "start": 216, "end": 222}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Next, the same three powder lots were used to 3D-print and post-process a series of testing specimens with different layer thicknesses and build orientations, in order to establish a correlation between the powder characteristics and the geometric and mechanical properties of a final product.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 21, "end": 27}, {"text": "powder", "start": 207, "end": 213}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-process", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 252, "end": 273}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thicknesses", "start": 117, "end": 134}, {"text": "build orientations", "start": 139, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates that the use of highly spherical powders with a limited amount of fine particles promotes their flowability and yields LPBF components with improved mechanical and geometric characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "particles", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 143, "end": 147}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 173, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the melt pool convection currents influence the dilution, porosity and distribution of potentially included hard phase particles such as carbide or other ceramic particles, which are added to increase the wear resistance of the deposited material, there is only limited knowledge of melt pool dynamics within blown powder additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 163, "end": 170}, {"text": "material", "start": 247, "end": 255}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 292, "end": 301}, {"text": "powder", "start": 324, "end": 330}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 214, "end": 229}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 80, "end": 92}, {"text": "phase particles", "start": 122, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 331, "end": 363}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the pursuit of a deeper understanding, a high-speed camera has been used to observe melt pool dynamics during laser cladding at a frame rate of up to 67’ 000 frames per second, allowing for the particles that swim on the surface to be traced automatically.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "be", "start": 235, "end": 237}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 113, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 197, "end": 206}, {"text": "surface", "start": 224, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting videos allow for the melt pool surface behavior to be investigated using a specifically developed automated high-speed camera image evaluation technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 133, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method has been tested for reliability and applied to investigate the process parameter influence on melt pool dynamics.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 75, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 106, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show, that there is no pronounced laminar flow on the melt pool surface, instead a remarkable randomness to the direction of particle flow can be observed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "be", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 137, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "That being said, it is still possible to identify certain flow tendencies that can be explained by surface tension phenomena like the Marangoni effect and which depend on the process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 99, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 175, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Metal Deposition is a near-net-shape processing technology, which allows remarkable freedom in multi-material processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Metal Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "near-net-shape", "start": 28, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 101, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been shown that multi-material processing of the two alloys via discrete as well as via gradual material transition is possible without any cracks for manufacturing small cubes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 23, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 60, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "as", "start": 88, "end": 90}, {"text": "material", "start": 103, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 158, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cross-sections of manufactured parts and tracks showed that a preheating temperature of at least 400 °C is necessary to process crack free samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cross-sections", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 18, "end": 30}, {"text": "process", "start": 120, "end": 127}, {"text": "samples", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 62, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EDX-analyses indicated that if a discrete material transition is required in multi-material processing, the material transition should be implemented in the vertical build-up direction because the mixing zone in this direction is significantly smaller than the mixing zone in the horizontal direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 42, "end": 50}, {"text": "material", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "be", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 77, "end": 91}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 197, "end": 203}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 261, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the stronger mixing effects in the horizontal direction, a gradual material transition by a linear progression should be implemented in this direction rather than in the vertical direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 177, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "be", "start": 125, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mixing effects are mainly caused by melt flow, while diffusion effects can be neglected.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "melt flow", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing of the low workability Fe-Co-1.5V (Hiperco® equivalent) alloy is demonstrated using the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) metals additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 67, "end": 72}, {"text": "metals", "start": 135, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 99, "end": 127}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 129, "end": 133}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 142, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As an innovative and highly localized solidification process, LENS is shown to overcome workability issues that arise during conventional thermomechanical processing, enabling the production of bulk, near net-shape forms of the Fe-Co alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 234, "end": 239}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 38, "end": 60}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 62, "end": 66}, {"text": "thermomechanical processing", "start": 138, "end": 165}, {"text": "production", "start": 180, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bulk LENS structures appeared to be ductile with no significant macroscopic defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 5, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic defects", "start": 64, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fine equiaxed grain structures were observed in as-built specimens following solidification, which then evolved toward a highly heterogeneous bimodal grain structure after annealing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 5, "end": 19}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 77, "end": 91}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 128, "end": 141}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 150, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 172, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure evolution in Fe-Co is discussed in the context of classical solidification theory and selective grain boundary pinning processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 4, "end": 28}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 79, "end": 93}, {"text": "grain boundary", "start": 115, "end": 129}, {"text": "processes", "start": 138, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetic properties were also assessed and shown to fall within the extremes of conventionally processed Hiperco® alloys.Hiperco® is a registered trademark of Carpenter Technologies, Readings, PA.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "processed", "start": 95, "end": 104}, {"text": "Technologies", "start": 169, "end": 181}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 193, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of 3D printing in architecture has grown tremendously over the last decade thanks to its strong reputation as a versatile, cheap and fast technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 115, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Its durability, in fact, depends on several factors (above all design accuracy, quality of materials and environmental aggressiveness), which may lead or contribute to rapid performance decay over time.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "durability", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "materials", "start": 91, "end": 100}, {"text": "performance", "start": 174, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 146, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this in mind, the paper describes the design-to-production process for a façade shading system using additive manufacturing and the associated testing campaign to assess the feasibility of the design and durability of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 179, "end": 190}, {"text": "materials", "start": 223, "end": 232}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 106, "end": 128}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 148, "end": 155}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 198, "end": 204}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "durability", "start": 209, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Horizontal lamellas, with a complex curved geometry, were generated using computational design optimised for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to select the most suitable 3D-printable material, tests were conducted on different polymers in a climatic chamber at Politecnico di Milano to monitor material performances over time at high temperatures such as the ones in Dubai.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "material", "start": 161, "end": 169}, {"text": "as", "start": 219, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "monitor", "start": 153, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 201, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The data gathered from these tests was crucial to the correct design of the façade manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 83, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures are advantageous in terms of their high specific stiffness and strength, and have been applied to the design of lightweight structures owing to the recent development of additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "design", "start": 121, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 59, "end": 77}, {"text": "strength", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "lightweight structures", "start": 131, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 189, "end": 211}, {"text": "AM", "start": 213, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The unique design flexibility of AM has enabled the fabrication of a functionally graded lattice (FGL) by gradually changing the lattice size and enhancing structural efficiency of lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design flexibility", "start": 11, "end": 29}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 52, "end": 63}], "feature": [{"text": "functionally graded lattice", "start": 69, "end": 96}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 181, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although FGLs have been generally designed to reduce the compliance (i.e., to increase the stiffness), this study aims to develop soft polymeric lattices to widen the range of compliance for the development of FGLs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 145, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 167, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To develop soft lattice structures, various lattices were designed and fabricated using a photo-polymerization type 3D printer and photo-curable polyurethane resin.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 16, "end": 34}, {"text": "designed", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "photo-curable", "start": 131, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 158, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression tests were conducted on these lattices, and their deformation behaviors were analyzed experimentally.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Compression tests", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 42, "end": 50}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of various lattice design parameters and the curing time were also investigated, and the resulting changes in the compliance were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice design", "start": 23, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "curing time", "start": 57, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a consequence, the compressive stiffness can vary widely, within a range of 10−3 to 102 N/mm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 70, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two types of FGLs, which enabled the self-positioning and self-guided moving functions, were then developed by varying the lattice direction, strut diameter and curing time effectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 123, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "strut diameter", "start": 142, "end": 156}, {"text": "curing time", "start": 161, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal conductivity of AlSi10Mg made by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), and its modification via heat treatment, has received little attention despite possible applications for heat exchangers and thermo-mechanical components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 45, "end": 68}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 70, "end": 74}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 102, "end": 116}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat exchangers", "start": 182, "end": 197}, {"text": "components", "start": 220, "end": 230}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 202, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we show that heat treatment can increase the thermal conductivity of LPBF AlSi10Mg to that of cast material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 75, "end": 79}, {"text": "cast", "start": 100, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 51, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results indicate that post-manufacture annealing eliminates the thermal conductivity anisotropy present in the as-built condition, and enhances the conductivity by close to 30% in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the LPBF build orientation).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 43, "end": 52}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 231, "end": 235}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 68, "end": 88}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 152, "end": 164}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 236, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A solution heat treatment increases the thermal conductivity further still (36% compared to the as-built condition), while a T6-like treatment provides the greatest increase (44% compared to the as-built condition).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution heat treatment", "start": 2, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 40, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These improvements are related to the evolution of the AlSi10Mg microstructure, especially the breakdown of the Si cellular structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "Si", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 115, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the thermal conductivities of gyroid lattice structures were examined in the as-built and annealed conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 18, "end": 40}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 51, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contrary to solid specimens, the lattice structures exhibited almost isotropic thermal conductivity in the as-built condition.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 33, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 69, "end": 78}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 87, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Their thermal conductivities were increased by the annealing treatment in proportion to their volume fraction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 6, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing treatment", "start": 51, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 94, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our findings contribute to the development of a general design-for-additive-manufacturing (DfAM) framework which will make the best possible use of AM materials and lattice structures for heat transfer components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 188, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 148, "end": 160}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 165, "end": 183}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 202, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Building on a large scale with Additive Manufacturing (AM) is one of the biggest manufacturing challenges of our time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}, {"text": "AM", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 81, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the last decade, the proliferation of 3D printing has allowed architects and engineers to imagine and develop constructions that can be produced additively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, questions about the convenience of using this technology, and whether additive large-scale constructions can be feasible, efficient and sustainable are still open.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "sustainable", "start": 145, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "be", "start": 118, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research 3D printing is considered not as a question, but as an answer to the increasing scarcity of material resources in the construction industry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 17, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "material", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 135, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper illustrates the overarching process from concept to the realisation of the Trabeculae Pavilion, a load-responsive architecture that is entirely designed and optimized for 3D printing, using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-one of the most cost-effective additive techniques of production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "Trabeculae", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "additive", "start": 265, "end": 273}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 155, "end": 163}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 182, "end": 193}, {"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 201, "end": 227}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 229, "end": 232}, {"text": "production", "start": 288, "end": 298}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research methodology is based on a multi-scale computational workflow that integrates several aspects, such as material testing, bio-inspired design algorithms, multi-criteria optimization, and production management.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research methodology", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "workflow", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "bio-inspired design algorithms", "start": 133, "end": 163}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 180, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 124, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 198, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work culminates in the construction process of a full-scale architectural prototype; an anticlastic shell that features a cellular structure with increased material and structural efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 27, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 126, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructural characterization was carried out on AISI 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) in an argon environment.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Microstructural characterization", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "17-4 PH stainless steel", "start": 57, "end": 80}, {"text": "argon", "start": 131, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 95, "end": 118}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 120, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventionally, this steel exhibits a martensitic structure with a small fraction of δ ferrite.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 73, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the combined findings of x-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) proved that SLM-ed 17-4 PH steel has a fully ferritic microstructure, more specifically δ ferrite.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray diffraction", "start": 34, "end": 51}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 56, "end": 88}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 90, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PH", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "ferritic", "start": 141, "end": 149}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 186, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure consists of coarse ferritic grains elongated along the build direction, with a pronounced solidification crystallographic texture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 109, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "ferritic", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 74, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 141, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results were associated to the high cooling and heating rates experienced throughout the SLM process that suppressed the austenite formation and produced a “by-passing” phenomenon of this phase during the numerous thermal cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "heating", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 95, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "phase", "start": 194, "end": 199}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 127, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 220, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements revealed a uniform distribution of elements without any dendritic structure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 55, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 41, "end": 53}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 92, "end": 104}, {"text": "structure", "start": 139, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extremely high cooling kinetics induced a diffusionless solidification, resulting in a homogeneous elemental composition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 60, "end": 74}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 91, "end": 102}, {"text": "composition", "start": 113, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also found that the ferritic SLM-ed material can be transformed to martensite again by re-austenitization at 1050 °C followed by quenching.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ferritic", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "material", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "quenching", "start": 136, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron Beam Melting (EBM) has the potentiality of being an effective system in terms of time and energy consumption.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the different additive manufacturing processes that are available, the EBM process has shown the lowest Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) and the highest average Deposition Rate (DRa).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 20, "end": 52}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Specific Energy", "start": 110, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 160, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, all the literature studies have only an analysis of energy efficiency during the melting of the bulk material phase and have adopted a fixed job design.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 111, "end": 119}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 155, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A black-box approach is applied to provide a new model for the energy efficiency of the EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 49, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 88, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different jobs have been designed to analyse the effect of a part and of manufacturing designs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "designs", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 73, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bulk material, support and lattice structures have been included.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 27, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The design has therefore been aimed at investigating the effect of the building height, melted area and process themes on energy efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 88, "end": 94}, {"text": "process", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 95, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The jobs have been produced using Arcam A2X and Standard Arcam Ti6Al4V powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Standard", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V powders", "start": 63, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "According to this research, the architecture of the machine and its control of the process have the main impact on the relationship between SEC and DRa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "process", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "impact", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 32, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the empirical approach applied to the machine subunits has highlighted that only a small part of the total energy demand is needed to power the electron beam during the melting phase, while the remaining part guarantees the good machine working conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 158, "end": 171}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "machine", "start": 243, "end": 250}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 148, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 183, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion, is an additive manufacturing technology that is used in industry for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of aftermarket products, molds and special machine parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 116, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 94, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 155, "end": 160}, {"text": "machine", "start": 173, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quality assurance and process stability still require improvement until this technology is ready for large scale serial production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quality", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "process", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "technology", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scan strategies and parameter sets for manufacturing are often fixed when certification processes are finished.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "processes", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, it is important to test the manufacturability of specific design features such as inner channels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturability", "start": 34, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the following we will present the qualification of inner channels in different test parts for the aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg and the stainless steel 1.4542.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 101, "end": 115}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 116, "end": 124}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 133, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The testing includes different cleaning methods and air flow rate measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cleaning", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 56, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, we will compare such parts and LPBF specific problems to observations with a coaxial melt pool monitoring system.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 45, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A system for the additive manufacturing of functionally graded concrete parts was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "functionally graded concrete", "start": 43, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is possible to 3D print functionally graded concrete parts by varying the type and ratio of aggregates.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D print", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "aggregates", "start": 95, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Homogeneous and functionally graded parts were produced with the system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Homogeneous", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "functionally graded", "start": 16, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cork is a viable natural aggregate for concrete printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cork", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "natural aggregate", "start": 17, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "concrete printing", "start": 39, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In recent years, the interest in developing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry has increased, motivated by the potential to support greater formal complexity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 66}, {"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 72, "end": 84}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 218, "end": 228}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 92, "end": 104}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 106, "end": 117}, {"text": "construction", "start": 122, "end": 134}, {"text": "AEC", "start": 136, "end": 139}, {"text": "industry", "start": 141, "end": 149}, {"text": "support", "start": 195, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this context, AM has been largely used to design and fabricate physical parts with homogeneous materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "homogeneous materials", "start": 86, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes a new strategy, aimed at the design and fabrication of functionally graded concrete parts with specific thermo-mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "functionally graded concrete", "start": 75, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical performance", "start": 124, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper describes the development of the AM system to materialize such parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materialize", "start": 56, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computational tool developed to design the material to meet specific performance requirements, and the design and testing of the material are described elsewhere.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "computational tool", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "performance", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "design", "start": 107, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "material", "start": 133, "end": 141}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 118, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A functionally graded concrete part obtained by replacing sand with cork was produced and is evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "functionally graded concrete", "start": 2, "end": 30}, {"text": "sand", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "cork", "start": 68, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties (tensile strength and creep) of AlSi10Mg specimens fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) in the Z-direction were investigated in the 25–400 °C temperature range.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 73, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 23, "end": 39}, {"text": "creep", "start": 44, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 87, "end": 110}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 112, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "Z-direction", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 171, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens were tested after stress relief treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 28, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results revealed that yield stress (YS) significantly decreases and the elongation increases at temperatures higher than 200 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 100, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) continuously decreases with temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The creep parameters, namely stress exponent n and apparent activation energy Q, were found to be 25 ± 2 and 146 ± 20 kJ/mole, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "stress", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "n", "start": 45, "end": 46}, {"text": "be", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was shown that plastic deformation during creep is governed by dislocation movements in primary aluminum grains.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 18, "end": 37}, {"text": "creep", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum", "start": 99, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tested material is actually an aluminum composite reinforced by sub-micron Si particles.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "Si", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "particles", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "feature": [{"text": "sub-micron", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The creep resistance of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting is close to that for aluminum matrix particles reinforced composites.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 24, "end": 38}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "composites", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 53, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 114, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recyclability of Ti-6Al-4 V powder by EBM process has been investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recyclability", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V powder", "start": 17, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 38, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of powder recycling was explored using metallographic and mechanical testing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 69, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recycling causes various defects to appear in Ti-6Al-4 V powder, having a negative effect on the EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recycling", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "defects", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V powder", "start": 46, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 97, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HIP significantly improves the quality of the samples made from recycled powder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "samples", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 73, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM), also called 3D-printing, is an innovative technology, as the printing of objects is performed by layer-by-layer deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "3D-printing", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "layer-by-layer deposition", "start": 126, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A wide variety of materials can be used to produce a variety of shapes that can not be achieved using any other technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "technology", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "be", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM started as a prototyping in plastics, and now it is successfully implemented with metals.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 11, "end": 13}, {"text": "plastics", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "metals", "start": 85, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototyping", "start": 16, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM in metals, first of all, in Titanium alloys, offers the potential to not only generate net-shape, complex geometrical and light-weight objects, but also to achieve enhanced mechanical properties, even better than achieved by traditional mass production, like casting.However, the priority of achieving good non-porous microstructure and the desired mechanical properties is a challenge for the main fields of applications of Titanium AM, such as the aerospace industry and production of medical implants.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "AM", "start": 437, "end": 439}, {"text": "production", "start": 476, "end": 486}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "Titanium alloys", "start": 31, "end": 46}, {"text": "Titanium", "start": 428, "end": 436}, {"text": "as", "start": 446, "end": 448}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "light-weight", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 176, "end": 197}, {"text": "mass production", "start": 240, "end": 255}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 321, "end": 335}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 352, "end": 373}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace industry", "start": 453, "end": 471}, {"text": "medical implants", "start": 490, "end": 506}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, the quality of the powder and standardization of the AM process are the top priority.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 59, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential recycling of the Ti-6Al-4 V powder as an inextricable part of the AM process needs to be explored.The influence of powder recycling on Ti-6Al-4 V additive manufacturing, the correct number of cycles, the requirements of the recycling procedures, and possible post processing procedures–are still open questions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycling", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "recycling", "start": 238, "end": 247}, {"text": "post processing", "start": 273, "end": 288}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V powder", "start": 31, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "be", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "powder", "start": 129, "end": 135}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 149, "end": 159}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 80, "end": 90}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 160, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research aims to answer these questions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two identical test cylinder sets were printed, one from recycled powder and one from the new powder batch.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 65, "end": 71}, {"text": "powder", "start": 93, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cylinders were printed by the Arcam EBM A2X machine using a start platform of 210 x 210 mm in size.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 40, "end": 43}, {"text": "mm", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "platform", "start": 70, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is a well-known effective manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 54, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This AM technology utilizes high power electron beam to produce layer-by-layer metal parts for various applications, such as fabrication of biomedical implants and aerospace components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technology", "start": 5, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 39, "end": 52}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 64, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 140, "end": 150}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "aerospace components", "start": 164, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and mechanical properties of the printed specimens from the two sets (new and recycled Ti-6Al-4 V powder) were investigated before and after heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 23, "end": 44}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 97, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 115, "end": 116}, {"text": "powder", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 160, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel approach to fabricate ceramic structures at multiple scales in a single component, based on the hybridization of additive manufacturing technologies, was developed by combining 3D macro-stereolithography (Digital Light Processing, DLP) with two-photon lithography (2PL), to produce cm-sized sample geometries with sub-μm surface features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 121, "end": 143}, {"text": "Digital Light Processing", "start": 213, "end": 237}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 239, "end": 242}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 185, "end": 187}, {"text": "lithography", "start": 260, "end": 271}, {"text": "sample", "start": 299, "end": 305}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 306, "end": 316}, {"text": "surface", "start": 329, "end": 336}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The preceramic structures in the sub-μm scale were realized by 2PL directly on easily manageable DLP macro-sized samples of the same ceramic composition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 97, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this way, preceramic structures presenting both features typical of DLP printers (with a minimum size of around 50 μm) and features well below their resolution limit were realized.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "DLP printers", "start": 71, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 163, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report here, for the first time, the realization of polymer-derived ceramic SiOC ceramic components structured in 3D across several length scales (with micron and mesoscale 3D features), produced by pyrolysis at 1000 °C of preceramic parts, without shape distortion during the pyrolysis step.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "mesoscale 3D", "start": 166, "end": 178}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 258, "end": 268}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 135, "end": 148}], "feature": [{"text": "micron", "start": 155, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 202, "end": 211}, {"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 280, "end": 289}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of varying the solids volume fraction of an aqueous clay paste suspension on its printability via an Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technique, Direct Ink Writing (DIW) or material extrusion, has been studied.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 33, "end": 48}, {"text": "printability", "start": 92, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 63, "end": 67}, {"text": "Ink", "start": 173, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 112, "end": 134}, {"text": "AM", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 143, "end": 154}, {"text": "DIW", "start": 186, "end": 189}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 194, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DIW is a cost-effective and straightforward fabrication technology suitable for adoption at a larger-scale by the traditional ceramics industry and the creative community.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DIW", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "traditional ceramics", "start": 114, "end": 134}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 135, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pastes were prepared with volume fraction of solids ranging from 25 to 57 vol%.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 30, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Their rheological properties (storage modulus and apparent yield stress) were measured by dynamic oscillatory rheometry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 6, "end": 28}, {"text": "yield stress", "start": 59, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 90, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relationships between solids content, rheological behaviour and print parameters were evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 68, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An equation based on rheological properties to delineate between printable and non-printable conditions has been proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 21, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we present the first results of a newly developed melt pool monitoring tool for selective laser melting, called DMP-meltpool.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 86, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 95, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A manual data analysis method is given, and the events indicated by the analysis (DMP-meltpool events) are shown to correlate to the static tensile properties of the samples built.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 9, "end": 13}, {"text": "samples", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 140, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These events indicate the probability of material discontinuities (defects) in the metal additive manufacturing (AM) parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "probability", "start": 26, "end": 37}, {"text": "defects", "start": 67, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 83, "end": 111}, {"text": "AM", "start": 113, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to do so, cylindrical bars of Ti-6Al-4V ELI were built and monitored using DMP-meltpool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 39, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile properties of the printed cylinders were correlated with the events detected by DMP-meltpool.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 53, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An inverse relation between plastic elongation and the DMP-meltpool event density was observed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "density", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results show that DMP-meltpool can be used to predict the quality of AM parts by detecting variations in the signals and tagging these events throughout the build as defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "as", "start": 169, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "variations", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 75, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 163, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus the technique can be employed for first stage in-line quality control of AM parts and for sorting out parts with potential defects non-destructively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 59, "end": 74}, {"text": "defects", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The DMP-meltpool events could have significant correlations with other mechanical properties (like fatigue, hardness, fracture toughness, and crack propagation) since such properties are influenced by defects originating from the process instabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 71, "end": 92}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 118, "end": 126}, {"text": "crack propagation", "start": 142, "end": 159}, {"text": "properties", "start": 172, "end": 182}, {"text": "defects", "start": 201, "end": 208}, {"text": "process", "start": 230, "end": 237}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study compares the mechanical response and microstructure of Co–Cr–Mo removable partial denture models made through conventional lost-wax casting and the selective laser melting additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 24, "end": 43}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 48, "end": 62}], "application": [{"text": "denture", "start": 93, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 143, "end": 150}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 159, "end": 182}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 183, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Co–Cr–Mo clasps for removal partial dentures, based on a wax model (BEGO USA), were fabricated through lost-wax technique and selective laser melting, and subjected to mechanical bending experiments to determine their yield strength and maximum reversible deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "dentures", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "wax", "start": 57, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 61, "end": 66}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 256, "end": 267}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 126, "end": 149}, {"text": "bending", "start": 179, "end": 186}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 218, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure and chemical composition of the clasps were determined through scanning electron microscopy and wave-dispersive spectroscopy to rationalize the differences and similarities in the mechanical testing results from the two groups.It was found that the clasps made using lost-wax technique and selective laser melting exhibit comparable mean yield strengths and maximum elastic deformations, however the underlying microstructure of the cast clasps vastly differs from the laser-melted counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 19, "end": 39}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 127, "end": 139}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 426, "end": 440}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 78, "end": 106}, {"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 195, "end": 213}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 305, "end": 328}, {"text": "cast", "start": 448, "end": 452}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strengths", "start": 353, "end": 368}, {"text": "elastic deformations", "start": 381, "end": 401}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the laser melted clasps exhibit larger variability in their mechanical response.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 17, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 52, "end": 63}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 73, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While selective laser melting is capable of producing removable partial denture clasps with similar average mechanical responses to those of lost-wax cast counterparts, additional studies should be conducted to minimize the variability in the laser melted clasps in order to minimize unexpected failures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 6, "end": 29}, {"text": "cast", "start": 150, "end": 154}], "application": [{"text": "denture", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "variability", "start": 224, "end": 235}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 195, "end": 197}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 243, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optical Emissions Spectroscopy and plume imaging were utilized to investigate flaws generated during directed energy deposition additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Spectroscopy", "start": 18, "end": 30}, {"text": "flaws", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti-6Al–4 V coupons were built using varying laser power, powder flow rate, and hatching pattern to induce random and systematic flaws.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "V", "start": 9, "end": 10}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 57, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 88, "end": 95}, {"text": "flaws", "start": 128, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) scans were completed on each part to determine flaw density and flaw locations.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-Ray Computed Tomography", "start": 0, "end": 25}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "flaw", "start": 78, "end": 82}, {"text": "flaw", "start": 95, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For coupons built with constant laser power, variations in either powder flow rate or hatch pattern that led to an increase in flaw density were accompanied by an increase in median line-to-continuum ratios around 430 and 520 nm and in total plume area.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 66, "end": 82}, {"text": "area", "start": 248, "end": 252}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "flaw", "start": 127, "end": 131}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 105, "end": 108}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results present a path forward for real-time flaw detection and assessment of build quality in directed energy deposition and powder bed fusion processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaw detection", "start": 51, "end": 65}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 101, "end": 127}, {"text": "powder bed fusion processes", "start": 132, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study examines the impact of low-temperature heat-treatment on the microstructure and corrosion performance of direct metal laser sintered (DMLS) -AlSi10Mg alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 72, "end": 86}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "direct metal laser", "start": 116, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 145, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 161, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the phase (s) transition temperatures in the alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "phase", "start": 66, "end": 71}, {"text": "transition", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 73, "end": 74}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 107, "end": 112}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 87, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two exothermic phenomena were detected and associated with the Mg2Si precipitation and Si phase precipitation in the as-printed alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Mg2Si", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "Si", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 128, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on DSC results, thermal-treatments including below and above the active Si precipitation temperature at 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively, and 350 °C as an upper limit temperature for 3 h were applied to the as-printed samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 9, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 81, "end": 94}, {"text": "limit", "start": 166, "end": 171}, {"text": "samples", "start": 223, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that heat-treatment from 200 °C to 350 °C promotes the homogeneity of the microstructure, characterized by uniform distribution of eutectic Si in α-Al matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction analysis", "start": 33, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 144, "end": 158}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 185, "end": 197}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 201, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To investigate the impact of the applied heat-treatment cycles on corrosion resistance of DMLS-AlSi10Mg at early stage of immersion, anodic polarization testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed in aerated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 66, "end": 86}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 165, "end": 180}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 191, "end": 203}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 153, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "NaCl", "start": 239, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results revealed more uniformly distributed pitting attack on the corroded surfaces by increasing the heat-treatment temperature up to 300 °C, attributed to the more protective nature of the spontaneously air-formed passive layer on the surface of the alloy at initial immersion time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "surface", "start": 241, "end": 248}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 121, "end": 132}, {"text": "layer", "start": 228, "end": 233}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 256, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further increase of the heat treatment temperature to 350 °C induced severe localized corrosion attacks near the coarse Si particles, ascribed to the increased potential difference between the coalesced Si particles and aluminum matrix galvanic couple.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 24, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "particles", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "particles", "start": 206, "end": 215}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 120, "end": 122}, {"text": "Si", "start": 203, "end": 205}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 220, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In comparison, the corrosion of the as-printed and 200 °C heat treated samples was characterized by a penetrating selective attack along the melt pool boundaries, leading to a higher corrosion current density and an active surface at early exposure, associated with the weakness of the existing passive film on their surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "heat", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "samples", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "melt pool boundaries", "start": 141, "end": 161}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 183, "end": 192}, {"text": "surface", "start": 223, "end": 230}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 240, "end": 248}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 317, "end": 325}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 201, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A testing methodology was developed to expose photopolymer resins and measure the cured material to determine two key parameters related to the photopolymerization process: Ec (critical energy to initiate polymerization) and Dp (penetration depth of curing light).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 2, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 10, "end": 21}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer resins", "start": 46, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 82, "end": 87}, {"text": "photopolymerization", "start": 144, "end": 163}, {"text": "polymerization", "start": 205, "end": 219}, {"text": "curing", "start": 250, "end": 256}], "parameter": [{"text": "penetration depth", "start": 229, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Five commercially available resins were evaluated under exposure from 365 nm and 405 nm light at varying power densities and energies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resins", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 105, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Caliper measurements, stylus profilometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed similar results for hard materials while caliper measurement of a soft, elastomeric material proved inaccurate.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Caliper", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "stylus", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "caliper", "start": 130, "end": 137}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microscopy", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 173, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Working curves for the five photopolymers showed unique behavior both within and among the resins as a function of curing light wavelength.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymers", "start": 28, "end": 41}, {"text": "resins", "start": 91, "end": 97}, {"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 115, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wavelength", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ec and Dp for the five resins showed variations as large as 10x.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resins", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}, {"text": "as", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 37, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variations of this magnitude, if unknown to the user and not controlled for, will clearly affect printed part quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variations", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "quality", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 19, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rapid prototyping of smart objects with embedded electronics.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Rapid prototyping", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "embedded electronics", "start": 40, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Integrated additive manufacturing approach.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymer/metal nanocomposite conductive lines with controlled electrical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electrical properties", "start": 61, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabrication of conductive 3D oblique paths, bridging vias and standard sockets.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "bridging", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "standard", "start": 62, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Freeform monolithic smart nightlight sensor.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Freeform", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 37, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present an integrated additive manufacturing approach for the rapid prototyping of objects with embedded electric circuits.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 25, "end": 47}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 65, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our approach relies on the combined use of standard fused filament fabrication (FFF) for the production of thermoplastic 3D freeform components, and supersonic cluster beam deposition (SCBD) for the fabrication of embedded electrical conducting lines and resistors with tailored conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "3D", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 52, "end": 78}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 80, "end": 83}, {"text": "production", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 199, "end": 210}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 107, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 133, "end": 143}, {"text": "resistors", "start": 255, "end": 264}], "parameter": [{"text": "beam deposition", "start": 168, "end": 183}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 223, "end": 233}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 279, "end": 291}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SCBD is an additive fabrication technique based on the deposition of neutral metallic clusters carried in a highly collimated supersonic beam.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 137, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A multi-step fabrication procedure alternating FFF and SCBD was developed and optimized allowing the fabrication of conductive 3D oblique paths, bridging vias, and sockets for standard electronic components fitting.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 47, "end": 50}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 101, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "bridging", "start": 145, "end": 153}, {"text": "standard", "start": 176, "end": 184}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 196, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This resulted in the simplification of the topology of planar electric circuits by enabling out-of-plane connections, minimizing the implementation of bulky passive electrical components and avoiding the use of soldering and conductive adhesives for the integration of active electronic components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topology", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 165, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 176, "end": 186}, {"text": "components", "start": 287, "end": 297}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "soldering", "start": 211, "end": 220}], "material": [{"text": "adhesives", "start": 236, "end": 245}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A dark-activated light sensor was produced as a demonstrator.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polyolefin thermoplastics like high density polyethylene (HDPE) are the leaders in terms of world-scale plastics’ production, environmentally benign polymerization processes, recycling, and sustainability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polyolefin thermoplastics", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "high density polyethylene", "start": 31, "end": 56}, {"text": "HDPE", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "plastics", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "polymerization", "start": 149, "end": 163}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycling", "start": 175, "end": 184}, {"text": "sustainability", "start": 190, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, additive manufacturing of HDPE by means of fused deposition modeling (FDM) also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF) has been problematic owing to its massive shrinkage, voiding and warpage problems accompanied by its poor adhesion to common build plates and to extruded HDPE strands.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 52, "end": 77}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 113, "end": 124}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 276, "end": 284}], "material": [{"text": "HDPE", "start": 35, "end": 39}, {"text": "as", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "filament", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "voiding", "start": 184, "end": 191}, {"text": "warpage", "start": 196, "end": 203}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 237, "end": 245}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plates", "start": 256, "end": 268}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein we overcome these problems and improve Young’ s modulus, tensile strength and surface quality of 3D printed HDPE by varying 3D printing parameters like temperature and diameter of the nozzle, extrusion rate, build plate temperature, and build plate material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 53, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 64, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 85, "end": 100}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 159, "end": 170}, {"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 199, "end": 213}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 131, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 175, "end": 183}, {"text": "build plate material", "start": 244, "end": 264}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 191, "end": 197}, {"text": "build plate", "start": 215, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both nozzle diameter and printing speed affect surface quality but do not impair mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 5, "end": 20}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 81, "end": 102}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 25, "end": 39}, {"text": "surface quality", "start": 47, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particularly, an extrusion rate gradient prevents void formation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "extrusion rate gradient", "start": 17, "end": 40}, {"text": "void", "start": 50, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the first time additive manufactured HDPE and injection-molded HDPE exhibit similar mechanical properties with exception of elongation at break.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 19, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "HDPE", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 88, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Excellent fusion of the extruded polymer strands and the absence of anisotropy are achieved, as verified by microscopic imaging and measuring the tensile strength parallel and perpendicular to the 3D printing direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "microscopic imaging", "start": 108, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 24, "end": 32}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 197, "end": 208}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 146, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Refractory elements have high melting points and are difficult to melt and cast.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Refractory", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 11, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "melting points", "start": 30, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 75, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study it is successfully demonstrated for the first time that laser metal deposition can be used to produce TiZrNbHfTa high-entropy alloy from a blend of elemental powders by in-situ alloying.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser metal deposition", "start": 70, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 140, "end": 145}, {"text": "blend", "start": 153, "end": 158}, {"text": "powders", "start": 172, "end": 179}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "feature": [{"text": "alloying", "start": 191, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Columnar specimens with a height of 10 mm and a diameter of 3 mm were deposited with a pulsed Nd: YAG laser.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "mm", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "Nd: YAG", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The built-up specimen has near-equiatomic composition, nearly uniform grain size, equiaxed grain shape, is bcc single phase and exhibits a high hardness of 509 HV0.2.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 82, "end": 96}, {"text": "bcc", "start": 107, "end": 110}, {"text": "phase", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 144, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material properties of parts made via selective laser melting are not the same as the well-established properties for bulk base materials, due to the unique processes used to produce the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Material properties", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "properties", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "materials", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "processes", "start": 157, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 38, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, additive manufacturing is increasingly being used for heat exchangers and heat removal devices, which demand high thermal conductivities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat exchangers", "start": 65, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 85, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 125, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal properties are also important for many non-destructive testing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "non-destructive testing", "start": 51, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal conductivity of selective laser melted 316 L stainless steel was studied as a function of processing conditions and build orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 28, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 57, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 128, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The porosity and thermal conductivity were measured versus processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 17, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A critical energy density of 44.4 J/mm3 was observed below which the porosity increased and the thermal conductivity decreased.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 96, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the lowest-porosity sample, the local thermal conductivity map taken with frequency domain thermoreflectance showed a variation in the stainless steel thermal conductivity between 10.4 and 19.8 W/m-K, while the average thermal conductivity of 14.3 W/m-K from the thermal conductivity map agreed, within measurement uncertainty, with the bulk thermal conductivity measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "domain", "start": 88, "end": 94}, {"text": "variation", "start": 122, "end": 131}, {"text": "average", "start": 215, "end": 222}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 42, "end": 62}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 163, "end": 175}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 231, "end": 243}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 267, "end": 287}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 346, "end": 366}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 139, "end": 154}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 307, "end": 318}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal conductivity trend was not fully explained by the porosity, as effective medium models fail to predict the trend.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "trend", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Amorphous stripes in the selective laser melted stainless steel grains were identified by transmission electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 25, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 58, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 90, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These amorphous regions also resulted in decreased x-ray diffraction intensities with increasing porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray diffraction", "start": 51, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 97, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The amorphous regions are hypothesized to lower the thermal conductivity at faster laser scanning speeds due to less time at elevated temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 52, "end": 72}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 134, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also found that in-print plane and through-print plane thermal conductivities have the same value when the energy density is greater than this critical amount.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 58, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 110, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When the energy density reduces below this critical amount, the in-plane conductivity exceeds the through-plane.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 73, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inconel 718 alloy rods were fabricated by electron–beam melting (EBM), where the cylindrical axes (CAs) deviated from the build directions (BD) by 0°, 45°, 55°, and 90°.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 65, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "build directions", "start": 122, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructures and high-temperature tensile properties of the rods were investigated by taking into account the effect of the BD.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 41, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Columnar grain structures or mixtures of columnar and equiaxed grains were obtained in the rods.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Columnar grain", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 54, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the crystal orientation of the rods could be controlled by appropriate choice of the CA.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "CA", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal orientation", "start": 17, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The highest strength was obtained for the < 1 1 1 > oriented rod.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 61, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dependence of strength on the rod orientation could be explained in terms of the anisotropies in the crystal orientation, columnar grain structure, and arrangement of the precipitate particles.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "crystal orientation", "start": 105, "end": 124}, {"text": "columnar grain", "start": 126, "end": 140}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 34, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 38, "end": 49}, {"text": "particles", "start": 187, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "precipitate", "start": 175, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the very first study on additive manufacturing (AM) of a high melting point near-eutectic V–9Si–5B alloy via direct energy deposition (DED).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 66}, {"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 129, "end": 153}, {"text": "DED", "start": 155, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "melting point", "start": 82, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tailored V–9Si–5B powder material was produced by means of a gas atomization (GA) process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 18, "end": 33}, {"text": "GA", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas atomization", "start": 61, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 82, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel setup for the DED experiments was developed and an overview of the production parameters for manufacturing of crack-free specimens is given.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 22, "end": 25}, {"text": "production", "start": 75, "end": 85}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 86, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural evolution of the three-phase V–9Si–5B alloy is described by means of SEM, EBSD and STEM analyses during the entire process chain, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 4, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 58, "end": 63}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 89, "end": 92}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 94, "end": 98}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "process chain", "start": 135, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "the gas atomization of the powder material, the consolidation via DED and the heat treatment of the compacts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas atomization", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "DED", "start": 66, "end": 69}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 78, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 27, "end": 42}, {"text": "compacts", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 48, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First mechanical tests demonstrate the high hardness and the competitive creep resistance of the AM V–9Si–5B material in comparison to other three-phase V-based alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 6, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "creep", "start": 73, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing offers a tool to bring formerly unmanufacturable, geometrically complex, engineered structures into existence.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 38, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, considerable challenges remain in controlling the unique microstructures, defects and properties that are created through this process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 66, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "properties", "start": 95, "end": 105}, {"text": "process", "start": 136, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the first time this work demonstrates how LaB6 nanoparticles can be used to control such features in Al alloys produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 51, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "Al alloys", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 127, "end": 150}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 152, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel and efficient mechanical agitation process is used to inoculate AlSi10Mg powder with LaB6 nanoparticles which resulted in a homogenous, crack-free, equiaxed, very fine-grained as built microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "agitation", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 98, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 184, "end": 186}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 193, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The substantial grain refinement is attributed to the good crystallographic atomic matching across the Al/LaB6 interfaces which facilitated Al nucleation on the LaB6 nanoparticles.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 16, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 166, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The LaB6-inoculated AlSi10Mg exhibited near-isotropic mechanical properties with an improved plasticity compared with un modified AlSi10Mg.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 130, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 54, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plasticity", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) has become one of the most commonly utilized processes in metal additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 88, "end": 116}, {"text": "AM", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 75, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite its widespread use and capabilities, SLM parts are still being produced with excessive volumetric defects and flaws.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 45, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "flaws", "start": 118, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The complex dependence of defect formation on process parameters, geometry, and material properties has inhibited effective quality assurance in SLM production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 80, "end": 99}, {"text": "quality", "start": 124, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM production", "start": 145, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Exacerbating these issues are the difficulties thus far in accurately detecting and identifying defects in-process so that parts may be qualified without destructive testing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "destructive testing", "start": 154, "end": 173}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 133, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some of the most detrimental defects produced during SLM processing are lack of fusion (LoF) defects, which are frequently found to be in excess of 100 μm in size, thus these defects are of critical importance to detect and remove.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "defects", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "defects", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 53, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 132, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we have developed and demonstrated the capabilities of a novel in situ monitoring system using full-field infrared (IR) thermography to monitor AlSi10Mg specimens during SLM production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 120, "end": 128}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 150, "end": 157}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 158, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM production", "start": 184, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using layerwise relative surface temperature measurements, subsurface defects were identified via their retained thermal signature at the surface; transient thermal modeling was performed, which supported these observations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "defects", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "surface", "start": 138, "end": 145}, {"text": "transient", "start": 147, "end": 156}, {"text": "thermal modeling", "start": 157, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts were characterized using ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to validate data identified defects and, critically, to estimate detection success.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 39, "end": 67}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 86, "end": 90}, {"text": "defects", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The IR defect detection method was highly effective in identifying defects, with an 82% total success rate for LoF defects; detection success improved with increasing defect size.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 7, "end": 13}, {"text": "defects", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "defects", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "defect", "start": 167, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method was also used statistically to analyze the presence of systematic process errors during SLM production, expanding the capabilities of IR monitoring methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process errors", "start": 77, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM production", "start": 99, "end": 113}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This unique analysis method and simple integration for in situ IR monitoring can immediately improve non-destructive qualification methods in SLM processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 55, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing has opened doors for the efficient fabrication of individually tailored and complicated functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 58, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the three-dimensional (3D) printing process is vulnerable to defects generation, necessitating the need for in-situ monitoring and control technologies for quality assessment of parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 13, "end": 30}, {"text": "3D", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "defects", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 148, "end": 160}, {"text": "quality", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 36, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An in-situ monitoring system (IMS) based on optical imaging was developed in-house for implementation on the selective laser melting process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 3, "end": 10}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 109, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A digital single lens reflex camera, mirror and several sets of light emitting diode strip lights formed the main constituents of the IMS.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lens", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "application": [{"text": "light emitting diode", "start": 64, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cylindrical samples of 316 L stainless steel were printed with variations in their energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cylindrical", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "variations", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 29, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 83, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Features taken in optical images were extracted and evaluated via image processing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 18, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "image", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Micro computed tomography (CT), which is capable of assessing the internal defects and recovering the 3D representation of a structure, was used as a validation method to correlate the features identified in the optical images.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 6, "end": 25}, {"text": "optical", "start": 212, "end": 219}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "3D", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "structure", "start": 125, "end": 134}, {"text": "validation", "start": 150, "end": 160}, {"text": "images", "start": 220, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results have shown that features captured in-situ were correlated to defects detected by micro CT, revealing the potential of using optical images captured during printing as an indicator to the extent of defects present in selective laser melted parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "defects", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "images", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "defects", "start": 205, "end": 212}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 95, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 172, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 224, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In recent years, the fabrication of aluminum alloy parts via laser powder bed fusion has been extensively considered in the biomedical, aerospace, and other industrial sectors, as it provides advantages such as the ability to manufacture complex shapes with high performance associated with lightweight design.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 61, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum alloy", "start": 36, "end": 50}, {"text": "as", "start": 177, "end": 179}, {"text": "as", "start": 208, "end": 210}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 124, "end": 134}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "industrial sectors", "start": 157, "end": 175}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 226, "end": 237}, {"text": "performance", "start": 263, "end": 274}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 291, "end": 302}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 238, "end": 252}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 303, "end": 309}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, surface irregularities and sub-surface defects limit the full exploitation of such parts in fatigue-critical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "defects", "start": 48, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, most of the commonly used metrological methods for surface characterization have proven to be unsuitable for determining important features such as undercuts and sub-surfaces pores.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "surface characterization", "start": 61, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "as", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 185, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, a comprehensive coupled investigation of metrological methods and cross-sectional analysis were performed in this study to evaluate the effects of surface features and volumetric defects typical of additively manufactured materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 154, "end": 161}, {"text": "defects", "start": 186, "end": 193}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 205, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue tests and fractographic analyses were conducted to support the finite element simulations and proposed fracture mechanics model.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Fatigue tests", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "fractographic analyses", "start": 18, "end": 40}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 71, "end": 85}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 111, "end": 119}, {"text": "model", "start": 130, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrate that the standard metrological methods can not provide all of the data needed to model the fatigue behaviors of additively manufactured materials robustly.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "data", "start": 90, "end": 94}, {"text": "model", "start": 105, "end": 110}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 136, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, a statistical model describing the competition between volumetric defects and surface irregularities was developed and validated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 24, "end": 29}, {"text": "defects", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "surface", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different L-PBF process parameters were used to additively manufacture AHSS.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 10, "end": 15}, {"text": "additively manufacture", "start": 48, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 24, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FEM simulations quantified solidification parameters and melt pool shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "solidification parameters", "start": 27, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 57, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High cooling rate parameters resulted in high GND densities and yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 5, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 64, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "M & S scan strategy revealed a partial columnar to equiaxed transition.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "M & S", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 60, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the additive manufacturing technique of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was used to build up X30Mn21 austenitic advanced high strength steel (AHSS) samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 54, "end": 77}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 79, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "austenitic", "start": 115, "end": 125}, {"text": "steel", "start": 149, "end": 154}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 140, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different L-PBF process parameters were used to understand the correlation between process, microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "process", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 121, "end": 142}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of build platform preheating (200 °C–800 °C), laser speed (550 mm/s-950 mm/s) and scan strategy (bidirectional continuous and Mark & Sleep (M & S)) on grain size, grain morphology, size of solidification cells, dislocation density, and texture was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 17, "end": 31}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 60, "end": 65}, {"text": "M & S", "start": 154, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "dislocation density", "start": 225, "end": 244}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 177, "end": 182}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 203, "end": 217}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 218, "end": 223}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 250, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Local solidification parameters in the melt pool e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification parameters", "start": 6, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 39, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "cooling rates, temperature gradients and solidification velocities were simulated by a FEM heat flow model and correlated with the solidification microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 15, "end": 36}, {"text": "solidification velocities", "start": 41, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 87, "end": 90}, {"text": "model", "start": 101, "end": 106}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 131, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By using SEM/EBSD analysis and tensile testing, the mechanical properties of the AHSS were assessed by considering microstructural aspects.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 31, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 52, "end": 73}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 115, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that AHSS, produced with higher laser speeds and an alternative M & S scan strategy, revealed a reduced grain size and texture intensity.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "M & S", "start": 77, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 117, "end": 127}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This was attributed to a partial columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), as well as a significantly increased density of geometrically necessary dislocations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 144, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preheating of the build platform promoted columnar grain growth with a more pronounced texture, low dislocation densities, and reduced yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Preheating", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 18, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 42, "end": 56}, {"text": "dislocation densities", "start": 100, "end": 121}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 135, "end": 149}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 87, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of cooling rate, temperature gradient and solidification velocity on microstructural and textural evolution is discussed based on fundamental solidification theories.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 31, "end": 51}, {"text": "solidification velocity", "start": 56, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 83, "end": 98}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 112, "end": 121}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 156, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process chain of this method starts with injection molding.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "process chain", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "injection molding", "start": 45, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The polymer of this part is functionalized with LDS-additives which allow the part to be laser structured subsequently.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "be", "start": 86, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This technique is less suitable for prototypes and small-scale productions of 3D-MIDs because of its properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototypes", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "properties", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contrary to the injection molding process, the additive manufacturing (AM), such as powder bed based manufacturing processes, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "injection molding", "start": 16, "end": 33}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}, {"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 101, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 91, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "selective laser sintering (SLS), is a constantly emerging processing technology for the fabrication of prototypes and small-scale productions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "prototypes", "start": 103, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unmodified polyamide 12 (PA 12), e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 25, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PA2200 (supplier: EOS GmbH) is most commonly used for the SLS of polymer parts.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "EOS GmbH", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 65, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The LPKF Laser & Electronics AG in Garbsen, Germany, transferred the LDS-method to SLS-process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 9, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Electronics", "start": 17, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A standard SLS-polymer part is coated with a special paint, that contains the necessary LDS-additives.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 2, "end": 10}], "application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 31, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Once coated and dried, these parts can be laser direct structured similar to standard 3D-MIDs.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "dried", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 77, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the authors use copper particles in order to functionalize a standard polyamide 12 powder for laser activation and selective metallization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 85, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 76, "end": 84}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metallization", "start": 140, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study shows, that the addition of copper particles enables the laser direct structuring of polyamide 12.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 95, "end": 107}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 67, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLS-demonstrators were successfully laser activated and selectively metallized.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 36, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the copper particles enhance the mechanical properties as well as the heat conductivity of polyamide 12.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 104, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 46, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat conductivity", "start": 83, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice density and fabric are combined to predict anisotropic mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice density", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting model is validated by mechanical testing in at least 10 directions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 36, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Off-axis properties for Ti6Al4V and nylon lattices predicted to within 13 and 5.1%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "nylon", "start": 36, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Predictions and mechanical data are correlated with R2 between 0.84 and 0.94.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Predictions", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "data", "start": 27, "end": 31}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 16, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing methods present opportunities for structures to have tailored mechanical anisotropy by integrating controlled lattice structures into their design.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 85, "end": 106}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 133, "end": 151}, {"text": "design", "start": 163, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to predict anisotropic mechanical properties of such lattice structures would help tailor anisotropy and ensure adequate off-axis strength at an early stage in the design process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "strength", "start": 142, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "design process", "start": 176, "end": 190}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 65, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A method is described for the development of a model to predict apparent modulus and strength based on structure density and fabric, taken from CAD data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "structure", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "density", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 144, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model utilises a tensorial form of well-founded power-law relationships for these variables and is fit to mechanical test data for properties in the principal directions of manufactured titanium stochastic lattices and nylon rhombic dodecahedron structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "fit", "start": 103, "end": 106}, {"text": "data", "start": 126, "end": 130}, {"text": "properties", "start": 135, "end": 145}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 177, "end": 189}, {"text": "stochastic lattices", "start": 199, "end": 218}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical test", "start": 110, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "nylon", "start": 223, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results are validated against mechanical testing across at least 7 additional off-axis directions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 34, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For stochastic structures, apparent modulus is predicted in 10 directions with a mean error of 13% and strength predicted with a mean error of 10%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "stochastic", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "error", "start": 86, "end": 91}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 112, "end": 121}, {"text": "error", "start": 134, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 103, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For rhombic dodecahedron structures apparent modulus and strength are predicted in 15 directions with mean errors of 4.2% and 5.1% respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "errors", "start": 107, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This model is the first to predict the anisotropic apparent modulus and strength of structures based on lattice density and fabric tensors and will be highly useful in the mechanical design of lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 5, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "strength", "start": 72, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice density", "start": 104, "end": 119}, {"text": "design", "start": 183, "end": 189}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 193, "end": 211}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 148, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 172, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A robotized laser/wire direct metal deposition system was utilized to fabricate 316LSi coupons.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal deposition", "start": 23, "end": 46}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 70, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical and microstructural properties were then characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 19, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that different thermal histories caused by different inter-layer time intervals have significant impact on mechanical and microstructural properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 110, "end": 116}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 135, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thin-walled samples with lower cooling rates showed coarser columnar grains, lower ultimate tensile strength, and lower hardness compared to the block samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "samples", "start": 155, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 35, "end": 48}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 64, "end": 79}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 87, "end": 112}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The melt pool was monitored in real-time.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 4, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An empirical correlation between the melt pool area and cooling rate was achieved that could enable control of scale of the final solidification structure by maintaining the melt pool size in real-time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 3, "end": 12}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 130, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 174, "end": 183}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 47, "end": 51}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 56, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, to study the anisotropic behavior, tensile samples were loaded in parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the deposition direction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition direction", "start": 133, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicated that samples in the perpendicular direction had lower UTS and elongation for both coupon types, revealing a weaker bonding at inter-layer/bead interface due to the existence of lack-of-fusion pores.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 137, "end": 144}, {"text": "interface", "start": 165, "end": 174}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "UTS", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "pores", "start": 214, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capability to additively manufacture fully-functioning electronic circuits is a frontier in 3D-printed electronics that will afford unprecedented scalability, miniaturization, and conformability of electronic circuits.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufacture", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we report a novel procedure that employs three-dimensional (3D) additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate high-frequency, tapered-solenoid type inductors for RF applications capable of wide bandwidth performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 56, "end": 73}, {"text": "3D", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "performance", "start": 220, "end": 231}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 79, "end": 101}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 116, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The design includes a polymer support structure to reduce the parasitic capacitance between the inductor and the substrate, a tapered solid core, and conducting windings.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 113, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "application": [{"text": "inductor", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 140, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Each design component is printed using aerosol-jet (AJ) printing methods on a grounded coplanar waveguide such that the small end of the conical-shaped inductor is connected to the transmission line and the base of the inductor is connected to ground.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 12, "end": 21}], "application": [{"text": "inductor", "start": 152, "end": 160}, {"text": "inductor", "start": 219, "end": 227}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission", "start": 181, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two types of solid-core inductors were fabricated: one with a printed polymer core and another with a non-printed iron core.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "iron", "start": 114, "end": 118}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 78, "end": 82}, {"text": "core", "start": 119, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scattering parameter measurements establish that the polymer and iron-core inductors, combined with a 45°-polymer support structure, can achieve usable bandwidths up to 18 GHz and 40 GHz, respectively, with low insertion loss.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 11, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 114, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D model and circuit model simulations were also carried out to study inductor performance in terms of self-resonance and insertion loss.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D model", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "inductor", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 21, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of manufacturing to generate topology optimized components shows promise for designers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "topology", "start": 37, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 56, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, designers who assume that additive manufacturing follows traditional manufacturing techniques may be misled due to the nuances in specific techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 57}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 66, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 107, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since commercial topology optimization software tools are neither designed to consider orientation of the parts nor large variations in properties, the goal of this research is to evaluate the limitations of an existing commercial topology optimization software (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 17, "end": 38}, {"text": "designed", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 231, "end": 252}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 87, "end": 98}, {"text": "variations", "start": 122, "end": 132}, {"text": "properties", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "research", "start": 165, "end": 173}, {"text": "software", "start": 253, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inspire®) using electron beam powder bed fusion (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 16, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 37, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Arcam®) to produce optimized Ti-6Al-4V alloy components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 29, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 45, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Emerging qualification tools from Oak Ridge National Laboratory including in-situ near-infrared imaging and log file data analysis were used to rationalize the final performance of components.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "components", "start": 181, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Laboratory", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "data", "start": 117, "end": 121}, {"text": "performance", "start": 166, "end": 177}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "file", "start": 112, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the weight savings of each optimized part exceeded the initial criteria, the failure loads and locations proved instrumental in providing insight to additive manufacturing with topology optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 10, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 155, "end": 177}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 183, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research has shown the need for a comprehensive understanding of correlations between geometry, additive manufacturing processing conditions, defect generation, and microstructure for characterization of complex components such as those designed by topology optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 91, "end": 99}, {"text": "defect", "start": 147, "end": 153}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 170, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 217, "end": 227}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 233, "end": 235}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 242, "end": 250}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 254, "end": 275}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ni-Cu-base alloy plates have been obtained by wire arc additive manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dendritic structure and particle precipitation have been found to significantly depend on alloy composition, in particular Mn, Ti and C contents.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "particle", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 123, "end": 125}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "C", "start": 134, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Higher hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance in one of the tested alloys were associated with precipitation of TiCN particles.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "strength", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 27, "end": 36}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 41, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 78, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 106, "end": 119}, {"text": "particles", "start": 128, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moderate dependence of microstructural parameters and mechanical properties on deposition speed was observed within the tested speed range.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 23, "end": 38}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 54, "end": 75}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 133, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two Ni-Cu alloys (Monel K500 and FM 60) having various Mn, Fe, Al, Ti and C contents were deposited on a Monel K500 plate at three different speeds using wire arc additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "Monel", "start": 18, "end": 23}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "Al", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "C", "start": 74, "end": 75}, {"text": "Monel", "start": 105, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 154, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure characterisation, in particular a detailed study of precipitates, was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 67, "end": 79}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 115, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties were assessed using hardness, tensile and wear testing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "wear", "start": 64, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 42, "end": 50}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For similar deposition conditions, Monel K500 has exhibited smaller secondary dendrite arm spacing and higher number density of Ti-rich particles, although the Ti concentration in FM 60 was higher.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "particles", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "Monel", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "secondary dendrite", "start": 68, "end": 86}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finer microstructure and Ti precipitation led to superior hardness, tensile and wear resistance of Monel K500 compared to FM 60.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Finer microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "Monel", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 28, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 42, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 80, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The variation in microstructure-properties relationship with alloy composition is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 61, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We devised a novel method to embed sensors or integrated circuit (IC) chips into metal components by using a selective laser melting (SLM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "integrated circuit", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "components", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 109, "end": 132}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 134, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The concept of a protective layer is introduced to fabricate all parts without damaging the sensors during the laser scanning process.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "protective layer", "start": 17, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scanning process", "start": 111, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The operation of sensors in the parts is analyzed from a computational analysis on the thermal influence of laser heat.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser heat", "start": 108, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabricated metal parts show continuous microstructures including grains and phases between the base part and the new part formed after embedding the sensor despite the intermittent SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "grains", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "process", "start": 189, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 43, "end": 58}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 153, "end": 159}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 185, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The embedded sensor operates properly when compared to bare sensors.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 60, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Plastic circuit board-based IC components were embedded into an Inconel 718C turbine blade, which accurately distinguished three-dimensional vibration along the X, Y, and Z axes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Plastic", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "Inconel", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "Y", "start": 164, "end": 165}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "turbine blade", "start": 77, "end": 90}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 123, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results imply that the proposed process can open new avenues for SLM technology to realize metal components with a self-cognitive ability using integrated sensors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 95, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 101, "end": 111}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printed free-standing pure Au structure with feature sizes of smaller than 10 microns.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Au", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "feature sizes", "start": 45, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combination of laser-induced forward transfer of pure metals and chemical etching.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "pure metals", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Approach allows fully overhanging structures and reduces substrate contamination.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "overhanging structures", "start": 22, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 57, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cu support structures can be selectively removed after LIFT-printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A combined approach of laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) and chemical etching of pure metal films is studied to fabricate complex, free-standing, 3-dimensional gold structures on the few micron scale.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 116, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "pure metal", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "gold", "start": 164, "end": 168}], "feature": [{"text": "micron", "start": 191, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A picosecond pulsed laser source with 515 nm central wavelength is used to deposit metal droplets of copper and gold in a sequential fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pulsed laser", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wavelength", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 89, "end": 97}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "copper", "start": 101, "end": 107}, {"text": "gold", "start": 112, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After transfer, chemical etching in ferric chloride completely removes the mechanical Cu support leaving a final free-standing gold structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "Cu", "start": 86, "end": 88}, {"text": "gold", "start": 127, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unprecedented feature sizes of smaller than 10 μm are achieved with surface roughness of 0.3 to 0.7 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feature sizes", "start": 14, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 68, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Formation of interfacial mixing volumes between the two metals is not found confirming the viability of the approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 56, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing promises to revolutionize manufacturing industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, 3D printing of novel build materials is currently limited by constraints inherent to printer designs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "build materials", "start": 30, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a bench-top powder melt extrusion (PME) 3D printer head was designed and fabricated to print parts directly from powder-based materials rather than filament.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bench-top", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melt extrusion", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "PME", "start": 49, "end": 52}, {"text": "print", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer head", "start": 54, "end": 69}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "powder-based materials", "start": 127, "end": 149}, {"text": "filament", "start": 162, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final design of the PME printer head evolved from the Rich Rap Universal Pellet Extruder (RRUPE) design and was realized through an iterative approach.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "design", "start": 101, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "PME printer head", "start": 24, "end": 40}, {"text": "Universal Pellet Extruder", "start": 67, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "iterative approach", "start": 136, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The PME printer was made possible by modifications to the funnel shape, pressure applied to the extrudate by the auger, and hot end structure.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "PME printer", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "auger", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "hot end structure", "start": 124, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 72, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "extrudate", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through comparison of parts printed with the PME printer with those from a commercially available fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printer using common thermoplastics poly (lactide) (PLA), high impact poly (styrene) (HIPS), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) powders (< 1 mm in diameter), evaluation of the printer performance was performed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "PME printer", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 131, "end": 141}, {"text": "printer", "start": 317, "end": 324}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 98, "end": 124}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "mm", "start": 282, "end": 284}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 155, "end": 169}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 186, "end": 189}, {"text": "HIPS", "start": 220, "end": 224}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 231, "end": 262}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 264, "end": 267}, {"text": "powders", "start": 269, "end": 276}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 197, "end": 203}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 288, "end": 296}, {"text": "performance", "start": 325, "end": 336}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For each build material, the PME printed objects show comparable viscoelastic properties by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to those of the FFF objects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "build material", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PME", "start": 29, "end": 32}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscoelastic properties", "start": 65, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic mechanical analysis", "start": 92, "end": 119}, {"text": "DMA", "start": 121, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, due to a significant difference in printer resolution between PME (X–Y resolution of 0.8 mm and a Z-layer height calibrated to 0.1 mm) and FFF (X–Y resolution of 0.4 mm and a Z-layer height of 0.18 mm), as well as, an inherently more inconsistent feed of build material for PME than FFF, the resulting print quality, determined by a dimensional analysis and surface roughness comparisons, of the PME printed objects was lower than that of the FFF printed parts based on the print layer uniformity and structure.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printer resolution", "start": 44, "end": 62}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 80, "end": 90}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 157, "end": 167}, {"text": "Z-layer height", "start": 184, "end": 198}, {"text": "feed", "start": 256, "end": 260}, {"text": "print layer", "start": 483, "end": 494}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PME", "start": 71, "end": 74}, {"text": "mm", "start": 98, "end": 100}, {"text": "mm", "start": 140, "end": 142}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 148, "end": 151}, {"text": "mm", "start": 175, "end": 177}, {"text": "mm", "start": 207, "end": 209}, {"text": "PME", "start": 283, "end": 286}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 292, "end": 295}, {"text": "PME", "start": 405, "end": 408}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 452, "end": 455}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Z-layer height calibrated", "start": 107, "end": 132}, {"text": "dimensional analysis", "start": 342, "end": 362}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 212, "end": 214}, {"text": "as", "start": 220, "end": 222}, {"text": "build material", "start": 264, "end": 278}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "print quality", "start": 311, "end": 324}, {"text": "structure", "start": 510, "end": 519}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 367, "end": 384}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, due to the poorer print resolution and inherent inconsistent build material feed of the PME, the bulk tensile strength and Young’ s moduli of the objects printed by PME were lower and more inconsistent (49.2 ± 10.7 MPa and 1620 ± 375 MPa, respectively) than those of FFF printed objects (57.7 ± 2.31 MPa and 2160 ± 179 MPa, respectively).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "print resolution", "start": 27, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "build material", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "s", "start": 139, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PME", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "PME", "start": 174, "end": 177}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 276, "end": 279}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 111, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 224, "end": 227}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 243, "end": 246}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 309, "end": 312}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 328, "end": 331}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, PME print methods promise an opportunity to provide a platform on which it is possible to rapidly prototype a myriad of thermoplastic materials for 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PME", "start": 14, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 162, "end": 173}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 112, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic materials", "start": 134, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of laser conditions on part qualities of a near-eutectic Al-Fe alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "Al-Fe alloy", "start": 65, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 92, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The much refined microstructure consisting of nano-scaled Al-Fe intertmetallics with different size and morphology was observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 17, "end": 31}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 104, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "P·v-1/2 based on deposited energy density model was proved to be a more appropriate design parameter.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 27, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 84, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An estimated threshold value of P·v-1/2 for fabricating satisfactory Al-2.5Fe (mass%) alloy parts could be identified.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 86, "end": 91}, {"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study focused on additive manufacturing (AM) of the Al–Fe binary alloy samples with a near-eutectic composition of 2.5 mass% Fe using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 44}, {"text": "AM", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 143, "end": 166}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 168, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "binary", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "composition", "start": 105, "end": 116}, {"text": "process", "start": 174, "end": 181}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 130, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The melt pool depth, relative density, and hardness of LPBF-fabricated Al–2.5Fe alloy samples under different laser power (P) and scan speed (v) conditions were systematically examined.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "melt pool depth", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 21, "end": 37}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "P", "start": 123, "end": 124}, {"text": "v", "start": 142, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results provided optimum laser parameter sets (P = 204 W, v ≤ 800 mms-1) for the fabrication of dense alloy samples with high relative densities > 99%.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "P", "start": 51, "end": 52}, {"text": "v", "start": 62, "end": 63}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 130, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, Pv-1/2, which is based on the deposited energy density model, was found to be a more appropriate parameter for additively manufacturing Al–2.5Fe alloy samples, and using it to simplify the relative densities of the samples made the determination of a threshold value for the laser parameters required to fabricate dense alloy samples.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 54, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 159, "end": 164}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 334, "end": 339}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 111, "end": 120}, {"text": "samples", "start": 229, "end": 236}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 136, "end": 149}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 318, "end": 327}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 203, "end": 221}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 289, "end": 294}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural and crystallographic characterization of the LPBF-built Al–2.5Fe alloy samples revealed a characteristic microstructure consisting of multi-scan melt pools that resulted from local melting and rapid solidification owing to laser irradiation during the LPBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 125, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "melt pools", "start": 165, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 201, "end": 208}, {"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 213, "end": 233}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 249, "end": 260}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 272, "end": 276}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 243, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, a number of columnar grains with a mean width of ∼ 21 μm elongated along the building direction were also observed in the α-Al matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 25, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 90, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerous nano-sized particles of the metastable Al6Fe intermetallic phase with a mean size < 100 nm were finely dispersed in the α-Al matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "metastable", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallic", "start": 54, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hardness of the refined microstructure produced by the LPBF process was high at ∼ 90 HV, which is more than twofold higher than that of conventionally casted alloys that contain the coarsened plate-shaped Al13Fe4 intermetallic phase in equilibrium with the α-Al matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 28, "end": 42}, {"text": "equilibrium", "start": 240, "end": 251}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 162, "end": 168}, {"text": "intermetallic", "start": 217, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ monitoring of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes is a key issue to determine the quality and stability of the process during the layer-wise production of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "processes", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "quality", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "process", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "production", "start": 157, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 110, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quantities that can be measured via in-situ sensing can be referred to as “process signatures”, and can represent the source of information to detect possible defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "process", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "defects", "start": 163, "end": 170}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 122, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Most of the literature on in-situ monitoring of Laser Power Bed Fusion (LPBF) processes focuses on the melt-pool, laser track and layer image as source of information to detect the onset of possible defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "processes", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "image", "start": 136, "end": 141}, {"text": "defects", "start": 199, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Power Bed Fusion", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 72, "end": 76}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 130, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 142, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-speed image acquisition, coupled with image segmentation and feature extraction, is used to estimate different statistical descriptors of the spattering behaviour along the laser scan path.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 11, "end": 16}, {"text": "image", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "feature extraction", "start": 66, "end": 84}, {"text": "laser scan", "start": 178, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A logistic regression model is developed to determine the ability of spatter-related descriptors to classify different energy density conditions corresponding to different quality states.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "regression model", "start": 11, "end": 27}, {"text": "quality", "start": 172, "end": 179}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is why future research on spatter signature analysis and modelling is highly encouraged to improve the effectiveness of in-situ monitoring tools.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 108, "end": 121}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 144, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The metal additive manufacturing industry is rising and so is the interest in new lattice structures with unique mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 82, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 113, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many studies have already investigated lattice structures with different geometries and their influence on mechanical properties, but little is known about the effect of specific processing characteristics that are inherent to metal additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 39, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 73, "end": 83}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 107, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 227, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore this study investigates the effect of two crucial steps in the manufacturing process: the build orientation selection and heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 21, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 73, "end": 94}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 132, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 100, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In total the microstructure and static mechanical properties of five different orientations and three heat treatment conditions were evaluated using Ti6Al4V diamond like lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 39, "end": 60}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 79, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 102, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V diamond", "start": 149, "end": 164}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 170, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show a significant decrease in mechanical strength for samples that are built diagonally and a transformation of the microstructure after a HIP (hot isostatic pressing) treatment, resulting in a lower maximum strength, but higher ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 43, "end": 62}, {"text": "strength", "start": 221, "end": 229}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 242, "end": 251}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 129, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 152, "end": 155}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 157, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In general, horizontal struts should be avoided during manufacturing, unless the applied load after manufacturing can be properly supported by other struts.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "horizontal struts", "start": 12, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "be", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 68}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 100, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 149, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both a stress relief heat treatment and a HIP treatment can be used in statically loaded applications, whereas a HIP treatment is believed to be beneficial for dynamically loaded applications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 7, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 42, "end": 45}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 113, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "be", "start": 142, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study enables an appropriate selection of build orientation and heat treatment of lattice structures for different applications.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 47, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 69, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 87, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report the design of a metal powder bed fusion system for in-situ monitoring of the build process during additive manufacture.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 26, "end": 49}, {"text": "additive manufacture", "start": 108, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 87, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Its open-architecture design was originally determined to enable access for x-rays to the melt pool, but it also provides access to the build area for a range of other in-situ measurement techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "x-rays", "start": 76, "end": 82}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 168, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "build area", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "range", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The system is sufficiently automated to enable single tracks and high-density, multiple layer components to be built.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is easily transportable to enable measurements at different measurement facilities and its modular design enables straightforward modification for the specific measurements being made.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "modular", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 102, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate that the system produces components with > 99% density.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 62, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence the build conditions are representative to observe process fundamentals and to develop process control strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "process control", "start": 93, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work a finite-element framework for the numerical simulation of the heat transfer analysis of additive manufacturing processes by powder-bed technologies, such as Selective Laser Melting, is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 76, "end": 89}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 149, "end": 161}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 48, "end": 68}, {"text": "Laser", "start": 181, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 102, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 168, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These kind of technologies allow for a layer-by-layer metal deposition process to cost-effectively create, directly from a CAD model, complex functional parts such as turbine blades, fuel injectors, heat exchangers, medical implants, among others.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 39, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 60, "end": 78}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD model", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 164, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat exchangers", "start": 199, "end": 214}], "application": [{"text": "medical implants", "start": 216, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The numerical model proposed accounts for different heat dissipation mechanisms through the surrounding environment and is supplemented by a finite-element activation strategy, based on the born-dead elements technique, to follow the growth of the geometry driven by the metal deposition process, in such a way that the same scanning pattern sent to the numerical control system of the AM machine is used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "heat dissipation", "start": 52, "end": 68}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 248, "end": 256}, {"text": "metal deposition", "start": 271, "end": 287}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 200, "end": 208}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning pattern", "start": 325, "end": 341}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical control", "start": 354, "end": 371}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM machine", "start": 386, "end": 396}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An experimental campaign has been carried out at the Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing using an EOSINT-M280 machine where it was possible to fabricate different benchmark geometries, as well as to record the temperature measurements at different thermocouple locations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 3, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 71, "end": 93}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 148, "end": 157}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "thermocouple", "start": 253, "end": 265}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 168, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 190, "end": 192}, {"text": "as", "start": 198, "end": 200}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 215, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experiment consisted in the simultaneous printing of two walls with a total deposition volume of 107 cm3 in 992 layers and about 33,500 s build time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 140, "end": 141}], "parameter": [{"text": "build time", "start": 142, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A large number of numerical simulations have been carried out to calibrate the thermal FE framework in terms of the thermophysical properties of both solid and powder materials and suitable boundary conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 18, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "powder materials", "start": 160, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 131, "end": 141}, {"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 190, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the large size of the experiment motivated the investigation of two different model reduction strategies: exclusion of the powder-bed from the computational domain and simplified scanning strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "model", "start": 91, "end": 96}, {"text": "computational domain", "start": 156, "end": 176}, {"text": "scanning strategies", "start": 192, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In August 2018, a demonstration/experiment was performed in Champaign, Illinois USA, at the Engineer Research and Development Center Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) looking at the continuous printing of a 512 ft2 (47.6 m2) reinforced additively constructed concrete (RACC) building.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Research", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "Research Laboratory", "start": 158, "end": 177}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 248, "end": 258}], "application": [{"text": "Construction", "start": 133, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 282, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previously, in July of 2017, a more traditional building was 3D printed using a discontinuous concrete printing approach.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "concrete printing", "start": 94, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These demonstrations were performed to determine the feasibility of using additively constructed concrete (ACC) as a material for vertical structural elements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 53, "end": 64}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 130, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "material", "start": 117, "end": 125}, {"text": "elements", "start": 150, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study explores the differences and similarities of ACC with conventional concrete construction and concrete masonry unit construction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 78, "end": 86}, {"text": "concrete", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 126, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To validate the feasibility of ACC a cost comparison analysis was performed comparing the construction methods used in these demonstrations to conventional concrete masonry unit and cast-in-place concrete construction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 90, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 156, "end": 164}, {"text": "concrete", "start": 196, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Layered Assembly is a voxel-based additive manufacturing method in which premanufactured voxels serve as the feedstock for producing multi-material parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Assembly", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voxels", "start": 89, "end": 95}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 133, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrodes were nominally designed for grasping voxels of 3 × 3 mm cross-section.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Electrodes", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voxels", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 64, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrostatic field simulations were performed in COMSOL Multiphysics for both single electrodes, and 2 × 2 electrode arrays.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrodes", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "electrode", "start": 108, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selective gripping capability of the electrode arrays was tested at voltages in the 75–800 V range and applied to both polymer and metallic voxels.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 95, "end": 96}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 123, "end": 130}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 135, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison of electrode performance in terms of geometry revealed that comb-shaped electrodes were superior, due to ≈100% reliability when operating in the 600–800 V range.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 166, "end": 167}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 168, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lack-of-fusion flaws can occur in powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing of metal components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 34, "end": 51}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 53, "end": 56}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper demonstrates a method for detecting such flaws by monitoring the fabrication of every layer before and after laser scanning with high resolution optical imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 76, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 97, "end": 102}, {"text": "high resolution", "start": 140, "end": 155}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 164, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A binary template is created from the sliced 3D model of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "binary", "start": 2, "end": 8}], "application": [{"text": "3D model", "start": 45, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this template the optical image data is indexed to the part geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "template", "start": 11, "end": 19}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image data", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The indexed image data is used to detect anomalies in the powder layer before laser scanning and in the solidified material after scanning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image data", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "anomalies", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 130, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 58, "end": 64}, {"text": "material", "start": 115, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 65, "end": 70}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 78, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lack-of-fusion defects are identified from optical data by correlating multiple images with different lighting conditions and from multiple layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "data", "start": 51, "end": 55}, {"text": "images", "start": 80, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 43, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pyrometry showed an increase in intensity in CO2 atmosphere over Ar atmosphere.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Pyrometry", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "CO2", "start": 45, "end": 48}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 65, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At low levels of reactive gas atmospheres oxygen loss from spatter dominates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Oxygen increased in samples from 0.016 wt.% in Ar to 0.1 wt.% in CO2.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Oxygen", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "CO2", "start": 65, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 47, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Average in-situ particle size in the samples were ∼40 nm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Average", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "particle", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "samples", "start": 37, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There was a 20% increase in yield strength when samples were produced under CO2.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 28, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "CO2", "start": 76, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Traditionally, reactive gases such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been avoided during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of metals and alloys based on the notion that it may lead to defect formation and poor properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "CO2", "start": 70, "end": 73}, {"text": "metals", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 146, "end": 152}, {"text": "lead", "start": 185, "end": 189}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 100, "end": 123}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 125, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 193, "end": 199}, {"text": "properties", "start": 219, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we show that instead, these gases can be used to form sub-μm-sized oxide particles in-situ during the L-PBF process in an Fe-Cr-Al-Ti stainless steel and lead to improved room temperature and high-temperature mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 72, "end": 77}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 139, "end": 154}, {"text": "lead", "start": 159, "end": 163}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 88, "end": 95}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 214, "end": 235}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 107, "end": 112}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 181, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We manufactured cube samples using pure Ar and various reactive gas atmospheres, namely an O2/Argon (Ar) mixture containing 0.2% O2 and CO2/Ar mixtures containing up to 100% CO2.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured cube", "start": 3, "end": 20}, {"text": "gas", "start": 64, "end": 67}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 40, "end": 42}, {"text": "Ar", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "CO2", "start": 174, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Co-axial measurements of infrared radiation emitted from the melt pool showed correlation to the presence of O2 or CO2 in the gas mixture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "gas", "start": 126, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "CO2", "start": 115, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Builds produced under CO2-containing atmosphere contained complex oxides with an average diameter of ∼40 nm, an Al-rich core and a Ti-rich shell.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Builds", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "oxides", "start": 66, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 120, "end": 124}, {"text": "shell", "start": 139, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the high cooling rates typical to L-PBF, agglomeration of oxides and slag formation on the surface of the samples could almost be entirely avoided.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 16, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "oxides", "start": 65, "end": 71}, {"text": "slag", "start": 76, "end": 80}, {"text": "be", "start": 134, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "samples", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression tests at temperatures up to 800 °C showed that the samples produced in 100% CO2 have about 20% higher yield stress compared to samples produced in Ar.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Compression tests", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 21, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "samples", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "CO2", "start": 88, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 114, "end": 126}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 159, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper concludes with a discussion of the formation mechanism of the observed oxides.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 55, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "oxides", "start": 81, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that in-situ reactions during additive manufacturing processes are a promising pathway to the synthesis of particle-reinforced alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 47, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 144, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), have enabled the fabrication of geometrically complicated designs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "Laser Sintering", "start": 57, "end": 72}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 74, "end": 77}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 97, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, undesired distortions due to thermally-induced residual stresses may lead to loss of tolerance or failure of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 56, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 78, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "tolerance", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 107, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One potential failure mode is buckling, particularly when realizing high aspect ratio features, like for infill, to minimize weight.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mode", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "buckling", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "feature": [{"text": "high aspect ratio", "start": 68, "end": 85}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 105, "end": 111}, {"text": "weight", "start": 125, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we address distortions and part failures due to buckling by using a finite element model to predict residual stress distributions and sintering induced distortions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "buckling", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 115, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 83, "end": 103}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 131, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 149, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Initially, we conduct a transient thermal simulation to determine the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), which is then used in the thermomechanical simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "Heat Affected Zone", "start": 70, "end": 88}, {"text": "HAZ", "start": 90, "end": 93}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 122, "end": 138}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 42, "end": 52}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 139, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, we imposed perturbations on the mechanical mesh based on the buckling eigenmodes.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "buckling", "start": 74, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a thermomechanical viscoplastic analysis was performed layer-by-layer to obtain the final residual stress state and subsequent distortions that occur after cooling down to ambient temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 11, "end": 27}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 64, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 99, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 189, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A model was used to describe the evolution of porosity due to laser sintering, and then a model of the effects of porosity on the viscoplastic constitutive properties of the sintered material was used in the thermomechanical simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 2, "end": 7}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "properties", "start": 156, "end": 166}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 208, "end": 224}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 114, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 62, "end": 77}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 174, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 183, "end": 191}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 225, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modeling results are compared against experimental specimens using a Durelli (aka, Theta) specimen geometry fabricated with a 3D Systems ProX 200 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modeling", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 38, "end": 50}, {"text": "geometry fabricated", "start": 99, "end": 118}], "application": [{"text": "3D Systems", "start": 126, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Sintering", "start": 146, "end": 171}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 173, "end": 176}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 178, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The geometry of the specimen represents an internal feature with a high aspect ratio that is prone to buckling, and the dimensions were modified based on the simulation results to confirm the ability of the modeling approach to provide accurate mitigation of buckling-induced distortions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "high aspect ratio", "start": 67, "end": 84}, {"text": "dimensions", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "buckling", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 158, "end": 168}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 207, "end": 215}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 236, "end": 244}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a process-microstructure finite element modeling framework for predicting the evolution of volumetric phase fractions and microhardness during laser directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "framework", "start": 69, "end": 78}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "phase fractions", "start": 122, "end": 137}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 142, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 163, "end": 195}, {"text": "DED", "start": 197, "end": 200}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 202, "end": 224}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 228, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on recent experimental observations, the present microstructure evolution model is formulated to combine the formation and dissolution kinetics of grain boundary, Widmanstätten colony/basketweave, massive/martensitic alpha and beta phases of Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 55, "end": 79}, {"text": "grain boundary", "start": 153, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 248, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure evolution algorithm is verified and embedded into a three-dimensional finite element process simulation model to simulate thermally driven phase transformations during DED processing of a Ti6Al4V thin-walled rectangular sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 4, "end": 28}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 71, "end": 88}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 89, "end": 103}, {"text": "model", "start": 123, "end": 128}, {"text": "phase", "start": 158, "end": 163}, {"text": "sample", "start": 239, "end": 245}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 187, "end": 190}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 207, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated volumetric phase fractions and related microhardness distribution agree reasonably well with experimental measurements performed on the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fractions", "start": 25, "end": 40}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 53, "end": 66}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 107, "end": 119}, {"text": "sample", "start": 150, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus the proposed simulation model could be useful for designers to understand and control process-microstructure-property relationships in a DED-processed part.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present research work has investigated the synthesis of ceramic structures based on inorganic, spherical-hollow microballoons using a binder jet printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "binder", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 149, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jet printing is a process that allows the synthesis process of complex and intricate parts with minimal waste of the feedstock material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Binder", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "feedstock material", "start": 124, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "process", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ceramic microballoons here investigated were based on a mullite derivative.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "mullite", "start": 60, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed ceramic parts were cured and sintered as the precursor templates for metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSFs).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "precursor", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 31, "end": 36}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metal matrix", "start": 81, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The MMSFs were manufactured by infiltrating the printed ceramic templates by molten aluminum.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "infiltrating", "start": 31, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 84, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The flexural strength of the cured, sintered, and infiltrated structures were also investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 36, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is proposed that binder jet printing followed by a sintering and pressureless infiltration process represents an advantageous technology for designing complex MMSF structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 20, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 81, "end": 93}, {"text": "technology", "start": 129, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fused coating process is a new material jetting additive manufacturing technology that proposes to solve the problem of high cost, low efficiency and high material requirements of laser-based process and electron beam process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "process", "start": 196, "end": 203}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 208, "end": 221}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material jetting", "start": 35, "end": 51}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 159, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The structure and operating principles of the fused coating machine are explained in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "fused", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sn63Pb37 is taken as the experimental material because of its low melting temperature, small surface tension coefficient and high viscosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 18, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 25, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 66, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 93, "end": 108}, {"text": "viscosity", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile test specimens were made both parallel and perpendicular to the forming trajectory.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile test", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile strengths were measured and the corresponding fractographies were observed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile strengths", "start": 0, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that large plastic deformation has occurred before the fracture, and the plasticity of fused components that the tensile direction parallel to the forming trajectory, is higher.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 23, "end": 42}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "fused", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The densification degree of fused coating component is measured by the drainage method.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 34, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average value is up to 99.78% which indicates that the internal structure is indistinguishable from extruded Sn63Pb37.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal structure", "start": 59, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 104, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Vickers hardness of the fused coated component and raw casted material were tested by 5 points respectively, the results showed that the average Vickers hardness of the fused coating component is 14.6% higher than the casted one.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 157, "end": 165}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "average", "start": 141, "end": 148}, {"text": "fused", "start": 173, "end": 178}], "application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 34, "end": 40}, {"text": "coating", "start": 179, "end": 186}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cellular materials, such as foams, can be used as load bearing members in civil construction and as protective energy absorbing structures for personnel and equipment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cellular materials", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "as", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 80, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, novel lightweight closed-cell structures were designed, and their mechanical properties and collapse mechanisms were investigated through a combination of experimental validation and finite element (FE) simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 88, "end": 109}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 177, "end": 189}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 205, "end": 219}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 221, "end": 223}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 225, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selected porous structure designs were manufactured from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using additive manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 57, "end": 88}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 90, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These 3D printed structures were subjected to quasi-static loading to determine the dependence of their elastic and plastic responses from their topological features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quasi-static", "start": 46, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deformation mechanisms were elucidated through quasi-static compression experiments and FE modelling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Deformation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 47, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 88, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The appropriate distribution of the base material in the designed closed-cell structures inherits the merits of uniform stress distribution and large deformations that lead to reaching high strengths and desirable energy absorption efficiencies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "deformations", "start": 150, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "lead", "start": 168, "end": 172}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress distribution", "start": 120, "end": 139}, {"text": "strengths", "start": 190, "end": 199}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 214, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of relative density and cell shape were studied in detail from elastic loading through the large plastic strain densification regions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 15, "end": 31}, {"text": "elastic", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 109, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 124, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of cellular architecture on deformation mechanisms and energy absorption capabilities demonstrated the possibility of enhancing energy absorption efficiencies with appropriate design criteria.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 24, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 67, "end": 84}, {"text": "energy absorption", "start": 140, "end": 157}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the experimental and numerical analyses, the most efficient energy absorbing closed-cell structure was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "structure", "start": 98, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance enhancement of parts produced using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an important goal for various industrial applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 52, "end": 75}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 115, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to achieve this goal, obtaining a homogeneous microstructure and eliminating material defects within the fabricated parts are important research issues.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "defects", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "research", "start": 145, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 86, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this experimental study is to evaluate the effect of thermal post-processing of AlSi10Mg parts, using recycled powder, with the aim of improving the microstructure homogeneity of the as-built parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 22, "end": 34}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 78, "end": 93}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 119, "end": 127}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 166, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "powder", "start": 128, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work is essential for the cost-effective additive manufacturing (AM) of metal optics and optomechanical systems.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "AM", "start": 70, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 77, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To achieve this goal, a full characterization of fresh and recycled powder was performed, in addition to a microstructure assessment of the as-built fabricated samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 107, "end": 121}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 149, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 68, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Annealing, solution heat treatment (SHT) and T6 heat treatment (T6 HT) were applied under different processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Annealing", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "solution heat treatment", "start": 11, "end": 34}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 48, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A micro-hardness map was developed to assist in the selection of the optimized post-processing parameters in order to satisfy the design requirements of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing parameters", "start": 79, "end": 105}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 130, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are regularly used today to protect and extend the service life of several superalloys which are extensively used in high temperature applications.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Thermal barrier coatings", "start": 0, "end": 24}, {"text": "TBC", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "service life", "start": 82, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 106, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 153, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The existing TBCs are typically between 0.1 to 0.5 mm in thickness, are deposited on metal substrates using plasma spray or electron beam vapor deposition, and can reduce temperatures at the substrate surface by up to 300 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "TBCs", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "plasma spray", "start": 108, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 191, "end": 200}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 124, "end": 137}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 144, "end": 154}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 171, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For greater temperature reductions there is a need for thicker TBCs.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "application": [{"text": "TBCs", "start": 63, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The building of thick TBCs has to date been stymied by poor adhesion, and cracking during deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "TBCs", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been suggested that a functionally graded approach may reduce the residual stresses which result in these defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 29, "end": 48}, {"text": "defects", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 73, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To date there have been few reports on the deposition of ceramic or cermet coatings using laser AM and none have reported on the phase stability of ceramic particles post-deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "phase", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "cermet", "start": 68, "end": 74}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 148, "end": 155}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 96, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper is a first report on the phase stability of ceramic particles following the compositional segregation of elements during deposition using a powder feed additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 101, "end": 112}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 132, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "elements", "start": 116, "end": 124}, {"text": "powder", "start": 151, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 158, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 163, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Functionally graded (FG), thick TBCs (> 3 mm) consisting of Inconel 625 (IN625) and yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) were deposited on an A516 steel substrate via laser direct energy deposition (LDED).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Functionally graded", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "TBCs", "start": 32, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 180, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "zirconia", "start": 112, "end": 120}, {"text": "steel", "start": 154, "end": 159}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 174, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Good interfaces were observed between the bond coat (BC) and first cermet layer and between the graded cermet layers.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bond coat", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "cermet", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "cermet", "start": 103, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, cermet layers deposited with 10 wt.% or more YSZ developed a thin layer of YSZ on the surface.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cermet", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "YSZ", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "YSZ", "start": 84, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thin layer of YSZ greatly hindered additional deposition of new cermet layers.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 9, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "YSZ", "start": 18, "end": 21}, {"text": "cermet", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 50, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In cermet layers that did exhibit good interfaces, fine, re-solidified, YSZ particles were homogenously distributed within the Inconel 625 matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cermet", "start": 3, "end": 9}, {"text": "YSZ", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "Inconel 625", "start": 127, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 76, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The YSZ particles exhibited a tetragonal lattice structure and were depleted of yttrium.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "YSZ", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "yttrium", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "feature": [{"text": "tetragonal lattice structure", "start": 30, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, the thin YSZ layer formed on a cermet surface showed no yttrium depletion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "YSZ", "start": 22, "end": 25}, {"text": "cermet", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "yttrium", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 26, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some of the primary barriers to widespread adoption of metal additive manufacturing (AM) are persistent defect formation in built components, high material costs, and lack of consistency in powder feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 83}, {"text": "AM", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 104, "end": 110}, {"text": "consistency", "start": 175, "end": 186}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 190, "end": 206}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 147, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To generate more reliable, complex-shaped metal parts, it is crucial to understand how feedstock properties change with reuse and how that affects build mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 27, "end": 41}, {"text": "performance", "start": 164, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "feedstock", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 147, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder particles interacting with the energy source, yet not consolidated into an AM part can undergo a range of dynamic thermal interactions, resulting in variable particle behavior if reused.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder particles", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM part", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "particle", "start": 165, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we present a systematic study of 316L powder properties from the virgin state through thirty powder reuses in the laser powder bed fusion process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 52, "end": 58}, {"text": "powder", "start": 107, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 128, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thirteen powder characteristics and the resulting AM build mechanical properties were investigated for both powder states.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "powder", "start": 108, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show greater variability in part ductility for the virgin state.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 41, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The feedstock exhibited minor changes to size distribution, bulk composition, and hardness with reuse, but significant changes to particle morphology, microstructure, magnetic properties, surface composition, and oxide thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "feedstock", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 213, "end": 218}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "composition", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "particle", "start": 130, "end": 138}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 139, "end": 149}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 151, "end": 165}, {"text": "properties", "start": 176, "end": 186}, {"text": "surface", "start": 188, "end": 195}, {"text": "composition", "start": 196, "end": 207}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 82, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, sieved powder, along with resulting fume/condensate and recoil ejecta (spatter) properties were characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 94, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was discovered that spatter leads to formation of single crystal ferrite through large degrees of supercooling and massive solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 68, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "supercooling", "start": 101, "end": 113}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 126, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ferrite content and consequently magnetic susceptibility of the powder also increases with reuse, suggesting potential for magnetic separation as a refining technique for altered feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ferrite", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "powder", "start": 64, "end": 70}, {"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 179, "end": 188}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "magnetic susceptibility", "start": 33, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic separation", "start": 123, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile stress in selective laser melted (SLM) stainless steel 316 (SS316) bars was studied with neutron imaging methods for measurement of attenuation, scattering, and diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile stress", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 42, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 47, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "neutron", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 125, "end": 136}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 169, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hypotheses for stress failure includes modifications to both the grain structure and residual porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 69, "end": 84}, {"text": "residual", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Neutron Bragg edge imaging showed a change in crystallographic structure and/or texture at a pre-existing fracture, but did not provide evidence for presumptive crack formation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Neutron", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "structure", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A Talbot-Lau grating-based neutron interferometer yielded better than 100 μm spatial resolution for the attenuation images and was tuned to an autocorrelation scattering length of 1.97 μm for the dark-field (scattering) images.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "neutron", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "images", "start": 116, "end": 122}, {"text": "images", "start": 220, "end": 226}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interferometry imaging was performed with samples parallel and perpendicular to the linear grating, allowing assessment of scattering along and perpendicular to the additive manufacturing build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interferometry", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "samples", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 169, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the 3D tomography dark-field volume of a tensile stressed bar, features were observed that suggested possible sites of crack formation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 7, "end": 9}, {"text": "volume", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 44, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The features were quantified with line probes and found to be reproducible over three tomography experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "probes", "start": 39, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After imaging, the half-stressed bar was pulled to failure; the fracture point is correlated with a feature in the line probe having enhanced neutron scattering.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 120, "end": 125}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "neutron scattering", "start": 142, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Neutron interferometry, particularly the dark-field imaging modality, emerges as a powerful non-destructive method for detecting early crack formation in additive manufactured components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Neutron", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "interferometry", "start": 8, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 154, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a method of joining metal/non-metals or composites layer by layer using different energy sources.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "joining", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 91, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the various AM processes, laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) is very popular, in which geometrically complex structures can be manufactured directly from CAD models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 18, "end": 30}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 44, "end": 61}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 63, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 109, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD models", "start": 162, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the least investigated areas in LPBF is the fatigue property of LPBF produced stainless steel parts, which find a variety of engineering and medical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 39, "end": 43}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 71, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 85, "end": 100}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 132, "end": 143}, {"text": "medical applications", "start": 148, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In actual service conditions, many engineering components undergo variable cyclic loadings.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 35, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loadings", "start": 75, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, in order to widen industrial applications of LPBF process, effects of variable amplitude loading under both zero and tensile mean stresses on the fatigue life of LPBF produced 15-5 precipitation hardened stainless steel parts have been examined in the present study.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 56, "end": 60}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 173, "end": 177}, {"text": "precipitation hardened", "start": 192, "end": 214}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 128, "end": 135}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 157, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 225, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, different modes of failure, effects of load sequences on fatigue life and the cumulative damage during the process have also been studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "process", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 66, "end": 78}, {"text": "damage", "start": 98, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fracture surfaces were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy to investigate the mode of failures and completely different fracture surface morphologies for these two cases explain the observed difference in number of cycles to failure with the reversal of the load sequence.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fracture", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 144, "end": 156}, {"text": "failure", "start": 232, "end": 239}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning Electron Microscopy", "start": 37, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent advances in X-ray computed tomography (XCT) have allowed for measurement resolutions approaching the point where XCT can be used for measuring surface topography.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 19, "end": 44}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topography", "start": 150, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These advances make XCT appealing for measuring hard-to-reach or internal surfaces, such as those often present in additively manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 115, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To demonstrate the feasibility and potential of XCT for topography measurement, topography datasets obtained using two XCT systems are compared to those acquired using coherence scanning interferometry and focus variation microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "scanning interferometry", "start": 178, "end": 201}, {"text": "variation", "start": 212, "end": 221}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "topography", "start": 56, "end": 66}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 67, "end": 78}, {"text": "topography", "start": 80, "end": 90}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 222, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hollow Ti6Al4V part produced by laser powder bed fusion is used as a measurement artefact.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 34, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The artefact comprises two component halves that can be separated to expose the internal surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measured surface datasets are accurately aligned and similarly cropped, and compared by various qualitative and quantitative means, including the computation of ISO 25178-2 areal surface texture parameters, commonly used in part quality assessment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "qualitative", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 112, "end": 124}, {"text": "computation", "start": 146, "end": 157}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 195, "end": 205}, {"text": "quality", "start": 229, "end": 236}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO 25178-2", "start": 161, "end": 172}], "feature": [{"text": "surface texture", "start": 179, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that XCT can non-destructively provide surface information comparable with more conventional surface measurement technologies, thus representing a viable alternative to more conventional measurement, particularly appealing for hard-to-reach and internal surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "surface", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 267, "end": 275}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 114, "end": 125}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 200, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low-cost GMAW-based 3-D printing slicing needed for diverse users.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 20, "end": 23}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 33, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Upgraded free and open source CuraEngine into MOSTMetalCura.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 23, "end": 29}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New slicer track counts, avoid overlaps, infill to enable continous bead.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "slicer", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 68, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also includes variable pauses, control of welder and set wire feed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 53, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 62, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The slicer enables 1 mm resolution printing of ER70S-6 steel.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "slicer", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 21, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "ER70S-6", "start": 47, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low-cost gas metal arc welding (GMAW) -based 3-D printing has proven effective at additive manufacturing steel and aluminum parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas metal arc welding", "start": 9, "end": 30}, {"text": "GMAW", "start": 32, "end": 36}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 45, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "aluminum", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To enable automated slicing a 3-D model and generating G-code for an acceptable path for GMAW 3-D printing, this paper reports on upgrading of the free and open source CuraEngine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slicing", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 94, "end": 97}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "G-code", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "GMAW", "start": 89, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The new slicer, MOSTMetalCura, provides the following novel abilities necessary for GMAW 3-D printing: i) change the perimeter metric from width to track count, ii) avoid movement that overlaps previous weld beads, iii) have infill start immediately after the perimeter finished and in the direction that eliminates translations, iv) add a variable pause between layers to allow for substrate cooling, v) configure GPIO pins to turn on/off the welder, and vi) set optimized wire feed speed and voltage of the welder based on printing speed, layer height, filament diameter, and tool track width.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "slicer", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "GMAW", "start": 84, "end": 88}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 393, "end": 400}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 89, "end": 92}, {"text": "weld beads", "start": 203, "end": 213}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 225, "end": 231}, {"text": "feed", "start": 479, "end": 483}, {"text": "printing speed", "start": 525, "end": 539}, {"text": "layer height", "start": 541, "end": 553}, {"text": "filament diameter", "start": 555, "end": 572}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 383, "end": 392}, {"text": "v", "start": 402, "end": 403}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 460, "end": 463}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 578, "end": 582}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process for initiating these changes are detailed and the new slicer is used to help improve the function of the printer for ER70S-6 steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "slicer", "start": 66, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 117, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "ER70S-6", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To find the printing function with the smallest bead width based on volume of material, the line width, layer height, and printing speed are varied to provide wire feed speed calculated by MOSTMetalCura, then the settings are used to print 3-D models.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bead width", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 68, "end": 74}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 240, "end": 243}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 104, "end": 116}, {"text": "printing speed", "start": 122, "end": 136}, {"text": "feed", "start": 164, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 234, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of 3-D printing three case study objects of increasing geometric complexity using the process methodology improvements presented, which show resolution of 1 mm bead widths.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 15, "end": 18}, {"text": "case study", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "process methodology", "start": 98, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 153, "end": 163}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 169, "end": 171}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead widths", "start": 172, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the current study, cylindrical samples of AlSi10Mg alloy were fabricated using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique in vertical and horizontal directions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 45, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal laser sintering", "start": 82, "end": 110}, {"text": "DMLS", "start": 112, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of the samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "samples", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 53, "end": 81}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 83, "end": 115}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 120, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was observed that, by changing the building direction from vertical to horizontal, columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) occurred in the alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 38, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 62, "end": 70}, {"text": "transition", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 140, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While 75% of the grains in the vertical sample were columnar, by changing the direction to horizontal, 49% of the grains evolved with columnar shape and 51% of them were equiaxed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "vertical sample", "start": 31, "end": 46}, {"text": "grains", "start": 114, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the texture of DMLS-AlSi10Mg alloy changed due to CET.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 39, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While {001} fiber texture evolved in the vertical sample, the < 001 > direction tilted away from the building direction in the horizontal one.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical sample", "start": 41, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 101, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the fundamentals of solidification and constitutional undercooling, the solidification behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy during DMLS process was modeled.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 78, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 105, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 127, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was observed that, the determinant parameter in CET during DMLS of AlSi10Mg alloy is the angle between the nominal growth rate and < hkl > direction of the growing dendrite, which is controlled by the geometry and building direction of the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 204, "end": 212}, {"text": "sample", "start": 243, "end": 249}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLS", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 70, "end": 84}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 167, "end": 175}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 217, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further TEM studies confirmed that, CET alters the shape and coherency of Si precipitates and dislocation density inside the α-Al dendrites in DMLS-AlSi10Mg alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "TEM", "start": 8, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 77, "end": 89}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "dislocation density", "start": 94, "end": 113}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal additive manufacturing, despite of offering unique capabilities e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metal additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "unlimited design freedom, short manufacturing time, etc., suffers from raft of intrinsic defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 10, "end": 24}, {"text": "defects", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 32, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "raft", "start": 71, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity is of the defects which can badly deteriorate a part’ s performance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "performance", "start": 65, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 63, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To this end, in this work a combined numerical and experimental approach has been used to analyze the formation, evolution and disappearance of keyhole and keyhole-induced porosities along with their initiating mechanisms, during single track L-PBF of a Ti6Al4V alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 113, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 172, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 243, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V alloy", "start": 254, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this respect, a high-fidelity numerical model based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and accomplished in the commercial software Flow-3D is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "high-fidelity", "start": 19, "end": 32}, {"text": "model", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "Finite Volume Method", "start": 62, "end": 82}, {"text": "software", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model accounts for the major physics taking place during the laser-scanning step of the L-PBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "physics", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "step", "start": 80, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 92, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that during the keyhole regime, the heating rises dramatically compared to the shallow-depth melt pool regime due to the large entrapment of laser rays in the keyhole cavities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 110, "end": 119}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 158, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also a detailed parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of input power on thermal absorptivity, heat transfer and melt pool anatomy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 112, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, an X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) analysis is carried out to visualize the pores formed during the L-PBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray Computed Tomography", "start": 16, "end": 41}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 114, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown, that the predicted shape, size and depth of the pores are in very good agreement with those found by either X-CT or optical and 3D digital microscopic images.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "3D", "start": 141, "end": 143}, {"text": "images", "start": 164, "end": 170}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 61, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a metal additive manufacturing process where parts are fabricated from metal powder based on CAD data.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 104, "end": 116}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 126, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selection of the best process parameters for the pulsed SLM processes is a fundamental problem due to the increased number of parameters that have a direct impact on the melt pool compared to the continuous SLM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 22, "end": 40}, {"text": "processes", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 126, "end": 136}, {"text": "impact", "start": 156, "end": 162}, {"text": "processes", "start": 211, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 56, "end": 59}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 207, "end": 210}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 170, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In previous studies, volumetric energy density or scan speed have been used as control variables for applied energy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the process parameters (laser power, exposure time, point distance and hatching distance) were considered individually, in addition to particle size distribution and layer thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 19, "end": 37}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "particle size distribution", "start": 150, "end": 176}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 181, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Taguchi experimental design method was used to determine and optimise the effect of the selected input parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental design", "start": 12, "end": 31}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of exposure time and its correlation with layer thickness and particle size distribution was then investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "particle size distribution", "start": 73, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 53, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show the best combination of process parameters which can provide fully or near fully dense parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 41, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 92, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results also show the minimum exposure time that can be used with different powder types and layer thicknesses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "powder", "start": 80, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thicknesses", "start": 97, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper concludes with a study which shows the part location has a significant impact on sample quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "part location", "start": 49, "end": 62}, {"text": "impact", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "sample", "start": 91, "end": 97}, {"text": "quality", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray microtomography can be used to characterise objects undergoing fabrication by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray microtomography", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 84, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the layer-by-layer building process, it can provide key information about geometry, roughness and it can even reveal typical defects such as lack-of-fusion porosity, gas pores or cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 11, "end": 25}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "defects", "start": 132, "end": 139}, {"text": "gas", "start": 173, "end": 176}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "building process", "start": 26, "end": 42}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 91, "end": 100}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 163, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work, we describe our custom-designed additive manufacturing chamber allowing in situ 3D-non-destructive characterisation to be performed during layer-by-layer construction using synchrotron X-ray microtomography.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 160, "end": 174}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 175, "end": 187}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 194, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scans before (subsequently to powder deposition) and after local laser melting are acquired for every layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 30, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 65, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the most popular additive manufacturing processes for metals, Powder bed fusion technology involves a layer by layer manufacturing approach utilizing a high power source, such as a laser or an electron beam, interacting with the metal powder on selected surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 23, "end": 55}, {"text": "Powder bed fusion", "start": 68, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 60, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 182, "end": 184}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 235, "end": 247}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 108, "end": 122}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 199, "end": 212}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 260, "end": 268}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 163, "end": 168}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 187, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Beam-powder interaction brings up a handful of phenomena affecting the quality of the final part in its volume and surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "volume", "start": 104, "end": 110}, {"text": "surface", "start": 115, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, different surface features generated by Selective Laser Melting of an Al-Si7-Mg alloy are investigated and interpreted based on their morphology, microstructure and hardness to improve the general understanding of defect genesis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 149, "end": 159}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 161, "end": 175}, {"text": "defect", "start": 229, "end": 235}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 55, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 95, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 180, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ballings, spatter particles and partially melted metal powders are distinguished by their morphology, size and microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "melted", "start": 42, "end": 48}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 90, "end": 100}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 111, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 55, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that these differences arise from different cooling rates during their generation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ballings share the same microstructure with the bulk material both experiencing cooling in conduction mode.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 24, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spatters and partially melted powders show coarser microstructure driven by solidification mainly ruled by convection and radiation during their flight in the inert atmosphere of the process chamber.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 51, "end": 65}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 76, "end": 90}, {"text": "process", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long production times, the associated high costs of the products and product size limitations belong among current issues of selective laser melting (SLM) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 125, "end": 148}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 150, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 155, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hybrid products containing small and complex-shaped parts deposited by SLM on the forged, rolled or hot stamped semi-products could offer a practical solution to these limitations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complex-shaped", "start": 37, "end": 51}, {"text": "solution", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 71, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cylindrical hybrid parts were additively manufactured by depositing 18Ni300 maraging steel on the cylindrical semi-products of CMnAlNb low-alloy advanced high strength steel (AHSS).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cylindrical", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 98, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 30, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 76, "end": 90}, {"text": "steel", "start": 168, "end": 173}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 159, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The AHSS was used either in forged and air cooled condition or after heat treatments typically used for inducing the TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) effect.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 69, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plasticity", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various post-build heat treatments of the hybrid parts were performed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 19, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of the hybrid parts were determined by hardness measurement across the interface and by a tensile test of the dissimilar joints.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "interface", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 116, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All tensile samples fractured in the high-strength steel side, several millimetres from the interface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "interface", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 51, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure analysis of both materials and the interface region was carried out using light and scanning electron microscopes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "materials", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "interface", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopes", "start": 99, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hybrid parts had the ultimate tensile strengths of 840−940 MPa, with total elongations of 12–19%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strengths", "start": 25, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 63, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The best combination of tensile strength and elongation was obtained with two-step heat treatment of the TRIP steel prior to additive manufacturing with no post-build heat treatment of the hybrid part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 24, "end": 40}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 83, "end": 97}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 125, "end": 147}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 167, "end": 181}], "material": [{"text": "TRIP steel", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the potential of selective laser melting (SLM) of stainless steel CL 20ES powder was investigated with a focus on controlled fabrication of porous structures with strongly reduced pore sizes, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 32, "end": 55}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 57, "end": 60}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 140, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 65, "end": 80}, {"text": "powder", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "CL", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 155, "end": 161}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore sizes", "start": 195, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "feature sizes significantly below conventional minimum SLM feature sizes.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feature sizes", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "feature sizes", "start": 59, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 55, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By controlling laser scan properties interacting with the powder bed directly, porous structures can be generated by selectively sintering powder particles.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 79, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "powder particles", "start": 139, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 129, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A wide range of porous samples was manufactured following this strategy, aiming to increase porosity while keeping pore sizes low.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 7, "end": 12}, {"text": "pore sizes", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 16, "end": 22}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 35, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of process parameters, including laser power and focal point positioning, was evaluated for a fibre laser operated in pulsed wave (PW) emission mode.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "fibre laser", "start": 105, "end": 116}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "emission", "start": 146, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first part of this study focuses on characterization of key porous structure properties, i.e., porosity, average mass density, average pore sizes and structures at microscopic scales.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 64, "end": 70}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "density", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 81, "end": 91}, {"text": "average", "start": 109, "end": 116}, {"text": "average", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The second part deals with the influence of porosity and pore sizes on thermal and fluid properties, i.e., the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) and wettability.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "fluid properties", "start": 83, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore sizes", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "effective thermal conductivity", "start": 111, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wettability", "start": 152, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have quantified the directional dependence (build direction plane and scan direction plane) off the structural and thermophysical properties of porous structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 47, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 133, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 147, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For a range of porosities and pore sizes, we have observed that porosity and surface morphology influence the thermal properties and contact angle of droplets on the printed surface.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "pore sizes", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 77, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 110, "end": 128}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 150, "end": 158}, {"text": "surface", "start": 174, "end": 181}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal conductivity was measured and the associated analysis was compared with available models and correlations in literature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Thermal conductivity", "start": 0, "end": 20}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average thermal conductivity of fabricated porous structures was determined between 6-14 W/m·K and found to be a function of porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 129, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the capillary wicking performance of additively manufactured stainless steel porous structures having an average pore radius from 9 to 23 µm was determined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "average", "start": 118, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 50, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 90, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Typically, additive manufacturing (AM) processes are limited to a single material per build while many products benefit from the integration of multiple materials with varied properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}, {"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "materials", "start": 153, "end": 162}, {"text": "properties", "start": 175, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 86, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To achieve the benefits of multiple materials, the geometric freedom of AM could be used to build internal structures that emulate a range of different material properties such as stiffness, Poisson’ s ratio, and elastic limit using only a single build material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "geometric freedom", "start": 51, "end": 68}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 152, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "as", "start": 177, "end": 179}, {"text": "s", "start": 200, "end": 201}, {"text": "build material", "start": 247, "end": 261}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 92, "end": 97}, {"text": "range", "start": 133, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 213, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper examines a wide range of properties that can be achieved using diamond lattice structures manufactured from Nylon 12 with a commercial laser sintering (LS) process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 101, "end": 113}, {"text": "process", "start": 167, "end": 174}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "Nylon", "start": 119, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 146, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stiffness and energy absorption were measured for all lattices and the stiffness response was compared to finite element analysis (FEA).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Stiffness", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 14, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 54, "end": 62}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 106, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulation shows agreement with experimental results over a stiffness range of four orders of magnitude once a correction factor is applied.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 32, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "magnitude", "start": 94, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results also show a wide range of energy absorption for diamond lattice structures and a significant increase in the effective elastic limit of the build material, which compensates for the low ductility of many AM materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 47, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "diamond", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "build material", "start": 161, "end": 175}, {"text": "AM materials", "start": 225, "end": 237}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 207, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elastic limit decreases with an increasing t/L ratio meanwhile the degradation under cyclic loading is relatively independent of the t/L ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 89, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrapolating this data into lattice structures made from metal, these same structures could mimic a wide range of “fully” dense and porous materials with just the use of a single material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 19, "end": 23}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 29, "end": 47}, {"text": "dense and porous", "start": 123, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 58, "end": 63}, {"text": "material", "start": 180, "end": 188}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 106, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since the diamond lattice is a cellular structure, the voids can also be filled with other materials or structures to add secondary control of embedded functions such as energy storage and sensing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "diamond", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 167, "end": 169}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 31, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "materials", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 189, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser wire deposits using Alloy 625 modified with 0.4 wt% B were manufactured on stainless steel 304 substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "B", "start": 58, "end": 59}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 65, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A layer boundary with a thickness of around 250 μm was formed between the layer cores during deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 2, "end": 7}, {"text": "layer", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cores", "start": 80, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that the solidification features in the layer boundary were coarser than the layer core due to the recalescence mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 22, "end": 36}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 125, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "layer", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 96, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous eutectics were observed segregating the inter-dendritic regions in both the layer boundary and the layer core.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "layer", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 116, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The eutectics consisted of mainly Laves phase with a small amount of NbC precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 73, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solidification front velocities (SFV) were calculated from the Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi (KGT) model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Solidification", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "model", "start": 92, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that they developed in the layer boundary and in the layer core at 0.06 m/s and 0.1 m/s respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "layer", "start": 68, "end": 73}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 74, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping revealed that small equiaxed grains nucleated in the layer boundary, while large columnar grains were prevalent in the layer core.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 70, "end": 85}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "layer", "start": 169, "end": 174}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 131, "end": 146}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 175, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) model developed by Hunts was considered and the results were in good agreement with the observed grain morphologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "model", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "grain", "start": 139, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metallization has been widely used to enhance the aesthetics and performance of injection molded plastic parts, but the techniques have not been widely extended to 3D printed parts due to intrinsic differences in surface chemistry and morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Metallization", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "surface", "start": 213, "end": 220}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 221, "end": 230}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 235, "end": 245}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 164, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we investigate direct metallization of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 3D printed thermoplastic parts using low cost environmentally benign surface preparations and physical vapor deposition (PVD) to avoid the use of preparation with toxic chromic acid.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metallization", "start": 28, "end": 41}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "surface preparations", "start": 152, "end": 172}, {"text": "physical vapor deposition", "start": 177, "end": 202}, {"text": "PVD", "start": 204, "end": 207}], "material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 45, "end": 76}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 78, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra are gathered for each surface preparation method prior to metallization.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Fourier transform infrared", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "FTIR", "start": 28, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface preparation", "start": 64, "end": 83}, {"text": "metallization", "start": 100, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The metallized parts are then characterized for thin film adhesion, electrical resistivity, and optical reflectivity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 68, "end": 90}, {"text": "optical", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, each part is imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) post-metallization.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 42, "end": 70}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 72, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that surface preparation with solvent results in a smooth and aesthetically pleasing surface, but metallic film adhesion is poor.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface preparation", "start": 22, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 115, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 129, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conversely, when 2000 grit sandpaper is used to mechanically prepare the surfaces, the resulting films have poor electrical conductivity and optical reflectance, but excellent adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sandpaper", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 113, "end": 136}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 176, "end": 184}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 141, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Atmospheric plasma treatment of the parts results in the highest overall performance, with superior adhesion strength and optical reflectivity and low electrical resistivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "performance", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 151, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron microscopy and FTIR reveal that the high adhesion resulting from atmospheric plasma is caused by modification surface morphology, but not surface chemical termination.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "FTIR", "start": 24, "end": 28}, {"text": "surface morphology", "start": 119, "end": 137}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 86, "end": 92}, {"text": "surface", "start": 147, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that direct metallization of 3D printed ABS is a viable method for creating metallized parts with high performance and an aesthetically pleasing appearance and that the use of chromic acid in surface preparation is not necessary.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metallization", "start": 33, "end": 46}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "surface preparation", "start": 213, "end": 232}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 124, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development and growth of additive manufacturing (AM) processes have made the optimization of surface quality and properties of AM components critical.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 30, "end": 52}, {"text": "AM", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "AM", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 82, "end": 94}, {"text": "properties", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 98, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser polishing represents a recent and novel application of laser surface irradiation that can be used for precise, post-process smoothing of the rough surfaces commonly encountered on AM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "laser", "start": 61, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-process", "start": 117, "end": 129}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 186, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Austenitic stainless steels are an important class of alloys frequently used in biomedical applications due to their corrosion resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Austenitic stainless steels", "start": 0, "end": 27}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 54, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 80, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 117, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to this, corrosion resistance advancements and improved bio-response to stainless steels are long-term active areas of research.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 13, "end": 33}, {"text": "research", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steels", "start": 76, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 114, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the influence of laser polishing on surface modification and corrosion behavior of additively manufactured 316L has been investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 32, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface modification", "start": 51, "end": 71}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 98, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 76, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser scanning speed and number of passes were varied to evaluate their effect on the surface quality and corrosion resistance of the experimental samples.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 86, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 106, "end": 126}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 134, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicated that laser polishing could enable reductions in surface roughness of over 92% (from 4.75 μm to 0.49 μm Sa) while also incorporating partially melted powders originally on the as-printed surface layer.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 70, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 164, "end": 170}, {"text": "surface", "start": 208, "end": 215}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 216, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that there was no considerable phase change after laser polishing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 23, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 77, "end": 82}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 96, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser polishing was observed to refine the columnar structure within the as-printed sample into a fine cellular structure.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "sample", "start": 84, "end": 90}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 103, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the sub-surface microhardness of the laser remelted layer increased from 1.82 GPa to 2.89 GPa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 30, "end": 43}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "GPa", "start": 92, "end": 95}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 104, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the laser polished samples exhibited greater corrosion resistance, which was believed to be due to a combination of a decrease in surface roughness and grain refinement.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 55, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 140, "end": 157}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 162, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results show that laser polishing can improve the corrosion resistance of additive manufactured stainless steel while also decreasing surface roughness and increasing surface microhardness.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 56, "end": 76}, {"text": "surface", "start": 173, "end": 180}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 181, "end": 194}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 80, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 140, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to those enhancements, it represents a suitable multifaceted process for finishing additive manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "additive manufactured parts", "start": 87, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When it is difficult to deposit a material A on a material B, it is possible to create a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) using a buffer material between them to avoid the appearance of defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "material", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "B", "start": 59, "end": 60}, {"text": "Functionally Graded Material", "start": 89, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 119, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "buffer", "start": 132, "end": 138}, {"text": "defects", "start": 188, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The literature shows that it is very difficult, nay impossible, to have an efficient metallurgical bond between Ti6Al4V and Inconel-Mo alloys without cracks, porosities or delamination.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "metallurgical bond", "start": 85, "end": 103}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 172, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 112, "end": 119}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 135, "end": 141}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 158, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the understanding of the phenomena taking place at the interface allows the preservation of the structural integrity of a FGM made by additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "structural integrity", "start": 106, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 132, "end": 135}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 144, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CLAD® powder-based directed energy deposition allows the building of parts containing FGM and/or buffer materials directly during the process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 19, "end": 45}, {"text": "FGM", "start": 86, "end": 89}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "building of parts", "start": 57, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "buffer", "start": 97, "end": 103}, {"text": "process", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the first interface 100 Ti6Al4V/25 Ti6Al4V–75 Mo (in wt%) is smooth, suggesting that there has been diffusion between both alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 115, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 138, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The second one, 25 Ti6Al4V–75 Mo/30 Inconel 718–70 Mo, contains numerous exotic structures between both alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 104, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, EDS, TKD and X-ray crystallography were performed right on this interface and revealed three main structures: a hexagonal matrix, a cubic structure and an ordered hexagonal one.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EDS", "start": 6, "end": 9}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 19, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "crystallography", "start": 25, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 70, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "hexagonal", "start": 118, "end": 127}, {"text": "cubic structure", "start": 138, "end": 153}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 169, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hexagonal matrix appears to consist of Ni3Ti and the ordered hexagonal one of NiMo.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "hexagonal", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 65, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultrasonic welding is a solid-state joining process which uses ultrasonic vibration to join materials at relatively low temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Ultrasonic welding", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "joining", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solid-state", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "materials", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "ultrasonic vibration", "start": 63, "end": 83}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 120, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultrasonic powder consolidation is a derivative of the ultrasonic additive process which consolidates powder material into a dense solid block without melting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 11, "end": 17}, {"text": "additive", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "powder material", "start": 102, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 18, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 151, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During ultrasonic powder consolidation process, metal powder under a compressive load is subjected to transverse ultrasonic vibrations resulting in a fully-dense consolidated product.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 48, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 25, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "ultrasonic vibrations", "start": 113, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While ultrasonic powder consolidation process is employed in a wide variety of manufacturing processes, bonding mechanism of powder particles during the consolidation process is not clearly understood.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "powder particles", "start": 125, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 24, "end": 37}, {"text": "consolidation", "start": 153, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 79, "end": 102}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bonding mechanism", "start": 104, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study uses a coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis technique to understand the underlying bonding mechanism involved in ultrasonic powder consolidation process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 44, "end": 67}, {"text": "consolidation", "start": 155, "end": 168}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bonding mechanism", "start": 107, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 148, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study also investigates the effect of critical process parameters including vibrational amplitude and base temperature on the stress, strain, and particle temperature distribution during this process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 51, "end": 69}, {"text": "particle", "start": 150, "end": 158}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 171, "end": 183}, {"text": "process", "start": 196, "end": 203}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 111, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 130, "end": 136}, {"text": "strain", "start": 138, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the results of the simulation, a possible theory on the bonding mechanism involved in ultrasonic powder consolidation process is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bonding mechanism", "start": 65, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 106, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 113, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The outcomes of this study can be used to further the industrial applications of ultrasonic powder consolidation process as well as other ultrasonic welding based processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "powder", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}, {"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 99, "end": 112}, {"text": "processes", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ultrasonic welding", "start": 138, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) has significantly increased the design freedom available for metal parts and provides significant flexibility within each build to produce multiple components of varying size and shape.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 60, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 89, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 126, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to obtain the highest build efficiency, it is ideal to print multiple parts together spanning the entire plate with as little spacing as possible between the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}, {"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Work has been performed to characterize the variance of materials properties as a function of location within the build volume as well as component density on the build plate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "as", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "build volume", "start": 114, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 148, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plate", "start": 163, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work utilizes mechanical, chemical, and microstructural analysis techniques to expand on previous work by statistically evaluating the impact of build location, and nearest neighbor proximity on tensile performance in Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Ti-6Al-4 V. Mechanical results are then correlated to structural phenomenon and the effectiveness of various strengthening mechanisms are determined.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "Mechanical", "start": 262, "end": 272}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural analysis", "start": 45, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "performance", "start": 208, "end": 219}, {"text": "Electron Beam", "start": 223, "end": 236}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 290, "end": 300}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 334, "end": 347}, {"text": "strengthening mechanisms", "start": 359, "end": 383}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 200, "end": 207}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 245, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that properties span a small range regardless of build design and that interstitial strengthening and lath spacing are the driving factors for mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "build", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 97, "end": 110}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 156, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are used in three dimensional (3D) printing of parts using thermo-plastic extruders, or laser and electron beam based metal deposition methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 139, "end": 152}, {"text": "metal deposition", "start": 159, "end": 175}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 129, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an integrated methodology for planning of tangential path velocity, material deposition rate and temperature control of the extruded material which is deposited along curved paths.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "planning", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 144, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 97, "end": 112}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 117, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tangential velocity along the path is smoothed and optimized while respecting the heater’ s and extruder’ s capacities, as well as the feed drives’ jerk, acceleration and velocity limits.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 94, "end": 95}, {"text": "s", "start": 110, "end": 111}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "as", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 139, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 184, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrusion rate is controlled proportional to the tangential path velocity while keeping the temperature of the deposited thermo-plastic material at the desired temperature by adaptively controlling current supply to the heater.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 164, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 140, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimentally proven algorithm leads to more uniform material deposition at sharp curvatures and resulting improved dimensional accuracy of printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 121, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed methodology can be extended to laser and electron beam based metal printing applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "metal", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 44, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed energy deposition (DED) processes frequently rely on metallic powder and wire feedstock materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed energy deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "metallic powder", "start": 62, "end": 77}, {"text": "wire feedstock materials", "start": 82, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several grades of metallic strips are, however, commercially available but not yet largely utilized in DED.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 103, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper introduces a newly developed laser strip cladding process, which can be used for surfacing, repair and additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cladding tests consisted of single-layer single- and multi-bead tests on planar and round bar type base materials using a 30 mm wide solid Alloy 625 strip.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Cladding", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "mm", "start": 125, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 139, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that with 8 kW laser power 34 mm wide and ˜2 mm thick single beads on steel could be produced with low dilution and fusion bond with high deposition (8 kg/h) rates.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "mm", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 80, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion performance of clad deposit was influenced by the inhomogeneous distribution of intermixed iron from the base material on a test surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 74, "end": 86}, {"text": "surface", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "iron", "start": 101, "end": 105}, {"text": "material", "start": 120, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to high productivity, the developed process takes advantage of large build volume (> 1 m3) and full material utilization as well as clean process conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "process", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "process", "start": 150, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "build volume", "start": 81, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "material utilization", "start": 112, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "as", "start": 141, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize the production of metallic components as it yields near net shape parts with complex geometries and minimizes waste.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "production", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "near net shape", "start": 109, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 135, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the present day, additively manufactured components face qualification and certification challenges due to the difficulty in controlling defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 20, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "face", "start": 55, "end": 59}, {"text": "defects", "start": 140, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This has driven a significant research effort aimed at better understanding and improving processing controls–yielding a plethora of in-situ measurements aimed at correlating defects with material quality metrics of interest.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 30, "end": 38}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 133, "end": 140}, {"text": "defects", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 188, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we develop machine-learning methods to learn correlations between thermal history and subsurface porosity for a variety of print conditions in laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 111, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 137, "end": 142}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 157, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Un-normalized surface temperatures (in the form of black-body radiances) are obtained using high-speed infrared imaging and porosity formation is observed in the sample cross-section through synchrotron x-ray imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "sample", "start": 162, "end": 168}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 112, "end": 119}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 209, "end": 216}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 124, "end": 132}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 191, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To demonstrate the predictive power of these features, we present four statistical machine-learning models that correlate temperature histories to subsurface porosity formation in laser fused Ti-6Al-4V powder.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 158, "end": 166}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 180, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 202, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aircraft engine industry manufactures many ring-like metal parts of large diameter but small cross-sectional area.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 113, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Designers of these parts require increasingly complex geometries for improved aerodynamic efficiency and cooling while manufacturers of these parts require larger and faster equipment for high productivity and low cost.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "productivity", "start": 193, "end": 205}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 174, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combination of these industrial requirements inspired the development of a new Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM) architecture, reported here, which incorporates a rotating powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "architecture", "start": 117, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Direct Metal Laser Melting", "start": 83, "end": 109}, {"text": "DMLM", "start": 111, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The system coordinates the rotational motion of the powder bed with an ascending laser scanner and recoater to build parts in a helical fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "coordinates", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "build", "start": 111, "end": 116}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 52, "end": 62}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fashion", "start": 136, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A single-point powder feeder delivers metal powder near the inner radius of an annular build volume, and a recoater spreads the powder to the outer radius in a “snow plow” fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 38, "end": 50}, {"text": "powder", "start": 128, "end": 134}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "feeder", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "build volume", "start": 87, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fashion", "start": 172, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Encoder feedback from both the rotational stage and the galvanometers assures accuracy of the laser scan path.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Encoder", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 94, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Build rates were shown to triple conventional DMLM systems while powder requirements were decreased by more than 4x.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Build rates", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DMLM", "start": 46, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 65, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The production of magnesium alloy WE43 was achieved by selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 55, "end": 78}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 80, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "magnesium alloy", "start": 18, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The alloy was investigated after SLM, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and solutionising heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 38, "end": 60}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 62, "end": 65}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 86, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and corrosion behaviour of the specimens were carefully characterised, whilst assessed and contrast relative to the conventionally cast alloy counterpart.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 23, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 150, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM prepared specimens possess a unique microstructure comprising fine grains growing with a strong [0001] texture along the building direction with a low fraction of process-induced and metallurgical defects, reaching < 0.1%, after optimising the SLM parameters and the HIP treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 252, "end": 255}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 275, "end": 278}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 44, "end": 58}, {"text": "grains", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 159, "end": 167}, {"text": "defects", "start": 205, "end": 212}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 256, "end": 266}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 129, "end": 147}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 191, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the SLM prepared WE43 is cathodically more active as compared with its cast counterpart.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electrochemical measurements", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 51, "end": 54}, {"text": "cast", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is proposed that this behaviour is due to a high density of zirconium-rich oxide particles uniformly distributed throughout the alloy microstructure as well as the alterations in the chemical composition of the solid-solution matrix originating from the high cooling rates of SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 131, "end": 136}, {"text": "as", "start": 152, "end": 154}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 186, "end": 206}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 262, "end": 275}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 279, "end": 282}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also noted that the oxide particles are mainly sourced by powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "powder", "start": 65, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present results suggest that the corrosion of SLM prepared Mg alloys could be greatly improved once the influence of powder characteristics is further understood and controlled.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 50, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "Mg alloys", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}, {"text": "powder", "start": 121, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A three-dimensional (3D) thermomechanical coupled model for Laser Solid Forming (LSF) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been calibrated through experiments of 40-layers metal deposition using different scanning strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 2, "end": 19}, {"text": "3D", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 25, "end": 41}, {"text": "model", "start": 50, "end": 55}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "metal deposition", "start": 158, "end": 174}, {"text": "scanning strategies", "start": 191, "end": 210}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Forming", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 89, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sensitivity analysis of the mechanical parameters shows that the thermal expansion coefficient as well as the elastic limit of Ti-6Al-4V have a great impact on the mechanical behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sensitivity analysis", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "impact", "start": 154, "end": 160}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal expansion coefficient", "start": 69, "end": 98}, {"text": "elastic", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 99, "end": 101}, {"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 131, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the validated model and optimal mechanical parameters, the evolution of thermo-mechanical fields in LSF has been analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 78, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 38, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been found that the stresses and distortions develop in two stages, after the deposition of the first layer and during the cooling phase after the manufacturing of the component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 130, "end": 137}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 154, "end": 167}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 175, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cooling phase is the responsible of 70% of the residual stresses and 60% of the total distortions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 51, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analyses indicate that by controlling the initial substrate temperature (pre-heating phase) and the final cooling phase it is possible to mitigate both distortion and residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 171, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that increasing the pre-heating temperature of the substrate is the most effective way to reduce the distortions and residual stresses in Additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 134, "end": 151}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 155, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel method that combines additive manufacturing (AM) and atomic layer deposition (ALD).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 51}, {"text": "AM", "start": 53, "end": 55}, {"text": "atomic layer deposition", "start": 61, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Space-grading plastic AM components enables faster and more complex designs.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 68, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ALD coating seems to improve the flow properties of the tested AM fluidics restrictor.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 67, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results also indicate an improved structural integrity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "structural integrity", "start": 34, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There were indications the coating might slightly mitigate outgassing at higher temperatures, but results are inconclusive.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 80, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Space technology has been an early adopter of additive manufacturing (AM) as a way of quickly producing relatively complex systems and components that would otherwise require expensive and custom design and production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "AM", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "production", "start": 207, "end": 217}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 196, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Space as an environment and long-term survivability pose challenges to materials used in AM and these challenges need to be addressed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 6, "end": 8}, {"text": "be", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 89, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an effective coating method enabling conformal and precise coating of the complete AM print.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Atomic layer deposition", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "AM", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "coating", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work analyses how an ALD coating of aluminium oxide on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyamide PA 2200 plastic AM prints benefits and protects them.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 60, "end": 91}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "polyamide", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 120, "end": 127}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 128, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM was performed with material extrusion and selective laser sintering methods that are commonly used.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 22, "end": 40}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 45, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tests were performed with a simple bang-bang controller test setup and a mass spectrometer, and the existence of the coating was confirmed with scanning electron microscope imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 144, "end": 172}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 173, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First known study on design freedom offered by 3D Sand-Printing process to redesign sprue in metal casting which causes agitation in melt flow.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "3D", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "process", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "agitation", "start": 120, "end": 129}, {"text": "melt flow", "start": 133, "end": 142}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sprue", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical model and optimization algorithm for novel sprue profiles are developed to reduce casting defects by 99.5%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 10, "end": 15}, {"text": "optimization algorithm", "start": 20, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sprue", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical strength in castings improved by 8.4% when compared to traditional gating.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Mechanical strength", "start": 0, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The opportunity to improve the quality of metal castings by enabling fabrication of complex gating systems via 3D Sand-Printing (3DSP) has been recently established.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "gating systems", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "3D", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the different components of a gating system (often called rigging), sprue design offers a major opportunity to exploit the unlimited geometric freedom offered by 3DSP process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "sprue", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gating system", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "geometric freedom", "start": 139, "end": 156}, {"text": "process", "start": 173, "end": 180}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 80, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, conventional principles of casting hydrodynamics is advanced by validated novel numerical models for novel sprue designs to improve melt flow control.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sprue", "start": 122, "end": 127}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt flow", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiple approaches to integrate 3DSP into conventional manufacturing to fabricate complex gating systems through “Hybrid Molding” are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 69}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "Molding", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gating systems", "start": 91, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3DSP molds featuring two optimized sprue profiles and a benchmark straight sprue are fabricated to pour 17-4 stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 5, "end": 10}, {"text": "sprue", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "sprue", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "17-4 stainless steel", "start": 104, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computed tomography scans (CT) shows that parabolic sprue casting (PSC) and conical-helix sprue casting (CHSC) reduced overall casting defects by 56% and 99.5% respectively when compared to straight sprue casting (SSC).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Computed tomography", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sprue", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "sprue", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "sprue", "start": 199, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "casting", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "casting", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "casting", "start": 205, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms the presence of globular oxide inclusions and that PSC and CHSC exhibits 21% and 35% reduced inclusion when compared to the SSC.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "oxide inclusions", "start": 78, "end": 94}, {"text": "inclusion", "start": 146, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three point flexural testing reveals that CHSC and PSC exhibits an increase of 8.4% and 4.1% respectively in average ultimate flexural strength than SSC.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 109, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 126, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings from this study demonstrate that numerically optimized gating systems that can only be fabricated via 3DSP have the potential to significantly improve both mechanical and metallurgical performance of sand castings.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gating systems", "start": 68, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 169, "end": 179}, {"text": "metallurgical", "start": 184, "end": 197}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sand castings", "start": 213, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing industrial application of additive manufacturing technologies, such as selective laser melting, the requirements concerning the processes’ capabilities like productivity, robustness, part quality and the range of processable materials are increasing as well.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "as", "start": 266, "end": 268}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 144, "end": 153}, {"text": "productivity", "start": 173, "end": 185}, {"text": "quality", "start": 204, "end": 211}, {"text": "materials", "start": 241, "end": 250}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "robustness", "start": 187, "end": 197}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 220, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "But due to high cooling rates, high thermal gradients and a layer-wise processing, parts produced by selective laser melting are subject to different kinds of defects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 16, "end": 29}, {"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 36, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 101, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These defects commonly lead to high porosity, distortion, cracking and rough surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 23, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 36, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "But when a second beam is used to heat the vicinity of the melt pool a homogenization of the temperature field, a reduction of the cooling speeds within the melt pool and in its vicinity as well as an improved wetting behavior is possible.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 18, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 34, "end": 38}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 157, "end": 166}, {"text": "as", "start": 187, "end": 189}, {"text": "as", "start": 195, "end": 197}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenization", "start": 71, "end": 85}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 93, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A proof of concept is shown, discussing general trends and possibilities, like increased surface qualities or dense microstructures with low amounts of remelting, when these strategies are elaborated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trends", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface qualities", "start": 89, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 116, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jet printed components typically have low overall density in the green state and high shrinkage and deformation after heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Binder", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 125, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has previously been demonstrated that, by including nanoparticles of the same material in the binder, these properties can be improved as the nanoparticles can fill the interstices and pore throats between the bed particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 55, "end": 68}, {"text": "properties", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 145, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "binder", "start": 97, "end": 103}, {"text": "be", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "as", "start": 138, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 188, "end": 192}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 213, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The beneficial effects from using these additive binder particles can be improved by maximising the binder particle size, enabling the space within the powder bed to be filled with a higher packing efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "binder", "start": 100, "end": 106}, {"text": "be", "start": 166, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selection of maximum particle size for a binder requires detailed knowledge of the pores and pore throats between the powder bed particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "particles", "start": 133, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "pore", "start": 97, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 122, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a raindrop model is used to determine the critical radius at which binder particles can pass between pores and penetrate the bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 82, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 140, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is validated against helium psychometry measurements and binder particle drop tests.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "helium", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "binder", "start": 67, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that the critical radius can be predicted, with acceptable accuracy, using a linear function of the mean and standard deviation of the particle radii.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "standard deviation", "start": 121, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 147, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Percolation theory concepts have been employed in order to generalise the results for powder beds that have different mean particle sizes and size distributions.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder beds", "start": 86, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 123, "end": 131}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 147, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of this work can be employed to inform the selection of particle sizes required for binder formulations, to optimise density and reduce shrinkage in printed binder jet components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "binder", "start": 96, "end": 102}, {"text": "binder", "start": 169, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 68, "end": 76}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 148, "end": 157}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 180, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron beam melting (EBM) is a metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) technology that makes possible the fabrication of three-dimensional near-net-shaped parts directly from computer models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron beam melting", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 33, "end": 79}, {"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 135, "end": 152}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer", "start": 189, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBM technology has been continuously evolving, optimizing the properties and the microstructure of the as-fabricated alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 81, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 117, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitials) titanium alloy is the most widely used and studied alloy for this technology and is the focus of this work.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "titanium alloy", "start": 40, "end": 54}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 91, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 106, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several research works have been completed to study the mechanisms of microstructure formation, evolution, and its subsequent influence on mechanical properties of the alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 96, "end": 105}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 139, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 168, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, samples fabricated at different locations, orientations, and distances from the build platform have been characterized, studying the relationship of these variables with the resulting material intrinsic characteristics and properties (surface topography, microstructure, porosity, micro-hardness and static mechanical properties).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples fabricated", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "properties", "start": 237, "end": 247}, {"text": "surface topography", "start": 249, "end": 267}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 269, "end": 283}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 321, "end": 342}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 94, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 198, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 285, "end": 293}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study has revealed that porosity is the main factor controlling mechanical properties relative to the other studied variables.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 69, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, in future process development, decreasing the porosity should be considered the primary goal in order to improve mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 124, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 73, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the rapidly growing field of Additive Manufacturing (AM), the Laser Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) process is the focus of intense technical attention due to its potential to generate high quality components with location specific composition and microstructural control.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 32, "end": 54}, {"text": "AM", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "Laser Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 65, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "quality", "start": 196, "end": 203}, {"text": "composition", "start": 238, "end": 249}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 254, "end": 269}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 204, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the variety of experimental and modelling efforts devoted to the subject, no studies directly observe the interactions between individual powder particles and the liquid pool of metal at a high enough temporal frequency to characterize these discrete contact events.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 23, "end": 35}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 146, "end": 162}, {"text": "metal", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 259, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Video images reveal that particles often impact and float on the surface of the melt pool for several hundreds of microseconds before melting into it.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "particles", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "impact", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "surface", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further incoming particles were observed to rebound from the melt pool by these floating particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "particles", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 61, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through modelling this process analytically, particle self-shielding is shown to impose unavoidable upper limits on overall powder capture efficiency for the L-DED process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "particle", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "limits", "start": 106, "end": 112}, {"text": "process", "start": 164, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 124, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi was obtained by selective electron beam melting (SEBM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective electron beam melting", "start": 46, "end": 77}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 79, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of SEBM specimens were improved compared with those of the cast specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 29, "end": 33}, {"text": "cast", "start": 85, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pitting potential of the AlCoCrFeNi SEBM specimens in artificial seawater was slightly lower than that of the cast specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 40, "end": 44}, {"text": "cast", "start": 114, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties of the product were influenced by the microstructure evolution in the SEBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 53, "end": 77}, {"text": "process", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 85, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is expected to be the manufacturing method for components made with high-entropy alloys (HEAs).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 45, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 104, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the mechanical and electrochemical behaviors were investigated for equi-molar HEA (AlCoCrFeNi) obtained with selective electron beam melting (SEBM).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrochemical", "start": 34, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective electron beam melting", "start": 124, "end": 155}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 157, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of SEBM products were improved compared with those of a cast specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 29, "end": 33}, {"text": "cast", "start": 82, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrochemical measurements in artificial seawater revealed the corrosion behaviors of HEA (AlCoCrFeNi).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electrochemical measurements", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behaviors", "start": 65, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pitting potential of SEBM specimens (0.112 V vs. Ag/AgCl) was lower than that of a cast specimen (0.178 V vs. Ag/AgCl).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "cast", "start": 87, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 47, "end": 48}, {"text": "V", "start": 108, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical and electrochemical properties of SEBM products were influenced by the phase morphologies formed during the SEBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrochemical", "start": 19, "end": 34}, {"text": "phase morphologies", "start": 86, "end": 104}, {"text": "process", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 49, "end": 53}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 123, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper aims to understand the formation and the effect of residual stress on selective laser melting (SLM) parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 62, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 81, "end": 104}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 106, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM is a powder bed based additive manufacturing (AM) process and can be compared to a laser welding process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 26, "end": 48}, {"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "laser welding", "start": 87, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the high temperature gradients and the densification ratio, which are characteristic of this process, residual stresses occur.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 16, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 46, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 109, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigation of residual stress is performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for samples made of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L (EN 1.4404).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 21, "end": 36}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 56, "end": 73}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 75, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "austenitic stainless steel", "start": 100, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research examines residual stress at different depths and at two outer surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 76, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 23, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the measurement of stresses at different depths, the samples’ surface layers were removed by electropolishing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 8, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "surface", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electropolishing", "start": 97, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At sufficiently large distances from the top surface, the stresses in the area of the edge layer initially increase strongly and then decline again.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "layer", "start": 91, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The value and orientation of the resulting main stress components are dependent on the examined layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 14, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 96, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the top surface, the residual stresses are higher in scan direction than in perpendicular direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 24, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, at the lateral surface the maximum main stress is perpendicular to the scan and parallel to the building direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 109, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These two cases can be described very well by the two mechanisms in SLM, namely the temperature gradient mechanism (TGM) and the cool-down phase.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 20, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 68, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "temperature gradient mechanism", "start": 84, "end": 114}, {"text": "TGM", "start": 116, "end": 119}, {"text": "phase", "start": 139, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is also shown that at samples with a relative structural density of > 99%, the residual stress values are independent of the applied energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 82, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 136, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rheology of a ceramic paste is known to be a key factor in the process of additive manufacturing of ceramic parts via extrusion freeforming.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheology", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 67, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 78, "end": 100}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rheological properties of ceramic pastes can be influenced by several formulation parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 86, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the mutual influence between formulation parameters, printing properties and mechanical properties of ceramic pastes (Al2O3) and the resulting green bodies are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 56, "end": 66}, {"text": "properties", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 92, "end": 113}, {"text": "green bodies", "start": 158, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 133, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Special focus is set on elucidating the origins and causes of the altered paste properties to allow targeted material development of pastes for the use in extrusion freeforming.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 17, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 155, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Glycerine and nanoparticulate boehmite needles are tested as additives and they successfully improve the printability in the extrusion freeforming process of the paste and compression strength of the green body.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "additives", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 105, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 125, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 147, "end": 154}, {"text": "green body", "start": 200, "end": 210}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression strength", "start": 172, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considerable difference in the dependency of the mechanical properties on the formulation parameters was detected after a partial sintering of the green bodies at 1000 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 49, "end": 70}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 90, "end": 100}, {"text": "green bodies", "start": 147, "end": 159}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dewatering, shrinkage during drying and a running of the deposited lines could be reduced successfully by adjusting the formulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 12, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact of the formulation parameters on the printing performance could be linked to the dependency of the volume flow rate on the ratio of pressure over viscosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "printing performance", "start": 48, "end": 68}, {"text": "volume", "start": 110, "end": 116}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 143, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 117, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hollow microlattices constitute a model topology for architected materials, as they combine excellent specific stiffness and strength with relative ease of manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "materials", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 102, "end": 120}, {"text": "strength", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 156, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The most scalable manufacturing technique to date encompasses fabrication of a sacrificial polymeric template by the Self Propagating Photopolymer Waveguide (SPPW) process, followed by thin film coating and removal of the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 31}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 62, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "template", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "Photopolymer", "start": 134, "end": 146}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 222, "end": 231}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 164, "end": 171}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 195, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accurate modeling of mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness, strength) of hollow microlattices is challenging, primarily due to the complex stress state around the hollow nodes and the existence of manufacturing-induced geometric imperfections (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Accurate", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 21, "end": 42}, {"text": "imperfections", "start": 230, "end": 243}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "strength", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "stress", "start": 140, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we use a variety of measuring techniques (SEM imaging, CT scanning, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 56, "end": 59}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 69, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ") to characterize the geometric imperfections in a nickel-based ultralight hollow microlattice and investigate their effect on the compressive strength of the lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "imperfections", "start": 32, "end": 45}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 131, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the strut level, where a more quantitative description of geometric defects is available, the gathered data is used to build a stochastic field model of geometric imperfections using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 7, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 33, "end": 45}, {"text": "defects", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "data", "start": 106, "end": 110}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "model", "start": 147, "end": 152}, {"text": "imperfections", "start": 166, "end": 179}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 122, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "Decomposition", "start": 204, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using Monte Carlo simulations, the critical buckling loads of a large set of imperfect bars created using the stochastic model are then extracted by Finite Elements Analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "buckling loads", "start": 44, "end": 58}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "stochastic model", "start": 110, "end": 126}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 136, "end": 145}, {"text": "Finite Elements", "start": 149, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The statistics of the buckling strength in artificially generated bars is then used to explain the scatter in the strength of CT-derived bars and its correlation with the lattice strength measured experimentally.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "statistics", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "buckling strength", "start": 22, "end": 39}, {"text": "strength", "start": 114, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the quantitative results are specific to microlattices fabricated by SPPW templating, the methodology presented herein is equally applicable to architected materials produced by other manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 99, "end": 110}, {"text": "materials", "start": 165, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 193, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to study the special constriction effect and physical process features during compulsively constricted WAAM (CC-WAAM), the dynamic behaviours of arc, droplets, and molten pool were visually investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physical process", "start": 54, "end": 70}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 132, "end": 139}, {"text": "arc", "start": 154, "end": 157}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 159, "end": 167}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 173, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 112, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Possible interactions inside the narrow space were discussed to explain the mechanism of the compulsive constriction on ejected plasma and droplets.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 128, "end": 134}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the captured images, the strong radiative emission indicates that the ejected plasma was at high temperature at least 6000 K. As the current increases higher-temperature plasma jets were expected, which would lead to a larger plasma volume in the absence of constriction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 87, "end": 93}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 179, "end": 185}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 235, "end": 241}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "emission", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 106, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "As", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "lead", "start": 218, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relationship between current and droplet diameters was preliminarily established to enable prediction of the droplet size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "droplet size", "start": 113, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An important feature of small-size droplets (as low as 0.89 mm) offered CC-WAAM a great potential to improve the precision of the additive manufacturing layers, although the minimum width of the deposited layer is much larger than the droplet diameter due to liquid spreading and accumulation.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 235, "end": 242}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 243, "end": 251}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 45, "end": 47}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 130, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 113, "end": 122}, {"text": "deposited layer", "start": 195, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The droplets were found to have a slight impact on the molten pool behaviours, which produces stable molten pool shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "impact", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 55, "end": 66}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under the wide-range parameters, the deposited layers showed good appearances, which indicates the good adaptability of this novel technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "technology", "start": 131, "end": 141}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 37, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, laser metal deposition (LMD) was employed to explore a new fabrication process for producing a functionally graded material (FGM) from Ti-6Al-4V to SS316.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser metal deposition", "start": 15, "end": 37}, {"text": "LMD", "start": 39, "end": 42}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 74, "end": 85}, {"text": "FGM", "start": 140, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "functionally graded material", "start": 110, "end": 138}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 150, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A transition composition route was introduced (Ti-6Al-4V→V→Cr→Fe→SS316) to avoid the intermetallic phases between Ti-6Al-4V and SS316.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition composition", "start": 2, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallic", "start": 85, "end": 98}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 114, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A thin wall sample was fabricated via LMD by following the transition composition route.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "transition composition", "start": 59, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LMD", "start": 38, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure characterization and composition distribution analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "composition", "start": 36, "end": 47}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 88, "end": 116}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 118, "end": 121}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 159, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SEM images depicted the microstructural morphology of the FGM sample.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 8, "end": 14}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 28, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 62, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The element gradient distribution determined by the EDS results may reflect the FGM transition composition route design.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "element", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 21, "end": 33}, {"text": "composition", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "EDS", "start": 52, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 80, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 113, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray diffraction tests were conducted and the results demonstrated that the generation of intermetallic phases effectively avoided following the composition route.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "intermetallic", "start": 91, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 146, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Vickers hardness test was used to determine the Vickers hardness number (VHN) distribution from Ti-6Al-4V to SS316.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 52, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 82, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 100, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The VHN results showed that no significant formation of hard brittle phases occurred in the LMD procedure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LMD", "start": 92, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combining metal nanoparticle (NP) printing and additive manufacturing has high potential for integration of 3D conductive elements and electronic devices inside objects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 10, "end": 15}, {"text": "elements", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Current processes used to achieve desired electrical resistivity of the printed NP circuits entail a compromise between resistivity, throughput, and thermal damage of the structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "structure", "start": 171, "end": 180}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 42, "end": 64}, {"text": "throughput", "start": 133, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 120, "end": 131}, {"text": "damage", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We explore the mechanisms underlying the combination of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactide (PLA) polymer structures, printing of silver NPs (mixed nanowires and nanospheres), and out-of-chamber Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) sintering of the printed circuits.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 56, "end": 82}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 276, "end": 285}], "material": [{"text": "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene", "start": 92, "end": 123}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 125, "end": 128}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 147, "end": 150}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "silver", "start": 184, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "IPL of only-nanosphere based circuits on the FFF-made structure thermally damages the polymer without any resistivity reduction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 106, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In a significant advance, the addition of nanowires achieves a resistivity several times lesser than the state-of-the-art (13.1 μΩ-cm or 8 x bulk silver) without any thermal damage and within 0.75 s of IPL.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "damage", "start": 174, "end": 180}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "state-of-the-art", "start": 105, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "silver", "start": 146, "end": 152}, {"text": "s", "start": 197, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electromagnetic analysis and Molecular Dynamics simulations show that nanowire addition concurrently reduces IPL temperature and accelerates the kinetics of resistivity reduction.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 157, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 169, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequent FFF over the post-IPL conductive pattern causes a non-monotonic change in resistivity, surprisingly effecting a resistivity reduction down to 11.8 μΩ-cm.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 11, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 135, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 123, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The developed approach is used to demonstrate multilayer sensing of internal temperature and a light sensing circuit with embedded interconnects.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 77, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, we discuss how these insights may guide the creation of a machine tool that creates a seamless form of the proposed process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine tool", "start": 67, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 125, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) methods, such as laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF), receive highly localized heat fluxes from a laser within a purged, inert environment during manufacture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "heat fluxes", "start": 126, "end": 137}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 193, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 23, "end": 45}, {"text": "AM", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "bed fusion", "start": 81, "end": 91}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 145, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These heat fluxes are used for melting metal powder feedstock, while remaining energy is transferred to the solidified part and adjoining gas environment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat fluxes", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "gas", "start": 138, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 45, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the local heat transfer between the adjoining shielding gas, laser-induced melt pool and surrounding heat affected zone is estimated.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 6, "end": 34}], "application": [{"text": "CFD", "start": 36, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 52, "end": 65}, {"text": "gas", "start": 98, "end": 101}, {"text": "heat affected zone", "start": 143, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 117, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations are performed for the L-PBF of a single layer of Ti-6Al-4 V. Local temperature, temperature gradients, temperature time-rates-of-change (including cooling rates), as well as dimensionless numbers descriptive of important thermophysics, are provided in order to quantify local convective heat transfer for various laser/gas motion directions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 34, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 92, "end": 113}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 115, "end": 126}, {"text": "cooling rates", "start": 159, "end": 172}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 175, "end": 177}, {"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 299, "end": 312}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results demonstrate that L-PBF track heat transfer is highly dependent on relative gas/laser direction which can impact the prior β grain sizes in Ti-6Al-4 V material by up to 10%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 25, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 37, "end": 50}, {"text": "impact", "start": 113, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain sizes", "start": 132, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "material", "start": 158, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that when the laser and gas are moving in the same direction, convection heat transfer is the highest and a ‘leading thermal boundary layer’ exists in front of the laser which is capable of preheating downstream powder for a possible reduction in residual stress formation along the track.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "laser", "start": 176, "end": 181}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 36, "end": 39}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 85, "end": 98}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 246, "end": 255}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 202, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 224, "end": 230}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 259, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Presented results can aid ongoing L-PBF modeling efforts and assist manufacturing design decisions (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 81}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 82, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "scan strategy, laser power, scanning speed, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 28, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ")–especially for cases where homogeneous or controlled material traits are desired.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 55, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Zinc and its alloys constitute the new generation of biodegradable metallic materials for biomedical implants.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zinc", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "metallic materials", "start": 67, "end": 85}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biodegradable implants of Zn, customized for the specific patient can be potentially realised through additive manufacturing processes such as selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "Zn", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 102, "end": 134}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 168, "end": 171}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, Zn is characterized by low melting and boiling points, resulting in high porosity in the build parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zn", "start": 9, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 98, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the SLM of pure Zn powder is studied to improve part density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 18, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "Zn powder", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A flexible prototype SLM system was used to determine process feasibility under different atmospheric conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 11, "end": 20}, {"text": "process feasibility", "start": 54, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Working in a closed chamber under inert gas was found to be inadequate.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed chamber", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "inert gas", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process stability was obtained in an open chamber with an inert gas jet flow over the powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "inert gas", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 86, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of laser process parameters and powder size was studied in this condition.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 43, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper demonstrates a simple, low-cost additive manufacturing technique for fabricating structures compatible with high-density packaging solutions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 65}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 80, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A T-line resonator is characterized to understand the transmission line losses associated with the vertical bends.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "resonator", "start": 9, "end": 18}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission", "start": 54, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 99, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Details of the simulation, fabrication, and measurements are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 27, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations are carried out using ANSYS High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS®), and structures are fabricated using a polyjet printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "application": [{"text": "ANSYS", "start": 34, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Structure", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "polyjet", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "process", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation results, and overall a good performance is achieved for all the antenna designs.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 52, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 135, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is the most prominent additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 76}, {"text": "AM", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "production", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the high number of factors influencing part quality and mechanical properties, the inter layer time (ILT) between iterative melting of volume elements in subsequent layers is almost completely unappreciated in the relevant literature on L-PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 62, "end": 83}, {"text": "volume", "start": 141, "end": 147}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 95, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 130, "end": 137}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 243, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 148, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the effect of ILT with respect to build height and under distinct levels of volumetric energy density (VED) using the example of 316L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "build height", "start": 58, "end": 70}, {"text": "energy density", "start": 111, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 153, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ thermography is used to gather information on cooling conditions during the process, which is followed by an extensive metallographic analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "process", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 54, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant effects of ILT and build height on heat accumulation, sub-grain sizes, melt pool geometries and hardness are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build height", "start": 31, "end": 43}, {"text": "sub-grain sizes", "start": 66, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 47, "end": 64}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 108, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the rise of defect densities can be attributed to a mutual interplay of build height and ILT.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 46, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "build height", "start": 85, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, ILT has been identified as a crucial factor for L-PBF of real part components especially for those with small cross sections.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cross sections", "start": 117, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crack-free nickel-based single crystal superalloy samples were fabricated via directed energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 78, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot cracking occurred at high-angle grain boundaries and especially at low-angle grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Hot cracking", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 36, "end": 52}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 81, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The existence conditions of the liquid film for hot cracking in CMSX-10 are calculated with analysis models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hot cracking", "start": 48, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hot cracking mechanism is related to the stability of liquid film, stress concentration and Re-rich precipitations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hot cracking", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 71, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot cracking is a frequent and severe defect that occurs during the directed energy deposition (DED) of single-crystal superalloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Hot cracking", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "defect", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 68, "end": 94}, {"text": "DED", "start": 96, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 119, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Understanding the cracking behavior and mechanism is key to avoiding these defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "defects", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot cracking occurred at high-angle grain boundaries and especially at low-angle grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Hot cracking", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 36, "end": 52}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 81, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot cracking was determined to be caused by a stable liquid film, stress concentration, and Re-rich precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Hot cracking", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 100, "end": 112}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 66, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stability of the liquid film depended on dendrite coalescence undercooling which was related to the misorientation angle.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 45, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dendrite coalescence undercooling at low-angle grain boundary (misorientation angle 6.9°) was 178 K, which was far higher than the vulnerable temperature interval 38 K for hot cracking within a single dendrite.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "dendrite", "start": 205, "end": 213}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundary", "start": 51, "end": 65}, {"text": "hot cracking", "start": 176, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "K", "start": 102, "end": 103}, {"text": "K", "start": 170, "end": 171}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 146, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stress concentration provided the driving force for crack initiation and propagation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Stress concentration", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 42, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Re-rich precipitates promoted crack initiation by a pinning effect on the liquid feed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 8, "end": 20}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 81, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These findings provide technical support for achieving high-quality additive manufacturing and repair of non-weldable Ni-based single-crystal superalloys.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 142, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LMDed Ti-Mo alloy, from elemental powder mixture, presents an almost defect-free feature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "powder", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase transition from α to β appears as results of in-situ thermal cycling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 37, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Textural density of α phase increases significantly, given to the in-situ thermal cycling.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 22, "end": 27}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 66, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The LMDed Ti-Mo present a graded tensile property.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile property", "start": 33, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, almost dense (over 99.8%) Ti-Mo alloy samples were manufactured by directed energy deposition (DED) from a mixture of pure Ti and pure Mo (7.5 wt.%) powders.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 137, "end": 139}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 149, "end": 151}, {"text": "powders", "start": 163, "end": 170}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 65, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 81, "end": 107}, {"text": "DED", "start": 109, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a consequence of thermal accumulation and in-situ heat treating during the DED process, as-deposited samples present a graded microstructure along the building direction along with a phase transition from hcp-α Ti to bbc-β Ti.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 214, "end": 216}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 226, "end": 228}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ heat", "start": 45, "end": 57}, {"text": "samples", "start": 104, "end": 111}, {"text": "phase", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 78, "end": 81}], "feature": [{"text": "graded microstructure", "start": 122, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 154, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests from flat samples harvested at different altitude positions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "samples", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 41, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As altitude increases from the base plate, yield strength decreases from 681 MPa to 579 MPa and ultimate tensile strength from 791 MPa to 686 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 43, "end": 57}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 96, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 77, "end": 80}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 131, "end": 134}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 142, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elongation of the as-deposited material increases from 10% to 25% while the Young’ s modulus keeps a low value of 105 GPa for the entire DEDed sample.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Elongation", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 118, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "s", "start": 83, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 143, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM parts are fabricated with intentional inhomogeneities to create codes.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 13, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The controlled and random process variation ensures a unique material structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 61, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The L-PBF approach creates random pores by a reduced volume energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 34, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 60, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The L-DED approach utilizes the different magnetic permeability of two materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "permeability", "start": 51, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing technologies enable various possibilities to create and modify the material composition and structure on a local level, but are often prone to undesired defects and inhomogeneities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 99, "end": 110}, {"text": "structure", "start": 115, "end": 124}, {"text": "defects", "start": 176, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By controlled and random process variation, unique codes that can be read and authenticated by an eddy current device were produced with the processes of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and laser directed energy deposition (L-DED).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "processes", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 154, "end": 177}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 179, "end": 184}, {"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 190, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two approaches are presented: First, volumetric, porous structures with a defined shape are manufactured with L-PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 92, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 110, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Second, coatings are fabricated by L-DED with alternating process parameters, leading to local deviations of the magnetic permeability.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 58, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "permeability", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Counterfeiting becomes impossible due to the irreproducible melt pool dynamics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 60, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), a 3D additive manufacturing technique is implemented to fabricate a fully metallic functional micro device.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 66}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 113, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Digital deposition of both structural and sacrificial metal constituents in the same setup arrangement is achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 8, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final free-standing structure is released by selective chemical wet etching of the support material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 87, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this approach, a chevron-type electro thermal micro-actuator made of gold was successfully fabricated and its functionality was shown in experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "gold", "start": 75, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 143, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparison of the measured responses with the model predictions indicates that the thermal conductivity of printed Au is approximately 8 times lower than the bulk value.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 83, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "Au", "start": 115, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is a first demonstration of a functional micron scale actuator printed using LIFT.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "micron", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a predictive model based on a cellular automaton (CA) -finite element (FE) method has been developed to simulate thermal history and microstructure evolution during metal solidification for a laser-based additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictive model", "start": 17, "end": 33}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 148, "end": 172}], "material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "element", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "FE", "start": 86, "end": 88}, {"text": "metal", "start": 180, "end": 185}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 207, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The macroscopic FE calculation was designed to update the temperature field and simulate a high cooling rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 16, "end": 18}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 96, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the microscopic CA model, heterogeneous nucleation sites, preferential growth orientation, and dendritic grain growth were simulated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 19, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 29, "end": 53}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 108, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The CA model was able to show the entrapment of neighboring cells and the relationship between undercooling and the grain growth rate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain growth", "start": 116, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model predicted the dendritic grain size, and morphological evolution during the solidification phase of the deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "solidification phase", "start": 85, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 113, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The grain morphology result has been validated by the experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 54, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM process was optimized via polynomial regression model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "regression model", "start": 41, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Remelting step between SLM scans led to homogenization of the metal powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 10, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "homogenization", "start": 40, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 62, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Si addition increased the tensile strength while maintaining the ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 26, "end": 42}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 65, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Interaction between dislocation loops with dislocations strengthened the alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 43, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 73, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effect of solid solution and dislocation loop on yield strength were quantified.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "solid solution", "start": 10, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 49, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To widen the applications of new materials in additive manufacturing (AM), the traditional method of printing using pre-alloyed powders should be improved because the pre-alloying process is expensive and makes it difficult to adjust the composition of new materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "process", "start": 180, "end": 187}, {"text": "composition", "start": 238, "end": 249}, {"text": "materials", "start": 257, "end": 266}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "AM", "start": 70, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 128, "end": 135}, {"text": "be", "start": 143, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the synthesis of a FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) containing 1.5 at.% Si in situ using selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 65, "end": 70}, {"text": "Si", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 114, "end": 137}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 139, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A remelting strategy and process optimization based on polynomial regression modeling allowed for the printing of almost fully dense (99.78%) samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process optimization", "start": 25, "end": 45}, {"text": "regression", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "samples", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 121, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples comprised columnar grains, each containing numerous subgrains of a single-phase face-centered cubic solid solution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "subgrains", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 22, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "solid solution", "start": 112, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No precipitation or segregation were observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 3, "end": 16}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 20, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The room temperature tensile properties of the samples were excellent, with yields and tensile strengths reaching 701 ± 14 and 907 ± 25 MPa, respectively, and an elongation at fracture of 30.8 ± 2%.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "samples", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 136, "end": 139}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 176, "end": 184}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 87, "end": 104}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 162, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These properties were attributed to solid solution strengthening and novel dislocation loop strengthening mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 75, "end": 86}, {"text": "strengthening mechanism", "start": 92, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "solid solution", "start": 36, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These findings demonstrate that HEAs with a high relative density and good mechanical properties can be directly synthesized by SLM using inexpensive pure metal powders, thereby extending the application potential of AM to manufacture new materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 49, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 75, "end": 96}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 223, "end": 234}, {"text": "materials", "start": 239, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "pure metal", "start": 150, "end": 160}, {"text": "powders", "start": 161, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 128, "end": 131}, {"text": "AM", "start": 217, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a new approach for modelling additive layer manufacturing at component scale.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 39, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive layer manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 81, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The approach is applied to powder-bed selective laser melting (SLM) and validated, where the mechanical behaviour of macro-scale industrial components has been predicted and compared with experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 38, "end": 61}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 63, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical behaviour", "start": 93, "end": 113}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 160, "end": 169}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 188, "end": 200}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 129, "end": 139}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 140, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The novelty of the approach is based on using a calibrated analytical thermal model to derive functions that are implemented in a structural finite element analysis (FEA).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "calibrated", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "model", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 141, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The induced distortion in SLM has been compensated for by modifying the initial geometry using FE predicted distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A newly developed distortion compensation method, based on optical 3D scan measurements, has also been implemented.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "distortion compensation", "start": 18, "end": 41}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 67, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The two distortion compensation methods have been experimentally validated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "distortion compensation", "start": 8, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimentally validated", "start": 50, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In summary, the research presented in this paper shows that the mitigation of distortion in SLM is now possible on industrial macro-scale components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 92, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 138, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports on X-ray tomography of a series of coupon samples (5 mm cubes) produced under different process parameters, for laser powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray tomography", "start": 22, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 107, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 131, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 158, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different process parameters result in different pore formation mechanisms, each with characteristic pore sizes, shapes and locations within the 5 mm cube samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 10, "end": 28}, {"text": "cube", "start": 150, "end": 154}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 49, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore sizes", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 147, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While keyhole pores, lack of fusion pores and metallurgical pores have been previously identified and illustrated using X-ray tomography, this work extends beyond prior work to show how each of these not only exist in extreme situations but how they vary in size and shape in the transition regimes.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "transition", "start": 280, "end": 290}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 46, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray tomography", "start": 120, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown how keyhole mode porosity increases gradually with increasing power, and how this depends on the scan speed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 74, "end": 79}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Similarly, lack of fusion pores are shown to occur following scan tracks in situations of poor hatch overlap, or a similar but different distribution of lack of fusion porosity due to large layer height spacing, showing respectively vertical and horizontal lack of fusion pore morphologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "overlap", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 137, "end": 149}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 161, "end": 167}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 233, "end": 241}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 265, "end": 271}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 277, "end": 289}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 190, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Insights from 3D images allow improvements in parameter choices for optimized density of parts produced by laser powder bed fusion, and generally allow a better understanding of the porosity present in additively manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D images", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 182, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 107, "end": 130}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 202, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigates an additive manufacturing route of producing functional net shaped parts from pre-alloyed magnetic shape-memory Ni-Mn-Ga powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 26, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three types of Ni-Mn-Ga powders were used in this investigation: spark eroded in liquid nitrogen (LN2), spark eroded in liquid argon (LAr), and ball milled (BM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "argon", "start": 127, "end": 132}, {"text": "BM", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milled", "start": 149, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing via powder bed binder jetting, also known as 3D printing (3DP), was used in this research due to both relatively easy control of part porosity and the possibility to obtain complex shaped parts from Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "powder bed binder jetting", "start": 27, "end": 52}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 81, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 231, "end": 237}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The four-dimension (4D) is created by the predictable change in 3D printed part configuration over time as the result of shape-memory functionality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "4D", "start": 20, "end": 22}, {"text": "predictable", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed part", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jetting of Ni-Mn-Ga powders followed by curing and sintering proved successful in producing net shaped porous structures (spring-like, 3-D hierarchical lattice structures, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder jetting", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "curing", "start": 47, "end": 53}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 110, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 159, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ") with good mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 12, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts with porosities between 24.08% and 73.43% have been obtained by using powders with distinct morphologies.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 98, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermo-magneto-mechanical trained 3D printed parts obtained from ball milled Ni-Mn-Ga powders showed reversible magnetic-field-induced strains (MFISs) of up to 0.01%.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 34, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milled", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 86, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing is a viable technology in solving the design issues of functional parts made of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape-memory alloys (MSMA).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 65, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 138, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are capable of fabricating custom parts with complex geometrical shapes in a short period of time relative to traditional fabrication processes that require expensive tooling and several post processing steps.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 56, "end": 67}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 163, "end": 174}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "tooling", "start": 208, "end": 215}, {"text": "post processing", "start": 228, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion AM, known commercially as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology, is a widely used polymer AM process, however, the effects of inherent porosity on mechanical strength continues to be researched to identify strength improvement solutions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion AM", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "Fabrication", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 73, "end": 76}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "Filament", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 107, "end": 114}, {"text": "be", "start": 205, "end": 207}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 160, "end": 168}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 172, "end": 191}, {"text": "strength", "start": 231, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To address the effect of porosity and layer adhesion on mechanical properties (which can sometimes result in 27–35% lower ultimate tensile strength when compared to plastic injection molding), an approach was employed to reinforce 3D printed polycarbonate (PC) parts with continuous carbon fiber (CF) bundles.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 122, "end": 147}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 56, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "plastic injection molding", "start": 165, "end": 190}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 231, "end": 241}], "material": [{"text": "PC", "start": 257, "end": 259}, {"text": "continuous carbon fiber", "start": 272, "end": 295}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results demonstrated a maximum of 77% increase in tensile yield strength when PC was reinforced with three CF bundles and micrographs showed multiple regions with zero porosity due to the CF inclusion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "strength", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "PC", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "inclusion", "start": 191, "end": 200}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PC with three bundles of CF (modulus of 3.36 GPa) showed 85% higher modulus of elasticity than the neat PC specimens (modulus of 1.82 GPa).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PC", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "PC", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "GPa", "start": 45, "end": 48}, {"text": "modulus of elasticity", "start": 68, "end": 89}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The manual placement of CF and its impact on mechanical properties motivated the development of an automated selective deposition method using an ultrasonic embedding apparatus.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 35, "end": 41}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 45, "end": 66}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Substantial technology development towards the embedding process of continuous carbon fiber bundles using ultrasonic energy was achieved in an automated fashion which is complementary of digital manufacturing and novel when compared to other existing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 153, "end": 160}, {"text": "processes", "start": 251, "end": 260}], "material": [{"text": "continuous carbon fiber", "start": 68, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital manufacturing", "start": 187, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) is a commercially available additive manufacturing technique that was used for one step manufacturing of bimetallic structures of stainless steel and Ti6Al4V (Ti64) alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 65, "end": 87}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 125, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 120, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 167, "end": 182}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 187, "end": 194}, {"text": "Ti64", "start": 196, "end": 200}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 202, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the first approach, direct deposition of Ti64 on SS410 substrate and compositionally graded bimetallic structures were attempted without any intermediate bond layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "Ti64", "start": 44, "end": 48}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 162, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the second approach, an intermediate NiCr bond layer (of thickness ∼750 μm) was deposited to minimize thermal and residual stresses for these bimetallic structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 117, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct deposition of Ti64 was successful only for a couple of layers before the structures were delaminated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 7, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "Ti64", "start": 21, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compositionally graded bonding was unsuccessful with the formation of brittle intermetallics and related residual stresses causing delamination.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 131, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 105, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using an intermediate NiCr layer, bimetallic structures were successfully fabricated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our work is focused on LENS™ based processing approach and related microstructural evolution towards bimetallic structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 67, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stresses are measured for different deposition patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stresses", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 45, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The evolution of residual stresses and distortions are modelled in 3D.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "3D", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 17, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of convective flow inside the molten pool are examined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 41, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Susceptibilities to delamination & warping of Ti-6Al-4V & Inconel 718 are examined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "delamination", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "warping", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 58, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since the deposition patterns affect the stresses and distortions, we examined their effects on multi-layer wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 components experimentally and theoretically.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire arc additive manufacturing", "start": 108, "end": 139}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 141, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 150, "end": 159}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 164, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We measured residual stresses by hole drilling method in three identical components printed using different deposition patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 12, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hole drilling", "start": 33, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 73, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 108, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to understand the origin and the temporal evolution of residual stresses and distortion, we used a well-tested thermo-mechanical model after validating the computed results with experimental data for different deposition patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "thermo-mechanical model", "start": 120, "end": 143}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 187, "end": 204}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 219, "end": 229}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 64, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Distortions were also examined based on non-dimensional analysis.We show that printing with short track lengths can minimize residual stresses and distortion among the three patterns investigated for both alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 125, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 205, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 had similar fusion zone shape and size and were equally susceptible to deformation and warping, although Ti-6Al-4V was relatively less vulnerable to delamination due to its higher yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion zone", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "warping", "start": 118, "end": 125}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 180, "end": 192}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 211, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A dimensionless strain parameter accurately predicted the effects of WAAM parameters on distortion and this approach is especially useful when the detailed thermo-mechanical calculations can not be undertaken.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 156, "end": 173}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 33, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "WAAM", "start": 69, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 195, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work aims to investigate the mechanism of crack initiation induced by internal pores, which are inevitable in additive manufacturing (AM), and the influence of internal pores on the fatigue performance of directed energy deposited (DED) Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V. After fatigue test under constant amplitude alternating stress at three stress levels, thirty-one pieces of DED Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V specimens were found that cracks initiating from internal pores.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 91, "end": 96}, {"text": "pores", "start": 181, "end": 186}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 194, "end": 201}, {"text": "stress", "start": 324, "end": 330}, {"text": "stress", "start": 340, "end": 346}, {"text": "pores", "start": 456, "end": 461}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 122, "end": 144}, {"text": "AM", "start": 146, "end": 148}, {"text": "DED", "start": 244, "end": 247}, {"text": "DED", "start": 376, "end": 379}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue test", "start": 274, "end": 286}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its accessories, such as energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), were used to analyze the characteristics of pore defects and clarify the mechanism of crack initiation.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscope", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 96, "end": 99}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 128, "end": 139}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 141, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 192, "end": 196}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 197, "end": 204}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 221, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the specificity of the microstructure affected by the DED process and pore defects, such as segregation of Al and the existence of incomplete grain boundaries, are the main causes of crack initiation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "defects", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 164, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 92, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 111, "end": 113}, {"text": "Al", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, the crack initiation modes were divided into three types, and a classification model was established that can make the effect of pore defects on fatigue life clearer and more intuitive.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "classification", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "defects", "start": 140, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 135, "end": 139}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 151, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current study presents low cost 3D printed materials with desired electrical charactrestics for RF/microwave applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast to the traditional manufacturing techniques of fabrication in electronics, additive manufacturing (AM) is a proper technology for making parts with more advanced complex features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 44}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 87, "end": 109}, {"text": "AM", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 74, "end": 85}, {"text": "technology", "start": 127, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, different 3D printed configurations (infill density and pattern) of materials were printed with Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique to achieve different electrical characteristics, which is used in design and fabrication of RF/microwave structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "Fused Deposition Modeling", "start": 111, "end": 136}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 138, "end": 141}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 230, "end": 241}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 52, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "materials", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 219, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By different filling configurations, a range of relative permittivity has been obtained by using Nylon 6 as an input filament for 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "Nylon", "start": 97, "end": 102}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "filament", "start": 117, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 130, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In fact, by use of a known material such as Nylon 6, complex geometries can be 3D printed with different dielectric behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 27, "end": 35}, {"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "be", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 53, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties of the structures were investigated in order to estimate the quality of the 3D printed parts in electronics’ industry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "quality", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 118, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 98, "end": 114}, {"text": "industry", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considering these properties has direct influence on decision making through the design of a 3D structure with required electrical characteristics, while the mechanical properties are also considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "3D structure", "start": 93, "end": 105}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 158, "end": 179}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 81, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jetting, a commercial additive manufacturing process that selectively deposits a liquid binder onto a powder bed, can become a viable method to additively manufacture ceramics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder jetting", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 29, "end": 59}, {"text": "additively manufacture", "start": 151, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "liquid binder", "start": 88, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "part density and geometric resolution) have not been investigated and no methodical approach exists for the process development of new materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 108, "end": 115}, {"text": "materials", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a parametric study consisting of 18 experiments with unique process input combinations explores the influence of seven process inputs on the relative densities of as-printed (green) alumina (Al2O3) parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "process", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 155, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "alumina", "start": 196, "end": 203}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 205, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sensitivity analyses compare the influence of each input on green densities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Sensitivity analyses", "start": 0, "end": 20}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multivariable linear and Gaussian process regressions provide models for predicting green densities as a function of binder jetting process inputs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 117, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The multivariable linear and Gaussian process regression models indicate that the green densities of alumina builds can be increased by decreasing the recoat speed and increasing the oscillator speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "regression models", "start": 46, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "alumina", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "be", "start": 120, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Gaussian process regression model further suggests that the green densities have nonlinear dependence on the rest of the process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "regression model", "start": 21, "end": 37}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 125, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The models produced can assist operators in selecting process inputs that will result in a desired green density, allowing for the control of porosity in printed parts with a high degree of accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 105, "end": 112}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 142, "end": 150}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 190, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology reported in this study can be leveraged for other powder systems and machines to predict and control the porosity of binder jetted parts for applications such as filters, bearings, electronics, and medical implants.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 197, "end": 208}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "powder", "start": 66, "end": 72}, {"text": "binder", "start": 133, "end": 139}, {"text": "as", "start": 175, "end": 177}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "medical implants", "start": 214, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron beam melting (EBM) has emerged as an important additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron beam melting", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 56, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, Alloy 718 produced by EBM was investigated in as-built and post-treated conditions for microstructural characteristics and hardness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 102, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 138, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The post-treatments investigated were hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and combined HIP + heat treatment (HIP + HT) carried out as a single cycle inside the HIP vessel.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 38, "end": 60}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 62, "end": 65}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 80, "end": 83}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 86, "end": 100}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 153, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the post-treatments resulted in significant decrease in defects inevitably present in the as-built material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 104, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The columnar grain structure of the as-built material was found to be maintained after post-treatment, with some sporadic localized grain coarsening noted.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "post-treatment", "start": 87, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 132, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although HIP led to complete dissolution of δ and γ′′ phase, stable NbC and TiN (occasionally present) particles were observed in the post-treated specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 9, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "particles", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "TiN", "start": 76, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant precipitation of γ′′ phase was observed after HIP + HT, which was attributed to the two-step aging heat treatment carried out during HIP + HT.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 12, "end": 25}, {"text": "phase", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 58, "end": 61}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 111, "end": 125}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 145, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of γ′′ phase or otherwise was correlated to the hardness of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 77, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the HIP treatment resulted in drop in hardness, HIP + HT led to ‘recovery’ of the hardness to values exceeding those exhibited by the as-built material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 10, "end": 13}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 54, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 63, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 149, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cold spray has been shown to be one of the promising additive manufacturing technologies to process Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) -metal integrated systems by successfully being able to coat UHMWPE on metals using fumed nano-alumina (FNA) as UHMWPE particle surface modifiers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "Polyethylene", "start": 132, "end": 144}, {"text": "metals", "start": 225, "end": 231}, {"text": "as", "start": 263, "end": 265}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "particle", "start": 273, "end": 281}], "parameter": [{"text": "Weight", "start": 125, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the exact mechanism of UHMWPE deposition and role of FNA was widely unknown.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 39, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims at identifying the fundamental parameters involved in high strain-rate UHMWPE deposition and their role in successful adhesion by a technique called Isolated Particle Deposition (IPD).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "Particle", "start": 174, "end": 182}, {"text": "Deposition", "start": 183, "end": 193}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 134, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Major parameters that influenced the UHMWPE deposition efficiency significantly were the particle temperature and velocity and net surface activity of FNA.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 44, "end": 54}, {"text": "particle", "start": 89, "end": 97}, {"text": "surface", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stored elastic energy of UHMWPE decreases with increase in temperature, and the deposition criterion for a successful UHMWPE deposition is not to have net stored elastic energy after impact.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "elastic", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 129, "end": 139}, {"text": "impact", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effect of FNA was seen in generating H-bonds that helped to establish bridge bond at UHMWPE-substrate interface.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 102, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Innovative fabrication of a < NiCrAlY-IN625 > system by SLM was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 56, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several criteria were used to select the most appropriate SLM process conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 62, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-built coatings exhibited significant dilution characteristic of SLM remelting.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 67, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser power P = 250 W and scanning speed v = 800 mm/s were found optimal.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Laser power", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 26, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study investigated for the first time the feasibility of producing by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) a NiCrAlY bond coat material directly onto an IN625 substrate itself produced by SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 82, "end": 105}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 107, "end": 110}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 193, "end": 196}], "application": [{"text": "bond coat", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 164, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A typical parameters optimization was conducted by varying laser power (P) and scanning speed (v).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters optimization", "start": 10, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "P", "start": 72, "end": 73}, {"text": "v", "start": 95, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Single-line scanning tracks and two-layer coatings were carried out and analyzed for 15 different P/v conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 42, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several criteria were defined for the selection of appropriate SLM parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 63, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 67, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed significant remelting of the underlying substrate, which is a typical feature of SLM manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM manufacturing", "start": 100, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This led to the formation of an intermediate dilution zone characterized by substantial mixing between IN625 superalloy substrate and NiCrAlY bond coat suggesting excellent metallurgical bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "led", "start": 5, "end": 8}, {"text": "bond coat", "start": 142, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 88, "end": 94}, {"text": "metallurgical bonding", "start": 173, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 120, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimum processing conditions were found for P = 250 W and v = 800 mm/s.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "P", "start": 45, "end": 46}, {"text": "v", "start": 59, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It produced a dense 242 μm thick bond coat including a 36% dilution zone.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bond coat", "start": 33, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLMed < NiCrAlY-IN625 > system exhibited a smooth microhardness profile slightly increasing from 275 Hv in the bond coat to 305 Hv in the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "application": [{"text": "bond coat", "start": 115, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 142, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A progressive Al concentration distribution between the phases and low residual stress levels were found in the system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 14, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 31, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 71, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This suggested that SLM might be a valuable alternative manufacturing process for bond coat systems promoting excellent adhesion for high temperature applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 20, "end": 23}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 56, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "bond coat", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 120, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 138, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Coupling 3D Discrete Element and Monte Carlo Ray tracing methods to simulate the laser polymer interaction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 9, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "Element", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 81, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiphysics coupling: conductive and radiative heat transfers with scattering, phase changes, coalescence, air diffusion, in participating granular medium.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfers", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "phase", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 112, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Application to additive manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 15, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D Numerical and experimental validations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 17, "end": 29}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A numerical framework based on a modified Monte Carlo ray-tracing method and the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is developed to predict the physical behavior of discrete particles during the Powder Bed Fusion (SLS) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 12, "end": 21}, {"text": "Discrete Element Method", "start": 81, "end": 104}, {"text": "particles", "start": 169, "end": 178}, {"text": "process", "start": 214, "end": 221}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 190, "end": 207}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 209, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comprehensive model coupling all major aspects of the underlying physics and the corresponding numerical framework, accounting for radiative heat transfer, heat conduction, sintering and granular dynamics among others, is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "physics", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "framework", "start": 107, "end": 116}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 143, "end": 156}, {"text": "heat conduction", "start": 158, "end": 173}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 175, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spatially and temporally varying distribution of heat and displacement within the additively manufactured object are captured in detail.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 37, "end": 49}, {"text": "heat", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 86, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is validated through the comparison of simulated results with existing experimental results in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 81, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inconsistent part quality is a challenge to the widespread adoption of powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 82, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 89, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous efforts to monitor the PBF process in situ have been mostly limited to single tracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "monitor", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 32, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lack of quantitative, in situ monitoring results from full 3D PBF builds remains a barrier to closed-loop control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "3D", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 98, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We track morphology in situ using coherent imaging, providing an immediate check on surface roughness, recoater blade damage, and powder packing density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 84, "end": 101}, {"text": "damage", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "density", "start": 145, "end": 152}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "recoater blade", "start": 103, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 130, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Defects are corrected through manual closed-loop control; protrusions and depressions identified by in situ imaging are compensated through laser ablation and refilling, respectively, during a 3D build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Defects", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "3D", "start": 193, "end": 195}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 37, "end": 56}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser ablation", "start": 140, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Maximum surface roughness is reduced by 54% and the number of layers with increased surface roughness relative to the steady-state value is reduced by 60%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 8, "end": 25}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 84, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "number of layers", "start": 52, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Manual closed-loop control, successfully achieved using coherent imaging of PBF layer morphology, is an important step towards full feedback control capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 7, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "feedback", "start": 132, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 114, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser direct deposition model simulates thermal behavior in Ti6Al4V depositions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 60, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cellular automaton model predicts the solidification and distribution of β grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 38, "end": 52}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "grains", "start": 75, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase prediction model simulates the solid-state phase transformation of β→α/α’.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "model", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 37, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness was assessed based on the predicted volume fraction of α’.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulation results were validated with experimental data in good agreement.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 39, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a multiphysics and multiscale integrated simulation framework is established to link the thermal history with the microstructural evolution and resulting properties of Ti6Al4V in additive manufacturing processes by combining: (1) a three-dimensional (3D) multiphysics modeling of quasi-steady-state deposition geometry and thermal history in the directed energy deposition (DED) process, (2) a 3D cellular automata modeling of the solidification grain structure, and (3) a diffusion/diffusionless kinetic modeling of solid-state phase transformation and microhardness prediction based on the simulated phase volume fractions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 56, "end": 66}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 283, "end": 291}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 430, "end": 438}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 520, "end": 528}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 67, "end": 76}, {"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 129, "end": 154}, {"text": "properties", "start": 169, "end": 179}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 247, "end": 264}, {"text": "3D", "start": 266, "end": 268}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 314, "end": 324}, {"text": "process", "start": 394, "end": 401}, {"text": "3D", "start": 409, "end": 411}, {"text": "solidification grain", "start": 446, "end": 466}, {"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 532, "end": 549}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 569, "end": 582}, {"text": "phase", "start": 617, "end": 622}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 194, "end": 226}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 361, "end": 387}, {"text": "DED", "start": 389, "end": 392}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By applying to Ti6Al4V, this integrated simulation framework demonstrates its feasibility in modeling complex microstructural evolution and phase transformation during the multi-track DED process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 40, "end": 50}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 78, "end": 89}, {"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 110, "end": 135}, {"text": "phase", "start": 140, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 184, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated track geometry and thermal history agree well with experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 65, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Coupled with the extracted temperature profiles and heating/cooling rates, the competitive growth of β grains upon solidification of the molten pool is successfully predicted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "grains", "start": 103, "end": 109}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 115, "end": 129}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 137, "end": 148}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 165, "end": 174}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 39, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solid-state β→α/α´ transformation in the fusion zone and heat-affected zone is then captured by the kinetic solid-state phase prediction model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solid-state", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "fusion zone", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "solid-state phase prediction model", "start": 112, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the predicted volume fractions of α and α´ in the final microstructure, the microhardness is assessed, matching the experimental measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 61, "end": 75}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 81, "end": 94}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 121, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser sintering (LS), as an additive manufacturing process for production of polymer structures, provides the possibility of directly manufacturing personalized, structural motorcycle components for motor sports.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 28, "end": 58}, {"text": "production", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 134, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 184, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To create such lightweight structures, the wall thickness and position limits of the LS systems need to be investigated in detail.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "lightweight structures", "start": 15, "end": 37}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thickness", "start": 43, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 71, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Appearing process-related flaws such as different amounts of crystallinity, surface roughness, and defects such as pores exhibit dimensions similar to the wall thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "defects", "start": 99, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 76, "end": 93}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 129, "end": 139}, {"text": "wall thickness", "start": 155, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To study the process-related effects on the mechanical properties of 450 tensile test specimens in z-direction, the build areas of two LS systems were screened and a detailed wall thickness investigation was conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 44, "end": 65}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 73, "end": 85}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 99, "end": 110}, {"text": "wall thickness", "start": 175, "end": 189}], "parameter": [{"text": "build areas", "start": 116, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy for several wall thicknesses similar to the spot size were conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic mechanical analysis", "start": 13, "end": 40}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 81, "end": 109}], "feature": [{"text": "wall thicknesses", "start": 122, "end": 138}], "parameter": [{"text": "spot size", "start": 154, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigations showed that the Young's moduli and ultimate tensile strengths of the produced specimens of the two commercial EOS systems, P396 and P770, are similar and evenly distributed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strengths", "start": 54, "end": 80}], "application": [{"text": "EOS", "start": 129, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, structures with a thickness below 1 mm showed distinctive losses in stiffness, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 81, "end": 90}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 92, "end": 117}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 123, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing and 3D printing technology which offers flexibility in geometric design and rapid production of complex structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 36, "end": 58}, {"text": "production", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 63, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 124, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 155, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Maraging steels have high strength and good ductility, and therefore have been widely used in aerospace and tooling sectors for many years.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Maraging steels", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work aims to study the influence of aging temperature and aging time on the microstructure, mechanical property (hardness, strength and ductility) and tribological property of SLM maraging 18Ni-300 steel.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 81, "end": 95}, {"text": "mechanical property", "start": 97, "end": 116}, {"text": "tribological property", "start": 156, "end": 177}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 118, "end": 126}, {"text": "strength", "start": 128, "end": 136}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 181, "end": 184}, {"text": "maraging", "start": 185, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 203, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results reveal that the aging conditions had a significant impact on the strength and wear-resistance of the SLM maraging steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 113, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 117, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimal aging conditions for the SLM maraging steel produced in this work were 490 °C for 3 h under which strength and wear-resistance were maximised.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 110, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lower or higher aging temperature led to under-aging or over-aging phenomena, reducing the strength and wear-resistance performance.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 34, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 120, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Shorter or longer aging time also resulted in the decrease of strength and wear-resistance performance of the SLM maraging steel as compared with the optimal conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 110, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 114, "end": 128}, {"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The variation of the mechanical and tribological properties is primarily due to changes in phase compositions and microstructures of the SLM maraging steels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "tribological properties", "start": 36, "end": 59}, {"text": "phase compositions", "start": 91, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 114, "end": 129}, {"text": "maraging steels", "start": 141, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 137, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The integration of novel additively manufactured (AM) materials and processes with traditional materials and manufacturing techniques, including the insertion of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components such as resistors, switches, batteries and light emitting diodes (LEDs), has led to the development of increasingly complex ‘hybrid’ electronics including: antennas, waveguides, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, various sensors, circuits and devices.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 25, "end": 48}, {"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "processes", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "materials", "start": 95, "end": 104}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 338, "end": 349}, {"text": "radio frequency", "start": 383, "end": 398}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 194, "end": 204}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 435, "end": 442}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 210, "end": 212}], "application": [{"text": "light emitting diodes", "start": 248, "end": 269}, {"text": "LEDs", "start": 271, "end": 275}, {"text": "led", "start": 282, "end": 285}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we examine the resiliency and radio frequency (RF) performance of two commercially available conductive inks (DuPont CB028 and KA801) printed onto a radar transparent substrate (poly ether, ether ketone; PEEK).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "radio frequency", "start": 35, "end": 50}, {"text": "performance", "start": 56, "end": 67}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 160, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 172, "end": 181}, {"text": "PEEK", "start": 209, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quality of ink adhesion, a factor found to directly correlate with antenna performance, is examined via adhesion testing after exposure to high accelerations up to 20,000 g and temperature cycling from −54 °C to +71 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "performance", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 15, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 108, "end": 116}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 181, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, the designs, procedures and results provide a framework for multi-materials resiliency assessment as well as aspects unique to materials resiliency under harsh environmental conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "materials", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "as", "start": 115, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice structures have been intensively researched for their light-weight properties and unique functions in specific applications such as for impact protection and biomedical-implant.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Lattice structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "light-weight", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 144, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The advancement of additive manufacturing simplifies the fabrication of lattice structures as opposed to conventional manufacturing and this opens doors to create more designs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 57, "end": 68}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 131}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 72, "end": 90}, {"text": "designs", "start": 168, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There are ample research opportunities to explore the mechanical performance of the lattice structures fabricated by this technology specific to each design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "technology", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 84, "end": 102}, {"text": "design", "start": 150, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study filled the research gap by investigating the deformation behaviour and compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures fabricated by a powder bed fusion method from the aspects of design, orientation and density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 56, "end": 67}, {"text": "properties", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 137, "end": 147}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 206, "end": 217}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 118, "end": 136}, {"text": "design", "start": 198, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 153, "end": 170}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 222, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results were compared between cubic and honeycomb unit designs, between two orientations and across five different densities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "honeycomb", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 80, "end": 92}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that both cubic and honeycomb lattice deformed in a layer-by-layer manner for the first tested orientation, where vertical struts were parallel to the compression direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "honeycomb", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 67, "end": 81}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 129, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deformed", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 166, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the second tested orientation, where lattice struts were angled with respect to the direction of compression, the deformation behaviour was observed as a single diagonal shear band.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 117, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 100, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 152, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the density of the structure increased, the deformation pattern shifted towards diagonal crack similar to a solid part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 7, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 47, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Honeycomb lattice structure had the highest density efficiency for energy absorption in both orientations and for first maximum compressive strength in the second orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Honeycomb", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "structure", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 93, "end": 105}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 163, "end": 174}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 128, "end": 148}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 67, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Change of orientation significantly affected the efficiency in plateau stress for cubic lattice structure, and compressive property values for honeycomb lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 10, "end": 21}, {"text": "property", "start": 123, "end": 131}, {"text": "honeycomb", "start": 143, "end": 152}, {"text": "structure", "start": 161, "end": 170}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 71, "end": 77}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 88, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparative studies showed that the first maximum compressive strength and energy absorption of the lattice structures in the first orientation were higher than most of the lattice designs from other literature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 50, "end": 70}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 75, "end": 92}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 100, "end": 118}, {"text": "lattice designs", "start": 173, "end": 188}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 132, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes a facile method to fabricate complex three-dimensional (3D) antennas by vacuum filling gallium-based liquid metals into 3D printed cavities at room temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 58, "end": 75}, {"text": "3D", "start": 77, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metals", "start": 122, "end": 135}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 169, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To create the cavities, a commercial printer co-prints a sacrificial wax-like material with an acrylic resin.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 37, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 78, "end": 86}, {"text": "acrylic", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dissolving the printed wax in oil creates cavities as small as 500 μm within the acrylic monolith.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "wax", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "oil", "start": 30, "end": 33}, {"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "acrylic", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Placing the entire structure under vacuum evacuates most of the air from these cavities through a reservoir of liquid metal that covers a single inlet.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 19, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "inlet", "start": 145, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Returning the assembly to atmospheric pressure pushes the metal from the reservoir into the cavities due to the pressure differential.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 38, "end": 46}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 58, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method enables filling of the closed internal cavities to create planar and curved conductive 3D geometries without leaving pockets of trapped air that lead to defects.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "3D geometries", "start": 99, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 157, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An advantage of this technique is the ability to rapidly prototype 3D embedded antennas and other microwave components with metallic conductivity at room temperature using a simple process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype 3D", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "process", "start": 181, "end": 188}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 98, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 124, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 133, "end": 145}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 154, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 174, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because the conductors are liquid, they also enable the possibility of manipulating the properties of such devices by flowing metal in or out of selected cavities.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "conductors", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "metal", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 88, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured electrical properties of fabricated devices match well to electromagnetic simulations, indicating that the approach described here forms antenna geometries with high fidelity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electrical properties", "start": 13, "end": 34}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 158, "end": 168}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 87, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stresses and distortion in Additive Manufactured (AM) parts are two key obstacles which seriously hinder the wide application of this technology.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stresses", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "technology", "start": 143, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufactured", "start": 36, "end": 57}, {"text": "AM", "start": 59, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nowadays, understanding the thermomechanical behavior induced by the AM process is still a complex task which must take into account the effects of both the process and the material parameters, the microstructure evolution as well as the pre-heating strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 28, "end": 44}, {"text": "process", "start": 157, "end": 164}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 198, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 173, "end": 181}, {"text": "as", "start": 223, "end": 225}, {"text": "as", "start": 231, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the challenges of this work is to increase the complexity of the geometries used to study the thermomechanical behavior induced by the AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 101, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 142, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples have been fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition (DED).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 36, "end": 62}, {"text": "DED", "start": 64, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ thermal and distortion histories of the substrate are measured in order to calibrate the 3D coupled thermo-mechanical model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "3D", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "thermo-mechanical model", "start": 108, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 48, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Once the numerical results showed a good agreement with the temperature measurements, the validated model has been used to predict the residual stresses and distortions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 100, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 135, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different process parameters have been analyzed to study their sensitivity to the process assessment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 10, "end": 28}, {"text": "process", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different preheating strategies have been also analyzed to check their effectiveness on the mitigation of both distortions and residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 71, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 127, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, some simplifications of the actual scanning sequence are proposed to reduce the computational cost without loss of the accuracy of the simulation framework.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "framework", "start": 155, "end": 164}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 128, "end": 136}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 144, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), an additive manufacturing process, produces a distinctive microstructure that closely resembles the weld metal microstructure but at a much finer scale.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Bed Fusion", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 36, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 91, "end": 105}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 144, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "weld metal", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solidification parameters, particularly temperature gradient and solidification rate, are important to study the as-built microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification parameters", "start": 4, "end": 29}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 126, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 44, "end": 64}, {"text": "solidification rate", "start": 69, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, a computational framework with meso-scale resolution is developed for L-PBF of Inconel® 718 (IN718), a Ni-base superalloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 115, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The framework combines a powder packing model based on Discrete Element Method and a 3-D transient heat and fluid flow simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "model", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "Discrete Element Method", "start": 55, "end": 78}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 85, "end": 88}, {"text": "heat", "start": 99, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 108, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The latter, i.e., the molten pool model, captures the interaction between laser beam and individual powder particles including free surface evolution, surface tension and evaporation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "model", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "free surface", "start": 127, "end": 139}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 140, "end": 149}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 171, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 100, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 151, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solidification parameters, calculated from the temperature fields, are used to assess the solidification morphology and grain size using existing theoretical models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification parameters", "start": 4, "end": 29}, {"text": "solidification morphology", "start": 94, "end": 119}, {"text": "theoretical models", "start": 150, "end": 168}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The IN718 coupon built by L-PBF are characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopies", "start": 68, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental data of molten pool size and solidification microstructure are compared to the corresponding simulation results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 46, "end": 75}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 110, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser sintering, also called laser sintering (LS), is an additive manufacturing process that requires micronized plastic powder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "laser sintering", "start": 39, "end": 54}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 67, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 123, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, we showed poly (ethylene terephthalate (PET) powder is a suitable material for LS, with a comparable printing performance as the current front-runner, polyamide 12 (PA12).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "material", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "as", "start": 132, "end": 134}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 161, "end": 173}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 175, "end": 179}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "printing performance", "start": 111, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the LS process, by its nature, leaves unused powder that has been exposed to heat for prolonged time, and this powder may not be fully re-usable due to degradation.In this work, the re-use potential of heat-exposed PET powder is established.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "heat", "start": 86, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "powder", "start": 120, "end": 126}, {"text": "be", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "powder", "start": 228, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is a matter of crucial importance as powders suitable for LS are very expensive, and the powder left after a building episode has to be re-used.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "powder", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat-exposed PA12 has to be blended or refreshed with virgin powder, to avoid printing defects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 13, "end": 17}, {"text": "be", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "virgin powder", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 87, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, heat-exposed PET powder, after 96 h at 210 °C, could be used, without refreshing with a portion of virgin powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "virgin powder", "start": 112, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed articles from heat-exposed powders were as good as those from the fresh powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "powder", "start": 84, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There was no cross-linking and there was only a minor increase in the molecular weight of the powder after 96 h, at 210 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cross-linking", "start": 13, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 80, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 94, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is an increasingly used Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique employed by many industrial sectors, including the medical device and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}, {"text": "AM", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "industrial sectors", "start": 107, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "medical device", "start": 141, "end": 155}, {"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 160, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The application of this technology is, however, challenged by the lack of process monitoring and control system that underpins process repeatability and part quality reproducibility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "process monitoring", "start": 74, "end": 92}, {"text": "process", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "quality", "start": 158, "end": 165}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "control system", "start": 97, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An electronic imaging system prototype has been developed to serve as an EBM monitoring equipment, the capabilities of which have been verified at room temperature and at 320 ± 10 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 73, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 152, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, in order to fully assess the applicability of this technique, electronic imaging needs to be conducted at a range of elevated temperatures to fully understand the influence of temperature on electronic image quality.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 122, "end": 127}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 140, "end": 152}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 190, "end": 201}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 216, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Building on top of the previous electronic imaging trials at room temperature, this paper disseminates the essential step changes to allow high temperature electronic imaging: (1) modification of a signal amplifier to deal with high electron beam current during electron beam heating, and (2) design of an open-source electron beam heating algorithm to maximise flexibility for user-defined heating strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 167, "end": 174}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 117, "end": 121}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 233, "end": 246}, {"text": "electron beam heating", "start": 262, "end": 283}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 306, "end": 317}, {"text": "electron beam heating", "start": 318, "end": 339}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 340, "end": 349}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 293, "end": 299}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 362, "end": 373}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 391, "end": 398}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, electronic imaging pilot trials at elevated temperatures, ranging from room temperature to 650°C, were carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 91, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image quality measure Q of the digital electron images was evaluated, and the influence of temperature was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "images", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 91, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, raw electronic images generated at higher temperatures had greater Q values, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 30, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 57, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "better global image quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 14, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been demonstrated that, for temperatures between 30°C-650°C, the influence of temperature on electronic image quality was not adversely affecting the visual clarity of image features.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 35, "end": 47}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 111, "end": 116}, {"text": "image", "start": 175, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is thus envisaged that the prototype has a potential to contribute to in-process EBM monitoring, and this paper has served as a crucial precursor to the ultimate goal of carrying out electronic imaging under real EBM building condition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 216, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "precursor", "start": 139, "end": 148}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 197, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Local microstructure control in electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) is of great interest to the additive manufacturing community to realize complex part geometry with targeted performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 6, "end": 20}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 32, "end": 45}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 158, "end": 166}, {"text": "performance", "start": 181, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The local microstructure control relies on having a detailed understanding of local melt pool physics (e.g., 3-D melt pool shape as well as spatial and temporal variations of thermal gradient (G) and solidification rate (R)).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 10, "end": 24}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 109, "end": 112}, {"text": "variations", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 84, "end": 93}, {"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradient", "start": 175, "end": 191}, {"text": "solidification rate", "start": 200, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research, a new scan strategy referred to as ghost beam is numerically evaluated as a candidate to achieve the targeted G and R of IN718 alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "as", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "IN718 alloy", "start": 139, "end": 150}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 59, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The boundary conditions for simulations, including the speed (490 mm/s) and spatial locations of the beam within a given layer, are obtained by using series of snapshot images, recorded at 12,000 frames per second, using a high-speed camera.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 4, "end": 23}, {"text": "images", "start": 169, "end": 175}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 28, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 101, "end": 105}, {"text": "camera", "start": 234, "end": 240}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 121, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heat transfer simulations were performed using TRUCHAS an open-source software deployed within a high-performance computational infrastructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results showed that reheating at short beam on-time and time delay decreases both G and R. Local variation of R at the center of the melt pool trailing edge showed periodic temporal fluctuations.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 54, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 112, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 148, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper introduces continuous lattice fabrication (CLF)–a novel additive manufacturing (AM) technique invented for fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites–and demonstrates its ability to exploit anisotropic material properties in digitally fabricated structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 245, "end": 255}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 41, "end": 52}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 67, "end": 89}, {"text": "AM", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic composites", "start": 135, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic material properties", "start": 200, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast to the layer-by-layer approaches employed in most AM processes, CLF enables the directed orientation of the fibers in all spatial coordinates, that is in the x-, y-, and z-directions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 101, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 120, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "coordinates", "start": 142, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on a serial pultrusion and extrusion approach, CLF consolidates commingled yarns in situ and allows for the continuous deposition of high fiber volume fraction (> 50%) materials along a programmable trajectory without the use of molds or sacrificial layers by exploiting the high viscosities of fiber-filled polymer melts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pultrusion", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "materials", "start": 174, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 144, "end": 149}, {"text": "polymer melts", "start": 314, "end": 327}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 235, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capacity of CLF to produce high-performance structural components is demonstrated in the fabrication of an ultra-lightweight load-bearing lattice structure with outstanding stiffness-to-density and strength-to-density performance (compression modulus of 13.23 MPa and compressive strength of 0.20 MPa at a core density of 9 mg/cm3).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "structural components", "start": 48, "end": 69}, {"text": "performance", "start": 222, "end": 233}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 264, "end": 267}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 301, "end": 304}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 129, "end": 141}, {"text": "lattice structure", "start": 142, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 235, "end": 246}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 272, "end": 292}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 310, "end": 314}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This digital fabrication method enables new approaches in load-tailored design, including the possibility to build freeform structures, which have previously been overlooked due to difficulties and limitations in modern fiber composite manufacturing capabilities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital fabrication", "start": 5, "end": 24}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "fiber composite", "start": 220, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing provides many advantages in reduced lead times and increased geometric freedom compared to traditional manufacturing methods, but material properties are often reduced.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 139}], "parameter": [{"text": "lead times", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometric freedom", "start": 84, "end": 101}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 153, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper considers powder bed fusion of polyamide 12 (PA12, Nylon 12) produced by three different processes: laser sintering (LS), multijet fusion (MJF) /high speed sintering (HSS), and large area projection sintering (LAPS).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 21, "end": 38}, {"text": "laser sintering", "start": 111, "end": 126}, {"text": "MJF", "start": 150, "end": 153}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 167, "end": 176}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 210, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 42, "end": 54}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 56, "end": 60}, {"text": "Nylon", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "HSS", "start": 178, "end": 181}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 100, "end": 109}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 142, "end": 148}, {"text": "LAPS", "start": 221, "end": 225}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 194, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While all utilize similar PA12 materials, they are found to differ significantly in mechanical properties especially in elongation to break.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 31, "end": 40}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 84, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 120, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The slower heating methods (MJF/HSS and LAPS) produce large elongation at break with the LAPS process showing 10x elongation and MJF/HSS exhibiting 2.5x the elongation when compared to commercial LS samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "LAPS", "start": 40, "end": 44}, {"text": "LAPS", "start": 89, "end": 93}, {"text": "samples", "start": 199, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While there are small differences in crystallinity between these samples, the difference may be attributed to changes in the heating and cooling rates of the LAPS samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "LAPS", "start": 158, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 137, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum inlet velocity of the filament is determined according to the process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "inlet", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 74, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The velocity field, shear rate and viscosity in the nozzle were determined by analytical study and numerical simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 52, "end": 58}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 99, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrudate shape agrees with the numerical simulation: the extrudate undergoes severe deformation at high shear rate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "extrudate", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "extrudate", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 36, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 89, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the various types of additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 64, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Similar to other types, FFF enables free-form fabrication and optimised structures by using polymeric filaments as the raw material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 24, "end": 27}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "raw material", "start": 119, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work aims to optimise the printing conditions of the FFF process based on reliable properties, such as printing parameters and physical properties of polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 117, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 155, "end": 163}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 132, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selected polymer is poly (lactic) acid (PLA), which is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester derived from corn starch and is one of the most common polymers in the FFF process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 75, "end": 88}, {"text": "polyester", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 170, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Firstly, the maximum inlet velocity of the filament in the liquefier was empirically determined according to process parameters, such as feed rate, nozzle diameter and dimensions of the deposited segment.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "inlet", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "as", "start": 134, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 109, "end": 127}, {"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 148, "end": 163}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 168, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Secondly, the rheological behaviour of the PLA, including the velocity field, shear rate and viscosity distribution in the nozzle, was determined via analytical study and numerical simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 14, "end": 25}, {"text": "viscosity", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 103, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 123, "end": 129}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 171, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results indicated the variation in the shear rate according to the diameter of the nozzle and the inlet velocity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 87, "end": 93}, {"text": "inlet", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the distribution of the viscosity along the radius of the nozzle was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 67, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At high inlet velocity, several defects appeared at the surface of the extrudates.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "inlet", "start": 8, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "surface", "start": 56, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The defects predicted via numerical simulation were reasonably consistent with that observed from an optical microscope.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 26, "end": 46}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microscope", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "nozzle diameter, feed rate and layer height) to improve the quality of the manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "quality", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 75, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 17, "end": 21}, {"text": "layer height", "start": 31, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimized LPBF gives AA7075 parts with density 99.5%, but containing hot cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 10, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 39, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preventing cracking requires optimization of chemical composition of the powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 45, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 73, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High isostatic pressing is not effective in healing long cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "isostatic pressing", "start": 5, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solidification cracks are formed by the liquid film rupture mode.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Solidification cracks", "start": 0, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Silicon impurity appears to significantly increase stability of the liquid film.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Silicon", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "impurity", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "stability", "start": 51, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an attractive technology of manufacturing highstrength aluminium alloy parts for the aircraft and automobile industries, limited by poor processability of these alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 62, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium alloy", "start": 89, "end": 104}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 195, "end": 201}], "application": [{"text": "automobile", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work was aimed at finding the process window for the LPBF manufacturing of defect-free components of AA7075 alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 58, "end": 62}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 113, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimization of the parameters was performed at each stage of the multi-stage research, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Optimization", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "research", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At each stage, the relation between LPBF parameters and defect formation with a focus on hot cracking was investigated and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 56, "end": 62}, {"text": "hot cracking", "start": 89, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the optimization of process parameters, the density of volumetric specimens above 99% was reached and vaporization losses of the alloying elements were significantly reduced, but solidification cracks could not be eliminated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 27, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "alloying elements", "start": 136, "end": 153}, {"text": "be", "start": 218, "end": 220}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "solidification cracks", "start": 186, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that solidification cracks were formed by the liquid film rupture mode, mainly along columnar grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "solidification cracks", "start": 18, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "columnar grain boundaries", "start": 98, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The EDS microanalysis showed intergranular microsegregation, not only of the main alloying elements (Zn, Mg, Cu) but also of minor elements such as Si.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EDS", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microsegregation", "start": 43, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "alloying elements", "start": 82, "end": 99}, {"text": "Zn", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "elements", "start": 131, "end": 139}, {"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Silicon may play a significant role in increasing susceptibility to cracking by increasing the stability of the liquid film.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Silicon", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 50, "end": 64}, {"text": "stability", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 68, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reduction in the silicon impurity content in the AA7075 powder gives a chance to reduce susceptibility to cracking with no change of the alloy specification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Reduction", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "silicon", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "powder", "start": 56, "end": 62}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 137, "end": 142}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "impurity", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "susceptibility", "start": 88, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "316L steel powder reuse (several times) in SLM leads to the increase of δ-ferrite.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steel powder", "start": 5, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 43, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetic attractive interaction among δ-ferrite powder particles is noticed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 48, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particle clustering causes poor packing and non-uniformities in the powder layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Particle", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 75, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Defect formation is more critical when the pin support structure is used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Defect", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 47, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetic separation allows separation of austenite and δ-ferrite powder fractions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Magnetic separation", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "austenite", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "powder", "start": 65, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of δ-ferrite in 316L stainless steel powder reused several times contributes to structural defect formation in selective laser melted parts built using the pin support structure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel powder", "start": 29, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural defect", "start": 93, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 124, "end": 146}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 173, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The virgin 316L stainless steel powder is fully austenitic.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel powder", "start": 11, "end": 38}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 48, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After several powder reuse cycles, reused powder has a finer particle size and about 6 vol.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 14, "end": 20}, {"text": "powder", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 61, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase change occurs due to the thermal cycles imposed on the particles near the melt pool, via spattering and further interaction of in-flight droplets with the laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "particles", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 31, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 80, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase transformation changes the magnetic behavior of the powder leading to particle clustering in the powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "particle", "start": 76, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 58, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 103, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The uniformity of the powder bed is affected causing defects such as porosity, delamination, warping and lack of fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 79, "end": 91}, {"text": "warping", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 113, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These defects are more prone to occur at the beginning of the building process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "building process", "start": 62, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of the reused powder were separated from each other using magnetic separation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 54, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic separation", "start": 98, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy, laser scattering particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and magnetization measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 44, "end": 72}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 115, "end": 132}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 91, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An explanation for the formation of such defects based on the magnetic behavior of δ-ferrite powder particles is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 93, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggest that magnetic separation should be used to remove magnetic particles after several reuse cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic separation", "start": 25, "end": 44}, {"text": "particles", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 52, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the context of additive manufacturing, we illustrate how computational multi-body dynamics (CMBD) analysis can (a) increase printing throughput; and, (b) play a role in improving the quality of 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "throughput", "start": 136, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "b", "start": 154, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 186, "end": 193}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 197, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Throughput is increased by packing the printing volume with as many parts as possible.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Throughput", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The problem becomes one of determining where each component that needs to be printed finds itself inside the printing volume.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 118, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finding the position and orientation of each part is accomplished through CMBD analysis, a point illustrated through an example in which an open-source dynamics engine called Chrono is used to simulate the filling of the active printing volume with a dress that is subsequently 3D printed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 140, "end": 151}, {"text": "volume", "start": 237, "end": 243}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 278, "end": 288}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In relation to (b), we use million-body dynamics simulations to gauge how various granular mixture parameters and rolling regimes combine to ultimately control the roughness of the surface being sintered.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "b", "start": 16, "end": 17}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 99, "end": 109}, {"text": "surface", "start": 181, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rolling", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 164, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quality assessment of AM materials containing defects is a complex topic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "defects", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 26, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiple defect types were characterised by X-ray CT and metallographic analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray CT", "start": 44, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The critical defects in fatigue samples were compared to the statistical estimates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 24, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quality correctly assessed by both methods for material obtained by three processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quality", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "processes", "start": 74, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 47, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Better precision and lower cost by CT when similar volumes are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 7, "end": 16}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 35, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the adoption of metal additive manufacturing (AM) is growing exponentially owing to its wide range of potential applications, its application to safety-critical and structural parts is significantly impeded by the lack of standards.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 228, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quality assessment of AM products is a crucial requirement, as the AM process induces internal defects that can have detrimental effects on the fatigue resistance.By evaluating the defect distribution, it is possible to perform a fracture mechanics assessment to estimate the fatigue strength and service lifetime of AM materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quality", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "defects", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "defect", "start": 181, "end": 187}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 230, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "AM materials", "start": 317, "end": 329}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 276, "end": 292}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This strategy has been successfully applied to selective laser-melted AlSi10Mg by performing X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and applying suitable statistical methods (i.e., statistics of extremes).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray micro-computed tomography", "start": 93, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "statistical methods", "start": 153, "end": 172}, {"text": "statistics", "start": 180, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that both techniques were able to pinpoint a significant difference in the prospective largest defect in a material volume corresponding to the gauge section of a specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 126, "end": 134}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "gauge section", "start": 163, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, extrapolation of the critical defect size for fatigue failure using PS data was less accurate and less conservative than that using CT data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 39, "end": 45}, {"text": "failure", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "data", "start": 80, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 141, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Investigation of manufacturing continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites (CFRTPCs) through 3D printing technologies has attracted great attention in the past few years due to excellent properties of CFRTPCs, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 17, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "properties", "start": 203, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "polymer composites", "start": 72, "end": 90}, {"text": "as", "start": 231, "end": 233}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 109, "end": 133}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 268, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that the properties of CFRTPCs are affected not only by the properties of the individual parent materials but also by interfacial characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "properties", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "materials", "start": 108, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modification of the interface is a great method to improve the wettability between fiber and polymer and hence the mechanical properties of CFRTPCs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "wettability", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 115, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 93, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, an ultrasound-assisted 3D printing device for CFRTPCs is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 37, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The changes of surface profile and chemical structure of carbon fiber and carbon fiber prepreg after ultrasonic treatment are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface profile", "start": 15, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 74, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of ultrasonic processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CFRTPCs are provided.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 55, "end": 69}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 74, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that the tensile and flexural strength of composite materials are improved by 34% and 29%, respectively, compared with untreated material by using the ultrasonic amplitude of 40 μm, resin solution mass fraction of 10%, processing speed of 15 mm/s.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "flexural strength", "start": 33, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "composite materials", "start": 54, "end": 73}, {"text": "material", "start": 141, "end": 149}, {"text": "resin", "start": 194, "end": 199}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 214, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct osseous healing to prosthetic components is a prerequisite for the clinical success of uncemented treatment in total hip replacements (THR).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "prosthetic", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hip", "start": 124, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The demands imposed on the material properties are constantly being stepped up to withstand the impact of an active lifestyle and ensure lifelong integration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 27, "end": 46}, {"text": "impact", "start": 96, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cobalt–chromium–molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) materials are interesting for their excellent mechanical stability, corrosion resistance and possibility to be produced by additive manufacturing into complex designs with modifiable stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 106, "end": 126}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 146, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 161, "end": 183}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 197, "end": 204}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 221, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bone response to Co-Cr-Mo is regarded as inferior to that of titanium and are usually cemented in THR.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 65, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hypothesis in the present study was that a low amount of Zr in the Co-Cr-Mo alloy would improve the bone response and biomechanical anchorage.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 80, "end": 85}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 104, "end": 108}], "application": [{"text": "biomechanical", "start": 122, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed significantly higher implant stability for the Co-Cr-Mo alloy with an addition of 0.04% Zr after eight weeks of healing in rabbits, while no major differences were observed in the amount of bone formed around the implants.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "implants", "start": 232, "end": 240}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "Zr", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 209, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, bone tissue grew into surface irregularities and in direct contact with the implant surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 9, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "implant", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is concluded that additively manufactured Co-Cr-Mo alloy implants osseointegrate and that the addition of a low amount of Zr to the bulk Co-Cr-Mo further improves the bone anchorage.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 21, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "Zr", "start": 125, "end": 127}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 170, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a widely used additive manufacturing method for building metal parts in a layer-by-layer manner thereby imposing almost no limitations on the geometrical layout of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 107, "end": 121}, {"text": "layout", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM process has a crucial impact on the microstructure, strength, surface quality and even the shape of the part, all of which depend on the thermal history of material points within the part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "impact", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 44, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 70, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 164, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we present a computationally tractable thermal model for the SLM process which accounts for individual laser scanning vectors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "process", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 118, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, a closed form solution of a line heat source is calculated to represent the laser scanning vectors in a semi-infinite space.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 40, "end": 51}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 83, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal boundary conditions are accounted for by a complimentary correction field, which is computed numerically.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 12, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed semi-analytical model can be used to simulate manufacturing geometrically complex parts and allows spatial discretisation to be much coarser than the characteristic length scale of the process: laser spot size, except in the vicinity of boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "process", "start": 198, "end": 205}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 72}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scale", "start": 178, "end": 190}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser spot size", "start": 207, "end": 222}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 250, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The underlying assumption of linearity of the heat equation in the proposed model is justified by comparisons with a fully non-linear model and experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "linearity", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "heat", "start": 46, "end": 50}, {"text": "model", "start": 76, "end": 81}, {"text": "model", "start": 134, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The accuracy of the proposed boundary correction scheme is demonstrated by a dedicated numerical example on a simple cubic part.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 110, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of the part design and scanning strategy on the temperature transients are subsequently analysed on a geometrically complex part.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 37, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that overhanging features of a part obstruct the heat flow towards the base-plate thereby creating local overheating which in turn decrease local cooling rate.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "overhanging features", "start": 22, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 163, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a real SLM process for a part with an overhanging feature is modelled for validation of the proposed model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 16, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "validation", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "model", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "overhanging feature", "start": 47, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reasonable agreement between the model predictions and the experimentally measured values can be observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 94, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The emergence of 4D printing has revolutionized the additive manufacturing industry by enabling dynamic shape memory effects ensured by the use of smart materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "4D printing", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "materials", "start": 153, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to 3D fabrication, 4D printed products need to undergo shape programming and recovery cycles to achieve desired shape memory effects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "4D", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shape memory effects", "start": 124, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the new process and material characteristics, energy consumption models established for 3D printing are no longer applicable for 4D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "4D printing", "start": 136, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In current literature, the environmental sustainability for 4D printing has not yet been evaluated, leading to unknown environmental impacts that could be caused by 4D printing processes and/or materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainability", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "materials", "start": 194, "end": 203}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "4D printing", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "4D printing", "start": 165, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 152, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research, theoretical models for quantifying the energy consumption in 4D printing thermal-responsive polymers are established by jointly considering the compositional design for materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "theoretical models", "start": 18, "end": 36}, {"text": "materials", "start": 187, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "4D printing", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 110, "end": 118}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 176, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiments and case studies are performed to validate the proposed models and further investigate some critical factors that can affect energy consumption, e.g., values of process parameters like layer thickness, and thermo-temporal conditions in shape memory cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case studies", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 173, "end": 191}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "critical factors", "start": 104, "end": 120}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 197, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The case study results show that overall energy consumption can be reduced by 1) increasing the concentrations of multi-functional crosslinkers in material composition, and 2) setting the shape programming and recovery temperatures as 10 to 15℃ above the material glass transition temperature without compromising the shape fixity and recovery ratios.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "composition", "start": 156, "end": 167}, {"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 264, "end": 292}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "material", "start": 147, "end": 155}, {"text": "as", "start": 232, "end": 234}, {"text": "material", "start": 255, "end": 263}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 219, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, by adjusting the influential parameters throughout different stages in 4D printing, the total energy consumption can be reduced by 37.33%, which corresponds to a reduction of 259.52 pounds of CO2 emissions per kilogram methacrylate resin.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 42, "end": 52}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 175, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "4D printing", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 130, "end": 132}, {"text": "CO2", "start": 205, "end": 208}, {"text": "resin", "start": 245, "end": 250}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has been in existence commercially for ∼30 years, desktop 3D printers are a relatively new and rapidly growing market segment.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 6, "end": 28}, {"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "desktop 3D printers", "start": 116, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research highlights differences amongst 45 desktop 3D printers and suggests a method by which to evaluate such differences.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "desktop 3D printers", "start": 48, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this, a standard part consisting of various geometric features was designed and printed using each system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An updated version of a previously developed quantitative ranking model was utilized to rate the build precision of each system as well as other features, including build volume, size, cost, weight, and layer resolution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 45, "end": 57}, {"text": "model", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 97, "end": 102}, {"text": "build volume", "start": 165, "end": 177}, {"text": "weight", "start": 191, "end": 197}, {"text": "layer resolution", "start": 203, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}, {"text": "as", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the research team observed part aesthetics and quantified mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 71, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The criteria evaluated in this ranking model may be modified by each user, to extend this methodology to other desktop AM systems, including professional-grade machines.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 39, "end": 44}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 90, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 119, "end": 121}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As expected, the comparisons demonstrated that each model had slightly different rankings as compared to the model presented in this paper, with some outliers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "as", "start": 90, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "model", "start": 109, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing of ceramics has been actively investigated with the objective of fabricating complex structures that compete in terms of material performance with traditionally manufactured ceramics but with the benefit of increased geometric freedom.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "material", "start": 144, "end": 152}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 197, "end": 205}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 100, "end": 118}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 184, "end": 196}, {"text": "geometric freedom", "start": 240, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "More specifically, zirconia provides high fracture toughness and thermal stability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "zirconia", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stability", "start": 65, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, its dielectric permittivity may be the highest among materials available for 3D printing, and may enable the next generation of complex electromagnetic structures.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 90, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "NanoParticle Jetting™ is a new material jetting process for selectively depositing nanoparticles and is capable of printing zirconia.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material jetting", "start": 31, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 83, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "zirconia", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dense, fine-featured parts can be manufactured with layer thicknesses as small as 10 μm and jetting resolution of 20 μm after a final sintering step.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thicknesses", "start": 52, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "jetting", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 134, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this study, 3D printed zirconia using NanoParticle Jetting™ was characterized in terms of chemistry, density, crystallography, sintering shrinkage and dielectric properties as a foundation for developing high performance radio frequency (RF) components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 16, "end": 26}, {"text": "crystallography", "start": 114, "end": 129}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 131, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 94, "end": 103}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 141, "end": 150}, {"text": "performance", "start": 213, "end": 224}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 155, "end": 165}, {"text": "components", "start": 246, "end": 256}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 177, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results indicate a yttria-stabilized ZrO2 structure exhibiting a bulk relative permittivity of 23 and a loss tangent of 0.0013 at microwave frequencies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "structure", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "ZrO2", "start": 54, "end": 58}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "microwave", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simple zirconia dielectric resonator antenna is measured, confirming the measured dielectric properties and illustrating a practical application of this material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 2, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 155, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The corrosion behavior of AISI316L AM parts is evaluated before and after the heat treatment then compared with the wrought samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 78, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought samples", "start": 116, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM parts have a better corrosion behavior compared to the wrought ones due to the absence of non-equilibrium phases.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 23, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 58, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The annealed AM sample has an improved corrosion behavior due to the decreasing of the residual stress level.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 39, "end": 57}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 87, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The noticeable change in corrosion resistance for the wrought sample is a result of phase transformation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 25, "end": 45}, {"text": "wrought sample", "start": 54, "end": 68}, {"text": "phase", "start": 84, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the investigation of the corrosion behavior of AISI316L samples prepared by laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) method.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 45, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 108, "end": 148}, {"text": "AM", "start": 150, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both AM and conventional stainless steel 316L samples were examined in NaCl 3.5% solution before and after the annealing process using Tafel curves, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 5, "end": 7}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 111, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 25, "end": 40}, {"text": "NaCl", "start": 71, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "solution", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "Electrochemical", "start": 149, "end": 164}, {"text": "Spectroscopy", "start": 175, "end": 187}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 193, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that the AM parts have an improved corrosion behavior than the conventional wrought samples.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 56, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought samples", "start": 97, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Besides, the heat treatment process is found to further decrease the corrosion rate of the AM parts through the relieving of the residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 129, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, the post annealing induced improvement to corrosion resistance for the wrought samples is due to the elimination of martensite phase which almost always exists after the plastic deformation during their production process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "production", "start": 216, "end": 226}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 55, "end": 75}, {"text": "wrought samples", "start": 84, "end": 99}, {"text": "process", "start": 227, "end": 234}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 129, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 183, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The IN718 sample with deposition rate of 2.2 kg/h and height 75 mm was prepared.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 22, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 64, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "δ, γ'' and γ' phase are precipitated in bottom and middle region due to thermal cycle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycle", "start": 72, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microhardness and room temperature tensile properties exhibit a high value.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "properties", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 27, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to meet the requirements for rapid manufacturing of large-scale high-performance metal components, the unique advantages of high-deposition-rate laser directed energy deposition (HDR-LDED, deposition rate ≥ 1 kg/h) technology have been attracted great attention.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid manufacturing", "start": 38, "end": 57}, {"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 154, "end": 186}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 198, "end": 213}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 224, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HDR-LDED technology significantly improves the efficiency by simultaneously increasing the mass and energy input on basis of conventional laser directed energy deposition (C-LDED, deposition rate ≤ 0.3 kg/h), which dramatically changes the solidification condition and thermal cycling effect compared to C-LDED processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 240, "end": 254}, {"text": "processes", "start": 311, "end": 320}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 138, "end": 170}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 180, "end": 195}, {"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 269, "end": 284}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on this, Inconel 718 bulk samples were fabricated with a deposition rate of 2.2 kg/h and a height of 75 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 15, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 63, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 110, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through experimental observation combined with finite element simulation, the precipitation morphology, thermal cycling effect and tensile properties at room temperature of the block samples at heights of 6 mm (bottom region), 37 mm (middle region) and 69 mm (top region) from the substrate were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "precipitation morphology", "start": 78, "end": 102}, {"text": "samples", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 104, "end": 119}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 158, "end": 169}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 131, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 207, "end": 209}, {"text": "mm", "start": 230, "end": 232}, {"text": "mm", "start": 256, "end": 258}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 281, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that both temperature interval and incubation time satisfy the precipitation conditions of the second phases because of the intense thermal cycling effect so that δ, γ'' and γ' phase are precipitated in the bottom and middle region of the as-deposited sample during the HDR-LDED process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 149, "end": 164}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 80, "end": 93}, {"text": "phase", "start": 194, "end": 199}, {"text": "sample", "start": 269, "end": 275}, {"text": "process", "start": 296, "end": 303}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the micro-hardness and the yield strength of the bottom region (385 HV; 745.1 ± 5.2 MPa) are similar to those of the middle region (381 HV; 752.2 ± 12.1 MPa), respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 40, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 166, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile fracture mechanism is shown in both fracture and debonding of the Laves phase.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 78, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inhomogeneous microstructures and corresponding mechanical property differences of Inconel 718 fabricated by HDR-LDED along the deposition direction suggest the necessity to conduct further research of the post heat treatment in the future.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 18, "end": 33}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 87, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 52, "end": 71}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 99, "end": 109}, {"text": "research", "start": 194, "end": 202}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition direction", "start": 132, "end": 152}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 215, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate that a low dielectric constant composite filament, useful for FFF printing, can be manufactured by combining a base thermoplastic polymer with hollow microspheres and a plasticizer.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "be", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "thermoplastic polymer", "start": 131, "end": 152}, {"text": "plasticizer", "start": 184, "end": 195}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microspheres", "start": 165, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results are provided for filaments made from two different base polymers (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 77, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "ABS and HDPE) and varying volume fractions of hollow microspheres.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "HDPE", "start": 8, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fractions", "start": 26, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microspheres", "start": 53, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also describe an effective media model to predict the dielectric properties of the composite filaments as a function of the properties of the constituent materials (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "properties", "start": 127, "end": 137}, {"text": "materials", "start": 157, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "base polymer, hollow microspheres) and their relative volume fractions within the composite filament.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "composite", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microspheres", "start": 21, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fractions", "start": 54, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental test samples were printed using the new low-K filaments and experimental characterization results are provided that validate this approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "samples", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 73, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 59, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Proven real-time measurement capability of an in-house interferometry for both exposure cured height and dark cured height in photopolymer AM.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 17, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interferometry", "start": 55, "end": 69}, {"text": "exposure cured", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 110, "end": 115}, {"text": "AM", "start": 139, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 126, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrated real-time closed-loop control of cured height in photopolymer AM with the interferometry and an empirical dark curing model.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 23, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "AM", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "curing", "start": 124, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interferometry", "start": 87, "end": 101}, {"text": "empirical", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thorough error analysis for future research on improving the process control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "research", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "process control", "start": 61, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An exemplary study on a lab-scale parallel computing enabled cyber-physical system for AM process sensing, modeling and control.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Exposure Controlled Projection Lithography (ECPL) is an in-house additive manufacturing process that can cure microscale photopolymer parts on a stationary transparent substrate with a time sequence of patterned ultraviolet beams delivered from underneath.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Exposure", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "Lithography", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "cure", "start": 105, "end": 109}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 156, "end": 167}, {"text": "ultraviolet", "start": 212, "end": 223}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 65, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 121, "end": 133}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 168, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An in-situ interferometric curing monitoring and measurement (ICM & M) system has been developed to measure the ECPL process output of cured height profile.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 3, "end": 10}, {"text": "process", "start": 117, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "cured", "start": 135, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study develops a real-time feedback control system that utilizes an empirical process model and an online ICM & M feedback to automatically and accurately cure a part with targeted height.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 32, "end": 40}, {"text": "feedback", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "control system", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "model", "start": 91, "end": 96}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the nature of photopolymerization, the total height of an ECPL cured part is divided into exposure cured height and dark cured height.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "photopolymerization", "start": 21, "end": 40}, {"text": "cured", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "cured", "start": 128, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure cured", "start": 97, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The exposure cured height is controlled by a closed-loop feedback on-off controller.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure cured", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 73, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dark cured height is compensated by an empirical process model obtained from the ICM & M measurements for a series of cured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "cured", "start": 122, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 43, "end": 52}, {"text": "model", "start": 61, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A parallel computing software application is developed to implement the real-time measurement and control simultaneously.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 82, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results directly validate the ICM & M system’ s real-time capability in capturing the process dynamics and in sensing the process output.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "process", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "process", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 63, "end": 64}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 127, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, it evidently demonstrates the feedback control system’ s satisfactory performance in achieving the setpoint of total height, despite the presence of ECPL process uncertainties, ICM & M noises and computing interruptions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "control system", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 66, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "process", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Generally, the study establishes a paradigm of improving additive manufacturing with a real-time closed-loop measurement and control system.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "control system", "start": 125, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent advances in additive manufacturing facilitated the fabrication of parts with great geometrical complexity and relatively small size, and allowed for the fabrication of topologies that could not have been achieved using traditional fabrication techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 160, "end": 171}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 238, "end": 249}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical complexity", "start": 90, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "topologies", "start": 175, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we explore the topology-property relationship of several classes of periodic cellular materials; the first class is strut-based structures, while the second and third classes are derived from the mathematically created triply periodic minimal surfaces, namely; the skeletal-TPMS and sheet-TPMS cellular structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cellular materials", "start": 91, "end": 109}], "feature": [{"text": "strut-based", "start": 130, "end": 141}, {"text": "cellular structures", "start": 308, "end": 327}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "triply periodic minimal surfaces", "start": 233, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder bed fusion technology was employed to fabricate the cellular structures of various relative densities out of Maraging steel.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 59, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 90, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "Maraging steel", "start": 116, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also employed to assess the quality of the printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscope", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compressive testing was performed to deduce the mechanical properties of the considered cellular structures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 48, "end": 69}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 88, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that the sheet-TPMS based cellular structures exhibited a near stretching-dominated deformation behavior, while skeletal-TPMS showed a bending-dominated behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 41, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 99, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall the sheet-TPMS based cellular structures showed superior mechanical properties among all the tested structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 29, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 65, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The most interesting observation is that sheet-based Diamond TPMS structure showed the best mechanical performance with nearly independence of relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Diamond", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 143, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also observed that at decreased volume fractions the effect of geometry on the mechanical properties is more pronounced.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "volume fractions", "start": 39, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 70, "end": 78}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 86, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) composites containing siliceous sponge spicules (SSS) were prepared from three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 132, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 100, "end": 117}, {"text": "3D", "start": 119, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical and morphological characterizations indicated that the improved adhesion between the SSS and PHA-g-AA enhanced the tensile strength at failure and Young’ s modulus of the composite compared with that of PHA/SSS.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "morphological characterizations", "start": 15, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 126, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 146, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 165, "end": 166}, {"text": "composite", "start": 182, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The PHA-g-AA/SSS composites were also more water-resistant than the PHA/SSS composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "composites", "start": 76, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Human foreskin fibroblasts (FBs) were seeded on two series of these composites to assess cytocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "fibroblasts", "start": 15, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FB proliferation was greater for the PHA/SSS composites than the PHA-g-AA/SSS composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "composites", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, SSS enhanced the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of PHA-g-AA/SSS and PHA/SSS composites, demonstrating the potential of PHA-g-AA/SSS and PHA/SSS composites for biomedical material applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 115, "end": 125}, {"text": "composites", "start": 183, "end": 193}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 198, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Refined microstructure of AlSi10Mg alloy by electron beam melting (EBM) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 8, "end": 22}, {"text": "technology", "start": 72, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 44, "end": 65}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 67, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-EBM-built AlSi10Mg alloy contains fine granular Si phase and bimodal Al grains.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "Si", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "Al", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-EBM-built AlSi10Mg alloy is strengthened by the nano-Si precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 59, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Refining the microstructure to improve the ductility of an Al‒Si alloy is challenging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 65, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we report for the first time a novel microstructure refinement approach for AlSi10Mg (wt%) alloys using electron beam melting (EBM) technology, without the addition of any modification elements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 52, "end": 66}, {"text": "technology", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 91, "end": 99}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 106, "end": 112}, {"text": "elements", "start": 200, "end": 208}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 119, "end": 140}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 142, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The synergetic effect of superheating, fast cooling, and preheating contributes to a refined Si phase with a fine granular structure (0.5–2 μm) within bimodal Al grains (40 μm grains and 0.5–2 μm sub-grains).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "preheating", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "Al", "start": 159, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 96, "end": 101}, {"text": "structure", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "grains", "start": 176, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A maximum ductility of approximately 32.7% with a tensile strength of approximately 136 MPa was achieved for the as-built AlSi10Mg EBM alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 50, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 88, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 122, "end": 130}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 135, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After solution heat treatment and T6-like aging, nano-Si precipitates formed which strengthened the alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution heat treatment", "start": 6, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 100, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pathway developed in this study for refining the Al–Si alloy microstructure to improve the tensile ductility will provide a feasible and fast manufacturing method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of other low-melting temperature alloys in the near future using EBM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 259, "end": 265}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile ductility", "start": 95, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 146, "end": 159}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 291, "end": 294}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 185, "end": 199}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 204, "end": 225}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 247, "end": 258}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lunar regolith simulant is used as feedstock in the dry aerosol deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 64, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dry aerosol deposition builds thick films on steel, glass and polyimide substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "glass", "start": 52, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mineral mixture is transformed directly to fully dense, nano-grained ceramic film.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Phase and chemical composition of ceramic films are uniform and homogeneous.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 10, "end": 30}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 64, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 34, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Small change in composition occurs from powder to coating in aerosol deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 50, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dry Aerosol Deposition (DAD) is a ceramic coating process with the ability to build films and low profile 3D structures layer by layer and is therefore a promising additive manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Deposition", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 106, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic coating", "start": 34, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "layer", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 164, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DAD is unique because it uses kinetic energy rather than thermal energy for densification, and the result is a nearly theoretically dense, nano-crystalline ceramic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal energy", "start": 57, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 76, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thick films were successfully deposited onto glass, steel and polyimide substrates via DAD.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "steel", "start": 52, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface roughness increased with thickness and with some influence from substrate material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Surface roughness", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "substrate material", "start": 72, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Utilizing the DAD process, a very heterogeneous mixture of silicate and titanate mineral phases was transformed in a single step to a fully dense, nano-grained coating with spatially homogeneous composition at the micro-scale.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 34, "end": 47}, {"text": "step", "start": 124, "end": 128}, {"text": "homogeneous composition", "start": 183, "end": 206}, {"text": "micro-scale", "start": 214, "end": 225}], "material": [{"text": "silicate", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 134, "end": 145}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 160, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final composition of the coatings was found to deviate slightly from the feedstock powder, becoming richer in ilmenite (FeTiO3) and poorer in plagioclase (feldspar) content.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 10, "end": 21}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "feedstock", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "ilmenite", "start": 114, "end": 122}, {"text": "feldspar", "start": 159, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work demonstrates the potential of DAD for in-space manufacturing and lunar In Situ Resource Utilization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "In Situ", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufactured (AM) porous materials behave quantitatively and qualitatively differently in fatigue than bulk materials, and the relationships normally used for the fatigue design of continuous bulk materials are not applicable to AM porous materials particularly for low stiffness applications.This study investigated how the manufacturing methods and the material used during powder bed fusion affects the compressive strength and high cycle fatigue strength of a stochastic porous material for a given stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "AM", "start": 238, "end": 240}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 334, "end": 347}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 385, "end": 402}], "material": [{"text": "porous materials", "start": 27, "end": 43}, {"text": "material", "start": 364, "end": 372}, {"text": "porous material", "start": 484, "end": 499}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitatively", "start": 51, "end": 65}, {"text": "materials", "start": 117, "end": 126}, {"text": "materials", "start": 206, "end": 215}, {"text": "materials", "start": 248, "end": 257}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 473, "end": 483}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 172, "end": 179}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 279, "end": 288}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 415, "end": 435}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 451, "end": 467}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 512, "end": 521}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 180, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens were manufactured using varying laser parameters, 3 scan strategies (Contour, Points, Pulsing) and 4 materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "materials", "start": 111, "end": 120}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "feature": [{"text": "Contour", "start": 79, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The materials investigated were two titanium alloys: commercially pure grade 2 (CP-Ti) and Ti6Al4V ELI, commercially pure tantalum (Ta) and a titanium-tantalum alloy (Ti-30Ta) .The trends observed during fatigue testing for monolithic metals and statically for solid and porous AM materials were not always indicative of the high cycle fatigue behaviour of porous AM materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "trends", "start": 181, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 36, "end": 51}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 91, "end": 98}, {"text": "tantalum", "start": 122, "end": 130}, {"text": "Ta", "start": 132, "end": 134}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 160, "end": 165}, {"text": "metals", "start": 235, "end": 241}, {"text": "AM materials", "start": 278, "end": 290}, {"text": "AM materials", "start": 364, "end": 376}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fatigue testing", "start": 204, "end": 219}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "monolithic", "start": 224, "end": 234}, {"text": "porous", "start": 271, "end": 277}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 336, "end": 343}, {"text": "porous", "start": 357, "end": 363}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unlike their solid counterparts, porous tantalum and the titanium-tantalum alloy had the greatest fatigue strength for a given stiffness, 8% greater than CP-Ti and 19% greater than Ti6Al4V ELI.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 98, "end": 114}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 127, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 181, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimisation of the laser parameters and scan strategies was found to also increase the fatigue strength for a given stiffness of porous AM materials by 7–8%.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 20, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 88, "end": 104}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 117, "end": 126}, {"text": "porous", "start": 130, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 137, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technology which allows parts to be fabricated from metal powder using CAD data.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 36, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 130, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Today, standard metal powders like stainless steel, titanium, aluminium or copper are widely used with SLM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 16, "end": 29}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 35, "end": 50}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "copper", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 103, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, none of these materials is suitable for high-temperature applications up to more than 2000 °C such as the diagnostic and inner wall materials of a fusion reactor or experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "materials", "start": 141, "end": 150}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 156, "end": 162}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a primary task at the Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, development and manufacturing of high-temperature components for experimental setups are essentially demanded using new technologies and materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "application": [{"text": "Engineering", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Electronics", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 151, "end": 163}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 206, "end": 218}, {"text": "materials", "start": 223, "end": 232}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 102, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, molybdenum powder is investigated in terms of suitability for SLM technology in this study, due to the capability of molybdenum withstanding high temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "molybdenum", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "molybdenum", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 73, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 157, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameters like laser power, spot velocity and thickness of the powder layer are analysed to achieve high density of the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameters", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "layer", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 106, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Being able to characterize the process signatures of powder bed based additive manufacturing process is key to improving the product quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "product quality", "start": 125, "end": 140}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 70, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper demonstrates the implementation of a digital fringe projection technique to measure surface topography of the powder bed layers during the fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topography", "start": 95, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 121, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 150, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We focus on developing the metrology tool and observing the types of information that can be extracted from such topographical data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "metrology", "start": 27, "end": 36}, {"text": "data", "start": 127, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 90, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance of the system is demonstrated with selected in situ measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 60, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results show this system is capable of measuring powder bed signatures including the powder layer flatness, surface texture, the average height drop of the fused regions, characteristic length scales on the surface, and splatter drop location and dimension.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "average", "start": 142, "end": 149}, {"text": "fused", "start": 169, "end": 174}, {"text": "surface", "start": 220, "end": 227}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 105, "end": 110}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flatness", "start": 111, "end": 119}], "feature": [{"text": "surface texture", "start": 121, "end": 136}, {"text": "dimension", "start": 260, "end": 269}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 199, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mask projection stereolithography is a digital light processing-based additive manufacturing technique that has various advantages, such as high-resolution, scanning-free parallel process, wide material sets available, and support-structure-free three-dimensional (3D) printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Mask projection stereolithography", "start": 0, "end": 33}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 70, "end": 92}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "digital light processing-based", "start": 39, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}, {"text": "material", "start": 194, "end": 202}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 180, "end": 187}, {"text": "support-structure-free", "start": 223, "end": 245}, {"text": "3D", "start": 265, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, multi-material 3D printing with mask projection stereolithography has been challenging due to difficulties of exchanging a liquid-state material in a vat.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multi-material 3D printing", "start": 9, "end": 35}, {"text": "mask projection stereolithography", "start": 41, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "liquid-state", "start": 132, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "vat", "start": 159, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we report a rapid multi-material projection micro-stereolithography using dynamic fluidic control of multiple liquid photopolymers within an integrated fluidic cell.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "dynamic fluidic control", "start": 88, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "liquid photopolymers", "start": 124, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "fluidic cell", "start": 166, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Highly complex multi-material 3D micro-structures are rapidly fabricated through an active material exchange process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 15, "end": 29}, {"text": "3D micro-structures", "start": 30, "end": 49}, {"text": "material exchange process", "start": 91, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapidly fabricated", "start": 54, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material flow rate in the fluidic cell, material exchange efficiency, and the effects of energy dosage on curing depth are studied for various photopolymers.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Material flow rate", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "curing depth", "start": 106, "end": 118}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "fluidic cell", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material exchange efficiency", "start": 40, "end": 68}, {"text": "energy dosage", "start": 89, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymers", "start": 143, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the degree of cross-contamination between different materials in a 3D printed multi-material structure is evaluated to assess the quality of multi-material printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cross-contamination", "start": 27, "end": 46}, {"text": "materials", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "structure", "start": 106, "end": 115}, {"text": "quality", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 80, "end": 90}, {"text": "multi-material printing", "start": 154, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pressure-tight and leak-free fluidic cell enables active and fast switch between liquid photopolymers, even including micro-/nano-particle suspensions, which could potentially lead to facile 3D printing of multi-material metallic/ceramic structures or heterogeneous biomaterials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure-tight", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "leak-free", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 210, "end": 224}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "fluidic cell", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "liquid photopolymers", "start": 85, "end": 105}, {"text": "micro-/nano-particle suspensions", "start": 122, "end": 154}, {"text": "lead", "start": 180, "end": 184}, {"text": "metallic/ceramic", "start": 225, "end": 241}, {"text": "heterogeneous biomaterials", "start": 256, "end": 282}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 195, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, a multi-responsive hydrogel micro-structure is printed using a thermo-responsive hydrogel and an electroactive hydrogel, showing various modes of swelling actuation in response to multiple external stimuli.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "multi-responsive hydrogel", "start": 15, "end": 40}, {"text": "thermo-responsive hydrogel", "start": 76, "end": 102}, {"text": "electroactive hydrogel", "start": 110, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "swelling actuation", "start": 159, "end": 177}, {"text": "external stimuli", "start": 202, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new ability to rapidly and heterogeneously integrate multiple functional materials in three-dimension at micro-scale has potential to accelerate advances in many emerging areas including 3D metamaterials, tissue engineering, and soft robotics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneously", "start": 32, "end": 47}, {"text": "three-dimension", "start": 91, "end": 106}, {"text": "micro-scale", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 210, "end": 228}], "material": [{"text": "multiple functional materials", "start": 58, "end": 87}, {"text": "3D metamaterials", "start": 192, "end": 208}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 176, "end": 181}], "application": [{"text": "soft robotics", "start": 234, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for the production of custom parts with previously impractical internal features, but comes with the additional possibility of internal defects due to print error, residual stress buildup, or cyber-attack by a malicious actor.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "print", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 171, "end": 178}, {"text": "error", "start": 192, "end": 197}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 199, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional post process analysis techniques have difficulty detecting these defects, often requiring destructive tests that compromise the integrity (and thus the purpose) of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "defects", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "integrity", "start": 141, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we present a “certify-as-you-build” quality assurance system with the capability to monitor a part during the print process, capture the geometry using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC), and compare the printed geometry with the computer model to detect print errors in situ.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 90, "end": 97}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 158, "end": 175}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 176, "end": 201}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 236, "end": 244}, {"text": "errors", "start": 285, "end": 291}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 116, "end": 121}, {"text": "print", "start": 279, "end": 284}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer", "start": 254, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A test case using a fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printer was implemented, demonstrating in situ error detection of localized and global defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 20, "end": 46}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 48, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "error", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "defects", "start": 143, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder-based additive manufacturing technique which creates parts by fusing together successive layers of powder with a laser.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "powder-based additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusing", "start": 104, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 141, "end": 147}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quality of produced parts is highly dependent on the proper selection of processing parameters, requiring significant testing and experimentation to determine parameters for a given machine and material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 163, "end": 173}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 186, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 198, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computational modeling could potentially be used to shorten this process by identifying parameters through simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 88, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, simulating complete SLM builds is challenging due to the difference in scale between the size of the particles and laser used in the build and the size of the part produced.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 110, "end": 119}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 142, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Often, continuum models are employed which approximate the powder as a continuous medium to avoid the need to model powder particles individually.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "continuum models", "start": 7, "end": 23}, {"text": "model", "start": 110, "end": 115}, {"text": "particles", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 59, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While computationally expedient, continuum models require as inputs effective material properties for the powder which are often difficult to obtain experimentally.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "continuum models", "start": 33, "end": 49}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 78, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "powder", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Building on previous works which have developed methods for estimating these effective properties along with their uncertainties through the use of detailed models, this work presents a part scale continuum model capable of predicting residual thermal stresses in an SLM build with uncertainty estimates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 87, "end": 97}, {"text": "continuum model", "start": 197, "end": 212}, {"text": "residual", "start": 235, "end": 243}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 267, "end": 270}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 271, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Model predictions are compared to experimental measurements from the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Model", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 34, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing of high-speed steel by SLM was successfully performed with low porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 25, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 34, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 74, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preheating temperatures of 200 °C or 300 °C are necessary for low crack density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Preheating", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure consists of a cellular, fine dendritic structure after SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "structure", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 70, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness tempering behavior of the SLM-densified material is promising.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 49, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tribological properties of SLM specimens are highly promising compared to the references.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tribological properties", "start": 4, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 31, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the influence of different manufacturing techniques of M3:2 high-speed steel on the resulting microstructure and the associated material properties was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 41, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 108, "end": 122}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 142, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, microstructure as well as the mechanical and tribological properties of cast steel (with subsequent hot-forming) and steel powder processed by two techniques: hot-isostatic pressing (HIP) and selective laser melting (SLM) were compared.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 11, "end": 25}, {"text": "tribological properties", "start": 56, "end": 79}, {"text": "processed", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "steel powder", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 83, "end": 87}, {"text": "pressing", "start": 184, "end": 192}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 194, "end": 197}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 203, "end": 226}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 228, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A detailed SLM parameter analysis revealed that the porosity of SLM specimens can be decreased towards a smaller point distance and a longer exposure time (high energy input).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 11, "end": 14}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 64, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A rise in preheating temperature is associated with a reduction in the crack density or the complete avoidance of cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 77, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this context, the high-speed steel showed outstanding densification behavior by SLM, even though this steel is considered to be hardly processable by SLM due to its high content of carbon and hard phase-forming elements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 32, "end": 37}, {"text": "steel", "start": 105, "end": 110}, {"text": "be", "start": 128, "end": 130}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 184, "end": 190}, {"text": "elements", "start": 214, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 57, "end": 70}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 83, "end": 86}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 153, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the reusability of steel powder for SLM processing was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "steel powder", "start": 32, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 49, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicated that multiple reuse is possible, but only in combination with powder processing (mechanical sieving) after each SLM cycle.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 84, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of SLM-densified high-speed steel consists of a cellular, fine dendritic subgrain segregation structure (submicro level) that is not significantly affected by preheating the base plate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 101, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 178, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical and tribological properties were examined in relation to the manufacturing technique and the subsequent heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tribological properties", "start": 19, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 76, "end": 89}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our investigations revealed promising behavior with respect to hardness tempering (position of the secondary hardness peak) and tribology of the M3:2 steel processed by SLM compared to the HIP and cast conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tribology", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "processed", "start": 156, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 169, "end": 172}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 189, "end": 192}, {"text": "cast", "start": 197, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hybrid-part made of two materials was fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) of AlSi10Mg on an Al-Cu-Ni-Fe-Mg cast alloy substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 54, "end": 77}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "cast", "start": 117, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 87, "end": 95}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of the two-material component and the interface is investigated using multi-scale characterization techniques including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "interface", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 39, "end": 48}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 139, "end": 157}, {"text": "OM", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 164, "end": 192}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 194, "end": 197}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 200, "end": 232}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 234, "end": 238}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 245, "end": 277}, {"text": "TEM", "start": 279, "end": 282}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of SLM-AlSi10Mg consists of fine cellular dendrites and columnar grains, developed along the building direction, where the substrate cast alloy is featured by large equiaxed grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 184, "end": 199}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 75, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 112, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 142, "end": 151}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 152, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "OM and SEM studies of the interface show a sound metallurgical bonding as a result of the melting of AlSi10Mg powder and partial melting of the cast substrate assisted by the circulate flows and Marangoni convection.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "OM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 7, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "metallurgical bonding", "start": 49, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 90, "end": 97}, {"text": "melting", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "cast", "start": 144, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The circulate flows cause complex phenomena at the interface, which lead to the dilution of alloying elements and a variation in the microstructure of the first consolidated layer of SLM-AlSi10Mg (as a result of variation in thermal gradient and solidification rate).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "variation", "start": 116, "end": 125}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 133, "end": 147}, {"text": "variation", "start": 212, "end": 221}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 68, "end": 72}, {"text": "alloying elements", "start": 92, "end": 109}, {"text": "as", "start": 197, "end": 199}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 174, "end": 179}, {"text": "thermal gradient", "start": 225, "end": 241}, {"text": "solidification rate", "start": 246, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "TEM investigations of the interface reveal segregation of alloying elements at the interdendritic regions after solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "TEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 112, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "alloying elements", "start": 58, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, no precipitate is formed on top of the interface, due to the rapid solidification and dilution of the alloying elements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitate", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "alloying elements", "start": 112, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 71, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBSD analysis of the interface shows substantial differences in the grain structure of SLM-AlSi10Mg and the cast substrate, in terms of size and morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 145, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 108, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties of the hybrid material are studied afterwards using Vickers microhardness measurements, nanoindentation and quasi-static uniaxial tensile tests.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 82, "end": 95}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 130, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "nanoindentation", "start": 110, "end": 125}, {"text": "tensile tests", "start": 152, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM-AlSi10Mg side of the hybrid-part possesses better performance, mainly due to its finer and hierarchical microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 112, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inkjet printing of multiple materials is usually processed in multiple steps due to various jetting and curing/sintering conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Inkjet printing", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "jetting", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "processed", "start": 49, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ink consists of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (nominal particle size 50–100 nm) suspended within a UV curable matrix resin.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "iron oxide", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "Fe3O4", "start": 32, "end": 37}, {"text": "resin", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 39, "end": 52}, {"text": "particle", "start": 62, "end": 70}, {"text": "UV", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The viscosity and surface tension of the inks were tuned to sit within the inkjet printability range.Multiple layers of the electromagnetic active ink were printed alongside passive UV-curable ink in a single manufacturing process to form a multi-material waffle shape.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "surface tension", "start": 18, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 209, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 147, "end": 150}, {"text": "ink", "start": 193, "end": 196}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 241, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The real permittivity of the cured passive ink, active ink and waffle structure at a frequency of 8–12 GHz were 2.25, 2.73 and 2.65 F/m, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "ink", "start": 55, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 70, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This shows the potential of additive manufacturing (AM) to form multi-material structures with tunable electromagnetic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structures", "start": 64, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A side-viewing vision monitoring methodology using high-speed camera for powder bed fusion process is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion process", "start": 73, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel method is designed to extract features from melt pool, plume and spatters.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 52, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The characteristics of the features of melt pool, plume and spatters are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 39, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrated that the extracted features are potential indicators for process quality assessment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "process", "start": 82, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the development of powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing technique for functional parts production, process monitoring and diagnosis is highly demanded to ensure its process reliability and repeatability.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 24, "end": 41}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "production", "start": 102, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process monitoring", "start": 114, "end": 132}, {"text": "process", "start": 180, "end": 187}, {"text": "repeatability", "start": 204, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An optical filter with 350 nm–800 nm cut-off was used to enhance the image contrast between the plume and the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 3, "end": 10}], "application": [{"text": "filter", "start": 11, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 110, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new image processing method was designed to extract features from the melt pool, plume and spatters, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 6, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Kalman filter tracking was used to pinpoint the exact melt pool position, and image segmentation algorithm was developed to segment the melt pool, plume and spatters from each other; a new tracking method was utilized to remove the spatters generated in the previous frame.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "filter", "start": 7, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 97, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After image processing, the features of melt pool intensity, plume area, plume orientation, spatter number, spatter area, spatter orientation and spatter velocity were extracted and their correlations with the scanning quality were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 130, "end": 141}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 168, "end": 177}, {"text": "scanning quality", "start": 210, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 67, "end": 71}, {"text": "area", "start": 116, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 108, "end": 115}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 146, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicated that these features were potential indicators for scanning quality assessment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning quality", "start": 72, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed method could be used to further study the characteristics of plume and spatter and to explore the diagnosis performance based on the fusion of melt pool, plume and spatter information.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 156, "end": 165}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 177, "end": 184}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 121, "end": 132}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 146, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It provides a promising means for in-situ monitoring and control of PBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 68, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the computational fluid dynamics modeling of an additive manufacturing process that is candidate for the production of Gen IV nuclear reactor fuels.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 24, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 68, "end": 98}, {"text": "production", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Gen IV", "start": 139, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The modeled process combines the internal gelation to produce metal hydrous oxides with the 3D ceramic printing to create a green body from these gelled oxides as described by Pouchon (2016).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "internal gelation", "start": 33, "end": 50}, {"text": "green body", "start": 124, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "metal hydrous oxides", "start": 62, "end": 82}, {"text": "gelled oxides", "start": 146, "end": 159}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D ceramic printing", "start": 92, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of the simulations is to optimize the process parameters: microfluidic mixing of the internal gelation reagents and generation of droplets of the mixed solutions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 52, "end": 70}, {"text": "microfluidic mixing", "start": 72, "end": 91}, {"text": "internal gelation", "start": 99, "end": 116}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 144, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulations were performed using the OpenFOAM software, and to perform these simulations with the correct solution parameters, the properties of the fluids of interest were measured.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "solution parameters", "start": 110, "end": 129}, {"text": "properties", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "fluids", "start": 153, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that a thorough mixing of the metal solution and the methenamine and urea mixture in a microfluidic mixer can be achieved in tens of milliseconds by either winding the mixing channel to create secondary flows or splitting the solutions inlets to yield additional diffusion interfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "winding", "start": 173, "end": 180}, {"text": "secondary flows", "start": 210, "end": 225}, {"text": "diffusion interfaces", "start": 280, "end": 300}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "methenamine", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "urea", "start": 86, "end": 90}, {"text": "be", "start": 127, "end": 129}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microfluidic mixer", "start": 104, "end": 122}, {"text": "mixing channel", "start": 185, "end": 199}, {"text": "inlets", "start": 253, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimal droplet size is achieved by using a mechanically vibrating 3D printing head that leads to a frequency-following Rayleigh instability.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "droplet size", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanically vibrating", "start": 48, "end": 70}, {"text": "Rayleigh instability", "start": 124, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printing head", "start": 71, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of the simulations suggest the parameters (micromixer geometry, flow rate, vibration frequency and others) that will optimize the mixing efficiency in a microfluidic mixer and the droplet generation process from a 3D printing head.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "mixing efficiency", "start": 142, "end": 159}, {"text": "droplet generation", "start": 192, "end": 210}], "parameter": [{"text": "micromixer geometry", "start": 55, "end": 74}, {"text": "flow rate", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "vibration frequency", "start": 87, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microfluidic mixer", "start": 165, "end": 183}, {"text": "3D printing head", "start": 226, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal Laser Sintering (LS) is a powder bed fusion process that can be used to produce manufactured parts of complex shapes directly from metallic powders.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "metallic powders", "start": 137, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Sintering", "start": 6, "end": 21}, {"text": "powder bed fusion process", "start": 32, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 86, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 108, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the major problems of such powder bed fusion processes is that during the continuous movement of the laser beam, temperature distribution becomes inhomogeneous and instable in the powder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion processes", "start": 34, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 108, "end": 118}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 132, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 187, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It leads to greater residual stresses in the solidified layer.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 20, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 56, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, temperature analyses must be performed to better understand the heating-cooling process of the powder bed as well as the interactions of different laser scanning paths within a sintering pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 6, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 193, "end": 200}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 153, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 183, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A transient 3D Finite Element (FE) model of the LS process has been developed with the commercial FE code ABAQUS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient 3D Finite Element", "start": 2, "end": 29}, {"text": "model", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "process", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "FE", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "ABAQUS", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model takes into account the different physical phenomena involved in this powder bed fusion technology (including thermal conduction, radiation and convection).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 79, "end": 96}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 139, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A moving thermal source, modeling the laser scan, is implemented with the user scripting subroutine DFLUX in this FE code.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 17, "end": 23}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "laser scan", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 114, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material’ s thermal behavior is also defined via the subroutine UMATHT.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "s", "start": 14, "end": 15}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the material properties change due to the powder bed fusion process, the model takes it into account.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 7, "end": 26}, {"text": "model", "start": 76, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion process", "start": 45, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this way, the calculation of a temperature-dependent behavior is undertaken for the packed powder bed, within its effective thermal conductivity and specific heat.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "effective thermal conductivity", "start": 117, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific heat", "start": 152, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the model accounts for the latent heat due to phase change of the metal powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "heat", "start": 47, "end": 51}, {"text": "phase", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 79, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a time- and temperature-dependent formulation for the material’ s density is also computed, which is then integrated along with the other thermal properties in the heat equation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "s", "start": 73, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 147, "end": 165}, {"text": "heat", "start": 173, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FE simulations have been applied to the case of titanium powder and show predictions in good agreement with experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "titanium powder", "start": 48, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 73, "end": 84}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 108, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of process parameters on the temperature and on the density distribution are also presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 15, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density distribution", "start": 64, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lattice structure is a type of cellular material that can achieve a variety of promising physical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "cellular material", "start": 35, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 93, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) has relieved the difficulty of fabricating lattice structures with complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 95, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the quality of the AM fabricated lattice structure still needs improvement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 28, "end": 30}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 42, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the influence of parameters of the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process on lattice structures was investigated by the Taguchi method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "process", "start": 82, "end": 89}, {"text": "Taguchi method", "start": 136, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Deposition Modeling", "start": 50, "end": 75}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 93, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the optimum level and significance of each process parameter vary for horizontal and inclined struts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 61, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 112, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, compression tests investigate the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties of lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 60, "end": 78}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 111, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that process parameters optimized by print quality can also improve the elastic modulus and the ultimate strength of these lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 22, "end": 40}, {"text": "print quality", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 89, "end": 104}, {"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 113, "end": 130}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 140, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser cladding induces high tensile residual stress (RS), which can compromise the quality of a specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser cladding", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stress", "start": 28, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, it is critical to accurately predict the RS distribution in cladding and understand its formation mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 55, "end": 67}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, functionally graded material (FGM) layers were successfully deposited on the surface of a titanium alloy Ti6Al4V sheet by laser cladding technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "functionally graded material", "start": 15, "end": 43}, {"text": "titanium alloy Ti6Al4V sheet", "start": 105, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FGM", "start": 45, "end": 48}, {"text": "laser cladding", "start": 137, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A corresponding thermo-mechanical coupling simulation model of the laser cladding process was developed to investigate the formation mechanism of RS in the laser cladding FGM layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 16, "end": 33}, {"text": "model", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 133, "end": 142}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 67, "end": 81}, {"text": "laser cladding", "start": 156, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "FGM layers", "start": 171, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that high tensile RS forms in cladding components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 47, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequent cladding can effectively alleviate the RS in cladding components although the position of maximum RS remains unchanged.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "cladding", "start": 56, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measurement results of the longitudinal RS on the top and bottom surfaces of cladding components by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method agreed with the simulation results, thereby proving the accuracy of the simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 108, "end": 125}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 127, "end": 130}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 155, "end": 165}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 211, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the formation mechanism of RS in the laser cladding FGM layers was revealed by discussing the individual impact of each material property on RS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 27, "end": 36}, {"text": "impact", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "material property", "start": 133, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "FGM layers", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was indicated that the RS distribution in the laser cladding FGM layers was significantly affected by material properties (in particular, coefficient of thermal expansion and Young’ s modulus), except for the temperature gradient induced by the laser cladding process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 105, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 49, "end": 63}, {"text": "laser cladding", "start": 248, "end": 262}], "material": [{"text": "FGM layers", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "s", "start": 185, "end": 186}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of thermal expansion", "start": 141, "end": 173}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 212, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material extrusion additive manufacturing process, i.e., fused deposition modeling (FDM), as opposed to traditional subtractive manufacturing, offers a superior way of manufacturing tooling components in terms of great design flexibility, rapid tooling development, material requirement reduction and significant cost savings.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 45}, {"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 61, "end": 86}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "traditional subtractive manufacturing", "start": 108, "end": 145}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 172, "end": 185}, {"text": "rapid tooling", "start": 243, "end": 256}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "material", "start": 270, "end": 278}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 194, "end": 204}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design flexibility", "start": 223, "end": 241}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 291, "end": 300}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it is always challenging to design a tool structure with minimized material and labor cost while maintaining satisfactory tooling performance.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 46, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "labor cost", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "tooling performance", "start": 131, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 76, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the current study, a comprehensive finite element model was developed for ULTEM 9085 FDM tools subjected to applied pressure and elevated temperature for vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 38, "end": 58}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 119, "end": 127}, {"text": "process", "start": 204, "end": 211}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "resin transfer molding", "start": 173, "end": 195}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 141, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both solid-build and sparse-build tools were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 34, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material properties of the tools were obtained from solid coupon testing at elevated temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Material properties", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 27, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 85, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermo-mechanical behavior of tools during the VARTM process was investigated using the finite element model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "finite element model", "start": 92, "end": 112}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 34, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ULTEM tools were manufactured using Stratasys Fortus 400mc FDM machine.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 21, "end": 33}], "application": [{"text": "Stratasys", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 63, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal cycling of the tools was performed at elevated temperatures (180 °F and 250 °F).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Thermal cycling", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 55, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 23, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dimensional analysis and surface roughness of the tools were evaluated after thermal cycling.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Dimensional analysis", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 25, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 77, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study on the performance of FDM tooling for VARTM composite manufacturing process can be extended to other composite manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "composite manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 78}, {"text": "composite manufacturing", "start": 112, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The low alloy steel AISI 4140 (German grade 42CrMo4) is one of the most frequently used Quench & Tempering (Q & T) steels with a wide range of applicability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy steel", "start": 8, "end": 19}, {"text": "steels", "start": 115, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Tempering", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 134, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Until now, commercially available iron powders for additive manufacturing can be summed up by their low amount of carbon.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "iron", "start": 34, "end": 38}, {"text": "be", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fusion welding of Q & T steels often leads to cracks due to brittle martensitic transformation and the associated volume change.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fusion welding", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 114, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the selection of appropriate process parameters in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) plays a key role for the final material properties and is achieved through utilization of a new process development strategy and evaluation of microstructural features of test cubes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 40, "end": 58}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 124, "end": 143}, {"text": "process", "start": 189, "end": 196}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 236, "end": 251}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 62, "end": 85}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 87, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work tensile specimens were successfully produced with optimal process parameters and mechanical tests of additively built samples indicate mechanical performance comparable with a 450 °C tempered state of conventionally cast material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 63, "end": 78}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 94, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempered", "start": 196, "end": 204}, {"text": "cast", "start": 229, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By correlating the measured mechanical properties of LPBF samples to those of a conventional Q & T state, an estimation of the intrinsic heat treatment during LPBF was carried out using an inverse transient Hollomon–Jaffe approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 28, "end": 49}, {"text": "transient", "start": 197, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 53, "end": 57}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 137, "end": 151}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 159, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is also in accordance with the finely dispersed carbide precipitates in the as built condition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbide", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "as", "start": 81, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the effect of bed pre-heating on the final material tempering state was found to be negligible.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 56, "end": 64}, {"text": "be", "start": 94, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This shows the importance of a balanced match between LPBF process parameters and subsequent application demands as well as necessary postprocessing steps.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 54, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "postprocessing", "start": 134, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}, {"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) parts were produced via a laser-based powder bed fusion technology using a conventional Nd-YAG continuous wave laser.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Alumina", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "zirconia", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 71, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "continuous wave", "start": 128, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powder was produced using a spray drying process and the laser matter interaction was enhanced by a binder pyrolysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "binder", "start": 104, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "spray drying", "start": 32, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 61, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal post-processing to further increase the part density was investigated using dilatometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 8, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 53, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure was analysed using X-ray powder diffraction measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray powder diffraction", "start": 38, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties were assessed using a four-point bending test on ten specimens, reaching a bending strength of 31 ± 11 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 129, "end": 132}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bending test", "start": 59, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "bending strength", "start": 101, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser-based direct metal addition (LBDMA) is a promising directed energy deposition technology that is well suited for the production of complex metal structures, low-volume manufacturing, and high-value component repair or modification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "metal", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 57, "end": 83}, {"text": "production", "start": 123, "end": 133}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 174, "end": 187}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 204, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LBDMA is finding wide application in the automotive, biomedical, and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 69, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the process reliability and the repeatability of finished components are still problems.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "repeatability", "start": 41, "end": 54}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 67, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work offers a solution by developing a sensing and control system for the robotically controlled 8-axis LBDMA system developed at the Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing of Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "Research", "start": 139, "end": 147}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "control system", "start": 56, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Manufacturing", "start": 168, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The developed system consists of sensing and control units for the powder flow rate and the molten pool size.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 67, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 92, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An optoelectronic sensor was developed to sense the powder flow rate.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 18, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 52, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is a main component in an on-line control system of powder flow rate in a LBDMA system.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "control system", "start": 37, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 55, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An infrared imaging setup was installed on the laser head to monitor the top full-field view of the molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 3, "end": 11}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 100, "end": 111}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 47, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simple proportional integral derivative (PID) controller, combined with feed-forward compensation was used to build a closed-loop control system for achieving a uniform molten pool size.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 2, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 120, "end": 139}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 171, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two L-shaped single-bead walls were built with and without closed-loop control, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 59, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A good performance on achieving uniform geometry by closed-loop control of the molten pool size was approved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 7, "end": 18}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 52, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser sintering (LS) of thermoplastic powders allows for the construction of complex parts with higher mechanical properties and durability compared to other additive manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 168, "end": 190}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic powders", "start": 34, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 71, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 113, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "durability", "start": 139, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "According to the current model of isothermal laser sintering, semi-crystalline thermoplastics need to be processed within a certain temperature range, resulting in the simultaneous presence of the material both in a molten and solid state, which is present during part building.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "isothermal", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "solid state", "start": 227, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 79, "end": 93}, {"text": "be", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "material", "start": 197, "end": 205}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature range", "start": 132, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on this process model, high cycle times ranging from hours to days are a thought to be a necessity to avoid warpage.In this paper, the limited validity of the model of isothermal laser sintering is shown by various experiments, as ongoing solidification could be detected a few layers below the powder bed surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process model", "start": 14, "end": 27}, {"text": "model", "start": 165, "end": 170}, {"text": "isothermal", "start": 174, "end": 184}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 245, "end": 259}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "as", "start": 234, "end": 236}, {"text": "be", "start": 266, "end": 268}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 191, "end": 200}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 301, "end": 311}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that crystallization and material solidification is initiated at high temperatures and further progresses throughout part build-up in z-direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 26, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 91, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 155, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, a process-adapted material characterization was performed to identify the isothermal crystallization kinetics at processing temperature and to track changes of the material state over time.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "material", "start": 175, "end": 183}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "isothermal crystallization", "start": 85, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 135, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A dual approach on measuring surface temperatures by infrared thermography and additional thermocouple measurements in z-direction was performed to identify further influences on the material solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "thermocouple", "start": 90, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 119, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 183, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A model experiment revealed that a few millimeters below the surface, components produced by LS are already solidified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model experiment", "start": 2, "end": 18}, {"text": "surface", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on these results, the authors present an enhanced process model of isothermal laser sintering, which considers material solidification in z-direction during part build-up.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process model", "start": 56, "end": 69}, {"text": "isothermal", "start": 73, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 117, "end": 125}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 144, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (3D printing) enables the designing and producing of complex geometries in a layer-by-layer approach.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 76, "end": 94}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 100, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The layered structure leads to anisotropic behaviour in the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layered structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To accommodate anisotropic behaviour, geometrical optimization is needed so that the 3D printed object meets the pre-set strength and quality requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "strength", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "quality", "start": 134, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article a material description for polymer powder bed fused also or selective laser sintered (SLS) PA12 (Nylon-12), which is a common 3D printing plastic, was investigated, using the Finite Element Method (FEM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 107, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 142, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite Element Method", "start": 191, "end": 212}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 214, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Material Model parameters were obtained by matching them to the test results of multipurpose test specimens (dumb-bells or dog bones) and the model was then used to simulate/predict the mechanical performance of the SLS printed lower-leg prosthesis components, pylon and support.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "model", "start": 146, "end": 151}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 190, "end": 200}, {"text": "support", "start": 275, "end": 282}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 220, "end": 223}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 253, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For verification purposes, two FEM designs for a support were SLS printed together with additional test specimens in order to validate the used Material Model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "verification", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 31, "end": 34}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 62, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 144, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLS printed prosthesis pieces were tested according to ISO 10328 Standard.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 59, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Standard", "start": 69, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FEM simulations, together with the Material Model, was found to give good estimations for the location of a failure and its load.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "failure", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 39, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also noted that there were significant variations among individual SLS printed test specimens, which impacted on the material parameters and the FEM simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 152, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, to enable reliable FEM simulations for the designing of 3D printed products, better control of the SLS process with regards to porosity, pore morphology and pore distribution is needed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 26, "end": 29}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 149, "end": 159}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 169, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "SLS process", "start": 106, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 134, "end": 142}, {"text": "pore", "start": 144, "end": 148}, {"text": "pore", "start": 164, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Water-atomized and gas-atomized 17-4 PH stainless steel powder were used as feedstock in selective laser melting process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "17-4 PH stainless steel", "start": 32, "end": 55}, {"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 89, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Gas atomized powder revealed single martensitic phase after printing and heat treatment independent of energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Gas atomized", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 73, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 103, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-printed water atomized powder contained dual martensitic and austenitic phase regardless of energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "water atomized", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 95, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The H900 heat treatment cycle was not effective in enhancing mechanical properties of the water-atomized powder after laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 61, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 118, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, after solutionizing at 1315ºC and aging at 482 °C fully martensitic structure was observed with hardness (40.2 HRC), yield strength (1000 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (1261 MPa) comparable to those of gas atomized (42.7 HRC, 1254 MPa and 1300 MPa) and wrought alloy (39 HRC, 1170 MPa and 1310 MPa), respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 147, "end": 150}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 188, "end": 191}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 245, "end": 248}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 258, "end": 261}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 267, "end": 274}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 295, "end": 298}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 308, "end": 311}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 105, "end": 113}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 126, "end": 140}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 156, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas atomized", "start": 216, "end": 228}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 275, "end": 280}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Improved mechanical properties in water-atomized powder was found to be related to presence of finer martensite and higher volume fraction of fine Cu-enriched precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 9, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 49, "end": 55}, {"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 101, "end": 111}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 159, "end": 171}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 123, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results imply that water-atomized powder is a promising cheaper feedstock alternative to gas-atomized powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "powder", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies offer new processing routes for functionally graded materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 28, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "functionally graded materials", "start": 73, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At present, parts built using these processes often require additional processing as a result of the characteristic surface finish limitations synonymous with AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 116, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 159, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A difficulty thus arises in the post processing of these components as volumes within the part have differing material properties by definition and will therefore exhibit variable machinability.In this study, machining of functionally graded Ti6Al4V/ WC components consisting of a metal matrix composite (MMC) region and a single alloy region produced via direct energy deposition using commercially available tooling is explored.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 32, "end": 47}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 110, "end": 129}, {"text": "functionally graded", "start": 222, "end": 241}, {"text": "tooling", "start": 410, "end": 417}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "components", "start": 254, "end": 264}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "WC", "start": 251, "end": 253}, {"text": "metal matrix composite", "start": 281, "end": 303}, {"text": "MMC", "start": 305, "end": 308}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 330, "end": 335}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 209, "end": 218}, {"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 356, "end": 380}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of post processing on surface integrity is investigated and reported.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 17, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "surface integrity", "start": 36, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of material variation on cutting forces and tool response along the component is also analysed and reported.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cutting forces", "start": 36, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 55, "end": 59}, {"text": "component", "start": 79, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cutting forces within the MMC region are found to increase by as much as 40% which has been subsequently related to the periodic changes in microstructure generated by the layer by layer build strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cutting forces", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 140, "end": 154}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 172, "end": 186}, {"text": "build strategy", "start": 187, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "MMC", "start": 26, "end": 29}, {"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tool wear mechanisms are investigated and the influence of material pull out on surface integrity of both MMC and single material regions is explored.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Tool wear", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "MMC", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "material", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "feature": [{"text": "surface integrity", "start": 80, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study provides an insight into how the layer building strategies, particularly with multiple materials and the resulting variation in microstructure influences the machining of resulting components.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 44, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "variation", "start": 126, "end": 135}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 139, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 192, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining popularity because of its ability to manufacture complex parts in less time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 76, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite recent research involving designs of experiments (DOEs) to characterize the relationships between some AM process parameters and various part quality characteristics, to date, there seems to be no universally accepted comprehensive model that relates process parameters to part quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "quality", "start": 150, "end": 157}, {"text": "model", "start": 240, "end": 245}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 259, "end": 277}, {"text": "quality", "start": 286, "end": 293}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 111, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 199, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, to support the goal of manufacturing parts right the first time, a Bayesian network in continuous domain is developed which relates four process parameters (laser power, scan speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness) and five part quality characteristics (density, hardness, top layer surface roughness, ultimate tensile strength in the build direction and ultimate tensile strength perpendicular to the build direction).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 18, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 38, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "domain", "start": 113, "end": 119}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 152, "end": 170}, {"text": "quality", "start": 247, "end": 254}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 172, "end": 183}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 185, "end": 195}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 197, "end": 210}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 216, "end": 231}, {"text": "layer", "start": 295, "end": 300}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 353, "end": 368}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 420, "end": 435}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 272, "end": 279}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 281, "end": 289}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 309, "end": 318}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 320, "end": 345}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 373, "end": 398}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A machine learning algorithm is used to train the network on a database mined from a large number of publications with experimental data from parts built using 316L with selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "machine learning algorithm", "start": 2, "end": 28}, {"text": "database", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 119, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 170, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The network is validated by retaining a subset of the training data for testing and comparing the network’ s predictions to the known values.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 63, "end": 67}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 107, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accuracy is optimized by continually re-training the network using parts built with a specific machine of interest.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Accuracy", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The industrial relevance of this research is outlined with respect to four current challenges in AM, including the length of time to determine optimal process parameters for a new machine, ability to organize relevant knowledge, quantification of machine variability, and transfer of knowledge to new operators.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 143, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 180, "end": 187}, {"text": "machine", "start": 247, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reclaimed materials such as waste plastics can be utilized in additive manufacturing to improve the self-reliance of warfighters on forward operating bases by cutting costs and decreasing the demand for the frequent resupplying of parts by the supply chain.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "supply chain", "start": 244, "end": 256}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "plastics", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 62, "end": 84}, {"text": "cutting", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the use of waste materials in additive manufacturing in the private sector would reduce cost and increase sustainability, providing a high-value output for used plastics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "sustainability", "start": 119, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "plastics", "start": 174, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimentation is conducted to process polyethylene terephthalate bottles and packaging into filament that can then be used for additive manufacturing methods like fused filament fabrication, without the use of additives or modification to the polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 40, "end": 66}, {"text": "filament", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "be", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "additives", "start": 212, "end": 221}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 245, "end": 252}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 129, "end": 151}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 165, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The chemistry of different polyethylene terephthalate recycled feedstocks was evaluated and found to be identical, and thus mixed feedstock processing is a suitable approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 27, "end": 53}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rheological data showed drying of the recycled polyethylene terephthalate led to an increase in the polymer’ s viscosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Rheological", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 12, "end": 16}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 47, "end": 73}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "s", "start": 109, "end": 110}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 74, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated for filament with different processing conditions, as well as printed and molded specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 12, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crystallinity ranged from 12.2 for the water cooled filament, compared to 24.9% for the filament without any active cooling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "filament", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile results show that the elongation to failure was similar to an injection molded part (3.5%) and tensile strength of 35.1 ± 8 MPa was comparable to commercial polycarbonate-ABS filament, demonstrating the robustness of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 103, "end": 119}, {"text": "robustness", "start": 211, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 132, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 183, "end": 191}, {"text": "material", "start": 229, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, three point bending tests showed a similar load at failure for a select long-lead military part printed from the recycled filament compared to parts printed from commercial filament.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three point bending", "start": 13, "end": 32}, {"text": "failure", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 126, "end": 134}], "application": [{"text": "military", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 135, "end": 143}, {"text": "filament", "start": 186, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus filament from recycled polyethylene terephthalate has the capability for replacing commercial filament in printing a diverse range of plastic parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 28, "end": 54}, {"text": "filament", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 130, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The incorporation of electrical components into 3D printed products such as sensors or printing of circuits requires the use of 3D printable conductive materials.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 128, "end": 130}, {"text": "materials", "start": 152, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, most conductive materials available for fused filament fabrication (FFF) have conductivities of less than 1000 S/m.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 25, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 49, "end": 75}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 77, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we describe the study of conductive thermoplastic composites comprising either nylon–6 or polyethylene (PE) matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermoplastic composites", "start": 42, "end": 66}, {"text": "nylon", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "polyethylene", "start": 96, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PE", "start": 110, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fillers used were nickel and Sn95Ag4Cu1, a low melting point metal alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nickel", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "melting point", "start": 51, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combination of nickel metal particles and tin alloy allows for higher metal loading at lower melt viscosity, compared to composites of nickel metal particles alone.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nickel metal", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "tin alloy", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "metal", "start": 74, "end": 79}, {"text": "composites", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "nickel metal", "start": 139, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 97, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% metal loading was processable by a single screw extruder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 2, "end": 7}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "screw extruder", "start": 44, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Embedded conductive tracks of various geometries were easily printed via FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 73, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrical conductivity of embedded conductive track has been investigated as a function of geometrical variation, where conductive tracks printed along a horizontal axis show resistance of ≤ 1 Ω. Porosity of the printed track is shown to increase with prints along the vertical axis, leading to a reduction in electrical conductivity of more than two orders of magnitude.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Electrical conductivity", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 176, "end": 186}, {"text": "Porosity", "start": 197, "end": 205}, {"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 311, "end": 334}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 104, "end": 113}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 270, "end": 278}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 298, "end": 307}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 362, "end": 371}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rapid melt pool formation and solidification during the metal powder bed process Selective Laser Melting (SLM) generates large thermal gradients that can in turn lead to increased residual stress formation within a component.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "metal powder", "start": 56, "end": 68}, {"text": "lead", "start": 162, "end": 166}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 30, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 69, "end": 72}, {"text": "component", "start": 215, "end": 224}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 81, "end": 104}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 106, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 127, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 180, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal anchors or supports are required to be built in-situ and forcibly hold SLM structures in place and minimise geometric distortion/warpage as a result of this thermal residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 171, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anchors are often costly, difficult and time consuming to remove and limit the geometric freedom of this Additive Manufacturing (AM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 69, "end": 74}, {"text": "geometric freedom", "start": 79, "end": 96}, {"text": "process", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 127}, {"text": "AM", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel method known as Anchorless Selective Laser Melting (ASLM) maintains processed material within a stress relieved state throughout the duration of a build.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 21, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 35, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed material", "start": 76, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 104, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result metal components formed using ASLM do not require support structures or anchors.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "metal", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 62, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "ASLM locally melts two or more powdered materials that alloy under the action of the laser and can form into various combinations of eutectic/hypo/hyper eutectic alloys with a new lower solidification temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 153, "end": 161}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 186, "end": 200}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 162, "end": 168}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 85, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new alloy is maintained in a semi-solid or stress reduced state throughout the build with the assistance of elevated powder bed pre-heating.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 9, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 122, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper the ASLM methodology is detailed and investigations into processing of a low temperature eutectic Al-Si binary casting alloy is explored.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 103, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "Al-Si", "start": 112, "end": 117}, {"text": "casting alloy", "start": 125, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two types of Al powders were compared; pre-alloyed AlSi12 and elemental mix Al + 12 wt% Si.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 13, "end": 15}, {"text": "AlSi12", "start": 51, "end": 57}, {"text": "Al", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "Si", "start": 88, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study established an understanding of the laser in-situ alloying process and confirmed successful alloy formation within the process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "process", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "feature": [{"text": "alloying", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential thermal analysis, microscopy and X-Ray diffraction were used to further understand the nature of alloying within the process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 13, "end": 29}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "X-Ray diffraction", "start": 46, "end": 63}], "feature": [{"text": "alloying", "start": 110, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 130, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stress reduction was observed within ASLM processed elemental Al + Si12 and geometries produced without the requirement for anchors.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stress", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "processed", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heterogeneous grain structure is a source of the inhomogeneity in structure and properties of the metallic components made by multi-layer additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Heterogeneous grain structure", "start": 0, "end": 29}, {"text": "structure", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "properties", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 35, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 138, "end": 160}, {"text": "AM", "start": 162, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During AM, repeated heating and cooling during multi-layer deposition, local temperature gradient and solidification growth rate, deposit geometry, and molten pool shape and size govern the evolution of the grain structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 7, "end": 9}, {"text": "heating", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 102, "end": 116}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 138, "end": 146}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 152, "end": 163}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 190, "end": 199}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 207, "end": 222}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 77, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here the effects of these causative factors on the heterogeneous grain growth during multi-layer laser deposition of Inconel 718 are examined by a Monte Carlo method based grain growth model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 51, "end": 64}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 65, "end": 77}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 172, "end": 184}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 117, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that epitaxial columnar grain growth occurs from the substrate or previously deposited layer to the curved top surface of the deposit.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial columnar grain", "start": 17, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layer", "start": 89, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 123, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The growth direction of these columnar grains is controlled by the molten pool shape and size.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 30, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 67, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The grains in the previously deposited layers continue to grow because of the repeated heating and cooling during the deposition of the successive layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 29, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Average longitudinal grain area decreases by approximately 80% when moving from the center to the edge of the deposit due to variable growth directions dependent on the local curvatures of the moving molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Average", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "grain", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 200, "end": 211}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 27, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average horizontal grain area increases with the distance from the substrate, with a 20% increase in the horizontal grain area in a short distance from the third to the eighth layer, due to competitive solid-state grain growth causes increased grain size in previous layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "grain", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "grain", "start": 120, "end": 125}, {"text": "solid-state", "start": 206, "end": 217}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 218, "end": 230}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 29, "end": 33}, {"text": "area", "start": 126, "end": 130}, {"text": "layer", "start": 180, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 248, "end": 258}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder quality in additive manufacturing (AM) electron beam melting (EBM) of Ti-6Al-4V components is crucial in determining the critical material properties of the end item.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "AM", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 46, "end": 67}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 137, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we report on the effect of powder oxidation on the Charpy impact energy of Ti-6Al-4V parts manufactured using EBM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 42, "end": 48}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 73, "end": 79}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 106, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to oxidation, the effects on impact energy due to hot isostatic pressing (HIP), specimen orientation, and EBM process defects were also investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 62, "end": 84}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 86, "end": 89}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 118, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 101, "end": 112}, {"text": "defects", "start": 130, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research has shown that excessive powder oxidation (oxygen mass fraction above 0.25% and up to 0.46%) dramatically decreases the impact energy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "impact", "start": 134, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 39, "end": 45}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 46, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was determined that the room temperature impact energy of the parts after excessive oxidation was reduced by about seven times.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 87, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also report that HIP post-processing significantly increases the impact toughness, especially for specimens with lower or normal oxygen content.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 20, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 132, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The specimen orientation effect was found to be more significant for low oxidation levels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 73, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion 3D printing (ME3DP), based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is currently the most widely available 3D printing platform.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion 3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 30}, {"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 49, "end": 74}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 131, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 81, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As is the case with other 3D printing methods, parts fabricated from ME3DP will exhibit physical property anisotropy where build direction has an effect on the mechanical properties of a given part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 160, "end": 181}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical property", "start": 88, "end": 105}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 123, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented in this paper analyzes the effect of physical property-altering additives to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) on mechanical property anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additives", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 96, "end": 127}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 129, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 137, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A total of six ABS-based polymer matrix composites and four polymer blends were created and evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer matrix composites", "start": 25, "end": 50}, {"text": "polymer blends", "start": 60, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile test specimens were printed in two build orientations and the differences in ultimate tensile strength and% elongation at break were compared between the two test sample versions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile test", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientations", "start": 43, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 85, "end": 110}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 171, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fracture surface analysis was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which gave insight to the failure modes and rheology of the novel material systems as compared to specimens fabricated from the same ABS base resin.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fracture", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 187, "end": 197}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 44, "end": 72}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure modes", "start": 105, "end": 118}, {"text": "rheology", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 145, "end": 153}, {"text": "as", "start": 162, "end": 164}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 212, "end": 215}, {"text": "resin", "start": 221, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here it was found that a ternary blend of ABS combined with styrene ethylene butadiene styrene (SEBS) and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) lowered the mechanical property anisotropy in terms of relative UTS to a difference of 22 ± 2.07% as compared to 47 ± 7.23% for samples printed from ABS.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 42, "end": 45}, {"text": "polyethylene", "start": 134, "end": 146}, {"text": "as", "start": 254, "end": 256}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 305, "end": 308}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 127, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 168, "end": 187}, {"text": "samples", "start": 284, "end": 291}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 188, "end": 198}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 220, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work here demonstrates the mitigation of a problem associated with 3D printing as a whole through novel materials development and analyzes the effects of adding a wide variety of materials on the physical properties of a thermoplastic base resin.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 71, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "materials", "start": 183, "end": 192}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 200, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 225, "end": 238}, {"text": "resin", "start": 244, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moisture affects the flow behavior of AM metal powders, where AlSi10Mg is the most sensitive to water and oxygen pick up.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM metal", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 62, "end": 70}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powder morphology influences to a large extent the moisture pick up and flow behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 11, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The flowability measured with traditional tools is not representative for powder bed fusion processes.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion processes", "start": 74, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two new flowability tools that mimic the powder spreading mechanism of powder bed fusion systems are proposed and tested.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "mimic", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 71, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Air drying and vacuum drying treatments to remove the moisture prior to the build process are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "drying", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 76, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For AM processes—specifically Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes—powder flowability is essential for the product quality, as these processes are based on a thin layer spreading mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 30, "end": 53}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "product quality", "start": 112, "end": 127}, {"text": "processes", "start": 138, "end": 147}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 184, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 168, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the available techniques to measure this flowability do not accurately represent the spreading mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, this paper presents two novel applicator tools specifically designed to test the spreadability of l-PBF powders in thin layer application.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "l-PBF", "start": 105, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 127, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results were checked by running standard tests to analyze the powder morphology, moisture content, chemical composition and flowability using the Hall-flowmeter.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 73, "end": 83}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 103, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 66, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this study, four common l-PBF metal powders were selected: Inconel 718, Ti6Al4V, AlSi10Mg and Scalmalloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "l-PBF", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 85, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the as-received state, drying (vacuum and air) and moisturizing treatments were applied to compare four humidity states and investigate the feasibility of pre-treating the powders to remove moisture, which is known to cause problems with flowability, porosity formation and enhanced oxidation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 28, "end": 34}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 288, "end": 297}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 145, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 177, "end": 184}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 256, "end": 264}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tests reveal that AlSi10Mg is the most susceptible alloy to moisture and oxygen pick-up, considerably decreasing the spreadability and relative density on the build platform.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 139, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 163, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the results also reveal how challenging the direct measurement of moisture levels in metal powders is.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 94, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, lightweight is paramount.Here, a lightweight electromagnetic actuator for HHBs is conceived using Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) tools, including topology optimization and free-shape design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 44, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "tools", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "feature": [{"text": "Design for Additive Manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 142}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 167, "end": 188}, {"text": "design", "start": 204, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A prototype is manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) of alloy Ti-6Al-4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 2, "end": 11}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 15, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 31, "end": 54}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 56, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 64, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The prototype weighs 25% less than the actuator designed and manufactured using traditional methods (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 61, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 39, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CAD, milling) and materials (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milling", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 18, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Al alloys).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al alloys", "start": 0, "end": 9}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance of the actuator in service is simulated by transient modal mechanical analyses using finite element methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "transient", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "mechanical analyses", "start": 75, "end": 94}, {"text": "finite element methods", "start": 101, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 23, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the high strength of the material selected, combined with the bionic geometry designed and the resulting lightweight, allow the actuator to withstand the extreme accelerations of the HHB (3000 g) without yielding, enabling ultra-fast switching –namely, below 1 ms.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 91, "end": 99}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 127, "end": 138}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 150, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process in which multiple, successive layers of metal powders are heated via laser in order to build a part.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 36, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 107, "end": 120}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 136, "end": 141}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 154, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modeling of SLM requires consideration of the complex interaction between heat transfer and solid mechanics.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modeling", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 12, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 74, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work describes the authors initial efforts to validate their first generation model, as described in Hodge et al.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "al", "start": 122, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, results of various perturbations of the process parameters and modeling strategies are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 54, "end": 72}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 77, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Density, surface roughness and mechanical properties of printed AlSi10Mg parts depend strongly on the manufacturing process of the used powder.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Density", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 9, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 31, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "powder", "start": 136, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 102, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The plasma atomized powder used in this study enables higher scanning speeds and thus a more efficient LPBF process than gas atomized powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "atomized", "start": 11, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speeds", "start": 61, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 103, "end": 107}, {"text": "gas atomized", "start": 121, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measurement of the laser absorption is very sensitive to variations of the powder and reveals a clear correlation to the final part densities.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "variations", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 79, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present paper aims to generate a deeper understanding of the influence of powder properties on the final parts manufactured by metal LPBF processes at constant parameter settings, except the hatch scanning speed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "metal", "start": 131, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 115, "end": 127}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 164, "end": 173}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 137, "end": 141}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 201, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This issue was considered using four different AlSi10Mg powders.In addition to particle properties, such as particle size distribution and morphology, typical properties of the powder feedstock like bulk and tapped density, Hausner-Ratio, flowability and laser absorption were measured.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 122, "end": 134}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 139, "end": 149}, {"text": "properties", "start": 159, "end": 169}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 261, "end": 271}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 177, "end": 193}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 215, "end": 222}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 255, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the in situ density of the powder layers applied during the LPBF process were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 73, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparison of the surface quality, part density and mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg parts produced by LPBF, using different particle size distributions and morphologies, has been conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 20, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 54, "end": 75}, {"text": "particle size distributions", "start": 128, "end": 155}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 160, "end": 172}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 79, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 106, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Within the processing experiments, the laser scanning speed was varied in order to achieve the most economical manufacturing of parts with a density > 99.2% .Following this comparison, it was found that the manufacturing process of the powder and therefore the particle morphology has the biggest impact on the part density and surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 124}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 207, "end": 228}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 141, "end": 148}, {"text": "density", "start": 316, "end": 323}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 236, "end": 242}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 261, "end": 269}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 270, "end": 280}, {"text": "impact", "start": 297, "end": 303}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 328, "end": 343}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The considered plasma atomized powder could be processed at a higher scanning speed without a significant decrease in mechanical properties or part density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 118, "end": 139}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "atomized", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 69, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Generally, it was shown that higher densities of the powder layer result in higher part densities.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 60, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the layer densities for powders which show almost the same bulk density can differ significantly and do not reach the regarding bulk density value.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "density", "start": 142, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore it can be stated that the layer density is not only affected by the bulk density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "density", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In terms of surface quality, the investigated plasma atomized powder provides a significantly lower surface roughness.Moreover, it was found that the measurement of the laser absorption shows a strong correlation to the achievable part densities.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 12, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 46, "end": 52}, {"text": "surface", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 175, "end": 185}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "atomized", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "laser", "start": 169, "end": 174}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 150, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast to the other methods performed, it was the only measurement that is very sensitive even to small variations of the powder and enables an unequivocal differentiation of the examined powders.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 127, "end": 133}, {"text": "powders", "start": 193, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing offers many potential benefits including reduced tooling costs and increased geometric freedom.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling costs", "start": 72, "end": 85}, {"text": "geometric freedom", "start": 100, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the surface quality of the parts is typically below that of conventionally-processed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 13, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 94, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper evaluates a new chemical post-processing method to reduce the roughness of laser-sintered Nylon 12 components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "Nylon", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 110, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process is called the PUSh™ process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "process", "start": 33, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The treatment reduced the surface roughness of sample parts from 18 μm to 5 μm Ra and largely eliminated roughness with length scales below 500 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 105, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 120, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Treatment did not affect the flexural modulus, flexural strength, or dimensions of 3.2 mm thick bending specimens, but it did significantly impact the mechanical properties of thin tensile specimens that are one to eight layers thick.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 47, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "bending", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 151, "end": 172}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 181, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The post processing reduced the breaking force of the samples, but it increased the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "force", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "samples", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 84, "end": 109}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 114, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact was largest on the thinnest parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant sample shrinkage (12–20%) and weight gain (3.7–7%) from treatment was also observed in the tensile specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight gain", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 103, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the PUSh™ process dramatically increases surface smoothness and elongation at break in thin specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "surface", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "smoothness", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 86, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It decreases the surface strength, but effects are negligible in larger samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "samples", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 25, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) has emerged as one of the primary metal additive manufacturing technologies used for many applications in various industries such as medical and aerospace sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "metal additive manufacturing", "start": 64, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 144, "end": 154}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 175, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, defects such as part distortion and delamination resulted from process-induced residual stresses are still one of the key challenges that hinder widespread adoptions of SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 88, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 178, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For process parameters, the laser beam scanning path will affect the thermomechanical behaviors of the build part, and thus, altering the scanning pattern may be a possible strategy to reduce residual stresses and deformations through influencing the heat intensity input distributions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 69, "end": 85}, {"text": "deformations", "start": 214, "end": 226}, {"text": "heat", "start": 251, "end": 255}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 272, "end": 285}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "scanning pattern", "start": 138, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 159, "end": 161}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 192, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a 3D sequentially coupled finite element (FE) model was developed to investigate the thermomechanical responses in the SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "model", "start": 61, "end": 66}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 100, "end": 116}, {"text": "process", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model was applied to test different scanning strategies and evaluate their effects on part temperature, stress and deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "scanning strategies", "start": 40, "end": 59}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 119, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 108, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The major results are summarized as follows.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(1) Among all cases tested, the out-in scanning pattern has the maximum stresses along the X and Y directions; while the 45° inclined line scanning may reduce residual stresses in both directions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning pattern", "start": 39, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "Y", "start": 97, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 139, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 159, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(2) Large directional stress differences can be generated by the horizontal line scanning strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 22, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 81, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(3) X and Y directional stress concentrations are shown around the edge of the deposited layers and the interface between the deposited layers and the substrate for all cases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Y", "start": 10, "end": 11}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentrations", "start": 24, "end": 45}, {"text": "deposited layers", "start": 79, "end": 95}, {"text": "deposited layers", "start": 126, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(4) The 45° inclined line scanning case also has a smaller build direction deformation than other cases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 59, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed Energy Deposition (DED) was used to form a Stainless Steel AISI 316 L steel block component on a Mild Steel S235JR substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "Stainless Steel", "start": 52, "end": 67}, {"text": "steel", "start": 79, "end": 84}, {"text": "Mild Steel", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 91, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity, density, and defect were characterised at 4 localities within the DED component by microscopy and x-ray tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "density", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microscopy", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "x-ray tomography", "start": 108, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the x-ray tomographic image sequences focused at select porosities is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "reconstruction", "start": 23, "end": 37}, {"text": "image", "start": 63, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The element composition and Vickers microhardness measurements were taken at the fusion lines and track body locations to characterise the differences in materials and mechanical properties at the 2 locations.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "element", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "materials", "start": 154, "end": 163}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 168, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lastly, an element mapping analysis was conducted to determine the solidification mode for the DED component.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "element", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 67, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 95, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sources for defects were proposed based on the characteristics of the porosity analysis and conclusions were made about the solidification behaviour of the DED component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 124, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 156, "end": 159}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 160, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was applied in this study to produce a prototype of a miniaturized catalytic burner (CAB), which is a key component of high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 70, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "catalytic burner", "start": 98, "end": 114}, {"text": "component", "start": 137, "end": 146}], "application": [{"text": "polymer electrolyte fuel cells", "start": 167, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This prototype was characterized by its complex design with numerous channels, chambers, and thin walls.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 5, "end": 14}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 48, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The test samples and CAB prototype were made of a heat-resistant, anti-corrodible steel called ``Alloy 800H'' (1.4876), a material that poses problems for welding operations and especially for the LPBF process due to its strong susceptibility to hot cracking and spatters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "prototype", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "hot cracking", "start": 246, "end": 258}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 82, "end": 87}, {"text": "Alloy", "start": 97, "end": 102}, {"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 155, "end": 162}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 197, "end": 201}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 228, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of LPBF parameter variation on preliminary test samples were investigated by nano-focus Computed Tomography (CT) and Optical microscopy to clarify the internal structure and defects for further LPBF process optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 206, "end": 210}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "samples", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "defects", "start": 186, "end": 193}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 219, "end": 231}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Computed Tomography", "start": 100, "end": 119}, {"text": "Optical microscopy", "start": 129, "end": 147}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal structure", "start": 163, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mössbauer spectroscopy points out that LPBF process does not lead to either local phase separation nor oxidation of steel, which is critical factor for use of CAB at high temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "phase", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 39, "end": 43}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 61, "end": 65}, {"text": "steel", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "critical factor", "start": 132, "end": 147}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 171, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sufficient LPBF parameter sets were used to manufacture the CAB prototype, which was examined by micro-CT and optics as well.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 15, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 48, "end": 59}, {"text": "prototype", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-CT", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "optics", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main result of the investigation is a demonstration of the technological feasibility to decrease the number and size of defects in complex LPBF-manufactured Alloy 800H constructions without changes in phase composition at high temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "defects", "start": 124, "end": 131}, {"text": "phase composition", "start": 205, "end": 222}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 161, "end": 166}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 231, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A multi-component and multi-phase-field modelling approach, combined with transformation kinetics modelling, was used to model microstructure evolution during laser metal powder directed energy deposition of Alloy 718 and subsequent heat treatments.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "modelling", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "laser", "start": 159, "end": 164}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model microstructure", "start": 121, "end": 141}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 142, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 171, "end": 177}, {"text": "Alloy", "start": 208, "end": 213}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 178, "end": 204}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 233, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental temperature measurements were utilised to predict microstructural evolution during successive addition of layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 63, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Segregation of alloying elements as well as formation of Laves and δ phase was specifically modelled.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Segregation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "Laves", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "phase", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "alloying elements", "start": 15, "end": 32}, {"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The predicted elemental concentrations were then used in transformation kinetics to estimate changes in Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) and Time Temperature Transformation (TTT) diagrams for Alloy 718.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Cooling", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 153, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "Alloy", "start": 199, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modelling results showed good agreement with experimentally observed phase evolution within the microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modelling", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase evolution", "start": 69, "end": 84}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 96, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that the approach can be a valuable tool, both for improving process understanding and for process development including subsequent heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 82, "end": 89}, {"text": "process", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 153, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a widely used Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 50, "end": 72}, {"text": "AM", "start": 74, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, mechanical properties of plastic FFF parts have been enhanced by adding short carbon fibers to the thermoplastic polymer filament to form a carbon fiber filled (CFF) polymer composite.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 10, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "short carbon fibers", "start": 82, "end": 101}, {"text": "thermoplastic polymer", "start": 109, "end": 130}, {"text": "filament", "start": 131, "end": 139}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 150, "end": 162}, {"text": "polymer composite", "start": 176, "end": 193}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 43, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unfortunately, improvements to the material properties of commercially available CFF filament are not well understood.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 35, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 85, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a study of CFF FFF parts produced on desktop 3D printers using commercially available filament.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "desktop 3D printers", "start": 57, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile test samples fabricated with CFF polymer composite and unfilled polymer were printed and then tested following ASTM D3039M.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile test", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples fabricated", "start": 13, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "polymer composite", "start": 41, "end": 58}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The filament considered here was purchased from filament suppliers and included both CFF and unfilled PLA, ABS, PETG and Amphora.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "filament", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 107, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results for tensile strength and tensile modulus show that CFF coupons in general yield higher tensile modulus at all print orientations and higher tensile strength at 0 ° print orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 12, "end": 28}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 148, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 118, "end": 123}, {"text": "print", "start": 172, "end": 177}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 124, "end": 136}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 178, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of carbon fiber was shown to decrease tensile strength for some materials when printed with beads not aligned with the loading direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 16, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 51, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 105, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, CFF samples are evaluated for fiber length distribution (FLD) and fiber weight fraction, where it was found that the filament extrusion process contributes very little to fiber breakage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "fiber length", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "filament", "start": 131, "end": 139}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 185, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion process", "start": 140, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, fracture surfaces evaluated under SEM show that voids between the beads are reduced with CFF coupons, and poor interfacial bonding between fibers and polymer become a prominent failure mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "voids", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "interfacial bonding", "start": 120, "end": 139}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "beads", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 148, "end": 154}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mechanism", "start": 186, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, has been increasingly used in many fields, including the medicine, food, sensing, metal, automotive, and construction industries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "medicine", "start": 117, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 36, "end": 58}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 133, "end": 140}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 149, "end": 159}, {"text": "construction", "start": 165, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 142, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Regardless of its growing applications, there are few of methods, guidelines, and specifications for measuring and quantifying the qualities of 3D printed objects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 82, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 144, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, for the first time, a non-contact, and non-destructive measurement method, a 3D structured light scanning system (3D-SLSS), was employed for evaluating the printing qualities of clay objects with different levels of visual defects (e.g., roughness and distortion).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 70, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 112, "end": 120}, {"text": "defects", "start": 238, "end": 245}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 267, "end": 277}], "material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 193, "end": 197}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 253, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D scanned images of these clay samples were developed using 3D-SLSS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "images", "start": 11, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 27, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, they were sliced along their sides (perpendicular to the base) to generate a number of two-dimensional (2D) plots, from which various parameters (e.g., sample total height [Htotal], outer diameter [DMouter], layer thickness [TL], layer width, [(WL], surface angle [Sα], semi-cross-sectional area [XA], and surface roughness [R]) were measured.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "two-dimensional", "start": 93, "end": 108}, {"text": "2D", "start": 110, "end": 112}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 140, "end": 150}, {"text": "sample", "start": 158, "end": 164}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 194, "end": 202}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 214, "end": 229}, {"text": "layer", "start": 236, "end": 241}, {"text": "surface angle", "start": 256, "end": 269}, {"text": "area", "start": 297, "end": 301}], "material": [{"text": "TL", "start": 231, "end": 233}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 312, "end": 329}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with the designed object, the printed samples generally had reduced total height, diameter, and layer thickness; increased layer width; measurable distortion; and visible surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 91, "end": 99}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 105, "end": 120}, {"text": "layer", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 180, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many of these were largely because the freshly printed clay deformed under the weight of the layers above.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 55, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 79, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The distortion angle and area are two necessary parameters for quantifying the degree of distortion of a printed sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "sample", "start": 113, "end": 119}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 25, "end": 29}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The diagnosed area of deficiency can well describe the overall qualities of the printed samples.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, it can be conveniently extended to various industries for quality control of diverse 3D printing products.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 68, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 95, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "TiB reinforced near α Ti-matrix composite was fabricated in this work using selective laser melting from a mixture of CrB2 and commercially pure Ti powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 46, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "Ti powders", "start": 145, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 76, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The corresponding composites present an almost fully dense structure for suitable laser energy density conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "laser energy density", "start": 82, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The X-ray diffraction and microstructure analysis indicate that the TiB and β-Ti phase appears for parts obtained with a low scanning speed of the laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}, {"text": "phase", "start": 81, "end": 86}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 125, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parts obtained at high and low scanning speeds show higher hardness and lower wear rate than those obtained for intermediate scanning speed which, on the contrary, show the highest density.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning speeds", "start": 35, "end": 50}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 129, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "density", "start": 185, "end": 192}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 82, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wear behavior of the as-processed parts is compared with that of pure Ti parts also obtained by selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 100, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a popular additive manufacturing technique where molten polymer filament is applied in a raster pattern, layer by layer, to obtain the work piece.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "polymer filament", "start": 92, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "raster pattern", "start": 125, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 141, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "work piece", "start": 171, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A necessary consequence of this method is a pronounced mechanical anisotropy of the product; the interface between the filaments is weaker compared to the filament itself.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 55, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 119, "end": 128}, {"text": "filament", "start": 155, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strength of this interface is governed by the reptation theory which postulates a more efficient interpenetration of polymeric surfaces with decreasing polymer viscosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This relationship was utilized in this work to modify a polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer blend to produce FFF work pieces with less mechanical anisotropy, independent of printer settings.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer blend", "start": 102, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 127, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 153, "end": 174}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 191, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength ratio of the printed interface to bulk tensile strength could be increased from 41% to 95%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 60, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Though the absolute bulk tensile strength decreases slightly, this method presents an easy and effective way to address the mechanical problems inherent in the FFF-method.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 25, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The systematic occurrence of porosities inside selective laser melted (SLM) parts is a well-known phenomenon.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 47, "end": 69}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 71, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to improve the density of SLM parts, it is important not only to assess the physical origin of the different types of porosities, but also to be able to measure as precisely as possible the porosity rate so that one may select the optimum manufacturing parameters.Considering 316 L steel parts built with different input energies, the current paper aims to (1) present the different types of porosities generated by SLM and their origins, (2) compare different methods for measuring parts density and (3) propose optimal procedures.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "porosities", "start": 127, "end": 137}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 199, "end": 207}, {"text": "porosities", "start": 401, "end": 411}, {"text": "density", "start": 498, "end": 505}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 248, "end": 261}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 425, "end": 428}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "as", "start": 170, "end": 172}, {"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}, {"text": "steel", "start": 291, "end": 296}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After a preliminary optimization step, three methods were used for quantifying porosity rate: the Archimedes method, the helium pycnometry and micrographic observations.The Archimedes method shows that results depend on the nature and temperature of the fluid, but also on the sample volume and its surface roughness.During the micrographic observations, it has been shown that the results depend on the magnification used and the number of micrographs considered.A comparison of the three methods showed that the optimized Archimedes method and the helium pycnometry technique gave similar results, whereas optimized micrographic observations systematically underestimated the porosity rate.In a second step, samples were analyzed to illustrate the physical phenomena involved in the generation of porosities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "sample", "start": 277, "end": 283}, {"text": "surface", "start": 299, "end": 306}, {"text": "magnification", "start": 404, "end": 417}, {"text": "step", "start": 704, "end": 708}, {"text": "samples", "start": 710, "end": 717}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 678, "end": 686}, {"text": "porosities", "start": 799, "end": 809}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Archimedes method", "start": 98, "end": 115}, {"text": "Archimedes method", "start": 173, "end": 190}, {"text": "Archimedes method", "start": 524, "end": 541}], "material": [{"text": "helium", "start": 121, "end": 127}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 254, "end": 259}, {"text": "helium", "start": 550, "end": 556}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 235, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was confirmed that: (1) low Volume Energy Density (VED) causes non-spherical porosities due to insufficient fusion, (2) in intermediary VED the small amount of remaining blowhole porosities come from gas occlusion in the melt-pool and (3) in excessive VED, cavities are formed due to the key-hole welding mode.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Volume", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "non-spherical", "start": 66, "end": 79}, {"text": "blowhole", "start": 173, "end": 181}, {"text": "gas", "start": 203, "end": 206}], "parameter": [{"text": "Energy Density", "start": 38, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "insufficient fusion", "start": 98, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 300, "end": 307}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The eutectic Al-33Cu (wt.%) alloy was processed by selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "eutectic", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "processed", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 51, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the interlamellar distances a local cooling rate can be calculated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At high laser powers the cooling rate is 104 K/s, at low laser powers it is 105 K/s.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser powers", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 25, "end": 37}, {"text": "laser powers", "start": 57, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal history of selectively laser-melted alloys can be explored.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cooling rates inherent to selective laser melting (SLM) were experimentally determined by processing the eutectic Al-33Cu (wt.%) alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 30, "end": 53}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 55, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "eutectic", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 133, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two different parameter sets yielding an identical volumetric energy density were employed to produce the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "samples", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 62, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the average spacing of the Al and CuAl2 lamellae, the cooling rates in different parts of the SLM specimens were estimated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "lamellae", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 63, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 103, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At a high laser power (300 W) the cooling rate amounts to 104 K/s and at the lower laser power (200 W) to 105 K/s.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 10, "end": 21}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 83, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present approach proves to be useful for exploring the thermal history of additively manufactured metallic components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 78, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 3D finite element simulation model of the laser cladding process has been developed taking into account heat transfer, fluid flow, surface tension and free surface movement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 2, "end": 4}, {"text": "model", "start": 31, "end": 36}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 106, "end": 119}, {"text": "free surface", "start": 153, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 44, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 121, "end": 131}, {"text": "surface tension", "start": 133, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All input parameters and data, which are independent of the process parameters but depend only on the material and machine properties, have been obtained from measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "data", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 60, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 115, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thereby the melt pool and the resulting surface contour can be simulated without compromising assumptions or calibration, because the machine parameters are the only variable input parameters of the model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 12, "end": 21}, {"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 109, "end": 120}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 181, "end": 191}, {"text": "model", "start": 199, "end": 204}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "machine parameters", "start": 134, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, the model can easily be transferred to other material combinations or other machines.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "material", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 82, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the surface contour calculation a modified height function method is applied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 16, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model surface follows this contour as an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method is used allowing for mesh deformations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "deformations", "start": 114, "end": 126}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 39, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model was implemented using the commercial finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics and validated by comparing the simulation results with caloric measurements of the effective heat input and metallographic cross sections from experiments, where the nickel-base alloy MetcoClad® 625 in powder form was deposited on structural steel S235JRC + C and the process parameters of laser power, feed speed, laser beam spot size and powder mass flow were varied within a range of at least 50% of their mean value each.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "heat", "start": 184, "end": 188}, {"text": "cross sections", "start": 214, "end": 228}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 359, "end": 377}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 406, "end": 416}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 269, "end": 274}, {"text": "powder", "start": 293, "end": 299}, {"text": "steel", "start": 333, "end": 338}, {"text": "C", "start": 349, "end": 350}, {"text": "powder", "start": 431, "end": 437}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 381, "end": 392}, {"text": "feed", "start": 394, "end": 398}, {"text": "range", "start": 469, "end": 474}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum deviation of the simulation results compared to the experimental data regarding track geometry is 14% for the parameter sets without weld defects so that these parameter sets could be industrially applied, whereas the average deviation of track width and height is below 5.1%.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 122, "end": 131}, {"text": "defects", "start": 150, "end": 157}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 172, "end": 181}, {"text": "average", "start": 230, "end": 237}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 145, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 193, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A thermal analysis model of synchronous induction assisted laser deposition is established.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 2, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 59, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the laser-induction interaction mode on the thermal behavior Microstructural evolution mechanisms of synchronous induction assisted laser deposition are revealed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructural evolution", "start": 75, "end": 100}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 146, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The grains and phase can potentially be controlled separately by synchronous induction assisted laser deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "phase", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 102, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Synchronous induction-assisted laser deposition (SILD) can be used to address issues that arise from the extreme thermal behavior that occurs during direct energy deposition (DED).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 149, "end": 173}, {"text": "DED", "start": 175, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the incorporation of induction heating simultaneously renders the thermal behavior during SILD more flexible and complicated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "induction heating", "start": 30, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study established a 3-D transient finite element model to elucidate the thermal behavior during SILD with a simplified inductive heat source.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "finite element model", "start": 39, "end": 59}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 134, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It should also be noted that although it was more difficult to balance the thermal behavior, the cooling rate at the β transus temperature of Ti-6Al-4 V decreased from 82 ℃/s to 23 ℃/s; further, the maximum temperature gradient in front of the solid-liquid interface decreased from 5.8 × 105 ℃/m to 4.4 × 105 ℃/m in the “alternate” mode, which was relative to the “without induction heating” and “synchronous” modes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 142, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 97, "end": 109}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 127, "end": 138}, {"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 207, "end": 227}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 257, "end": 266}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "induction heating", "start": 373, "end": 390}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for the production of functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 57, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to ensure product reliability in challenging load cases and environments, a valid knowledge of the residual stress state is crucial.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "product reliability", "start": 19, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 108, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since typical, complex AM geometries necessitate simulative efforts for this prediction, suitable validation data are essential.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "validation data", "start": 98, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents results from neutron diffraction measurements on different stages of a build-up of a simple cuboid structure by laser beam melting.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "neutron diffraction", "start": 33, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 119, "end": 128}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strain-free reference is obtained from measurements on small matchstick geometries cut from an analogously manufactured cuboid at the respective measurement spots.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 76, "end": 86}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 149, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By providing quasi-transient data of the evolution of residual stresses in both the base plate and the part, simulation models can be investigated towards their structural validity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 29, "end": 33}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 54, "end": 71}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 131, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicate that the assumption of negligible shear strains may not be justifiable.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear strains", "start": 51, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 73, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are being more frequently applied in several fields ranging from the industrial to the biomedical, in large part owing to their advantages which make them suitable for several applications such as scaffolds for tissue engineering, dental procedures, and 3D models to improve surgical planning.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "planning", "start": 322, "end": 330}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 249, "end": 267}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 107, "end": 117}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "dental", "start": 269, "end": 275}, {"text": "3D models", "start": 292, "end": 301}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 232, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, these processes are particularly suited for the fabrication of microfluidic devices and labs-on-a-chip (LOC) designed to work with biological samples and chemical reaction mixtures.An aspect not sufficiently investigated is related to the dimensional verification of these devices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "samples", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "chemical reaction", "start": 164, "end": 181}, {"text": "verification", "start": 261, "end": 273}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 58, "end": 69}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main criticality is the texture-less surface that characterizes the AM products and strongly affects the effectiveness of most currently available 3D optical measuring instruments.In this study, a passive photogrammetric scanning system has been used as a non-destructive and low-cost technique for the reconstruction and measurement of 3D printed microfluidic devices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 109, "end": 122}, {"text": "3D", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 225, "end": 233}, {"text": "reconstruction", "start": 307, "end": 321}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 341, "end": 351}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 255, "end": 257}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 326, "end": 337}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four devices, manufactured with stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modelling (FDM) a Stratasys trademark, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF), and Polyjet have been reconstructed and measured, and the results have been compared to those obtained with optical profilometry that is considered as the gold standard.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "fused deposition", "start": 57, "end": 73}, {"text": "Polyjet", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 32, "end": 49}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 85, "end": 88}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 142, "end": 153}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 155, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "Stratasys", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "filament", "start": 133, "end": 141}, {"text": "as", "start": 309, "end": 311}, {"text": "gold", "start": 316, "end": 320}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 269, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting is a promising additive manufacturing technology for the production of complex metal components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 61}, {"text": "production", "start": 81, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 103, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technique uses metallic powder as a starting material and a laser for melting and building-up parts layer by layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic powder", "start": 19, "end": 34}, {"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "material", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 104, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One crucial factor influencing the process stability and therefore the part quality is the shielding gas flow.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "quality", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "gas", "start": 101, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to the shielding properties of the inert atmosphere the gas flow is responsible for the removal of process by-products like spatter and welding fumes originating from the process zone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "gas", "start": 68, "end": 71}, {"text": "process", "start": 111, "end": 118}, {"text": "process", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Insufficient removal or inhomogeneous gas flow distribution may lead to increased interaction between laser and process by-products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 47, "end": 59}, {"text": "process", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 64, "end": 68}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequences are attenuation of the laser spot as well as redeposition of this by-products on surfaces which are exposed to the laser afterwards.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "laser", "start": 128, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore process deviations are provoked by unfavorable gas flow conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "gas", "start": 59, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thirdly, the impact of this deviations on building surface and part quality is investigated by 3D confocal microscopy, microsections and ultrasonic testing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "surface", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "quality", "start": 68, "end": 75}, {"text": "3D", "start": 95, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microscopy", "start": 107, "end": 117}, {"text": "testing", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, theoretical approach for the formation of these process deviations and arising material defects is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "defects", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 88, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high-energy input and thermal history during additive manufacturing lead to complex phase transformations in titanium aluminide alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "titanium aluminide alloy", "start": 113, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study mostly focuses on determining the solid-state phase transformation mechanisms during laser deposition and the failure mechanisms of alloys using molecular dynamics simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 45, "end": 62}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 102, "end": 112}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 96, "end": 101}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 175, "end": 186}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mechanisms", "start": 121, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 143, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of the directional temperature gradient, columnar grains with fully lamellar microstructures are formed first after solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 27, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 49, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 124, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A narrow region just below the melting pool is reheated to high temperatures, thus enhancing the precipitation of new equiaxed grains.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 64, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 97, "end": 110}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 118, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiple thermal cycles in the α + γ phase region promote the formation of massive γ phases (γm) at the grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 104, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a nearly lamellar microstructure of alternating columnar and equiaxed grains with γm phases is formed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 70, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The deposited titanium aluminide alloy has good room and high-temperature (760 °C) tensile properties of 545 ± 9 and 471 ± 37 MPa, with elongations of 1.50% ± 0.47% and 1.50% ± 0.45%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "titanium aluminide alloy", "start": 14, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 83, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 126, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The room and high-temperature samples both fail in the columnar grain region.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 55, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the equiaxed grain regions contain several γm–α2 interfaces, the samples still fail in the columnar grain regions due to the increase in the cracking distance in the equiaxed regions caused by randomly oriented α2 + γ lamellae and the comparably good plasticity of the γm phases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "samples", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 100, "end": 114}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 260, "end": 270}], "material": [{"text": "lamellae", "start": 227, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiple thermal cycles in the α + γ phase region promote the formation of a massive γ phase (γm) at the grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "phase", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 105, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a nearly lamellar microstructure of alternating arrangement of columnar and equiaxed grains with γm phases is formed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 85, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the relations among the orientations of the γm, γ, and α2 phases, five interface structure models can be established for the molecular dynamics simulations of TiAl alloy fabricated by directed energy deposition, which can be used to accurately predict the location of the crack nucleation sites during the tensile test.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 33, "end": 45}, {"text": "interface", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 287, "end": 297}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 111, "end": 113}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 173, "end": 178}, {"text": "be", "start": 231, "end": 233}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 153, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 193, "end": 219}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 242, "end": 252}, {"text": "tensile test", "start": 315, "end": 327}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, we revealed, for the first time, that the interface between α2 and γm is the weakest, especially in the case of semicoherent interfaces (6° angle in the [1–10] direction), which provides good nucleation sites for cracks.Download: Download high-res image (322 Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is an increasingly used Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique employed by many industrial sectors, including the medical device and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 205, "end": 215}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 252, "end": 266}, {"text": "industrial sectors", "start": 379, "end": 397}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 272, "end": 293}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 295, "end": 298}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 324, "end": 346}, {"text": "AM", "start": 348, "end": 350}], "application": [{"text": "medical device", "start": 413, "end": 427}, {"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 432, "end": 452}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ EBM monitoring for quality assurance purposes has been a popular research area.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "quality", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "research", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 8, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 82, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electronic imaging has recently been investigated as one of the in-situ EBM data collection methods, alongside thermal/optical imaging techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "data", "start": 76, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 72, "end": 75}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 119, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "So far, the disseminations focus on the design of an electronic imaging system and the ability to generate electronic images in-situ, experiments are yet to be carried out to benchmark one of the most important features of any imaging systems–spatial resolution.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 227, "end": 234}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 118, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 175, "end": 184}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 251, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analyses of experimental results indicated that the spatial resolution was of the order of 0.3 to 0.4 mm when electronic imaging was carried out at room temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 153, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 121, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is believed that by disseminating an analysis and experimental method to estimate and quantify spatial resolution, this study has contributed to the on-going quality assessment research in the field of in-situ monitoring of the EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 53, "end": 65}, {"text": "quality", "start": 161, "end": 168}, {"text": "research", "start": 180, "end": 188}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 205, "end": 212}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 231, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal history developed in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processes has been shown to be complex resulting in equally complex microstructures and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 33, "end": 56}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 58, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 152, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 132, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to simulate thermal history and to predict the residual stress distribution in the as-built material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 18, "end": 41}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 114, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 98, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 143, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computational thermodynamics was used to predict the micro-segregation and nucleation driving force of various phases in the bulk and in segregated regions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "micro-segregation", "start": 53, "end": 70}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 75, "end": 85}, {"text": "force", "start": 94, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Varied heat-treatments such as simulated hot isostatic pressing, and double aging were applied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 41, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Their influence on the microstructure, micro-segregation, precipitate formation, and micro-hardness variations of LPBF alloy 718 were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 23, "end": 37}, {"text": "micro-segregation", "start": 39, "end": 56}, {"text": "variations", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "precipitate", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 119, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 114, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness map results showed heterogeneous micro-hardness on the xy- and xz-planes of the as-built parts where the bottom plane and center regions had larger hardness of ∼315 HV0.5 while the top plane and contours showed hardness of ∼300 HV0.5.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 220, "end": 228}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 28, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 204, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After simulated hot isostatic pressing process (i.e., without applied pressure) at 1020 °C for 4 h followed by water quench (HIPWQ), the hardness gradient and hardness was minimized (∼210 HV0.5) as the microstructure transitioned from heterogeneous columnar grains in the as-built condition to more uniform recrystallized grains.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 16, "end": 38}, {"text": "recrystallized", "start": 307, "end": 321}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 70, "end": 78}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 202, "end": 216}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 235, "end": 248}, {"text": "grains", "start": 322, "end": 328}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 137, "end": 145}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 159, "end": 167}, {"text": "columnar grains", "start": 249, "end": 264}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 195, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HIPWQ followed by double aging produced a homogeneous microstructure and more uniform hardness map with enhanced mechanical properties in LPBF alloy 718 coupons.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 113, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 138, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 143, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a promising manufacturing technique for the production of complex metallic components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "production", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 108, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the crucial factors influencing the mechanical properties of the final product is spatter particles formation during the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 43, "end": 64}, {"text": "particles", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "process", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 89, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, high- speed photography is utilized to record the formation mechanisms and the dynamic behavior of spatter particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 94, "end": 101}, {"text": "particles", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An image processing analysis framework is utilized to assess the distribution of spatter particles under various energy inputs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 3, "end": 8}, {"text": "framework", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 65, "end": 77}, {"text": "particles", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that changing the laser scan velocity has more influences on spatter formation in comparison with the energy input.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 73, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relationship between the numbers of created spatter particles, induced unmelted regions and density variability are interpreted and discussed based on other observations, such as microscopic examination and density analysis of SLM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "density", "start": 211, "end": 218}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 180, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 231, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained results could be used to enhance the current manufacturing process parameters optimization methods in SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 58, "end": 79}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 115, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 91, "end": 103}, {"text": "process", "start": 119, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Principle of real-time feedback control is proven for ceramic vat photopolymerization.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 23, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "photopolymerization", "start": 66, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FTIR spectrometry equipment and UV LED are integrated into an embedded control system.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "FTIR", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "control system", "start": 71, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "application": [{"text": "LED", "start": 35, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Control-oriented process model shows good agreement to experimental data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process model", "start": 17, "end": 30}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 55, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Feedback controller successfully compensates for a material composition disturbance.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Feedback", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 60, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Technical ceramics for high-performance applications can be additively manufactured using vat photopolymerization technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 60, "end": 83}, {"text": "vat photopolymerization", "start": 90, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 114, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This technology faces two main challenges: increasing ceramic product size and improving product quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "product quality", "start": 89, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 54, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The integration of process control strategies into AM equipment is expected to play a key role in tackling these challenges.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process control", "start": 19, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 51, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work demonstrates the feasibility of real-time and in-situ feedback control of the light-initiated polymerization reaction that lies at the core of vat photopolymerization technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "technology", "start": 177, "end": 187}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 104, "end": 118}, {"text": "vat photopolymerization", "start": 153, "end": 176}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 145, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental data obtained from this setup was used to develop a control-oriented process model and identify its parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental data", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "process model", "start": 82, "end": 95}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 113, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the feedback controller successfully compensated for the material perturbation and reached the same final conversion value as the unperturbed case.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "controller", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This result can be considered a fundamental step towards additive manufacturing of defect-free ceramic parts using in-line process control.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 44, "end": 48}, {"text": "process control", "start": 123, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimization of single track and single layer is required for high final quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Optimization", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "quality", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 40, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Feedbacks between single track, single layer, and the 3D levels were established.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A multistep algorithm to find optimal SLM process parameters is described.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 12, "end": 21}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 42, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 38, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The algorithm is illustrated for AISI 420 stainless steel as an example.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "AISI 420", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "steel", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is becoming a powerful additive manufacturing technology for different industries: automotive, medical, chemical, aerospace, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 75}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 101, "end": 111}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 113, "end": 123}, {"text": "medical", "start": 125, "end": 132}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM could dramatically narrow the time frames to optimize production, providing extraordinary freedom to validate design and to develop new materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "production", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 140, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extension of applications requires different materials with specific properties and therefore tailored properties of the final product.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "properties", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific properties", "start": 64, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article, a hierarchical approach including mutual analysis of SLM parameters necessary to control the final product quality on every level–the track, the layer and the final 3D object–is suggested and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "product quality", "start": 116, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 162, "end": 167}], "application": [{"text": "3D object", "start": 182, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical simulation allowed the estimation of temperature distribution during laser melting and predicted final microstructures and properties of a 3D SLM object.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Numerical simulation", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "laser", "start": 79, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "properties", "start": 133, "end": 143}, {"text": "3D", "start": 149, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 113, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A series of single tracks, layers and 3D objects were manufactured from AISI 420 stainless steel to validate a proposed algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D objects", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 54, "end": 66}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "AISI 420", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "steel", "start": 91, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The efficiency of the approach was illustrated by the manufacturing of fully dense samples from AISI 420 stainless steel widely used in the plastics-moulding industry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 71, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "AISI 420", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "steel", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 158, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that based on the proposed systematic hierarchical approach, optimal process parameters can be efficiently established for high-quality SLM parts from metal powders.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 78, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "metal powders", "start": 168, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 153, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High speed imaging with external illumination is used to analyse defects.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 65, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Power decay strategy to tackle heat accumulation in multiple layers is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Power", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 31, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Benchmark data of porosity, productivity, roughness, and microhardness is provided.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "Benchmark", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 57, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, coaxial laser metal wire deposition (LMWD) process is studied, with particular attention to defect formation mechanisms and the establishment of stable processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "defect", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The coaxial LMWD of AISI 308 stainless steel wire was carried out by a multi-mode fiber laser delivered to an industrial coaxial LMWD deposition head.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 29, "end": 44}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 134, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The continuous mechanical connection with the deposition region requires further attention to the process dynamics, which may alter the deposition precision and continuity.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "process", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accordingly, this work presents a systematic analysis of how the defects are formed at single and multiple layer deposition conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 107, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-speed imaging is employed to reveal the process dynamics as a diagnostics aid.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process stability is determined initially at single layer condition, providing a correct match between the melting position and rate of the wire.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 111, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At multiple layer deposition, the thermal load is managed to achieve high-aspect ratio components.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 87, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the stable conditions, the process is benchmarked for porosity, surface roughness, and deposition rates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 67, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rates", "start": 90, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of additive manufacturing (AM) provides an opportunity to fabricate composite tooling molds in a rapidly and cost effectively manner.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}, {"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 94, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work has shown the use of a polymer based infiltrated ceramics produced via binder jetting for producing composite tooling molds.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "composite", "start": 110, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 81, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 128, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, molds based on silica sand as well as zircon sand have been printed on a S-Max 3D printer unit and subsequently impregnated with an epoxy system for yielding functional molds in the range of autoclave temperatures around 150–177 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "molds", "start": 175, "end": 180}, {"text": "autoclave", "start": 197, "end": 206}], "material": [{"text": "silica sand", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "sand", "start": 51, "end": 55}, {"text": "epoxy", "start": 138, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 188, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of the infiltrated 3D printed materials have been investigated and it was observed that the polymer-infiltrated systems resulted in a compressive and flexural strength one order of magnitude higher than the non-infiltrated printed ceramic material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 176, "end": 193}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 207, "end": 216}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic material", "start": 257, "end": 273}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A thermal analysis was also performed on both the infiltrated and non-infiltrated printed samples, and it was recorded that the incorporation of the polymer resulted in a larger coefficient of thermal expansion on the infiltrated systems.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 2, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 149, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of thermal expansion", "start": 178, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, a carbon fiber reinforced composite was manufactured with the infiltrated composite tooling molds printed in the S-Max unit, and it was observed that the assembled molds are capable of producing a successful composite material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "composite", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "composite", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "composite material", "start": 214, "end": 232}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 46, "end": 58}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 98, "end": 103}, {"text": "molds", "start": 170, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work has demonstrated that a binder jetting process, is a feasible technology for producing thermostable low cost composite tooling molds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 144, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, laser metal deposition (LMD) was used to produce compositionally graded refractory high-entropy alloys (HEAs) for screening purposes by in-situ alloying of elemental powder blends.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser metal deposition", "start": 22, "end": 44}, {"text": "LMD", "start": 46, "end": 49}], "application": [{"text": "refractory", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "powder blends", "start": 188, "end": 201}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 158, "end": 165}], "feature": [{"text": "alloying", "start": 166, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A compositional gradient from Ti25Zr50Nb0Ta25 to Ti25Zr0Nb50Ta25 is obtained by incrementally substituting Zr powder with Nb powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zr powder", "start": 107, "end": 116}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 122, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A suitable strategy was developed to process the powder blend despite several challenges such as the high melting points of the refractory elements and the large differences in melting points among them.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 37, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "powder blend", "start": 49, "end": 61}, {"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "elements", "start": 139, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "melting points", "start": 106, "end": 120}, {"text": "melting points", "start": 177, "end": 191}], "application": [{"text": "refractory", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of the LMD process on the final chemical composition was analyzed in detail and the LMD process was optimized to obtain a well-defined compositional gradient.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LMD", "start": 21, "end": 24}, {"text": "LMD", "start": 98, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 46, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures, textures, chemical compositions and mechanical properties were characterized using SEM, EBSD, EDX, and microhardness testing, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical compositions", "start": 27, "end": 48}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 53, "end": 74}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 120, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 100, "end": 103}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 105, "end": 109}, {"text": "EDX", "start": 111, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compositions between Ti25Zr0Nb50Ta25 and Ti25Zr25Nb25Ta25 were found to be single-phase bcc solid solutions with a coarse grain microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bcc", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "grain", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the Zr to Nb ratio beyond the equiatomic composition results in finer and harder multiphase microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 103, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 52, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results shown in the present study clearly show for the first time that LMD is a suitable processing tool to screen HEAs over a range of chemical compositions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LMD", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 105, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical compositions", "start": 141, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Open source 3-D printer to both fabricate slot die and functionalize.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 12, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 32, "end": 41}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 47, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Created a 3-D slot die printing system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 10, "end": 13}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 19, "end": 22}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Functional lab-grade slot dies may be 3-D printed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 38, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Semiconductor films deposited with polymer slot die down to 17 nm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Semiconductor", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 48, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Slot die coating is growing in popularity because it is a low operational cost and easily scaled processing technique for depositing thin and uniform films rapidly, while minimizing material waste.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 5, "end": 8}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processing technique", "start": 97, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 182, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The complex inner geometry of conventional slot dies require expensive machining that limits accessibility and experimentation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "limits", "start": 86, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 48, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to overcome these issues this study follows an open hardware approach, which uses an open source 3-D printer to both fabricate the slot die and then to functionalize a 3-D slot die printing system.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 99, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 177, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 145, "end": 148}, {"text": "die", "start": 186, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymer materials are tested and selected for compatibility with common solvents and used to fabricate a custom slot die head.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polymer materials", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 117, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This slot die is then integrated into a 3-D printer augmented with a syringe pump to form an additive manufacturing platform for thin film semiconductor devices.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 10, "end": 13}, {"text": "syringe", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 40, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 93, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "semiconductor", "start": 139, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The full design of the slot die system is disclosed here using an open source license including software and operational protocols.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "die", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 71, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "protocols", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates that functional lab-grade slot dies may be 3-D printed using low-cost open source hardware methods A case study using NiO2 found an RMS value 0.486 nm, thickness of 17–49 nm, and a maximum optical transmission of 99.1%, which shows this additive manufacturing approach to slot die depositions as well of fabrication is capable of producing viable layers of advanced electronic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 55, "end": 59}, {"text": "die", "start": 301, "end": 304}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 317, "end": 319}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "case study", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "materials", "start": 401, "end": 410}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 99, "end": 105}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 213, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 261, "end": 283}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 328, "end": 339}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ball-milled Ti/TiC composite particles (TiC nanoparticles assembled on Ti microparticles) were designed, prepared, and mixed with Al-Si-Mg powder to fabricate an Al-Si-Mg-Ti alloy with TiC nanoparticles (Al-Si-Mg-Ti/TiC) by selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite particles", "start": 19, "end": 38}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "powder", "start": 139, "end": 145}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 174, "end": 179}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 44, "end": 57}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 189, "end": 202}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 149, "end": 158}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 224, "end": 247}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 249, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure features, solidification behavior, and mechanical properties were investigated, and the relationship among them was established.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 25, "end": 39}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 54, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM-manufactured Al-Si-Mg-Ti/TiC material exhibited fine equiaxed-shaped α (Al) grains with nanoscale Si4Ti5 phases and Mg segregation along the grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "Al", "start": 80, "end": 82}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 149, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This structure benefited from heterogeneous nucleation as well as the grain growth restriction capabilities of TiC nanoparticles on α (Al), fast diffusion of Ti in the superheated Al liquid, and high chemical activity of Ti to Si during solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 30, "end": 54}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 70, "end": 82}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 115, "end": 128}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 145, "end": 154}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 237, "end": 251}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "Al", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "Al", "start": 180, "end": 182}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 221, "end": 223}, {"text": "Si", "start": 227, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, Ti enrichment in some local areas of the high-temperature pool and the consequently intense Marangoni convection improved the wettability between TiC nanoparticles and liquid Al without the interfacial reaction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 13, "end": 15}, {"text": "Al", "start": 188, "end": 190}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wettability", "start": 139, "end": 150}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 163, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the SLM-manufactured Al-Si-Mg-Ti/TiC showed a high ultimate tensile strength of up to 562 ± 7 MPa and an elongation of up to 8.8% ± 1.3% before fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 65, "end": 90}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 119, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 108, "end": 111}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 158, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These increased mechanical properties are attributed to the combined effect of grain refinement and Orowan and load-bearing strengthening mechanisms.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 16, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 79, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 111, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the Direct Ink Writing (DIW) technique was used to produce three-dimensional Ti2AlC ceramic components with high, uniform porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ink", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DIW", "start": 38, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 73, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 136, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Suitable formulations were developed, with appropriate rheological properties for extruding thin filaments through a nozzle with a diameter of 810 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 55, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruding", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main rheological properties of the inks were investigated to evaluate their behavior and flowability during the printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 9, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 116, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous Ti2AlC lattices were fabricated, in selected conditions, with uniform pore size and good interconnectivity, and sintered at 1400 °C in Ar.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Ar", "start": 142, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Total porosity ranged from ∼44 to ∼63 vol%, and the mechanical strength ranged from ∼43 to 83 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 52, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 94, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of the ink composition and heat-treatment conditions on the phase composition of the 3D porous structures was also evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 21, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "phase composition", "start": 74, "end": 91}, {"text": "3D", "start": 99, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high thermal gradients experienced during manufacture via selective laser melting commonly result in cracking of high γ/γ′ Nickel based superalloys.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 9, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 46, "end": 57}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 62, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "Nickel based superalloys", "start": 127, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such defects can not be tolerated in applications where component integrity is of paramount importance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 21, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 56, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome this, many industrial practitioners make use of hot isostatic pressing to ‘heal’ these defects.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 23, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 60, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The possibility of such defects re-opening during the component life necessitates optimisation of SLM processing parameters in order to produce the highest bulk density and integrity in the as-built state.In this paper, novel fractal scanning strategies based upon mathematical fill curves, namely the Hilbert and Peano-Gosper curve, are explored in which the use of short vector length scans, in the order of 100 μm, is used as a method of reducing residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 113, "end": 123}, {"text": "integrity", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "scanning strategies", "start": 234, "end": 253}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 265, "end": 277}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 98, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 161, "end": 168}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 450, "end": 467}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 426, "end": 428}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect on cracking observed in CM247LC superalloy samples was analysed using image processing, comparing the novel fractal scan strategies to more conventional ‘island’ scans.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "samples", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "image", "start": 81, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was utilised to determine the cracking mechanisms.Results show that cracking occurs via two mechanisms, solidification and liquation, with a strong dependence on the laser scan vectors.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy", "start": 33, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 100, "end": 108}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 138, "end": 146}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 174, "end": 188}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 236, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through the use of fractal scan strategies, bulk density can be increased by 2 ± 0.7% when compared to the ‘island’ scanning, demonstrating the potential of fractal scan strategies in the manufacture of typically ‘unweldable’ nickel superalloys.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "nickel", "start": 226, "end": 232}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 116, "end": 124}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 188, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous scaffolds were studied for weight bearing biomedical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Porous scaffolds", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 49, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression samples were additively manufactured using electron beam melting.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Compression", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 25, "end": 48}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 55, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reentrant and cubic Ti6Al4 V unit cell geometries were tested under compression.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "V", "start": 27, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 68, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cubic scaffold outperformed the reentrant scaffold at the same relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "scaffold", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 63, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A cubic scaffold was proved suitable for load bearing biomedical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 54, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti6Al4V porous scaffolds of two unit cell geometries (reentrant and cubic) were investigated as candidates for load-bearing biomedical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "porous scaffolds", "start": 8, "end": 24}, {"text": "load-bearing", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 124, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples were fabricated using an Arcam A2 electron beam melting (EBM) machine and evaluated for geometric deviation from the original CAD design using a digital optical microscope.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 42, "end": 63}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 65, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "microscope", "start": 169, "end": 179}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 134, "end": 137}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mass and bounding volume of each sample were also measured to calculate the resulting relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "sample", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 90, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The scaffolds were loaded in compression in the build direction to determine the relative modulus of elasticity and ultimate compressive load.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "modulus of elasticity", "start": 90, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 48, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results were used to calculate the Gibson and Ashby relation parameters for the studied unit cell geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggest that samples with the cubic unit cell geometries, with struts oriented at an angle of 45° to the loading direction, exhibited higher stiffness than samples with the reentrant unit cell geometry at equivalent relative densities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "samples", "start": 168, "end": 175}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 195, "end": 204}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 205, "end": 213}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 153, "end": 162}, {"text": "relative densities", "start": 228, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A cubic scaffold is verified to withstand high compressive loads (more than 71 kN) while having an approximate pore size in the range of 0.6 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 111, "end": 120}, {"text": "range", "start": 128, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 141, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selective laser melting fabricated 304L stainless steel exhibited an excellent strength–ductility synergy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 4, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 44, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Massive stacking faults and annealing twins formed in the selective laser melting fabricated 304L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 58, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 98, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The outstanding ductility is due to the activation of multiple deformation mechanisms.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of the 304L stainless steel (SS) additively manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) were systematically investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 20, "end": 41}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 81, "end": 96}, {"text": "SS", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 102, "end": 125}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 129, "end": 152}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 154, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM fabricated 304L SS contains two phases (face-centered-cubic γ-austenite and body-centered-cubic δ-ferrite) and exhibits a hierarchical microstructure with length scales spanning several orders of magnitude.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 8, "end": 18}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 143, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 163, "end": 176}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 204, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hierarchical microstructure includes the melt pools and slightly elongated columnar grains at the micron scale, cellular structures decorated with a high density of dislocations at the sub-micron scale and oxides at the nanoscale.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 17, "end": 31}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 169, "end": 181}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 210, "end": 216}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 79, "end": 94}, {"text": "density", "start": 158, "end": 165}], "feature": [{"text": "micron", "start": 102, "end": 108}, {"text": "cellular structures", "start": 116, "end": 135}, {"text": "sub-micron", "start": 189, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stacking faults formed due to the residual stress in addition to the low stacking fault energy of the 304L SS (19.2 mJ/m2) while massive annealing twins were generated arising from the combined effects of residual stress and intrinsic heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 34, "end": 49}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 205, "end": 220}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 235, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as built 304L SS exhibits a significantly enhanced strength–ductility synergy compared to that of wrought and annealed counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "SS", "start": 18, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The enhanced yield strength stems from the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure, while the outstanding tensile elongation is ascribed to the activation of multiple deformation mechanisms, involving the dislocation activities, the formation of stacking faults and mechanical twins, and the transformation-induced plasticity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "tensile elongation", "start": 110, "end": 128}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 319, "end": 329}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 58, "end": 71}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 171, "end": 182}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 209, "end": 220}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 270, "end": 280}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) is developing with the goal of fabricating parts with high performance and high efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}, {"text": "AM", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 90, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 118, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser power is the key factor to the efficiency, microstructure and performance in LPBF.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Laser power", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 49, "end": 63}, {"text": "performance", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 83, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the molten pool characteristics and spatter behavior in LPBF with a high power and a wide process window (from 350 W to 1550 W) are studied based on high-speed high-resolution imaging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "process", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 70, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "high-resolution", "start": 174, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the molten pool characteristics and spatter behavior depend on the laser input energy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 89, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average ejection velocity and ejection angle increase with the laser power.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "ejection", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 67, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The droplet column ejection and large spatters are prone to occur with a high-power laser.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "ejection", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "high-power laser", "start": 73, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the times at which the vapor depression and the protrusion in the molten pool first occur decrease dramatically with an increase in the laser input energy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 79, "end": 90}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 149, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When the laser mode and spot size are kept constant, the laser power determines the amount of time required for melting, the vapor depression and the protrusion in LPBF to occur, while the laser scan velocity determines whether the laser dwell time is sufficient for these phenomena to form.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "laser scan", "start": 189, "end": 199}, {"text": "laser", "start": 232, "end": 237}], "parameter": [{"text": "spot size", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 57, "end": 68}, {"text": "dwell time", "start": 238, "end": 248}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 112, "end": 119}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 164, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimum distribution of relative density can enhance the bending stiffness of an architected cellular beam more than 120%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 8, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 24, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 102, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimally graded cellular beam samples are 3D printed using stereolithography.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 26, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 60, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental bending tests on 3D printed samples confirm the practicality of graded designs for developing advanced lightweight structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bending tests", "start": 13, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "lightweight structures", "start": 116, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Periodic cellular materials can substantially improve the stiffness-to-weight ratio of structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cellular materials", "start": 9, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This improvement depends on the geometry of periodic cells.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 53, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article presents the idea of enhancing the bending stiffness of an architected cellular beam by an optimum distribution of relative density through its length and/or across its thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 93, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 112, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 128, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Detailed finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental bending tests on specimens 3D printed by stereolithography validate the hybrid-homogenized modeling approach.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 9, "end": 32}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 43, "end": 55}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bending tests", "start": 56, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 97, "end": 114}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 147, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hybrid-homogenized model facilitates transforming the general optimization problem into a shape optimization process with the relative density of unit cells as design variables.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 66, "end": 78}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 100, "end": 112}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 130, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 161, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm is used to obtain the optimum relative density distribution, which maximizes the bending stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 105, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 88, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimization results show a substantial increase in bending stiffness; as high as 43%, 155%, and 182% for a cellular beam graded through the length, across the thickness, and in both directions, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 121, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that varying the relative density of cells across the beam thickness is more effective than variation through the length.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 29, "end": 45}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 49, "end": 54}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 66, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Detailed FEA and experimental bending tests corroborate the optimization findings and confirm the practicality of such graded designs for developing advanced lightweight structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bending tests", "start": 30, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "lightweight structures", "start": 158, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Investigating the effect of cell architecture also reveals that optimally graded cellular beams have a potential to outperform uniform cellular beams made out of ideal unit cells (Voigt bound for elastic properties) by reaching bending stiffness-to-density ratios greater than one.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "architecture", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cells", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 196, "end": 203}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 228, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relatively simple graded cellular designs are beneficial in applications where high bending stiffness and low density are essential.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "bending", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular designs", "start": 29, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent advances in additive manufacturing promise extending the presented grading strategy for polymeric, composite, and metallic 3D printed cellular materials to fabricate high performance lightweight structural elements at a relatively low cost.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 106, "end": 115}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 121, "end": 129}, {"text": "elements", "start": 213, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 150, "end": 159}, {"text": "performance lightweight", "start": 178, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigated the effect of trace lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an electron beam melting (EBM) processed Ti-6Al-4V component.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lanthanum", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 88, "end": 102}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 107, "end": 128}, {"text": "processed", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 135, "end": 156}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 158, "end": 161}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 183, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LaB6 exhibited a significant effect on the grain structure, phase, and texture of the EBM-processed Ti-6Al-4V alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structure", "start": 43, "end": 58}, {"text": "phase", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloys", "start": 100, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although prior-β columnar grains were observed in both Ti-6Al-4V and LaB6-modified Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-6Al-4V-LaB6), the width of the columnar grains decreased significantly with LaB6 addition.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 17, "end": 32}, {"text": "columnar grains", "start": 128, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 83, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alternating acicular α′ martensite and acicular α laths were distributed in the Ti-6Al-4V, whereas refined lamellar α + β structures were observed in the Ti-6Al-4V-LaB6.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We propose that the addition of LaB6 provided a large amount of heterogenous nucleation sites for solidification and α phase formation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 98, "end": 112}, {"text": "phase", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, high tensile strength with considerable elongation was achieved in the EBM-processed Ti-6Al-4V modified by trace LaB6 addition.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 19, "end": 35}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of this paper is to identify the key elements of a new hybrid process to produce high quality metal/plastic composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "composites", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "quality", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process is a combination of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), vacuum forming and CNC machining.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "Fused Deposition", "start": 32, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 60, "end": 63}, {"text": "forming", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "CNC machining", "start": 85, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research aims to provide details of the proposed hybrid process, equipment used, and the experimental results of the composites produced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "process", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 93, "end": 105}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The research has been separated into three study areas.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 49, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the first, the hybrid process has been defined as a whole whereas the second area deals with the breakdown of steps to produce the metal/plastic composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "composites", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 80, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The third area explains the varied materials used for the production and testing of the composites.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 10, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 88, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composites have been made by joining copper (99.99% pure) mesh with ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Composites", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "copper", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 68, "end": 71}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 73, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "joining", "start": 29, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain measurement has been carried out on Cu/ABS sample to analyse the effect of metal mesh and to verify the effectiveness of the hybrid process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Strain", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 7, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 50, "end": 56}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 111, "end": 124}, {"text": "process", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 82, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting composites (Cu/ABS) have also been subjected to tensile loading with different layers of metal mesh, followed by microstructural analysis and comparative studies to serve as a proof of the methodology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "metal", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "as", "start": 185, "end": 187}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microstructural analysis", "start": 127, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 203, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the proposed hybrid process is very effective in producing metal/plastic composites with lower strain values compared to the parent plastic indicating a lower level of deformation due to interlocking of the metal and plastic layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 190, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 95, "end": 105}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 154, "end": 161}, {"text": "metal", "start": 229, "end": 234}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 239, "end": 246}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 117, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This effect has been reinforced by the tensile testing where the composites showed higher fracture load values compared to the parent plastic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 39, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructural analysis shows the layer of metal mesh sandwiched between ABS layers indicating the existence of a bond holding the layers of metal and plastic together.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Microstructural analysis", "start": 0, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 74, "end": 77}, {"text": "metal", "start": 142, "end": 147}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 152, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results demonstrate the capabilities and effectiveness of the proposed process that has shown promising results under tensile and static loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 47, "end": 60}, {"text": "process", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 124, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-mass-proportion TiCp/Ti6Al4V composites with fully dense prepared by directed energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 50, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 74, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The changes in microstructure and orientation relationship was discussed in detail.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 15, "end": 29}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 34, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness, wear resistance, and thermal conductivity increased, while tensile performance decreased with increasing TiCp content.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 10, "end": 25}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 31, "end": 51}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 69, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 77, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Titanium matrix composites (TMC) have potential applications in the aerospace industry because of their excellent performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Titanium", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "composites", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace industry", "start": 68, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 114, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The comprehensive performance of TMC mainly depends on the matrix, reinforcement and interface characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "interface", "start": 85, "end": 94}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 67, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Crack-free high-mass-proportion TiCp/Ti6Al4Vcomposites were successfully prepared by directed energy deposition (DED).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 85, "end": 111}, {"text": "DED", "start": 113, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, the refined α-Ti in the composites had a relatively weak texture.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 68, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the interface between primary TiC and α-Ti was a semi-coherent interface, exhibiting a 112-0 α-Ti // [110] TiC, 1-100 α-Ti // 1-11 TiC orientation relationship, which facilitated the heterogeneous nucleation of Ti and improved bonding of primary TiC with the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "interface", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 148, "end": 159}, {"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 196, "end": 220}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 240, "end": 247}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 224, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the increase in microhardness taking the form of a cubic function, the wear mechanism was found to transform from abrasive wear to slight delamination wear.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 21, "end": 34}, {"text": "wear mechanism", "start": 76, "end": 90}, {"text": "abrasive wear", "start": 119, "end": 132}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 143, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the fact that both UMT and primary TiC bonded well with Ti64 matrix, they shared partial friction to protect matrix from severe abrasion, resulting in an excellent wear resistance of composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti64", "start": 63, "end": 67}, {"text": "composites", "start": 190, "end": 200}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "friction", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 171, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the thermal conductivity of 50% TiCp/Ti6Al4V was 9.063 W∙m-1∙K-1, which was nearly 26.5% higher than that of Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 14, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 119, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Owing to the premature cracking of brittle UMT and dendritic TiC, the tensile strength and elongation of the composite with 50% TiCp were 515.5 MPa and 1.83%, which decreased by 45.8% and 78.8%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 144, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 70, "end": 86}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Adding a high proportion of TiCp can significantly improve the hardness and wear resistance of TMC, whereas it is detrimental to the tensile performance of TMC.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 141, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study have significant implications for the design of novel TMC, particularly for the aerospace industrial applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 90, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the design of a high speed, high resolution silicon based thermal imaging instrument and its application to thermally image the temperature distributions of an electron beam melting additive manufacturing system.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "high resolution", "start": 48, "end": 63}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 148, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 138, "end": 143}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 160, "end": 173}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electron beam melting additive manufacturing system", "start": 180, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Typically, thermal images are produced at mid or long wavelengths of infrared radiation.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "thermal images", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 69, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the shorter wavelengths that silicon focal plane arrays are sensitive to allows the use of standard windows in the optical path.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silicon", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 97, "end": 105}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 121, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It also affords fewer modifications to the machine and enables us to make use of mature silicon camera technology.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "camera", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "silicon", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this new instrument, in situ thermal imaging of the entire build area has been made possible at high speed, allowing defect detection and melt pool tracking.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "defect", "start": 122, "end": 128}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "build area", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 143, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt pool tracking was used to implement an emissivity correction algorithm, which produced more accurate temperatures of the melted areas of the layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Melt pool", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "melted", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 97, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 133, "end": 138}, {"text": "layer", "start": 146, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simple, one-step copper electrodeposition on conductive 3D objects Only the most conductive filament enables uniform electroplating.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Simple", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "electroplating", "start": 117, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "filament", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "application": [{"text": "3D objects", "start": 56, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electroplating with additives reduces the surface roughness of the print by 2.4x.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electroplating", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "print", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "additives", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 42, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrical resistance improved by 100x after one-step electrodeposition Quality factor of 3D printed inductor is improved by 1740x after electrodeposition.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Quality", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing with electrically conductive filaments enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of electronics, but the performance of such devices can be limited by the fact that the most conductive thermoplastic-based filaments for 3D printing are 3750 times less conductive than copper.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 231, "end": 242}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrically", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 96, "end": 107}, {"text": "performance", "start": 117, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "be", "start": 149, "end": 151}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 217, "end": 226}, {"text": "copper", "start": 279, "end": 285}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 59, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study explores the use of one-step electrodeposition of copper onto electrically conductive 3D printed objects as a way to improve their conductivity and performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 61, "end": 67}, {"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrically", "start": 73, "end": 85}, {"text": "performance", "start": 159, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 142, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparison of three different commercially-available conductive filaments demonstrates that only the most conductive commercially available filament could enable one-step electrodeposition of uniform copper films.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "filament", "start": 140, "end": 148}, {"text": "copper", "start": 200, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrodeposition improved the electrical conductivity and the ampacity of 3D printed traces by 94 and 17 times respectively, compared to the as-printed object.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 31, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 75, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The areal surface roughness of the objects was reduced from 9.3 to 6.9 μm after electrodeposition, and a further reduction in surface roughness to 3.9 μm could be achieved through the addition of organic additives to the electrodeposition bath.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 10, "end": 27}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 126, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 113, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 160, "end": 162}, {"text": "additives", "start": 204, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Copper electrodeposition improved the quality factor of a 3D printed inductor by 1740 times and the gain of a 3D printed horn antenna by 1 dB.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Copper", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 100, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One-step electrodeposition is a fast and simple way to improve the conductivity and performance of 3D printed electronic components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 67, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wide usage of Inconel 718 alloy is based on its fusion weldability and its availability in many different forms including cast, wrought and powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 18, "end": 35}, {"text": "powder", "start": 144, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 52, "end": 58}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 126, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus with the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for metals, Inconel 718 is a prime candidate for materials to be considered.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 27, "end": 49}, {"text": "AM", "start": 51, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 70, "end": 76}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 78, "end": 89}, {"text": "be", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 115, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powders that have been developed for powder metallurgy are readily available for use in various AM processes such as selected laser melting (SLM) powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powders", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder metallurgy", "start": 37, "end": 54}, {"text": "AM processes", "start": 96, "end": 108}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 141, "end": 144}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While much research has focused on optimizing the deposition parameters to achieve fully densified specimens, subsequent heat treatments and their effect on the microstructure also need to be understood.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 161, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densified", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 121, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 189, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study evaluated the microstructure of SLM specimens of Inconel 718 after various heat treatments and compared the resulting effect on the quasi-static mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 25, "end": 39}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 143, "end": 155}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 156, "end": 177}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 86, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 60, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) has received a great deal of attention for the ability to produce three dimensional parts via laser heating.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "heating", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One recently proposed method of making microscale AM parts is through microscale selective laser sintering (μ-SLS) where nanoparticles replace the traditional powders used in standard SLS processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microscale", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "microscale", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 121, "end": 134}, {"text": "standard", "start": 175, "end": 183}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 91, "end": 106}, {"text": "SLS processes", "start": 184, "end": 197}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 159, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, there are many challenges to understanding the physics of the process at nanoscale as well as with conducting experiments at that scale; hence, modeling and computational simulations are vital to understand the sintering process physics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physics", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "process", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "process physics", "start": 230, "end": 245}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 153, "end": 161}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 180, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 220, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the sub-micron (μm) level, the interaction between nanoparticles under high power laser heating raises additional near-field thermal issues such as thermal diffusivity, effective absorptivity, and extinction coefficients compared to larger scales.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "sub-micron", "start": 7, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 79, "end": 84}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 148, "end": 150}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffusivity", "start": 159, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, nanoparticle's distribution behavior and characteristic properties are very important to understanding the thermal analysis of nanoparticles in a μ-SLS process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 21, "end": 33}, {"text": "properties", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 133, "end": 146}, {"text": "process", "start": 158, "end": 165}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 113, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a discrete element modeling (DEM) study of how copper nanoparticles of given particle size distribution pack together in a μ-SLS powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "element", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "copper", "start": 67, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle size distribution", "start": 97, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Initially, nanoparticles are distributed randomly into the bed domain with a random initial velocity vector and set boundary conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 11, "end": 24}, {"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 116, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 59, "end": 62}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 112, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particles are then allowed to move in discrete time steps until they reach a final steady state position, which creates the particle packing within the powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "steady state", "start": 87, "end": 99}, {"text": "particle", "start": 128, "end": 136}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 156, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The particles are subject to both gravitational and cohesive forces since cohesive forces become important at the nanoscale.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "forces", "start": 61, "end": 67}, {"text": "forces", "start": 83, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A set of simulations was performed for different cases under both Gaussian and log-normal particle size distributions with different standard deviations.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 2, "end": 5}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Gaussian", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "particle size distributions", "start": 90, "end": 117}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviations", "start": 133, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, this paper suggests a potential method to overcome the agglomeration effects in μ-SLS powder beds through the use of colloidal nanoparticle solutions that minimize the cohesive interactions between individual nanoparticles.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder beds", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "colloidal", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 222, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Grain morphology control is a challenging issue for additive manufactured NiTi alloy, which directly affects the functional properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Grain", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "properties", "start": 124, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 52, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 79, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, La2O3 addition was applied to control microstructure and improve functional properties of directed energy deposited (DED) NiTi alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "La2O3", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "NiTi alloy", "start": 136, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 52, "end": 66}, {"text": "properties", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 131, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that the DEDed NiTi alloy mainly consisted of NiTi (B2) columnar grains and some coarse NiTi2 phases within and at the boundaries of NiTi grains.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "NiTi alloy", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "NiTi", "start": 65, "end": 69}, {"text": "NiTi", "start": 152, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 75, "end": 90}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of La2O3 led to the promotion of columnar-to-equiaxed transition and grain refinement of NiTi (B2) phase.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "La2O3", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "NiTi", "start": 102, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "phase", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 82, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "La2O3 and LaNi secondary phases can be found in the DEDed NiTi alloy with La2O3 addition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "La2O3", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "be", "start": 36, "end": 38}, {"text": "NiTi alloy", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "La2O3", "start": 74, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The La2O3 precipitate could act as the effective heterogeneous nucleation site and the NiTi2 or LaNi precipitates could pin the grain boundaries contributing to the grain refinement and the formation of equiaxed grains of NiTi (B2) phase.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "La2O3", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 101, "end": 113}, {"text": "NiTi", "start": 222, "end": 226}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 49, "end": 73}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 128, "end": 144}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 203, "end": 218}, {"text": "phase", "start": 232, "end": 237}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "grain refinement", "start": 165, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The introduction of La2O3 could also refine the phase size and adjust morphology of NiTi2 phase, which was attributed to the increase of nucleation sites and more dispersed L (Ti-rich) .The temperatures and latent heat of phase transformation evidently increase with La2O3 addition due to the decrease in the Ni content and La dissolved into NiTi (B2) phase.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "La2O3", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "La2O3", "start": 267, "end": 272}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 309, "end": 311}, {"text": "La", "start": 324, "end": 326}, {"text": "NiTi", "start": 342, "end": 346}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "phase", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 137, "end": 147}, {"text": "heat", "start": 214, "end": 218}, {"text": "phase", "start": 222, "end": 227}, {"text": "phase", "start": 352, "end": 357}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 190, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Improved superelasticity property was achieved after La2O3 addition owing to the promotion of grain order and yield strength of NiTi (B2) phase and the reduction of resistance from NiTi2 phase for the interface movement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "property", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "grain", "start": 94, "end": 99}, {"text": "phase", "start": 138, "end": 143}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 152, "end": 161}, {"text": "phase", "start": 187, "end": 192}, {"text": "interface", "start": 201, "end": 210}], "material": [{"text": "La2O3", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "NiTi", "start": 128, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 110, "end": 124}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 165, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanisms underlying the evolution of texture and microstructure during selective laser melting (SLM) and their combined effects on the mechanical response of 316L stainless steel are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 51, "end": 65}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 137, "end": 156}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 73, "end": 96}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 98, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 160, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long columnar grains with a fiber texture < 110 > || build direction (BD) evolved in the SLM printed material.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 5, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "material", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 53, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 89, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fiber texture was stronger in the horizontal build compared to the vertical build.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fiber", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "build", "start": 76, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 67, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Use of bidirectional scanning strategy enforced epitaxial growth of grains across melt pools present within a single printed layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategy", "start": 21, "end": 38}, {"text": "grains", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 125, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "< 110 > || BD texture evolved as a consequence of maintaining the balance between epitaxy and growth of [100] along maximum thermal gradient.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "epitaxy", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradient", "start": 124, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High dislocation density and not grain size effect of the ultra-fine cellular structure, imparted high strength to 316L.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "dislocation density", "start": 5, "end": 24}, {"text": "grain size", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "strength", "start": 103, "end": 111}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 69, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lower average Schmid factor and smaller effective grain size in the horizontal build by virtues of crystallographic and morphological textures, respectively, imparted higher yield strength than the vertical build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 198, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 174, "end": 188}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 79, "end": 84}, {"text": "build", "start": 207, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The horizontal build demonstrated higher strain hardening rate in the early stages of deformation compared to the vertical build due to higher crystallographic texture dependent twinning.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "build", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 41, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 86, "end": 97}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 114, "end": 122}, {"text": "twinning", "start": 178, "end": 186}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 160, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the higher rate of dislocation annihilation led to a continuous decline in the strain hardening rate of the horizontal build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 28, "end": 39}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 53, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 88, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 128, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, a stable strain hardening rate was maintained in the vertical build, which led to higher ductility than the horizontal build.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 22, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "build", "start": 132, "end": 137}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 88, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 102, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In summary, the roles of non-equilibrium microstructure and texture (crystallographic and morphological) in regulating mechanical properties elucidated here, can be utilized in designing additively manufactured structural components of 316L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 119, "end": 140}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 162, "end": 164}, {"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 236, "end": 256}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 187, "end": 210}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 222, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spatter particles ejected from the melt pool after melting of 316 L stainless steel by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (LPBF), were found to contain morphologies not observed in as-atomized 316 L powder.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Spatter", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 164, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "powder", "start": 211, "end": 217}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 87, "end": 133}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 135, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This spatter consisted of large, spherical particles, highly dendritic surfaces, particles with caps of accreted liquid, and agglomerations of multiple individual particles fixed together by liquid ligaments.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical particles", "start": 33, "end": 52}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "particles", "start": 81, "end": 90}, {"text": "particles", "start": 163, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The focus of this study is on an additional, unique spatter morphology consisting of larger, spherical particles with surface oxide spots exhibiting a wide distribution of surface configurations, including organized patterning.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "spherical particles", "start": 93, "end": 112}, {"text": "surface", "start": 118, "end": 125}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 156, "end": 168}, {"text": "surface", "start": 172, "end": 179}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 126, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spatter particles with organized surface oxide patterns were characterized for surface and internal particle features using multiple imaging techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Spatter", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "surface", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "surface", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "particle", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The following observations are made: 1) spots resided at the spatter particle surface and did not significantly penetrate the interior, 2) the spot (s) were amorphous and rich in Silicon (Si) -Manganese (Mn) -Oxygen (O), 3) a two-part Chromium (Cr) -O rich layer exists between the particle and spot, 4) Cr-O rich morphological features were present at the top surface of the spots, 5) the spatter particle composition was consistent with 316 L but appeared to decrease in Si content into the spatter particle away from a spot, and 6) small Si-rich spherical particles existed within the spatter particle interior.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 390, "end": 397}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 493, "end": 500}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 588, "end": 595}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "particle", "start": 282, "end": 290}, {"text": "surface", "start": 361, "end": 368}, {"text": "particle", "start": 398, "end": 406}, {"text": "composition", "start": 407, "end": 418}, {"text": "particle", "start": 501, "end": 509}, {"text": "spherical particles", "start": 549, "end": 568}, {"text": "particle", "start": 596, "end": 604}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 149, "end": 150}, {"text": "Silicon", "start": 179, "end": 186}, {"text": "Si", "start": 188, "end": 190}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 204, "end": 206}, {"text": "O", "start": 217, "end": 218}, {"text": "Chromium", "start": 235, "end": 243}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 245, "end": 247}, {"text": "Si", "start": 473, "end": 475}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 257, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the fatigue properties of binder-jet 3D-printed nickel-base superalloy 625 were evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 52, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Standard fatigue specimens were printed and sintered, then half of the samples were mechanically ground, while the other half were left in their as-sintered state.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Standard", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "samples", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "as-sintered", "start": 145, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "They were then characterized using micro-computed x-ray tomography, metallographic sample examination, and optical and stylus profilometry for surface topography.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray tomography", "start": 50, "end": 66}, {"text": "optical", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 83, "end": 89}, {"text": "surface topography", "start": 143, "end": 161}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "stylus", "start": 119, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The micro-computed tomography observations showed that density of the as-printed sample was ∼50%, while the sintered sample neared full densification (98.9 ± 0.3%) upon sintering at 1285 °C for 4 h in a vacuum atmosphere.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-computed tomography", "start": 4, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "sample", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "densification", "start": 136, "end": 149}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 169, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The metallographic examination showed equiaxed grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 38, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The roughness of the as-sintered samples was significant with an RMS roughness of Rq = 1.39 ± 0.20 μm as measured over a line-scan of 5 mm, but this was reduced to Rq = 0.47 ± 0.02 μm after mechanical grinding.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "as-sintered", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "mm", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "grinding", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 190, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All samples were tested to failure in fatigue, under fully-reversed tension-compression conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "failure", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 38, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the as-sintered samples showed poor fatigue properties compared to prior reports on cast and milled parts, the ground samples showed superior performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "as-sintered", "start": 10, "end": 21}, {"text": "cast", "start": 90, "end": 94}, {"text": "milled", "start": 99, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 124, "end": 131}, {"text": "performance", "start": 148, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy observation was conducted on the fractured surfaces and showed that the samples underwent transgranular crack initiation, followed by intergranular crack growth and final failure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "samples", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 177, "end": 189}, {"text": "failure", "start": 200, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the mechanically ground sample, hardness increased nearly two-fold up to 75 μm beneath the sample’ s surface, and X-ray diffraction indicated an in-plane compressive stress, grain refinement, and micro-strain on the mechanically ground sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "sample", "start": 94, "end": 100}, {"text": "sample", "start": 239, "end": 245}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "compressive stress", "start": 157, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 102, "end": 103}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 117, "end": 134}, {"text": "grain refinement", "start": 177, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reduced roughness, surface hardening, and compressive stress resulted in increased fatigue life of the binder-jetted alloy 625.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 12, "end": 21}, {"text": "compressive stress", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 87, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface hardening", "start": 23, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 121, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Every SLM-fabricated component typically possesses a process-specific microstructure that fundamentally differs from any conventionally fabricated specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 21, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This publication addresses the evaluation of microstructure-related influencing factors on the resistance against cavitation erosion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 114, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We exemplarily compared the findings to a cast and hot rolled reference sample.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 42, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 72, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to careful adjustment of the process parameters, the overall cavitation erosion resistance of both SLM-processed and conventionally fabricated 316L are very much alike in the investigated case.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 33, "end": 51}, {"text": "cavitation", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 136, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The incubation period of intact surface areas is improved by the greater hardness and yield strength of the SLM specimen, which is attributable to an increased dislocation density and a smaller grain size.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface areas", "start": 32, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 86, "end": 100}, {"text": "dislocation density", "start": 160, "end": 179}, {"text": "grain size", "start": 194, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 108, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, processing and powder feeding during SLM-fabrication occasionally results in microstructural defects, at which pronounced mass loss during cavitation was registered.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feeding", "start": 29, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural defects", "start": 91, "end": 114}, {"text": "cavitation", "start": 153, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray measurements of the residual stresses reveal the development of severe compressive stresses that emerge after a few seconds of cavitation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "compressive stresses", "start": 77, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cavitation", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This compressive stress state delays the immediate propagation of SLM-inherent micro cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive stress", "start": 5, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, investigations of the microstructure in combination with examination of the ongoing surface deformation highlighted the emergence of coarse grains that grew towards the temperature gradient.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "surface", "start": 94, "end": 101}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "grains", "start": 150, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 179, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This effect leads to a temporarily high surface roughness, local stress concentrations and an increased probability of cavitation impacts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 40, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "local stress concentrations", "start": 59, "end": 86}, {"text": "probability", "start": 104, "end": 115}, {"text": "cavitation", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) wherein a metal part is built in a layer-by-layer manner in a powder bed is a promising and versatile way for manufacturing components with complex geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 140, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 65, "end": 79}, {"text": "complex geometry", "start": 170, "end": 186}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 92, "end": 102}, {"text": "components", "start": 154, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, components built by SLM suffer from substantial deformation of the part and residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 85, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Residual stresses arise due to temperature gradients inherent to the process and the accompanying deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Residual stresses", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 31, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 98, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is well known that the SLM process parameters and the laser scanning strategy have a substantial effect on the temperature transients of the part and henceforth on the degree of deformations and residual stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 26, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 30, "end": 48}, {"text": "deformations", "start": 181, "end": 193}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 114, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 198, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to provide a tool to investigate this relation, a semi-analytical thermal model of the SLM process is presented which determines the temperature evolution in a 3D part by way of representing the moving laser spot with a finite number of point heat sources.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "process", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 154, "end": 163}, {"text": "heat sources", "start": 252, "end": 264}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 96, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 142, "end": 153}], "application": [{"text": "3D part", "start": 169, "end": 176}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 211, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solution of the thermal problem is constructed from the superposition of analytical solutions for point sources which are known in semi-infinite space and complimentary numerical/analytical fields to impose the boundary conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "analytical solutions", "start": 77, "end": 97}, {"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 215, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The unique property of the formulation is that numerical discretisation of the problem domain is decoupled from the steep gradients in the temperature field associated with localised laser heat input.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "property", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "domain", "start": 87, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 139, "end": 150}, {"text": "laser heat", "start": 183, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This enables accurate and numerically tractable simulation of the process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 66, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The predictions of this semi-analytical model are validated by experiments and the exact solution known for a simple thermal problem.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "model", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "solution", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 110, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations for building a complete layer using two different scanning patterns and subsequently building of multiple layers with constant and rotating scanning patterns in successive layers are performed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "scanning patterns", "start": 62, "end": 79}, {"text": "scanning patterns", "start": 152, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computational efficiency of the semi-analytical tool is assessed which demonstrates its potential to gain physical insight in the full SLM process with acceptable computational costs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "computational efficiency", "start": 4, "end": 28}, {"text": "process", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 52, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "gain", "start": 105, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 139, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigated the processing of high nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "austenitic stainless steels", "start": 63, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 94, "end": 117}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prior to L-PBF processing, the AISI 316 L steel powder was nitrided at a temperature of 675°C in a 3 bar nitrogen atmosphere, thus achieving a N content of 0.58 mass-%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "nitrided", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "steel powder", "start": 42, "end": 54}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 105, "end": 113}, {"text": "N", "start": 143, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 73, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By mixing nitrided 316 L powder with untreated 316 L powder, two different powder mixtures were obtained with 0.065 mass-% and 0.27 mass-% nitrogen, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 3, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "powder", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "powder", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After nitriding and mixing, the powder was characterized in terms of its flow properties and chemical composition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "nitriding", "start": 6, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "properties", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 93, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 32, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The nitrided steel powder was then processed by L-PBF, and the microstructure as well as the chemical composition were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and carrier gas hot extraction.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "nitrided", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 35, "end": 44}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 93, "end": 113}, {"text": "gas", "start": 185, "end": 188}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 144, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was shown that nitriding of steel powders in an N2 atmosphere can be used to significantly increase the nitrogen content of the powder without impairing its flow properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "nitriding", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "steel powders", "start": 31, "end": 44}, {"text": "N2", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 107, "end": 115}, {"text": "powder", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 165, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing nitrogen content of the powder, the porosity within the L-PBF built specimens increased.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nitrogen", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "powder", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 72, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, both the yield strength and the tensile strength were greatly improved without a marked reduction in the elongation at fracture of the respective steels.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 41, "end": 57}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 114, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 128, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "steels", "start": 155, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work shows that nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels can be processed by L-PBF and the mechanical properties can be improved.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "austenitic stainless steels", "start": 38, "end": 65}, {"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "be", "start": 126, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 86, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 100, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has broad application prospects due to its high fabrication accuracy and excellent performance, but the dynamic mechanical properties of LPBF components are relatively low due to defects of the melt track such as protrusions and depressions, whose generation mechanisms remain unclear.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 168, "end": 172}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 114, "end": 125}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 135, "end": 142}, {"text": "properties", "start": 154, "end": 164}, {"text": "defects", "start": 210, "end": 217}, {"text": "melt", "start": 225, "end": 229}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 173, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 241, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we investigate the correlation between the ex situ melt track properties and the in situ high-speed, high-resolution characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 65, "end": 69}, {"text": "properties", "start": 76, "end": 86}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 115, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We correlate the protrusion at the starting position of the melt track with the droplet ejection behaviour and backward surging melt.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "melt", "start": 128, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also reveal that the inclination angles of the depression walls are consistent with the ejection angles of the backward-ejected spatter.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "inclination angles", "start": 24, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "ejection", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 131, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, we quantify the vapour recoil pressure by in situ characterization of the deflection of the typical forward-ejected spatter.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results clarify the intrinsic correlation of the melt track properties, which is important for the stable LPBF formation with few defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 53, "end": 57}, {"text": "properties", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "defects", "start": 134, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 110, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers have been largely limited to thermoplastics in the past but with new composite materials available on the market there are new possibilities for what these machines can produce.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "machines", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 74, "end": 88}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 114, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using a conductive composite filament, electronic components can be manufactured but due to the filament’ s relatively poor electrical properties, the resulting traces are typically highly resistive.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "filament", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "s", "start": 106, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrical properties", "start": 124, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective electroplating on these parts is one approach to incorporate materials with high conductivity onto 3D-printed structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electroplating", "start": 10, "end": 24}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 91, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, non-conductive and conductive filaments printed in the same part are used to enable selective electroplating directly on regions defined by the conductive filament to create metallic parts through 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "filament", "start": 170, "end": 178}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electroplating", "start": 109, "end": 123}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 212, "end": 223}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic parts", "start": 189, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This technique is demonstrated for the creation of multiple distinct conductive segments and to electroplate the same part with multiple metals to, for instance, allow a magnetic metal such as nickel and a highly conductive one such as copper to be incorporated in the same part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metals", "start": 137, "end": 143}, {"text": "metal", "start": 179, "end": 184}, {"text": "as", "start": 190, "end": 192}, {"text": "as", "start": 233, "end": 235}, {"text": "be", "start": 246, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Following the characterization of the process, a representative 3D printed electrical device, a selectively electroplated solenoid inductor with low frequency inductance and resistance of 191 nH and 18.7 mΩ respectively was manufactured using this technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 224, "end": 236}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "inductor", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 174, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is a five order of magnitude reduction in resistance over the original value of 3 kΩ for the inductor before electroplating.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "inductor", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electroplating", "start": 114, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous research on periodic lattice structures shows these structures are highly mechanically efficient with exceptionally high stiffness- and strength-to-weight ratios.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 30, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing technologies allow the construction slender member structures with complicated macroscale shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 46, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscale", "start": 102, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Structures with large numbers of geometric objects cause the conventional methods for manipulating, storing, and slicing the geometry of these parts via STL files to be highly inefficient.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slicing", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "STL", "start": 153, "end": 156}, {"text": "files", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 166, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work describes an alternate design process for slender member structures using efficient methods for manipulating, storing, and slicing the geometry of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design process", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 133, "end": 140}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 145, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These new methods, in particular a fast, efficient direct slicing method, enable printing slender member structures with over one hundred thousand struts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "direct slicing", "start": 51, "end": 65}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 147, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, martensitic cold-work tool steel X65MoCrWV3-2 was processed by selective laser melting (SLM) by varying the laser scanning parameters and baseplate preheating temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 78, "end": 101}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 103, "end": 106}, {"text": "preheating", "start": 163, "end": 173}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity as well as crack density of the SLM-densified steel were determined by quantitative image analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "density", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "as", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "steel", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 80, "end": 92}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 93, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting microstructure and the associated local mechanical properties were characterized, and the hardness-tempering behavior of the SLM-densified steel was compared to the behavior of the conventionally manufactured X65MoCrWV3-2 steel in the cast and hot-formed condition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 14, "end": 28}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 54, "end": 75}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 210, "end": 222}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 153, "end": 158}, {"text": "steel", "start": 236, "end": 241}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 249, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Regardless of the preheating temperature, SLM-densified X65MoCrWV3-2 possesses a porosity of less than 0.5 vol.-%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 81, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The crack density was reduced significantly by means of a higher preheating temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure after SLM densification shows a fine, equiaxed cellular-dendritic subgrain structure, superimposed by lath- or needle-like martensite.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "structure", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "densification", "start": 29, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 142, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The martensite morphology appeared to be finer at a lower preheating temperature, whereas the observed subgrain structure did not seem to be influenced by the preheating temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "be", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "preheating", "start": 159, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 112, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness measurements indicated tempering effects in first solidified layers caused by the densification of subsequently deposited layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempering", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "densification", "start": 96, "end": 109}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 126, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Peak hardness after tempering of the SLM-densified steel was found to be higher compared to the maximum hardness in the X65MoCrWV3-2 steel in the cast condition.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempering", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "cast", "start": 146, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 51, "end": 56}, {"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "steel", "start": 133, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to ensure a reliable and repeatable additive manufacturing process, the material delivery rate in the directed energy deposition (DED) process requires in situ monitoring and control.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 45, "end": 75}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 111, "end": 137}, {"text": "DED", "start": 139, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper demonstrates acoustic emission (AE) sensing as a method of monitoring the flow of powder feedstock in a powder fed DED process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "acoustic emission", "start": 24, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "powder", "start": 115, "end": 121}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 93, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 126, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With minimal calibration, this signal closely correlates to the actual mass flow rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 76, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article describes the fabricated mass flow monitoring system, documents various conditions in which the actual flow rate deviates from its set value, and details situations that highlight the system’ s utility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 116, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 144, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 205, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented here highlights the results obtained and illustrates that accurate monitoring of powder flow in real-time regardless of environmental conditions within the build chamber is possible.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 100, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 175, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) that involves multiple physical processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective electron beam melting", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 33, "end": 37}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}, {"text": "AM", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "physical processes", "start": 103, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of its unique process conditions compared to other AM processes, a detailed investigation into the molten pool behavior and dominant physics of SEBM is required.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 107, "end": 118}, {"text": "physics", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "SEBM", "start": 152, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fluid convection involves mass and heat transfer; therefore, fluid flow can have a profound effect on solidification conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fluid", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 102, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, computational thermal-fluid dynamics simulations with multi-physical modeling and proof-of-concept experiments were used to analyze the molten pool behavior and resultant thermal conditions related to solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 52, "end": 63}, {"text": "modeling", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 151, "end": 162}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 216, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Marangoni effect of molten metal primarily determines fluid behavior and is a critical factor affecting the molten pool instability in SEBM of the Co–Cr–Mo alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "molten metal", "start": 24, "end": 36}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 58, "end": 63}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 160, "end": 165}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "critical factor", "start": 82, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 112, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SEBM", "start": 139, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solidification parameters calculated from simulated data, especially the solidification rate, are sensitive to the local fluid flow at the solidification front.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification parameters", "start": 4, "end": 29}, {"text": "data", "start": 56, "end": 60}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 143, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "solidification rate", "start": 77, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 125, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combined with experimental analysis, the results presented herein indicate that active fluid convection at the solidification front increase the probability of new grain formation, which suppresses the epitaxial growth of columnar grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 111, "end": 125}, {"text": "probability", "start": 145, "end": 156}, {"text": "grain", "start": 164, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 202, "end": 211}, {"text": "columnar grains", "start": 222, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capability of Additive Manufacturing (AM) to manufacture multi-materials allows the fabrication of complex and multifunctional objects with heterogeneous material compositions and varying mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "AM", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 88, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 144, "end": 157}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 192, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material jetting AM process specifically has the capability to manufacture multi-material structures with both rigid and flexible material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material jetting AM process", "start": 4, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 67, "end": 78}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 134, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing research has investigated the fatigue properties of 3D printed multi-material specimens and shows that there is a weakness at multi-material interfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "multi-material interfaces", "start": 135, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper seeks to, instead, investigate the effects of gradual material transitions on the fatigue life of 3D printed multi-material specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 93, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to examine the fatigue life at the multi-material interface, stepwise gradients are compared against continuous gradients created through voxel-based design.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 24, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material interface", "start": 44, "end": 68}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 159, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results demonstrate the effects of different material gradient patterns and different material transition lengths on the fatigue life of multi-material specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material gradient", "start": 45, "end": 62}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 137, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 121, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the behavior of individual material composites is studied to confirm how gradient designs based on different material compositions affect their material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material composites", "start": 40, "end": 59}, {"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 157, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wire-based direct energy deposition of metallic lightweight materials such as titanium or aluminium alloys has recently received increasing attention in industry and academia.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 15, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}, {"text": "aluminium alloys", "start": 94, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 52, "end": 63}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, high-throughput deposition is mostly associated with process-limiting phenomena such as the development of high temperatures resulting in poor surface quality as well as coarse and unidirectional solidification microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "unidirectional solidification", "start": 190, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "as", "start": 168, "end": 170}, {"text": "as", "start": 176, "end": 178}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 220, "end": 235}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 121, "end": 133}, {"text": "surface quality", "start": 152, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this regard, laser systems, which are already widely used in industrial processes, allow for a great variety in the controllability of energy inputs, thereby enabling the control of process temperatures and resulting microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 185, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 220, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The subject of the current study is the detailed elucidation and evaluation of important features such as the development of temperature gradients, resulting cooling rates and thermal cycles for different laser beam irradiances.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 103, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 125, "end": 146}, {"text": "cooling rates", "start": 158, "end": 171}, {"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 176, "end": 190}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 205, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant heat accumulation and process instabilities as well as inhomogeneous thermal profiles along the length and height of the parts were observed at a high laser beam irradiance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 12, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "thermal profiles", "start": 81, "end": 97}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 163, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, lower laser beam irradiance resulted in a more stable process with increased cooling rates, which favourably influenced the refinement of the solidification microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "process", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 155, "end": 184}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 90, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing process, because it has the capacity to build parts from a variety of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 53, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 104, "end": 112}, {"text": "materials", "start": 146, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 116, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the dimensional accuracy of the fabricated parts in this process is dependent on the ability to control phenomena such as warpage and shrinkage.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "process", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research presents an optimization algorithm to find the best processing parameters for minimizing warpage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "optimization algorithm", "start": 26, "end": 48}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "warpage", "start": 103, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The finite element method was used to simulate the sintering of a layer of polymer powder, and the warpage of the layer was calculated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "warpage", "start": 99, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 66, "end": 71}, {"text": "layer", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The numerical model was verified through comparison with experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 57, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A back-propagation neural network was used to formulate the mapping between the design variables and the objective function.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "neural network", "start": 19, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 80, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results of 40 simulation cases with various input parameters such as scanning pattern and speed, laser power, surrounding temperature, and layer thickness were used to train and test the neutral network.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 97, "end": 108}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 122, "end": 133}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 139, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, The Genetic Algorithm was employed to optimize the objective function, and the influence of parameters on warpage was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Genetic Algorithm", "start": 13, "end": 30}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 101, "end": 111}, {"text": "warpage", "start": 115, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Insight into the performance of fibre-reinforced functionally graded lattices (FGLs) from an experimental perspective.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 93, "end": 105}], "feature": [{"text": "functionally graded lattices", "start": 49, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effect of grading severity and build direction on the stiffness, energy absorption and structural response of FGLs.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 31, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 65, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Categorization of FGLs with regards to ideally bending/stretching-dominated lattices, as proposed by Gibson-Ashby model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "Gibson-Ashby model", "start": 101, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 86, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Semi-empirical analysis of the energy absorption and stiffness estimation for higher fibre volume fraction (Halpin-Tsai).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 31, "end": 48}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "fibre", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 98, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "the scope for fine-tuning the properties of lattices to harness the potential for multi-functional AM-parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 44, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Architectured structures, particularly functionally graded lattices, are receiving much attention in both industry and academia as they facilitate the customization of the structural response and harness the potential for multi-functional applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "functionally graded lattices", "start": 39, "end": 67}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work experimentally investigates how the severity of density and unit cell size grading as well as the building direction affects the stiffness, energy absorption and structural response of additively manufactured (AM) short fibre-reinforced lattices with same relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 25, "end": 37}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 247, "end": 255}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 139, "end": 148}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 266, "end": 282}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "as", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "parameter": [{"text": "building direction", "start": 108, "end": 126}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 150, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 195, "end": 218}, {"text": "AM", "start": 220, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens composed of tessellated body-centred cubic (BCC), Schwarz-P (SP) and Gyroid (GY) unit cells were tested under compression.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "BCC", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 120, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared to the uniform lattices of equal density, it was found, that modest density grading has a positive and no effect on the total compressive stiffness of SP and BCC lattices, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 24, "end": 32}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 167, "end": 170}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "density", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unit cell size grading had no significant influence on the stiffness and revealed an elastomer-like performance as opposed to the density graded lattices of the same relative density, suggesting a foam-like behaviour.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Unit cell", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "performance", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 145, "end": 153}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "density", "start": 130, "end": 137}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 166, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Density grading of bending-dominated unit cell lattices showcased better energy absorption capability for small displacements, whereas grading of the stretching-dominated counterparts is advantageous for large displacements when compared to the ungraded lattice.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Density", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 73, "end": 90}], "feature": [{"text": "ungraded lattice", "start": 245, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The severity of unit cell size graded lattices does not affect the energy absorption capability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 67, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a power-law approach was used to semi-empirically derive a formula that predicts the cumulative energy absorption as a function of the density gradient and relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 105, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 123, "end": 125}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density gradient", "start": 144, "end": 160}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 165, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and mechanical properties of lattice structures of various relative densities manufactured by Electron Beam Melting were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 23, "end": 44}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 97, "end": 109}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 48, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 78, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 113, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Special interest was given to the effect of surface roughness on their elastic behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 44, "end": 61}, {"text": "elastic", "start": 71, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression testing revealed that the important decrease in roughness caused by chemical etching results in an increase in relative stiffness, in comparison with an as-built structure of the same relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Compression", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 132, "end": 141}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 196, "end": 212}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 174, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the material and mechanical properties of both polyamide 12 (PA12) and reinforced glass bead PA12 composites, fabricated using a production scale additive manufacturing (AM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 41, "end": 62}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 95, "end": 105}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 134, "end": 144}, {"text": "process", "start": 198, "end": 205}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 28, "end": 36}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 71, "end": 83}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 85, "end": 89}, {"text": "glass bead", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "composites", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 153, "end": 163}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 170, "end": 192}, {"text": "AM", "start": 194, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printing studies were carried out using the production scale, Multi Jet Fusion powder bed fusion process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "Multi Jet Fusion", "start": 66, "end": 82}, {"text": "bed fusion", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study demonstrated that the chemical functionality and the thermal properties of the printed PA 12 parts and the glass bead composite, were similar.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 63, "end": 81}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "glass bead", "start": 117, "end": 127}, {"text": "composite", "start": 128, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on DSC measurements, the melting temperature was 184 °C and 186 °C and the associated cooling cycle temperature was 150 °C and 146 °C for the composite and the PA12 respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 9, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 31, "end": 50}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 106, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 148, "end": 157}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 166, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The percentage crystallinity of the glass bead composite was 24%, compared with the 31% obtained for the PA12 only parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "glass bead", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "composite", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 105, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on mechanical tests, the addition of glass beads increased the tensile and flexural modulus by 85% and 36% and lowered the tensile and flexural strength by 39% and 15% respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 9, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "glass beads", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "flexural strength", "start": 141, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of print orientation during the MJF process was evaluated based on porosity and mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "MJF", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 91, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using X-ray micro computed tomography, it was demonstrated that the porosity of the PA12 and composite parts were less than 1%.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray micro computed tomography", "start": 6, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 84, "end": 88}, {"text": "composite", "start": 93, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymer and composite parts printed in the ZYX orientation were found to exhibit both the lowest porosity and highest mechanical strengths.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polymer", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "composite", "start": 12, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "mechanical strengths", "start": 118, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spatiotemporal variations of the molten pool and deposit profiles during laser Directed Energy Deposition (DED) largely affect the formation of printing defects and the build quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 37, "end": 48}, {"text": "defects", "start": 157, "end": 164}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 77, "end": 109}, {"text": "DED", "start": 111, "end": 114}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 173, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quantitative assessment of the dependencies of molten pool characteristics on critical process variables is helpful to reveal the evolution of the depositing tracks.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Quantitative assessment", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "process", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To this end, a novel 3D transient phenomenological model was developed in this work to explore the evolution of the temperature and velocity fields and the molten pool dimensions for both single-track and multi-track laser DED deposits.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "phenomenological model", "start": 34, "end": 56}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 99, "end": 108}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 156, "end": 167}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 116, "end": 127}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 217, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 223, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computed deposit profiles showed that the contact angles of the single-tracks increased significantly with higher MUL intensity.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 46, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results showed that convex deposit profiles obtained at high MUL intensity further caused inter-track voids during multi-track deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 117, "end": 122}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 142, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To compare the effect of selective laser melting variables on different mechanical properties and compare the results.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 25, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 72, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Statistical analysis was used for characterising the interaction and effect of parameters on the hardness and density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "density", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Describing the governing phenomena on melting pool rheology and its effect on density and hardness.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheology", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "density", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 90, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we printed Ti-6Al-4V SLM parts based on Taguchi design of experiment and related standards to measure and compare hardness with different mechanical properties that were obtained in our previous research such as density, strength, elongation, and average surface.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "as", "start": 224, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 36, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiment", "start": 63, "end": 83}, {"text": "standards", "start": 96, "end": 105}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 153, "end": 174}, {"text": "research", "start": 210, "end": 218}, {"text": "average", "start": 262, "end": 269}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 129, "end": 137}, {"text": "strength", "start": 236, "end": 244}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 246, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then the effect of process parameters comprising laser power, scan speed, hatch space, laser pattern angle coupling, along with heat treatment as a post-process, in relation to hardness was analysed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 19, "end": 37}, {"text": "post-process", "start": 148, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 128, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 177, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Another contribution is related to the analysis of process parameters in relation to hardness and explaining them by rheological phenomena.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 51, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "rheological", "start": 117, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed an interesting similarity between hardness and density which is highly related to the formation of the melting pool and porosities within the process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "density", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "porosities", "start": 139, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The layerwise production paradigm entailed in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) offers the opportunity to acquire a wide range of information about the process stability and the part quality while the part is being manufactured.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 46, "end": 69}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 71, "end": 75}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 149, "end": 156}, {"text": "quality", "start": 180, "end": 187}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 212, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different authors pointed out that high-resolution imaging of each printed layer combined with image segmentation methods can be used to detect powder recoating errors together with surface and geometrical defects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 35, "end": 50}, {"text": "layer", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 95, "end": 100}, {"text": "errors", "start": 161, "end": 167}, {"text": "surface", "start": 182, "end": 189}, {"text": "defects", "start": 206, "end": 213}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "powder", "start": 144, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper presents the first study aimed at characterizing the accuracy of in-situ contour identification in LPBF layerwise images by means of a measurement system performance characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 63, "end": 71}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 145, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ contour", "start": 75, "end": 90}, {"text": "images", "start": 124, "end": 130}, {"text": "performance", "start": 164, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 109, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different active contours segmentation methods are compared, and the sources of variability of the resulting measurements are investigated in terms of repeatability, part-to-part and build-to-build variability.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 80, "end": 91}, {"text": "repeatability", "start": 151, "end": 164}, {"text": "variability", "start": 198, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study also analyses and compares the sensitivity of in-situ measurements to different lighting conditions and laser scan directions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 41, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 114, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that, by combining appropriate image pre-processing and segmentation algorithms with suitable lighting configurations, a high measurement repeatability can be achieved, i.e., a pure error that is up to one order of magnitude lower than the total measurement variability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "error", "start": 199, "end": 204}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 143, "end": 154}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 263, "end": 274}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 232, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This performance enables the detection of major geometric deviations and it paves the way to the design of statistical in-situ quality monitoring tools that rely on layerwise image segmentation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 5, "end": 16}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 119, "end": 126}, {"text": "image", "start": 175, "end": 180}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 97, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 146, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous studies have shown that 3D printed composites exhibit an orthotropic nature with inherently lower interlayer mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 33, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "orthotropic", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 118, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research work is an attempt to improve the interlayer tensile strength of extrusion-based 3D printed composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 59, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 95, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Annealing was identified as a suitable post-processing method and was the focus of this study.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Annealing", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 39, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two distinct thermoplastic polymers, which are common in 3D printing, were selected to study the enhancement of interlayer tensile strength of composites by additive manufacturing: a) an amorphous polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG), and b) a semi-crystalline poly (lactic acid) (PLA).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermoplastic polymers", "start": 13, "end": 35}, {"text": "composites", "start": 143, "end": 153}, {"text": "polyethylene", "start": 197, "end": 209}, {"text": "b", "start": 243, "end": 244}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 285, "end": 288}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 57, "end": 68}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 157, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 123, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was determined that short carbon fiber reinforced composites have lower interlayer tensile strength than the corresponding neat polymers in 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "short carbon fiber", "start": 23, "end": 41}, {"text": "composites", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 86, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 143, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This reduction in mechanical performance was attributable to an increase in melt viscosity and the consequential slower interlayer diffusion bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "melt", "start": 76, "end": 80}, {"text": "diffusion bonding", "start": 131, "end": 148}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 18, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the reduction in interlayer tensile strength could be recovered by post-processing when the annealing temperature was higher than the glass transition temperature of the amorphous polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 143, "end": 171}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 37, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 189, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 101, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of the semi-crystalline polymer, the recovery of the interlayer tensile strength was only observed when the annealing temperature was higher than the glass transition temperature but lower than the cold-crystallization temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 76, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 162, "end": 190}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 231, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study utilized rheological and thermal analysis of 3D printed composites to provide a better understanding of the interlayer strength response and, therefore, overcome a mechanical performance limitation of these materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 36, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interlayer strength", "start": 119, "end": 138}, {"text": "materials", "start": 218, "end": 227}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 175, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ high-speed thermal monitoring of melt-pool during laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 58, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Probabilistic prediction of pore formation based on in situ pyrometry monitoring.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 28, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Detection of conduction-to-keyhole transition using high-speed pyrometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "pyrometry", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Creation of pores and defects during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can lead to poor mechanical properties and thus must be minimized.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 85, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 37, "end": 60}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 72, "end": 76}, {"text": "be", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-build inspection is required to ensure the printed parts contain acceptably low defect concentrations.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 85, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a potential solution, in situ process monitoring can be used to detect the creation of defects, characterize local material behavior and predict expected component properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "material", "start": 118, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "defects", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the precise relationship between pore creation and in situ process monitoring still needs to be understood.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 42, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 102, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, high-speed infrared diode-based pyrometry and high-speed optical imaging signals were used to monitor LPBF printing of 446 stainless steel 316 L single tracks with varying laser power and velocity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "monitor", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "pyrometry", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "optical", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 116, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 137, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 186, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicate an increase in pyrometer signal and melt pool dimensions with increasing laser power and decreasing velocity in agreement with previous work.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "melt pool dimensions", "start": 53, "end": 73}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 90, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Critically, pore defect initiation as characterized by ex situ X-ray radiography was correlated with in situ thermal monitoring signals to derive the probability of defect creation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 12, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "probability", "start": 150, "end": 161}, {"text": "defect", "start": 165, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 63, "end": 68}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "radiography", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that, in principle, a probabilistic prediction of pore formation can be achieved based on in situ high-speed pyrometry monitoring of the LPBF melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "pyrometry", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 154, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is an attractive technology, enabling the manufacture of customised, complex metallic designs, with minimal wastage.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 72, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 107, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, uptake by industry is currently impeded by several technical barriers, such as the control of residual stress, which have a detrimental effect on the manufacturability and integrity of a component.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 103, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturability", "start": 159, "end": 176}, {"text": "integrity", "start": 181, "end": 190}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 196, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Indirectly, these impose severe design restrictions and reduce the reliability of components, driving up costs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 82, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper uses a thermo-mechanical model to better understand the effect of laser scan strategy on the generation of residual stress in SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical model", "start": 18, "end": 41}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 118, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 137, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A complex interaction between transient thermal history and the build-up of residual stress has been observed in the two laser scan strategies investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 76, "end": 91}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The temperature gradient mechanism was discovered for the creation of residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "temperature gradient mechanism", "start": 4, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 70, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The greatest stress component was found to develop parallel to the scan vectors, creating an anisotropic stress distribution in the part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "anisotropic", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 112, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stress distribution varied between laser scan strategies and the cause has been determined by observing the thermal history during scanning.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress distribution", "start": 4, "end": 23}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 135, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this, proposals are suggested for designing laser scan strategies used in SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 80, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Near-net shape metal parts of great geometrical complexity are fabricated by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) technology directly from a CAD model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical complexity", "start": 36, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "technology", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 81, "end": 104}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD model", "start": 140, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, parts can be lightweight, less expensive in terms of material use and with shapes that may be impossible to produce by conventional technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "material", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "be", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 143, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fatigue behavior of L-PBF part in as-built condition is negatively affected by poor surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 88, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface finishing after fabrication may be either unacceptably costly or impossible because the surface is inaccessible.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Surface finishing", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 96, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue performance can be further reduced by the notch effect due to local geometrical variations.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Fatigue", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 88, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the Al-alloys, AlSi10Mg is readily processed with L-PBF and it is of interest for different industrial sectors.In this contribution two aspects, that is: i) the directional smooth fatigue behavior of as-built AlSi10Mg, and ii) the notch fatigue behavior with as-built surfaces are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 215, "end": 223}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 274, "end": 282}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 186, "end": 193}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 243, "end": 250}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 237, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Eight sets of un-notched and notched miniature specimens of AlSi10Mg were produced as a single batch by L-PBF and tested in the as-build state under cyclic plane bending loading.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 104, "end": 109}, {"text": "bending", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The smooth fatigue behavior was determined as very sensitive to applied stress direction with respect to the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "stress", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 109, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The directional nature of the fatigue behavior was confirmed by notch fatigue data.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 78, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, four notch fatigue factors that depend on the PBF technology were introduced and determined.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 57, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fatigue behavior of L-PBF AlSi10Mg obtained here was compared satisfactorily against recent data obtained with standard specimen geometries and test methods.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 96, "end": 100}, {"text": "standard", "start": 115, "end": 123}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present methodology using mini specimens under cyclic bending efficiently determines the fatigue response of L-PBF metals.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 113, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 93, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Interlayer bonds pose regions of weakness in structures produced via melt extrusion based polymer additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melt extrusion", "start": 69, "end": 83}, {"text": "polymer additive manufacturing", "start": 90, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bond strength was assessed both between layers and within layers as a function of print parameters by performing tensile tests on ABS coupons printed in two orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Bond strength", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 157, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 130, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 113, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Print parameters considered were extruder temperature, print speed, and layer height.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Print", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "print", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 72, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An IR camera was used to track thermal history of interlayer bond lines during the printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "IR", "start": 3, "end": 5}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 6, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 83, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contact length between roads was measured from mesostructure optical micrographs.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Contact", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 61, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Print speed was found to have a large impact on tensile strength with high speeds generally yielding lower strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Print", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 48, "end": 64}, {"text": "strength", "start": 107, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A plateau in tensile strength of 22 MPa was observed for a normalized contact length greater than 0.6 independent of print orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 13, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 36, "end": 39}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 123, "end": 134}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 117, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) process that has shown promise in fabricating novel components that can be utilized for a wide variety of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 66}, {"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 106, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 124, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 144, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, one of the main drawbacks of LPBF is that it produces large thermal gradients and fast cooling rates during the solidification of each layer, which can lead to large levels of residual stress/distortion, sometimes resulting in build failure/rejection.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 38, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 69, "end": 86}, {"text": "cooling rates", "start": 96, "end": 109}, {"text": "layer", "start": 144, "end": 149}, {"text": "build", "start": 236, "end": 241}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 121, "end": 135}, {"text": "residual", "start": 185, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 161, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work, several experimental techniques (x-ray diffraction, hole drilling, contour method, and laser line profilometry) were utilized to establish the effect of LPBF process parameters (scan speed, laser power, build height, build plan area, and substrate condition) on residual stress evolution and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 187, "end": 197}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 299, "end": 308}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 313, "end": 323}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray diffraction", "start": 54, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hole drilling", "start": 73, "end": 86}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 174, "end": 178}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 108, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 199, "end": 209}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 211, "end": 222}, {"text": "build height", "start": 224, "end": 236}, {"text": "build", "start": 238, "end": 243}, {"text": "area", "start": 249, "end": 253}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 259, "end": 268}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 283, "end": 298}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray diffraction and hole-drilling measurements were performed on the surfaces of the LPBF deposits and substrates, while bulk residual stresses were measured using the contour method.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 87, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 128, "end": 145}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 170, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, a laser line profilometer was used to measure the distortion after fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "profilometer", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 80, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results obtained by the non-destructive and destructive measurement techniques suggested that process parameters greatly influence the development of residual stress and distortion throughout the LPBF deposit and the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 98, "end": 116}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 154, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 200, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 221, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the experimental results in this work provide a valuable foundation for future modeling and simulation of the evolution of residual stress and distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 136, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a method of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) currently being pursued in numerous industries, including space launch and space flight.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 45, "end": 91}, {"text": "AM", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study we performed an extensive parameter development investigation to better understand the effect of laser parameters on surface roughness, density, and porosity of SLM Inconel 718 parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 111, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 131, "end": 148}, {"text": "density", "start": 150, "end": 157}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 163, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 175, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 179, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser energy density was varied via laser focus shift, and the effects on porosity in both as-printed and post-HIP treated states were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Laser energy density", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 74, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile testing was also conducted to investigate the effect of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of SLM 718.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile testing", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 93, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 118, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that for these laser parameters, while the material met ultimate tensile strength and yield strength requirements per AMS 5662, the strain-to-failure was reduced with negative focus shift due to increases in porosity levels.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 69, "end": 94}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 99, "end": 113}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 221, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also found that while correlations were observed between surface roughness, density, and porosity within the laser focus shift range investigated, porosity measurement appears to be the clearest indicator of build quality for AM processed 718.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "density", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 134, "end": 139}, {"text": "build", "start": 215, "end": 220}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 163, "end": 174}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 186, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 233, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Managing the dimensional accuracy of parts produced by the Electron Beam Melting process is a challenge.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For small dimensions, as in lattice structures (strut diameters), accuracy becomes even more important and geometric quality is linked to mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 28, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "strut diameters", "start": 48, "end": 63}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 138, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dimensional quality of parts produced by EBM can be influenced by many process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 75, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 45, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 53, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulating the process can help the machine user to choose the best process parameters and improve build dimensional accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 68, "end": 86}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 117, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented here is based on a method for linking process parameters with beam parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 57, "end": 75}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 81, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Once linked, both sets of parameters are then integrated into a full simulation of the process in order to make trajectory optimization possible.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "process", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 123, "end": 135}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 69, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, this paper explains how the finite element model described in the literature can be improved to simulate the multilayer EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 35, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 127, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It then describes how this simulation is used to develop a method to characterize the machine beam and determine the link between the focus current and the beam diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "beam", "start": 94, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "beam diameter", "start": 156, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, it shows how this simulation can be applied to a built shape (vertical strut) hence demonstrating improved accuracy of the produced part.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 80, "end": 85}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly expanding framework of production technologies evolving in different directions, following the needs of different industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 155, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among powder bed fusion technologies, one of the main branches of AM, selective laser sintering (SLS) is the second oldest one.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 6, "end": 23}, {"text": "AM", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 70, "end": 95}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 97, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the last few years, a direct rival has emerged: multi jet fusion (MJF).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multi jet fusion", "start": 51, "end": 67}, {"text": "MJF", "start": 69, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of this work is to compare these processes throughout a systematic analysis of powder and final parts made of commercially available polyamide 12 (PA12).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 91, "end": 97}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 145, "end": 157}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 159, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differences have been spotted both on the molecular and powder scale, with end capping of the MJF feedstock together with different thermal properties of the new and recycled materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 56, "end": 62}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 98, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MJF", "start": 94, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 132, "end": 150}, {"text": "recycled materials", "start": 166, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, flowing properties are similar among the two virgin and recycled powders, with only a significant change in the fraction of fines for SLS material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "material", "start": 157, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 153, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parts produced through SLS exhibit higher Young's modulus but lower elongation at break and ultimate tensile strength if compared to the ones obtained using MJF.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "MJF", "start": 161, "end": 164}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 96, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also Charpy impact strength according to ISO 179 has been tested, confirming the literature data for SLS, but also showing higher strength in the out-of-plane direction for un-notched specimens coming from MJF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "data", "start": 92, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 101, "end": 104}, {"text": "MJF", "start": 206, "end": 209}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the evaluation of advanced area roughness parameters such as surface roughness, skewness and kurtosis according to ISO 25178 allows the ascertainment of subtle differences arising in parts with different positioning on the build platform, possibly due to the inks employed in the MJF process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 124, "end": 127}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 232, "end": 246}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MJF", "start": 289, "end": 292}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An effective process prediction model was developed for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process prediction", "start": 13, "end": 31}, {"text": "model", "start": 32, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 56, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High entropy alloy was used to test the model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 40, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model effectively predicts energy density for processing metallic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 31, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "metallic materials", "start": 61, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface structure of power and powder bed can improve laser absorptivity.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Surface structure", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a laser-based additive manufacturing technique that can fabricate parts with complex geometries and sufficient mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 69}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 110, "end": 128}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 144, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the optimal SLM process windows of metallic materials are difficult to predict, especially when exploring new metallic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 21, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "metallic materials", "start": 44, "end": 62}, {"text": "metallic materials", "start": 119, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a universal and simplified model has been proposed to predict the energy density suitable for SLM of a variety of metallic materials including Ti and Ti alloys, Al alloy, Ni-based superalloy and steel, on the basis of the relationship between energy absorption and consumption during SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 81, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 109, "end": 112}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 299, "end": 302}], "material": [{"text": "metallic materials", "start": 129, "end": 147}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "Ti alloys", "start": 165, "end": 174}, {"text": "Al alloy", "start": 176, "end": 184}, {"text": "steel", "start": 210, "end": 215}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 258, "end": 275}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several important but easily overlooked factors, including the surface structure of metallic powder, porosity of powder bed, vaporization and heat loss, were considered to improve the accuracy of the model.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface structure", "start": 63, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "metallic powder", "start": 84, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 113, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 142, "end": 146}, {"text": "model", "start": 200, "end": 205}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 184, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that, to achieve near-full density parts, the energy absorption (Qa) by the local powder bed should be approximately 3–8 times greater than the energy consumption (Qc), and this finding applies to all materials investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 40, "end": 47}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 59, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 214, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The value of Qa/Qc highly depends on material properties, particularly laser absorptivity, latent heat of melting and specific heat capacity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 37, "end": 56}, {"text": "heat", "start": 98, "end": 102}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 132, "end": 140}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific heat", "start": 118, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiments on high-entropy alloy (CrMnFeCoNi) and Hastelloy X alloy, new metallic materials for SLM, have been further conducted to verify the model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "Hastelloy", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "metallic materials", "start": 74, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 97, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 144, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results confirm that the model can predict suitable laser energy densities needed for processing the various metallic materials without tedious trial and error experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "trial and error", "start": 144, "end": 159}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser energy densities", "start": 52, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "metallic materials", "start": 109, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, medical additive manufacturing techniques are developed for fabrication of such implants, but currently do not achieve the required printing resolution.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "implants", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 71, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is caused by intensive droplet spreading of the initially liquid silicone rubber on the printing substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "silicone rubber", "start": 70, "end": 85}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 102, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While empirical optimization approaches for the droplet spreading are intensive in cost and time, we develop a mathematical optimization approach to calculate the optimal printing parameters for minimal droplet spreading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 111, "end": 123}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 180, "end": 190}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 203, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since the viscosity profile of thermal curing silicone rubber is the main reason for the droplet spreading, we implemented a rheology model for calculation of the optimal heat curing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "rheology", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 39, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "rubber", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "model", "start": 134, "end": 139}, {"text": "heat curing", "start": 171, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A Dual-Arrhenius equation was used to correlate the temperature-time-profile of the curing process with the curing-related viscosity rise and the temperature-related viscosity fall of the liquid silicone rubber.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 84, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "viscosity", "start": 166, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "silicone rubber", "start": 195, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two commonly used silicone rubbers were characterized with a rheometer at different isothermal and anisothermal curing profiles.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silicone rubbers", "start": 18, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "isothermal", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 112, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High correlation between the calculated and the measured viscosity profiles were observed, giving the ability to optimize the curing process parameters to the rheological behaviour of the used silicone rubber.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "rheological", "start": 159, "end": 170}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "silicone rubber", "start": 193, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder bed fusion (PBF) is ideally suited to build complex and near-net-shaped metallic structures such as conformal cooling channel networks in injection molds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 19, "end": 22}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "metallic structures", "start": 79, "end": 98}, {"text": "cooling channel", "start": 117, "end": 132}, {"text": "molds", "start": 155, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, warpage occurring due to the residual stresses inherent to this process can lead to shape deviation in the internal channels and needs to be minimized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "warpage", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "process", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 38, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 85, "end": 89}, {"text": "be", "start": 147, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research, a novel analytical model based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam bending theory was developed to estimate the residual stress-induced deformation of internal channels printed horizontally using PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "model", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "residual", "start": 122, "end": 130}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 146, "end": 157}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 72, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 206, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed approach is thus expected to be a useful tool to generate design-for-AM guidelines for the additive manufacturing of overhangs and internal channels.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 42, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 54, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 104, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhangs", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Risk-averse areas such as the medical, aerospace and energy sectors have been somewhat slow towards accepting and applying Additive Manufacturing (AM) in many of their value chains.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 39, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 123, "end": 145}, {"text": "AM", "start": 147, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is partly because there are still significant uncertainties concerning the quality of AM builds.This paper introduces a machine learning algorithm for the automatic detection of faults in AM products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "AM", "start": 193, "end": 195}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "machine learning algorithm", "start": 125, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The approach is semi-supervised in that, during training, it is able to use data from both builds where the resulting components were certified and builds where the quality of the resulting components is unknown.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 76, "end": 80}, {"text": "quality", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 91, "end": 97}, {"text": "builds", "start": 148, "end": 154}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 118, "end": 128}, {"text": "components", "start": 190, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This makes the approach cost efficient, particularly in scenarios where part certification is costly and time consuming.The study specifically analyses Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (L-PBF) builds.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 152, "end": 157}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Fusion", "start": 169, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 177, "end": 182}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 184, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key features are extracted from large sets of photodiode data, obtained during the building of 49 tensile test bars.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "data", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 98, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) tests were then used to categorise each bar as ‘faulty’ or ‘acceptable’.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Ultimate tensile strength", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As Additive Manufacturing (AM) adoption grows, the demand for improved quality output product is increasing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 25}, {"text": "AM", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 71, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is evident in the desire for both increased repeatability and higher strength and ductility in Selective Laser Sintered (SLS®) Polymer parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "repeatability", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser", "start": 100, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "Polymer", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One approach to expanding the performance envelope for polymers in this domain is through high temperature manufacturing processes, supporting the use of polymers with increased mechanical strength, lighter weight, and a favorable ability to sterilize for medical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "domain", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "weight", "start": 207, "end": 213}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 107, "end": 130}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 178, "end": 197}], "application": [{"text": "medical applications", "start": 256, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Early candidate materials that exhibit higher melting and glass transition temperatures include the Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) and Polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "glass transition temperatures", "start": 58, "end": 87}, {"text": "materials", "start": 172, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 125, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper describes the design of a laboratory SLS® machine for operation with these and other similar materials, emphasizing its thermal and operational design features.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "design", "start": 155, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laboratory", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "materials", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 53, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Data is also provided from initial testing of key subsystems during assembly and prior to full system operation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Data", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 68, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because this machine is intended to explore processing new materials, it also incorporates features for improving the data collection, and associated feedback control for improved repeatability, and ultimately defect detection and mitigation during the Additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "data", "start": 118, "end": 122}, {"text": "repeatability", "start": 180, "end": 193}, {"text": "defect", "start": 210, "end": 216}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 253, "end": 275}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the major challenges with the powder bed fusion process (PBF) and formation of bulk metallic glass (BMG) is the development of process parameters for a stable process and a defect-free component.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion process", "start": 37, "end": 62}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 64, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "metallic glass", "start": 91, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 134, "end": 152}, {"text": "process", "start": 166, "end": 173}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 192, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The focus of this study is to predict formation of a crystalline phase in the glass forming alloy AMZ4 during PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 65, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "glass forming", "start": 78, "end": 91}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 110, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 92, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The approach combines a thermal finite element model for prediction of the temperature field and a phase model for prediction of crystallization and devitrification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 32, "end": 52}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "phase model", "start": 99, "end": 110}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 115, "end": 125}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 129, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "devitrification", "start": 149, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The challenge to simulate the complexity of the heat source has been addressed by utilizing temporal reduction in a layer-by-layer fashion by a simplified heat source model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 48, "end": 59}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "layer-by-layer fashion", "start": 116, "end": 138}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 155, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heat source model considers the laser power, penetration depth and hatch spacing and is represented by a volumetric heat density equation in one dimension.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat source", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "heat", "start": 120, "end": 124}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "penetration depth", "start": 49, "end": 66}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 71, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "feature": [{"text": "dimension", "start": 149, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase model is developed and calibrated to DSC measurements at varying heating rates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase model", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 33, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It can predict the formation of crystalline phase during the non-isothermal process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "process", "start": 76, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicate that a critical location for devitrification is located a few layers beneath the top surface.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "devitrification", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nickel aluminium bronze (NAB) is widely used in naval applications due to its combination of excellent corrosion resistance in sea water applications and medium strength levels.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nickel aluminium", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "bronze", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "NAB", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "application": [{"text": "naval applications", "start": 48, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 103, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 161, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These alloys have complex microstructures of α and β solid solution phases together with different forms of the intermetallic κ phase.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 26, "end": 41}, {"text": "solid solution", "start": 53, "end": 67}, {"text": "intermetallic", "start": 112, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 128, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, selective laser melting (SLM) of Cu-9.8Al-5.2Ni-4.6Fe-0.3 Mn (wt.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 14, "end": 37}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "Mn", "start": 72, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "%) NAB powder was optimised to produce dense NAB specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "NAB", "start": 3, "end": 6}, {"text": "NAB", "start": 45, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built specimens consisted of martensitic microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 48, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through the application of various heat treatment conditions, α + κ microstructures typical of traditional NAB alloys, were obtained and the mechanical and electrochemical properties were characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 35, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 68, "end": 83}, {"text": "NAB", "start": 107, "end": 110}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 111, "end": 117}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrochemical", "start": 156, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A heat treatment at 700 °C for 1 h on the as-built structure yielded NAB specimens with superior corrosion performance and mechanical properties than conventional wrought or cast NAB.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 2, "end": 16}, {"text": "cast", "start": 174, "end": 178}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 123, "end": 144}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 163, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "NAB", "start": 69, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work shows that SLM of NAB alloys is possible and the components obtained exhibit properties at least as good as their cast or wrought counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 21, "end": 24}, {"text": "cast", "start": 124, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "NAB", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "as", "start": 115, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 87, "end": 97}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This opens up the possibility of using NAB components fabricated by SLM in engineering applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "NAB", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 68, "end": 71}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 75, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two batches of pre-alloyed Hastelloy-X powder with different Si, Mn and C contents were used to produce specimens by Selective Laser Melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 39, "end": 45}, {"text": "Si", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "C", "start": 72, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 117, "end": 140}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 142, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two major reasons that control crack formation and propagation were considered: (i) internal strain accumulation due to the thermal cycling that is characteristic to SLM processing; (ii) crack formation and propagation during solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 124, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 166, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 226, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This phenomenon, known as hot tearing, is frequently found in conventional casting and is dependent on chemical composition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 103, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using thermodynamic software simulation, the temperature vs fraction of solid curves was used to determine hot tearing sensitivity as a function of Si, Mn and C content.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "sensitivity", "start": 119, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 131, "end": 133}, {"text": "Si", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 152, "end": 154}, {"text": "C", "start": 159, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that low Si and C contents help in avoiding crack formation whereas cracking propensity was relatively independent of Mn concentration.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "C", "start": 29, "end": 30}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 131, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 81, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, the cracking mechanism during SLM is believed to be as follows: crack initiation is mainly induced during solidification and is dependent on the content of minor alloying elements such as Si and C, whereas crack propagation predominantly occurs during thermal cycling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 113, "end": 127}, {"text": "crack propagation", "start": 213, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 56, "end": 58}, {"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "alloying elements", "start": 169, "end": 186}, {"text": "as", "start": 192, "end": 194}, {"text": "C", "start": 202, "end": 203}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycling", "start": 259, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If microstructures free of micro-cracks after solidification can be generated with optimised SLM parameters, these manufactured parts can sustain the internal strain level and, thus, crack formation and propagation can be avoided.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 3, "end": 18}, {"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "be", "start": 219, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "micro-cracks", "start": 27, "end": 39}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 46, "end": 60}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 115, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 93, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 159, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser spatter is coarser and more spherical than virgin powder.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "virgin powder", "start": 49, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Condensate condenses on the surfaces of laser spatter particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 28, "end": 36}, {"text": "particles", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 40, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nano-oxide islands present on laser spatter coalesce to form large oxide islands.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 67, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Condensate is created from a large amount of superheat in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "superheat", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 62, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat-affected powder contains more delta ferrite than virgin powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 14, "end": 20}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "virgin powder", "start": 54, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selective laser melting process, commonly referred to as laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF), is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique that uses a laser to fuse successive layers of powder into near fully dense components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 4, "end": 35}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 86, "end": 91}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 100, "end": 122}, {"text": "AM", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "fuse", "start": 159, "end": 163}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "powder", "start": 185, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 78, "end": 84}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 202, "end": 213}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 214, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the large energy input from the laser during processing, vaporization causes instabilities in the melt pool leading to the formation of laser spatter and condensate, collectively known as heat-affected powder.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 39, "end": 44}, {"text": "laser", "start": 143, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 105, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 192, "end": 194}, {"text": "powder", "start": 209, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since heat-affected powder settles into the powder bed, the properties of the unconsolidated powder may be altered compromising its reusability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "powder", "start": 93, "end": 99}, {"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 60, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, characterization of 304 L heat-affected powder was performed through particle size and shape distribution measurements, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, inert gas fusion, metallography, and x-ray diffraction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 108, "end": 120}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 153, "end": 165}, {"text": "inert gas fusion", "start": 187, "end": 203}, {"text": "metallography", "start": 205, "end": 218}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Raman spectroscopy", "start": 167, "end": 185}, {"text": "x-ray diffraction", "start": 224, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show morphological, chemical, and microstructural differences between the virgin powder and heat-affected powder formed during processing which aid in the understanding of laser spatter and condensate that form in the L-PBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "virgin powder", "start": 86, "end": 99}, {"text": "powder", "start": 118, "end": 124}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 184, "end": 189}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 230, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact of a rigid rod with a flat specimen fabricated of 3D-printed materials was analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 22, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An experimental setup has been designed in order to capture the motion of the rod during the impact using a high-speed camera.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 3, "end": 15}, {"text": "impact", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 78, "end": 81}, {"text": "camera", "start": 119, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image processing algorithms were developed to estimate the velocity before and after the impact as well as the coefficient of restitution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "impact", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, permanent deformations after the impact were scanned with an optical profilometer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformations", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "impact", "start": 39, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a theoretical formulation for the contact force during the impact is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "impact", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 48, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact was divided into two phases, compression and restitution, in which materials considered elastic–plastic in the first and fully elastic in the second one.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "materials", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "elastic", "start": 138, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show a good correlation between the proposed formulation for the contact force and the behavior of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 107, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this work is to detect in situ the occurrence of lack-of-fusion defects in titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4 V) parts made using directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "defects", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloy", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 137, "end": 163}, {"text": "DED", "start": 165, "end": 168}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 170, "end": 192}, {"text": "AM", "start": 194, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use data from two types of in-process sensors, namely, a spectrometer and an optical camera which are integrated into an Optomec MR-7 DED machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 7, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "camera", "start": 88, "end": 94}, {"text": "DED machine", "start": 137, "end": 148}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both sensors are focused on capturing the dynamic phenomena around the melt pool region.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To detect lack-of-fusion defects, we fuse (combine) the data from the in-process sensors invoking the concept of Kronecker product of graphs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "data", "start": 56, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fuse", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequently, we use the features derived from the graph Kronecker product as inputs to a machine learning algorithm to predict the severity (class or level) of average length of lack-of-fusion defects within a layer, which is obtained from offline X-ray computed tomography of the test parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "machine learning algorithm", "start": 90, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 161, "end": 168}, {"text": "defects", "start": 194, "end": 201}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 211, "end": 216}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 249, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accordingly, this work demonstrates the use of heterogeneous in-process sensing and online data analytics for in situ detection of defects in DED metal AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 47, "end": 60}, {"text": "data analytics", "start": 91, "end": 105}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "defects", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 142, "end": 145}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An extrusion-based additive manufacturing process, called the Ceramic On-Demand Extrusion (CODE) process, for producing three-dimensional ceramic components with near theoretical density is introduced in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 19, "end": 49}, {"text": "Extrusion", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "Ceramic", "start": 62, "end": 69}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 120, "end": 137}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 167, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 179, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this process, an aqueous paste of ceramic particles with a very low binder content (< 1 vol%) is extruded through a moving nozzle at room temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "binder", "start": 71, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 100, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 141, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After a layer is deposited, it is surrounded by oil (to a level just below the top surface of most recent layer) to preclude non-uniform evaporation from the sides.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 8, "end": 13}, {"text": "layer", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "oil", "start": 48, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 83, "end": 90}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 137, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Infrared radiation is then used to partially, and uniformly, dry the just-deposited layer so that the yield stress of the paste increases and the part maintains its shape.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Infrared", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 102, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The same procedure is repeated for every layer until part fabrication is completed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 58, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several sample parts for various applications were produced using this process and their properties were obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 8, "end": 14}, {"text": "process", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "properties", "start": 89, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that the proposed method enables fabrication of large, dense ceramic parts with complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 54, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 101, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This manuscript expands the existing framework for single-material laser powder bed fusion printed dissolvable supports to Inconel 718 (IN718).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manuscript", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "framework", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 67, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 111, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 123, "end": 134}, {"text": "IN718", "start": 136, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prior work with stainless steel leveraged a sensitization heat treatment using sodium hexacyanoferrate to precipitate chromium carbides over the top 100 μm to 200 μm of material, decreasing the corrosion resistance within this top layer relative to the bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 16, "end": 31}, {"text": "sodium", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "precipitate", "start": 106, "end": 117}, {"text": "chromium carbides", "start": 118, "end": 135}, {"text": "material", "start": 169, "end": 177}, {"text": "material", "start": 258, "end": 266}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 58, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 194, "end": 214}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 231, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The component is then etched at an anodic potential with a high selectivity toward the “sensitized” surface over the base component material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "component", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This creates an etching process that self-terminates once the sensitized layer is removed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "etching", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 73, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the surface roughness of the component is often improved once the sensitized region is removed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 18, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 43, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, two different sensitization heat schedules were investigated: 750 °C for 24 h to understand the impact of preferential chromium carbide precipitation and 1050 °C for 8 h to understand the impact of primary carbide precipitations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 42, "end": 46}, {"text": "impact", "start": 110, "end": 116}, {"text": "impact", "start": 202, "end": 208}], "material": [{"text": "chromium carbide", "start": 133, "end": 149}, {"text": "carbide", "start": 220, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At 1050 °C, the formation of a protective oxide scale inhibits material removal in an electrolyte of 0.48 M HNO3.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "material", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "application": [{"text": "electrolyte", "start": 86, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At 750 °C, 70 μm of material is removed after quenching to avoid the precipitation of corrosion resistant oxides.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 106, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "quenching", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 69, "end": 82}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 86, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This manuscript investigates the effect of targeting different carbide precipitation regimes and oxides to produce an ideal microstructure for dissolvable supports post-sensitization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manuscript investigates", "start": 5, "end": 28}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 124, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "carbide", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 97, "end": 103}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 155, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To demonstrate the utility of the process, the supports from a mock IN718 turbine blade were removed using this process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "process", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 68, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the next avenues for Additive Manufacturing to develop is that of multi-material deposition in order to add functionality to the already complex geometries that are capable of being manufactured.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material deposition", "start": 73, "end": 98}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 144, "end": 162}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 189, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of solid surface tensions, σsg − σsl, on the quality of printed lines, using 30–40 nm silver nanofluid ink.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tensions", "start": 66, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "silver", "start": 143, "end": 149}, {"text": "ink", "start": 160, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solid surface tensions of silver ink on glass and polytetrofluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates were determined theoretically, knowing characteristics of droplet.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tensions", "start": 10, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "silver ink", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "glass", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "PTFE", "start": 79, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 154, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, a Dimatix printer with nozzles of size of 21.5 μm was used to print conductive lines on smooth glass and PTFE substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "nozzles", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 73, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 106, "end": 111}, {"text": "PTFE", "start": 116, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed lines on glass were observed to be continuous with high quality of triple line, which was attributed to the high solid surface tensions of silver nanofluid ink on glass substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "silver", "start": 151, "end": 157}, {"text": "ink", "start": 168, "end": 171}, {"text": "glass", "start": 175, "end": 180}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 68, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tensions", "start": 131, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solid surface tensions of silver nanofluid ink were relatively low on PTFE, as results the printed lines were discontinuous.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tensions", "start": 10, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "silver", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "ink", "start": 47, "end": 50}, {"text": "PTFE", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solid surface tensions were introduced as a reliable criterion to predict the printability of nanofluids.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tensions", "start": 10, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 82, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The distribution of silver nanoparticles and layering phenomenon in silver nanofluid triple region on glass substrate was clearly observed, using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 27, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "silver", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "silver", "start": 68, "end": 74}, {"text": "glass", "start": 102, "end": 107}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 160, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to disjoining pressure, the size of droplet and affinity of nanofluid for substrate were observed to have important influences on spreading of nanoparticles in triple region.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 155, "end": 168}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 86, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Manufacturers struggle to produce low-cost, robust and intricate components in small batches.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "parameter": [{"text": "small batches", "start": 79, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive processes like Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) inexpensively generate such complex geometries, but potential defects may limit these components’ viability in critical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Additive", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 24, "end": 50}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 52, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 85, "end": 103}, {"text": "defects", "start": 119, "end": 126}, {"text": "limit", "start": 131, "end": 136}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 143, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present a high-accuracy, high-throughput and low-cost approach to automated non-destructive testing (NDT) for FFF interlayer delamination.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "non-destructive testing", "start": 79, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "NDT", "start": 104, "end": 107}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 113, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This Artificially Intelligent (AI) approach utilizes Flash Thermography (FT) data processed with Thermographic Signal Reconstruction (TSR).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Flash", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 77, "end": 81}, {"text": "Reconstruction", "start": 118, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A Deep Neural Network (DNN) attains 95.4% per-pixel accuracy when differentiating four delamination severities 5 mm below the surface in PolyLactic Acid (PLA) widgets, and 98.6% accuracy in differentiating acceptable from unacceptable states for the same components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Neural Network", "start": 7, "end": 21}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 87, "end": 99}, {"text": "surface", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 178, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "PolyLactic Acid", "start": 137, "end": 152}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 154, "end": 157}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 255, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Automation supports time- and cost-efficient inspection for delamination defects in 100% of widgets, supporting FFF's use in critical and lot-size one applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Automation", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "delamination defects", "start": 60, "end": 80}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 112, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To identify the dominant contributing factor in the anomalously high strength of Al–Si-based alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), microstructural characteristics of a SLM-built Al–10Si–0.3 Mg alloy (AlSi10Mg) and their changes upon annealing at elevated temperatures were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 93, "end": 99}, {"text": "Mg alloy", "start": 204, "end": 212}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 214, "end": 222}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 114, "end": 137}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 139, "end": 142}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 247, "end": 256}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 145, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 269, "end": 281}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built AlSi10Mg alloy exhibits a peculiar microstructure comprising of a number of columnar α-Al (fcc) phase with concentrated Si in solution.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "Si", "start": 133, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "fcc", "start": 104, "end": 107}, {"text": "phase", "start": 109, "end": 114}, {"text": "solution", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At elevated temperatures, a number of Si phase (diamond structure) precipitates consumed the solute Si in the columnar α-Al phase, but the microstructure of the α-Al matrix changed slightly.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "Si", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "phase", "start": 124, "end": 129}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 139, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After annealing at elevated temperatures, the tensile strength of the as-built AlSi10Mg alloy substantially decreased accompanied by a reduction in the strain hardening rate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "strain hardening", "start": 152, "end": 168}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 28, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 46, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The supersaturated solid solution of the α-Al phase containing numerous nano-sized particles enhanced the strain hardening, resulting in the anomalous strengthening of the SLM-built AlSi10Mg alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "solid solution", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 182, "end": 196}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "particles", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 106, "end": 122}, {"text": "strengthening", "start": 151, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural features were formed due to rapid solidification at an extremely high cooling rate in the SLM process, which provides important insights into controlling the strength of Al–Si-based alloys fabricated by SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "process", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 48, "end": 68}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 110, "end": 113}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 223, "end": 226}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 90, "end": 102}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 178, "end": 186}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 202, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parametric design of graded porous scaffold based on TMPS surfaces was realized.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "porous scaffold", "start": 32, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 62, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical performance of SLM scaffolds was altered by tuning graded structures.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 34, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Graded structure played a key role in influencing deformation behavior of scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 7, "end": 16}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 50, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 74, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimized heat treatment conditions improved mechanical properties of SLM scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 10, "end": 24}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 45, "end": 66}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 74, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rapid development of additive manufacturing technology makes it possible to fabricate parts with complex inner structures, especially for functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) in the field of bone tissue engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 25, "end": 47}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 142, "end": 161}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 194, "end": 198}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 206, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parametric design of FGS is of great significance to the in-depth study of the effects of structural parameters of porous bone scaffolds on their mechanical properties and rehabilitation of patients.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 105, "end": 115}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 150, "end": 171}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 119, "end": 125}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone scaffolds", "start": 126, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study proposed a parametric design method for FGS using a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "triply periodic minimal surface", "start": 70, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniform and functionally graded samples were fabricated using selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 12, "end": 31}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 62, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V powder", "start": 89, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FGSs successfully realized flexible control of structural parameters and showed comparable mechanical properties and permeability with natural bone tissue.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 62, "end": 72}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 95, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "permeability", "start": 121, "end": 133}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 147, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, heat treatment was verified to be an effective way to improve the ductility of TPMS-FGS.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 79, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The deformation process and principal strain distribution of the FGSs were elucidated using a digital image correlation method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 45, "end": 57}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 94, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 38, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FGSs proposed in the present study showed great potential in orthopedic implant or bone-substituting biomaterials.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "biomaterials", "start": 105, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing of Ti6Al4V and SS410 as a bimetallic joint using laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 72, "end": 98}, {"text": "DED", "start": 100, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Niobium (Nb) was used as a bond layer between the two immiscible base-materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Niobium", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 32, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bimetallic joint showed improved bond strength, both under compression and shear loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "bond strength", "start": 37, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Proof-of-concept part demonstrated the application of the bimetallic joint by welding base metals, end-to-end, to the joint.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 69, "end": 74}, {"text": "joint", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "base metals", "start": 86, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bimetallic structures provide a unique solution to achieve site-specific functionalities and enhanced-property capabilities in engineering systems but suffer from bonding compatibility issues.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 163, "end": 170}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 127, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Materials such as titanium alloy (Ti6Al4 V) and stainless steel (SS410) have distinct attractive properties but are impossible to reliably weld together using traditional processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Materials", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "properties", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "processes", "start": 171, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "V", "start": 41, "end": 42}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 48, "end": 63}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 139, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To this end, a laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) system was used to fabricate bimetallic joint of Ti6Al4 V and SS410 keeping niobium (Nb) as a diffusion barrier layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 27, "end": 53}, {"text": "DED", "start": 55, "end": 58}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 100, "end": 105}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 154, "end": 163}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 116, "end": 117}, {"text": "niobium", "start": 136, "end": 143}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 145, "end": 147}, {"text": "as", "start": 149, "end": 151}], "application": [{"text": "barrier layer", "start": 164, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both shear and compression tests were used to characterize the joint’ s strength, and compared with the base materials.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 15, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "materials", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 70, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bimetallic-joint shear and compressive yield strengths were 419 ± 3 MPa (∼114% of SS410) and 560 ± 4 MPa (∼169% of SS410), respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strengths", "start": 43, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 105, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The increase in interfacial shear and compressive yield strengths over the base material indicates strong metallurgical bonding between the base materials and the interlayer, Nb.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strengths", "start": 50, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 175, "end": 177}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metallurgical bonding", "start": 106, "end": 127}, {"text": "materials", "start": 145, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Proof-of-concept part for direct application of the bimetallic joint was demonstrated by welding base metals, end-to-end, to the joint.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "joint", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "joint", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "base metals", "start": 97, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interfacial microstructures, elemental diffusion and phases, including failure modes were examined using secondary and backscatter electron imaging, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 16, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure modes", "start": 75, "end": 88}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 144, "end": 151}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 153, "end": 170}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 172, "end": 175}, {"text": "energy dispersive spectroscopy", "start": 181, "end": 211}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 213, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bimetallic-joint interfaces were free from brittle intermetallic compounds such as FeTi and Fe2Ti that are generally responsible for weak bond strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bond strength", "start": 142, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is widely gaining popularity as an alternative manufacturing technique for complex and customized parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 77, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM is a near net shape process with minimal post processing machining required dependent upon final application.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "near net shape", "start": 9, "end": 23}, {"text": "machining", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 45, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fact that SLM produces little waste and enables more optimal designs also raises opportunities for environmental advantages.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 65, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of aluminium (Al) alloys in SLM is still quite limited due to difficulties in processing that result in parts with high degrees of porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "aluminium", "start": 11, "end": 20}, {"text": "Al", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 36, "end": 39}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "degrees of porosity", "start": 128, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, Al alloys are favoured in many high-end applications for their exceptional strength and stiffness to weight ratio meaning that they are extensively used in the automotive and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al alloys", "start": 9, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "stiffness to weight ratio", "start": 97, "end": 122}], "application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 169, "end": 179}, {"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 184, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the windows of parameters required to produce high density parts from AlSi10Mg alloy using selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg alloy", "start": 94, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 115, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modelling the thermal behaviour of the melt pool produced in Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes is not an easy task, as many complex non-linear thermal phenomena are involved.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modelling", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "Laser", "start": 61, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Fusion", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "processes", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 86, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An effective way to make the computational cost of these analyses affordable is to model powder and molten metal as continuous media, wherein all the heat transfer modes occurring in the liquid are simulated as lumped fictitious heat conduction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 83, "end": 88}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 150, "end": 163}, {"text": "heat conduction", "start": 229, "end": 244}], "material": [{"text": "molten metal", "start": 100, "end": 112}, {"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}, {"text": "as", "start": 208, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The augmentation factor used to enhance the thermal conductivity of the liquid is in general calibrated through experimental estimations of the melt pool size.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 44, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "calibrated", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 112, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work is aimed at devising a robust method for the calibration of such thermal parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 62, "end": 73}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A specific point of novelty of the present paper is the definition of a method to correlate surface roughness and numerically predicted melting pool size.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 92, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted melting", "start": 126, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This strategy is able to predict with good accuracy the roughness of L-PBF fabricated parts and could pave the way for calibration strategies based on roughness measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 75, "end": 85}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 119, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this purpose, a 3-factor, 3-level Design of Experiment (DoE) has been carried out to investigate melting pool size and roughness by changing the machine process parameters: laser power, hatch distance, time exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Design of Experiment", "start": 38, "end": 58}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 211, "end": 219}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 149, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 177, "end": 188}, {"text": "hatch distance", "start": 190, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this way, the calibration of the thermal properties is made less sensitive to the large uncertainty usually affecting the melt pool size measurements and the range of applicability of the thermal model is explored over a broad spectrum of L-PBF process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 36, "end": 54}, {"text": "model", "start": 199, "end": 204}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 256, "end": 266}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 125, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 161, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 242, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropic and isotropic enhanced thermal conductivity approaches are applied in combination with a laser source modelled either as a 2D or 3D heat source, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropic", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 35, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "laser source", "start": 101, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "3D", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 149, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The latter approach proved to be more accurate and robust against experimental uncertainties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 66, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most popular processes of 3D printing, offers flexibility in manufacturing and introduces anisotropic properties to the final parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 71, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "flexibility in manufacturing", "start": 91, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 135, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the use of Curvilinear Variable Stiffness (CVS) 3D printing technology, mechanical properties of the manufactured products can be further improved and optimized.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Stiffness", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 53, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 77, "end": 98}, {"text": "manufactured products", "start": 106, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 132, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we demonstrate how CVS design can improve open-hole tensile strength and failure strain of the manufactured specimens per ASTM D5766.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 66, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 109, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the ratio of the specimen width to the hole diameter is considered as a design parameter and investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 85, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that CVS design improves the failure strength by 38.0% for a larger hole diameter configuration (from 48.0 MPa to 66.2 MPa), while the improvement in failure strain (from 0.0125 mm/mm to 0.0130 mm/mm) is limited to only 4.0%.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "diameter configuration", "start": 85, "end": 107}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 119, "end": 122}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 131, "end": 134}, {"text": "failure", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, for a smaller hole diameter case, a substantial improvement of 52.5% in failure strain is obtained with the use of CVS design (from 0.0141 mm/mm to 0.0215 mm/mm), while 16.7% improvement in failure stress (76.0 MPa to 88.6 MPa) is less pronounced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 38, "end": 46}, {"text": "failure", "start": 91, "end": 98}, {"text": "failure", "start": 209, "end": 216}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 230, "end": 233}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 242, "end": 245}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 138, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During part fabrication by laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF), an Additive Manufacturing process, a large amount of energy is input from the laser into the melt pool, causing generation of spatter and condensate, both of which have the potential to settle in the surrounding powder-bed compromising its reusability.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing process", "start": 63, "end": 93}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "laser", "start": 138, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 186, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, AISI 304 L stainless steel powder is subjected to seven reuses in the L-PBF process to assess the changes in powder properties that occur as a result of successive recycling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AISI 304", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 26, "end": 41}, {"text": "powder", "start": 42, "end": 48}, {"text": "powder", "start": 124, "end": 130}, {"text": "as", "start": 153, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycling", "start": 179, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powder was characterized morphologically by particle size and shape distribution measurements, chemically through inert gas fusion for evaluation of oxygen content, and microstructurally by X-ray diffraction for phase identification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 153, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 72, "end": 84}, {"text": "inert gas fusion", "start": 118, "end": 134}, {"text": "phase", "start": 216, "end": 221}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 194, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The evolution in powder properties was used to explain observed performance differences obtained by the Hausner ratio and a Revolution Powder Analyzer for quantifying flowability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "performance", "start": 64, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "Powder", "start": 135, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that recycled powder coarsens and becomes more spherical, accrues oxygen, and accumulates delta ferrite as it is reused.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 83, "end": 89}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the change in powder morphology, recycled powder exhibited improved flowability in comparison to the virgin powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 21, "end": 27}, {"text": "powder", "start": 49, "end": 55}, {"text": "virgin powder", "start": 108, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 40, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The energy per layer was found to be critical factor to print fully dense AlSi12 samples using SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "fully dense", "start": 62, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "AlSi12", "start": 74, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 95, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printing area along the build direction varies when a sample is built in different orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 13, "end": 17}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 28, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 58, "end": 64}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 87, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The anisotropy of SLM-built samples corresponds to the variable energy per layer and printing area.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "area", "start": 94, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fully dense SLM-built AlSi12 samples were printed by using energy per layer in an optimum range.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Fully dense", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "layer", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "range", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi12", "start": 22, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The anisotropy in the tensile properties of AlSi12 alloy fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing process was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "tensile properties", "start": 22, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi12", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 74, "end": 97}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 104, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile samples were printed in three different orientations, horizontal (H-0°), inclined (I-45°), and vertical (V-90°), and found to exhibit yield strength between 225 MPa and 263 MPa, tensile strength between 260 MPa and 365 MPa, and ductility between 1 and 4%, showing distinct fracture patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 146, "end": 160}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 190, "end": 206}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 240, "end": 249}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 52, "end": 64}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 107, "end": 115}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 173, "end": 176}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 185, "end": 188}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 219, "end": 222}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 231, "end": 234}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 285, "end": 293}], "material": [{"text": "V", "start": 117, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was established that the build orientation had insignificant effect on the microstructural characteristics of the SLM-printed samples, while XRD phase analysis showed variations in the Al (111) and Al (200) peak intensities.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 28, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 78, "end": 93}, {"text": "samples", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "phase", "start": 148, "end": 153}, {"text": "variations", "start": 170, "end": 180}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 144, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 188, "end": 190}, {"text": "Al", "start": 201, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the anisotropy in the mechanical properties of the SLM-printed AlSi12 samples was attributed to the differences in their relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 135, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 36, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi12", "start": 77, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the energy density was kept constant when printing the samples along different orientations, the “energy per layer” was found to be different owing to the variation in the printing area along the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "layer", "start": 118, "end": 123}, {"text": "area", "start": 190, "end": 194}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 205, "end": 220}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 88, "end": 100}, {"text": "variation", "start": 164, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further investigation on the effect of printing area, and correspondingly energy per layer, on the relative density was carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 48, "end": 52}, {"text": "layer", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 99, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that energy per layer in the range of 504–895 J yielded ≥99.8% relatively dense AlSi12 SLM-printed samples.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "range", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi12", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 112, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study puts forth a new idea that the density of the SLM-printed samples could be controlled using energy per layer as an input process parameter.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 132, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 114, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a polymer prized for its unique material properties, including a high resistance to corrosive acids such as HCL and HF and its piezoelectric potential based on the proper microstructure arrangement.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "as", "start": 139, "end": 141}, {"text": "HF", "start": 150, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 66, "end": 85}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 205, "end": 219}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "corrosive", "start": 118, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the effects of fused filament fabrication (FFF) routine parameters on printed PVDF film properties were investigated using a variety of experimental methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 29, "end": 55}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 57, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "properties", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 150, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of in-fill angle (0°, 45°, and 90°) on the effective Young’ s Modulus, Poisson’ s ratio, and yield strength were evaluated using tensile testing and a digital image correlation (DIC) analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 74, "end": 75}, {"text": "s", "start": 94, "end": 95}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 107, "end": 121}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 143, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 165, "end": 190}, {"text": "DIC", "start": 192, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase content, in particular the β-phase amount, within the semi-crystalline PVDF films was determined as a function of processing parameters using the FTIR method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "FTIR", "start": 156, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considered parameters included the extrusion temperature, horizontal speed, in-situ applied hot end voltage, and bed material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "hot end", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "bed", "start": 113, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that higher β-phase content was associated with lower extrusion temperatures, faster extrusion rates, and higher hot end voltages.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rates", "start": 100, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "hot end", "start": 128, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New advancements in 3D printing enable manufacturing a solid part with spatially controlled and varying material properties; this research seeks to establish techniques for finding optimal designs that use this new technology for the greatest structural benefit.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 104, "end": 123}, {"text": "research", "start": 130, "end": 138}, {"text": "technology", "start": 215, "end": 225}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 189, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We describe the use of a sequential quadratic programming based optimization solver to find an optimal distribution of material properties that minimize strain energy gradients, as calculated using finite element analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 64, "end": 76}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 103, "end": 115}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 119, "end": 138}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 198, "end": 221}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 153, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 178, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This design method is applied to the case of a flat thin plate with a hole, and has been proven to successfully reduce strain energy gradients and therefore stress concentrations.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 119, "end": 125}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentrations", "start": 157, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimally designed plates are 3D printed using a novel technology that uses vat polymerization technology.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "vat polymerization", "start": 80, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "technology", "start": 99, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computational model is validated with experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational model", "start": 4, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Enabling design engineers to customize material properties around geometric discontinuities will provide greater flexibility in reducing stress concentrations without modifying geometry or adding additional supports.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 39, "end": 58}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 177, "end": 185}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentrations", "start": 137, "end": 158}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 207, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) is an additive manufacturing technique that belongs to the ASTM standardized directed energy deposition category.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "LENS", "start": 30, "end": 34}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 113, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To date, very limited work has been conducted towards understanding the fatigue crack growth behavior of LENS fabricated materials, which hinders the widespread adoption of this technology for high-integrity structural applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fatigue crack growth", "start": 72, "end": 92}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 110, "end": 120}, {"text": "technology", "start": 178, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 105, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the propagation of a 20 μm initial crack in LENS fabricated Ti-6Al-4V was captured in-situ, using high-energy synchrotron x-ray microtomography.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LENS", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 125, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fatigue crack growth (FCG) data were then determined from 2D and 3D tomography reconstructions, as well as from fracture surface striation measurements using SEM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fatigue crack growth", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "data", "start": 27, "end": 31}, {"text": "2D", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "3D", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "feature": [{"text": "striation", "start": 129, "end": 138}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 158, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The observed agreement demonstrates that x-ray microtomography and fractographic analysis using SEM can be successfully combined to study the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "x-ray microtomography", "start": 41, "end": 62}, {"text": "fractographic analysis", "start": 67, "end": 89}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 96, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 166, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A finite element model of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process applied to metallic alloys at a mesoscopic scale is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 2, "end": 22}, {"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 26, "end": 49}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 51, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "metallic alloys", "start": 76, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This Level-Set model allows to follow melt pool evolution and track development during building.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 38, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A volume heat source model is used for laser/powder interaction considering the material absorption coefficients, while a surface heat source is used to consider the high laser energy absorption by dense metal alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 2, "end": 8}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "surface", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 130, "end": 141}, {"text": "laser energy", "start": 171, "end": 183}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 184, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "metal alloys", "start": 204, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Shrinkage during consolidation from powder to dense material is modelled by a compressible Newtonian constitutive law.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Shrinkage", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "consolidation", "start": 17, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "material", "start": 52, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An automatic remeshing strategy is also used to provide a good compromise between accuracy and computing time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "remeshing", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 82, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different cases are investigated to demonstrate the influence of the vaporisation phenomena, of material properties and of laser scan strategy on bead morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 96, "end": 115}, {"text": "bead morphology", "start": 146, "end": 161}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 123, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the layer-based nature of the powder bed fusion (PBF) process, part surfaces oriented in space at varying angles with respect to the build direction are differently affected by a wide array of manufacturing-induced phenomena (staircase effects, spatter, particles, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 37, "end": 54}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 56, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "particles", "start": 261, "end": 270}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 140, "end": 155}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 252, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For assessing surface topography of PBF surfaces most researchers have looked at surface texture parameters (profile-ISO 4287 and areal-ISO 25178−2).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topography", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 36, "end": 39}], "feature": [{"text": "surface texture", "start": 81, "end": 96}, {"text": "profile", "start": 109, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 117, "end": 120}, {"text": "ISO", "start": 136, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Texture parameters provide useful summaries of surface-wide properties, but do not allow the analysis to focus on specific topographic formations of interest.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Texture", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 8, "end": 18}, {"text": "properties", "start": 60, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the topography of electron beam powder bed fusion (EBPBF) surfaces as a function of orientation with respect to the build direction was investigated using a combined approach consisting of both texture parameters and feature-based characterisation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "topography", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 32, "end": 45}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 98, "end": 109}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 216, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 130, "end": 145}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 208, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A custom-designed test part featuring surfaces at different orientations was measured with a focus variation instrument.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 38, "end": 46}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 60, "end": 72}, {"text": "variation", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A feature-based characterisation pipeline was implemented for the identification, isolation and geometrical characterisation of spatter formations and particles present on the as-built surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 128, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 151, "end": 160}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 185, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surfaces deprived of the identified features were then characterised by means of conventional ISO 25178−2 texture parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 98, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results confirm that combining feature-based characterisation with conventional analysis through texture parameters creates new perspectives for looking at EBPBF surfaces, thus better supporting future research endeavours aimed at achieving a more comprehensive insight on the nature of EBPBF surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 109, "end": 119}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 166, "end": 174}, {"text": "research", "start": 206, "end": 214}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 297, "end": 305}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the first time quantitative results are provided on number, shape and localisation of spatter and other particles in EBPBF surfaces as a function of build orientation, and texture parameters are provided that describe the fabricated surfaces in a more reliable way as particles and spatter formations have been removed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "particles", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 184, "end": 194}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 226, "end": 236}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 90, "end": 97}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 286, "end": 293}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "as", "start": 269, "end": 271}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 153, "end": 170}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 176, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unimodal powder samples were used in the laser sintering process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 41, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different powder particle size and laser scan speeds were used.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 10, "end": 25}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 35, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microphotography, bulk density and tensile strength of artefact were measured.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 35, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Neck size and strength were estimated with the Rumpf model for the strength of powder aggregates.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "strength", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "powder aggregates", "start": 79, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sintering temperatures were estimated with the Frenkel model for the effect of time on the sintering process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "process", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) of ceramic powders is studied in order to understand how the initial material properties and the process conditions affect the degree of sintering/melting and the mechanical properties of the sintered material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 224, "end": 232}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic powders", "start": 35, "end": 50}, {"text": "material", "start": 233, "end": 241}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 101, "end": 120}, {"text": "process", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 195, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unimodal powder samples of different narrow particle size distributions between 16 and 184 μm were sintered with a 40 W CO2 laser, using laser scan speeds of either 50 or 100 mm s−1 and, in both cases, a scanning energy of 160 J m−1.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 9, "end": 15}, {"text": "CO2", "start": 120, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle size distributions", "start": 44, "end": 71}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 204, "end": 212}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "mm", "start": 175, "end": 177}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 137, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sintered material was studied by means of optical and SEM microphotography and characterized in terms of bulk density and tensile strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 126, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Rumpf approach to relate interparticle forces to the strength of powder agglomerates was used in this work to estimate the average strength of the sintered interparticle contacts starting from the tensile strength of specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "forces", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "average", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 201, "end": 217}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 151, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "contacts", "start": 174, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In turn, the average strength of the neck contact was used to estimate the size of the neck of fused material between two sintered particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "fused", "start": 95, "end": 100}, {"text": "particles", "start": 131, "end": 140}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These data coupled with the Frenkel model for particle sintering allowed an estimate of the sintering temperature for the different experimental conditions tested.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 6, "end": 10}, {"text": "model", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "particle", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 132, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 92, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The temperatures found are consistent with the glass transition temperature of the material used.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 47, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 83, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of particle size and scanning speed is assessed and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 32, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Z axis table motion errors and laser positioning errors an EOSINT M280 were evaluated using a set of standard metrology techniques and instrumentation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 24, "end": 30}, {"text": "errors", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "standard", "start": 105, "end": 113}, {"text": "metrology", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 98, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the linear displacement error of the table is quite low (4.5 μm), straightness, yaw and pitch errors on the other hand were significantly higher and may contribute from 20 to 30 microns of form and orientation tolerances over a large size build.The performance of the laser positioning system was much worse.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "straightness", "start": 72, "end": 84}, {"text": "errors", "start": 100, "end": 106}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 204, "end": 215}, {"text": "performance", "start": 255, "end": 266}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 274, "end": 279}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A designed artifact was produced, and used to evaluate the laser performance against a set of tolerance controls extracted from the ASME Y14.5-2009 Standard.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 2, "end": 10}, {"text": "tolerance controls", "start": 94, "end": 112}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 87, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 113, "end": 122}, {"text": "Standard", "start": 148, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The largest tolerance magnitude (239 μm) was calculated as the combined effect of location, orientation, size and form errors in the trace of a large quadrifolium etched over the working area of the laser.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "tolerance magnitude", "start": 12, "end": 31}, {"text": "area", "start": 187, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 56, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 92, "end": 103}, {"text": "errors", "start": 119, "end": 125}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 199, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The errors measured in this research are substantial.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "research", "start": 28, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting was utilized to fabricate Sc and Zr modified Al-Mg alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "Al-Mg alloy", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different precipitation behavior between various scan speeds are characterized by SEM and TEM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 10, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speeds", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 82, "end": 85}, {"text": "TEM", "start": 90, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant improvement of hardness is evaluated and explained under a relative low scan speed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relationships between scan speed, precipitate distribution, and the resultant mechanical properties are elucidated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "precipitate", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 78, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interest of selective laser melting (SLM) Al-based alloys for lightweight applications, especially the rare earth element Sc modified Al-Mg alloy, is increasing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 16, "end": 39}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "element", "start": 118, "end": 125}, {"text": "Al-Mg alloy", "start": 138, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 66, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, high-performance Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was successfully fabricated by SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 80, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase identification, densification behavior, precipitate distribution and mechnical properties of the as-fabricated parts at a wide range of processing parameters were carefully characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 62, "end": 74}, {"text": "properties", "start": 89, "end": 99}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 157, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 26, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "precipitate", "start": 50, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 137, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, the evolution of nanoprecipitation behavior under various scan speeds is revealed and TEM analysis of precipitates shows that a small amount of spherical nanoprecipitates Al3 (Sc, Zr) were embedded at the bottom of the molten pool using a low scan speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 155, "end": 164}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 230, "end": 241}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speeds", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 254, "end": 264}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "TEM", "start": 97, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 113, "end": 125}, {"text": "Zr", "start": 191, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While no precipitates were found in the matrix using a relatively high scan speed due to the combined effects of the variation of Marangoni convection vector, ultrashort lifetime of liquid and the rapid cooling rate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 9, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 203, "end": 215}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 117, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An increased hardness and a reduced wear rate of 94 HV0.2 and 1.74 × 10−4 mm3N-1 m-1 were resultantly obtained respectively as a much lower scan speed was applied.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 140, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A relationship between the processing parameters, the surface tension, the convection flow, the precipitation distribution and the resultant mechanical properties has been well established, demonstrating that the high-performance of SLM-processed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy could be tailored by controlling the distribution of nanoprecipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 96, "end": 109}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 110, "end": 122}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 141, "end": 162}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 302, "end": 314}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 54, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 259, "end": 264}, {"text": "be", "start": 271, "end": 273}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn filaments can be employed as an inherently multifunctional feedstock for additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon nanotube", "start": 11, "end": 26}, {"text": "CNT", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "yarn filaments", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "be", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 111, "end": 133}, {"text": "AM", "start": 135, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this material, it becomes possible to use a single material to impart multiple functionalities in components and take advantage of the tailorability offered by fused filament fabrication (FFF) over conventional fabrication techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "material", "start": 56, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 165, "end": 191}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 193, "end": 196}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 216, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some of the challenges associated with coupling this emerging material with advanced processing are addressed here through the fabrication and characterization of additively manufactured functional objects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 127, "end": 138}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 163, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous CNT yarn reinforced Ultem® specimens are characterized to determine their mechanical and electrical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CNT", "start": 11, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "electrical properties", "start": 100, "end": 121}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential to produce net shape fabricated multifunctional components is demonstrated by additively manufacturing a quadcopter frame using Ultem® and continuous CNT yarn reinforced Ultem®, where the CNT yarn reinforcement was designed to also act as the electrical conductors carrying current to the motors.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "net shape", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 103, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 173, "end": 183}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "CNT", "start": 164, "end": 167}, {"text": "CNT", "start": 202, "end": 205}, {"text": "as", "start": 250, "end": 252}, {"text": "conductors", "start": 268, "end": 278}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 211, "end": 224}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 229, "end": 237}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 257, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A computational modeling approach to simulate residual stress formation during the electron beam melting (EBM) process within the additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for Inconel 718 is presented in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 83, "end": 104}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 130, "end": 152}, {"text": "AM", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 111, "end": 118}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 158, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 175, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The EBM process has demonstrated a high potential to fabricate components with complex geometries, but the resulting components are influenced by the thermal cycles observed during the manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 185, "end": 206}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "components", "start": 117, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 79, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 150, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When processing nickel based superalloys, very high temperatures (approx.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nickel based superalloys", "start": 16, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 52, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "1000 °C) are observed in the powder bed, base plate, and build.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 57, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These high temperatures, when combined with substrate adherence, can result in warping of the base plate and affect the final component by causing defects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "warping", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "defects", "start": 147, "end": 154}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 126, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is important to have an understanding of the thermo-mechanical response of the entire system, that is, its mechanical behavior towards thermal loading occurring during the EBM process prior to manufacturing a component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 48, "end": 65}, {"text": "thermal loading", "start": 138, "end": 153}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 175, "end": 178}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 196, "end": 209}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 212, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, computational models to predict the response of the system during the EBM process will aid in eliminating the undesired process conditions, a priori, in order to fabricate the optimum component.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational models", "start": 11, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 173, "end": 182}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 195, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such a comprehensive computational modeling approach is demonstrated to analyze warping of the base plate, stress and plastic strain accumulation within the material, and thermal cycles in the system during different stages of the EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "warping", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 107, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 118, "end": 125}, {"text": "material", "start": 157, "end": 165}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 171, "end": 185}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 231, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts made by fused filament fabrication differ in their mechanical properties from the parent material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 14, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 57, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 95, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To investigate the effect of the manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts, a series of experiments including Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and ultrasonic wave propagation were conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 33, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 62, "end": 83}, {"text": "Dynamic Mechanical Analysis", "start": 139, "end": 166}, {"text": "DMA", "start": 168, "end": 171}], "application": [{"text": "3D-printed parts", "start": 87, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this purpose, printed parts were made from custom ABS filament and were printed using a rectangular bead shape to minimize porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 54, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 104, "end": 108}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 127, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main properties investigated included the elastic, loss and storage moduli, and the material loss tangent (tan δ).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 88, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicate that the elastic modulus of the printed material was somewhat lower than that of the parent material, about 2 GPa for frequencies 0.1 Hz–100 Hz.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 26, "end": 41}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 127, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "material", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Droplet jetting behavior largely determines the final drop deposition quality in the inkjet printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Droplet", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposition quality", "start": 59, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet printing process", "start": 85, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Forming such behavior is governed by the fluid flow pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Forming", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 41, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, a measurement of the flow pattern is of great importance for improving the printing quality of the inkjet printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "flow pattern", "start": 32, "end": 44}, {"text": "quality", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet printing process", "start": 110, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Most of the current works use static images for the study of the drop evolution process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 70, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The problem of the static images is that the images can not recognize the motion information (i.e., temporal transformation) of the droplet.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "images", "start": 45, "end": 51}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus the information of the jetting process in the temporal domain will be lost.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "jetting", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "domain", "start": 60, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Instead of using the images, this paper takes the video data as the study subject to investigate the droplet evolution behavior in the inkjet printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 21, "end": 27}, {"text": "data", "start": 56, "end": 60}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet printing process", "start": 135, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared to most of the current learning approaches conducted in a supervised/semi-supervised manner for manufacturing process data, we propose an unsupervised learning method for studying the flow pattern of the droplet, which does not require well-defined ground-truth labels.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 105, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 127, "end": 131}, {"text": "flow pattern", "start": 193, "end": 205}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 213, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Regarding the spatial and temporal transformation of the droplet in video data, we apply a deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) to implement the proposed unsupervised learning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "data", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "neural network", "start": 106, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can learn latent representations of the droplet jetting process video data, which is very useful for the prediction of the droplet behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "process", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "data", "start": 128, "end": 132}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 163, "end": 173}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 181, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, through latent space decoding, the learned representations can infer the droplet forming stimulus parameters such as material properties, which would be very helpful for further understanding of the process dynamics and achieving real-time in-situ droplet deposition quality monitoring and control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "properties", "start": 139, "end": 149}, {"text": "process", "start": 212, "end": 219}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 253, "end": 260}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 261, "end": 268}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "be", "start": 163, "end": 165}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposition quality", "start": 269, "end": 287}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface of SLMed composite shows low roughness and high homogeneity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 21, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 41, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A phase transition from bcc martensite to fcc austensite appears with the addition of WC.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 2, "end": 7}, {"text": "bcc", "start": 24, "end": 27}, {"text": "fcc", "start": 42, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "WC", "start": 86, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metallurgical bonding between reinforcement and matrix is realized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Metallurgical bonding", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 30, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile behavior of SLMed composite is different from that of SLMed maraging steel.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLMed", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "maraging steel", "start": 68, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, tungsten carbide (WC) reinforced maraging steel matrix composites were in-situ manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) from powder mixture.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "tungsten carbide", "start": 14, "end": 30}, {"text": "WC", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "maraging steel", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "composites", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "powder", "start": 144, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 109, "end": 132}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM processed samples presented high relative density (over 99%) with a homogenous distribution of WC.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 87, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 41, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "WC", "start": 103, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-fabricated surface quality of SLM processed samples was improved significantly by the addition of WC.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 18, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "WC", "start": 105, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the interfacial properties between tungsten carbide and steel matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "ion", "start": 8, "end": 11}, {"text": "properties", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 12, "end": 16}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 21, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "tungsten carbide", "start": 119, "end": 135}, {"text": "steel", "start": 140, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elemental analysis indicates that metallurgical bonding appears at interfacial region due to the diffusion.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "elemental analysis", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metallurgical bonding", "start": 38, "end": 59}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 101, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile behavior of SLM processed maraging steel was different from their composite with several WC contents.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 20, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 34, "end": 48}, {"text": "composite", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "WC", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To understand the fundamentals of microstructure formation in an electron beam melting (EBM) additive-manufacturing process, which is classified as a type of electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) in ISO562910/ASTM-F42, single bead experiments were conducted by using an electron beam to scan an IN718 plate, using various combinations of power and scan speed, focusing on the relationship between (i) the beam irradiation level, (ii) the melt pool geometry, and (iii) the solidification microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 34, "end": 48}, {"text": "process", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 158, "end": 171}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 273, "end": 286}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 451, "end": 459}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 475, "end": 504}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 65, "end": 86}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "bed fusion", "start": 179, "end": 189}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}, {"text": "IN718", "start": 298, "end": 303}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 441, "end": 450}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 229, "end": 233}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 341, "end": 346}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 351, "end": 361}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 408, "end": 412}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The width and depth of the melt pool increases almost linearly with the line energy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 27, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elongated grains, which are generally called “columnar grains” were observed in almost the entire cross-section of the beads regardless of the process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 10, "end": 16}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 143, "end": 161}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temporal evolution of the temperature distribution for the single bead experiments was simulated by finite element analysis (FEA) with thermal conduction and recoalescence taken into account.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 38, "end": 50}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 100, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 66, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface heat source model used in the simulation was modified to cause the geometry of the simulated melt pool to align with that which was observed experimentally.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 79, "end": 87}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The distributions of the temperature gradient (G) and solidification rate (R) on the solidification interface were evaluated from the simulation results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "solidification interface", "start": 85, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 25, "end": 45}, {"text": "solidification rate", "start": 54, "end": 73}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 134, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The distributions of the microstructures were constructed from the distributions of G and R, as obtained from a solidification map in the literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 67, "end": 80}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 112, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 25, "end": 40}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contrary to the experimental observations, the constructed microstructure consisted mostly of equiaxed and mixed grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 59, "end": 73}, {"text": "grains", "start": 113, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the volumetric energy density is commonly used to qualify a process parameter set, and to quantify its influence on the microstructure and performance of additively manufactured (AM) materials and components, it has been already shown that this description is by no means exhaustive.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 21, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 66, "end": 83}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 126, "end": 140}, {"text": "performance", "start": 145, "end": 156}, {"text": "materials", "start": 189, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 160, "end": 183}, {"text": "AM", "start": 185, "end": 187}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 203, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, new aspects of the optimization of the selective laser melting process are investigated for AM Ti-6Al-4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 53, "end": 84}, {"text": "AM", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We focus on the amount of near-surface residual stress (RS), often blamed for the failure of components, and on the porosity characteristics (amount and spatial distribution).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 39, "end": 54}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 153, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, using synchrotron x-ray diffraction we show that higher RS in the subsurface region is generated if a lower energy density is used.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "synchrotron", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 115, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Second, we show that laser de-focusing and sample positioning inside the build chamber also play an eminent role, and we quantify this influence.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 73, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In parallel, using X-ray Computed Tomography, we observe that porosity is mainly concentrated in the contour region, except in the case where the laser speed is small.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray Computed Tomography", "start": 19, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 146, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V components have great potential in the aerospace and biomedical industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "biomedical industries", "start": 74, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, their wide application is limited by some inherent disadvantages, such as poor surface finish and high porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 88, "end": 102}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 112, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, an innovative method, electrically-assisted ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (EA-UNSM) was introduced to process 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface modification", "start": 82, "end": 102}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 139, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 131, "end": 138}, {"text": "samples", "start": 160, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of EA-UNSM on surface finish, microstructure, porosity and in-depth hardness was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 25, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 79, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with the conventional UNSM process, smoother surfaces and lower subsurface porosities were obtained after EA-UNSM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical modelling showed that localized heating occurs near the pores in 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V subjected to electric current.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 10, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This localized heating could potentially facilitate pore closure under ultrasonic striking.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 52, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a layer-wise powder-based additive manufacturing method capable of building 3D components from their CAD models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "powder-based additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD models", "start": 145, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach offers enormous benefits for generating objects with geometrical complexity.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "geometrical complexity", "start": 67, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, due to the layer-wise nature of the process, surface roughness is formed between layers, thus influenced by layer thickness and other processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 54, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 117, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, systematic research has been carried out to study the influence of processing parameters on surface roughness in Hastelloy X alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 107, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "Hastelloy", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 140, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All samples were manufactured using an EOSINT M 280 machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 17, "end": 29}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser power, scan speed, layer thickness and sloping angle of a surface were systematically varied to understand their effects on surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Laser power", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 25, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 130, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The arithmetic average roughness, Ra, was measured using a surface roughness tester, and optimum conditions for achieving the lowest roughness for both up-skin surfaces and down-skin surfaces have been obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 160, "end": 168}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 183, "end": 191}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 59, "end": 76}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 133, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The formation mechanism for the roughness on these two types of surfaces has been studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 32, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computer simulation was also used to understand thermal profiles at those two surfaces and their resultant influence on surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Computer simulation", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "thermal profiles", "start": 48, "end": 64}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 120, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contour scan and skywriting scan strategies were found to be helpful for reducing the surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Contour", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 58, "end": 60}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 86, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a promising additive manufacturing technique, where powder particles are fused together under the influence of a laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 87, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 148, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To obtain good material properties in the final product, the powder particles need to form a homogeneous melt during the fabrication process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 15, "end": 34}, {"text": "homogeneous", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 61, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 121, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, you want the process to be as fast as possible.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We developed a computational model based on the finite element method to study the material and process parameters concerning the melt flow of the powder particles.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational model", "start": 15, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 48, "end": 69}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 96, "end": 114}, {"text": "melt flow", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "powder particles", "start": 147, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we restrict ourselves to varying the temperature-dependent viscosity, the process parameters, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of the sintering of two polymer (polyamide 12) particles.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 88, "end": 106}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 127, "end": 140}, {"text": "particles", "start": 200, "end": 209}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 160, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 177, "end": 184}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 186, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulations allow for a quantitative analysis of the influence of the different material and processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 84, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the simulations follows that an optimal sintering process has a low ambient temperature, a narrow beam width with enough power to heat the particles only a few degrees above the melting temperature, and a polymer of which the viscosity decreases significantly within these few degrees.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "heat", "start": 135, "end": 139}, {"text": "particles", "start": 144, "end": 153}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "power", "start": 126, "end": 131}, {"text": "melting temperature", "start": 183, "end": 202}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 103, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 210, "end": 217}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 231, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) was utilized to create novel silica (SiO2) coatings onto commercially-pure titanium (Cp-Ti).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "silica", "start": 66, "end": 72}, {"text": "SiO2", "start": 74, "end": 78}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was hypothesized that if silica could be deposited as a coating via laser surface engineering, high hardness and wear resistance could be added to existing Cp-Ti material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silica", "start": 28, "end": 34}, {"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}, {"text": "material", "start": 165, "end": 173}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "wear resistance", "start": 116, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-deposition heat-treatments in the form of laser passes (LP) and a furnace residual-stress relief were completed on the coatings and mechanical/material properties were subsequently evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "furnace", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 124, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Titanium silicide (Ti5Si3) formation and related dendritic microstructures were identified throughout the coating by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis, and appeared more ordered after stress-relief heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Titanium silicide", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 59, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 117, "end": 134}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 136, "end": 139}, {"text": "energy dispersive spectroscopy", "start": 142, "end": 172}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 174, "end": 177}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 211, "end": 214}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 180, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 272, "end": 286}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High hardness values of approximately 1500 HV were measured at the coating’ s topmost surface while specific wear rates showed a maximum 98% reduction from 346.2 × 10−6 mm3/N-m in the Cp-Ti substrate to 7.1 × 10−6 mm3/N-m in the heat treated 1 LP coating.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "coating", "start": 247, "end": 254}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 76, "end": 77}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 190, "end": 199}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "wear", "start": 109, "end": 113}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 141, "end": 150}, {"text": "heat", "start": 229, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ tribofilm formation was observed during wear, which indicated self-healing properties from the material and likely aided further in wear reduction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "wear", "start": 48, "end": 52}, {"text": "properties", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "wear reduction", "start": 140, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 103, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that silica coating on titanium via laser surface engineering could be used as a suitable manufacturing practice to create hard, Ti5Si3-reinforced ceramic coatings with high wear resistance and self-healing properties for applications ranging from biomedical to aerospace.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silica coating", "start": 22, "end": 36}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "be", "start": 85, "end": 87}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "ceramic coatings", "start": 164, "end": 180}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 67, "end": 78}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 265, "end": 275}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 279, "end": 288}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 107, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 191, "end": 206}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 224, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To increase the mechanical strength of Zircaloy-4 cladding at high temperatures, partial oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) treatment of the cladding tube surface was achieved by using laser processing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 16, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "Zircaloy-4", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 89, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "cladding", "start": 142, "end": 150}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 67, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 156, "end": 163}, {"text": "laser processing", "start": 186, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructural characteristics and stability of the ODS layer formed on the Zircaloy-4 cladding surface were analyzed at temperatures up to 1000 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 61, "end": 66}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 126, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "Zircaloy-4", "start": 81, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 92, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ring tensile and loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) simulation tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the surface ODS treated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 97, "end": 118}, {"text": "surface", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "Zircaloy-4", "start": 146, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The formation and uniform distribution of Y2O3 particles formed in the Zr matrix were identified, and the stability of the particles was confirmed up to 1000 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "particles", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "particles", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 106, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When compared to the reference Zircaloy-4 cladding tube, the surface ODS treated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube showed improved mechanical properties at both room temperature and 500 °C, as well as under LOCA simulation conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Zircaloy-4", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "Zircaloy-4", "start": 81, "end": 91}, {"text": "as", "start": 181, "end": 183}, {"text": "as", "start": 189, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 42, "end": 50}, {"text": "cladding", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 122, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 157, "end": 168}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 203, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion is an Additive Manufacturing process able to fabricate a physical object directly from a virtual model using layer by layer deposition of a thermoplastic filament extruded by a nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing process", "start": 25, "end": 55}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 182, "end": 190}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "virtual model", "start": 108, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 128, "end": 142}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 143, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic filament", "start": 159, "end": 181}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 196, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabrication of functional components implies the need for the assembly with other parts with different properties in terms of material and surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "assembly", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "functional components", "start": 19, "end": 40}, {"text": "properties", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 130, "end": 138}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 143, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the most used assembly method involving plastic materials is the interference fit.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "interference fit", "start": 72, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It consists of fastening elements in which the two parts are pushed together, by means of a fit force, and no other fastener is necessary.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fit", "start": 92, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "fastener", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It requires the accurate design of the interference, typically carried out by the designers through diagrams and theoretical formulations supplied by the material manufacturers.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At present no theory has been provided for material extrusion parts due to the anisotropic behavior: the mesostructure, the surface roughness and the dimensional deviations mainly depend upon the build orientation.In this work the effects of the surface morphology and the interference grade on the assembly and disassembly forces in an interference fit joint are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 43, "end": 61}, {"text": "assembly", "start": 299, "end": 307}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 124, "end": 141}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 196, "end": 201}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 246, "end": 264}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "disassembly", "start": 312, "end": 323}, {"text": "interference fit", "start": 337, "end": 353}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the purpose, a design of experiment with a factorial plan has been carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiment", "start": 19, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through this model it is possible to know in advance the force necessary to assemble a material extrusion part with an assigned interference grade.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "force", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 87, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication (FFF) enables production of 3D objects over a range of material compositions at low-cost relative to traditional manufacturing approaches.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "production", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 128, "end": 153}], "application": [{"text": "3D objects", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 73, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To date, a limited but growing number of materials are able to be used with FFF, however many applications exist where specific mechanical, thermal, or chemical properties are needed that can not currently be met with the available feedstock selection.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "properties", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "be", "start": 206, "end": 208}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 232, "end": 241}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, a need exists to tune these materials for specific chemical or mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 74, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One common formulation strategy to address these demanding design parameters is to develop composites or polymer blend filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 59, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "polymer blend", "start": 105, "end": 118}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 119, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This mixing occurs via software-controlled rotating hardware in the chamber of an extruder’ s hot-end.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 92, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The efficiency of mixing within the printed layers has been characterized in detail as a function of the rotational speed and geometry of the blending hardware.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 126, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "blending", "start": 142, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These parameters were exploited to program the ratio and distribution of thermoplastic-based filaments blended within printed extrudate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "extrudate", "start": 126, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Example printed specimens were produced with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer blended with rigid polylactic acid (PLA) and Nylon blended with PLA.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermoplastic polyurethane", "start": 45, "end": 71}, {"text": "elastomer", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 107, "end": 122}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 124, "end": 127}, {"text": "Nylon", "start": 133, "end": 138}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 152, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, a conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) -PLA composite was blended as a function of mixer geometry and input feed ratios with non-conductive PLA and resistance values were measured across the resulting printed specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon nanotube", "start": 26, "end": 41}, {"text": "CNT", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "composite", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 149, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 117, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM fabricated Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy showed a heterogeneous grain structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "heterogeneous grain structure", "start": 42, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 27, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A good strength-ductility synergy was achieved in SLMed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 50, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 68, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain partitioning among heterogeneous grain structure provided additional back stress hardening.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Strain", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "stress", "start": 81, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous grain structure", "start": 26, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a Sc/Zr modified Al-Mg alloy was processed by both selective laser melting (SLM) and directed energy deposition (DED).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al-Mg alloy", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 47, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 65, "end": 88}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 90, "end": 93}, {"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 99, "end": 125}, {"text": "DED", "start": 127, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to different precipitation behavior of primary Al3 (Sc, Zr) -L12 nucleation sites, a heterogeneous grain structure was formed in SLMed sample, which consisted of ultrafine equiaxed grains bands and columnar grains domains, while a fully equiaxed grain structure was obtained in DEDed sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 17, "end": 30}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "heterogeneous grain structure", "start": 89, "end": 118}, {"text": "sample", "start": 139, "end": 145}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 176, "end": 191}, {"text": "equiaxed grain", "start": 241, "end": 255}, {"text": "sample", "start": 288, "end": 294}], "material": [{"text": "Zr", "start": 60, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 133, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 202, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile results showed that the as built SLMed sample had a good combination of strength and ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "strength", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 47, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The yield strength of SLMed sample (335 ± 4 MPa) was about 2.8 times that of DEDed sample (118 ± 3 MPa), however, the ductility in uniform elongation (23.6 ± 1.9%) was still comparable to that of DEDed sample (23.8 ± 2.6%).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 28, "end": 34}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "sample", "start": 83, "end": 89}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "sample", "start": 202, "end": 208}], "parameter": [{"text": "uniform elongation", "start": 131, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the relationship between the heterogeneous grain structure and strain hardening behavior, the strength-ductility synergy mechanism of the SLMed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous grain structure", "start": 38, "end": 67}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 72, "end": 88}, {"text": "SLMed", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 165, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stress partitioning tests showed that the contribution of back stress hardening to flow stress was higher in SLMed sample than DEDed sample, while effective stress hardening showed an opposite trend.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Stress", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "stress", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "flow stress", "start": 83, "end": 94}, {"text": "stress", "start": 157, "end": 163}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "SLMed", "start": 109, "end": 114}, {"text": "hardening", "start": 164, "end": 173}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 115, "end": 121}, {"text": "sample", "start": 133, "end": 139}, {"text": "trend", "start": 193, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the overall strain hardening ability of SLMed sample was limited by the high dynamic recovery rate of ultrafine equiaxed grains, additional back stress hardening, which was caused by strain partitioning between equiaxed grains bands and columnar grains domains, improved its strain hardening ability and resulted in the good combination of strength and ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strain hardening", "start": 20, "end": 36}, {"text": "SLMed", "start": 48, "end": 53}, {"text": "hardening", "start": 160, "end": 169}, {"text": "strain hardening", "start": 283, "end": 299}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 120, "end": 135}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 219, "end": 234}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 153, "end": 159}, {"text": "strain", "start": 191, "end": 197}, {"text": "columnar grains", "start": 245, "end": 260}, {"text": "strength", "start": 348, "end": 356}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 361, "end": 370}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Silicone elastomers are of commercial interest in a number of areas because of their distinctive properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Silicone elastomers", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Current 3D-printing (additive manufacturing) technologies for silicones mainly rely on the extrusion of high-viscosity pre-elastomer inks of one or two parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 8, "end": 19}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 21, "end": 43}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "silicones", "start": 62, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some of the challenges presented by high viscosity materials, for instance, difficulties in mixing and changing inks to create devices from more than one type of silicone, could be overcome by use of lower viscosity inks.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "viscosity", "start": 206, "end": 215}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 92, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 162, "end": 170}, {"text": "be", "start": 178, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we describe a family of rapidly curing (shape holding within < 2 s, full cure in < 20 s), readily mixed, low-viscosity silicone inks using a combination of chain-extender, cross-linker, base polymer and photoinduced thiol-ene click chemistry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 37, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 70, "end": 71}, {"text": "s", "start": 91, "end": 92}, {"text": "silicone inks", "start": 124, "end": 137}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 196, "end": 203}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cure", "start": 78, "end": 82}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 237, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A key advantage of low viscosity is the facility to mix or change ink constituents, which facilitates changing inks, and the properties of the resulting cured materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 23, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 66, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microfluidic printheads and pneumatic control systems that switch rapidly between multiple inks, and then cure them using a UV exposure system, are also described.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "control systems", "start": 38, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cure", "start": 106, "end": 110}, {"text": "UV exposure", "start": 124, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combination of fast curing inks, and the printhead that extrudes and then cures them, allows 3D extrusion printing of low-viscosity silicone materials without the use of supporting material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "silicone materials", "start": 136, "end": 154}, {"text": "material", "start": 185, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ability to print overhanging structures, discrete and continuous structures, as well as multimaterial structures using a single nozzle is demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "overhanging structures", "start": 21, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "as", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 132, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technology described here is scalable to produce higher resolution, multimaterial silicone structures that should find application in rapid prototyping and mold making.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "parameter": [{"text": "higher resolution", "start": 53, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 138, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 160, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous direct metal deposition in Z direction is carried out successfully.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct metal deposition", "start": 11, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Superior austenite/ferrite dual phase microstructure is formed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase microstructure", "start": 32, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thin 316L stainless steel rods were fabricated by continuous directed energy deposition in Z direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 5, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 61, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process parameters (laser power, scan velocity, and powder feeding rate) were carefully selected to obtain a stable deposition process and the effects of powder feeding rate and scan velocity were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feeding", "start": 56, "end": 70}, {"text": "powder feeding", "start": 158, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 120, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A preliminary study on microstructure and tensile properties of the specimens was carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 23, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 42, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results indicated that the specimen showed superior austenite/ferrite (γ/δ) dual phase microstructure, high strength (608.24 MPa), and good plastic deformation capacity (65.08% shrinkage rate) when setting the laser power at 45.2 W, powder feeding rate at 2.81 g/min, and scan velocity at 0.5 mm/s.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase microstructure", "start": 81, "end": 101}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 125, "end": 128}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 160, "end": 168}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 177, "end": 186}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 140, "end": 159}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 210, "end": 221}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feeding", "start": 233, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technique reported in this paper is expected to lay the foundation for the deposition of wire or frame structures more efficiently than traditional layer-by-layer directed energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lay", "start": 52, "end": 55}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 152, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 167, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal modeling of additive manufacturing processes such as laser powder bed fusion is able to calculate a thermal history of a build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Thermal modeling", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 20, "end": 52}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 67, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 129, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This simulated thermal history can in turn be used as an input to further simulate temperature related characteristics such as residual stress, distortion, microstructure, lack of fusion porosity, and hot spots.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 83, "end": 94}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 136, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 144, "end": 154}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 156, "end": 170}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 180, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to estimate the heat loss to the powder bed during the process, convective heat transfer is widely used as thermal boundary condition in finite element modeling of laser powder fusion processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "process", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 84, "end": 97}, {"text": "boundary condition", "start": 124, "end": 142}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 146, "end": 160}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 186, "end": 192}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 173, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, this convection coefficient is usually selected based on empirical estimation or model tuning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, FEA models of the part and surrounding powder are used as a reference to determine the surface convection BC's for modeling the part only.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 69, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 129, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Seven types of commonly used AM materials with a wide range of thermal conductivities were studied for better testing of the conductivity dependency of the convection coefficient.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 29, "end": 41}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 63, "end": 85}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The convection coefficient values, which predict similar thermal history as the powder model, are found to be a function of thermal conductivity of the deposited material and the cross-sectional thickness of the part feature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "powder", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "be", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "material", "start": 162, "end": 170}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 124, "end": 144}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 217, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new thickness dependent convection boundary condition is proposed and found to be capable of predicting much closer thermal history to the powder model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary condition", "start": 37, "end": 55}, {"text": "model", "start": 148, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "powder", "start": 141, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These newly developed boundary conditions improve the peak temperature prediction accuracy by 36% while running in 1/4th of the time as the powder model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 22, "end": 41}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "model", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 133, "end": 135}, {"text": "powder", "start": 140, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The computed tomography (CT) evaluation of the material extrusion (MEX) of a short carbon fiber (SCF) Nylon-12 filament and part is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 4, "end": 23}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 47, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "short carbon fiber", "start": 77, "end": 95}, {"text": "filament", "start": 111, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CT, a non-destructive testing method, was used to quantify the internal structure of specimens into three phases: pore, Nylon, and SCF.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "non-destructive testing", "start": 6, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal structure", "start": 63, "end": 81}, {"text": "pore", "start": 114, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "Nylon", "start": 120, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The intensity histograms from the CT data were fit using a mixed skew-Gaussian distribution (MSGD) algorithm to segment the CT image into phases.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "CT", "start": 124, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fit", "start": 47, "end": 50}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 79, "end": 91}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thresholded images were used to isolate pores in the CT image to determine pore volume and distribution within both the MEX SCF filament and part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 91, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "pore", "start": 75, "end": 79}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase volume percentages of the MEX SCF filament were found to be 1.6% pore, 62.2% Nylon, and 36.2% SCF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "Nylon", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 75, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The volume of most pores within the filament were found to be under 100 μm3.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 19, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The highest frequency of pores was located near the outside of the filament, but the large pores were located near the center of the filament.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "pores", "start": 91, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "filament", "start": 133, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This result indicates that the thermoplastic filament extrusion process likely entraps large bubbles in the center of filament or causes large thermal gradients and residual stresses that induce voids during post-extrusion cooling.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermoplastic filament extrusion process", "start": 31, "end": 71}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 223, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 118, "end": 126}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 143, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 165, "end": 182}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 195, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MSGD analysis of sections of the MEX SCF part estimated phase volume percentages to be 9.8% pore, 59.6% Nylon, and 30.9% SCF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "Nylon", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 92, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the MEX SCF part, the average pore area was found to be highest (> 250 μm2) at the bottom of the layer and smallest (< 100 μm2) at the top of the layer, which could be explained by a large temperature gradient between and contractile thermal stresses inside the layer that cause the thermoplastic to shrink into a smaller volume allowing the voids to grow during deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "volume", "start": 326, "end": 332}, {"text": "voids", "start": 346, "end": 351}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 367, "end": 377}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 39, "end": 43}, {"text": "layer", "start": 101, "end": 106}, {"text": "layer", "start": 150, "end": 155}, {"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 193, "end": 213}, {"text": "layer", "start": 266, "end": 271}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "be", "start": 169, "end": 171}, {"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 287, "end": 300}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stresses", "start": 238, "end": 254}], "feature": [{"text": "shrink", "start": 304, "end": 310}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A qualitative analysis of fiber orientation conducted on the SCF filament indicated that the SCFs maintain their orientation from filament to part except in the intersection zone of rasters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "qualitative", "start": 2, "end": 13}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber orientation", "start": 26, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "filament", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the quest to achieve functional 3D printed parts with open source machines and tools it is required to study all the error sources.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 35, "end": 51}, {"text": "source", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "tools", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 120, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Flow control is a major contributor to accuracy of parts manufactured additively with material extrusion and a precise filament feed rate is therefore essential.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 86, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 128, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Filament slippage is measured in this work.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Filament", "start": 0, "end": 8}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The speed difference between filament feed gear speed and filament speed is measured with a cost effective, automated setup, using a low cost USB microscope video camera and image processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "filament", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 38, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microscope", "start": 146, "end": 156}, {"text": "camera", "start": 163, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 174, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The filament width is also measured simultaneously, allowing for real time volumetric flow rate estimation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 86, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrusion temperature and feed rate are found to influence the amount of slippage.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Extrusion", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 26, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Proof of concept closed loop control of the extruder is also implemented and reduces the amount of slippage considerably.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "closed loop control", "start": 17, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 44, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper we present the results of a study on the impact of a thin reflective film between the substrate and photoresin on the two-photon polymerization procedure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 143, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have proposed a model for the elementary polymerization volume (voxel) formation for the introduced case and carried out simulations to examine the influence of the refractive indexes relation, layer thickness, roughness, and polymerization depth on the polymerization performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "voxel", "start": 67, "end": 72}, {"text": "performance", "start": 272, "end": 283}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 44, "end": 58}, {"text": "polymerization", "start": 229, "end": 243}, {"text": "polymerization", "start": 257, "end": 271}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 197, "end": 212}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 214, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experiments on fabrication of 2D and 2.5D structures have shown the benefit of the proposed configuration for the substrate/photoresin interface localization as well as for the distortion-free fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 197, "end": 208}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 96, "end": 109}, {"text": "interface", "start": 139, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 162, "end": 164}, {"text": "as", "start": 170, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed energy deposition (DED) is a promising technique for cladding and repair due to its ability to deposit molten metal onto existing surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed energy deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "cladding", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "molten metal", "start": 112, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 139, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To date, much still needs to be understood regarding the microstructure evolution during DED.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 57, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 89, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work herein seeks to reveal the effect of build height on mechanical properties and corrosion for austenitic stainless steel 316L.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build height", "start": 46, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 62, "end": 83}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "austenitic stainless steel", "start": 102, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A large 316L block was fabricated via DED and horizontal tensile specimens were taken from every 3 mm along the build height in order to assess the effect of build height on the mechanical response.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 178, "end": 197}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "mm", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 57, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "build height", "start": 112, "end": 124}, {"text": "build height", "start": 158, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscatter diffraction mapping was also conducted on sections taken from the bottom, middle and top heights of the build, to assess the microstructural evolution.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 125, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 146, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cyclic polarisation testing was performed on sections from the build to assess the pitting potential and re-passivation as a function of build height.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "build height", "start": 137, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameters for selective laser melting of Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 (trade name AMZ4), allowing crack-free bulk metallic glass with low porosity, have been developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameters", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 15, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "metallic glass", "start": 110, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 134, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The phase formation was found to be strongly influenced by the heating power of the laser.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 63, "end": 70}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 84, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray amorphous samples were obtained with laser power at and below 75 W. The as-processed bulk metallic glass was found to devitrify by a two-stage crystallization process within which the presence of oxygen was concluded to play an essential role.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 149, "end": 164}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "metallic glass", "start": 96, "end": 110}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 202, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At laser powers above 75 W, the observed crystallites were found to be a cubic phase (Cu2Zr4O).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser powers", "start": 3, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "crystallites", "start": 41, "end": 53}, {"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 79, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hardness and Young’ s modulus in the as-processed samples was found to increase marginally with increased fraction of the crystalline phase.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 24, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 110, "end": 118}, {"text": "phase", "start": 138, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large-scale printing technology is proposed for non-metallic lightning protection.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "printing technology", "start": 12, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printing process integrates continuous carbon fiber and E-Beam irradiation curing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 67, "end": 78}, {"text": "curing", "start": 79, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "continuous carbon fiber", "start": 32, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low-energy E-Beam is applied for fast and low-temperature curing adequacy of print.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 58, "end": 64}, {"text": "print", "start": 77, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Regarding impregnation of epoxy, the fiber content of this printing reached 58 wt%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "impregnation", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 37, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous fiber mesh provides comparative protection as commercial copper mesh.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Continuous fiber", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "copper", "start": 68, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Wind-turbine blades are more vulnerable to lightning strikes as they lack a protection system for large-scale glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "glass fiber", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structures", "start": 148, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A low-energy electron beam (EB) cured printing process for fabricating a continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermoset resin as a non-metallic lightning protection mesh on a GFRP composite surface was carried out in this study.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 13, "end": 26}, {"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 32, "end": 37}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "resin", "start": 118, "end": 123}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "composite", "start": 178, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the proposed process, a continuous carbon fiber mesh was printed through a Fused Filament Fabrication that integrates the rapid curing of an epoxy resin with low-energy EB irradiation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "continuous carbon fiber", "start": 31, "end": 54}, {"text": "epoxy", "start": 148, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 82, "end": 108}, {"text": "curing", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 179, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printing process was analyzed and optimized by examining the correlation between the EB exposure dose and the printing height.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 92, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from artificial lightning strikes showed that the printed carbon fiber mesh prevented damage, and the structure remained relatively intact with residual strength reaching 90.1% at 100 kA maximum peak current.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 66, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 94, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 110, "end": 119}, {"text": "residual", "start": 152, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The protection mechanism was investigated using a high-speed camera, which revealed that the carbon fiber mesh spreads the striking current outside the laminate instead of penetrating inside.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "laminate", "start": 152, "end": 160}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 61, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 93, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In selective laser melting (SLM) products are built by melting layers of metal powder successively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 3, "end": 26}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "melting", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "metal powder", "start": 73, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimal process parameters are usually obtained by scanning single vectors and subsequently determining which settings lead to a good compromise between product density and build speed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Optimal process", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "build speed", "start": 173, "end": 184}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 119, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes a model that describes the effects occurring when scanning single vectors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 22, "end": 27}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 70, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Energy absorption and heat conduction are modeled to determine the temperature distribution and melt pool characteristics for different laser powers, scan speeds and layer thicknesses.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Energy absorption", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat conduction", "start": 22, "end": 37}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 79, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 67, "end": 78}, {"text": "laser powers", "start": 136, "end": 148}, {"text": "scan speeds", "start": 150, "end": 161}, {"text": "layer thicknesses", "start": 166, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model shows good agreement with experimentally obtained scan vectors and can therefore be used to predict SLM process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 114, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 110, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research investigates the microstructure, mechanical, residual stress and tribological properties of as-printed Inconel 718 by laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research investigates", "start": 5, "end": 26}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 31, "end": 45}, {"text": "tribological properties", "start": 79, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 59, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 117, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 132, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure exhibits a hierarchical structure composed of melt pool boundaries and directionally solidified columnar thin dendrites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "melt pool boundaries", "start": 65, "end": 85}], "feature": [{"text": "hierarchical structure", "start": 30, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directionally solidified", "start": 90, "end": 114}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 129, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No significant size of defects or undesirable phases such as Laves phases or macrosegregation was found in the microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 23, "end": 30}, {"text": "macrosegregation", "start": 77, "end": 93}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 111, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Vickers microhardness results did not show any significant differences in hardness value across the tracks and layers of melt pool boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 12, "end": 25}, {"text": "melt pool boundaries", "start": 125, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hot tribological behaviour of the alloy was investigated for the range of temperatures (28 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C) in a high temperature pin (Inconel 718) on disc (EN31 steel) set up.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tribological", "start": 8, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 38, "end": 43}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 153, "end": 164}, {"text": "steel", "start": 180, "end": 185}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 69, "end": 74}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 136, "end": 147}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 187, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The worn surface and loose wear debris were analysed with the aid of SEM/EDS and XRD analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "wear", "start": 27, "end": 31}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 81, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wear loss and friction coefficient increase with the test temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "friction", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The friction results show the running-in-period and steady-state-period for the high temperature cases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "friction", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 85, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The abrasion wear is predominant at 28 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 13, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, delamination wear and oxidation wear are dominant for high temperature cases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "delamination", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 72, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The observation of high friction and wear loss with the test temperature is attributed to the increased intensity of delamination wear and oxidation rate of non-lubricative NiO.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "friction", "start": 24, "end": 32}, {"text": "wear", "start": 37, "end": 41}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 117, "end": 129}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 61, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 139, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "NiO", "start": 173, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The wear debris size increases with the test temperature and the shape has undergone changes from short angular to long angular sheets.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 45, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "sheets", "start": 128, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Single-pass depositions of columnar René 142 on investment cast single-crystal (SX) René N5 substrates having [100] and [001] primary dendrite growth directions were obtained through scanning laser epitaxy (SLE), a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) -based additive manufacturing (AM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 59, "end": 63}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 215, "end": 238}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 240, "end": 244}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 253, "end": 275}, {"text": "AM", "start": 277, "end": 279}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 134, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 183, "end": 191}, {"text": "epitaxy", "start": 198, "end": 205}, {"text": "process", "start": 281, "end": 288}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 192, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and the microhardness properties of the René 142 deposits were investigated through high-resolution optical microscopy (HR-OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and micro-hardness measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 27, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 103, "end": 118}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "microscopy", "start": 127, "end": 137}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 147, "end": 175}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 177, "end": 180}, {"text": "energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy", "start": 183, "end": 219}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 221, "end": 224}, {"text": "x-ray diffraction", "start": 227, "end": 244}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 246, "end": 249}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 252, "end": 284}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 286, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SEM investigations demonstrated that the primary γ/γ′ precipitates in the deposit region were 90% finer in size compared to the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 54, "end": 66}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 128, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness measurements showed an increase in the hardness values by ∼10% in the deposit region compared to the cast substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 115, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that the SLE process has tremendous potential in producing epitaxial deposits of nickel-based superalloys and, therefore, the findings reported in this work can pave ways to fabricate components with dissimilar-chemistry high-γ′ nickel-based superalloys using an LPBF-based AM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "nickel-based superalloys", "start": 100, "end": 124}, {"text": "nickel-based superalloys", "start": 248, "end": 272}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 193, "end": 202}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 293, "end": 303}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 203, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Neutron diffraction study of poly-crystalline bulk samples of Ti-6Al-4V, prepared using selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM), and of their ingredient powders, is reported.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Neutron diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "powders", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 88, "end": 111}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 113, "end": 116}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 122, "end": 143}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 145, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the SLM and EBM samples do not contain the macro- and micro-strain, found in the ingredient powder particles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 17, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 97, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the micro-structure of the EBM sample is found free of preferential orientation, whereas in the SLM sample significant preference towards the hexagonal basal plane is found.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 40, "end": 43}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 109, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "sample", "start": 113, "end": 119}, {"text": "basal plane", "start": 165, "end": 176}], "feature": [{"text": "hexagonal", "start": 155, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot-rolled Inconel 718 showed superior creep performance to LPBF Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 65, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 60, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HIPing worsened creep life and HT improved creep life of LPBF Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "creep", "start": 43, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 62, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Intergranular precipitation in the HIP’ d samples explained worse creep performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 14, "end": 27}, {"text": "samples", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot-rolled samples avoided intergranular fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 41, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the creep performance of laser powder bed fusion manufactured Inconel 718 specimens is studied in detail and compared with conventional hot-rolled specimens alongside as-built then heat-treated and as-built then hot-isostatic pressed specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 19, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 40, "end": 63}, {"text": "heat-treated", "start": 196, "end": 208}, {"text": "pressed", "start": 241, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 77, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot-rolled specimens showed the best creep resistance, while the hot-isostatic pressed specimens yielded the worst performance, inferior to the as-built condition.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 37, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pressed", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 115, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Creep testing of all samples showed increased secondary creep rate was consistently correlated with a reduced life.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Creep", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "creep", "start": 56, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fractography revealed intergranular fracture was the primary failure mode for all as-built samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Fractography", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "samples", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mode", "start": 61, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preferential intergranular precipitation in the case of the hot-isostatic pressed specimens during hot-isostatic pressing extensive intergranular cracking as the primary failure mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 27, "end": 40}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 146, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pressed", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "pressing", "start": 113, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mechanism", "start": 170, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat-treated specimens possessed only sparse intergranular precipitates, thereby explaining an improved creep lifetime.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Heat-treated", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 59, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 104, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hot-rolled specimens, having smallest grain size, showed the least extensive cracking, particularly in locations of finest grains, explaining avoidance of intergranular fracture as a key creep mechanism, thereby explaining the ductile creep fracture surfaces in the case of the hot-rolled samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 42, "end": 52}, {"text": "creep", "start": 191, "end": 196}, {"text": "ductile creep", "start": 231, "end": 244}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "grains", "start": 127, "end": 133}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 173, "end": 181}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 254, "end": 262}, {"text": "samples", "start": 293, "end": 300}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 182, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The build-up of residual stresses in a part during laser powder bed fusion provides a significant limitation to the adoption of this process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 16, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 51, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These residuals stresses may cause a part to fail during a build or fall outside the specified tolerances after fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residuals", "start": 6, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "tolerances", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 112, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work a thermomechanical model is used to simulate the build process and calculate the residual stress state for Ti–6Al–4V specimens built with continuous and island scan strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical model", "start": 22, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 101, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A material model is developed to naturally capture the strain-rate dependence and annealing behavior of Ti–6Al–4V at elevated temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 2, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 126, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from the thermomechanical simulations showed good agreement with synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements used to determine the residual elastic strains in these parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 17, "end": 33}, {"text": "residual", "start": 138, "end": 146}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "synchrotron", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 147, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the experimental measurements showed higher residual strains for the specimen built with an island scan strategy; a trend not fully captured by the simulations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 13, "end": 25}, {"text": "residual", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "trend", "start": 125, "end": 130}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 157, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameter studies were performed to fully understand the advantages and limitations of the current simulation methodology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameter", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 110, "end": 121}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 99, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using defocus can lead to a stable SLM process with high build rates.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 18, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rates", "start": 57, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt pool morphology can be predicted by normalized enthalpy and Rosenthal equation Melt pool depth is more influenced by defocusing than its width.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Melt pool", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "be", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Rosenthal equation", "start": 65, "end": 83}], "parameter": [{"text": "Melt pool depth", "start": 84, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite its many benefits, Selective Laser Melting's (SLM) relatively low productivity compared to deposition-based additive manufacturing techniques is a major drawback.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 27, "end": 50}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 116, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 74, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the laser beam diameter improves SLM's build rate, but causes loss of precision.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser beam diameter", "start": 15, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 44, "end": 47}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "precision", "start": 81, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of this study is to investigate laser beam focus shift, or “defocus”, using a dynamic focusing unit, in order to increase the laser spot size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 40, "end": 50}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser spot size", "start": 134, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When applied to the SLM process, focus shift can be integrated into a “hull-core” strategy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 20, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This involves scanning the core with a high productivity parameter set using defocus while enabling return to the focused smaller spot size position for hull scanning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "productivity", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 158, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 27, "end": 31}], "parameter": [{"text": "spot size", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To assess the process stability, single line scans were made from 316L stainless steel powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel powder", "start": 66, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The consolidated melt pool morphology was analyzed and correlated with the process parameters comprising laser power, scanning speed and defocus distance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 75, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 105, "end": 116}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 118, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to link the melt pool morphology with the heat input, Volumetric Energy Density, Normalized Enthalpy and Rosenthal equation were considered.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 21, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 51, "end": 55}, {"text": "Rosenthal equation", "start": 114, "end": 132}], "parameter": [{"text": "Energy Density", "start": 74, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The suitability of using the Normalized Enthalpy as a design parameter to predict the melt pool depth and Rosenthal equation to predict its width was highlighted.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 54, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt pool depth", "start": 86, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Rosenthal equation", "start": 106, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study shows that within a single laser setup, implementing defocus can lead to a potential productivity increase by 840%, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 76, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 96, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New generation of selective Laser Melting (SLM) machines are evolving towards higher power lasers as well as multi laser systems in order to increase the productivity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective Laser Melting", "start": 18, "end": 41}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machines", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}, {"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 154, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The increase in laser power and the modification of the laser power distribution leads to microstructural and mechanical property variations that are still not well understood.This work aims at better understanding the interaction of a 1 kW top-hat power distribution laser on a well know material, 316 L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 56, "end": 67}, {"text": "power", "start": 249, "end": 254}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 68, "end": 80}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 90, "end": 105}, {"text": "mechanical property", "start": 110, "end": 129}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 255, "end": 267}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 289, "end": 297}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 305, "end": 320}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of texture and microstructure on relative density and crack density, when varying scan rotation, was evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 29, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 47, "end": 63}, {"text": "density", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high power (HP) laser and low power (LP) laser were compared with respect to microstructure and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "power", "start": 34, "end": 39}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "laser", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 81, "end": 95}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 100, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "HP leads to an increase in morphological and crystallographic texture together with a coarsening of the cell structure in contrast to the more random and finer cells found in LP processed material.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 104, "end": 108}, {"text": "cells", "start": 160, "end": 165}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed material", "start": 178, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot isostatic pressing was applied as a post-process treatment in order to close remaining pores and cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Hot isostatic pressing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-process", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 91, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This helped in achieving higher elongations for LP and HP processed materials, while competitive mechanical properties to the 316 L material specifications were obtained in both cases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processed materials", "start": 58, "end": 77}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 97, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser sintering (LS) of polymer materials is a process that has been developed over the last two decades and has been applied in industries ranging from aerospace to sporting goods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "polymer materials", "start": 24, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 129, "end": 139}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 153, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, one of the current major limitations of the process is the restricted range of usable materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "materials", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 79, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various material characteristics have been proposed as being important to optimise the laser sintering process, key aspects of which have been combined in this work to develop an understanding of the most crucial requirements for LS process design and materials selection.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Various material", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 87, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 233, "end": 240}, {"text": "materials", "start": 252, "end": 261}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 241, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the favourable characteristics of polyamide-12 (the most often used material for laser sintering) as a benchmark, a previously un-sintered thermoplastic elastomer material was identified as being suitable for the LS process, through a combination of information from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy (HSM) and knowledge of viscosity data.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "thermoplastic elastomer", "start": 145, "end": 168}, {"text": "material", "start": 169, "end": 177}, {"text": "as", "start": 193, "end": 195}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 87, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 222, "end": 229}, {"text": "Scanning", "start": 286, "end": 294}, {"text": "data", "start": 368, "end": 372}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 308, "end": 311}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 324, "end": 334}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 358, "end": 367}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequent laser sintering builds confirmed the viability of this new material, and tensile test results were favourable when compared with materials that are currently commercially available, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the chosen selection process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 11, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "tensile test", "start": 84, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 140, "end": 149}, {"text": "process", "start": 252, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting is already established as a commercial production technique.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "production", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 47, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ process monitoring is a promising means to accommodate this issue, but quantitative correlations between monitoring signals and actual part defects have been lacking.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 79, "end": 91}, {"text": "defects", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, results are presented that have been obtained with an off-axis melt pool monitoring system on a 3D Systems ProX DMP 320 using Ti-6Al-4 V ELI.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "application": [{"text": "3D Systems", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The focus is on the development of a method for predicting the presence and location of lack of fusion porosities as they can have a large impact on part quality and are not always easily detected post-build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 96, "end": 102}, {"text": "impact", "start": 139, "end": 145}, {"text": "quality", "start": 154, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The processed signals from the monitoring system are shown to have a high degree of correlation with the presence of lack of fusion porosities as measured by CT scans.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 125, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 158, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A prediction sensitivity of 90% for lack of fusion events in the range of pores having a volume greater than 0.001 mm3, roughly equivalent to 160 μm in diameter, was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 2, "end": 12}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "volume", "start": 89, "end": 95}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 152, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 65, "end": 70}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 74, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relationships between prior beta grain size in solidified Ti-6Al-4V and melting process parameters in the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 33, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 106, "end": 127}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 129, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "process", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples are built by varying a machine-dependent proprietary speed function to cover the process space.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "process", "start": 89, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optical microscopy is used to measure prior beta grain widths and assess the number of prior beta grains present in a melt pool in the raster region of the build.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 49, "end": 54}, {"text": "grains", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 156, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the complicated evolution of beta grain sizes, the beta grain width scales with melt pool width.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "grain", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain sizes", "start": 42, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting understanding of the relationship between primary machine variables and prior beta grain widths is a key step toward enabling the location specific control of as-built microstructure in the EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 97, "end": 102}, {"text": "step", "start": 119, "end": 123}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 182, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 204, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The selective laser melting (SLM) process is used throughout the world.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 4, "end": 27}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 34, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process is based on the continuous (layer by layer) surfacing of metallic powder which is fused by laser or high-power electron beam.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 41, "end": 55}, {"text": "fused", "start": 95, "end": 100}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 124, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "metallic powder", "start": 70, "end": 85}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 104, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper is presented studies of the structure of a nickel alloy (EP718) component formed using the SLM process, and the effects of heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on the mechanical properties of samples manufactured by SLM technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "process", "start": 109, "end": 116}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 192, "end": 213}, {"text": "samples manufactured", "start": 217, "end": 237}], "material": [{"text": "nickel alloy", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 105, "end": 108}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 137, "end": 151}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 156, "end": 178}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 180, "end": 183}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 241, "end": 244}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical tests have shown that components formed using SLM exhibit a low level of strength but with a high degree of plasticity.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical tests", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 33, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 57, "end": 60}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Subsequent heat treatment led to an increase in strength and a corresponding reduction in plasticity owing to the formation of reinforcing particles of molybdenum silicides and an incomplete relaxation, with low grain growth.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "particles", "start": 139, "end": 148}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 212, "end": 224}], "material": [{"text": "molybdenum", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, a combination of SLM + HIP + heat treatment resulted in optimum levels of strength and plasticity in comparison with other samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 26, "end": 29}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 32, "end": 35}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 38, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, 3D cubic test specimens were manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) from commercially available Ni/Fe-based superalloy powder, and were further subjected to heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 14, "end": 16}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 43, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 59, "end": 82}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 178, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 140, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The evolution of their microstructure, phase composition and microhardness were analysed in relation to the applied heat-treatment procedure.Parametric study of the SLM process allows determination of a suitable parametric set for obtaining of 3D objects from the Ni/Fe-based single-crystal superalloy Thymonel-2, with the resulting porosity of 0.35% .The manufactured 3D specimens were subjected to three different heat-treatment procedures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 23, "end": 37}, {"text": "phase composition", "start": 39, "end": 56}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 61, "end": 74}, {"text": "process", "start": 169, "end": 176}, {"text": "manufactured 3D", "start": 356, "end": 371}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 165, "end": 168}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 223, "end": 226}, {"text": "3D objects", "start": 244, "end": 254}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 333, "end": 341}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure and the phase composition of the as-manufactured and the heat-treated samples were analysed in order to study the microstructure-microhardness correlation of Thymonel-2.XRD analysis of the as-manufactured samples reveals the presence of the fcc γ- (Fe, Ni) phase only.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "phase composition", "start": 27, "end": 44}, {"text": "samples", "start": 224, "end": 231}, {"text": "fcc", "start": 260, "end": 263}, {"text": "phase", "start": 276, "end": 281}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated", "start": 76, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "Fe", "start": 268, "end": 270}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 272, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The literature reports a considerable amount of γ′ phase in Ni/Fe-based superalloys processed by conventional metallurgy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 51, "end": 56}, {"text": "processed", "start": 84, "end": 93}, {"text": "metallurgy", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "superalloys", "start": 72, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The absence of the γ′ can be explained by extremely high cooling rates during SLM which prevents precipitation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 57, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 78, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 97, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post heat-treatment of the specimens leads to significant changes in microstructure and the resulting 30–90% increase in microhardness.Recommendations on SLM strategy and post heat-treatment of Thymonel-2 are provided.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Post heat-treatment", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 154, "end": 157}, {"text": "post heat-treatment", "start": 171, "end": 190}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 69, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presents a novel modeling framework combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and cellular automata (CA), to predict the solidification microstructure evolution of laser powder bed fusion (PBF) fabricated 316 L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 134, "end": 163}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 164, "end": 173}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 207, "end": 217}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 56, "end": 84}], "application": [{"text": "CFD", "start": 86, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 224, "end": 239}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 177, "end": 200}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 202, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A CA model is developed which is based on the modified decentered square method to improve computational efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 2, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "computational efficiency", "start": 91, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this framework, the fluid dynamics of the melt pool flow in the laser melting process is found to be mainly driven by the competing Marangoni force and the recoil pressure on the liquid metal surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 11, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "force", "start": 148, "end": 153}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 169, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "liquid metal", "start": 185, "end": 197}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 70, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evaporation occurs at the front end of the laser spot.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Evaporation", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 43, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The initial high temperature occurs in the center of the laser spot.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 17, "end": 28}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 57, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, due to Marangoni force, which drives high-temperature liquid flowing to low-temperature region, the highest temperature region shifts to the front side of the laser spot where evaporation occurs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 185, "end": 196}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 117, "end": 128}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 168, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the recoil pressure pushes the liquid metal downward to form a depression zone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "liquid metal", "start": 45, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated melt pool depths are compared well with the experimental data.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "melt pool depths", "start": 14, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 58, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the simulated solidification microstructure using the CA model is in a good agreement with the experimental observation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification microstructure", "start": 28, "end": 57}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 109, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulations show that higher scan speeds result in smaller melt pool depth, and lack-of-fusion pores can be formed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speeds", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "melt pool depth", "start": 63, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Higher laser scan speed also leads to finer grain size, larger laser-grain angle, and higher columnar grain contents, which are consistent with experimental observations.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 7, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 44, "end": 54}, {"text": "columnar grain", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 144, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This model can be potentially used as a tool to optimize the metal powder bed fusion process, through generating desired microstructure and resultant material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 5, "end": 10}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 121, "end": 135}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 150, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 40, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "metal powder bed fusion", "start": 61, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report our efforts toward 3D printing of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) at room temperature by direct-ink write technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 114, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The room-temperature extrusion printing method was enabled by a unique formulation comprised of commercial PEEK powder, soluble epoxy-functionalized PEEK (ePEEK), and fenchone.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 21, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "PEEK", "start": 107, "end": 111}, {"text": "PEEK", "start": 149, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "soluble", "start": 120, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This combination formed a Bingham plastic that could be extruded using a readily available direct-ink write printer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "be", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The initial green body specimens were strong enough to be manipulated manually after drying.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "green body", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 85, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After printing, thermal processing at 230 °C resulted in crosslinking of the ePEEK components to form a stabilizing network throughout the specimen, which helped to preclude distortion and cracking upon sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 174, "end": 184}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 189, "end": 197}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 203, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final parts were found to have excellent thermal stability and solvent resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stability", "start": 45, "end": 62}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 75, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Tg of the product specimens was found to be 158 °C, which is 13 °C higher than commercial PEEK as measured by DSC.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "DSC", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47}, {"text": "PEEK", "start": 94, "end": 98}, {"text": "as", "start": 99, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the thermal decomposition temperature was found to be 528 °C, which compares well against commercial molded PEEK samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal decomposition", "start": 14, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 36, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "PEEK", "start": 118, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Chemical resistance in trifluoroacetic acid and 8 common organic solvents, including CH2Cl2 and toluene, were also investigated and no signs of degradation or weight changes were observed from parts submerged for 1 week in each solvent.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Chemical resistance", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 159, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Test specimens also displayed desirable mechanical properties, such as a Young’ s modulus of 2.5 GPa, which corresponds to 63% of that of commercial PEEK (reported to be 4.0 GPa).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 40, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "s", "start": 80, "end": 81}, {"text": "PEEK", "start": 149, "end": 153}, {"text": "be", "start": 167, "end": 169}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "GPa", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 174, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the relative youth of metallic powder bed additive manufacturing technologies and difficulties with monitoring the process in situ, there is little consensus in the user community on how to optimize user variable parameters to ensure the highest quality and most cost effective build.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic powder", "start": 29, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 45, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 130, "end": 137}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 220, "end": 230}, {"text": "quality", "start": 253, "end": 260}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 285, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature distribution is the critical factor that dictates melting, microstructure and eventually the final part quality.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 71, "end": 85}, {"text": "quality", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "critical factor", "start": 32, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 62, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Monitoring or measuring the temperature during the process is extremely difficult due to the ultra-high speeds and microscale size of the laser or electron beam.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 28, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "microscale", "start": 115, "end": 125}, {"text": "electron beam", "start": 147, "end": 160}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 138, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, other tools such as finite element modeling can be utilized to optimize these processes and predict the behavior of the system for different materials.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 17, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "element", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "materials", "start": 152, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research presents transient, dynamic finite element model of the build process for both laser and electron beam melting techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "transient", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 70, "end": 75}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 103, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model includes melting and solidification of the powder as well as different thermal aspects such as conduction and radiation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 31, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Diffusivity of the powder is modeled and phase change is modeled such that latent heat of fusion is considered.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Diffusivity", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "latent heat of fusion", "start": 75, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt pool geometry and temperature distribution was obtained for different heat sources and different materials such as Ti6Al4V, Stainless Steel 316, and 7075 Aluminum powders.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Melt pool", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "Stainless Steel", "start": 129, "end": 144}, {"text": "Aluminum", "start": 159, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 35, "end": 47}, {"text": "heat sources", "start": 75, "end": 87}, {"text": "materials", "start": 102, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 23, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was determined that heat accumulation is most consolidated within titanium powder beds, with steel being the second most consolidated, and aluminum powder beds having the most heat dissipation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 23, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "titanium powder", "start": 69, "end": 84}, {"text": "steel", "start": 96, "end": 101}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 142, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat dissipation", "start": 179, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, titanium was seen to exhibit the highest local temperatures and largest melt pools, followed by steel and aluminum in decreasing order.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "melt pools", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "steel", "start": 109, "end": 114}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 60, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Naturally, laser models showed smaller melt pool sizes and depths due to lower power.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 39, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 79, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The beam speed and power used for Ti were found inadequate for creating a sustained and continuous melting of Al and Steel.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 19, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "Al", "start": 110, "end": 112}, {"text": "Steel", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, adjustments were made to these parameters and presented in this research.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 42, "end": 52}, {"text": "research", "start": 75, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An effective liquid conductivity approach has been developed to describe the convective transport modes existing within the melt pool in powder bed additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 20, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed additive manufacturing", "start": 137, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A first principles approach is introduced to derive an effective conductive transport mode that encompasses conduction and advection within the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "first principles", "start": 2, "end": 18}, {"text": "transport", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 144, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A modified Bond number was calculated by comparing surface tension forces with viscous forces within the melt pool region.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 51, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "forces", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "viscous forces", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was determined, due to the small size scale of melt pools in powder bed processes, that the surface tension gradient driven flow, or the Marangoni effect, is the dominant mass transport phenomenon within the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 211, "end": 220}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 95, "end": 110}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 179, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Validation was conducted by comparing simulation melt pool widths and depths against experimental measurements for Inconel 718 built at beam powers of 150 W, 200 W and 300 W and a scan speed of 200 mm/s.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Validation", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 85, "end": 97}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 115, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 136, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 180, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By introducing the effective liquid conductivity, simulated melt pool widths were up to 50% closer to experimental widths and simulated melt pool depths were up to 80% closer to experimental measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 36, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 102, "end": 114}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 178, "end": 190}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt pool depths", "start": 136, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analytic temperature profiles and melt pool dimensions are compared between Ti6Al4V, Stainless Steel 316L, Aluminum 7075 and Inconel 718 built with similar process parameters, while including effective liquid conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "melt pool dimensions", "start": 34, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "Stainless Steel", "start": 85, "end": 100}, {"text": "Aluminum 7075", "start": 107, "end": 120}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 156, "end": 174}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 209, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reasons for differences in temperature and melt pool geometry are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 47, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental measurements are a critical component of model development, as they are needed to validate the accuracy of the model predictions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "model", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "model", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently, there is a deficiency in the availability of experimental data for laser powder bed fusion made parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 56, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 78, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, two experimental builds of cylindrical geometry, one using a rotating scan pattern and the other using a constant scan pattern, are designed to provide post-build distortion measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 169, "end": 179}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan pattern", "start": 76, "end": 88}, {"text": "scan pattern", "start": 120, "end": 132}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 138, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measurements show that for these cylindrical thin wall builds, there is no discernable effect on distortion from using the rotating versus constant scan patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "discernable", "start": 75, "end": 86}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "scan patterns", "start": 148, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Project Pan finite element modeling software is used to model each of the experimental builds.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 12, "end": 26}, {"text": "software", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "model", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 74, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 87, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results show good agreement with experimental measurements of post-build deformation, within a 12% percent error as compared to experimental measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 48, "end": 60}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 88, "end": 99}, {"text": "error", "start": 122, "end": 127}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 143, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the FE model, the effect of a flexible versus a rigid substrate on distortion profile is examined.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 10, "end": 12}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 73, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FE model is validated against in situ experimental measurements of substrate distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "FE", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 42, "end": 54}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 81, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated results are used to study stress and distortion evolution during the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 83, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Internal stresses calculated by the model throughout the part are used in explaining the final part distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Internal stresses", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 100, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The combination of experimental and simulation results from this study show that the distortion of the top layer is relatively small (less than 30%) throughout the duration of the build process compared to the peak distortion, which occurs several layers below the most recently deposited layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 215, "end": 225}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 107, "end": 112}, {"text": "build", "start": 180, "end": 185}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layer", "start": 279, "end": 294}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Designing metallic cellular structures with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) sheet cores is a novel approach for lightweight and multi-functional structural applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 19, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "triply periodic minimal surface", "start": 44, "end": 75}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 119, "end": 130}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cores", "start": 89, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different from current honeycombs and lattices, TPMS sheet structures are composed of continuous and smooth shells, allowing for large surface areas and continuous internal channels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface areas", "start": 135, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we investigate the mechanical properties and energy absorption abilities of three types of TPMS sheet structures (Primitive, Diamond, and Gyroid) fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) with 316 L stainless steel under compression loading and classify their failure mechanisms and printing accuracy with the help of numerical analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 34, "end": 55}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 60, "end": 77}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 309, "end": 317}], "material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 111, "end": 116}, {"text": "Diamond", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 216, "end": 231}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 175, "end": 198}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 200, "end": 203}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 238, "end": 249}, {"text": "failure mechanisms", "start": 277, "end": 295}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results reveal the superior stiffness, plateau stress and energy absorption ability of TPMS sheet structures compared to body-centred cubic lattices, with Diamond-type sheet structures performing best.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "lattices", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "stress", "start": 60, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 71, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 105, "end": 110}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 181, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nonlinear finite element simulation results also show that Diamond and Gyroid sheet structures display relatively uniform stress distributions across all lattice cells under compression, leading to stable collapse mechanisms and desired energy absorption performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 10, "end": 24}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 154, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "Diamond", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress distributions", "start": 122, "end": 142}, {"text": "compression", "start": 174, "end": 185}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 162, "end": 167}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 237, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion contain significant residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 6, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 22, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 66, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This stress causes failures during the build process, distorts parts and limits in-service performance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 73, "end": 79}, {"text": "performance", "start": 91, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A pragmatic finite element model of the build process is introduced here to predict residual stress in a computationally efficient manner.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 12, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 84, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The part is divided into coarse sections which activate at the melting temperature in an order that imitates the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 63, "end": 82}, {"text": "build", "start": 113, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature and stress in the part are calculated using a sequentially coupled thermomechanical analysis with temperature dependent material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 110, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 79, "end": 95}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 132, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is validated against two sets of experimental measurements: the first from a bridge component made from 316L stainless steel and the second from a cuboidal component made from Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 43, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 87, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 114, "end": 134}, {"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 186, "end": 197}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 166, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the bridge component the simulated distortion is within 5% of the experimental measurement when modelled with a section height of 0.8 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 70, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is 16 times larger than the 50 μm layer height in the experimental part.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 59, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the cuboid component the simulated distortion is within 10% of experimental measurement with a section height 10 times larger than the experiment layer height.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 139, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results show that simulation of every layer in the build process is not required to obtain accurate results, reducing computational effort and enabling the prediction of residual stress in larger components.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "build", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 97, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prediction", "start": 162, "end": 172}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 176, "end": 191}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 202, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A mesoscale multi-physics model is developed to simulate rapid solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mesoscale", "start": 2, "end": 11}, {"text": "model", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 57, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solute transport, phase transition, heat transfer, latent heat, and melt flow are modeled.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 7, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 18, "end": 23}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "heat", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "melt flow", "start": 68, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder bed fusion is a recently developed additive manufacturing (AM) technique for alloys, which builds parts by selectively melting metallic powders with a high-energy laser or electron beam.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}, {"text": "AM", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "melting", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "powders", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 170, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 179, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the rapid solidification process for better quality control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "rapid solidification process", "start": 72, "end": 100}, {"text": "quality control", "start": 112, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To simulate the microstructure evolution of alloys during the rapid solidification, in this research, a mesoscale multi-physics model is developed to simultaneously consider solute transport, phase transition, heat transfer, latent heat, and melt flow.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 16, "end": 40}, {"text": "research", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "mesoscale", "start": 104, "end": 113}, {"text": "model", "start": 128, "end": 133}, {"text": "phase", "start": 192, "end": 197}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 210, "end": 223}, {"text": "heat", "start": 232, "end": 236}, {"text": "melt flow", "start": 242, "end": 251}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 62, "end": 82}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 181, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this model, the phase-field method simulates the dendrite growth of alloys, whereas the thermal lattice Boltzmann method models heat transfer and fluid flow.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 8, "end": 13}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 131, "end": 144}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 71, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results of Ti-6Al-4V show that the consideration of latent heat is necessary because it reveals the details of the formation of secondary arms and provides more realistic kinetics of dendrite growth.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 74, "end": 78}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 198, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed multi-physics simulation model provides new insights into the complex solidification process in AM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 83, "end": 105}, {"text": "AM", "start": 109, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relationship between laser energy density and thermal expansion was explained.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 21, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 46, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Critical laser energy density exists for each material.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 9, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 46, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Void formation and alloying element vaporization occurred during selective laser melting of Ni- and Fe-based alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Void", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "material": [{"text": "alloying element", "start": 19, "end": 35}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 109, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 65, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetic properties and thermal expansion coefficients of parts produced were quantified.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal expansion coefficients", "start": 24, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process window was determined for Invar 36 and stainless steel 316 L based on stable melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "Invar", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 47, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an experimental study on the metallurgical issues associated with selective laser melting of Invar 36 and stainless steel 316 L and the resulting coefficient of thermal expansion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 23, "end": 35}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 86, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "Invar", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 126, "end": 141}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of thermal expansion", "start": 166, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Invar 36 has been used in aircraft control systems, electronic devices, optical instruments, and medical instruments that are exposed to significant temperature changes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Invar", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "control systems", "start": 35, "end": 50}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 149, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stainless steel 316 L is commonly used for applications that require high corrosion resistance in the aerospace, medical, and nuclear industries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Stainless steel", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 74, "end": 94}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "medical", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "industries", "start": 134, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both Invar 36 and stainless steel 316 L are weldable austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structures, but stainless steel 316 L may experience chromium evaporation and Invar 36 may experience weld cracking during the welding process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Invar", "start": 5, "end": 10}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 18, "end": 33}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 108, "end": 123}, {"text": "chromium", "start": 145, "end": 153}, {"text": "Invar", "start": 170, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal structures", "start": 84, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 194, "end": 198}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 199, "end": 207}, {"text": "process", "start": 227, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 219, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Various laser process parameters were tested based on a full factorial design of experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 8, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "factorial design", "start": 61, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure, material composition, coefficient of thermal expansion, and magnetic dipole moment were measured for both materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "composition", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "materials", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of thermal expansion", "start": 42, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that there exists a critical laser energy density for each material, EC, for which selective laser melting process is optimal for material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 42, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 72, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 96, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 143, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The critical laser energy density provides enough energy to induce stable melting, homogeneous microstructure and chemical composition, resulting in thermal expansion and magnetic properties in line with that expected for the wrought material.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous", "start": 83, "end": 94}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 114, "end": 134}, {"text": "thermal expansion", "start": 149, "end": 166}, {"text": "properties", "start": 180, "end": 190}], "material": [{"text": "wrought material", "start": 226, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Below the critical energy, a lack of fusion due to insufficient melt tracks and discontinuous beads was observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "melt", "start": 64, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 94, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The melt track was also unstable above the critical energy due to vaporization and microsegregation of alloying elements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "microsegregation", "start": 83, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "alloying elements", "start": 103, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both cases can generate stress risers and part flaws during manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "risers", "start": 31, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 60, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These flaws could be avoided by finding the critical laser energy needed for each material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flaws", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "laser energy", "start": 53, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 18, "end": 20}, {"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The critical laser energy density was determined to be 86.8 J/mm3 for Invar 36 and 104.2 J/mm3 for stainless steel 316 L. The present study investigated the effects of set radius of curvature and fiber bundle size on the precision of the radius of curvature during continuous carbon fiber three-dimensional (3D) printing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "Invar", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 99, "end": 114}, {"text": "fiber bundle", "start": 196, "end": 208}, {"text": "continuous carbon fiber", "start": 265, "end": 288}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 168, "end": 171}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 221, "end": 230}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 308, "end": 310}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, individual circles with various radii using various sizes of fiber bundles were printed with a 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber bundles", "start": 68, "end": 81}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 102, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was demonstrated that with a larger fiber bundle size or a smaller set radius, the printed radius would be lower than the set value.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber bundle", "start": 39, "end": 51}, {"text": "be", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 70, "end": 73}, {"text": "set", "start": 125, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi HEA was successfully fabricated by SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 57, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The XRD profiles of the SLM-CoCrFeMnNi HEA were refined by the Rietveld program.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 8, "end": 16}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the peak load on the creep deformation was investigated by nanoindentation with a Berkovich indenter.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "nanoindentation", "start": 73, "end": 88}, {"text": "Berkovich indenter", "start": 96, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The creep was mainly dominated by deformation controlled by dislocation motion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "dislocation motion", "start": 60, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) was used to fabricate an equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM-fabricated CoCrFeMnNi HEA samples were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and nanoindentation techniques to characterize the microstructure and creep behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 229, "end": 243}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 60, "end": 77}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 100, "end": 128}, {"text": "FESEM", "start": 130, "end": 135}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 138, "end": 170}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 172, "end": 176}, {"text": "nanoindentation", "start": 182, "end": 197}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep behavior", "start": 248, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the HEA comprised a single face-centered cubic (fcc) structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fcc", "start": 66, "end": 69}, {"text": "structure", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the fast solidification and high temperature gradients of the molten pool during the SLM process, the microstructure comprised cellular subgrains with grain boundary angles lower than 5°.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 16, "end": 30}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "process", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 109, "end": 123}, {"text": "subgrains", "start": 143, "end": 152}, {"text": "grain boundary", "start": 158, "end": 172}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradients", "start": 40, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 92, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the effect of the peak holding load on the nanoindentation creep deformation of the SLM-fabricated HEA was investigated using a Berkovich indenter.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "nanoindentation", "start": 53, "end": 68}, {"text": "Berkovich indenter", "start": 138, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 69, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of this study indicated that the creep was mainly dominated by deformation controlled by dislocation motion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 75, "end": 86}, {"text": "dislocation motion", "start": 101, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spatter distribution on AlSi10Mg powder bed was quantified in terms of mass, size and processed images.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Spatter", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "processed images", "start": 86, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 40, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Established vision methodology showed moderate positive relationship with quantified mass of spatter.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 93, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spatter mass and size distributions could serve as ground truth validation data for future simulation studies.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Spatter", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 22, "end": 35}, {"text": "validation data", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 91, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Exponential decay in the Stk number with respect to the distance travelled by the spatter particles.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 90, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In Selective Laser Melting (SLM), inert gas is pumped into the chamber to eliminate the deleterious by-products, which includes spatter.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 3, "end": 26}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "inert gas", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 128, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite this, traces of spatter on the powder bed have always been observed.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 39, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Earlier research mainly focussed on the formation and characterization of spatter particles that were freshly ejected from the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "particles", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, in this study, the quantification of the spatter distribution on the powder bed was performed, following their transport by the inert gas flow which was varied at two gas pump settings (60 and 67%).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "transport", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 58, "end": 70}, {"text": "inert gas", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "gas", "start": 176, "end": 179}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image processing for spatter detection based on contrast was first conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 21, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sieved out spatter particles were quantified by precision weighing of mass.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "precision", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 23, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optical microscopy was then utilised for size determination.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 18}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The majority of spatter particles were originally distributed along the −x direction, as observed from the top down images taken.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "images", "start": 116, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 86, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, increasing the gas flow velocity did not correspond to a lesser mass distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 24, "end": 27}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 78, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computations on the Stk number revealed that at the gas pump setting of 67%, spatter particles of greater size were deposited earlier on the powder bed, suggesting that increasing the gas flow velocity to a large extent would increase the likelihood of powder bed contamination.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 52, "end": 55}, {"text": "particles", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "gas", "start": 184, "end": 187}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 141, "end": 151}, {"text": "powder bed", "start": 253, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The forward extrapolation of the exponential Stk number trendlines also elucidated the reason for the limitations on the width of the powder bed in machines designed by SLM Solutions.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 134, "end": 144}, {"text": "machines", "start": 148, "end": 156}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 157, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 169, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bulk high strength and thermally stable Al85Nd8Ni5Co2 samples have been prepared by selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 10, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 84, "end": 107}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 109, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The alloy shows a composite-like microstructure consisting of submicron-sized stable intermetallic phases dispersed in an Al matrix, which leads to high compressive strength (1–0.5 GPa) at elevated temperatures (303–573 K).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "intermetallic", "start": 85, "end": 98}, {"text": "Al", "start": 122, "end": 124}, {"text": "K", "start": 220, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 33, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 153, "end": 173}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 181, "end": 184}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 198, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results indicate that SLM is an effective alternative to conventional routes for producing dense, thermally stable and near net shaped components from high strength Al-based alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 162, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 180, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, novel biomedical Co29Cr9W3Cu samples were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "technology", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 74, "end": 97}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 99, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to better understand the formation of the lattice defects during the melting process, and the tensile deformation mechanism of the SLM-produced Co29Cr9W3Cu samples, the microstructures of the samples before and after tensile deformation were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and an electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice defects", "start": 51, "end": 66}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 111, "end": 122}, {"text": "samples", "start": 165, "end": 172}, {"text": "samples", "start": 201, "end": 208}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 234, "end": 245}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 226, "end": 233}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 178, "end": 193}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 268, "end": 296}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 298, "end": 301}, {"text": "transmission electron microscope", "start": 306, "end": 338}, {"text": "TEM", "start": 340, "end": 343}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 377, "end": 388}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 390, "end": 394}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SEM morphology indicated that the non-equilibrium structure of the SLM-produced Co29Cr9W3Cu samples contained cellular and columnar subgrains.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 8, "end": 18}, {"text": "structure", "start": 54, "end": 63}, {"text": "samples", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "subgrains", "start": 136, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The TEM observation and EBSD analysis showed that the accumulated residual stress during the SLM process predominated in the overlapping regions between the adjacent scanning tracks, which consequently induced a larger number of the lattice defects, such as dislocations and overlapping stacking faults.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "TEM", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 24, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 66, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 93, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 166, "end": 174}, {"text": "lattice defects", "start": 233, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 255, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analysis of the tensile deformation revealed that the main plastic deformation was caused by the strain-induced martensitic transformation effect in the SLM-produced Co29Cr9W3Cu samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 63, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "samples", "start": 182, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alumina/aluminum titanate composites were prepared using directed laser deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning speed has a significant effect on the microstructure and macro features.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Scanning speed", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 47, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "macro", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure and macro defects are responsible for the trend of properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "defects", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "trend", "start": 57, "end": 62}, {"text": "properties", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "feature": [{"text": "macro", "start": 19, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimal forming quality was achieved at the medium-speed scanning process window.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning process", "start": 57, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed energy deposition (DED) has developed rapidly in recent years as a new material-structure integration manufacturing technology for preparing melt-growth ceramics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed energy deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "DED", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "manufacturing technology", "start": 111, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 162, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the influence of process conditions on the forming quality has not been systematically studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alumina/aluminum titanate composite ceramics were directly prepared using DED technology with an extensive process window.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite ceramics", "start": 26, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 107, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the scanning speed on the typical defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties of prepared samples were systematically investigated, and the optimized process parameters were determined.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 19, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 58, "end": 72}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 78, "end": 99}, {"text": "samples", "start": 112, "end": 119}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 172, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that the scanning speed has a significant effect on the macroscopic defects, such as cracks and pores, microstructure characteristics, such as grain morphology and size, and mechanical properties, such as flexural strength.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 22, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic defects", "start": 69, "end": 88}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 116, "end": 130}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 162, "end": 172}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 187, "end": 208}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 95, "end": 97}, {"text": "as", "start": 153, "end": 155}, {"text": "as", "start": 215, "end": 217}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 109, "end": 114}, {"text": "strength", "start": 227, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Slow-speed scanning achieved a longer retention time of the liquid molten pool, which was beneficial to pore suppression.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 104, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rapid scanning reduced the temperature gradient at the bottom of the molten pool to obtain crack-free samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "samples", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 27, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The directional growth tendency of α-Al2O3 cellular dendrites that were discretely distributed in the Al6Ti2O13 matrix phase weakened, and the secondary dendrites gradually developed by increasing the scanning speed.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 119, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "secondary dendrites", "start": 143, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 201, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This phenomenon was attributed to the change of the heat-dissipation direction and the solidification rate of solid/liquid interface caused by the scanning speed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "solidification rate", "start": 87, "end": 106}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 147, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 123, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the fracture toughness of the prepared samples gradually increased as the scanning speed increased, while the flexural strength showed a parabolic law behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "samples", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 77, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 84, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 120, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The trend of the properties was due to microstructure refinement and macroscopic defects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trend", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "properties", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 39, "end": 53}, {"text": "macroscopic defects", "start": 69, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Generally, the optimal forming quality was achieved at a scanning speed of 300-500 mm/min.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 57, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Within this process window, the sample had up to 98% densification, 1640 Hv hardness, 3.75 MPa m1/2 fracture toughness, and 212 MPa flexural strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "sample", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 91, "end": 94}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 100, "end": 108}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 128, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 53, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "flexural strength", "start": 132, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ uniaxial tensile tests coupled with X-ray computed tomography (XCT) were carried out on a Cu-4.3Sn alloy fabricated by selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 17, "end": 30}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 44, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 107, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 127, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "XCT models were constructed to enable step-by-step visualization of pore growth during deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 87, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evolution of pores (mean diameter, density, volume fraction and sphericity) was quantified as a function of plastic strain.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Evolution", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "density", "start": 35, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 44, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that macroscopic instability begins once the largest internal pores reach the surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "surface", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 75, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, accelerated growth and coalescence of the largest 50 pores leads to rapid localization of strain followed by fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "strain", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pore growth was modeled using the Rice-Tracey (RT) and Huang models for different populations of pores and the parameters were optimized.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Pore", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "pores", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "RT", "start": 47, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The RT and Huang constants were found to depend on the initial mean pore diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "RT", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 73, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing industrial interest and significance of the selective laser melting the importance for profound process knowledge increases so that new materials can be qualified faster.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 60, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 112, "end": 119}, {"text": "materials", "start": 152, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 166, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore a 3D numerical model for the selective laser melting process is presented that allows a detailed look into the process dynamics at comparably low calculation effort.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 12, "end": 14}, {"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "process", "start": 121, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 39, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It combines a finite difference method with a combined level set volume of fluid method for the simulation of the process and starts with a homogenized powder bed in its initial configuration.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 61, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 178, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 140, "end": 151}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 159, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model uses a comprehensive representation of various physical effects like dynamic laser power absorption, buoyancy effect, Marangoni effect, capillary effect, evaporation, recoil pressure and temperature dependent material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 99, "end": 109}, {"text": "capillary effect", "start": 146, "end": 162}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 164, "end": 175}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 184, "end": 192}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 219, "end": 238}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 93, "end": 98}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 197, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is validated for different process parameters using cubic samples of stainless steel 316L and nickel-based superalloy IN738LC.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 30, "end": 48}, {"text": "samples", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 72, "end": 87}, {"text": "IN738LC", "start": 121, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show the significance of evaporation and its related recoil pressure for a feasible prediction of the melt pool dynamics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evaporation", "start": 37, "end": 48}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 114, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore a possible way to reduce the times and costs for material qualification by using the simulation model to predict possible process parameters and therefore to reduce the necessary experimental effort for material qualification to a minimum is shown.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "material", "start": 215, "end": 223}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 134, "end": 152}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 191, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting is an increasingly attractive technology for the manufacture of complex and low volume/high value metal parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the inevitable residual stresses that are generated can lead to defects or build failure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 24, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 65, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build failure", "start": 84, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the complexity of this process, efficient and accurate prediction of residual stress in large components remains challenging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complexity", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 76, "end": 91}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the development of predictive models of residual stress, knowledge on their generation is needed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictive models", "start": 23, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 44, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the geometrical effect of scan strategy on residual stress development.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 67, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was shown that the laser scan strategy becomes less important for scan vector length beyond 3 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Together, these findings, provide a route towards optimising scan strategies at the meso-scale, and additionally, developing a model abstraction for predicting residual stress based on scan vectors alone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model abstraction", "start": 127, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 160, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication (FFF), sometimes called material extrusion (ME) offers an alternative option to traditional polymer manufacturing techniques to allow the fabrication of objects without the need of a mold or template.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 51, "end": 69}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 127, "end": 140}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 165, "end": 176}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 210, "end": 214}, {"text": "template", "start": 218, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, these parts are limited in the degree to which the welding interface is eliminated post deposition, resulting in a decrease in the interlaminar fracture toughness relative to the bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "welding interface", "start": 60, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 193, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here reptation theory under nonisothermal conditions is utilized to predict the development of healing over time, from the rheological and thermal properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 123, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 139, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 194, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "ABS is rheologically complex and acts as a gel and as such considerations had to be made for the relaxation time of the matrix which is important in predicting the degree of interfacial healing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}, {"text": "gel", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The nonsiothermal healing model developed is then successfully compared to experimental interlaminar fracture experiments at variable printing temperatures, allowing future optimization of the process to make stronger parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 75, "end": 87}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 173, "end": 185}, {"text": "process", "start": 193, "end": 200}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 143, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modeling of mechanical behavior for the material-jet printed polymers including composites.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modeling", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "composites", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Validation of the material models was conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Validation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 18, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A desired strain field can be created by locally tuning the printed material distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 10, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "material", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 77, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The goal of this work is to validate the material models for parts created with a Material Jetting 3-dimensional printer through the comparison of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations and physical tests.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Jetting", "start": 82, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite Element Analysis", "start": 147, "end": 170}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 177, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strain maps generated by a video extensometer for multi-material samples are compared to the FEA results based on our material models.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 54, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two base materials (ABS-like and rubber-like) and their composites are co-printed in the graded tensile test samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "samples", "start": 109, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 96, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulations were conducted utilizing previously fitted material models, a two-parameter Mooney-Rivlin model for the elastic materials (Tango Black+, DM95, and DM60) and a bilinear model for the rigid material (Vero White+).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "material", "start": 204, "end": 212}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 106, "end": 111}, {"text": "model", "start": 184, "end": 189}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 120, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the simulation results based on our material models can predict the deformation behaviors of the multi-material samples during a uniaxial tensile test.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 90, "end": 101}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 119, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 160, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our simulation results are able to predict the maximum strain in the matrix material (TB+) within 5% error.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 76, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 101, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both global deformation pattern and local strain level confirm the validity of the simulated material models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 93, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of a high strength low alloy steel HY100 is considered in the present investigation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "high strength low alloy steel", "start": 35, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current work describes (i) optimization of SLM process parameters for producing fully dense parts in HY100 steel and (ii) the effects of post-processing heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 31, "end": 43}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 51, "end": 69}, {"text": "post-processing heat", "start": 141, "end": 161}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 179, "end": 193}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 198, "end": 219}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "parameter": [{"text": "fully dense", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 111, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples have been fabricated by SLM using different combinations of laser power, laser scan speed, and hatch spacing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 32, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 103, "end": 116}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 81, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fully dense samples were achieved at an energy density of 65 J/mm3.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Fully dense", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "energy density", "start": 40, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures of the as-built and heat treated samples were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 36, "end": 40}, {"text": "samples", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 81, "end": 88}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 124, "end": 141}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 170, "end": 181}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopes", "start": 93, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built parts are unsuitable for direct application due to untempered, hard and brittle martensite microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 104, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built parts were subjected to post-processing heat treatments (“direct temper” and “quench and temper”).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing heat", "start": 37, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "temper", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "temper", "start": 102, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The direct tempered samples exhibited higher yield strength and ultimate strength than the quench and temper ones.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempered", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "temper", "start": 102, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 64, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Noticeable amounts of anisotropy with respect to the build orientation, especially in tensile elongation, were observed in the direct tempered samples due to in-homogenous microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "tensile elongation", "start": 86, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 53, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempered", "start": 134, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 143, "end": 150}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 172, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quench and temper treatment of the parts resulted in recrystallized grains with uniform microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "temper", "start": 11, "end": 17}, {"text": "recrystallized", "start": 53, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 68, "end": 74}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 88, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current investigation shows that quench and temper at 650 °C is an optimum post processing treatment for HY100 SLM parts as it manifests desired strength with good tensile elongation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "temper", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 115, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 79, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 149, "end": 157}, {"text": "tensile elongation", "start": 168, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surface pore defects are always formed during directed energy deposition processes, which may stem from entrapped gas bubbles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surface", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "defects", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "gas", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 8, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition processes", "start": 46, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such defects have detrimental effects on the build quality and performance of safety-critical metal parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "performance", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 94, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite previous experimental and theoretical studies devoted to this subject, direct observations of the dynamic behavior of gas bubbles and elucidation of how they form surface pore defects have not yet been achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "gas", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "surface", "start": 171, "end": 178}, {"text": "defects", "start": 184, "end": 191}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 179, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the relationships between surface pore defects and the bubbles originating on the melt pool surface were carefully studied using high-speed photography at up to 20,000 frames per second.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 40, "end": 47}, {"text": "defects", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 48, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The appearance of surface pores was a result of dynamic competition between bubble explosion and solidification of the surrounding melt, where the final location of the surface pores is determined by the melt convection and the boundary motion of the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 97, "end": 111}, {"text": "melt", "start": 131, "end": 135}, {"text": "surface", "start": 169, "end": 176}, {"text": "melt", "start": 204, "end": 208}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "pores", "start": 177, "end": 182}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 228, "end": 236}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 251, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of single-track deposition, complex thermocapillary convection drives gas bubble diffusion, and pore defects cluster along the lateral edge.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "gas", "start": 82, "end": 85}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 93, "end": 102}, {"text": "defects", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 108, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of multi-track deposition, surface pore defects were more likely to occur on the last track due to the gravity-driven flow effect that is determined by the track path and overlap.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "surface", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "defects", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "overlap", "start": 183, "end": 190}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 47, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Metal-filled polymers containing micro-powders of highly conductive metals can serve as a starting material to fabricate complex metal structures using economic filament extrusion-based 3D printing and molding methods.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "metals", "start": 68, "end": 74}, {"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}, {"text": "material", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "metal", "start": 129, "end": 134}, {"text": "filament", "start": 161, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 111, "end": 120}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 186, "end": 197}, {"text": "molding", "start": 202, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report our measurements of the thermal conductivity of copper samples prepared using these methods before and after a thermal treatment process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 34, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "copper", "start": 58, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal treatment", "start": 121, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sintering the samples at 980 ℃ leads to an order of magnitude improvement in thermal conductivity when compared with as-printed or as-molded samples.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "samples", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 77, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal conductivity values of approximately 30 W/mK are achieved using commercially available polymer-copper composite filaments with a copper volume fraction of 0.4.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Thermal conductivity", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 110, "end": 119}, {"text": "copper", "start": 137, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 151, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Over-sintering the samples at 1080 ℃ further enhances the thermal conductivity by more than two folds, but it leads to uncontrolled shrinkage of the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 132, "end": 141}, {"text": "samples", "start": 149, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 58, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured thermal conductivities show a modest decrease with increasing temperatures due to increased electron-phonon scattering rates.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 13, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 75, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental data agree well with the thermal conductivity models previously reported for sintered porous metal samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 42, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "porous metal", "start": 103, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured electrical conductivity, Young’ s modulus and yield strength of the present sintered samples are also reported.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 13, "end": 36}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 59, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 45, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 98, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Electron Beam Melting (EBM) technology enables the manufacturing of new designs and sophisticated geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 102, "end": 112}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 76, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process is particularly well suited for the fabrication of lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 48, "end": 59}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A standard methodology is presented in order to predict the mechanical response of lattice structures fabricated by EBM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 2, "end": 10}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 60, "end": 79}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 102, "end": 112}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 83, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 116, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inner and outer structure of single struts produced by EBM was characterized using X-ray tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 59, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray tomography", "start": 87, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Struts with a 1 mm diameter and different orientations respect to the build direction were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Struts", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 16, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 42, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 70, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The geometry discrepancies between the designed and the fabricated strut were highlighted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 39, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two effects were identified: (i) The produced struts are generally thinner than the designed ones, (ii) Within the produced struts, loads are not transmitted by the entire geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 46, "end": 52}, {"text": "struts", "start": 124, "end": 130}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 172, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elastic response of the strut was assumed to be represented by a circular cylinder with an equivalent diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first one is the diameter of an inscribed cylinder whereas the second one is the result of a numerical simulation based on the 3D image of the strut characterized by X-ray tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "3D image", "start": 131, "end": 139}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 97, "end": 117}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray tomography", "start": 170, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology was then applied to an octet-truss lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 51, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical equivalent diameter obtained by numerical simulation on a 3D image of the strut allows to simulate the “true” properties of the lattice structure by taking into account the manufacturing constraints of the EBM process.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "3D image", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "properties", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "manufacturing constraints", "start": 188, "end": 213}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 47, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 89, "end": 94}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 143, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 221, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have investigated the spatial distribution of microstructures of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy rod fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) method along built height.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distribution", "start": 25, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 49, "end": 64}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 79, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron Beam Melting", "start": 103, "end": 124}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 126, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The topside of the rod is rich in γ-fcc phase and consists of fine grains with high local distortion density.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 19, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "grains", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bottom part has an ε-hcp single phase and consists of relatively coarser grains with low local distortion density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "grains", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mean grain size increases from 56 μm (at the top of the rod) to 159 μm (at the bottom), and is accompanied by a decrease in the γ-fcc phase fraction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 60, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase fraction", "start": 138, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the hardness of the samples, as well as the area fraction of precipitates formed in the samples, increases gradually from top to bottom of the rod, while corrosion resistance is uniformly high throughout the rod almost independently of the location.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "as", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 74, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "samples", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 167, "end": 187}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "rod", "start": 156, "end": 159}, {"text": "rod", "start": 221, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanism behind the formation of phase distribution is discussed in terms of thermodynamic phase stability and kinetics of phase transformation accompanying the thermal history during the post-solidification process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "phase", "start": 38, "end": 43}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "phase", "start": 96, "end": 101}, {"text": "phase", "start": 128, "end": 133}, {"text": "process", "start": 213, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To increase the productivity of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), a hull-bulk strategy can be implemented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 16, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 32, "end": 55}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 89, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach consists in using a high layer thickness in the core of the part, hence reducing the build time, and a low layer thickness in the skin, to maintain a high accuracy and good surface finish.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 39, "end": 54}, {"text": "build time", "start": 99, "end": 109}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 121, "end": 136}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 62, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 169, "end": 177}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 187, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study investigated to what extent this strategy affected the surface roughness, relative density, microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4 V parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 73, "end": 90}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 92, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 110, "end": 124}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 129, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 154, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ti-6Al-4 V specimens were built using two distinct sets of process parameters, one optimized for a 90 μm-layer thickness in the bulk and the other for a 30 μm-layer thickness in the hull.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 59, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to surface roughness and relative density measurements, a thorough microstructure analysis was done using both optical microscopy and SEM.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 15, "end": 32}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 37, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 123, "end": 141}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 146, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, EBSD measurements and numerical reconstruction of the parent β grains were performed to evaluate the mesostructure and texture evolution from hull to bulk.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 14, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reconstruction", "start": 46, "end": 60}, {"text": "grains", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness measurements and tensile tests were done to assess the effect of the hull-bulk strategy on the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 109, "end": 130}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 31, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study demonstrated the possibility of using the hull-bulk strategy to build high-quality Ti-6Al-4 V parts, without impacting their tensile properties, hence increasing the productivity of the process by a geometry-dependent factor, typically ranging between 25% and 100%.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 143, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 184, "end": 196}, {"text": "process", "start": 204, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), metal powders, sensitive to humidity and oxygen, like AlSi10Mg or Ti-6Al-4 V are used as starting material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 3, "end": 26}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "metal powders", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 90, "end": 98}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}, {"text": "material", "start": 134, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Titanium-based materials are influenced by oxygen and nitrogen due to the formation of oxides and nitrides, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 54, "end": 62}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 87, "end": 93}, {"text": "nitrides", "start": 98, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During this research, the oxygen concentration in the build chamber was controlled from 2 ppm to 1000 ppm using an external measurement device.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 54, "end": 67}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 124, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Built Ti-6Al-4 V specimens were evaluated regarding their microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, notch toughness, chemical composition and porosity, demonstrating the importance of a stable atmospheric control.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 58, "end": 72}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 119, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 74, "end": 82}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 84, "end": 100}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 144, "end": 152}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 102, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It could be shown that an increased oxygen concentration in the shielding gas atmosphere leads to an increase of the ultimate tensile strength by 30 MPa and an increased (188.3 ppm) oxygen concentration in the bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 182, "end": 188}, {"text": "material", "start": 215, "end": 223}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 74, "end": 77}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 149, "end": 152}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 117, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results were compared to hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) samples to prevent the influence of porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pressed", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 97, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the fatigue behavior was investigated, revealing increasingly resistant samples when oxygen levels in the atmosphere are lower.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 98, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A concept of body heat flux has been developed to predict part distortion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder-liquid-solid material state transition was simulated via user subroutine.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 35, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large tensile residual stress occurs on the top layer of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stress", "start": 6, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 48, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Part distortion was predicted with reasonable accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 46, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a promising technology to manufacture functional (end-use) metal parts with complex geometry directly from CAD data.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "complex geometry", "start": 109, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "metal", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 140, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process induced high tensile residual stress and part distortion due to the non-uniform heat input during a SLM process would detrimentally affect the part performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "heat", "start": 92, "end": 96}, {"text": "process", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "performance", "start": 160, "end": 171}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stress", "start": 25, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 112, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it is extremely challenging to predict distortion of a practical SLMed part if each single track is taken into account by using the conventional modeling methods The complex multiphysics phenomenon such as fluid flow in the melt pool, phase transformation during cooling, and resulted anisotropic properties further complicate this issue.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "phase", "start": 244, "end": 249}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 74, "end": 79}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 272, "end": 279}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 154, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 212, "end": 214}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 233, "end": 242}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 294, "end": 305}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a temperature-thread multiscale modeling approach has been developed to effectively predict residual stress and part distortion of a twin cantilever.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multiscale modeling", "start": 36, "end": 55}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 132, "end": 142}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 107, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "cantilever", "start": 153, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An equivalent body heat flux has been proposed from the microscale laser scan model and imported as the “temperature-thread” to the subsequent mesoscale layer hatch model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "microscale", "start": 56, "end": 66}, {"text": "mesoscale", "start": 143, "end": 152}, {"text": "model", "start": 165, "end": 170}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hatched layer is then heated up by the equivalent body heat flux and used as a basic unit to build up the macroscale part in a layer by layer fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 12, "end": 17}, {"text": "build", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "macroscale", "start": 110, "end": 120}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 131, "end": 145}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 146, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal history and residual stress fields of the twin cantilever during the SLM process were simulated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 24, "end": 39}], "feature": [{"text": "cantilever", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 81, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The predicted cantilever distortion agrees with the measured data with a reasonable accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "data", "start": 61, "end": 65}], "feature": [{"text": "cantilever", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 84, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Open cellular structures fabricated in Ti6Al4V using the electron beam melting (EBM) process have been proposed for tissue scaffolds and low stiffness implants that approximate the properties of bone.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 5, "end": 24}, {"text": "scaffolds", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 57, "end": 78}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 80, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "properties", "start": 181, "end": 191}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 151, "end": 159}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 195, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties of these structures, regardless of cell geometry, have often been determined through compressive testing, and very few of these studies have investigated the flexural properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "properties", "start": 182, "end": 192}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 50, "end": 54}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 112, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For certain types of implants that are designed to fill very large segmental defects in appendicular bones, such as those used in limb sparing, compression testing does not provide the necessary insight into the complex loading states typical of bending.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 246, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, EBM-fabricated Ti6Al4V prismatic bars, populated with rhombic dodecahedron unit cells of various sizes and relative densities, were subjected to four-point flexure tests.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prismatic", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative densities", "start": 122, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "flexure tests", "start": 171, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the results generally follow the power scaling models of Gibson and Ashby, the use of these models as a design tool is limited by machine resolution, particularly when producing structures with small pore sizes required for bone ingrowth.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 39, "end": 44}, {"text": "pore sizes", "start": 206, "end": 216}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 110, "end": 116}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bone ingrowth", "start": 230, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process can produce parts with complex internal geometries that can not be easily manufactured using a material removal process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 4, "end": 27}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 29, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 117, "end": 129}, {"text": "material removal process", "start": 138, "end": 162}], "feature": [{"text": "internal geometries", "start": 74, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 107, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, owing to the different heat transfer efficiencies of a laser melting process, the optimal process parameters are limited to a small range.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 32, "end": 45}, {"text": "process", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 91, "end": 106}, {"text": "range", "start": 141, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study used galvanometric scanner technology and a diffractive optical element (DOE) to build an experimental multi-spot LPBF system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 38, "end": 48}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 101, "end": 113}], "application": [{"text": "optical element", "start": 67, "end": 82}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 125, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An adjustable multi-spot method was used to modulate the temperature field on the powder bed and enhance the processing quality and throughput.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 120, "end": 127}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "throughput", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results from the synchronized three-spot method using different scanning strategies improved the layer surface roughness Ra by 3.2 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning strategies", "start": 68, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 115, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the scanning time was decreased by 38.1% of the single-spot method.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scanning time", "start": 14, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been shown that quality of components built using selective laser sintering (SLS) are strongly affected by the thermal history of the building process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 57, "end": 82}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 84, "end": 87}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "building process", "start": 141, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature variations of a few degrees across the powder surface can alter the mechanical properties of components and render them unsuitable for their intended purpose.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 80, "end": 101}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, to improve the quality of SLS components and ease their adoption into the marketplace, temperature fluctuation issues must be addressed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 98, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 134, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some success has been demonstrated in the past at reducing temperature non-uniformity by improving the heater system that pre-heats the polymer powder prior to sintering with the laser.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 160, "end": 169}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 179, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper will cover a complimentary approach of actively controlling laser fluence on the powder surface based on infrared temperature measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 92, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By controlling the amount of energy input by the laser, a high level of control over the final part temperature can be achieved and uniformity can be improved.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 49, "end": 54}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 100, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "be", "start": 147, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper will cover development of the feed-forward control system and will present results showing that for constant cross-section specimens, a 45% improvement in ultimate flexural strength standard deviation was achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "control system", "start": 54, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 175, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the selective laser sintering of polymers, the most widely used powders are based on polyamide 12 (PA12), which is a semi-crystalline polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 7, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "powders", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 88, "end": 100}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 102, "end": 106}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 137, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because the mechanical properties of the printed parts depend largely on the microstructure, knowledge on the crystalline architecture is important.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 12, "end": 33}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 77, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We developed a numerical model based on the finite element method to solve the flow, temperature and crystallization kinetics of PA12 powder during sintering using two different geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "finite element method", "start": 44, "end": 65}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 101, "end": 116}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 178, "end": 188}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 129, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 148, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that the temperature plays a crucial role in the crystallization kinetics and that simplified 0D calculations can be used to study the crystallization kinetics if the temperature behavior in time at a certain location is known.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 26, "end": 37}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 184, "end": 195}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 66, "end": 81}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 152, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 131, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With our choice of initial and boundary conditions, we found primarily crystals of the α′-phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 31, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A model for predicting the thermal response of Inconel® 718 during laser powder-bed fusion processing (LPBF) is developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 2, "end": 7}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 84, "end": 90}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 103, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The approach includes the pre-placed powder layer in the analysis by initially assigning powder properties to the top layer of elements before restoring the solid properties as the heat source traverses the layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "powder", "start": 89, "end": 95}, {"text": "elements", "start": 127, "end": 135}, {"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "layer", "start": 118, "end": 123}, {"text": "layer", "start": 207, "end": 212}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 163, "end": 173}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 181, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different linear heat inputs are examined by varying both laser power and scan speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated by comparing the predicted temperatures to in situ experimental thermocouple data gathered during LPBF processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "effectiveness", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 90, "end": 97}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 98, "end": 110}, {"text": "data", "start": 124, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 145, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated temperatures accurately capture the measured peak temperatures (within 11% error) and temperature trends.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 64, "end": 76}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 100, "end": 111}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 89, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of neglecting the pre-placed powder layer in the simulations is also investigated demonstrating that conduction into the powder material should be accounted for in LPBF analyses.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 40, "end": 46}, {"text": "powder material", "start": 132, "end": 147}, {"text": "be", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 175, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation neglecting the powder predicts temperatures more than 30% higher than the simulation including the powder.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "simulation", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 30, "end": 36}, {"text": "powder", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 46, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four stages were designed to evaluate the surface morphologies of Ti6Al4V SLM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphologies", "start": 42, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 74, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stages focused laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing and rescanning effects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 32, "end": 46}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 48, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing parameters significantly influenced vertical and top surface properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "properties", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microcracks were noticed at the interfaces of adhered particles and melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microcracks", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "particles", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Viscosity and cooling rate are the key factors to regulate the surface morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Viscosity", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 14, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface morphology of a product plays a crucial role under mechanical loading and chemical environment.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical loading", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surfaces of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) products often contain high roughness, which varies in different planes as well.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surfaces", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 12, "end": 35}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 70, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The authors have explored the surface characteristics of the SLM samples that are influenced by different combinations of laser processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "samples", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "laser processing", "start": 122, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 61, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The considered processing parameters were Energy Density (ED) and its technological parameters namely laser power, scanning speed and hatch spacing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "parameter": [{"text": "Energy Density", "start": 42, "end": 56}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 115, "end": 129}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 134, "end": 147}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "ED", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, a comparison study has been executed by rescanning effects considering melting with low ED and, thereafter, rescanning by the best possible laser processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 85, "end": 92}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "ED", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 154, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results evidently showed that the surface morphologies differ significantly due to different laser processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphologies", "start": 38, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 97, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Eventually, the thermal and physical behavior of materials, such as the viscosity of the melt pool, thermal and physical stability of the melt pool, solidification time, cooling time, shrinkage, capillary effect, surface tension, balling effect, and the amount of melting of a powder particle, influenced the surface properties of the samples, along with unpredictability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "solidification time", "start": 149, "end": 168}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 184, "end": 193}, {"text": "capillary effect", "start": 195, "end": 211}, {"text": "surface", "start": 309, "end": 316}, {"text": "properties", "start": 317, "end": 327}, {"text": "samples", "start": 335, "end": 342}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 138, "end": 147}, {"text": "powder particle", "start": 277, "end": 292}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 72, "end": 81}, {"text": "stability", "start": 121, "end": 130}, {"text": "surface tension", "start": 213, "end": 228}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 170, "end": 177}, {"text": "melting", "start": 264, "end": 271}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed an interesting correlation between the processing parameters and the occurrence of microcracks on the vertical walls of the specimens caused by the partially melted adhered powder particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "microcracks", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 121, "end": 129}, {"text": "melted", "start": 177, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "powder particles", "start": 192, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) specimens fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF) were post treated by acetone, ethyl acetate and their mixed vapour.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 0, "end": 31}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "acetone", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 62, "end": 88}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 90, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of different chemical vapour, exposure time and building orientation on the surface roughness, tensile strength, dimension and weight stability of the ABS specimens were investigated before and after treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "building orientation", "start": 59, "end": 79}, {"text": "weight", "start": 138, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 87, "end": 104}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 106, "end": 122}, {"text": "stability", "start": 145, "end": 154}], "feature": [{"text": "dimension", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 162, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrated that all chemical vapours were capable of improving the surface coarseness of ABS specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 103, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength of specimens treated with the acetone or the mixed vapour decreased with increasing the exposure time.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "acetone", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The weight of specimens after treatment increased with prolonging the exposure time due to the absorption of the chemical vapours.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 70, "end": 78}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 95, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) was reinforced with a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) to generate composite filaments for use in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 46, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer", "start": 64, "end": 103}, {"text": "composite", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 154, "end": 180}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 182, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of non-overlapping processing temperatures, rheology enabled taking the advantage of the dual extrusion technology, which generated nearly continuously reinforced filaments that exhibited a tensile strength and modulus of 155.0 ± 24.2 MPa and 40.4 ± 7.5 GPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 38, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheology", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 198, "end": 214}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 262, "end": 265}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 102, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 160, "end": 170}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 243, "end": 246}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 171, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On printing using these filaments, the maximum tensile strength and modulus obtained were 108.5 ± 19.4 MPa and 25.9 ± 1.1 GPa, respectively, higher than the properties reported on using short fiber composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "short fiber composites", "start": 186, "end": 208}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 47, "end": 63}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 122, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 103, "end": 106}, {"text": "properties", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the tensile strength was lower, and the tensile modulus was higher in comparison with the reported use of continuous fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 14, "end": 30}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "continuous fibers", "start": 116, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the tensile properties in the print direction were higher than those of compression molded samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 18, "end": 36}, {"text": "compression", "start": 86, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 44, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 105, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The nearly continuous reinforcement did not restrict the mobility of the printer, unlike the reported performance of the continuously reinforced carbon fiber thermoplastics in FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 134, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 145, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 176, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work aims to investigate the influence of the orientation and microtexture of columnar grains on the fatigue crack growth of a Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V titanium alloy fabricated by directed energy deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 51, "end": 62}, {"text": "fatigue crack growth", "start": 106, "end": 126}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 165, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 83, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V titanium alloy", "start": 132, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition", "start": 179, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the fatigue crack growth rate test in three sampling directions in a directed energy deposited Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V titanium alloy using compact specimens was carried out.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "fatigue crack growth rate", "start": 19, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sampling", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-Mo-V titanium alloy", "start": 110, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compact", "start": 149, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The crack length was measured visually, and the fatigue crack growth rate of the stable crack growth stage was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "fatigue crack growth rate", "start": 48, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crack growth", "start": 88, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the test, the influence of the microstructure on the crack growth was directly observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 38, "end": 52}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 60, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the complete crack front shape was indicated on the fracture surface by the marker load technique, and the crack growth behavior was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 120, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An optical microscopy, a scanning electron microscopy and a laser confocal microscopy were used to observe and clarify the influence of the columnar grain boundary on the crack growth behavior and the interaction between the crack front and microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 3, "end": 21}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 25, "end": 53}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "columnar grain boundary", "start": 140, "end": 163}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 171, "end": 183}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 241, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the fatigue crack growth rate in the three sampling directions is different in the low ΔK region; the columnar grain boundary has no significant effect on the fatigue crack growth behavior, but the columnar grain itself has an effect on the fatigue crack growth behavior, which is indicated by the irregularity of the crack front shape in different columnar grains.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "fatigue crack growth rate", "start": 26, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sampling", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "columnar grain boundary", "start": 124, "end": 147}, {"text": "fatigue crack growth", "start": 181, "end": 201}, {"text": "fatigue crack growth", "start": 263, "end": 283}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grain", "start": 220, "end": 234}, {"text": "columnar grains", "start": 371, "end": 386}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness testing and electron backscattered diffraction were used to explain the above phenomena based on static and orientation characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 49, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the microtexture and orientation of the columnar grains are responsible for differences in the crack growth rates, and the orientation of the columnar grains also determines the extent of the difference.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 113, "end": 125}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 141, "end": 152}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 58, "end": 73}, {"text": "columnar grains", "start": 160, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-scale microstructure of a laser 3D-printed Ni-based superalloy was examined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 12, "end": 26}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 32, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 38, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elements and precipitates heterogeneously distribute at the cellular scale.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Elements", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneously", "start": 26, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cell boundaries are characterized as low angle grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Cell", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 5, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 47, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heterogeneous microstructure of a laser 3D printed Ni-based superalloy was examined at multiple length scales.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 100, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The crystal grains grow in epitaxy with the substrate under the large temperature gradient and high cooling rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "epitaxy", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 70, "end": 90}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 100, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cell boundaries, decorated with γ/γ′ eutectics, μ-phase precipitates and high density of dislocations, show enrichment of γ′ forming elements and low-angle misorientations.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 60, "end": 72}, {"text": "elements", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocations", "start": 93, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dislocations trapped in the intra-cellular regions are characterized as statistically stored dislocations with no detectable contribution to lattice curvature, and are the results of the interaction between dislocations and γ′ precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Dislocations", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 93, "end": 105}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 141, "end": 148}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 207, "end": 219}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 227, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unlike conventional powder metallurgy techniques, selective laser melting (SLM) is characterised by its fully melting process and very high heating and cooling rates and little has been known about the influence of powder surface state on the SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder metallurgy", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 50, "end": 73}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "melting", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "heating", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 243, "end": 246}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 152, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 215, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 247, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the influence of low temperature powder drying on the surface chemistry of Al-12Si powder and its subsequent effect on SLM was investigated in detail by means of an in-depth X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 36, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "powder", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 134, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 69, "end": 76}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy", "start": 189, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An enhanced densification (relative density ≥99%) was achieved in the dried Al-12Si powder compared to the as-received powder.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 12, "end": 25}, {"text": "dried", "start": 70, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 27, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "powder", "start": 119, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This has been attributed to the modification of powder surface by removing a moisture skin during the drying process, which prevents the formation of deleterious oxide and hydroxide during SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 162, "end": 167}, {"text": "hydroxide", "start": 172, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 102, "end": 108}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 189, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study provides important information for achieving high relative density in SLM fabricated metal components from a powder drying aspect.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 61, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "drying", "start": 127, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 102, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 120, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) processed stainless steel usually exhibits an inhomogeneous microstructure in the as-built condition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 90, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 50, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of powder chemical composition on the microstructural evolution of SLM processed 17-4 PH in the as-built condition was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 21, "end": 41}, {"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 49, "end": 74}, {"text": "processed", "start": 82, "end": 91}, {"text": "PH", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 78, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A path to achieve a fully martensitic 17-4 PH component in the as-built condition by fine-tuning the alloy composition without any post-built heat treatments was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "PH", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 142, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built 17-4 PH phase transformation from δ ferrite to austenite (γ) and subsequently to martensite (α’) was governed by the concentrations of ferrite and austenite stabilizing elements as represented by a chromium to nickel equivalent (Creq/Nieq) value.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "PH", "start": 18, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 148, "end": 155}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 160, "end": 169}, {"text": "elements", "start": 182, "end": 190}, {"text": "as", "start": 191, "end": 193}, {"text": "chromium", "start": 211, "end": 219}, {"text": "nickel", "start": 223, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed that increase in the WRC-1992 equations based Creq/Nieq value to ≥ 2.65 resulted in coarse δ ferrite grains with a < 100 > preferential crystal orientation along the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 32}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 34, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 151, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal orientation", "start": 194, "end": 213}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 224, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Epitaxial growth of semi-circular and columnar δ ferrite grains accompanied by a marginal volume fraction of retained austenite and transformed martensitic phases was observed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Epitaxial", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "ferrite", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "retained austenite", "start": 109, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 90, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Retained austenite and transformed martensitic phases exhibited a fine grain structure preferentially along the coarse ferrite grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Retained austenite", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structure", "start": 71, "end": 86}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EBSD phase composition analysis along with thermodynamic equilibrium modeling implies that a lower Creq/Nieq value promotes martensite formation resulting in a less retained δ ferrite in the as-built condition.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "equilibrium", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 124, "end": 134}, {"text": "ferrite", "start": 176, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of as-deposited LAMed 300 M steel is different from that of forgings.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 47, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat accumulation affects the as-deposited microstructure of LAMed 300 M steel.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Heat accumulation", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 43, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 73, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After heat treatment, the microstructure of LAMed 300 M steel is refined and uniform.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 6, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 56, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After heat treatment, the impact toughness of LAMed 300 M steel significantly improved.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 6, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 58, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The crack propagation mechanism of LAMed 300 M steel is revealed by EBSD.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "crack propagation", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 47, "end": 52}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "EBSD", "start": 68, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct manufacturing techniques, such as directed energy deposition (DED), are able to produce complex components efficiently.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Direct manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 103, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, microstructure evolution and impact toughness of DED 300M ultra-high strength steel are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 15, "end": 39}, {"text": "impact", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 64, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 93, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the microstructure of the as-deposited DED 300M ultra-high strength steel is mainly composed of martensite and some blocky bainite.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 61, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 118, "end": 128}, {"text": "bainite", "start": 145, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The micro-segregation of elements is observed within the interdendritic area.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "micro-segregation", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 72, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After heat treatment, the microstructure becomes uniform and consists of martensite and lower bainite.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 6, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 73, "end": 83}, {"text": "bainite", "start": 94, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact toughness of the as-deposited DED 300M ultra-high strength steel is 9 J/cm2, while it is significantly increased to 25 J/cm2 after heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 142, "end": 156}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 70, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, it is observed that the fracture mode of the as-deposited sample is quasi-cleavage fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "sample", "start": 71, "end": 77}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 96, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the process of propagation, the main cracks would go across the martensite packet and deflect in the another one, and secondary cracks also deflected in the high-angle grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 175, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "go", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 71, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By contrast, the fracture mode of heat-treated DED 300 M steel is ductile fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "ductile fracture", "start": 66, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat-treated DED", "start": 34, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 57, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CP-Ti was used to produce SLM RAIs for immediate implantation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 26, "end": 29}, {"text": "implantation", "start": 49, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inclination angle affects Sa by determining the powders melted in stairs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Inclination angle", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 56, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dental implant with a consistent Sa was produced with gradient parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Dental", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vivo experiment showed good osteogenesis with the SLM RAIs in experimental dogs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 5, "end": 15}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 50, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is a promising technology for use in “immediate implantation” to quickly fabricate customized dental implants.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "implantation", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "dental", "start": 124, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the implant surface produced using SLM has a high and inconsistent surface roughness, which greatly affects early cell behaviors and osseointegration.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "cell", "start": 123, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 44, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 76, "end": 93}, {"text": "osseointegration", "start": 142, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, samples were produced with different border process parameters and inclination angles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 58, "end": 76}], "feature": [{"text": "inclination angles", "start": 81, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface roughness and morphology of the side surfaces were measured and studied.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 49, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that a large offset value increases surface roughness due to an insufficient energy input, while a small offset increases surface roughness due to an intensified Marangoni convection.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "offset", "start": 34, "end": 40}, {"text": "offset", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 57, "end": 74}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 143, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different inclination angles affect surface roughness due to stair effects and the heat-affected zone.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "inclination angles", "start": 10, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 36, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the above results, a dental implant was fabricated using gradient processing.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "dental", "start": 30, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 49, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with the implant fabricated with a single parameter process, the implant processed with gradient parameters had a low and consistent surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "implant", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 142, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An energy balance that describes the transfer of energy is proposed for the laser-based directed energy deposition process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition process", "start": 88, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The partitioning of laser energy was experimentally measured and accurately validated using a special process calorimeter for Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 625™ alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser energy", "start": 20, "end": 32}, {"text": "process", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 126, "end": 135}, {"text": "Inconel", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 153, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The total energy provided by the laser was partitioned as: the energy directly absorbed by the substrate, the energy absorbed by the powder stream and deposited onto the substrate, the energy reflected from the substrate surface, and the energy reflected or absorbed and lost from the powder stream.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 95, "end": 104}, {"text": "powder", "start": 133, "end": 139}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 170, "end": 179}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 211, "end": 220}, {"text": "powder", "start": 285, "end": 291}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V showed higher overall or bulk absorption than the Inconel 625™ alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Titanium alloy", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "Inconel", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 55, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing with powder resulted in lower laser energy absorption within the substrate than without powder, due to the “shadowing” effect of the powder stream within the beam and loss of energy representing unfused powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 16, "end": 22}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "powder", "start": 99, "end": 105}, {"text": "powder", "start": 144, "end": 150}, {"text": "powder", "start": 214, "end": 220}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser energy", "start": 41, "end": 53}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 169, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During processing at a laser power of approximately 1 kW the total energy absorbed during the deposition process was found to be 42% for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 37% for the Inconel 625™ alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 23, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 94, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 141, "end": 156}, {"text": "Inconel", "start": 173, "end": 180}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 186, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under these conditions 14% of the total energy was lost by the Ti-6Al-4V unfused powder; whereas only 11% was lost by the Inconel 625™ powder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "powder", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "Inconel", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "powder", "start": 135, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cold gas dynamic spray is a cold spray technique for obtaining solid-state surface coating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas dynamic", "start": 5, "end": 16}, {"text": "solid-state", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several materials such as metal, metal alloys, composite materials, and polymer have been deposited successfully through cold spray onto a substrate material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "metal alloys", "start": 33, "end": 45}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 47, "end": 66}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "substrate material", "start": 139, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A number of industrial applications for cold spray have been developed worldwide in the field of aerospace, energy, automobile, biotechnology, and military applications.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "automobile", "start": 116, "end": 126}, {"text": "military", "start": 147, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the current study, effects of various processing parameter such as impact velocity, substrate preheating temperature, a combination of different materials and coefficient of friction were used to describe the impact behaviour of ductile materials (copper, Cu, and aluminium, Al) after deposition to find a way of addressing high-strain-rate dynamic problems.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "materials", "start": 148, "end": 157}, {"text": "impact", "start": 212, "end": 218}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 288, "end": 298}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 344, "end": 351}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "copper", "start": 251, "end": 257}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 259, "end": 261}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 267, "end": 276}, {"text": "Al", "start": 278, "end": 280}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "preheating", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of friction", "start": 162, "end": 185}, {"text": "ductile", "start": 232, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parameters were also used to verify the deposition process for the modelling of cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) by the Lagrangian approach of finite element analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "gas dynamic", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 144, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 44, "end": 62}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 71, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of the analysis (simulation) and that of the published experimental results in the literature correlated well.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "correlated", "start": 106, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The understanding of the impact behaviour using different parameters was evident by the analysis of temperature and equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 58, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 100, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 127, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was discovered that the deposition process and deformation are largely affected by particle material as compared to the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deposition process", "start": 27, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 50, "end": 61}, {"text": "particle", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 95, "end": 103}, {"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 123, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A lower restitution coefficient was obtained when different materials of varying properties were combined compared to the combination of the same material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 60, "end": 69}, {"text": "properties", "start": 81, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 146, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, the parameters under investigation do not affect the CGDS process individually, as their effects are interrelated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 86, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A β titanium alloy, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, was selectively laser melted under a modulated pulsed laser mode with different processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "titanium alloy", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pulsed laser", "start": 83, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-fabricated samples were examined using a range of characterization techniques and properties evaluated through tensile testing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "properties", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 118, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that with a small powder layer thickness (30 μm), a low laser power and a short exposure time (i.e., low energy density) led to development of fine β columnar grains and widespread cell structures whereas increased laser power and exposure time (i.e., high energy density) resulted in pronounced grain growth, increased texture and significantly decreased cell structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 30, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 37, "end": 52}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "energy density", "start": 117, "end": 131}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 227, "end": 238}, {"text": "energy density", "start": 269, "end": 283}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 243, "end": 251}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 308, "end": 320}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 133, "end": 136}, {"text": "cell", "start": 193, "end": 197}, {"text": "cell", "start": 368, "end": 372}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 162, "end": 177}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 332, "end": 339}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing powder layer thickness effectively promoted the columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition (CET), leading to a greatly reduced texture and a hybrid microstructure which consists of small and chunky equiaxed grains together with a small number of large columnar grains.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 11, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 18, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 80, "end": 85}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 154, "end": 168}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 204, "end": 219}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 258, "end": 273}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Athermal ω precipitates were observed in all the as-fabricated samples.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the samples made with high energy densities, α laths which tend to constitute a grid-like structure were observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 7, "end": 14}, {"text": "structure", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy densities", "start": 30, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples with the finest columnar grains show both high strengths and good ductility thanks to full plastic deformation through both slipping and twinning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "twinning", "start": 149, "end": 157}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 28, "end": 43}, {"text": "strengths", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 78, "end": 87}, {"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 103, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples with the hybrid grain structure, however, exhibits a highly limited or no ductility due to intergranular fracturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 28, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 86, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The α-containing samples which also have coarse grains all failed in a cleavage fracture mode and exhibited almost no ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "grains", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 80, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 118, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Transmission electron microscopy study reveals that the α-demarcated grid structure tended to confine plastic deformation within the β matrix and suppress the macroscopic plastic deformation throughout the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Transmission electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 159, "end": 170}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 179, "end": 190}, {"text": "samples", "start": 206, "end": 213}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 102, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3-D printing shows great potential in laboratories for making customized labware and reaction vessels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "laboratories", "start": 38, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, affordable fused filament fabrication (FFF) -based 3-D printing has successfully produced high-quality and affordable scientific equipment, focusing on tools without strict chemical compatibility limitations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 24, "end": 50}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 52, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 64, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 142, "end": 151}, {"text": "tools", "start": 165, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the additives and colorants used in 3-D printing filaments are proprietary, their compatibility with common chemicals is unknown, which has prevented their widespread use in laboratory chemical processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "additives", "start": 7, "end": 16}, {"text": "colorants", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 39, "end": 42}, {"text": "laboratory", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results provide data on materials unavailable in the literature and the chemical properties of 3-D printable plastics that were, are in line with literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 20, "end": 24}, {"text": "materials", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "properties", "start": 85, "end": 95}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 99, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "plastics", "start": 113, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, many 3-D printable plastics are compatible with concentrated solutions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "plastics", "start": 28, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polypropylene emerged as a promising 3-D printable material for semiconductor processing due to its tolerance of strongly oxidizing acids, such as nitric and sulfuric acids.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polypropylene", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "material", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 64, "end": 77}, {"text": "as", "start": 144, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "tolerance", "start": 100, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, 3-D printed custom tools were demonstrated for a range of wet processing applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 13, "end": 16}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 32, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that 3-D printed plastics are potential materials for bespoke chemically resistant labware at less than 10% of the cost of such purchased tools.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 22, "end": 25}, {"text": "materials", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "plastics", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, further studies are required to ascertain if such materials are fully compatible with clean room processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "clean room", "start": 95, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large pulsed electron beam irradiation was proposed as the new post-treatment of the selective laser melting process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 13, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "post-treatment", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 85, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LPEB irradiation can remove the partially melted particles and fill the cracks and void on the SLM-MS.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 5, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 42, "end": 48}, {"text": "void", "start": 83, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is the significant reduction of the surface roughness and the bcc α-martensite phase on the SLM-MS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "bcc", "start": 68, "end": 71}, {"text": "phase", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 42, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion testing revealed that there is a moderate improvement in corrosion resistance after LPEB irradiation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 67, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 99, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work aimed to decrease the surface roughness of maraging steel (MS) by selective laser melting (SLM) using large pulsed electron-beam (LPEB) irradiation as a post-treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 39, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 60, "end": 74}, {"text": "as", "start": 165, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 83, "end": 106}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 108, "end": 111}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 153, "end": 164}, {"text": "post-treatment", "start": 170, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The MS samples were fabricated using different combinations of laser power, scanning speed, hatch distance, and build angle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 7, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 76, "end": 90}, {"text": "hatch distance", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "build", "start": 112, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The morphological features, surface roughness, phase content, and corrosion resistance of the MS samples in their as-fabricated (ASF) state were compared after LPEB irradiation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 28, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 66, "end": 86}, {"text": "samples", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 165, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ASF SLM-MS samples exhibit the presence of partially melted particles that spread over the entire surface and many cracks in both the longitudinal and transverse directions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "melted", "start": 57, "end": 63}, {"text": "spread", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "surface", "start": 102, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-treatment by LPEB irradiation removed the partially melted particles, while reflow of the molten mass filled the cracks and voids and facilitated the formation of a uniform surface with a bright metallic finish.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Post-treatment", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 23, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 57, "end": 63}, {"text": "voids", "start": 129, "end": 134}, {"text": "surface", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 200, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Body-centered cubic α-martensite was the predominant phase for the ASF SLM-MS samples, along with a small fraction face-centered cubic γ-austenite phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "samples", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 106, "end": 114}, {"text": "phase", "start": 147, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After LPEB irradiation, the martensite was reverted to the austenite phase.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "austenite phase", "start": 59, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The corrosion resistance of the LPEB-irradiated samples was moderately better than that of the ASF SLM-MS samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "samples", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "samples", "start": 106, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The uniform surface morphology, removal of partially melted particles, absence of pores and cracks, decrease in Sa, and moderate improvement in corrosion resistance suggests that LPEB irradiation can be used as a post-treatment for SLM-MS samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "surface morphology", "start": 12, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 144, "end": 164}, {"text": "samples", "start": 239, "end": 246}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "irradiation", "start": 184, "end": 195}, {"text": "post-treatment", "start": 213, "end": 227}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 200, "end": 202}, {"text": "as", "start": 208, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process produces complex microstructures and specific defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 4, "end": 27}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 29, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "defects", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 60, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To build structural components with an acceptable mechanical integrity, optimization of the processing parameters is required.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 3, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical integrity", "start": 50, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 72, "end": 84}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 103, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the evolution of defects under service conditions should be investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "defects", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the nickel-based alloy 718 was studied in the as-built metallurgical state.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nickel-based alloy", "start": 19, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 70, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser processing parameters such as the laser power, scanning speed, and hatch spacing were modified to evaluate their effects on the porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties at high temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laser processing", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 144, "end": 158}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 164, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 53, "end": 67}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 73, "end": 86}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 194, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 134, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The porosity and pore shape were evaluated using relative density measurements and image analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "pore", "start": 17, "end": 21}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 49, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image analysis", "start": 83, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the effects of the microstructure and defects on the tensile properties and damaging processes at 650 °C were investigated in air.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 29, "end": 43}, {"text": "defects", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "processes", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 63, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results revealed that the loading direction is critical to the mechanical integrity of the alloy, due to the specific orientation of the microstructural interfaces and defects.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical integrity", "start": 67, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 95, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 122, "end": 133}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 141, "end": 156}, {"text": "defects", "start": 172, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A tensile test was conducted in vacuum at 650 °C and 2.10−4 s−1, and the results indicated that damage processes were not affected by oxidation when the experiments were carried out in air.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 2, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 134, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microrobotic prototypes for water cleaning are produced combining stereolithography 3D printing and wet metallization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototypes", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cleaning", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "stereolithography 3D printing", "start": 66, "end": 95}, {"text": "metallization", "start": 104, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different metallic layers are deposited on 3D printed parts using both electroless and electrolytic deposition to impart required functionalities.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 10, "end": 18}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 43, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrolytic deposition", "start": 87, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, by exploiting the flexibility and versatility of electrolytic codeposition, pollutants photodegradation and bacteria killing are for the first time combined on the same device by coating it with a composite nanocoating containing titania nanoparticles in a silver matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 194, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 212, "end": 221}, {"text": "titania", "start": 245, "end": 252}, {"text": "silver", "start": 272, "end": 278}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 253, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure of the microrobots thus obtained is fully characterized and they are successfully actuated by applying rotating magnetic fields.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "magnetic fields", "start": 131, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the results of numerical simulations and experimental tests on AlSi10Mg samples, having thin cylindrical channels built in the horizontal direction, using selective laser melting technology.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 35, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 61, "end": 73}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 175, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal state of the samples with channels of varying diameters is investigated by employing a simplified part-scale transient model that takes into consideration the overmelting effects through the change of the materials properties related with phase transition effects in the melted area of the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "transient model", "start": 121, "end": 136}, {"text": "materials", "start": 217, "end": 226}, {"text": "phase", "start": 251, "end": 256}, {"text": "melted", "start": 283, "end": 289}, {"text": "sample", "start": 302, "end": 308}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 290, "end": 294}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparison of simulation results and computing tomography of experimental samples reveal that the final cross section geometry of thin channels can be predicted and evaluated by the proposed model.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 61, "end": 73}, {"text": "cross section", "start": 104, "end": 117}, {"text": "model", "start": 191, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 148, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Namely, it is found that the unsupported down-skin area of the channels is processed with formation of protrusions due to presence of the low conductive powder bed under the melted metal layer.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 51, "end": 55}, {"text": "layer", "start": 187, "end": 192}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "melted", "start": 174, "end": 180}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 153, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This powder area overheated during laser action and melted together with desirable solid region of the model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 12, "end": 16}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 52, "end": 58}, {"text": "model", "start": 103, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overmelting effects lead to the total closing of the channels with diameter less than 200 μm, partial closing of the channels of diameters 0.2-1 mm, and distortion of the cross section of larger channels.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 20, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 153, "end": 163}, {"text": "cross section", "start": 171, "end": 184}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Possible approaches of adjusting the geometry of a channel are studied, considering the teardrop and enlarged shapes of the cross sections, which could help obtain a predefined cylindrical shape of the channels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "cross sections", "start": 124, "end": 138}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 177, "end": 188}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 51, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A quasi-2D model of Micro-Selective Laser Melting (μ-SLM) process using molecular dynamics is developed to investigate the localized melting and solidification of a randomly-distributed Aluminum nano-powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 11, "end": 16}, {"text": "process", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 145, "end": 159}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "Aluminum", "start": 186, "end": 194}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 207, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the biggest challenges in modeling the μ-SLM process is the computational treatment of the formation and growth of crystal nuclei in the meltpool.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "nuclei", "start": 130, "end": 136}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 144, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work overcomes this challenge using molecular dynamics simulation because of its capability to explicitly model the nucleation and growth of grains inside the meltpool.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 118, "end": 123}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 128, "end": 138}, {"text": "grains", "start": 153, "end": 159}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 171, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The localized heating and rapid solidification of meltpool is simulated by the direct control of the temperature in the meltpool both spatially and temporally.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 26, "end": 46}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "meltpool", "start": 120, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rapid solidification in the meltpool reveals the cooling rate dependent homogeneous nucleation of equiaxed grains at the center of the meltpool.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 32, "end": 40}, {"text": "meltpool", "start": 139, "end": 147}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rate", "start": 53, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "homogeneous nucleation", "start": 76, "end": 98}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 102, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the epitaxial grain growth from the adjacent laser tracks, previous layers, and partially melted nano-powders into the solidifying meltpool is observed along the highest heat flow directions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "epitaxial", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 104, "end": 110}, {"text": "heat", "start": 184, "end": 188}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 145, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The growth of the long columnar grains into the top layer is inhibited if the penetration depth during the remelting of a previous layer is less than the depth of the equiaxed grains.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 23, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "penetration depth", "start": 78, "end": 95}, {"text": "layer", "start": 131, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 167, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long columnar grains that spread across three layers, equiaxed grains, nano-pores, twin boundaries, and stacking faults are observed in the final solidified nanostructure obtained after ten passes of the laser beam on three layers of Aluminum nano-powder particles.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 5, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spread", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 54, "end": 69}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 204, "end": 214}, {"text": "particles", "start": 255, "end": 264}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "Aluminum", "start": 234, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of the final solidified nanostructure is employed to eliminate the nano-pores, which act as sources of crack initiation during tensile loading.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Hot isostatic pressing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 118, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work examines the use of dual-material fused filament fabrication for 3D printing electronic components and circuits with conductive thermoplastic filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dual-material", "start": 30, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "thermoplastic filaments", "start": 138, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resistivity of traces printed from conductive thermoplastic filaments made with carbon-black, graphene, and copper as conductive fillers was found to be 12, 0.78, and 0.014 Ω cm, respectively, enabling the creation of resistors with values spanning 3 orders of magnitude.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic filaments", "start": 50, "end": 73}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "copper", "start": 112, "end": 118}, {"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}, {"text": "be", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "resistors", "start": 222, "end": 231}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 265, "end": 274}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The carbon black and graphene filaments were brittle and fractured easily, but the copper-based filament could be bent at least 500 times with little change in its resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon black", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "graphene filaments", "start": 21, "end": 39}, {"text": "filament", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "be", "start": 111, "end": 113}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 164, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Impedance measurements made on the thermoplastic filaments demonstrate that the copper-based filament had an impedance similar to a copper PCB trace at frequencies greater than 1 MHz.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Impedance measurements", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic filaments", "start": 35, "end": 58}, {"text": "filament", "start": 93, "end": 101}, {"text": "copper", "start": 132, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dual material 3D printing was used to fabricate a variety of inductors and capacitors with properties that could be predictably tuned by modifying either the geometry of the components, or the materials used to fabricate the components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "be", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 14, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 211, "end": 220}], "application": [{"text": "capacitors", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 158, "end": 166}, {"text": "materials", "start": 193, "end": 202}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 174, "end": 184}, {"text": "components", "start": 225, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These resistors, capacitors, and inductors were combined to create a fully 3D printed high-pass filter with properties comparable to its conventional counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "resistors", "start": 6, "end": 15}], "application": [{"text": "capacitors", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "filter", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 108, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relatively low impedance of the copper-based filament enabled its use for 3D printing of a receiver coil for wireless power transfer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also demonstrate the ability to embed and connect surface mounted components in 3D printed objects with a low-cost ($1000 in parts), open source dual-material 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "dual-material", "start": 148, "end": 161}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 69, "end": 79}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 162, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 141, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work thus demonstrates the potential for FFF 3D printing to create complex, three-dimensional circuits composed of either embedded or fully-printed electronic components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF 3D printing", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 81, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 164, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of the present study is to utilize fractographic methods employing scanning electron microscope (SEM) images to investigate the effects of build direction and orientation on the mechanical response and failure mechanism for Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) specimens fabricated by fused deposited modeling (FDM).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 75, "end": 103}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 105, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 110, "end": 116}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 167, "end": 178}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 186, "end": 205}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 280, "end": 290}, {"text": "fused", "start": 294, "end": 299}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 147, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mechanism", "start": 210, "end": 227}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 265, "end": 268}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 310, "end": 318}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 320, "end": 323}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material characterized here is ABS-M30 manufactured by Stratasys, Inc. Measurements of tensile strength, elongation-at-break and tensile modulus measurements along with the failure surfaces were characterized on a range of specimens at different build direction and raster orientation: ±45°, 0°, 0/90°, and 90°.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 43, "end": 55}, {"text": "failure", "start": 177, "end": 184}], "application": [{"text": "Stratasys", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 91, "end": 107}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 218, "end": 223}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 250, "end": 265}, {"text": "raster orientation", "start": 270, "end": 288}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analysis of mechanical testing of the tensile specimens until failure will contribute to advances in creating stronger and more robust structure for various applications.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 16, "end": 34}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 42, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "structure", "start": 139, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameters, such as build direction and raster orientation, can be interdependent and exhibit varying effects on the properties of the ABS specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameters", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "properties", "start": 117, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 135, "end": 138}], "parameter": [{"text": "raster orientation", "start": 40, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ABS-M30 specimens were found to exhibit anisotropy in the mechanical response when exposed to axial tensile loading.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 44, "end": 54}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 62, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stress-strain data was characterized by a monotonic increase with an abrupt failure signifying brittle fracture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 18, "end": 22}, {"text": "failure", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "brittle fracture", "start": 99, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In certain combinations of build direction and raster orientation tensile failure was preceded by slight softening.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 27, "end": 42}, {"text": "raster orientation", "start": 47, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength and modulus, and elongation-at-break were found to be highly dependent upon the raster orientation and build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "raster orientation", "start": 101, "end": 119}, {"text": "build direction", "start": 124, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relationship between the mechanical properties and failure was established by fractographic analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 29, "end": 50}, {"text": "failure", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fractographic analysis", "start": 82, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fractographic analysis offers insight and provides valuable experimental data for the purpose of building structures in orientations tailored to their exemplified strength.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "fractographic analysis", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 124, "end": 136}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 167, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Other examples are shown where artifacts of the FDM fabrication process act to enhance tensile strength when configured properly with respect to the load.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM fabrication", "start": 48, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 87, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study also presents a systematic scheme employing analogs to traditional fiber-reinforced polymer composites for the designation of build orientation and raster orientation parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer composites", "start": 94, "end": 112}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 136, "end": 153}, {"text": "raster orientation", "start": 158, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dissolution kinetics of Laves phase has been analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 28, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of Inconel 718 are closely related to the morphology and size of the Laves phase, which must be quantitatively controlled to change the effect of the Laves phase from deleterious to beneficial.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 95, "end": 106}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 176, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "be", "start": 119, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, post-heat treatment was used to regulate the morphology and size of the Laves phase in Inconel 718 fabricated using laser directed energy deposition, and the dissolution behavior of the Laves phase during solution heat treatment was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 87, "end": 98}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 201, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 102, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 131, "end": 163}, {"text": "solution heat treatment", "start": 220, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicated that the sharp corners and grooves of the Laves phase preferentially dissolved, causing the morphology of the Laves phase to change from a long-striped to granular shape during dissolution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 64, "end": 75}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 132, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dissolution kinetics of the Laves phase were also investigated using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov and Singh–Flemings models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 32, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The initial stage of dissolution was controlled by both the long-range diffusion of Nb and the interfacial reaction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "Nb", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Directed Energy Deposition was used to process 316 L in different atmosphere modes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Directed Energy Deposition", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 39, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A slightly higher oxide content was detected in samples built using shielding gas.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 48, "end": 55}, {"text": "gas", "start": 78, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties in both conditions were extremely high.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples built in controlled atmosphere had slightly higher yield strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 59, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A correlation between tensile properties and oxide content is reported.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 22, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 45, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser-Directed Energy Deposition was used to produce AISI 316L stainless steel samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Deposition", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 58, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the protective atmosphere on the microstructure and mechanical performance of AISI 316L deposited parts was investigated by building samples using a simple nitrogen shielding gas or using a nitrogen-filled build chamber.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "samples", "start": 147, "end": 154}, {"text": "gas", "start": 189, "end": 192}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 163, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "nitrogen", "start": 170, "end": 178}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 220, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the different processing conditions on the microstructure was evaluated by X-ray analysis, optical and scanning electron microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 57, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray analysis", "start": 89, "end": 103}, {"text": "optical", "start": 105, "end": 112}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 117, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Only slight differences in the cellular dendrites morphology of samples built under different protective atmosphere conditions were observed.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the presence of oxides was monitored too: the oxides composition and area fraction were analysed and compared by image analyses, and it was demonstrated that the protective atmosphere mainly affects the oxides dimensions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxides", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 55, "end": 61}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 212, "end": 218}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 62, "end": 73}, {"text": "image analyses", "start": 122, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 78, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 219, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the oxides and nitrogen pick-up on the mechanical performance of the samples was evaluated by tensile tests.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxides", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 108, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results revealed that the nitrogen-filled build chamber allowed the achievement of slightly higher tensile strength and elongation with respect to the other processing conditions as a consequence of the reduced size of the oxide inclusions.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 46, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 103, "end": 119}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 124, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}, {"text": "oxide inclusions", "start": 227, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently, the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process can not offer a reproducible and predefined quality of the processed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 15, "end": 38}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "quality", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "processed", "start": 114, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent research on process monitoring focuses strongly on integrated optical measurement technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "process monitoring", "start": 19, "end": 37}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical measurement", "start": 69, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Besides optical sensors, acoustic sensors also seem promising.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 34, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous studies have shown the potential of analyzing structure-borne and air-borne acoustic emissions in laser welding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "acoustic emissions", "start": 85, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser welding", "start": 107, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Only a few works evaluate the potential that lies in the L-PBF process.This work shows how the approach to structure-borne acoustic process monitoring can be elaborated by correlating acoustic signals to statistical values indicating part quality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process monitoring", "start": 132, "end": 150}, {"text": "quality", "start": 239, "end": 246}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 155, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Density measurements according to Archimedes’ principle are used to label the layer-based acoustic data and to measure the quality.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Density measurements", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 99, "end": 103}, {"text": "quality", "start": 123, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The data set is then treated as a classification problem while investigating the applicability of existing artificial neural network algorithms, such as the TensorFlow in the Python language, to match acoustic data with density measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "classification", "start": 34, "end": 48}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 133, "end": 143}, {"text": "data", "start": 210, "end": 214}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "as", "start": 150, "end": 152}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "artificial neural network", "start": 107, "end": 132}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "density measurements", "start": 220, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat treatment of Scandium and Zirconium modified AlMg alloys processed by Selective Laser Melting leads to precipitation of coherent Al3Sc particles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Heat treatment", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 75, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "Zirconium", "start": 31, "end": 40}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 108, "end": 121}, {"text": "particles", "start": 140, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The number density of coherent Al3Sc particles in heat treated condition reaches 5.2 × 1023 m−3.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "heat", "start": 50, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Coherently precipitated Al3Sc particles are < 5 nm in diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 54, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Grain boundary particles stabilize the microstructure against grain growth during heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Grain boundary", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 39, "end": 53}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 82, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sc- Zr-modified Al-Mg alloy, processed by selective laser melting, offers excellent properties in the as processed condition, due to the formation of a desirable microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al-Mg alloy", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "properties", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 162, "end": 176}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 42, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As in conventional processing, such alloys are age hardenable, thereby precipitating a high fraction of finely dispersed coherent Al3 (Scx Zr1-x) intermetallics, which serve for the improvement of the mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 36, "end": 42}, {"text": "intermetallics", "start": 146, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 201, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron backscatter diffraction measurements and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the effects of heat treatment and HIP on the microstructures of SLM processed specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 32}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 50, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 121, "end": 135}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 140, "end": 143}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 170, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 151, "end": 166}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 174, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the chemistry and number density of Al3Sc particles was analysed by atom probe tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 17, "end": 26}, {"text": "particles", "start": 55, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "atom probe tomography", "start": 81, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the bi-modal grain size distribution observed in the as-processed condition can be maintained even after a heat treatment, due to a high density of intragranular Al3 (ScxZr1-x) precipitates, and various other particles pinning the grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "grain size", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "density", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "particles", "start": 231, "end": 240}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 253, "end": 269}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 199, "end": 211}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 129, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A HIP post-processing can lead to grain growth in certain coarser grained areas, probably due to a local imbalance between driving and dragging forces, hence higher defect density and fewer pinning precipitates.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 2, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 26, "end": 30}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 198, "end": 210}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain growth", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "forces", "start": 144, "end": 150}, {"text": "defect", "start": 165, "end": 171}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 74, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Applying a heat treatment results in an increase of the density of ≤5 nm sized intragranular Al3 (Scx Zr1-x) particles by a factor of 4–6, reaching 3·1023 m−3 to 5·1023 m−3.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Shrinkage stress occur perpendicular to boundaries of primary columnar grains.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Shrinkage", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 62, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This stress forms immobile dislocation networks that hinder dislocation movement.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 60, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recrystallization during annealing at ≥1373 K eliminates the dislocation network.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recrystallization", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 61, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 25, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "K", "start": 44, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Networks of connected deformation and annealing twins block dislocation movement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 38, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dislocation walls were found near grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 34, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To widen the applications of FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) fabricated via selective laser melting, their mechanical properties must be improved, and annealing plays an important role in this regard.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 51, "end": 57}, {"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 111, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 80, "end": 103}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 155, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the microstructure, residual stress, and mechanical properties of the as-printed specimen and specimens annealed at 773–1573 K for 2 h were compared.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 56, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 35, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "K", "start": 140, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the annealing temperature increased, the specimen structure recrystallized from all columnar grains to equiaxial grains containing numerous annealing twins.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 7, "end": 16}, {"text": "recrystallized", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "grains", "start": 116, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 87, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dislocation network, which formed during the solidification process under considerable shrinkage strain, decomposed into dislocations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dislocation", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 91, "end": 100}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solidification process", "start": 49, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress, yield strength, and hardness decreased, while the plasticity and impact toughness increased.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 86, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the deformation of as-printed and low-temperature-annealed specimens, the dislocation network remained unchanged and provided resistance to the dislocations moving within it, thus strengthening the specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 151, "end": 163}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 133, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 187, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength remained largely unchanged owing to the reduction in the residual stress during low-temperature annealing, as well as the formation of the twinning network and dislocation wall under large deformation upon high-temperature annealing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 78, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "twinning", "start": 160, "end": 168}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 181, "end": 192}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 210, "end": 221}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 117, "end": 126}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 244, "end": 253}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}, {"text": "as", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meanwhile, the ductility greatly increased, thus increasing the potential for industrial application of HEAs.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First-time fabrication of FCC + BCC dual-phase high-entropy alloys (DP-HEAs) by SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 80, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FCC", "start": 26, "end": 29}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 32, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 60, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New alloy design strategy for attaining strong, yet ductile DP-HEAs suitable for rapid solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductile", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 81, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deformation nano-twins, stacking faults and strain-activated B2-to-FCC phase transition are discovered in BCC phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Deformation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "phase", "start": 71, "end": 76}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 106, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The deformation mechanisms of the FCC and B2 phases are uncovered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "FCC", "start": 34, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preparing dual-phase high-entropy alloys (DP-HEAs) by selective laser melting (SLM) has never been achieved owing to high crack susceptibility induced by rapid solidification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 54, "end": 77}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "rapid solidification", "start": 154, "end": 174}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "susceptibility", "start": 128, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we design and fabricate new face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) DP-HEAs based on BCC AlCrCuFeNi HEA using SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FCC", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 106, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that the addition of Ni facilitates the columnar-to-near-equiaxed transition and improves the formability of the as-built AlCrCuFeNix (2.0 ≤ x ≤ 3.0) HEAs.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ni", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "formability", "start": 107, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Especially, the as-built AlCrCuFeNi3.0 HEA exhibits modulated nano-sized lamellar or cellular dual-phase structures and possesses the best combination of ultimate tensile strength (∼ 957 MPa) and ductility (∼ 14.3%).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 187, "end": 190}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 154, "end": 179}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 196, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-deformation research reveals that the FCC phase is deformed through planar dislocation slip with {111} < 110 > slip systems, and stacking faults (SFs).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "FCC", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "dislocation", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deformed", "start": 56, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain-activated B2-to-FCC phase transition occurs in the B2 phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "phase", "start": 61, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The uncovered synergy of various deformation modes and the underlying back stress strengthening induced by heterogeneous microstructures contribute to the high ultimate tensile strength and good ductility of the as-built AlCrCuFeNi3.0 HEA.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 107, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 160, "end": 185}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 195, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "strengthening", "start": 82, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing of flexible conductive nanocomposites were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conductivity was found largely independent of process temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Conductivity", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 46, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy in conductivity was observed up to an order of magnitude.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 14, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 58, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Soft actuators with built-in touch sensors was successfully printed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 35, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Soft actuators with built-in piezoresistive sensing was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 5, "end": 14}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 44, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With applications in flexible electronics and soft robotics, the ability to fabricate elastic functional materials with complex geometries has become highly desirable.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "materials", "start": 105, "end": 114}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 120, "end": 138}], "application": [{"text": "soft robotics", "start": 46, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 86, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, flexible thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube (TPU-MWCNT) composites were printed using multi-material fused filament fabrication (FFF) to study their feasibility towards built-in sensing capabilities in soft robotics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 23, "end": 36}, {"text": "carbon nanotube", "start": 62, "end": 77}, {"text": "composites", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 120, "end": 134}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 183, "end": 194}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 135, "end": 161}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 163, "end": 166}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 212, "end": 219}, {"text": "soft robotics", "start": 236, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure, electrical conductivity, capacitive sensing, and piezoresistive sensing of the printed samples were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "samples", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 20, "end": 43}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 84, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MWCNT content, print orientation, and layer height was found to be the most influential parameters on the electrical properties while the nozzle and bed temperatures showed insignificant impacts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "electrical properties", "start": 106, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 38, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 138, "end": 144}, {"text": "bed", "start": 149, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, the in-line and through-line conductivities were one order of magnitude higher than the through-layer conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 111, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A soft pneumatic actuator was then designed and printed out of TPU-MWCNT using the optimized process conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuator", "start": 17, "end": 25}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 93, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The built-in capacitive and piezoresistive sensing capabilities of the printed actuators were successfully demonstrated upon gripping contact and actuation at three different pressure levels.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "contact", "start": 134, "end": 141}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 175, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work unveils the potential of integrating a variety of feedback sensors in robotic actuators through FFF process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 106, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) parts were successfully fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) using cost-effective hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti powders for the first time modified by jet milling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "Ti powders", "start": 163, "end": 173}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 88, "end": 111}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 113, "end": 116}, {"text": "milling", "start": 209, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Jet milling effectively improves the particle-shape sphericity, suppresses the impurity pick-up, and produces localized plastic deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milling", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "impurity", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 120, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The oxide layer in the powder surface is determined with the thickness of ∼8 nm and TiO being the predominant phase before and after jet milling.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "powder", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milling", "start": 137, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLM-made (SLMed) CP-Ti achieves dominant martensitic α’ phase with the fracture tensile strength up to 731.5 ± 5.7 MPa and elongation of 20.5 ± 1.1%, comparable with those using expensive atomized powders.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 60, "end": 65}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 119, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 127, "end": 137}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "atomized", "start": 192, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contrary to the conventional metallurgical mechanism for Ti which suffers the cost-performance dilemma, this work presents SLMed CP-Ti with excellent synergy of strength and ductility while using the cost-affordable HDH Ti powders.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 29, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "Ti powders", "start": 220, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 161, "end": 169}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 174, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work the tensile behaviour of selective laser melted (SLMed) aluminium alloy A357 in the as-fabricated and heat-treated states is explained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 38, "end": 60}, {"text": "SLMed", "start": 62, "end": 67}, {"text": "heat-treated", "start": 115, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium alloy", "start": 69, "end": 84}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 154, "end": 182}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 184, "end": 187}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 190, "end": 222}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 224, "end": 228}, {"text": "transmission electron microscopy", "start": 231, "end": 263}, {"text": "TEM", "start": 265, "end": 268}, {"text": "transmission", "start": 275, "end": 287}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 288, "end": 320}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built sample has an ultrafine microstructure, with high residual stresses and non-equilibrium solid solute concentration of Si in the supersaturated Al matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 37, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 63, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 131, "end": 133}, {"text": "Al", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the tensile properties of the SLMed Al alloy A357 are comparable or better than traditional cast counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 18, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "cast", "start": 106, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "Al alloy", "start": 50, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Al grains in the SLMed alloy consist of sub-micron sized Al cells, and both high angle and low angle boundaries are initially occupied by eutectic nano-sized Si particles, which are beneficial for strength but detrimental for ductility.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "Al", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "Si", "start": 162, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "feature": [{"text": "sub-micron", "start": 44, "end": 54}, {"text": "boundaries", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "eutectic", "start": 142, "end": 150}, {"text": "particles", "start": 165, "end": 174}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 201, "end": 209}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 230, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With subsequent solution heat treatment, the Si particles on the low angle cell boundaries (LACBs) dissolve while those at the high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) coarsen.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution heat treatment", "start": 16, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "Si", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 138, "end": 154}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 75, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simultaneously internal stresses decrease, as does solute content in the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal stresses", "start": 15, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The evolution of these microstructural features explains the improved tensile ductility (at its maximum > 23%) and reduced tensile strength for the heat treated SLMed aluminium alloy A357 samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 23, "end": 38}, {"text": "heat", "start": 148, "end": 152}, {"text": "samples", "start": 188, "end": 195}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile ductility", "start": 70, "end": 87}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 123, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 161, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "aluminium alloy", "start": 167, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Correlations between microstructures and corrosion resistances of SLMed Inconel 718 alloy are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 21, "end": 36}, {"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 72, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistances", "start": 41, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Platelet-shape δ phases are discovered after solution annealing treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution annealing treatment", "start": 45, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion micro-batteries cause the formation of pits or cracks at secondary phase boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "phase boundaries", "start": 77, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion mechanism of SLMed Inconel 718 alloy is revealed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLMed", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 29, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructures and corrosion resistances of Inconel 718 alloy prepared by selective laser melting (SLM), SLM following various heat treatments, and conventional rolling are studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 49, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistances", "start": 24, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 79, "end": 102}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 104, "end": 107}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 110, "end": 113}, {"text": "heat treatments", "start": 132, "end": 147}, {"text": "rolling", "start": 166, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that only Nb element is enriched in interdendritic regions while Fe element is abundant in dendritic trunks for the as-built Inconel 718 alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nb", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "element", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "element", "start": 81, "end": 88}, {"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 138, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After solution annealing treatment, incomplete recrystallization is observed and distortion energy is released.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution annealing treatment", "start": 6, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recrystallization", "start": 47, "end": 64}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 81, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the solution annealing temperature from 980 °C to 1020 °C (ST1∼ST3), the morphologies of δ phases turn from needle-like into short platelet shape, which reduces the anodic current density and improves the corrosion resistance compared to other heat-treated samples in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 84, "end": 96}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 216, "end": 236}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "heat-treated", "start": 255, "end": 267}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 191, "end": 198}], "material": [{"text": "NaCl", "start": 287, "end": 291}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corrosion morphology observation shows that obvious cracking of surface passive film occurs for the SLM, solution annealing plus double aging (SA) and rolled samples, while corrosion pits and micro-cracks appear at the δ phase boundaries of solution-annealed (ST1∼ST3) samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Corrosion", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "solution", "start": 105, "end": 113}, {"text": "samples", "start": 158, "end": 165}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "micro-cracks", "start": 192, "end": 204}, {"text": "phase boundaries", "start": 221, "end": 237}, {"text": "samples", "start": 269, "end": 276}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 100, "end": 103}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 114, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface passive film is smooth for the rolled sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "sample", "start": 50, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The corrosion resistance of samples obtained by different processes follows in the order of rolled > ST3 > ST2 > ST1 > SA > SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "samples", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "processes", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 124, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high interface energy and lattice misfit may provide driving forces for the preferential dissolution of γ matrix rather than second phases.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "forces", "start": 65, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inferior corrosion resistance of the as-built Inconel 718 alloy can be significantly improved through solution annealing treatment at 1020 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 50, "end": 67}, {"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "solution annealing treatment", "start": 106, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The increase of molecular weight of partcake powder could be traced back to a linear chain growth/post condensation reaction with GPC analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 45, "end": 51}, {"text": "be", "start": 58, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of build time in selective laser sintering on molecular changes of polyamide 12 powder is more significant than the effect of build temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build time", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "build", "start": 140, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 31, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 81, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing molecular weight, the chain mobility is reduced and the crystallization temperature shifts to lower temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 116, "end": 128}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 72, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This broadens the processing window, but higher molecular weights go along with a higher viscosity, which is not favorable for SLS process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "go", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS process", "start": 127, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material aging in selective laser sintering SLS of polyamide 12 is one challenge, which has to be overcome for implementation of this technique in serial production.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material aging", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 22, "end": 47}, {"text": "production", "start": 158, "end": 168}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 55, "end": 67}, {"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High temperatures and along going processing times lead to chemical and physical aging effects of the supporting partcake material.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 5, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 51, "end": 55}, {"text": "material", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigations in this study aims at the influence of processing time and temperature on molecular changes and thermal properties of polyamide 12 partcake material in selective laser sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 115, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 137, "end": 149}, {"text": "material", "start": 159, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 171, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The focus of the investigations lays on the global heat exposure of the of the bulk material und thus on global material changes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat exposure", "start": 51, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "material", "start": 112, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Gel permeation chromatography analysis was used to determine the molecular weight distribution and changes of polymer structure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Gel", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 82, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing build time and build chamber temperature the average molecular weight is rising, whereby the influence of build time is more significant.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build time", "start": 16, "end": 26}, {"text": "build chamber", "start": 31, "end": 44}, {"text": "weight", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "build time", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 61, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rise of chain length leads to a reduction of crystallization temperature, which was detected by DSC.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 49, "end": 64}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 100, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigated the superelastic response of the low-modulus porous β type Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr scaffolds with different pore dimensions fabricated by laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 98, "end": 107}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore dimensions", "start": 123, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 139, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 153, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The superelastic behavior was enhanced with increasing the pore size and stress-induced phase transformation, which correspondingly led to stress-induced α'' [110] -type I twin martensitic transformation and ω formation adjacent to β matrix/twins.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 88, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 132, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resultant interstitial compound phase structure facilitated the β → α'' and β → ω transition, which was triggered by interfacial stress/strain concentration and high-density dislocations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "transition", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "dislocations", "start": 178, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Substantial high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) accumulated high-intensity Schimd factor and crystallographic texture after being deformed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 23, "end": 39}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "deformed", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, a lower Young’ s modulus was obtained when the pore size and stress increased.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 25, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 71, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A vision-based inspection system based on three digital cameras is proposed for measuring the cladding height in the Direct Energy Deposition (DED) process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "Direct Energy Deposition", "start": 117, "end": 141}, {"text": "DED", "start": 143, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To improve the accuracy of the cladding height measurements, an image processing technique is applied to remove the undesirable zone from the binary image.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "binary", "start": 142, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, since the unit length in the captured images is different to that in the world coordinate framework, a calibration bar method is designed to transform the pixel value to the real size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 51, "end": 57}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 116, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "coordinate", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 142, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An image-processing technique is then employed to isolate the laser nozzle and melt pool in the captured images.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 62, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 105, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the cladding height is estimated based on the distance between the tip of the laser nozzle and the centroid of the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 124, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated by comparing the inspection results for the cladding height of a horseshoe component with the measurements obtained using a 3-D scanner.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 129, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 178, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum estimation error is found to be just 4.2% Overall, the results confirm that the proposed trinocular vision-based system provides a rapid, convenient and accurate means of determining the cladding height in the DED process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 165, "end": 173}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 199, "end": 207}, {"text": "DED", "start": 222, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of this study is to promote the magnetic shielding characteristics of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processed NiFeMo alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 78, "end": 101}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 103, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 126, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This was achieved via controlling the crystallographic texture of the builds to increase the grain population along the easy axis of magnetisation, as well as the use of post-process hydrogen heat treatment (HT) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processes.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 70, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain", "start": 93, "end": 98}, {"text": "post-process", "start": 170, "end": 182}, {"text": "processes", "start": 245, "end": 254}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 148, "end": 150}, {"text": "as", "start": 156, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 192, "end": 206}, {"text": "hot isostatic pressing", "start": 216, "end": 238}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 240, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-fabricated microstructure typically demonstrates weak magnetic properties due to the alignment of the crystallographic orientation/spin order along the [100] hard axis of magnetisation, which is parallel to the build direction since it is also the preferred growth direction during solidification in cubic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "properties", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 289, "end": 303}, {"text": "materials", "start": 313, "end": 322}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 218, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The improved ferromagnetism following HIP + HT was due to several combined effects, including stress relief, consolidation of gas pores, recrystallisation, and grain growth.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ferromagnetism", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "stress", "start": 94, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 38, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consolidation", "start": 109, "end": 122}, {"text": "gas", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 160, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The post-processing sequence (HT + HIP vs. HIP + HT) appeared to affect the resulting magnetic characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "HIP", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "HIP", "start": 43, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the tensile properties for the builds were characterised to ensure that both functional and mechanical behaviours would achieve the required performance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 13, "end": 31}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical behaviours", "start": 101, "end": 122}, {"text": "performance", "start": 150, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Usually the process gas flow rates and the process gas types are not regarded as the primary process parameters of the laser cladding process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process gas", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "process gas", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 93, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rates", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein it is shown, how the melt pool surface oxidation can be significantly reduced by the change of the carrier gas type, by a reduced carrier gas flow rate and by minor changes in the powder nozzle design.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "powder", "start": 187, "end": 193}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "gas flow rate", "start": 145, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 194, "end": 200}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 201, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simulation model for the gas flow and the powder particle flow between the powder nozzle and the melt pool surface has been developed, which reveals the volume percentage of different gas types and so the quality of the shield gas atmosphere.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 2, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "gas", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "volume", "start": 155, "end": 161}, {"text": "gas", "start": 186, "end": 189}, {"text": "quality", "start": 207, "end": 214}, {"text": "gas", "start": 229, "end": 232}], "material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 44, "end": 59}, {"text": "powder", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 99, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 84, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the powder particle distribution and the attenuation of the laser beam by the powder particles can be simulated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 18, "end": 33}, {"text": "powder particles", "start": 92, "end": 108}, {"text": "be", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results are confirmed by experimental measurements of the powder particle density distribution in the working plane, by measurements of the oxygen volume percentage at the workpiece surface, by high-speed camera images of the melt pool surface and by absorptivity measurements, which show the effect of oxidation on the process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 40, "end": 52}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 187, "end": 196}, {"text": "surface", "start": 197, "end": 204}, {"text": "process", "start": 335, "end": 342}], "material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 73, "end": 88}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 155, "end": 161}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 241, "end": 250}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density distribution", "start": 89, "end": 109}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 220, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 318, "end": 327}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "TiB precipitates were significantly refined in the EB-PBF-built Ti-6242S-1.0B alloy compared with forged alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 105, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finer oxides contributed to the formation of more compact oxidation layers in the EB-PBF-built alloy than as-forged alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxides", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 95, "end": 100}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compact", "start": 50, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evaporation of B2O3 from coarse TiB particles destabilized the oxidation layer in the as-forged alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Evaporation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "particles", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "B2O3", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 63, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 73, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evaporation of B2O3 from fine TiB particles did not destabilize the oxidation layer in the EB-PBF-built alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Evaporation", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "particles", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "B2O3", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 78, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "EB-PBF-built Ti-6242S-1.0B alloy was more resistant to oxidation than the as-forged alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 84, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 55, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Refined TiB precipitates significantly enhance the oxidation resistance of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si-1.0B alloy fabricated by electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 105, "end": 110}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "oxidation resistance", "start": 51, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electron beam", "start": 125, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Refined TiB precipitates in the EB-PBF-built alloy enable finer oxide formation than the larger precipitates in the forged alloy, and the resulting oxidation layers are more compact.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 96, "end": 108}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 148, "end": 157}, {"text": "compact", "start": 174, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evaporation of scattered B2O3 generated by the refined TiB precipitates in the EB-PBF-built alloy do not significantly accelerate detachment of the oxidation layer from the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Evaporation", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "B2O3", "start": 25, "end": 29}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 59, "end": 71}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 92, "end": 97}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 173, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 148, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 158, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, collective evaporation of B2O3 generated by larger TiB precipitates in the forged alloy accelerate detachment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evaporation", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "B2O3", "start": 35, "end": 39}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 64, "end": 76}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 91, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The oxidation layer on the EB-PBF-fabricated alloy was more stable, preventing further oxidation and improving oxidation resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 45, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "oxidation resistance", "start": 111, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We report on the development of a miniaturized device for operando X-ray diffraction during laser 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 67, "end": 84}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 92, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 98, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We describe the design considerations, details on the setup and the implementation at two different beamlines of the Swiss Light Source.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design considerations", "start": 16, "end": 37}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Light Source", "start": 123, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Its capabilities are demonstrated by ex situ printing of complex shapes and operando X-ray diffraction experiments using Ti-6Al-4V powder.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 57, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 85, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V powder", "start": 121, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the beamline characteristics have an important influence on the X-ray footprints of the microstructural evolution during 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 105, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 138, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the intensity of the diffraction peaks, the evolution of the different phases can be followed during printing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "diffraction", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 87, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the diffuse scattering signal provides information on the precise location of the laser beam on the sample and the scanning head settling time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 95, "end": 105}, {"text": "sample", "start": 113, "end": 119}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some AM processes such as directed energy deposition (DED) have typical powder usage efficiencies ranging between 40 and 80%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 5, "end": 17}, {"text": "DED", "start": 54, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "powder", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 42, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since, for a given alloy, powder cost is proportional to its purity, choosing a less expensive powder or reusing powders is interesting for economical and environmental reasons.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "powder", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "powder", "start": 95, "end": 101}, {"text": "powders", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work summarized below studied the effect of oxygen content in Ti6Al4V powders on mechanical properties of AM parts fabricated by DED.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V powders", "start": 66, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 85, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 110, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 133, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three different powders with increasing oxygen content were used to produce specimens and characterize its effect on microstructure and tensile properties before and after heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 117, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 136, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 172, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Only coarsening of the particle size distribution and the presence of fragmented particles was observed for the recycled powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle size distribution", "start": 23, "end": 49}, {"text": "particles", "start": 81, "end": 90}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 121, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparing the chemistry of parts vs that of powder feedstock it was determined that for all the tests, the Al content was slightly lower in the parts and that no significant loss of vanadium was noted when printing with new (fresh) powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 14, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 44, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "vanadium", "start": 182, "end": 190}, {"text": "powders", "start": 232, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, V loss was significant in parts made with recycled powders, although still leaving them within acceptable chemistry to respect their original grade 5 classification.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "V", "start": 19, "end": 20}, {"text": "powders", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 125, "end": 134}, {"text": "classification", "start": 169, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The build quality of laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) components largely depends on printing issues such as inter-track voids and undesired microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 21, "end": 44}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 46, "end": 49}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 117, "end": 122}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 137, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a comprehensive phenomenological model was developed to compute the complex transport phenomena during laser PBF of Ti-6Al-4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phenomenological model", "start": 30, "end": 52}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The transient temperature and velocity fields during single-track and multi-track laser PBF were computed considering the melting and solidification of the powder feedstocks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transient", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 134, "end": 148}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 14, "end": 25}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstocks", "start": 156, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Critical metallurgical variables including the molten pool characteristics and thermal cycles were obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 9, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 79, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model was validated by comparing the computed results against corresponding experimental data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 80, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The formation and evolution of inter-track voids in different heat input conditions were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "voids", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "heat", "start": 62, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first type appeared in irregular elongated shapes and was caused by the incomplete melting of the powder feedstocks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstocks", "start": 102, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cooling rates were obtained to interpret the metallurgical conditions for the solid-state phase transformations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Cooling rates", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "application": [{"text": "metallurgical", "start": 45, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solid-state phase", "start": 78, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The novel findings from this research are helpful to the understanding of the formation and mitigation of inter-track voids, and the assessment of phase transformations during laser PBF of titanium alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "voids", "start": 118, "end": 123}, {"text": "phase", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 176, "end": 181}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 189, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture toughness (K1c) and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) properties of selective laser melted (SLM) specimens produced from grade 5 Ti6Al4V powder metal has been investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "properties", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "fatigue crack growth rate", "start": 33, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melted", "start": 80, "end": 102}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 104, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V powder metal", "start": 141, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three specimen orientations relative to the build direction as well as two different post-build heat treatments were considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 15, "end": 27}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 44, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatments", "start": 96, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens and test procedures were designed in accordance with ASTM E399 and ASTM E647 standard.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 87, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that there is a strong influence of post-build processing (heat treated versus ‘as built’) as well as specimen orientation on the dynamic behaviour of SLM produced Ti6Al4V.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 76, "end": 80}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 128, "end": 139}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 147, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}, {"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}, {"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 181, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 168, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The greatest improvement in properties after heat treatment was demonstrated when the fracture plane is perpendicular to the SLM build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 45, "end": 59}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 129, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This behaviour is attributed to the higher anticipated influence of tensile residual stress for this orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile residual stress", "start": 68, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The transformation of the initial rapidly solidified microstructure during heat treatment has a smaller beneficial effect on improving mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapidly solidified", "start": 34, "end": 52}, {"text": "heat treatment", "start": 75, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 53, "end": 67}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 135, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D-printed PLA/Ti scaffolds with tailored porosity and pore size were fabricated via fused filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 85, "end": 111}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 113, "end": 116}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 55, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal properties of PLA/Ti filaments were changed by the addition of Ti.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Thermal properties", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "5–10 vol% of Ti enhanced the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLA/Ti scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 29, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In vitro assays showed good cell responses in PLA/Ti scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 28, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 53, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D-printed PLA/Ti scaffolds have potential as bone substitutes for tissue engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 67, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ideal bone substitutes should ensure good integration with bone tissue and are therefore required to exhibit good mechanical stability and biocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 6, "end": 10}, {"text": "bone", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 114, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 139, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the high elastic modulus (similar to that of bone), thermoplasticity, and biocompatibility of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) make it well suited for the fabrication of such substitutes by fused filament fabrication (FFF) -based 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 23, "end": 38}, {"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 88, "end": 104}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 128, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 161, "end": 172}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 196, "end": 222}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 224, "end": 227}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 236, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the demands of present-day applications require the mechanical and biological properties of PLA to be further improved.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 101, "end": 104}, {"text": "be", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, we fabricated PLA/Ti composite scaffolds by FFF-based 3D printing and used thermogravimetric analysis to confirm the homogenous dispersion of Ti particles in the PLA matrix at loadings of 5–20 vol%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "dispersion", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "particles", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 150, "end": 152}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 170, "end": 173}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 62, "end": 73}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermogravimetric analysis", "start": 83, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Notably, the thermal stability of these composites and the crystallization temperature/crystallinity degree of PLA therein decreased with increasing Ti content, while the corresponding glass transition temperature and melting temperature concomitantly increased.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stability", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 40, "end": 50}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 111, "end": 114}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 149, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 59, "end": 74}, {"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 185, "end": 213}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 218, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The compressive and tensile strengths of PLA/Ti composites increased with Ti increasing loading until it reached 10 vol% and were within the range of real bone values, while the impact strengths of the above composites significantly exceeded that of pure PLA.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 20, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "composites", "start": 208, "end": 218}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 255, "end": 258}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 141, "end": 146}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 155, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 178, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The incorporation of Ti resulted in enhanced in vitro biocompatibility, promoting the initial attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of pre-osteoblast cells, which allowed us to conclude that the prepared PLA/Ti composite scaffolds with enhanced mechanical and biological properties are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "composite", "start": 220, "end": 229}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 54, "end": 70}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 159, "end": 164}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 254, "end": 264}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 332, "end": 343}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 280, "end": 290}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 320, "end": 324}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effect of laser conditions on selectively laser melted maraging steel was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 10, "end": 15}, {"text": "laser", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 55, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Volumetric energy density could not always clarify the change in relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 65, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Deposited energy density could clarify the change in relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 10, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 53, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study provides an important insight for selectively laser melted materials.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 70, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the effects of laser power and scan speed on the relative density, melt pool depth, and Vickers hardness of selectively laser melted (SLM) maraging steel were systematically investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 30, "end": 41}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "melt pool depth", "start": 82, "end": 97}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 64, "end": 80}, {"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 103, "end": 119}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 135, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 149, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "maraging steel", "start": 154, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The change in these structural parameters and hardness could not always be clarified by the volumetric energy density, which is widely used in the SLM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 31, "end": 41}, {"text": "processes", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 103, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 147, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The deposited energy density, wherein the thermal diffusion length is used as a heat-distributed depth, can express the change in these structural parameters and the hardness with one curve.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 14, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 166, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To clarify the effect of the laser parameters, the deposited energy should be used instead of the volumetric energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 109, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, this study provides a new insight on the selection of the laser condition for SLM-fabricated materials.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 64, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presents a comprehensive study on the influence of three different processing technologies (Selective Laser Melting, Hot Pressing and conventional casting) on the microstructure, mechanical and wear behavior of an austenitic 316L Stainless Steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 88, "end": 100}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 173, "end": 187}, {"text": "wear", "start": 204, "end": 208}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 102, "end": 125}, {"text": "Hot Pressing", "start": 127, "end": 139}, {"text": "casting", "start": 157, "end": 164}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 189, "end": 199}], "material": [{"text": "austenitic", "start": 224, "end": 234}, {"text": "316L Stainless Steel", "start": 235, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A correlation between the processing technologies, the obtained microstructure and the mechanical and wear behavior was achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 37, "end": 49}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "wear", "start": 102, "end": 106}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 87, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that the highest mechanical properties and tribological performance were obtained for 316L SS specimens produced by Selective Laser Melting, when compared to Hot Pressing and conventional casting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 36, "end": 57}, {"text": "tribological performance", "start": 62, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 110, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 135, "end": 158}, {"text": "Hot Pressing", "start": 177, "end": 189}, {"text": "casting", "start": 207, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high wear and mechanical performance of 316L Stainless Steel fabricated by Selective Laser Melting are mainly due to the finer microstructure, induced by the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wear", "start": 9, "end": 13}, {"text": "process", "start": 162, "end": 169}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "316L Stainless Steel", "start": 44, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 79, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "finer microstructure", "start": 125, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this sense, Selective Laser Melting seems a promising method to fabricate customized 316L SS implants with improved mechanical and wear performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 15, "end": 38}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 67, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "SS", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 119, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wear performance", "start": 134, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This original work proposes to investigate the transposition of crystallography rules to cubic lattice architectured materials to generate new 3D porous structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "crystallography", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "materials", "start": 117, "end": 126}, {"text": "3D", "start": 143, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The application of symmetry operations provides a complete and convenient way to configure the lattice architecture with only two parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 103, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New lattice structures were created by slipping from the conventional Bravais lattice toward non-compact complex structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "complex structures", "start": 105, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting stiffness of the porous materials was thoroughly evaluated for all the combinations of architecture parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 14, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "porous materials", "start": 31, "end": 47}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 101, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This exhaustive study revealed attractive structures having high specific stiffness, up to twice as large as the usual octet-truss for a given relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 65, "end": 83}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 143, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It results in a relationship between effective Young modulus and relative density for any lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Young modulus", "start": 47, "end": 60}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 65, "end": 81}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 90, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The collection of the elastic properties for all the cubic structures into 3D maps provides a convenient tool for lattice materials design, for research, and for mechanical engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "feature": [{"text": "cubic structures", "start": 53, "end": 69}, {"text": "design", "start": 132, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "research", "start": 144, "end": 152}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 105, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical engineering", "start": 162, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting mechanical properties are highly variable according to architecture, and can be easily tailored for specific applications using the simple yet powerful formalism developed in this work.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 14, "end": 35}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 69, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 146, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A volumetric, mini extruder for pellets or granules of recycled plastic that can be used in a RepRap FDM 3D printer for rapid prototyping is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "RepRap FDM 3D printer", "start": 94, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pellets", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "granules", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 120, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The steer Auger portion is added to increase the pressure inside a helix stator container of n-lobes as a helical rotor is turned.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Auger", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 101, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel, alternative multi-layer Moineau-based pump −easier to build, implement and clean– is also introduced to extrude a quantity of viscous material in vertical direction.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 63, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrude", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 143, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 155, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB), material is continuously ejected from the melt pool, commonly called spatter, and is distributed throughout the build chamber.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 3, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 106, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 149, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is a lack of understanding of the nature of this spatter and the effect it may have on the integrity of the final part and the quality of any recycled powder.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 55, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "integrity", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "quality", "start": 133, "end": 140}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 148, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work reports a detailed investigation of spatter metallurgy for Inconel 718.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "metallurgy", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is seen that the spatter created during processing produces powder that is significantly different to the virgin material, with particles up to 6 times larger.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "material", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 131, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Oxidation, predominantly in the form of spots or films of Al2O3 and TiO2 was observed on the surface of some of the spatter particles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Oxidation", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "Al2O3", "start": 58, "end": 63}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "particles", "start": 124, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is established that this oxide formation occurs at the melt pool surface before ejection of the spatter from the melt pool, and also that this issue is generic to PBF-LB process and certain alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxide", "start": 28, "end": 33}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 116, "end": 125}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 193, "end": 199}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "ejection", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "process", "start": 173, "end": 180}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The characteristics of different types of spatter are identified and are linked to spatter generation mechanisms.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The vaporisation of material during processing produces clusters of nano particles whose composition indicate a preferential vaporisation of Cr from the bulk.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 141, "end": 143}], "feature": [{"text": "nano", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 89, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of this study highlight that oxidation and issues presented by spatter particles dissimilar from the virgin material are unavoidable and greater consideration is needed for the generation and effect of spatter on part and powder quality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "oxidation", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "spatter", "start": 214, "end": 221}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 120, "end": 128}, {"text": "powder", "start": 234, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper describes a new approach in controlling and tailoring residual stress profile of parts made by Selective Laser Melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 105, "end": 128}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 130, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLM parts are well known for the high tensile stresses in the as–built state in the surface or subsurface region.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stresses", "start": 38, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 84, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These stresses have a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties and especially on the fatigue life.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 48, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 92, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Shock Peening (LSP) as a surface treatment method was applied on SLM parts and residual stress measurements with the hole–drilling method were performed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Peening", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "surface treatment", "start": 31, "end": 48}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 71, "end": 74}, {"text": "drilling", "start": 128, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 85, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two different grades of stainless steel were used: a martensitic 15-5 precipitation hardenable PH1 and an austenitic 316L.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 24, "end": 39}, {"text": "austenitic", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 70, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different LSP parameters were used, varying laser energy, shot overlap, laser spot size and treatments with and without an ablative medium.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "laser energy", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "overlap", "start": 63, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser spot size", "start": 72, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For both materials the as-built (AB) residual stress state was changed to a more beneficial compressive state.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 9, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "AB", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 37, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The value and the depth of the compressive stress was analyzed and showed a clear dependence on the LSP processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive stress", "start": 31, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 115, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of LSP during the building phase of SLM as a “3D LSP” method would possibly give the advantage of further increasing the depth and volume of compressive residual stresses, and selectively treating key areas of the part, thereby further increasing fatigue life.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "volume", "start": 139, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 44, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 48, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 161, "end": 178}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 255, "end": 267}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 209, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Template-free 3D printing of electronic devices has the potential to broaden electronics integration to include complex integrated form factors, but success requires precise, adaptive control over materials processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 14, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "adaptive control", "start": 175, "end": 191}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "materials processing", "start": 197, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The development of such manufacturing technologies requires exploration of new combinations of ink sets, printing techniques, and automation strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing technologies", "start": 24, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 95, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "automation", "start": 130, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A closed-loop feedback system that links deposition parameters with characterization was necessary to maintain μm-precision deposition for over 20 h without human involvement.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This closed-loop control scheme enabled 3D printing of both single- and double-layer high-voltage capacitors with capacitances as large as 314 pF (at 1 kHz) and breakdown voltages over 1000 V, which is significant step towards repeatable template-free, 3D printing of electronics for rapid prototyping of multifunctional devices.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "closed-loop control", "start": 5, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 253, "end": 264}], "application": [{"text": "capacitors", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}, {"text": "as", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "V", "start": 190, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 214, "end": 218}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 268, "end": 279}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 284, "end": 301}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The precise control over low minimum feature dimension, high breakdown voltage, and long print duration enables the exploration of a broader range of printed electronics application than conventional 3D printing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "precise control", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "printed electronics", "start": 150, "end": 169}], "feature": [{"text": "feature dimension", "start": 37, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 200, "end": 211}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 141, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional (3D) printing can be a promising tool in tissue engineering applications for generating tissue-specific 3D architecture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 59, "end": 77}, {"text": "3D", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 51, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printing process, including computer-aided design (CAD), can be combined with the finite element method (FEM) to design and fabricate 3D tissue architecture with designated mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 131, "end": 140}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer-aided design", "start": 35, "end": 56}, {"text": "CAD", "start": 58, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 89, "end": 110}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 112, "end": 115}, {"text": "3D", "start": 141, "end": 143}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 180, "end": 201}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 120, "end": 126}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 151, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we generated four types of 3D CAD models to print tissue-engineered scaffolds with different inner geometries (lattice, wavy, hexagonal, and shifted microstructures) and analyzed them by FEM to predict their mechanical behaviors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 42, "end": 44}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 114, "end": 124}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 126, "end": 133}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 202, "end": 205}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 164, "end": 179}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 223, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the validity of computational simulations by FEM, we measured the mechanical properties of the 3D printed scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 49, "end": 52}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 70, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 99, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that the theoretical compressive elastic moduli of the designed constructs were 23.3, 56.5, 67.5, and 1.8 MPa, and the experimental compressive elastic moduli were 23.6 ± 0.6, 45.1 ± 1.4, 56.7 ± 1.7, and 1.6 ± 0.2 MPa for lattice, wavy, hexagonal, and shifted microstructures, respectively, while maintaining the same construct dimension and porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 121, "end": 124}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 134, "end": 146}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 229, "end": 232}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 237, "end": 244}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic moduli", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "elastic moduli", "start": 159, "end": 173}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 357, "end": 365}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 70, "end": 78}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 252, "end": 261}, {"text": "dimension", "start": 343, "end": 352}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 275, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, van der Waals hyperelastic material model was successfully utilized to predict the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the printed scaffolds with different inner geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 40, "end": 48}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 106, "end": 116}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 172, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These findings indicated that the CAD-based FEM prediction could be used for designing tissue-specific constructs to mimic the mechanical properties of targeted tissues or organs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 127, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 117, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optical penetration depth of the laser beam into the powder bed is taken into account in this model.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "model", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 57, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The convective heat flux dominate the heat tranfer in the molten pool, and further decides the shape of molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "heat", "start": 38, "end": 42}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat accumulation can significantly change the size of the molten pool, but has little effect on the molten pool shape.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Heat accumulation", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A physical model coupled with heat transfer and fluid flow was developed to investigate the thermofluid field of molten pool and its effects on SLM process of Inconel 718 alloy, in which a heat source considering the porous properties of powder bed and its reflection to laser beam is used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physical model", "start": 2, "end": 16}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 30, "end": 43}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 113, "end": 124}, {"text": "process", "start": 148, "end": 155}, {"text": "heat source", "start": 189, "end": 200}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 271, "end": 281}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "porous", "start": 217, "end": 223}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 144, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718 alloy", "start": 159, "end": 176}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 238, "end": 248}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reflection", "start": 257, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulation results showed that surface tension caused by temperature gradient on the surface of molten pool drives to Marangoni convection, which makes fluid flow state mainly an outward convection during SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 35, "end": 50}, {"text": "fluid flow", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 61, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "process", "start": 213, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 209, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Marangoni convection includes convective and conductive heat flux, both of them have effects of on molten pool shape, but the effect of convective heat flux is dominant because its magnitude is one order larger than that of conductive heat flux.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 99, "end": 110}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 147, "end": 156}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 235, "end": 244}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 181, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The convective heat flux accelerates the flow rate of the molten metal, benefits to heat dissipation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "heat dissipation", "start": 84, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "molten metal", "start": 58, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The convective heat flux makes the molten pool wider, while the conductive heat flux makes comparably the molten pool deeper and wider.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat flux", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 35, "end": 46}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 106, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, heat accumulation caused by multiple scanning increases convection and conduction heat flux resulting in the increase of the width and depth of the molten pool, but no change of dominant role of convective heat flux to the shape of the molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 95, "end": 104}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 161, "end": 172}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 219, "end": 228}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 249, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A staircase Inconel 718 block was fabricated to investigate the effects of the thermal cycles on the microstructure evolution in the selective laser melting (SLM) part using optical scope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 101, "end": 125}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 133, "end": 156}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 158, "end": 161}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 174, "end": 181}, {"text": "OM", "start": 189, "end": 191}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 224, "end": 227}, {"text": "electron backscatter diffraction", "start": 234, "end": 266}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 268, "end": 272}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 194, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The laser beam scanning strategy was clearly shown in the part under OM, including laser scanning pattern and hatch spacing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "OM", "start": 69, "end": 71}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "parameter": [{"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 110, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Y-plane (side surface) was characterized by elongated colonies of cellular dendrites with an average cell spacing of 0.511 ∼ 0.845 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "average", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 79, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, Laves phase was observed in the inter-layers and inter-cellular regions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Laves phase", "start": 13, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under the continuing effects of the thermal cycles, the fraction of the Laves-phase showed a significant drop with their morphology changing from coarse and interconnected particles to discrete Laves phase.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 36, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 56, "end": 64}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 121, "end": 131}, {"text": "particles", "start": 172, "end": 181}, {"text": "Laves phase", "start": 194, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is attributed to the reheating process as Laves phase can be dissolved at a proper heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "phase", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "be", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 88, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In terms of the width of the cellular dendrites, the longer the thermal cycle period is, the coarser the elongated grains are.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycle", "start": 64, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 115, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the repeating thermal cycle period elongating, the maximum intensity of the texture, together with the fraction of larger grains and the high misorientation angles, increased.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "thermal cycle", "start": 19, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "texture", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "grains", "start": 127, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the area fraction of the porosity was below 0.2%, with no remarkable effects found from the thermal cycles and the build height.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 14, "end": 18}, {"text": "thermal cycles", "start": 102, "end": 116}, {"text": "build height", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 35, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulations capable of predicting the complex thermal behavior which occurs in a selective laser melting (SLM) process would help design and manufacturing engineers build more optimum designs in a reliable manner.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulations", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 81, "end": 104}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 141, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 130, "end": 136}, {"text": "designs", "start": 184, "end": 191}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 165, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A multiscale feed forward adaptive refinement and de-refinement (FFD-AMRD) finite element framework has been developed in response to this need.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element", "start": 75, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Support structures fabricated during SLM to overcome residual stress induced part distortion are a key part of the process, and a representation of these support structures in a finite element framework must be considered.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Support structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "support structures", "start": 154, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "process", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 178, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 53, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 208, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If support structures could be designed with minimal material usage while still maintaining an ability to withstand the residual stresses generated during the part fabrication, this would significantly impact industrial use of SLM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 3, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "material", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 120, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 164, "end": 175}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 227, "end": 230}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 202, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the effective thermal properties of support structures are represented using thermal homogenization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 28, "end": 46}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 50, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenization", "start": 99, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effective thermal properties of the support structures have been found to be a function of their geometry, anisotropy and constituent independent thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 150, "end": 168}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 40, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this work is to derive effective thermal property functions which could be directly incorporated in the FFD-AMRD framework mentioned above to enhance computational speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal property", "start": 50, "end": 66}, {"text": "framework", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "computational speed", "start": 167, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymer Laser Sintering (LS) is a well-known Additive Manufacturing process, capable of producing highly complex geometries with little or no cost penalty.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Polymer Laser Sintering", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing process", "start": 45, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 105, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the restricted range of materials currently available for this process has limited its applications.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "process", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Whilst it is common to modify the properties of standard LS polymers with the inclusion of fillers e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "standard", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "inclusion", "start": 78, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "nanoclays, achieving effective dispersions can be difficult.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented here investigates the use of plasma treatment as a method of enhancing dispersion with an expectation of improving consistency and surface quality of laser sintered nanocomposite parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 24, "end": 36}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 48, "end": 54}, {"text": "dispersion", "start": 90, "end": 100}, {"text": "consistency", "start": 134, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 150, "end": 165}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 169, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To enable the preparation of polyamide 12 nanocomposite powder for applications in LS, plasma surface modification using Low Pressure Air Plasma Treatment was carried out on two nanoclays: Cloisite 30B (C30B) and Nanomer I.34TCN (I.34TCN).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "powder", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 87, "end": 93}, {"text": "Pressure", "start": 125, "end": 133}, {"text": "Plasma", "start": 138, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Plasma treatment strongly reduced the aggregation of the nanoclay (C30B and I.34TCN) particles, and powders displayed higher decomposition temperatures than those without plasma treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Plasma", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "particles", "start": 85, "end": 94}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 171, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "decomposition", "start": 125, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LS parts from neat polyamide 12, untreated I.34TCN and plasma treated I.34TCN composites were successfully produced with different complex shapes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "composites", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 131, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of well dispersed plasma treated nanoclays was observed and found to be essential for an improved surface quality of LS fabricated which was achieved only for plasma treated I.34TCN.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 133, "end": 143}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 172, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 111, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Likewise, some mechanical properties could be improved above that of PA12 by incorporation of treated I.34TCN.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 15, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 69, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For example, the elastic modulus of plasma treated composites was higher than that of polyamide 12 and the untreated composite.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 17, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 36, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 51, "end": 61}, {"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 86, "end": 98}, {"text": "composite", "start": 117, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of the ultimate strain, the plasma treated composite performed better than untreated and results had a reduced variation between samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "plasma", "start": 40, "end": 46}, {"text": "variation", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "samples", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 55, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This illustrates the feasibility of the use of plasma treatments on nanoclays to improve the properties of LS parts, even though further studies will be required to exploit the full potential.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 47, "end": 53}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 150, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accuracy in dental prosthesis plays a significant role.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Accuracy", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dental prosthesis", "start": 12, "end": 29}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surgical guides are widely used for accurate positioning of dental implants.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "dental", "start": 60, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Designing of guides using modern software is useful in achieving precision; however, translation of these images into actual fabricated parts can be achieved using Three-dimensional (3-D) printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "images", "start": 106, "end": 112}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 125, "end": 135}, {"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 164, "end": 181}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 183, "end": 186}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 146, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventionally, guides were fabricated using vacuum forming technique which leads to several dimensional inaccuracies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computed Tomography (CT) images of patients with missing teeth are modeled to design surgical guide using Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software which is then combined with surface scan files in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) formats to design the guide.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Computed Tomography", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "Computer Aided Design", "start": 106, "end": 127}, {"text": "CAD", "start": 129, "end": 132}, {"text": "Computer Aided Manufacturing", "start": 134, "end": 162}, {"text": "CAM", "start": 164, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "software", "start": 169, "end": 177}, {"text": "surface", "start": 206, "end": 213}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 78, "end": 84}, {"text": "design", "start": 276, "end": 282}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "files", "start": 219, "end": 224}, {"text": "Standard Tessellation Language", "start": 228, "end": 258}, {"text": "STL", "start": 260, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, surgical guides have been 3-D printed using different technologies like Material Jetting technology (MJT), Vat photopolymerization (VP) and Material extrusion (ME).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 40, "end": 43}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 68, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Jetting", "start": 86, "end": 102}, {"text": "Vat photopolymerization", "start": 121, "end": 144}, {"text": "Material extrusion", "start": 154, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Depth, diameter, Area and Volume of the printed guides have been calculated using vernier caliper and scan measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "Volume", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "vernier caliper", "start": 82, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These dimensions have then been compared with the dimensions obtained from software modeled images.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "dimensions", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "images", "start": 92, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Least error has been found for the guides fabricated using MJT.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "error", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 42, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental work in this paper, hence, suggests MJT be the most preferred printing technique due to its superior accuracy for printing dental prosthesis like aligners, implants, and crowns, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 118, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dental prosthesis", "start": 140, "end": 157}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 173, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four distinct TPU grades are analyzed for the use in laser sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 53, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Clear links between material properties and sintering behavior are established.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 20, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 44, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Guidelines for future selection of TPU grades for laser sintering are deduced.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 50, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As laser sintering is increasingly being used for the production of actual end-use parts, there is considerable interest in developing materials that would enable new applications for this technique.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "production", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considering their properties and current applications, elastomeric polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) have a very high potential in this regard.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "as", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "polyurethanes", "start": 98, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the material properties that are involved in TPU sintering through the analysis of four distinct TPU grades.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 28, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 73, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Examined parameters include powder flow, rheology of the melt and shrinkage and hardening behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "melt", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheology", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 80, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that, even though the particle morphology is not optimum, smooth and dense powder layers can be deposited for the investigated powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 87, "end": 93}, {"text": "be", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "powders", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low melt viscosity and low shrinkage upon hardening further enable these materials to be easily processed into functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 27, "end": 36}, {"text": "materials", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "processed", "start": 96, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 86, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Remaining issues, however, are part porosity and material degradation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 58, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings in this study provide clear links between material properties and behavior during laser sintering, and result in guidelines for future selection of TPU grades.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 55, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 95, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Support structures are critical to the successful printing of the overhang structures in selective laser melting.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Support structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 89, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heat transfer performance of support structures has significant influence on the temperature distribution and cooling rate within the overhang structures which in turn determine the microstructure and residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 97, "end": 109}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 186, "end": 200}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 33, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 114, "end": 126}, {"text": "overhang", "start": 138, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 205, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, functionally graded support structures have been proposed and their thermal performance has been numerically investigated, with the consideration of different materials, cooling times and gradedness values.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 22, "end": 41}, {"text": "performance", "start": 98, "end": 109}, {"text": "materials", "start": 181, "end": 190}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 192, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been found that functionally graded support structures can maintain a higher temperature level than the conventional uniform support structure at the bottom of overhang, which is equivalent to an extra pre-heating effect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 23, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 84, "end": 95}, {"text": "overhang", "start": 167, "end": 175}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 132, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The temperature fluctuation and cooling rate at the bottom of overhang can also be reduced by adopting the functionally graded support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 32, "end": 44}, {"text": "overhang", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "functionally graded", "start": 107, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Topology-optimized structure has ultrahigh normalized fatigue life of 0.65 at 106 cycles and low density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 19, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 54, "end": 66}, {"text": "density", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Topology-optimized structure increases fatigue life by reducing stress concentration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 19, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 64, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Twinning formed in porous CP-Ti samples enhances plasticity and fatigue properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Twinning", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "samples", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 19, "end": 25}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 49, "end": 59}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fatigue properties are critical considerations for porous structures, and most of the existing porous materials have unsatisfactory performances due to a lack of structural optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "porous", "start": 55, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "porous materials", "start": 99, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural optimization", "start": 166, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work shows that a topology-optimized structure fabricated by selective laser melting using commercial-purity titanium (CP-Ti) exhibits excellent fatigue properties with an ultra-high normalized fatigue life of ∼0.65 at 106 cycles and at a low density of 1.3 g/cm3.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure fabricated", "start": 42, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 66, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 114, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 150, "end": 157}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 199, "end": 211}, {"text": "density", "start": 248, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main factors affecting fatigue, i.e., material properties and a porous structure were studied.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "porous", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 42, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the factors can affect the fatigue crack initiation time, thereby affecting the fatigue life.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 85, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Because of twinning that occurred during the fatigue process, the porous CP-Ti samples exhibit a high plasticity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "twinning", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "samples", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "porous", "start": 66, "end": 72}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 102, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the fatigue crack propagation rate is significantly reduced because of the high plasticity of the CP-Ti material and the occurrence of fatigue crack deflection.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 148, "end": 155}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crack propagation rate", "start": 25, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 117, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructure evolution in the molten pool of SLM-processed parts was disclosed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microstructure evolution", "start": 0, "end": 24}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 32, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variation of microhardness with local zone within the molten pool were measured.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variation", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 13, "end": 26}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 54, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal behavior within the molten pool was quantitatively analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 44, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relationship among microstructure, properties and thermal behavior was discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 19, "end": 33}, {"text": "properties", "start": 35, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work presented a comprehensive study of microstructural evolution, microhardness and quantitative thermodynamic analysis within the molten pool during Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of Inconel 718 parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 45, "end": 70}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 72, "end": 85}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 90, "end": 102}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 137, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 156, "end": 179}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 181, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 189, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures and corresponding microhardness of different zones within the molten pool experienced the following evolution: fine cellular dendrites or equiaxed grains on the top surface (387HV); columnar dendrites with single direction of grain growth at the bottom (337HV); columnar dendrites with multiple directions of grain growth at the edge of the molten pool (340HV-350HV); microstructures between cellular and columnar grains around the center of the molten pool (363HV).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "columnar dendrites", "start": 198, "end": 216}, {"text": "columnar dendrites", "start": 278, "end": 296}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 384, "end": 399}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 34, "end": 47}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 78, "end": 89}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 116, "end": 125}, {"text": "equiaxed grains", "start": 154, "end": 169}, {"text": "surface", "start": 181, "end": 188}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 242, "end": 254}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 325, "end": 337}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 357, "end": 368}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 462, "end": 473}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "columnar grains", "start": 421, "end": 436}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact of Gaussian-distributed laser energy and relatively weak thermal conductivity and convection of Inconel 718 contributed to the variation of temperature gradient at different zones within the molten pool.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "laser energy", "start": 35, "end": 47}, {"text": "variation", "start": 138, "end": 147}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 202, "end": 213}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 68, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 151, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The formation of different kinds of microstructures in the molten pool was controlled by the temperature gradient (which determined the direction of grain growth) and the cooling rate (which determined the size of grain growth).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 149, "end": 161}, {"text": "grain growth", "start": 214, "end": 226}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 93, "end": 113}, {"text": "cooling rate", "start": 171, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The variation of microhardness within the molten pool was ascribed to the number of grain boundaries and the stress characteristics of different kinds of microstructures under mechanical load.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "microhardness", "start": 17, "end": 30}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 84, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 109, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 154, "end": 169}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The zones with fine cellular grains had elevated mechanical performance due to the superior capability to endure the load.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cellular grains", "start": 20, "end": 35}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 49, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work hopefully provides scientific and theoretical support for SLM-processed Inconel 718 parts with favorable properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "properties", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "Inconel 718", "start": 82, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With a view to developing a highly biocompatible and highly reliable material for artificial hip joints, cellular lattice structures with high strength and low Young’ s modulus (E) were designed using computational shape optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatible", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "strength", "start": 143, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "s", "start": 167, "end": 168}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hip", "start": 93, "end": 96}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 114, "end": 132}, {"text": "designed", "start": 186, "end": 194}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 221, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These structures were fabricated from a biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloy via electron beam melting.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 70, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a starting point for shape optimization, inverse body-centered-cubic (iBCC) -based structures with different porosities and aspects were fabricated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 30, "end": 42}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 140, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 112, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strength tended to increase with increasing E. Then, the structures were re-designed using shape optimization based on the traction method, targeting a simultaneous increase in yield strength with retention of the low E. The shapes were optimized through minimization of the maximum local von Mises stress and control of E to 3/2 or 2/3 of the original value, while maintaining constant porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 181, "end": 195}, {"text": "von Mises stress", "start": 293, "end": 309}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 391, "end": 399}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 101, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The re-designed cellular structures were fabricated and subjected to mechanical testing.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 16, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 69, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The E values of the porous structures were comparable to the design values, but the strength of the cellular lattice with E = 2/3 (design value) was lower than expected.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "strength", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 61, "end": 67}, {"text": "design", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This discrepancy was attributed to inhomogeneities in the microstructures and their impact on the lattice mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 58, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "properties", "start": 117, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, shape optimization considering crystal orientation is a significant challenge for future research, but this approach has considerable potential.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "research", "start": 95, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "crystal orientation", "start": 37, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 3D finite element modelling of the SLM process at the track scale is considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 2, "end": 4}, {"text": "process", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 37, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat transfer and fluid flow are simulated for different material and process conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Heat transfer", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "process", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scan speed, laser interaction and Marangoni effect have a clear impact on track shape.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Scan speed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 64, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study is based on a formerly developed 3D finite element modelling of the selective laser melting process (SLM) at the track scale.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 51, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting process", "start": 86, "end": 117}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 119, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This numerical model is used to assess the impact of two phenomena on the shape of the elementary track resulting from SLM processing: laser interaction on one hand, and Marangoni effect on the other hand.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "impact", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 119, "end": 122}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 135, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As regards laser interaction, it is modelled by a Beer-Lambert type heat source, in which lateral scattering and material absorption are considered through two characteristic parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "material", "start": 113, "end": 121}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat source", "start": 68, "end": 79}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 122, "end": 132}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 175, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impact of these parameters is shown in terms of width and depth of melted zone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "melted", "start": 71, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Marangoni effect caused by tangential gradients of surface tension is modelled to simulate the fluid dynamics in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 55, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 99, "end": 104}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting convection flow is demonstrated with surface tension values either increasing or decreasing with temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 51, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 111, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of energy distribution, surface tension effects, as well as laser scanning speed on temperature distribution and melt pool geometry is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 24, "end": 36}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 110, "end": 122}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 38, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 127, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 80, "end": 94}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 98, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stability and regularity of the solidified track are a direct output of the simulations, and their variations with material and process conditions are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "process", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A three-dimensional finite element model is developed to allow for the prediction of temperature, residual stress, and distortion in multi-layer Laser Powder-Bed Fusion builds.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 2, "end": 19}, {"text": "finite element model", "start": 20, "end": 40}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 71, "end": 81}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 119, "end": 129}, {"text": "Fusion", "start": 162, "end": 168}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 98, "end": 113}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "builds", "start": 169, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Undesirable residual stress and distortion caused by thermal gradients are a common source of failure in AM builds.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 12, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distortion", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "failure", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "thermal gradients", "start": 53, "end": 70}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 84, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 105, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A non-linear thermoelastoplastic model is combined with an element coarsening strategy in order to simulate the thermal and mechanical response of a significant volume of deposited material (38 layers and 91 mm3).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 124, "end": 143}, {"text": "volume", "start": 161, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "material", "start": 181, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that newly deposited layers experience the greatest amount of tensile stress, while layers beneath are forced into compressive stress.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layers", "start": 23, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 74, "end": 88}, {"text": "compressive stress", "start": 127, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The residual stress evolution drives the mechanical response of the workpiece.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stress", "start": 4, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 41, "end": 60}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 68, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is validated by comparing the predicted in situ and post process distortion to experimental measurements taken on the same geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "process distortion", "start": 67, "end": 85}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 89, "end": 101}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 133, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model accurately predicts the distortion of the workpiece (5% error).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model accurately", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "distortion", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "workpiece", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "error", "start": 66, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents the first report on the development of weak-textured microstructures and resulting reduced in-plane anisotropy of mechanical properties in commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 73, "end": 88}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 177, "end": 185}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 134, "end": 155}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 194, "end": 204}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 208, "end": 229}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 231, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built specimens exhibited fine grain structures with weakened crystallographic textures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "grain structures", "start": 38, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The β → α′ martensitic transformation after solidification was responsible for the weak textures as well as the relatively high strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solidification", "start": 44, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggest that it is possible to use EBM to produce isotropic CP-Ti components, which can not be obtained by conventional processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EBM", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 132, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) the surface layer temperature is continually changing throughout the build process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 3, "end": 26}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 28, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "build", "start": 103, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Variations in part geometry, scanned cross-section and number of parts all influence the thermal field within a build.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Variations", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 112, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process parameters do not take these variations into account and this can result in increased porosity and differences in local microstructure and mechanical properties, undermining confidence in the structural integrity of a part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process parameters", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "variations", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 128, "end": 142}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 147, "end": 168}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "structural integrity", "start": 200, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper a wide-field in situ infra-red imaging system is developed and calibrated to enable measurement of both solid and powder surface temperatures across the full powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 98, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 128, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 143, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 172, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of inter-layer cooling time is investigated using a build scenario with cylindrical components of differing heights.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 86, "end": 97}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In situ surface temperature data are acquired throughout the build process and are compared to results from porosity, microstructure and mechanical property investigations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "data", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 118, "end": 132}, {"text": "mechanical property", "start": 137, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "build", "start": 61, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Changes in surface temperature of up to 200 °C are attributed to variation in inter-layer cooling time and this is found to correlate with density and grain structure changes in the part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "variation", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "grain structure", "start": 151, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work shows that these changes are significant and must be accounted for to improve the consistency and structural integrity of LPBF components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consistency", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "structural integrity", "start": 108, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 132, "end": 136}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 137, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A three-dimensional model was developed for studying thermal behavior during selective laser melting (SLM) of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) powder.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "three-dimensional model", "start": 2, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 77, "end": 100}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 102, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 128, "end": 136}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 141, "end": 143}, {"text": "powder", "start": 145, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of scan speed and laser power on SLM thermal behavior were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "scan speed", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 45, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that the average temperature of the powder bed gradually increased during the SLM process, caused by a heat accumulation effect.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "process", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 97, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat accumulation", "start": 122, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum molten pool temperature (2248 °C) and liquid lifetime (1.47 ms) were obtained for a successful SLM process for a laser power of 150 W and a laser scan speed of 100 mm/s.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "process", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 107, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser scan", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The temperature gradient in the molten pool increased slightly (from 1.03 × 104 to 1.07 × 104 °C/mm in the direction perpendicular to the scanning path; from 1.21 × 104 to 1.28 × 104 °C/mm in the thickness direction) when the scan speed was increased from 50 to 200 mm/s, but increased significantly (from 1.29 × 104 to 8.24 × 104 °C/mm in the direction perpendicular to the scanning path; from 1.53 × 104 to 9.84 × 104 °C/mm in the thickness direction) when the laser power was increased from 100 to 200 W. The width and depth of the molten pool decreased (width from 137.1 to 93.8 μm, depth from 64.2 to 38.5 μm) when the scan speed was increased from 50 to 200 mm/s, but increased (width from 71.2 to 141.4 μm, depth from 32.7 to 67.3 μm) when the laser power was increased from 100 to 200 W. Experimental SLM of CP Ti powder was carried out under different laser processing conditions and the microstructure of SLM-produced parts was investigated to demonstrate the reliability of the physical model and simulation results.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 226, "end": 236}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 463, "end": 474}, {"text": "scan speed", "start": 624, "end": 634}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 751, "end": 762}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 138, "end": 146}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 375, "end": 383}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 535, "end": 546}, {"text": "Experimental", "start": 796, "end": 808}, {"text": "laser processing", "start": 861, "end": 877}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 897, "end": 911}, {"text": "physical model", "start": 989, "end": 1003}], "material": [{"text": "Ti powder", "start": 819, "end": 828}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 970, "end": 981}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 1008, "end": 1018}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Rational design of experiment is employed to optimize the contour parameters to improve surface finish of inclined surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiment", "start": 9, "end": 29}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 115, "end": 123}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "surface finish", "start": 88, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A significant variance in surface roughness is found among samples made at opposite corners on the build platform.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 26, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 59, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 99, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The recoating process sorts powder by size, smaller particles settle within a short distance from start position of recoater.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "particles", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 28, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large particles ejected from melt pool can not be completely removed by inert gas flow and affect subsequent SLM process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "inert gas", "start": 72, "end": 81}, {"text": "process", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 109, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At a given position, inclined surface build up and away from the centre of the build platform has higher surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 79, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 105, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A rational design of experiments was employed to evaluate the correlation between scan parameters and the resulting surface roughness of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiments", "start": 11, "end": 32}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 116, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melted", "start": 137, "end": 159}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 170, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is a statistically significant difference in surface roughness values from specimens built with identical laser exposure parameters but located at different positions on the build platform.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 51, "end": 68}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 118, "end": 126}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 180, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We hypothesise that this is a consequence of changing powder particle size distributions across the powder bed resulting from the combined actions of the recoater arm and gas flow.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 54, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 75, "end": 88}, {"text": "gas", "start": 171, "end": 174}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 100, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We further hypothesise that orientation of a part and the projected shape of the incident laser beam play a part in surface roughness variation at any given location.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 116, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We found that during the powder re-coating process, fine particles tend to settle within a short distance from the re-coater starting position, accompanied by higher variability of local powder size distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "powder", "start": 187, "end": 193}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "particles", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "variability", "start": 166, "end": 177}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 199, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spatter material was found to be distributed across the powder bed by the gas flow.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Spatter", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 74, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, once at any given location the surface roughness of inclined surfaces is affected by the orientation of the surface to the centre of the build platform at which the laser beam originates.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 40, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 70, "end": 78}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 98, "end": 109}, {"text": "surface", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 174, "end": 184}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 146, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Each of these factors affects the surface roughness and has implications for the order in which parts are built in Selective Laser Melting.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 34, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 115, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most commonly used metallic component 3D printing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In a previous investigation of multiple materials SLM reported by The University of Manchester, high porosities and cracks were found in the regions where the powder was deposited via an ultrasonic powder dispenser.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosities", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 159, "end": 165}, {"text": "powder", "start": 198, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The low powder packing density was identified as a critical reason for this.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 8, "end": 14}, {"text": "as", "start": 46, "end": 48}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 23, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we report a new method to compress the ultrasonically deposited powder layer in order to increase the powder packing density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "powder", "start": 117, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 86, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of powder deposition velocity, powder track overlap distance and powder compression force on the deposited powder characteristics were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "powder", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "powder", "start": 77, "end": 83}, {"text": "powder", "start": 119, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "overlap", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 84, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure, tensile strengths, and porosity of the laser-fused samples were analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "samples", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 43, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicated that powder compression could reduce porosity and component distortion and increase the mechanical strength of the printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 27, "end": 33}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 110, "end": 129}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heterogeneous materials used in biomedical, structural and electronics applications contain a high fraction of solids (> 60 vol.%) and exhibit extremely high viscosities (μ > 1000 Pa s), which hinders their 3D printing using existing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Heterogeneous", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 99, "end": 107}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 234, "end": 246}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Pa", "start": 180, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 207, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study shows that inducing high-amplitude ultrasonic vibrations within a nozzle imparts sufficient inertial forces to these materials to drastically reduce effective wall friction and flow stresses, enabling their 3D printing with moderate back pressures (< 1 MPa) at high rates and with precise flow control.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "ultrasonic vibrations", "start": 46, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "forces", "start": 112, "end": 118}, {"text": "materials", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "friction", "start": 175, "end": 183}, {"text": "pressures", "start": 249, "end": 258}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 264, "end": 267}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flow stresses", "start": 188, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 218, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This effect is utilized to demonstrate the printing of a commercial polymer clay, an aluminum-polymer composite and a stiffened fondant with viscosities up to 14,000 Pa·s with minimal residual porosity at rates comparable to thermoplastic extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer clay", "start": 68, "end": 80}, {"text": "composite", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 225, "end": 238}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 184, "end": 192}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 193, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 239, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This new method can significantly extend the type of materials that can be printed to produce functional parts without relying on special shear/thermal thinning formulations or solvents to lower viscosity of the plasticizing component.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 53, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 195, "end": 204}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 225, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high yield strength of the printed material also allows freeform 3D fabrication with minimal need for supports.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 9, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform 3D", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 72, "end": 83}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A self-healing and recyclable polyurethane based on dynamic halogenated bisphenol carbamate bonds was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recyclable", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "polyurethane", "start": 30, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dynamic crosslinked polyurethane powders was developed for selective laser sintering for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "polyurethane", "start": 24, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 63, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The introduction of dynamic bonds enhances interface interaction and Z-direction mechanical strength of printed products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "interface", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "feature": [{"text": "Z-direction", "start": 69, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 81, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the mainstream 3D printing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 57, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A major challenge for SLS technology is the lack of novel polymer powder materials with improved Z-direction strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 22, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "Z-direction", "start": 97, "end": 108}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, a dynamic polymer was utilized to solve the challenge of SLS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 10, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 65, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained dynamic polyurethane exhibited excellent mechanical strength and self-healing efficiency, in addition to SLS processing ability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 54, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 118, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A small molecule model study confirmed the dynamic reversible characteristics of the chlorinated bisphenol carbamate, which dissociates into isocyanate and hydroxyl at 120 °C and reforms at 80 °C, as confirmed by NMR and FT-IR.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 197, "end": 199}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "NMR", "start": 213, "end": 216}, {"text": "FT-IR", "start": 221, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SLS 3D printing using the self-made healable PBP-PU powders was successfully realized.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interface interaction between the adjacent SLS layers can be significantly improved via dynamic chemical bond linking instead of traditional physical entanglement, which leads to an improved Z-direction mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "Z-direction", "start": 195, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 207, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The SLS processed PBP-PU sample exhibits an X-axis tensile strengths of ∼23 MPa and an elongation at break of ∼600%.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS processed", "start": 4, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 76, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 51, "end": 68}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 87, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Z-axis tensile strength is ∼88% of X-axis’ s, much higher than that of control TPU sample (∼56%).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Z-axis", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "sample", "start": 87, "end": 93}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 11, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 47, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High porosity and interconnected pore size are crucial factors for bone scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 5, "end": 13}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone scaffolds", "start": 67, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, since porosity is inversely related to strength, the microstructure must be optimized to achieve bone scaffolds suitable for load-bearing applications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "strength", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 62, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone scaffolds", "start": 106, "end": 120}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 134, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The powder bed 3D printing method can fabricate the highly porous parts possessing the desired properties using micron-sized ceramic powders (> 30 μm) and polymeric ink, however, low sinterability and, consequently, low strength is still a problem.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed 3D printing method", "start": 4, "end": 33}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 59, "end": 65}, {"text": "sinterability", "start": 183, "end": 196}, {"text": "strength", "start": 220, "end": 228}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic powders", "start": 125, "end": 140}, {"text": "polymeric ink", "start": 155, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, nano-scale powders are granulated and printed by a special 3D printing method called ‘solvent jetting on granulated feedstock containing binder’ to achieve an interconnected macropore structure with high strength.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nano-scale powders", "start": 15, "end": 33}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 131, "end": 140}, {"text": "binder", "start": 152, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 74, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solvent jetting", "start": 101, "end": 116}, {"text": "macropore structure", "start": 189, "end": 208}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 219, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The advantages of this method, aside from the above mentioned, include obtaining controllable porosity, high strut density, wide neck formation, and small grain size; all of which are beneficial to mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 94, "end": 102}, {"text": "density", "start": 115, "end": 122}, {"text": "grain size", "start": 155, "end": 165}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 198, "end": 217}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "strut", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wide neck formation", "start": 124, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this method, a purely ceramic sample with 30% porosity and compressive strength of 113.1 MPa was obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 65, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, a bone scaffold prototype with total porosity of nearly 50% and mechanical strength of 30.2 MPa was fabricated.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "bone scaffold prototype", "start": 15, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 77, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 105, "end": 108}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 113, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These procedures and results are described and compared to another solvent jetting method which uses micron-sized powders.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solvent jetting", "start": 67, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "micron-sized powders", "start": 101, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of porous cellular structures in bone tissue engineering can provide mechanical and biological environments closer to the host bone.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 11, "end": 17}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 18, "end": 37}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 41, "end": 45}, {"text": "host bone", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 53, "end": 64}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 77, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, poor internal architectural designs may lead to catastrophic failure.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 37, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 49, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 70, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, 192 open-porous cellular structures were fabricated using 3D printing (3DP) techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 30, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 72, "end": 83}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 85, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the pillar octahedral shape has not only greater stiffness and strength under compression, shear and torsion but increased rate of pre-osteoblastic cell proliferation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 67, "end": 76}, {"text": "strength", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "compression", "start": 96, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 166, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We believe bone implants can be fabricated using 3DP techniques and their mechanical and biological performance can be tailored by modifying the internal architectures.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bone implants", "start": 11, "end": 24}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "be", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3DP", "start": 49, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 100, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal architectures", "start": 145, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vat photopolymerization is used for printing very precise and accurate parts from photopolymer resins.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Vat photopolymerization", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer resins", "start": 82, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional 3D-printers based on vat photopolymerization are curing resins with low viscosity at or slightly above room temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "vat photopolymerization", "start": 34, "end": 57}, {"text": "curing", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 85, "end": 94}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 121, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The newly developed Hot Lithography provides vat photopolymerization where the resin is heated and cured at elevated temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lithography", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "vat photopolymerization", "start": 45, "end": 68}, {"text": "cured", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 79, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 117, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents the influence of printing temperature (23 °C and 70 °C) on the properties of a printed dimethacrylate resin.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens were printed in XYZ and ZXY orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 38, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting tensile properties were tested, dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out and the double-bond conversion was analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 14, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic mechanical analysis", "start": 46, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the exposure time was reduced from 50 s to 30 s to reach similar curing depth.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 49, "end": 50}, {"text": "s", "start": 57, "end": 58}], "parameter": [{"text": "curing depth", "start": 76, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Higher printing temperature provided higher double-bond conversion, tensile strength and modulus of the green parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 68, "end": 84}, {"text": "green parts", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, printing temperature did not affect the properties after post-curing in XYZ orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 49, "end": 59}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 85, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-cured tensile specimens in ZXY orientation had higher tensile strength when printed at 23 °C, because higher over-polymerization led to a smoother surface of the specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 11, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "surface", "start": 152, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 59, "end": 75}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, higher printing temperatures lowered the viscosity of the resin, reduced the printing time and provided better mechanical properties of green parts while post-cured properties were mostly not affected.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 25, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "green parts", "start": 145, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 120, "end": 141}, {"text": "properties", "start": 174, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In laser powder bed fusion, melt pool dynamics and stability are driven by the temperature field in the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 3, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "melt pool", "start": 104, "end": 113}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stability", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 79, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If the temperature field is unfavourable defects are likely to form.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 7, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 41, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The localised and rapid heating and cooling in the process presents a challenge for the experimental methods used to measure temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 88, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 125, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, understanding of these process fundamentals is limited.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 36, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper a method is developed that uses coaxial imaging with high-speed cameras to give both the spatial and temporal resolution necessary to resolve the surface temperature of the melt pool.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 124, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 160, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 187, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A two wavelength imaging setup is used to account for changes in emissivity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wavelength", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 17, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature fields are captured at 100 kHz with a resolution of 20 μm during the processing of a simple Ti6Al4V component.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 97, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 112, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal gradients in the range 5–20 K/μm and cooling rates in range 1–40 K/μs are measured.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Thermal gradients", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "range", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "cooling rates", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "range", "start": 62, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results presented give new insight into the effect of parameters, geometry and scan path on the melt pool temperature and cooling rates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 126, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method developed here provides a new tool to assist in optimising scan strategies and parameters, identifying the causes of defect prone locations and controlling cooling rates for local microstructure development.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 41, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 90, "end": 100}, {"text": "defect", "start": 128, "end": 134}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 191, "end": 205}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 167, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) processes, by applying a converged powder stream, relatively high laser power and larger laser spot, the powder utilisation efficiency and processing speed can be increased.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser directed energy deposition", "start": 3, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 79, "end": 85}, {"text": "powder", "start": 149, "end": 155}, {"text": "be", "start": 204, "end": 206}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 110, "end": 121}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 133, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model is established to study the mass transport and heat transfer in the melt pools in high deposition rate (HDR) L-DED of 316L stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 17, "end": 34}, {"text": "model", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 98, "end": 111}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 84, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 119, "end": 129}, {"text": "316L stainless steel", "start": 169, "end": 189}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rate", "start": 133, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is employed to track the melt pool free surfaces, and enthalpy-porosity method is used to model the solid-liquid phase change.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Volume of Fluid", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "VOF", "start": 21, "end": 24}, {"text": "free surfaces", "start": 68, "end": 81}, {"text": "model", "start": 123, "end": 128}, {"text": "phase", "start": 146, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 58, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A discrete powder source model is developed by considering the non-uniform powder feed rate distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 11, "end": 17}, {"text": "powder", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 92, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 82, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different from conventional L-DED processes, the impact of higher mass addition on the melt pool fluid flow and temperature distribution is significant.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "impact", "start": 49, "end": 55}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 124, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 97, "end": 107}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 112, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the extracted temperature distribution and geometry at the solidification front, the solidification conditions are also calculated, as well as the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) of the solidified tracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 31, "end": 43}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 90, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}, {"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrite", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the high laser energy input, the temperature gradient is lower, and coarser microstructures are formed compared with conventional L-DED.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser energy", "start": 16, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature gradient", "start": 40, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 83, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A single-photon absorption 3D stereolithographic methodology is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption 3D", "start": 16, "end": 29}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 49, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Meso-scale architectures can be achieved with 5 μm resolution along (x, y, z).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "y", "start": 72, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 51, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Process parameters (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Process parameters", "start": 0, "end": 18}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "exposure, slicing) adaptable to each region of the 3D design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 51, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing of highly complex porous architectures featuring overhanging units.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 30, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The realization of 2D and 3D meso-scale architectures is an area of research involving a wide range of disciplines ranging from materials science, microelectronics, phononics, microfluidics to biomedicine requiring millimeter to centimeter-sized objects embedding micrometric features.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "3D", "start": 26, "end": 28}, {"text": "research", "start": 68, "end": 76}, {"text": "materials", "start": 128, "end": 137}, {"text": "microelectronics", "start": 147, "end": 163}, {"text": "microfluidics", "start": 176, "end": 189}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "range", "start": 94, "end": 99}], "application": [{"text": "biomedicine", "start": 193, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the recent years, several technologies have been employed to provide optimal features in terms of object size flexibility, printing resolution, large materials library and fabrication speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 29, "end": 41}, {"text": "materials", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 175, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we report a fully customizable single-photon absorption 3D fabrication methodology based on direct laser fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption 3D", "start": 59, "end": 72}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 113, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 119, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To validate this approach and highlight the versatility of the setup, we have fabricated a comprehensive ensemble of 2D and 3D designs with potential applications in biomimetics, 3D scaffolding and microfluidics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "2D", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "3D", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "biomimetics", "start": 166, "end": 177}, {"text": "3D", "start": 179, "end": 181}, {"text": "microfluidics", "start": 198, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high degree of tunability of the reported fabrication system allows tailoring the laser power, slicing and fabrication speed for each single area of the design.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 46, "end": 57}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 111, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 86, "end": 97}, {"text": "area", "start": 145, "end": 149}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "slicing", "start": 99, "end": 106}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These unique features enable a rapid prototyping of millimeter to centimeter-sized objects involving 3D architectures with true freestanding subunits and micrometric feature reproducibility.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 31, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 166, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study focuses on the microstructure evolution induced by eutectic WC-W2C inoculants during the selective laser melting (SLM) of IN718.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 26, "end": 50}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 100, "end": 123}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 133, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The as-built microstructure observed using an electron microscope indicates that grain nucleation occurred on the surface of inoculants and that the diffusion layer between inoculants and IN718 composed of a mixture of IN718 and inoculants.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "grain", "start": 81, "end": 86}, {"text": "surface", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 149, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microscope", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 188, "end": 193}, {"text": "IN718", "start": 219, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After the post heat treatment of the as-built SLM specimens, more grains nucleated around the inoculants, and Nb-rich precipitates were formed along the grain boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 15, "end": 29}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 46, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grains", "start": 66, "end": 72}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 153, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "precipitates", "start": 118, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With an increase in the post heat-treatment temperature, the microstructure evolution became more pronounced.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "post heat-treatment", "start": 24, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 61, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To elucidate the underlying mechanism, both theoretical and experimental analyses were performed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 60, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In summary, eutectic WC-W2C inoculants could provide heterogeneous nucleation sites for grain formation owing to the low wetting angle and the semi-coherent interface with the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "eutectic", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 53, "end": 77}, {"text": "grain", "start": 88, "end": 93}, {"text": "interface", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Theoretical analysis suggests that the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between inoculants and IN718 did not provide a significant amount of residual stress.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Theoretical", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal expansion coefficient", "start": 57, "end": 86}, {"text": "residual stress", "start": 156, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "IN718", "start": 110, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, it can be concluded that heterogeneous nucleation is the primary mechanism by which inoculants can influence the microstructure in the present study.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous nucleation", "start": 31, "end": 55}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 71, "end": 80}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 119, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an integrated physics-based and statistical modeling approach to predict temperature field and meltpool geometry in multi-track processing of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of nickel 625 alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 115, "end": 123}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 124, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 162, "end": 185}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 187, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "nickel", "start": 197, "end": 203}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 208, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-track laser processing of powder material using L-PBF process has been studied using 2-D finite element simulations to calculate temperature fields along the scan and hatch directions for three consecutive tracks for a moving laser heat source to understand the heating and melting process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 12, "end": 28}, {"text": "finite element", "start": 95, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "powder material", "start": 32, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 54, "end": 59}, {"text": "heating", "start": 268, "end": 275}, {"text": "melting", "start": 280, "end": 287}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 135, "end": 146}, {"text": "laser heat", "start": 232, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the predicted temperature fields, width, depth and shape of the meltpool is determined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 73, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Designed experiments on L-PBF of nickel alloy 625 powder material are conducted to measure the relative density and meltpool geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Designed", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "nickel alloy", "start": 33, "end": 45}, {"text": "powder material", "start": 50, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 95, "end": 111}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 125, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental work is reported on the measured density of built coupons and meltpool size.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 75, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Statistically-based predictive models using response surface regression for relative density, meltpool geometry, peak temperature, and time above melting point are developed and multi-objective optimization studies are conducted by using genetic algorithm and swarm intelligence.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predictive models", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "surface", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "regression", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 194, "end": 206}, {"text": "genetic algorithm", "start": 238, "end": 255}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 76, "end": 92}, {"text": "melting point", "start": 146, "end": 159}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "meltpool", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 118, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fragile and non-thixotropic biocompatible low molecular weight gel is printed in 3D structures by a solvent exchange process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fragile", "start": 2, "end": 9}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 83, "end": 96}, {"text": "solvent exchange", "start": 102, "end": 118}, {"text": "process", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "non-thixotropic biocompatible", "start": 14, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "low molecular weight gel", "start": 44, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printing process is based on the continuous extrusion of a solution of a small amphiphile molecule, N-heptyl-d-galactonamide, in dimethylsulfoxide, that forms a gel in contact with water.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "amphiphile", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "N-heptyl-d-galactonamide", "start": 107, "end": 131}, {"text": "dimethylsulfoxide", "start": 136, "end": 153}, {"text": "gel", "start": 168, "end": 171}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 175, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The diffusion of water in the dimethylsulfoxide/N-heptyl-d-galactonamide solution triggers the self-assembly of the molecule into supramolecular fibers and the setting of the ink.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "self-assembly", "start": 95, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "dimethylsulfoxide", "start": 30, "end": 47}, {"text": "N-heptyl-d-galactonamide", "start": 48, "end": 72}, {"text": "supramolecular fibers", "start": 130, "end": 151}, {"text": "ink", "start": 175, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The conditions for getting a well-defined pattern and the dimensions of the constructs have been determined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 58, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting constructs can be easily dissolved, orienting its application as a sacrificial ink or a temporary support.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "as", "start": 76, "end": 78}, {"text": "sacrificial ink", "start": 81, "end": 96}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 112, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method opens the way to the injection and the 3D printing of other fragile and non-thixotropic supramolecular hydrogels.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 51, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fragile", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "non-thixotropic", "start": 84, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogels", "start": 115, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biofabrication is the process of transforming materials into systems that reproduce biological structure and function.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Biofabrication", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "materials", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "feature": [{"text": "biological structure", "start": 84, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Previous attempts to create biomimetic systems have often used single materials shaped into limited configurations that do not mimic the heterogeneous structure and properties of many biological tissues.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "biomimetic", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "materials", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 137, "end": 150}, {"text": "properties", "start": 165, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 127, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "biological tissues", "start": 184, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printer was used to fabricate a range of composite materials containing varying blends of a tough alginate/poly (acrylamide) ionic covalent entanglement hydrogel and an acrylated urethane based UV-curable adhesive material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "composite materials", "start": 45, "end": 64}, {"text": "blends", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "hydrogel", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "urethane", "start": 183, "end": 191}, {"text": "adhesive", "start": 209, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hard adhesive material acted as particulate reinforcement within the matrix of composites printed with a large hydrogel volume fraction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "adhesive", "start": 9, "end": 17}, {"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "composites", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "hydrogel", "start": 115, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 48, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The composite materials were characterized mechanically and their performance could be modeled with standard composite theory.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite materials", "start": 4, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "composite", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 66, "end": 77}, {"text": "standard", "start": 100, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The platform of a 3D printer allowed these composite materials to be fabricated directly with a smooth and continuous gradient of modulus between the soft hydrogel and harder acrylated urethane material, which may be useful in the development of bio-inspired structures such as artificial tendons.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "composite materials", "start": 43, "end": 62}, {"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "hydrogel", "start": 155, "end": 163}, {"text": "urethane material", "start": 185, "end": 202}, {"text": "be", "start": 214, "end": 216}, {"text": "as", "start": 275, "end": 277}], "feature": [{"text": "bio-inspired structures", "start": 246, "end": 269}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigated the utility of three piezoelectric inkjet printers as energetic material deposition systems, focusing on the ability of each system to achieve the seamless integration of energetic material into small-scale electronic devices.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 58, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 74, "end": 76}, {"text": "material", "start": 87, "end": 95}, {"text": "material", "start": 204, "end": 212}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Aluminum copper (II) oxide nanothermite was deposited using the three deposition systems.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Aluminum", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printers were evaluated based on their robustness to energetic ink solids loading, drop formation reliability, drop quality degradation over time, and the energetic performance of the deposited material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "robustness", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "material", "start": 198, "end": 206}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 102, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality degradation", "start": 120, "end": 139}, {"text": "performance", "start": 169, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These metrics correlate to the feasibility of a deposition system to successfully achieve high sample throughput while maintaining the energetic performance of the printed material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "sample", "start": 95, "end": 101}, {"text": "performance", "start": 145, "end": 156}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 172, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After initial system testing, the PipeJet P9 500 μm pipe was used to demonstrate the successful deposition of nanothermite in varying geometric patterns with micrometer precision.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "micrometer", "start": 158, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Popular 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modelling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) have certain limitations and challenges.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 8, "end": 19}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 76, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although printing multi-material functional parts combining smart and conventional materials is a promising area, existing printers are not ideally suited to this, with FDM printers typically requiring high operating temperatures and SLA using a tank containing one single material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "materials", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 108, "end": 112}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 217, "end": 229}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 123, "end": 131}, {"text": "FDM printers", "start": 169, "end": 181}, {"text": "SLA", "start": 234, "end": 237}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 273, "end": 281}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Common 3D printers also require the deposition of additional “support” material to hold the shape of an object when printing overhang structures.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 7, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 62, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang", "start": 125, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The concept of adding additional rotational axes to the system to eliminate this problem has shown promising results, but such systems still lack the capability to print complex structures without supports.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 164, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 170, "end": 188}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 197, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome these limitations there is a need to develop a new 3D printing techniques that combine the strengths of existing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 103, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A photopolymer extrusion 3D printing technique, which combines the strengths of FDM and UV assisted 3D printing technology is demonstrated in this paper.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 2, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 80, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 67, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 100, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By using photopolymer extrusion in combination with two additional rotational axes, the printer developed in this work not only allows the traditional layer upon layer printing, but is also capable of free form printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 9, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 22, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 151, "end": 156}, {"text": "layer", "start": 162, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fumed silica is used as a filler in order to control the material viscosity for proper extrusion and curing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "silica", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "as", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "material", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "curing", "start": 101, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical tests were conducted on objects printed using different concentrations of filler in the photopolymer to understand its effect and determine the range of suitable filler concentration.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical tests", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 99, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multilayer HSS alloys have been produced by laser cladding and characterized in terms of their microstructural evolution, hardness, stress state and tensile properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "HSS", "start": 11, "end": 14}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 44, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural evolution", "start": 95, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 122, "end": 130}, {"text": "stress", "start": 132, "end": 138}, {"text": "tensile properties", "start": 149, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Massive martensitic transformation during cladding of HSS alloys, resulted in the compressive state of clads and suppressed the cracking.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "HSS", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 58, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cracking", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Re-heating during laser cladding of thick multilayer coatings of an Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V alloy had a detrimental effect on the hardness of intermediate layers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 18, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Addition of Co in LC1 at the expense of Fe (Fe−x-Cr-Mo-W-V-Cox) significantly increased the overall coating hardness by strengthen the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Co", "start": 12, "end": 14}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile testing results showed a strong adherence of thick multilayer coatings with the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile testing", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two high speed steel (HSS) alloys were laser cladded on 42CrMo4 steel cylindrical substrate by using a 4 kW Nd: YAG laser source.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "high speed steel", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "HSS", "start": 22, "end": 25}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "steel", "start": 64, "end": 69}, {"text": "Nd: YAG", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 70, "end": 81}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "laser source", "start": 116, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After optimization of the laser material processing parameters for single layers, multilayered clads were produced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 6, "end": 18}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 52, "end": 62}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 26, "end": 31}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructural characterization of the laser deposits constitutes studies of the carbides and matrix, which was done by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) .The strengthening mechanism of LC1 (Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V) was comprised of a martensitic matrix and retained austenite along with networks of VC and Mo2C eutectic carbides.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Microstructural characterization", "start": 0, "end": 32}, {"text": "Scanning Electron Microscopy", "start": 127, "end": 155}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 157, "end": 160}, {"text": "Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy", "start": 163, "end": 193}, {"text": "EDS", "start": 195, "end": 198}, {"text": "Diffraction", "start": 224, "end": 235}, {"text": "EBSD", "start": 237, "end": 241}, {"text": "High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy", "start": 247, "end": 295}, {"text": "HRTEM", "start": 297, "end": 302}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "carbides", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "retained austenite", "start": 397, "end": 415}, {"text": "VC", "start": 439, "end": 441}, {"text": "carbides", "start": 460, "end": 468}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strengthening mechanism", "start": 309, "end": 332}, {"text": "eutectic", "start": 451, "end": 459}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cr enriched fine carbides (Cr7C3 and Cr23C6) were embedded within the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cr", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "carbides", "start": 17, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During laser cladding of the multilayer deposits, cladding of subsequent layers had a detrimental effect on the hardness of previously cladded layers, which was due to tempering of existing lath martensite.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser cladding", "start": 7, "end": 21}, {"text": "cladding", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "tempering", "start": 168, "end": 177}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 195, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome the hardness drop, a new alloy LC2 (Febal−x-Cr-Mo-W-V-Cox) was blended by addition of 3–5% of Co in LC1.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 16, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "Co", "start": 106, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of Co resulted in an overall increase in hardness and a reduction in the hardness drop during sequential layer cladding; the latter was due to the presence of Co in the solid solution with Fe.HRTEM was performed to characterize the nanometer-sized precipitates evolved during the re-heating.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Co", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "Co", "start": 172, "end": 174}, {"text": "solid solution", "start": 182, "end": 196}, {"text": "precipitates", "start": 261, "end": 273}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 54, "end": 62}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 86, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cladding", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These carbides were either enriched with V and W or formed from a complex combination of V, Mo, W and Cr with lattice spacings of 0.15 nm to 0.26 nm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbides", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "V", "start": 41, "end": 42}, {"text": "V", "start": 89, "end": 90}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An urgent need in the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process is to efficiently remove emissions from or around the moving melt pool since the powder bed contamination by spatter can potentially damage fabricated part quality.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 22, "end": 45}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 47, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "quality", "start": 217, "end": 224}], "material": [{"text": "melt pool", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 142, "end": 152}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 170, "end": 177}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 194, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this study is to propose new designs of the gas flow system in the build chamber to enhance the removability of spatter.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 61, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 84, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for the LPBF gas flow system has been developed to simulate the complicated flow behavior inside the build chamber.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Computational Fluid Dynamics", "start": 16, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "CFD", "start": 46, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 51, "end": 56}, {"text": "gas", "start": 70, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 65, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "build chamber", "start": 158, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The movement of spatter has been calculated by the Discrete Phase Model (DPM).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Phase Model", "start": 60, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fully coupled CFD-DPM fluid-particle interaction method has been applied to capture the influence of gas flow on solid particles accurately.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 105, "end": 108}, {"text": "particles", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 133, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, an analytical expression is utilized to obtain the threshold velocity of inert gas flow upon the powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "inert gas", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spatter distribution in a generic gas chamber design was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 12, "end": 24}, {"text": "gas", "start": 38, "end": 41}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 50, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the Coanda effect, a gas flow downward tendency toward the substrate, can have a significant impact on the spatter removal process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 39, "end": 42}, {"text": "impact", "start": 111, "end": 117}, {"text": "process", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "spatter", "start": 125, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the proposed new designs, the Coanda effect is minimized, and most of the spatters can be removed from the build region without blowing up powder bed particles.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 112, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "blowing", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 144, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 155, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymer extrusion three dimensional (3D) printing, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), has recently garnered attention due to its inherent process flexibility and rapid prototyping capability.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Polymer extrusion", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 86, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "deposition modeling", "start": 65, "end": 84}, {"text": "process", "start": 144, "end": 151}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 56, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 152, "end": 163}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 168, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, the addition of electrical components and interconnects into a 3D printing build sequence has received heavy interest for space applications.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 77, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the addition of these components, along with the thermal load associated with space-based applications, may prove problematic for typical thermally insulating 3D printed polymer structures.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "insulating", "start": 157, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 168, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented here addresses thermally conductive polymer matrix composites (specifically, graphite, carbon fiber, and silver in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer matrix) to identify the effect of composite geometry and print direction on thermal anisotropic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer matrix composites", "start": 55, "end": 80}, {"text": "graphite", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 106, "end": 118}, {"text": "silver", "start": 124, "end": 130}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 137, "end": 168}, {"text": "composite", "start": 211, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 234, "end": 239}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 261, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work also examines the effect of these composites on print quality, mechanical tensile properties, fracture plane analysis, micrograph imaging, and cube satellite thermal analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "print quality", "start": 57, "end": 70}, {"text": "properties", "start": 91, "end": 101}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "cube", "start": 152, "end": 156}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 72, "end": 82}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 167, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermal conductivity of 3D printed material systems in this work may enable the production of thermally stable 3D printed structures, supports, and devices.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "production", "start": 84, "end": 94}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 138, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Key results of this work include anisotropic thermal conductivity for 3D printed structures related to print direction and filler morphology meaning that thermal conductivity can be controlled through a combination of print raster direction and material design.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 53, "end": 65}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 154, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "print", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "print", "start": 218, "end": 223}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 179, "end": 181}, {"text": "material", "start": 245, "end": 253}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 254, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When the materials analyzed in this work are incorporated with other active cooling systems, space-based 3D printed applications can then be designed to incorporate increasing thermal loads, opening a new door to producing space-ready 3D printed structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 9, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 105, "end": 115}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 235, "end": 245}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inverse process embedded 3D printing multi internal surfaces hydrogel and application in anatomical organ model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "model", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "embedded 3D printing", "start": 16, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 61, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inverse process-based printing strategies can speed up 3D printing and increase efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 55, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prepolymer has high transparency, and has shear thinning behavior and yield stress characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Prepolymer", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shear thinning", "start": 42, "end": 56}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 70, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The most current 3D printing method involves the combination of additional processes, such as casting and demolding, to produce an organ model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 17, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "demolding", "start": 106, "end": 115}, {"text": "model", "start": 137, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method requires professionals to invest a considerable amount of time in editing the model and post-processing activities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 100, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, embedded three-dimensional printing (EMB3D) is performed in a transparent and photocrosslinkable support medium.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "embedded three-dimensional printing", "start": 14, "end": 49}, {"text": "EMB3D", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transparent", "start": 76, "end": 87}], "feature": [{"text": "photocrosslinkable", "start": 92, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on a photo-curable hydrogel precursor with yield stress behavior, a new EMB3D printing strategy is developed, which could be considered as an inverse process.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "photo-curable", "start": 11, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 25, "end": 33}, {"text": "be", "start": 128, "end": 130}, {"text": "as", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 49, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "EMB3D", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During printing, a closed shell is formed with a release ink using a capillary needle.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "capillary needle", "start": 69, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 57, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After printing, the support medium is photocrosslinked to a solid part, and the object is peeled off along with the closed shell.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 20, "end": 27}], "feature": [{"text": "photocrosslinked", "start": 38, "end": 54}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stated approach makes it possible to produce transparent and elastic solid objects with multi-internal surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transparent", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 107, "end": 115}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 65, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, it can be applied in providing a soft, dissectible, accurate, and highly interactive model for medical doctors to facilitate surgical processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dissectible", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "model", "start": 95, "end": 100}, {"text": "surgical processes", "start": 135, "end": 153}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 105, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A geometry-based model for predicting lack-of-fusion porosity is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 17, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 53, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model relies on melt pool dimension, hatch spacing and layer thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt pool dimension", "start": 20, "end": 39}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 41, "end": 54}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 59, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity (or density) predicted with the model agrees well with reported literature data.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "density", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "model", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "data", "start": 84, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A geometry-based simulation is used to predict porosity caused by insufficient overlap of melt pools (lack of fusion) in powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "overlap", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 110, "end": 116}], "material": [{"text": "melt pools", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 121, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inputs into the simulation are hatch spacing, layer thickness, and melt-pool cross-sectional area.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 50, "end": 65}, {"text": "area", "start": 97, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt-pool areas used in the simulations can be obtained from experiments, or estimated with the analytical Rosenthal equation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 28, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Rosenthal equation", "start": 107, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The necessary material constants, including absorptivity for laser-based melting, have been collated for alloy steels, aluminum alloys and titanium alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "alloy steels", "start": 105, "end": 117}, {"text": "aluminum alloys", "start": 119, "end": 134}, {"text": "titanium alloys", "start": 139, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 73, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparison with several data sets from the literature shows that the simulations correctly predict process conditions at which lack-of-fusion porosity becomes apparent, as well as the rate at which porosity increases with changes in process conditions such as beam speed, layer thickness and hatch spacing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 24, "end": 28}, {"text": "process", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "process", "start": 233, "end": 240}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 69, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 142, "end": 150}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 198, "end": 206}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 169, "end": 171}, {"text": "as", "start": 177, "end": 179}, {"text": "as", "start": 257, "end": 259}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 272, "end": 287}, {"text": "hatch spacing", "start": 292, "end": 305}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To fabricate highly complex structures, sacrificial support material is usually needed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 3, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 20, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 52, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, traditional petroleum-based support materials are un-sustainable, non-recyclable, and difficult to be completely removed from the target structure after 3D processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "petroleum-based", "start": 21, "end": 36}, {"text": "be", "start": 108, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "un-sustainable", "start": 59, "end": 73}, {"text": "non-recyclable", "start": 75, "end": 89}, {"text": "structure", "start": 146, "end": 155}, {"text": "3D processing", "start": 162, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Instead, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) gel could serves as an interesting 3D printing support material due to its sustainability, renewability, and potential recyclability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cellulose nanocrystals", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "gel", "start": 38, "end": 41}, {"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "material", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainability", "start": 113, "end": 127}, {"text": "renewability", "start": 129, "end": 141}, {"text": "recyclability", "start": 157, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since CNCs are highly dispersible in water as nanoparticles and are also not UV sensitive, it has less absorption or bondability with other UV curable polymer matrices.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CNCs", "start": 6, "end": 10}, {"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "UV curable polymer", "start": 140, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 77, "end": 79}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "bondability", "start": 117, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This allows them to be completely washed out by water, which offers a green and efficient method to remove the CNC support material during post processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 20, "end": 22}, {"text": "material", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 111, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 139, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, with increasing needs for more intricate structures, combining different 3D printing strategies into a hybrid 3D printing platform can be highly beneficial.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 86, "end": 97}, {"text": "hybrid 3D printing", "start": 116, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 148, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a multi-materials-multi-methods (M4) printer with dual direct-ink-write (DIW) and DIW-inkjet printing capability was used to fabricate various complex structures while using CNC as support material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-materials-multi-methods", "start": 16, "end": 45}, {"text": "complex structures", "start": 157, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "M4", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "direct-ink-write", "start": 69, "end": 85}, {"text": "DIW", "start": 87, "end": 90}, {"text": "DIW-inkjet printing", "start": 96, "end": 115}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 139, "end": 148}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 188, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 192, "end": 194}, {"text": "material", "start": 203, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After 3D printing, water was used to remove the CNC support structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 6, "end": 17}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 48, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 60, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Even in a highly confined environment, such as the inside of a balloon structure, CNC support material was still easily removed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "material", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 82, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of using sustainable CNC support material and M4 hybrid 3D printing strategies to fabricate different complex structures was demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainable", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "complex structures", "start": 116, "end": 134}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CNC", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "M4", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "hybrid 3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 81}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 96, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since CNC gel is derived from forestry products and is entirely water based, the 3D printing process was also made more environmentally friendly, sustainable, and potentially recyclable.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CNC gel", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainable", "start": 146, "end": 157}, {"text": "recyclable", "start": 175, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composite coatings of titanium reinforced separately with hydroxyapatite (HAp) and bioglass (BG) were deposited on titanium substrate using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Composite coatings", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "hydroxyapatite", "start": 58, "end": 72}, {"text": "titanium substrate", "start": 115, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "start": 140, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure, phase constituents, in vitro electrochemical, tribological and biological properties of these composite coatings deposited using different laser powers was studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 4, "end": 18}, {"text": "phase", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 49, "end": 64}, {"text": "tribological", "start": 66, "end": 78}, {"text": "properties", "start": 94, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "composite coatings", "start": 114, "end": 132}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser powers", "start": 159, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The composite coatings showed several reaction products such as Ca2P2O7, CaTiO3, Na2Ca2Si3O9 due to high temperature interaction of HAp and BG with Ti.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite coatings", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 148, "end": 150}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 105, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The average top surface hardness of the Ti substrate was 148 ± 5 HV and that of the composite coatings was between 720 and 740 HV.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "surface", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "Ti substrate", "start": 40, "end": 52}, {"text": "composite coatings", "start": 84, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the composite coatings exhibited significant increase in the in vitro wear resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "composite coatings", "start": 17, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 83, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The incorporation of HAp and BG in Ti increased the corrosion current, possibly due to the presence of residual stresses, but shifted the corrosion potential towards noble direction due bioactive reinforcements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "corrosion", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 138, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 103, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In vitro proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) was found to be more on composite coatings than on titanium substrate demonstrating their superior cell-materials interactions.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "fibroblast", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 53, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "composite coatings", "start": 92, "end": 110}, {"text": "titanium substrate", "start": 119, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One-photon or two photon absorption by dye molecules in photopolymers enable direct 2D & 3D lithography of micro/nano structures with high spatial resolution and can be used effectively in fabricating artificially structured nanomaterials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "2D", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "3D", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymers", "start": 56, "end": 69}, {"text": "be", "start": 166, "end": 168}, {"text": "nanomaterials", "start": 225, "end": 238}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 189, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Complex 2D patterns and 3D meshes were fabricated with sub-micron resolution, in commercially available liquid photopolymer to show the impact/versatility of this technique.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "2D patterns", "start": 8, "end": 19}, {"text": "sub-micron", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 111, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pure Al with high laser reflectivity is essentially incompatible with laser powder bed fusion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 5, "end": 7}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 70, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The retention of a large number of unmelted particles leads to inferior geometrical quality and mechanical properties of printed pure Al parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 44, "end": 53}, {"text": "quality", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 96, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 134, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, we propose decorating Al with a small amount of high laser absorbing Co nanoparticles on the surface of Al powders to reduce laser reflectivity and improve printability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "Co", "start": 91, "end": 93}, {"text": "Al", "start": 126, "end": 128}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "laser", "start": 147, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 178, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The near homogenous dispersion of Co slightly modified the surface chemical composition and roughened the powder surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dispersion", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "surface", "start": 59, "end": 66}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 67, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "Co", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "powder", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach completely melted the particles and eliminated the internal pores, thereby favorably tuning the geometrical dimensions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melted", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "particles", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 74, "end": 79}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 122, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the introduction of Co provided solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening via dispersion of second-phase Al9Co2 with a coherent interfacial relationship with the Al matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Co", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "solid solution", "start": 46, "end": 60}, {"text": "Al", "start": 191, "end": 193}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "precipitation hardening", "start": 79, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dispersion", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile properties of printed Al parts were comparable to commercial medium-strength Al alloys at an optimal Co-content of 0.5 wt.%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "Al", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "Al alloys", "start": 89, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Addition of Nb and Mo improved the UTS and elongation of L-PBF 420 stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nb", "start": 12, "end": 14}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 63, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "UTS", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 57, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nanoscale NbC precipitated in the presence of Nb and Mo.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nb", "start": 46, "end": 48}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 53, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tempering of martensites and NbC correlated with improved mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Tempering", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 58, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical and corrosion properties of L-PBF specimens were superior to wrought 420 stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 15, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "wrought", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 80, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Niobium (Nb) and molybdenum (Mo) are conventionally added to stainless steels to improve their mechanical and corrosion properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Niobium", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "molybdenum", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "stainless steels", "start": 61, "end": 77}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 110, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the effects of Nb and Mo addition on the processing and properties in laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) have not been well investigated, especially in the context of 420 stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nb", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 173, "end": 192}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bed fusion", "start": 92, "end": 102}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 104, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, 420 stainless steel pre-alloyed with Nb (1.2 wt.%) and Mo (0.57 wt.%) was processed by L-PBF and characterized in terms of its physical, mechanical and corrosion properties as well as microstructure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 15, "end": 34}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 188, "end": 190}, {"text": "as", "start": 196, "end": 198}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 89, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 102, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 167, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of Nb and Mo did not significantly affect the densification of 420 stainless steel when printed over an energy range of 28–75 J/mm3 and a maximum density of 99.3 ± 0.02% theoretical at 63 J/mm3 was achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nb", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 76, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "densification", "start": 59, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 124, "end": 129}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 159, "end": 166}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 183, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In mechanical tests, L-PBF 420 stainless steel specimens exhibited higher mechanical properties in the presence of Nb and Mo.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 3, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 21, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 27, "end": 46}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 115, "end": 117}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 122, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 74, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After heat treatment, the UTS of 420 stainless steel with Nb and Mo improved to 1750 ± 30 MPa and elongation to 9.0 ± 0.2%, much higher than previously reported properties achieved in L-PBF and exceeding wrought 420 stainless steel.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heat treatment", "start": 6, "end": 20}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 184, "end": 189}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "UTS", "start": 26, "end": 29}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 33, "end": 52}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 212, "end": 231}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 90, "end": 93}, {"text": "properties", "start": 161, "end": 171}, {"text": "wrought", "start": 204, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tempering of martensite phases as well as the presence of nanoscale NbC were found to correlate with improved mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tempering", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "martensite", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 114, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In electrochemical tests, 420 stainless steel exhibited slightly better corrosion properties with the addition of Nb and Mo.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "electrochemical tests", "start": 3, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "420 stainless steel", "start": 26, "end": 45}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "Mo", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion properties", "start": 72, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bagasse CNF inks are produced for 3D printing by direct-ink-writing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Bagasse", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "direct-ink-writing technology", "start": 49, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The CNF were found not to have a cytotoxic potential.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CNF", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cytotoxic", "start": 33, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Alginate and Ca2+ caused significant structural changes to the 3D printed grid constructs.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Alginate", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "Ca2+", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ca2+ crosslinked constructs offer potential for personalized wound dressing devices.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ca2+", "start": 0, "end": 4}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "wound dressing devices", "start": 61, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sugarcane bagasse, an abundant residue, is usually burned as an energy source.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Sugarcane bagasse", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "residue", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 71, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, provided that appropriate and sustainable pulping and fractionation processes are applied, bagasse can be utilized as a main source of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainable", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "processes", "start": 77, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "bagasse", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "be", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 124, "end": 126}, {"text": "cellulose nanofibrils", "start": 144, "end": 165}, {"text": "CNF", "start": 167, "end": 170}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 134, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We explored in this study the production of CNF inks for 3D printing by direct-ink-writing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 57, "end": 68}, {"text": "direct-ink-writing technology", "start": 72, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "CNF inks", "start": 44, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The CNF were tested against L929 fibroblasts cell line and we confirmed that the CNF from soda bagasse fibers were found not to have a cytotoxic potential.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CNF", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "L929 fibroblasts", "start": 28, "end": 44}, {"text": "CNF", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "soda bagasse fibers", "start": 90, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 45, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cytotoxic", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, we demonstrated that the alginate and Ca2+ caused significant dimensional changes to the 3D printed constructs.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alginate", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "Ca2+", "start": 52, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D printed constructs", "start": 103, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The CNF-alginate grids exhibited a lateral expansion after printing and then shrank due to the cross-linking with the Ca2+.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "CNF-alginate", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "Ca2+", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lateral expansion", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "cross-linking", "start": 95, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The release of Ca2+ from the CNF and CNF-alginate constructs was quantified thus providing more insight about the CNF as carrier for Ca2+.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ca2+", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "CNF", "start": 29, "end": 32}, {"text": "CNF-alginate", "start": 37, "end": 49}, {"text": "CNF", "start": 114, "end": 117}, {"text": "as", "start": 118, "end": 120}, {"text": "Ca2+", "start": 133, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This, combined with 3D printing, offers potential for personalized wound dressing devices, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "wound dressing devices", "start": 67, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, we developed a direct-write printing process capable of producing versatile biomimetic patterns with aligned neurites using multiple cell types.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 36, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "biomimetic", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 141, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After two weeks of differentiation, aligned neurites were induced by the contractile force of the printed cells.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 106, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, we demonstrated the usefulness of the printing process by fabricating a Y-shaped branch and six-layered pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 47, "end": 63}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 67, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The six-layered pattern mimicking cerebral cortex tissue was produced by precise printing of two different colored cells.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 115, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results indicate that versatile biomimetic neural constructs composed of multiple cell types can be produced by our new direct-write printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "biomimetic", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 88, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 103, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 139, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electrets have been increasingly investigated for their high piezoelectric sensitivity for sensing and energy harvesting applications, but fabricating complex 3D structures for optimum performance has remained challenging.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Electrets", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "piezoelectric sensitivity", "start": 61, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "energy harvesting", "start": 103, "end": 120}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 159, "end": 172}, {"text": "performance", "start": 185, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 139, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing capabilities have likewise become a mature manufacturing technology widely used for end-user customization and rapid prototyping, but limitations on materials and geometries have complicated the incorporation of electroactive structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "manufacturing technology", "start": 55, "end": 79}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 123, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 161, "end": 170}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 175, "end": 185}, {"text": "electroactive structures", "start": 224, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the first completely 3D printed porous piezoelectret is demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "piezoelectret", "start": 54, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These samples were structured using standard infill patterns commonly used in 3D printing, allowing easy incorporation with current 3D printing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 6, "end": 13}, {"text": "standard", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 132, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pores generated by fused-filament fabrication (FFF) are characterized, charged, and the resultant piezoelectret activity measured.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Pores", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused-filament fabrication", "start": 19, "end": 45}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 47, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "piezoelectret", "start": 98, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analytical electromechanical models are used to understand and compare the measured charge density and piezoelectric coefficients.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electromechanical models", "start": 11, "end": 35}, {"text": "piezoelectric coefficients", "start": 103, "end": 129}], "parameter": [{"text": "charge density", "start": 84, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The piezoelectric coefficient is found to increase strongly with decreasing infill percentages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "piezoelectric coefficient", "start": 4, "end": 29}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill percentages", "start": 76, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An average piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 87 pC N−1 is achieved for 5% infill samples and is found to be stable for a period of at least 2 weeks, competitive with many other state-of-the-art single-pore piezoelectretic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 3, "end": 10}, {"text": "state-of-the-art", "start": 176, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "pC", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "be", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "piezoelectretic materials", "start": 205, "end": 230}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 73, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results provide a first step in using 3D printing techniques to optimize and integrate piezoelectrets into parts, allowing a useful new electroactive functionality for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 30, "end": 34}, {"text": "electroactive functionality", "start": 142, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 174, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "piezoelectrets", "start": 93, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensionally (3D) printed flexible piezoresistive composite sensors have provided valuable solutions for the personalized therapeutic development due to their promising capability in biomonitoring applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensionally", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "3D", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "therapeutic", "start": 129, "end": 140}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "piezoresistive composite sensors", "start": 42, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "biomonitoring applications", "start": 190, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Silicone rubber (SR) matrix is an important candidate to enable flexibility to the 3D printed devices.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Silicone rubber", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "SR", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 64, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, 3D printing of silicone inks blended with conductive fillers is limited due to the high viscosity, long curing time, and high percolation threshold.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "silicone inks", "start": 24, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "curing time", "start": 113, "end": 124}, {"text": "percolation threshold", "start": 135, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, a novel high-speed material jetting (MJ) 3D printing of high-viscosity conductive inks based on the mixture of a UV crosslinkable silicone rubber and milled carbon fibers (MCF) is demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material jetting", "start": 41, "end": 57}, {"text": "MJ", "start": 59, "end": 61}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "silicone rubber", "start": 152, "end": 167}, {"text": "milled carbon fibers", "start": 172, "end": 192}, {"text": "MCF", "start": 194, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The MCF content was optimized for printability, UV curability, and electrical conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "MCF", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 34, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "UV curability", "start": 48, "end": 61}, {"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 67, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sensors (with 30 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 4, "end": 11}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% MCF content) show high flexibility and foldability as well as a high resistance sensitivity to sever bending tests.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "MCF", "start": 2, "end": 5}, {"text": "as", "start": 53, "end": 55}, {"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "foldability", "start": 41, "end": 52}, {"text": "resistance sensitivity", "start": 71, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bending tests", "start": 103, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stretchability of 3D printed sensors was further improved by sandwiching the MCF/SR sensing layer between the SR layers.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "stretchability", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sandwiching", "start": 65, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "MCF/SR", "start": 81, "end": 87}, {"text": "SR", "start": 114, "end": 116}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 96, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The electromechanical evaluation of the sandwiched MCF/SR sensors (S-MCF/SR) confirmed the high piezoresistive sensitivity of sensors (gauge factor in order of ∼400).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "electromechanical", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sandwiched MCF/SR sensors", "start": 40, "end": 65}, {"text": "S-MCF/SR", "start": 67, "end": 75}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 126, "end": 133}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "piezoresistive sensitivity", "start": 96, "end": 122}, {"text": "gauge factor", "start": 135, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, the 3D printed sensors were employed for monitoring human joint motions to demonstrate the potential application in monitoring biosignals.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "human joint motions", "start": 61, "end": 80}, {"text": "biosignals", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polymer bonding of gas-atomized lightweight permanent magnet MnAlC particles.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polymer", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "gas-atomized lightweight permanent magnet", "start": 19, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "particles", "start": 67, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimized particle size leads to flexible filament with high filling factor (80 wt%).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 10, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 42, "end": 50}], "parameter": [{"text": "filling factor", "start": 61, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrusion of continuous permanent magnet MnAlC filaments (length over 10 m).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Extrusion", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "permanent magnet MnAlC filaments", "start": 24, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No deterioration of permanent magnet properties of MnAlC particles along processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "permanent magnet properties", "start": 20, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "MnAlC particles", "start": 51, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D-printed permanent magnet objects avoiding the use of critical raw materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "application": [{"text": "magnet", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "raw materials", "start": 65, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is an attractive technology for many high-tech sectors such as energy, automotive and aerospace because of the freedom in designing and high performance of the fabricated objects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 40, "end": 50}, {"text": "performance", "start": 164, "end": 175}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 183, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 94, "end": 104}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 109, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the field of permanent magnets there is an increasing interest for applying this technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "permanent magnets", "start": 16, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, key points need to be faced for obtaining products with non-deteriorated magnetic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 28, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "non-deteriorated magnetic properties", "start": 65, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, we report on the preparation of MnAlC-based flexible filament with permanent magnet properties and a high filling factor of 80 wt% resulting from an optimum fine-to-coarse particle ratio (25/75), which has been successfully used for 3D-printing magnetic objects.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "MnAlC-based flexible filament", "start": 40, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "permanent magnet properties", "start": 75, "end": 102}, {"text": "particle", "start": 180, "end": 188}], "parameter": [{"text": "filling factor", "start": 114, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 241, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particles of MnAlC –rare earth-free permanent magnet– have been produced in nearly spherical shape with mean sizes of 16 and 30 μm by gas atomization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Particles", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "MnAlC", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "gas atomization", "start": 134, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This has allowed for the fabrication of a permanent magnet composite, MnAlC/ABS, with a large concentration of MnAlC particles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 25, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "permanent magnet composite", "start": 42, "end": 68}, {"text": "MnAlC/ABS", "start": 70, "end": 79}, {"text": "MnAlC particles", "start": 111, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology here used has made possible the preparation of composite, filament and 3D-printed objects with no degradation of the permanent magnet properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 114, "end": 125}, {"text": "permanent magnet properties", "start": 133, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "filament", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 87, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reported results open a new route to advance in the application of 3D-printing to fabricate permanent magnet elements with a high filling factor for technological applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 86, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "magnet", "start": 106, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 113, "end": 121}], "parameter": [{"text": "filling factor", "start": 134, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We introduce an algorithm to generate tool paths using G2/G3-codes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "tool paths", "start": 38, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The algorithms reduce time and cost while they enhance the quality of printed objects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithms", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "quality", "start": 59, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrusion-based printing frequently requires a hollowing step to remove material from inside of artifacts and subsequently reduce the amount of material, printing time, product weight, energy consumption, and ultimately, the cost.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 57, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "material", "start": 144, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 177, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to reducing stress concentration through their inherently smooth boundaries, these spheroids require no additional support structure, when properly designed.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 24, "end": 44}], "feature": [{"text": "smooth boundaries", "start": 70, "end": 87}, {"text": "support structure", "start": 127, "end": 144}, {"text": "designed", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, spheroids are arranged by the Voronoi diagram of 3D ellipsoids and the tool path, including circular printing motions, is produced using the Voronoi diagram of circular 2D disks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "tool path", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "2D", "start": 175, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed algorithms are implemented as the HollowTron webserver and are freely available from Voronoi Diagram Research Center.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithms", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "Research", "start": 114, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing allows rapid fabrication of complex objects from digital designs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "rapid fabrication", "start": 19, "end": 36}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One 3D-printing process, direct laser writing, polymerises a light-sensitive material by steering a focused laser beam through the shape of the object to be created.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "direct laser writing", "start": 25, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "polymerises", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "focused laser beam", "start": 100, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "light-sensitive material", "start": 61, "end": 85}, {"text": "be", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "steering", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The highest-resolution direct laser writing systems use a femtosecond laser, steered using mechanised stages or galvanometer-controlled mirrors, to effect two-photon polymerisation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "highest-resolution", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct laser writing systems", "start": 23, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "femtosecond laser", "start": 58, "end": 75}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "galvanometer-controlled mirrors", "start": 112, "end": 143}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "two-photon polymerisation", "start": 155, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we report a new high-resolution direct laser writing system that employs a resonant mirror scanner to achieve a significant increase in printing speed over current methods while maintaining resolution on the order of a micron.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 21, "end": 36}, {"text": "printing speed", "start": 141, "end": 155}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct laser writing system", "start": 37, "end": 64}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mirror scanner", "start": 89, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "micron", "start": 224, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This printer is based on a software modification to a commercially available resonant-scanning two-photon microscope.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "two-photon microscope", "start": 95, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "software", "start": 27, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate the complete process chain from hardware configuration and control software to the printing of objects of approximately 400 × 400 × 350 μm, and validate performance with objective benchmarks.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "process chain", "start": 28, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 56, "end": 69}, {"text": "software", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "performance", "start": 168, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Released under an open-source license, this work makes micron-scale 3D printing available at little or no cost to the large community of two-photon microscope users, and paves the way toward widespread availability of precision-printed devices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "open-source", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "feature": [{"text": "micron-scale", "start": 55, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "two-photon microscope", "start": 137, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The introduction of three-dimensional (3D) printing in the pharmaceutical arena has caused a major shift towards the advancement of modern medicines, including drug products with different configurations and complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "3D", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "modern medicines", "start": 132, "end": 148}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 208, "end": 226}], "application": [{"text": "pharmaceutical", "start": 59, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Otherwise challenging to create via conventional pharmaceutical techniques, 3D printing technologies have been explored for the fabrication of multi-drug loaded dosage forms to reduce pill burden and improve patient adherence.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pharmaceutical techniques", "start": 49, "end": 74}, {"text": "multi-drug loaded dosage", "start": 143, "end": 167}, {"text": "pill burden", "start": 184, "end": 195}, {"text": "patient adherence", "start": 208, "end": 225}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 76, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 128, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, stereolithography (SLA), a vat polymerisation technique, was used to manufacture a multi-layer 3D printed oral dosage form (polyprintlet) incorporating four antihypertensive drugs including irbesartan, atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 15, "end": 32}, {"text": "vat polymerisation", "start": 42, "end": 60}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 34, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "polyprintlet", "start": 139, "end": 151}, {"text": "antihypertensive drugs", "start": 172, "end": 194}, {"text": "irbesartan", "start": 205, "end": 215}, {"text": "atenolol", "start": 217, "end": 225}, {"text": "hydrochlorothiazide", "start": 227, "end": 246}, {"text": "amlodipine", "start": 251, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although successful in its fabrication, for the first time, we report an unexpected chemical reaction between a photopolymer and drug.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 27, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical reaction", "start": 84, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 112, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the occurrence of a Michael addition reaction between the diacrylate group of the photoreactive monomer and the primary amine group of amlodipine.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Fourier Transform Infrared", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "FTIR", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "NMR", "start": 79, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", "start": 51, "end": 77}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 84, "end": 96}, {"text": "Michael addition reaction", "start": 127, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "diacrylate", "start": 165, "end": 175}, {"text": "photoreactive monomer", "start": 189, "end": 210}, {"text": "primary amine", "start": 219, "end": 232}, {"text": "amlodipine", "start": 242, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study herein demonstrates the importance of careful selection of photocurable resins for the manufacture of drug-loaded oral dosage forms via SLA 3D printing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photocurable resins", "start": 69, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 97, "end": 108}, {"text": "drug-loaded oral dosage", "start": 112, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 146, "end": 149}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 150, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Photopolymerization-based 3D printing has emerged as a promising technique to fabricate 3D structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Photopolymerization-based", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "fabricate 3D structures", "start": 78, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, during the printing process, polymerized materials such as hydrogels often become highly light-scattering, thus perturbing incident light distribution and thereby deteriorating the final print resolution.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 20, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "polymerized materials", "start": 38, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "light-scattering", "start": 98, "end": 114}, {"text": "perturbing incident light distribution", "start": 121, "end": 159}], "parameter": [{"text": "print resolution", "start": 196, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome this scattering-induced resolution deterioration, we developed a novel method termed flashing photopolymerization (FPP).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "resolution deterioration", "start": 36, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "flashing photopolymerization", "start": 97, "end": 125}, {"text": "FPP", "start": 127, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our FPP approach is informed by the fundamental kinetics of photopolymerization reactions, where light exposure is delivered in millisecond-scale ‘flashes’, as opposed to continuous light exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FPP", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "photopolymerization", "start": 60, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "light exposure", "start": 97, "end": 111}, {"text": "millisecond-scale", "start": 128, "end": 145}, {"text": "continuous light exposure", "start": 171, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 157, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During the period of flash exposure, the prepolymer material negligibly scatters light.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "flash exposure", "start": 21, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "prepolymer material", "start": 41, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material then polymerizes and opacifies in absence of light, therefore the exposure pattern is not perturbed by scattering.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "polymerizes", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "opacifies", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "exposure pattern", "start": 79, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared to the conventional use of a continuous wave (CW) light source, the FPP fabrication resolution is improved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "continuous wave", "start": 38, "end": 53}, {"text": "CW", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "light source", "start": 59, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FPP", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "fabrication resolution", "start": 81, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FPP also shows little dependency on the exposure, thus minimizing trial-and-error type optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FPP", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "trial-and-error", "start": 66, "end": 81}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 87, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using FPP, we demonstrate its use in generating high-fidelity 3D printed constructs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FPP", "start": 6, "end": 9}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "high-fidelity", "start": 48, "end": 61}, {"text": "3D printed constructs", "start": 62, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material based actuation with metallic fibers, for example shape memory alloys (SMA) is gaining popularity to replace the conventional bulky actuators used for shape morphing in aerospace sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "metallic fibers", "start": 30, "end": 45}, {"text": "shape memory alloys", "start": 59, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 178, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, Joule heating arising from electrical actuation of SMA affects the interfacial bonding between the SMA and the composite matrix and thus reduces the life span of the structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interfacial bonding", "start": 76, "end": 95}, {"text": "structure", "start": 175, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 120, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Insulating the SMA from the composite matrix will tremendously increase the service life of these reconfigurable structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Insulating", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "service life", "start": 76, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 28, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional (3D) printing of functional elements during the fabrication phase of the composite structures permits the flexibility to form complex shaped reconfigurable lightweight aerospace components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "composite structures", "start": 91, "end": 111}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 174, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "aerospace components", "start": 186, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we present a novel technique to embed polymer encapsulated functional elements into structural composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 44, "end": 51}, {"text": "elements", "start": 76, "end": 84}, {"text": "composites", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "encapsulated", "start": 52, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use the direct-write (DW) technique to coat SMA with a polymer solution while simultaneously printing them onto carbon fiber prepreg.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 58, "end": 65}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 115, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We develop high performance polymeric inks-polyetherimide and polycarbonate-compatible with the DW technique, the coating, as well as the composite.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 62, "end": 75}, {"text": "as", "start": 123, "end": 125}, {"text": "as", "start": 131, "end": 133}, {"text": "composite", "start": 138, "end": 147}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition to SMA, the technique can also be easily extended to embed various kinds of other functional fibers into composites, in any shape or form.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 105, "end": 111}, {"text": "composites", "start": 117, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, we also demonstrate the application of this technique to integrate SMA with polymeric structures towards actuators for robotics grippers or surgical tools.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 119, "end": 128}, {"text": "surgical tools", "start": 154, "end": 168}], "application": [{"text": "robotics", "start": 133, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The emergence of smart technologies is spurring the development of a wider range of applications for stretchable and conformable sensors, as the design flexibility offered by additive manufacturing may enable the production of sensors that are superior to those produced by conventional manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "conformable", "start": 117, "end": 128}, {"text": "design flexibility", "start": 145, "end": 163}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "stretchable", "start": 101, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 138, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 175, "end": 197}, {"text": "production", "start": 213, "end": 223}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 274, "end": 300}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 227, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a multi-material 3D printing system with three extrusion heads was developed to fabricate a stretchable, soft pressure sensor built using an ionic liquid (IL) –based pressure-sensitive layer that was sandwiched between carbon nanotube (CNT) –based stretchable electrodes and encapsulated within stretchable top and bottom insulating layers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multi-material 3D printing", "start": 16, "end": 42}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extrusion heads", "start": 61, "end": 76}, {"text": "soft pressure sensor", "start": 119, "end": 139}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 274, "end": 284}], "feature": [{"text": "stretchable", "start": 106, "end": 117}, {"text": "stretchable", "start": 262, "end": 273}, {"text": "stretchable", "start": 309, "end": 320}], "material": [{"text": "ionic liquid", "start": 155, "end": 167}, {"text": "IL", "start": 169, "end": 171}, {"text": "carbon nanotube", "start": 233, "end": 248}, {"text": "CNT", "start": 250, "end": 253}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure-sensitive layer", "start": 180, "end": 204}, {"text": "encapsulated", "start": 289, "end": 301}, {"text": "insulating layers", "start": 336, "end": 353}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sensor materials were modified in order to achieve 3D printable characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 11, "end": 20}, {"text": "3D printable characteristics", "start": 55, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capability of the system was tested by printing structures made from three materials and a multilayer sensor via an extrusion-based direct-print process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "multilayer sensor", "start": 95, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion-based direct-print process", "start": 120, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-material 3D printing of the sensor was successfully realized, as the sensing material retained its functionality once the printing process was complete.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Multi-material 3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 128, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 34, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 68, "end": 70}, {"text": "material", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Silicone-based materials are commonly used in medical applications such as pre-surgery models or implants, leading to interesting biomimetic mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Silicone-based materials", "start": 0, "end": 24}, {"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "medical applications", "start": 46, "end": 66}, {"text": "implants", "start": 97, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "biomimetic", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "properties", "start": 152, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Emergence of 3D printing and particularly liquid deposition modelling (LDM) has shown that specific rheological behaviors, particularly yield stress characters, were required to achieve efficient LDM.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "liquid deposition modelling", "start": 42, "end": 69}, {"text": "LDM", "start": 71, "end": 74}, {"text": "LDM", "start": 196, "end": 199}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "yield stress", "start": 136, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unfortunately, standard silicone formulations seldom present such behaviors and are then proved to have low applicability in LDM-based 3D printing.In the present study, polyethylene glycol of different lengths were added as yield stress agents in a bi-component silicone and were demonstrated to operate a drastic improvement of the material rheological behaviors, without significant impact on the final mechanical properties of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "3D", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "impact", "start": 385, "end": 391}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 405, "end": 426}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 24, "end": 32}, {"text": "polyethylene glycol", "start": 169, "end": 188}, {"text": "as", "start": 221, "end": 223}, {"text": "bi-component silicone", "start": 249, "end": 270}, {"text": "material", "start": 333, "end": 341}, {"text": "material", "start": 434, "end": 442}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LDM-based", "start": 125, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 230, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An interesting relationship was demonstrated between dynamic yield stress values and reachable 3D geometries (the higher σys, the more complex the 3D printed shape can be) but the study also revealed that it is not the only key factor to ensure the printability of viscoelastic materials when highly complex geometries are seek; tack and melt strength have also to be investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "materials", "start": 278, "end": 287}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 300, "end": 318}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 67, "end": 73}, {"text": "viscoelastic", "start": 265, "end": 277}, {"text": "melt strength", "start": 338, "end": 351}], "feature": [{"text": "3D geometries", "start": 95, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 147, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 168, "end": 170}, {"text": "be", "start": 365, "end": 367}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 249, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To improve the formability and properties of calcia (CaO) based ceramic core, the binder-jet 3D-printing was performed to fabricate porous CaO/caicium zirconate (CaZrO3) ceramic core composites with two nanozirconia addition methods.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "formability", "start": 15, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "calcia", "start": 45, "end": 51}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 53, "end": 56}, {"text": "CaO/caicium zirconate", "start": 139, "end": 160}, {"text": "CaZrO3", "start": 162, "end": 168}, {"text": "nanozirconia", "start": 203, "end": 215}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "ceramic core", "start": 64, "end": 76}, {"text": "ceramic core", "start": 170, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder-jet 3D-printing", "start": 82, "end": 104}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the nanozirconia addition method and additive amount on the properties of the 3D-printed CaO/CaZrO3 bodies were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nanozirconia", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, relative density, bending strength, and hydration resistance of CaO/CaZrO3 bodies printed with a nanozirconia suspension binder for deposition in the CaO powder layer were better than those of CaO/CaZrO3 bodies printed in the traditional manner of directly mixing nanozirconia in the CaO powder.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 45, "end": 61}, {"text": "bending strength", "start": 63, "end": 79}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "CaO/CaZrO3", "start": 109, "end": 119}, {"text": "nanozirconia", "start": 142, "end": 154}, {"text": "binder", "start": 166, "end": 172}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 195, "end": 198}, {"text": "CaO/CaZrO3", "start": 238, "end": 248}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 329, "end": 332}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 177, "end": 187}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 302, "end": 308}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 206, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Application of the nanozirconia suspension uniformly capped nanozirconia particles on the surfaces of the CaO particles and filled the pores of the CaO powder layer, which afforded denser and more uniform green bodies.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nanozirconia", "start": 19, "end": 31}, {"text": "nanozirconia", "start": 60, "end": 72}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 106, "end": 109}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 148, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 90, "end": 98}, {"text": "green bodies", "start": 205, "end": 217}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 135, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 159, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After sintering at 1500 °C, the ZrO2 formed thicker and denser CaZrO3 layers with the CaO over the CaO grain surfaces, which improved the strength and hydration resistance of the sintered CaO/CaZrO3 ceramic core bodies, and certainly reduced their collapsibility.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 179, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "ZrO2", "start": 32, "end": 36}, {"text": "CaZrO3", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 86, "end": 89}, {"text": "CaO", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "CaO/CaZrO3", "start": 188, "end": 198}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "collapsibility", "start": 248, "end": 262}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 138, "end": 146}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 161, "end": 171}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 207, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 3D numerical model is developed to study the flow mechanism with rotation nozzle at the corner under various conditions during the extrusion and deposition process; Material rheological properties have little effects on material distribution ratio at corners, while process parameters affect material distribution ratio significantly; Increasing corner radius and relative nozzle travel speed while decreasing nozzle aspect ratio are beneficial to suppressing uneven mass distribution at corners; When conducting corner printing with rotational rectangular nozzle, a greater amount of material is deposited inside the filament and hence tearing and skewing will occur on the surface of the printed filament.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 2, "end": 4}, {"text": "model", "start": 15, "end": 20}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 52, "end": 61}, {"text": "properties", "start": 188, "end": 198}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 231, "end": 243}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 268, "end": 286}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 303, "end": 315}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 474, "end": 486}, {"text": "surface", "start": 677, "end": 684}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 76, "end": 82}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 375, "end": 381}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 412, "end": 418}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 559, "end": 565}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 133, "end": 142}, {"text": "deposition process", "start": 147, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 167, "end": 175}, {"text": "material", "start": 222, "end": 230}, {"text": "material", "start": 294, "end": 302}, {"text": "material", "start": 587, "end": 595}, {"text": "filament", "start": 620, "end": 628}, {"text": "filament", "start": 700, "end": 708}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratio", "start": 419, "end": 431}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the aim of maintaining the surface finish and mechanical properties of the printed filament, a 3D numerical model is developed to study the flow mechanism at a corner under various conditions during the extrusion and deposition processes with rotational nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 32, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 51, "end": 72}, {"text": "3D", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "model", "start": 113, "end": 118}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 150, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 208, "end": 217}, {"text": "deposition processes", "start": 222, "end": 242}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 259, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After experimental validation, the numerical model is employed to study the material flow mechanism under various conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 6, "end": 18}, {"text": "model", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 76, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results indicate that the rheological properties have little effect on the mass distribution ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 30, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 84, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, a high relative nozzle travel speed, larger corner radii and lower nozzle aspect ratio is a promising route in obtaining a uniform material distribution ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 76, "end": 82}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratio", "start": 83, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 140, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 149, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interlinking of process parameters affects the material distribution ratio significantly as well.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 20, "end": 38}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the importance of the factors that affect the mass distribution was determined quantitatively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 64, "end": 76}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 92, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing technique which allows layer-by-layer build-up of a part by the deposition of thermoplastic material through a nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 38, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 73, "end": 87}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 114, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic material", "start": 128, "end": 150}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technique allows for complex shapes to be made with a degree of design freedom unachievable with traditional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 25, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degree of design freedom", "start": 58, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic materials used are low compared to common engineering materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 13, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic materials", "start": 42, "end": 65}, {"text": "engineering materials", "start": 98, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, composite 3D printing feedstocks for FFF are investigated, wherein carbon fibres are embedded into a thermoplastic matrix to increase strength and stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "carbon fibres", "start": 81, "end": 94}, {"text": "thermoplastic matrix", "start": 115, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 148, "end": 156}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 161, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, the key processing parameters for FFF are reviewed, showing how fibres alter the printing dynamics by changing the viscosity and the thermal profile of the printed material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "printing dynamics", "start": 88, "end": 105}, {"text": "thermal profile", "start": 140, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "fibres", "start": 71, "end": 77}, {"text": "material", "start": 171, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The state-of-the-art in composite 3D printing is presented, showing a distinction between short fibre feedstocks versus continuous fibre feedstocks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "state-of-the-art", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "short fibre feedstocks", "start": 90, "end": 112}, {"text": "continuous fibre feedstocks", "start": 120, "end": 147}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 34, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An experimental study was performed to benchmark these two methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 3, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 39, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that printing of continuous carbon fibres using the MarkOne printer gives significant increases in performance over unreinforced thermoplastics, with mechanical properties in the same order of magnitude of typical unidirectional epoxy matrix composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "continuous carbon fibres", "start": 29, "end": 53}, {"text": "unreinforced thermoplastics", "start": 128, "end": 155}, {"text": "unidirectional epoxy matrix composites", "start": 226, "end": 264}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "MarkOne printer", "start": 64, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 111, "end": 122}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 162, "end": 183}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 205, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method, however, is limited in design freedom as the brittle continuous carbon fibres can not be deposited freely through small steering radii and sharp angles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 35, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "carbon fibres", "start": 76, "end": 89}, {"text": "be", "start": 98, "end": 100}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "steering radii", "start": 132, "end": 146}], "feature": [{"text": "sharp angles", "start": 151, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Filaments with embedded short carbon microfibres (∼100 μm) show better print capabilities and are suitable for use with standard printing methods, but only offer a slight increase in mechanical properties over the pure thermoplastic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Filaments", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "carbon microfibres", "start": 30, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "print capabilities", "start": 71, "end": 89}, {"text": "standard", "start": 120, "end": 128}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 183, "end": 204}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermoplastic properties", "start": 219, "end": 243}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is hypothesized that increasing the fibre length in short fibre filament is expected to lead to increased mechanical properties, potentially approaching those of continuous fibre composites, whilst keeping the high degree of design freedom of the FFF process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fibre length", "start": 39, "end": 51}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 109, "end": 130}, {"text": "degree of design freedom", "start": 218, "end": 242}], "material": [{"text": "fibre filament", "start": 61, "end": 75}, {"text": "lead", "start": 91, "end": 95}, {"text": "continuous fibre composites", "start": 165, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 250, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Water-soluble glass patterned by 3D printing is a versatile tool for tissue engineering and microfluidics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Water-soluble glass", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "versatile tool", "start": 50, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 69, "end": 87}, {"text": "microfluidics", "start": 92, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Glasses can be patterned layer-by-layer as in conventional fused deposition modeling but also along 3D, “freeform” paths.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Glasses", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "be", "start": 12, "end": 14}, {"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 25, "end": 39}, {"text": "3D", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 59, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the latter approach, extruding heated material through a nozzle translating in 3D space allows for fabrication of sparse, freestanding networks of cylindrical filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruding", "start": 24, "end": 33}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 102, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 60, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D space", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "freestanding networks", "start": 125, "end": 146}, {"text": "cylindrical filaments", "start": 150, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These freeform structures are suitable for sacrificial molding with a variety of media, leaving complex microchannel networks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform structures", "start": 6, "end": 25}, {"text": "microchannel networks", "start": 104, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sacrificial molding", "start": 43, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, 3D printing carbohydrate glass in this way presents several unique challenges: 1) the material must resist degradation and crystallization during printing, 2) the glass must be hot enough to flow freely during extrusion and fuse to the printed construct, while cooling rapidly to retain its shape upon exiting the nozzle, 3) the extruder needs to apply high pressure, with rapid stop and start times and 4) the net force that acts on the filament during extrusion must be minimized so that the filament shape is predictable, i.e., coincides with the path taken by the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 219, "end": 228}, {"text": "fuse", "start": 233, "end": 237}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 463, "end": 472}], "material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "material", "start": 95, "end": 103}, {"text": "glass", "start": 172, "end": 177}, {"text": "be", "start": 183, "end": 185}, {"text": "filament", "start": 447, "end": 455}, {"text": "be", "start": 478, "end": 480}, {"text": "filament", "start": 503, "end": 511}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 116, "end": 127}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 132, "end": 147}, {"text": "flow freely", "start": 200, "end": 211}, {"text": "printed construct", "start": 245, "end": 262}, {"text": "cooling rapidly", "start": 270, "end": 285}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 367, "end": 375}, {"text": "force", "start": 424, "end": 429}, {"text": "predictable", "start": 521, "end": 532}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 323, "end": 329}, {"text": "extruder", "start": 338, "end": 346}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 577, "end": 583}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, we review the properties of commercially available carbohydrate glasses and provide a guide for processing isomalt, our material of choice, to achieve the best printing performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 21, "end": 31}, {"text": "printing performance", "start": 167, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "carbohydrate glasses", "start": 58, "end": 78}, {"text": "isomalt", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "material", "start": 127, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A pressure-controlled, piston-driven extruder is then described which allows for rapid responses and precise control over the material flow rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure-controlled", "start": 2, "end": 21}, {"text": "precise control", "start": 101, "end": 116}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "piston-driven extruder", "start": 23, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "material flow rate", "start": 126, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We then analyze the heat transfer within the filament and the forces that contribute to the filament’ s final shape.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 20, "end": 33}, {"text": "forces", "start": 62, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "filament", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "s", "start": 102, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find that the dominant force is due to the radial flow of the molten glass as it exits the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dominant force", "start": 17, "end": 31}, {"text": "radial flow", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "molten glass", "start": 65, "end": 77}, {"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 94, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This analysis is validated on a purpose-built isomalt 3D printer, which we utilize to characterize relationships between extrusion pressure, translation speed, filament diameter, and viscous force.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "isomalt", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "parameter": [{"text": "extrusion pressure", "start": 121, "end": 139}, {"text": "translation speed", "start": 141, "end": 158}, {"text": "filament diameter", "start": 160, "end": 177}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "viscous force", "start": 183, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The insights of the physics of the printing process enable fabrication of intricate freeform prints as well as layer-by-layer designs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "physics", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "intricate freeform prints", "start": 74, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 35, "end": 51}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 126, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The practical and theoretical considerations should facilitate adoption of additive manufacturing of carbohydrate glasses with applications to a wide variety of fields, including tissue engineering and microfluidics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 18, "end": 29}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 179, "end": 197}, {"text": "microfluidics", "start": 202, "end": 215}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "carbohydrate glasses", "start": 101, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-material 3D printing with several mechanically distinct materials at once has expanded the potential applications for additive manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Multi-material 3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 62, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fewer material options exist, however, for additive systems that employ vat photopolymerization (such as stereolithography, SLA, and digital light projection, DLP, 3D printers), which are more commonly used for advanced engineering prototypes and manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive systems", "start": 43, "end": 59}, {"text": "vat photopolymerization", "start": 72, "end": 95}, {"text": "digital light projection", "start": 133, "end": 157}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 159, "end": 162}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 247, "end": 260}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 124, "end": 127}, {"text": "3D printers", "start": 164, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "advanced engineering prototypes", "start": 211, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Those material selections that do exist are limited in their capacity for fusion due to disparate chemical and physical properties, limiting the potential mechanical range for multi-material printed composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "multi-material printed composites", "start": 176, "end": 209}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 74, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 111, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 155, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we present an ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate (EGPEA) -based formulation for a polymer resin yielding a range of elastic moduli between 0.6 MPa and 31 MPa simply by altering the ratio of monomer and crosslinker feedstocks in the formulation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate", "start": 20, "end": 57}, {"text": "EGPEA", "start": 59, "end": 64}, {"text": "polymer resin", "start": 91, "end": 104}, {"text": "monomer", "start": 199, "end": 206}, {"text": "crosslinker feedstocks", "start": 211, "end": 233}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 116, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic moduli", "start": 125, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 152, "end": 155}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 163, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This simple chemistry is also well suited to form seamless adhesions between mechanically dissimilar formulations, making it a promising candidate for multi-material DLP 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 5, "end": 11}, {"text": "multi-material DLP 3D printing", "start": 151, "end": 181}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemistry", "start": 12, "end": 21}, {"text": "seamless adhesions", "start": 50, "end": 68}, {"text": "mechanically dissimilar formulations", "start": 77, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preliminary tests with these polymer formulations indicate that variability due to molecular differences between hard and soft formulations is less than 3% of the prescribed model dimensions, comparable to existing commercial DLP and SLA resins, with unique advantages of a wide range of elastomer stiffness and seamless fusion for 3D printing of structurally detailed and mechanically heterogeneous composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "resins", "start": 238, "end": 244}, {"text": "heterogeneous composites", "start": 386, "end": 410}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variability", "start": 64, "end": 75}, {"text": "molecular differences", "start": 83, "end": 104}, {"text": "model dimensions", "start": 174, "end": 190}, {"text": "seamless fusion", "start": 312, "end": 327}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 226, "end": 229}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 332, "end": 343}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 234, "end": 237}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 279, "end": 284}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastomer stiffness", "start": 288, "end": 307}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We introduce a novel divide-and-conquer approach for 3D printing, which provides automatic decomposition and configuration of an input object into print-ready components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "decomposition", "start": 91, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 109, "end": 122}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 159, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our method improves 3D printing by reducing material consumption, decreasing printing time, and improving fidelity of printed models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 44, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then the configuration phase provides a robust algorithm to pack the components for an efficient print job.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 9, "end": 22}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 47, "end": 56}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results show that the framework can reduce print time by up to 65% (fused deposition modeling, or FDM) and 36% (stereolithography, or SLA) on average and diminish material consumption by up to 35% (FDM) and 10% (SLA) on consumer printers, while also providing more accurate objects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "average", "start": 146, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 47, "end": 52}, {"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 72, "end": 97}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 102, "end": 105}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 116, "end": 133}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 202, "end": 205}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 138, "end": 141}, {"text": "SLA", "start": 216, "end": 219}, {"text": "printers", "start": 233, "end": 241}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 167, "end": 175}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 269, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional 3D printing approaches are restricted to building up material in a layer-by-layer format, which is more appropriately considered “2.5-D” printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "building up material", "start": 54, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 80, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The layered structure inherently results in significant mechanical anisotropy in printed parts, causing the tensile strength in the build direction (z-axis) to be only a fraction of the in-plane strength–a decrease of 50–75% is common.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layered structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "z-axis", "start": 149, "end": 155}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 170, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 56, "end": 77}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 108, "end": 124}, {"text": "in-plane strength", "start": 186, "end": 203}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 132, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 160, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a novel “z-pinning” approach is described that allows continuous material to be deposited across multiple layers within the volume of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "z-pinning", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "be", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 139, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The z-pinning process is demonstrated using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) printer for polylactic acid (PLA) and carbon fiber reinforced PLA.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "z-pinning", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 46, "end": 72}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 91, "end": 106}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 108, "end": 111}, {"text": "carbon fiber reinforced PLA", "start": 117, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For both materials, z-pinning increased the tensile strength and toughness in the z-direction by more than a factor of 3.5.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 9, "end": 18}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "z-pinning", "start": 20, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 44, "end": 60}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 82, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct comparisons to tensile strength in the x-axis showed a significant decrease in mechanical anisotropy as the volume of the pin was increased relative to the void in the rectilinear grid structure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 22, "end": 38}, {"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 86, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 115, "end": 121}, {"text": "void", "start": 163, "end": 167}, {"text": "rectilinear grid structure", "start": 175, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In fact, the PLA sample with the largest pin volume demonstrated mechanically isotropic properties within the statistical uncertainty of the tests.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 13, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 78, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile test results were also analyzed relative to the functional area resisting deformation for each sample.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile test", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 82, "end": 93}, {"text": "sample", "start": 103, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Digital light processing 3D printing method was used to fabricate conductive parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Digital light processing 3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 36}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 56, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MWCNTs were used with photocurable resin to form conductive ink for 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photocurable resin", "start": 22, "end": 40}, {"text": "ink", "start": 60, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 68, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Complicated 3D conductive structures were demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 12, "end": 14}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These structures can be used as capacitive sensors and shape memory composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "as", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "composites", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 43, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing has gained significant research interest recently for directly manufacturing 3D components and structures for use in a variety of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "3D", "start": 89, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a digital light processing (DLP®) based 3D printing technique was explored to manufacture electrically conductive objects of polymer nanocomposites.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital light processing", "start": 17, "end": 41}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture electrically", "start": 93, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 140, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, the ink was made of a mixture of photocurable resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 10, "end": 13}, {"text": "photocurable resin", "start": 39, "end": 57}, {"text": "carbon nanotubes", "start": 76, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The concentrations of MWCNT as well as the printing parameters were investigated to yield optimal conductivity and printing quality.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 52, "end": 62}, {"text": "quality", "start": 124, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 98, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We found that 0.3 wt% loading of MWCNT in the resin matrix can provide the maximum electrical conductivity of 0.027S/m under the resin viscosity limit that allows high printing quality.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "resin", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 83, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 145, "end": 150}, {"text": "quality", "start": 177, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With electric conductivity, the printed MWCNT nanocomposites can be used as smart materials and structures with strain sensitivity and shape memory effect.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "conductivity", "start": 14, "end": 26}, {"text": "strain", "start": 112, "end": 118}, {"text": "shape memory effect", "start": 135, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 119, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate that the printed conductive complex structures as hollow capacitive sensor, electrically activated shape memory composites, stretchable circuits, showing the versatility of DLP® 3D printing for conductive complex structures.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printed conductive", "start": 24, "end": 42}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 43, "end": 61}, {"text": "electrically", "start": 91, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "composites", "start": 127, "end": 137}], "feature": [{"text": "stretchable", "start": 139, "end": 150}, {"text": "conductive complex structures", "start": 209, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 193, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, mechanical tests showed that the addition of MWCNT could slightly increase the modulus and ultimate tensile stress while decreasing slightly the ultimate stretch, indicating that the new functionality is not obtained at the price of sacrificing mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 13, "end": 29}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile stress", "start": 113, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 258, "end": 279}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing technology has revolutionized the field of machinery, aerospace, and electronics.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 81, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To address the shortcomings of previous studies on improving the poor mechanical properties of the resin used in 3D printers, this study presents a technology for fabricating short fibres or a continuous fibre-composite material using stereolithography 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 70, "end": 91}, {"text": "technology", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 99, "end": 104}, {"text": "fibres", "start": 181, "end": 187}, {"text": "material", "start": 220, "end": 228}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 163, "end": 174}, {"text": "stereolithography 3D printing", "start": 235, "end": 264}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Glass powder and fibreglass fabric were used as the discontinuous and continuous fibre reinforcement of light-cured resin material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Glass", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "as", "start": 45, "end": 47}, {"text": "fibre", "start": 81, "end": 86}, {"text": "resin material", "start": 116, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength and Young’ s modulus showed a marked increase: these were 7.2 and 11.5 times higher than those of the resin specimen, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 32, "end": 33}, {"text": "resin", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printing of fiber-reinforced soft composites (FrSCs) is a hybrid process that combines conventional inkjet-based 3D printing with the directed deposition of electrospun polymer fiber mats.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "polymer fiber", "start": 176, "end": 189}, {"text": "mats", "start": 190, "end": 194}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 150, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper investigates the spreading characteristics of droplets when deposited on fibrous substrates, under conditions relevant to 3D printing of aligned FrSCs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fibrous", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 133, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-speed imaging is used to study the characteristic time-scales and the spreading behavior of the droplets.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 101, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The single droplet impingement studies on stationary substrates reveal that the presence of fibers promotes droplet spreading along the length of the fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 150, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Occasional surface energy variations in the fiber mats in the form of voids and fiber bundles are also seen to affect the droplet shape and the characteristic spreading times.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 11, "end": 18}, {"text": "variations", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "voids", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "fiber bundles", "start": 80, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of a moving substrate, the droplets are seen to spread the most during in-line printing, i.e., when the direction of the printing velocity coincides with the direction of fiber alignment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 24, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "spread", "start": 60, "end": 66}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber alignment", "start": 183, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "They spread the least during orthogonal printing, i.e., when the direction of the printing velocity is perpendicular to the direction of fiber alignment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spread", "start": 5, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber alignment", "start": 137, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings of the high-speed imaging studies have been confirmed by 3D printing comparable artifacts using UV curable inks.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 70, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 109, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These studies indicate that for a given fiber mat and UV curable ink combination, the choice of the in-line or orthogonal printing strategy has implications for the overall printing time, fiber content, edge resolution and surface quality of the 3D printed FrSC part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "ink", "start": 65, "end": 68}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 188, "end": 193}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 54, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 208, "end": 218}, {"text": "surface quality", "start": 223, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 246, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-material extrusion in 3D printing is gaining attention due to a wide range of possibilities that it provides, specially driven by the commercial availability of a large variety of non-conventional filament materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Multi-material", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 15, "end": 24}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 28, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 203, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this in mind, this paper addresses the mechanical performance of multi-material printed objects, specially focused on the interface zone generated between the different materials at their geometrical boundaries.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "interface", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "materials", "start": 174, "end": 183}], "feature": [{"text": "boundaries", "start": 205, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile test specimens were designed and printed in three types: (A) a single-material specimen printed by a single extrusion head; (B) a single-material but multi-section specimen printed in a zebra-crossing structure by two extrusion heads; and (C) a multi-material specimen printed with two materials in a zebra-crossing pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile test", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extrusion head", "start": 116, "end": 130}, {"text": "extrusion heads", "start": 226, "end": 241}], "material": [{"text": "B", "start": 133, "end": 134}, {"text": "C", "start": 248, "end": 249}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 209, "end": 218}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 253, "end": 267}, {"text": "materials", "start": 294, "end": 303}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 324, "end": 331}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The materials considered were PLA, TPU and PET.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 30, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The comparison of the mechanical performance between Type-A and -B specimens demonstrated the negative influence of the presence of a geometrical boundary interface between the same material.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 22, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 146, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 182, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology proposed to assess the quality of the pairs of materials selected is innovative, and enabled to depict the importance of the boundary design in multi-material printing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "quality", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "materials", "start": 63, "end": 72}], "feature": [{"text": "boundary", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multi-material printing", "start": 160, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of the present work was to develop a pilot scale process to produce drug-loaded filaments for 3D printing of oral solid dose forms by fused filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 102, "end": 113}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 142, "end": 168}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 170, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using hot melt extrusion, a viable operating space and understanding of processing limits were established using a hydrophilic polymer (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)–Affinisol™ LV15).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melt extrusion", "start": 10, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 83, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 127, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the process development work, challenges in achieving a pilot scale process for filament production for pharmaceutical applications have been highlighted.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "process", "start": 73, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "pharmaceutical", "start": 109, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing trials across the range of compositions demonstrated limitations concerning the ability to print successfully across all compositions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "print", "start": 103, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 30, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from characterisation techniques including thermal and mechanical testing when applied to the formulated filaments indicated that these techniques are a useful predictive measure for assessing the ability to print a given formulation via filament methods.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 63, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 113, "end": 122}, {"text": "filament", "start": 246, "end": 254}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 216, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, fabrication methods using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinters are limited by the simple nozzle-based extrusion or uncontrollability of photo-reactive systems.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 9, "end": 20}, {"text": "simple", "start": 89, "end": 95}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "3D", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, most studies on inducing topographical cues were focused on two-dimensional (2D) surface structures and based on imprinting and soft-lithography processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "two-dimensional", "start": 67, "end": 82}, {"text": "2D", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "processes", "start": 152, "end": 161}], "feature": [{"text": "surface structures", "start": 88, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although 2D patterned surfaces provide outstanding insight into optimal patterned architectures by facilitating the analysis of various myoblast responses, it can be difficult to achieve complex 3D structures with microscale topographical cues.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 195, "end": 208}, {"text": "microscale", "start": 214, "end": 224}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 163, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this reason, we propose a new strategy for obtaining topographical cues in 3D printed synthetic biopolymers for regenerating muscle tissue.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "biopolymers", "start": 100, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A uniaxially aligned pattern was obtained on the struts of the matrix composed of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) or poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), by taking advantage of the immiscible rheological properties and flow-induced force in the dispersed pluronic F-127 phase (sacrificial material) and matrix materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "force", "start": 230, "end": 235}, {"text": "phase", "start": 268, "end": 273}, {"text": "materials", "start": 308, "end": 317}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "PCL", "start": 105, "end": 108}, {"text": "PLGA", "start": 145, "end": 149}, {"text": "material", "start": 287, "end": 295}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 190, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stereolithography is a 3D printing technique in which a liquid monomer is photopolymerized to produce a solid object.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Stereolithography", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 23, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "monomer", "start": 63, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Photoinitiators can absorb UV or (less often) visible light, producing radicals for direct decomposition or hydrogen abstraction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "abstraction", "start": 117, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "decomposition", "start": 91, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In fact, vegetable oils contain unsaturations, and thus, they can be exploited as monomers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oils", "start": 19, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, linseed oil, tung oil or edible oils (soybean, sunflower or corn) could be good candidates as raw materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oil", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "oil", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "oils", "start": 47, "end": 51}, {"text": "be", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 113, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unfortunately, the photoinduced radical polymerization of these oils either does not occur or is too slow for 3D printing applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 40, "end": 54}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 110, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "oils", "start": 64, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this reason, the oils were modified as epoxides.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oils", "start": 21, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Epoxides are monomers that are more reactive than natural oils, and they can be polymerized via a cationic mechanism.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oils", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "be", "start": 77, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 107, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of this work was to exploit visible light generated by a common digital projector (like those used in classrooms) as a light source.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "projector", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "light source", "start": 127, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vegetable oil epoxides, together with curcumin and visible light could replace acrylates from 3D printing.Download: Download high-res image (82 Challenging to 3-D print functional parts with known mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oil", "start": 10, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 125, "end": 139}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 159, "end": 162}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 197, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using variable open source 3-D printers for a wide range of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 20, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "materials", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 51, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tested tensile strength following ASTM D638 for fused filament fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 7, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 48, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile strength of a 3-D printed specimen depends largely on the mass.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile strength", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 22, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "2 step process developed to screen 3-D prints for mechanical functionality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step process", "start": 2, "end": 14}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "mechanical functionality", "start": 50, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing functional parts with known mechanical properties is challenging using variable open source 3D printers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 40, "end": 61}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 97, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts using a commercial open-source 3D printer for a wide range of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 28, "end": 49}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "materials", "start": 132, "end": 141}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 53, "end": 69}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 123, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples are tested for tensile strength following ASTM D638.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 27, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results are presented and conclusions are drawn about the mechanical properties of various fused filament fabrication materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 62, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 95, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study demonstrates that the tensile strength of a 3D printed specimen depends largely on the mass of the specimen, for all materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 32, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, to solve the challenge of unknown print quality on mechanical properties of a 3D printed part a two step process is proposed, which has a reasonably high expectation that a part will have tensile strengths described in this study for a given material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "print quality", "start": 40, "end": 53}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 57, "end": 78}, {"text": "step process", "start": 106, "end": 118}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed part", "start": 84, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 194, "end": 211}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 248, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This mass is compared to the theoretical value using densities for the material and the volume of the object.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "volume", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 71, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This two step process provides a means to assist low-cost open-source 3D printers expand the range of object production to functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step process", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 58, "end": 69}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 70, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Novel blend feedstocks developed using recycled plastic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "plastic", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recycled", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "materials", "start": 56, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Blend composition and processing conditions optimized for morphology/interfacial adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Blend", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 81, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Blend perform on par with commercial HIPS filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Blend", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "HIPS filaments", "start": 37, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recycled polymer blends are valid feedstocks for AM and could be used for manufacturing in remote environments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recycled", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "polymer blends", "start": 9, "end": 23}, {"text": "feedstocks", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 74, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consumer-grade plastics can be considered a low-cost and sustainable feedstock for fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastics", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "be", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainable", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 83, "end": 109}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 111, "end": 114}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 116, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such materials are excellent candidates for distributed manufacturing, in which parts are printed from local materials at the point of need.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "materials", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Most plastic waste streams contain a mixture of polymers, such as water bottles and caps comprised of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP), and complete separation is rarely implemented.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 102, "end": 128}, {"text": "polypropylene", "start": 139, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, blends of waste PET, PP and polystyrene (PS) were processed into filaments for 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blends", "start": 14, "end": 20}, {"text": "polystyrene", "start": 42, "end": 53}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processed", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 93, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of blend composition and styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) compatibilizer on the resulting mechanical and thermal properties were probed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 109, "end": 119}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 124, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recycled PET had the highest tensile strength at 35 ± 8 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recycled", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 56, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 29, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Blends of PP/PET compatibilized with SEBS and maleic anhydride functionalized SEBS had tensile strengths of 23 ± 1 MPa and 24 ± 1 MPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Blends", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 87, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 115, "end": 118}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 130, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The non-compatibilized PP/PS blend had a tensile strength of 22 ± 1 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 41, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 68, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PP/PS blends exhibited reduced tensile strength to ca.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blends", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "ca", "start": 51, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 31, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elongation to failure was generally improved for the blended materials compared to neat recycled PET and PS.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Elongation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "materials", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 88, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The glass transition was shifted to higher temperatures for all of the blends except the 50–50 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "blends", "start": 71, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 43, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% PP/PET blend.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 9, "end": 14}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% PP/PET blend with SEBS-maleic anhydride.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 9, "end": 14}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Solvent extraction of the dispersed phase revealed polypropylene was the matrix phase in both the 50–50 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "phase", "start": 80, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "polypropylene", "start": 51, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% PP/PET and PP/PS blends.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blends", "start": 19, "end": 25}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds are becoming more and more important for treating musculoskeletal diseases.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "phosphate", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 34, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the maturation of 3D printing (3DP) technology in the past two decades, porous TCP scaffolds can also be easily prepared with complex design and high dimensional accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 36, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 88, "end": 97}, {"text": "design", "start": 139, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 107, "end": 109}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 155, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the mechanical and biological properties of porous TCP scaffolds prepared by 3D printing still need improvements.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 86, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, novel 3D printed TCP and MgO/ZnO-TCP scaffolds were prepared by an binder-jet 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scaffolds had a dense core and porous surface feature with a designed pore size of 500 μm and a designed porosity of 18%.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Scaffolds", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "feature", "start": 46, "end": 53}, {"text": "designed", "start": 61, "end": 69}, {"text": "designed", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 31, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After printing, scaffolds were sintered in a muffle furnace at 1250 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "furnace", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of MgO and ZnO increased the surface area of TCP from 1.18 ± 0.01 m2/g to 2.65 ± 0.02 m2/g, the bulk density from 37.89 ± 0.83% to 50.82 ± 1.10%, and the compressive strength from 17.94 ± 1.65 MPa to 27.46 ± 2.63 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "MgO", "start": 16, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface area", "start": 42, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 167, "end": 187}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 206, "end": 209}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 226, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Enhanced osteoblast proliferation was shown in doped 3D printed TCP scaffolds compared to the pure 3DP TCP.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 53, "end": 63}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 99, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 68, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the use of 3D printing as well as dense core and porous surface design enhanced the surface roughness and osteoblast proliferation of TCP scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 53, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 97, "end": 114}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast", "start": 119, "end": 129}, {"text": "TCP scaffolds", "start": 147, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This novel 3D printed MgO/ZnO-TCP scaffold shows enhanced mechanical and biological properties, which is promising for orthopedic and dental applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "dental applications", "start": 134, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also referred to as 3D printing, is a class of manufacturing techniques that fabricate three dimensional (3D) objects by accumulating materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 85, "end": 98}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 115, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 144, "end": 146}, {"text": "materials", "start": 172, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Constrained surface based stereolithography is one of the most widely used AM techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "AM techniques", "start": 75, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the process, a thin layer of liquid photosensitive resin is constrained between a constrained surface and the platform or part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 7, "end": 14}, {"text": "surface", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 23, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "photosensitive resin", "start": 39, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 113, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The light penetrates the transparent constrained surface and cures that layer of liquid polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transparent", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "surface", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 72, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then the platform is moved up to separate the newly cured layer to let new liquid resin fill into the gap and get cured.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cured layer", "start": 52, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 82, "end": 87}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 114, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The separation of newly cured layer from the constrained surface is a grand challenge that limits the printable size and printing speed in this manufacturing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cured layer", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "surface", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "limits", "start": 91, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 121, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 144, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerous experimental works have been performed to understand how to reduce the separation force in the process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "separation force", "start": 80, "end": 96}, {"text": "process", "start": 104, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper we study a new design of constrained surface with radial groove texture that significantly influences the effectiveness of reduction of the separation force and hence the manufacturing capability via theoretical modeling.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 29, "end": 35}, {"text": "texture", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 120, "end": 133}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "separation force", "start": 154, "end": 170}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 214, "end": 225}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 185, "end": 198}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 226, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed model is validated with numerical simulations demonstrating an excellent agreement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulations", "start": 37, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate the possibility of drastic reduction of the separation force (up to 112%) via surface texturing of the permeable window for continuous 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "separation force", "start": 59, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface texturing", "start": 93, "end": 110}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 150, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel large-scale 3D printer is introduced.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 20, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A full scaffolding solution allows any 3D geometry to be printed.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "scaffolding", "start": 7, "end": 18}], "feature": [{"text": "3D geometry", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Part geometry errors are detected and corrected using geometric feedback.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry errors", "start": 5, "end": 20}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 64, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although additive manufacturing (AM) is now a well-established industry, very few large-scale AM systems have been developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "AM", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "AM", "start": 94, "end": 96}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 63, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, a large-scale 3D printer is introduced, which uses a six-degree-of-freedom cable-suspended robot for positioning, with polyurethane foam as the object material and shaving foam as the support material.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "robot", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "polyurethane foam", "start": 125, "end": 142}, {"text": "as", "start": 143, "end": 145}, {"text": "material", "start": 157, "end": 165}, {"text": "foam", "start": 178, "end": 182}, {"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}, {"text": "support material", "start": 190, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "shaving", "start": 170, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cable-positioning systems provide large ranges of motion and cables can be compactly wound on spools, making them less expensive, much lighter, more transportable, and more easily reconfigurable, compared to the gantry-type positioning systems traditionally used in 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 72, "end": 74}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "positioning systems", "start": 224, "end": 243}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 266, "end": 277}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D foam printer performance is demonstrated through the construction of a 2.16-m-high statue of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, at an accuracy of approximately 1 cm, which requires 38 h of printing time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 4, "end": 6}, {"text": "performance", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 165, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The system advantages and drawbacks are then discussed, and novel features such as unique support techniques and geometric feedback are highlighted.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 123, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PA/ABS blend optimized formulation improved bead-bead adhesion in 3-D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blend", "start": 7, "end": 12}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 66, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy ratio (z property/x property) indicator of bead-bead adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "property", "start": 31, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Small-scale printing can provide test case for large-scale printed material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 67, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SMA was an effective compatiblizer for PA/ABS blends at printed interface.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "blends", "start": 46, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 64, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For additive manufacturing interfacial adhesion (bead-bead) remains an important issue affecting uniformity of mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 39, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 111, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present work examined the role a compatibilizer would play when used in fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 76, "end": 102}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 104, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both small and large-scale 3-D component properties were examined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "properties", "start": 41, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical property anisotropy ratio, an indication of bead-bead adhesive strength (defined as a property measured along the z axis versus the x axis) is representative of adhesive strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 4, "end": 23}, {"text": "property", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "adhesive", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "adhesive", "start": 176, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large-scale (big area additive manufacturing, BAAM) tests (flexural properties) showed 62% improvement in the anisotropy ratio for modulus, 77% improvement in the anisotropy ratio of the strength, 56% improvement in the anisotropy ratio of elongation at break, and 55% improvement of the anisotropy ratio of the Charpy impact strength over the control PA values.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "impact", "start": 319, "end": 325}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 110, "end": 120}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 163, "end": 173}, {"text": "strength", "start": 187, "end": 195}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 220, "end": 230}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 240, "end": 250}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 288, "end": 298}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 352, "end": 354}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, use of compatibilized polymer blends can provide customized materials without the need for new chemistry.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer blends", "start": 28, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 66, "end": 75}, {"text": "chemistry", "start": 101, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Addition of maleic anhydride-compatibilized ABS improved PA blend bead-bead adhesion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "blend", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 76, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thixotropic ink is able to maintain the shape after direct printing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thixotropic", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 16, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MNPs interact with polymer network and alter its physicochemical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nanofiller renders the 3D-printed hydrogel magnetic.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 23, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D-printed objects can be remotely actuated via magnetic fields.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic fields", "start": 48, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetic hydrogels have a myriad of promising applications including soft electronics, flexible robotics, biomedical devices, and wastewater treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogels", "start": 9, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electronics", "start": 74, "end": 85}], "application": [{"text": "robotics", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "wastewater treatment", "start": 130, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, their potential is limited by conventional fabrication methods which impede creating convoluted geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 52, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing may replace traditional fabrication techniques as it has an ability to fabricate complex shapes using a wide variety of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 83, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 132, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new 3D printing ink, a bionanocomposite based on alginate, methylcellulose and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was used to print pre-designed high-quality 3D structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "print", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "alginate", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 90, "end": 103}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 155, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional hydrogel constructs had good mechanical stability and exhibited responsiveness to an applied magnetic field.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "magnetic field", "start": 111, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 47, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inclusion of the MNPs within the hydrogel and its precursor (ink) influenced their rheological properties-and mechanical stability.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Inclusion", "start": 0, "end": 9}, {"text": "hydrogel", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "precursor", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "ink", "start": 61, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 83, "end": 105}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 110, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MNPs were found to play dual roles: (1) as a nanofiller that interacts with polymer backbone and alters its physicochemical properties, and (2) as a function provider that renders a bionanocomposite magnetic.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "as", "start": 144, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The magnetic ink allows for the fabrication of multi-material structures such as hydrogels with a magnetic nanoparticle gradient.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 13, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "multi-material structures", "start": 47, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D-printed objects can be remotely actuated via magnetic fields.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 23, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic fields", "start": 48, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reactive magnesium oxide cement (RMC) is gaining increasing attention as a sustainable construction material due to its significantly low carbon footprint during the production as well as the operational phase compared to the conventional Portland cement.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "magnesium oxide", "start": 9, "end": 24}, {"text": "cement", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 177, "end": 179}, {"text": "as", "start": 185, "end": 187}, {"text": "cement", "start": 248, "end": 254}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "RMC", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sustainable", "start": 75, "end": 86}, {"text": "carbon footprint", "start": 138, "end": 154}, {"text": "phase", "start": 204, "end": 209}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 87, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 166, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Whereas several studies have demonstrated the potential of RMC as a suitable and environment-friendly construction material, this study reports that RMC can be shaped into complex structures via three-dimensional (3D) printing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "RMC", "start": 59, "end": 62}, {"text": "RMC", "start": 149, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "be", "start": 157, "end": 159}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 102, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 172, "end": 190}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 195, "end": 212}, {"text": "3D", "start": 214, "end": 216}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "printing technology", "start": 218, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By adding suitable additives and only 3 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additives", "start": 19, "end": 28}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% of caustic magnesium oxide to the commercially available RMC, appropriate rheology and buildability were achieved that enabled smooth 3D printing of complex structures with precise shape retention.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "magnesium oxide", "start": 13, "end": 28}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "RMC", "start": 59, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheology", "start": 76, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 136, "end": 147}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 151, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the 3D printed RMC exhibited higher densification and nearly twofold the compressive strength as compared to its cast counterpart.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "densification", "start": 46, "end": 59}, {"text": "cast", "start": 123, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 83, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, this work demonstrates the potential of RMC as a 3D printable construction material for sustainable and modern architecture.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "RMC", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 60, "end": 62}, {"text": "sustainable", "start": 99, "end": 110}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 73, "end": 85}, {"text": "architecture", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Achievement of optimized lateral and vertical resolution is a key factor to obtaining three-dimensional (3D) structural details fabricated through digital light processing (DLP) -based 3D printing technologies which exploit digitalized ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV light to trigger localized photopolymerization forming solid patterns from liquid polymer resins.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 37, "end": 45}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 86, "end": 103}, {"text": "3D", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 128, "end": 138}, {"text": "ultraviolet", "start": 236, "end": 247}, {"text": "UV", "start": 249, "end": 251}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 46, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital light processing", "start": 147, "end": 171}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 173, "end": 176}, {"text": "photopolymerization forming", "start": 291, "end": 318}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 185, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "polymer resins", "start": 346, "end": 360}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many efforts have been made to optimize printing resolution through improving the optical systems.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 82, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, researchers have paid comparatively little attention to understand the influences of polymer formulation on the printing resolution and surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "surface quality", "start": 145, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we report an investigation on the effects of in-house formulated (meth) acrylate-based photopolymer constituent types and concentrations on the resolution and quality of structures printed on a bottom-exposure DLP-based 3D printing system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 93, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 165, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 226, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We examined a wide variety of resin formulations to determine optimal formulations that yield best printing resolution and surface quality over a reasonably broad range of mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 108, "end": 118}, {"text": "surface quality", "start": 123, "end": 138}, {"text": "range", "start": 163, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 172, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrated the controlled fabrication of sub-pixel conical and aspherical smooth features, whereby the shape and dimensions could be prescribed with the resin formulation and process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 135, "end": 137}, {"text": "resin", "start": 158, "end": 163}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 180, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such features hold promising implications in micro-optic and microfluidic fabrication using the DLP-based 3D printing technique.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 74, "end": 85}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 106, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Use of this solution minimized the ‘stair-stepping’ effect in components printed in a layer-by-layer manner.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 86, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 62, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Taken together, the present findings provide a basis for optimized photopolymer resin formulations that retain maximum vertical and lateral resolutions and minimal surface roughness and layering artifacts for a versatile range of mechanical and rheological properties suited to novel applications in 3D printing of smooth free-form solids, micro-optics, and direct fabrication of microfluidic platforms with functional surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymer resin", "start": 67, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 119, "end": 127}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 419, "end": 427}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 164, "end": 181}, {"text": "rheological properties", "start": 245, "end": 267}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 221, "end": 226}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 230, "end": 240}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 300, "end": 311}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 365, "end": 376}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimization of slurry compositions and processing parameters has significant potential for layered extrusion forming, a novel slurry-based additive manufacturing method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "slurry", "start": 20, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 104, "end": 113}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 144, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimal slurry composition was composed of 50vol.% Al2O3 loading, 1.5wt.% acetic acid as dispersant and 2wt.% methylcellulose solution as binder.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "slurry", "start": 12, "end": 18}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 55, "end": 60}, {"text": "as", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "as", "start": 139, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 19, "end": 30}, {"text": "solution", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The processing parameters including layer height, print speed and nozzle diameter significantly influenced the fabrication quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 66, "end": 81}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 36, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 50, "end": 55}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 111, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The orthogonal experiment showed that the print speed of 15mm/s, nozzle diameter of 0.40mm and layer height set as 70% of nozzle diameter was the optimized processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 65, "end": 80}, {"text": "nozzle diameter", "start": 122, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 95, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lattice structure constructed under the optimized conditions exhibited uniform and well-shaped morphology before and after sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The solid-infilled ceramic specimen prepared via optimized parameters exhibited uniform structure and the surface roughness was 0.75μm, which greatly improved the surface quality.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 19, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "structure", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 106, "end": 123}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 163, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Current 3D printing capabilities onboard the International Space Station (ISS) are classified as experimental payloads.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 8, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As payloads the products of these printers are returned to the ground for testing and analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it has long been thought that 3D printing must one day become a tool of space operations much like the electrical diagnostic equipment, and the soldering iron.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 39, "end": 50}, {"text": "soldering", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 73, "end": 77}, {"text": "equipment", "start": 134, "end": 143}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 112, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "iron", "start": 163, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper explores a case study in the use of one of the payload 3D printers to manufacture a device to be used by the crew as part of nominal ISS Operations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The path from concept development through onboard printing and crew inspection will be described.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lessons learned from this process are reviewed as constructive feedback on how existing processes can be expanded to enable this capability in the future.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "processes", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "be", "start": 106, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 67, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This experience will be carried forward into the development of a new process which will open the door for future use of 3D printing onboard the ISS.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 21, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 121, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous fiber–reinforced thermosetting polymer composites (CFRTPCs) were prepared via three–dimensional (3D) printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermosetting polymer", "start": 28, "end": 49}, {"text": "composites", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Typical process parameters were systematically investigated over a wide range.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 8, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 72, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printed CFRTPC samples exhibited maximum flexural strength and modulus of 952.89 MPa and 74.05 GPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 84, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 44, "end": 61}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 98, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical performance of the optimized process has increased nearly an order of magnitude than the previous reports.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 40, "end": 47}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 81, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Advanced composite structures can be 3D printed for potential applications in the future research.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Advanced composite", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous fiber-reinforced thermosetting polymer composites (CFRTPCs) were prepared via three-dimensional (3D) printing in this study.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "thermosetting polymer", "start": 28, "end": 49}, {"text": "composites", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 89, "end": 106}, {"text": "3D", "start": 108, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The entire process was divided into impregnation, printing, and curing stages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "impregnation", "start": 36, "end": 48}, {"text": "curing", "start": 64, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The impregnation stage ensured a tightly bonded interface and uniform distribution of fibers and resin.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "impregnation", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 70, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 86, "end": 92}, {"text": "resin", "start": 97, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printing stage solved the great conveying resistance and poor adhesion caused by the addition of continuous fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistance", "start": 46, "end": 56}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "continuous fibers", "start": 101, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The curing stage aimed to preserve the shapes of the pre-formed samples and completed the polymerization and crosslinking reactions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "polymerization", "start": 90, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An investigation into the experimental design focused on optimizing the parameters of the manufacturing process, wherein printing speed, printing space, printing thickness, curing pressure, and curing temperature were selected as target variables.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental design", "start": 26, "end": 45}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 72, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 90, "end": 111}, {"text": "curing", "start": 173, "end": 179}, {"text": "curing", "start": 194, "end": 200}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 121, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 227, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, 3D printed CFRTPC samples with 58 wt.% fiber content exhibited maximum flexural strength and modulus of 952.89 MPa and 74.05 GPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 27, "end": 34}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 120, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 80, "end": 97}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, complex CFRTPC components were fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility and generality of the proposed technique.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 25, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results may broaden the potential use of 3D printed CFRTPCs in aerospace, defense, and automotive applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 69, "end": 78}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hybrid multi-objective optimization approach is proposed to optimize the printed line quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 25, "end": 37}, {"text": "quality", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inherent contradiction is analyzed by a statistical response surface methodology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "response surface methodology", "start": 56, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The robust 3D optimal Pareto front is identified based on statistical uncertainty and a genetic algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 11, "end": 13}, {"text": "Pareto", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "genetic algorithm", "start": 88, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is an emerging 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate customized and conformal microelectronic components on various flexible substrates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "printing technology", "start": 61, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 84, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 135, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the AJP technology has the capability of depositing fine features, the inherent contradiction between the printed line thickness and line edge roughness has a great impact on the printed line quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 17, "end": 27}, {"text": "impact", "start": 174, "end": 180}, {"text": "quality", "start": 201, "end": 208}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 152, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed approach consists of a central composite design (CCD), a response surface methodology, a desirability function approach and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "response surface methodology", "start": 70, "end": 98}, {"text": "genetic algorithm", "start": 161, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the proposed approach, the response surface methodology is combined with the CCD to investigate and quantify the correlations between the printed line features and the key process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "response surface methodology", "start": 30, "end": 58}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 175, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "And the conflicting relationship between the printed line edge roughness and line thickness is identified by the CCD derived response surface models (RSMs).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 63, "end": 72}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "surface models", "start": 134, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid multi-objective optimization approach is beneficial to minimize the conflict between the printed line features, hence the lines can be produced with low line edge roughness and sufficient line thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 78, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 194, "end": 196}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "roughness", "start": 225, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different from a traditional trial-and-error method in AJP, the proposed printing quality optimization approach is developed based on the principles of statistical modeling, analysis of variance and global optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trial-and-error", "start": 29, "end": 44}, {"text": "quality optimization", "start": 82, "end": 102}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 206, "end": 218}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 164, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the proposed printing quality optimization approach is more efficient and systematic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality optimization", "start": 33, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the data-driven based characteristic makes the proposed approach applicable to other multi-objective optimization researches in additive manufacturing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 111, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 138, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We explore elastic wave focusing and enhanced energy harvesting by means of a 3D-printed Gradient-Index Phononic Crystal Lens (GRIN-PCL) bonded on a metallic host structure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 11, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "energy harvesting", "start": 46, "end": 63}, {"text": "structure", "start": 163, "end": 172}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "Lens", "start": 121, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 149, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The lens layer is fabricated by 3D printing a rectangular array of cylindrical nylon stubs with varying heights.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lens", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 32, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 9, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 67, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stub heights are designed to obtain a hyperbolic secant distribution of the refractive index to achieve the required phase velocity variation in space, hence the gradient-index lens behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 60, "end": 72}, {"text": "phase", "start": 121, "end": 126}, {"text": "variation", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lens", "start": 181, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite element simulations are performed on composite unit cells with various stub heights to obtain the lowest antisymmetric mode Lamb wave band diagrams, yielding a correlation between the stub height and refractive index.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite element", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 59, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elastic wave focusing performance of lenses with different design parameters (gradient coefficient and aperture size) is simulated numerically under plane wave excitation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "excitation", "start": 164, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is observed that the focal points of the wider aperture lens designs have better consistency with the analytical beam trajectory results.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lens", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 64, "end": 71}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consistency", "start": 84, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 116, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiments are conducted using a PA2200 nylon lens bonded to an aluminum plate to demonstrate wave focusing and enhanced energy harvesting within the 3D-printed GRIN-PCL domain.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nylon", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lens", "start": 47, "end": 51}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 151, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "energy harvesting", "start": 122, "end": 139}, {"text": "domain", "start": 171, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that 3D printing can provide a simple and practical method for implementing phononic crystal concepts with minimal modification of the host structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "simple", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spatial orientation of an object on a 3D printing plate is a significant contributor to its printing time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 42, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, the speed of the 3D printing processes can generally be increased by using time-efficient object orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 23, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 103, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a novel method for speeding-up printing processes that employs maximally efficient orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing processes", "start": 51, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 103, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This method finds an orientation for the object that minimizes the number of disconnected components and the distance between the disconnected components that remain, thereby minimizing the time needed for the printer head to traverse empty areas.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 90, "end": 100}, {"text": "components", "start": 143, "end": 153}, {"text": "printer", "start": 210, "end": 217}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 241, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method also considers the height of the printed object, its trapped volume, and the number of connected components in each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 108, "end": 118}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 127, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our novel algorithm considers all four criteria, each weighted according to printer-specific and experimentally-obtained parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Preliminary trials demonstrate that this methodology can decrease printing times on fused deposition printers to 45% of that of current state of the art algorithms.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 41, "end": 52}, {"text": "fused deposition", "start": 84, "end": 100}, {"text": "algorithms", "start": 153, "end": 163}], "application": [{"text": "art", "start": 149, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Waveguides are important optical elements for sensing, illumination, artistic displays, integrated optical circuits, as well as teaching aids for demonstrating important optical phenomena.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "optical elements", "start": 25, "end": 41}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "optical", "start": 170, "end": 177}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "as", "start": 125, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, despite the high demand, most optical materials are difficult to fabricate into desired shapes using state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "state-of-the-art", "start": 110, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "manufacturing technologies", "start": 127, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a novel method for 3D printing customizable optics with a soft and stretchable (over 100% elastic strains) thermoplastic polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "application": [{"text": "optics", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "feature": [{"text": "stretchable", "start": 87, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 110, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic polymer", "start": 127, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To showcase the versatility of this approach, several applications were demonstrated, including unique artistic illumination, caustic patterns, beam splitter and combiner on both planar and 3D conformal surfaces, and optical encoder.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 144, "end": 148}, {"text": "optical encoder", "start": 217, "end": 232}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 190, "end": 192}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 203, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simplicity of the fabrication process, low-cost, excellent optical properties, and flexibility provide an attractive pathway for fabricating integrated optical devices and new opportunities for controlling light.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 133, "end": 144}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "optical properties", "start": 63, "end": 81}, {"text": "flexibility", "start": 87, "end": 98}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(c) As-printed waveguide splitter and combiner circuit on a 3D printed dome surface, and (d) Top view of lighted circuited.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "c", "start": 1, "end": 2}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 60, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 76, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "(e) Pattern of our group name “AM3 Lab” on a black paper substrate, and (f) Lighted with different LEDs.Download: Download high-res image (296 Inkjet printing has been used as an Additive Manufacturing (AM) method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Pattern", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 123, "end": 137}, {"text": "3D", "start": 246, "end": 248}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "f", "start": 73, "end": 74}, {"text": "Inkjet printing", "start": 143, "end": 158}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 179, "end": 201}, {"text": "AM", "start": 203, "end": 205}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 217, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, a lack of materials suitable for inkjet printing poses one of the key challenges that impedes industry from fully adopting this technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "technology", "start": 137, "end": 147}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet printing", "start": 42, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 103, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, many industry sectors are required to spend significant time and resources on formulating new materials for an AM process, instead of focusing on product development.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "product development", "start": 160, "end": 179}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 125, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To achieve the spatially controlled deposition of a printed voxel in a predictable and repeatable fashion, a combination of the physical properties of the ‘ink’ material, print head design, and processing parameters is associated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "voxel", "start": 60, "end": 65}, {"text": "predictable", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 205, "end": 215}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 128, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 156, "end": 159}, {"text": "material", "start": 161, "end": 169}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "print head", "start": 171, "end": 181}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 182, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Use of a liquid handler containing multi-pipette heads, to rapidly prepare inkjet formulations in a micro-array format, and subsequently measure the viscosity and surface tension for each in a high-throughput manner is reported.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 149, "end": 158}, {"text": "surface tension", "start": 163, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The throughput is 96 formulations per 13.1 working hours, including sample preparation and subsequent printability determination.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "throughput", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 102, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The HTS technique was validated by comparison with conventional viscosity and surface tension measurements, as well as the observation of droplet ejection during inkjet printing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "surface tension", "start": 78, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 108, "end": 110}, {"text": "as", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplet", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet printing processes", "start": 162, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using this approach, a library of 96 acrylate/methacrylate materials was screened to identify the printability of each formulation at different processing temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 59, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 98, "end": 110}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 155, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The methodology and the material database established using this HTS technique will allow academic and industrial users to rapidly select the most ideal formulation to deliver printability and a predicted processing window for a chosen application.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 195, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "database", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 176, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Controlling cooling airflow is feasible in FFF process for enhancing performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 43, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cooling airflow has opposite influence on geometric quality and mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Cooling", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 64, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Void and crystallinity of printed PLA model are influenced by the airflow cooling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Void", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "model", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 34, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dimensional quality and mechanical properties of a fused filament fabrication (FFF) -printed 3D model are influenced by several process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 28, "end": 49}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 132, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 55, "end": 81}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 83, "end": 86}], "application": [{"text": "3D model", "start": 97, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A forced-air cooling system that moves along with the print head was designed and installed on a commercial 3D FFF printer to control the cooling of the printed model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "cooling", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "print head", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "printer", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 108, "end": 110}, {"text": "model", "start": 161, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The quality of the printed polylactide (PLA) model, including the dimensions and mechanical properties, was investigated for different cooling air velocities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "model", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 81, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 40, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 135, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the cooling air velocity had different influences on the dimensional quality and mechanical strength of the printed model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "model", "start": 134, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 99, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "More specifically, higher cooling speeds generated better geometric accuracy but lower mechanical strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 87, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the highest and lowest cooling air speeds of 5 m/s and 0 m/s, respectively, the tensile strengths of the printed models differed by 4-fold.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 85, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to determine a suitable cooling air velocity setting for each specific printing material, a design model was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 33, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 101, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The determined printing parameters were employed in the fabrication of a Rubik’ s cube, as an example.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 24, "end": 34}, {"text": "cube", "start": 82, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 56, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 80, "end": 81}, {"text": "as", "start": 88, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The assembled cube demonstrated satisfactory performance both in the dimensional quality and in the mechanical function.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cube", "start": 14, "end": 18}, {"text": "performance", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "quality", "start": 81, "end": 88}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 100, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the cooling air velocity can be employed as an additional control parameter in 3D printing for a specified model.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 90, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}, {"text": "as", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 77, "end": 86}, {"text": "model", "start": 118, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing is widely used for porous scaffolds in which polymer filaments are extruded in the form of log-pile structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 41}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "feature": [{"text": "porous scaffolds", "start": 61, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "polymer filaments", "start": 87, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These structures are typically designed with the assumption that filaments have a continuous cylindrical profile.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindrical", "start": 93, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, as a filament is extruded, it interacts with previously printed filaments (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 9, "end": 11}, {"text": "filament", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 26, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "on lower 3D printed layers) and its geometry varies from the cylindrical form.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 61, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No models currently exist that can predict this critical variation, which impacts filament geometry, pore size and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 115, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 101, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, expensive time-consuming trial-and-error approaches to scaffold design are currently necessary.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trial-and-error", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "design", "start": 75, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multiphysics models for material extrusion are extremely computationally-demanding and not feasible for the size-scales involved in scaffold structures.This paper presents a new computationally-efficient method, called the VOLume COnserving model for 3D printing (VOLCO).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 24, "end": 42}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 251, "end": 262}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 132, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "VOLume", "start": 223, "end": 229}, {"text": "model", "start": 241, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The VOLCO model simulates material extrusion during manufacturing and generates a voxelised 3D-geometry-model of the predicted microarchitecture.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 10, "end": 15}, {"text": "predicted microarchitecture", "start": 117, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 26, "end": 44}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrusion-deposition process is simulated in 3D as a filament that elongates in the direction that the print-head travels.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "3D", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For each simulation step in the model, a set volume of new material is simulated at the end of the filament.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 32, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "filament", "start": 99, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When previously 3D printed filaments obstruct the deposition of this new material, it is deposited into the nearest neighbouring voxels according to a minimum distance criterion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "voxels", "start": 129, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 73, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This leads to filament spreading and widening.Experimental validation demonstrates the ability of VOLCO to simulate the geometry of 3D printed filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "validation", "start": 59, "end": 69}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 120, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations utilising 3D-geometry-models generated by VOLCO demonstrate its value and applicability for predicting mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 13, "end": 36}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 158, "end": 179}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 43, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presented method enables structures to be validated and optimised prior to manufacture.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 79, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Potential future adaptations of the model and integration into 3D printing software are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 36, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new stitching algorithm that self-adapts to the object geometry is introduced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 57, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For slender objects, printing time can be reduced by 25% with the new algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 70, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An inevitable trade-off between resolution and total size exists when 3D printing objects.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 70, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While it is capable of reaching a sub-micron feature size, it needs to combine a high precision movement mechanism with a lower precision one when writing centimetric size objects.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "sub-micron", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "feature size", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "precision", "start": 128, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 105, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As is demonstrated on a winding microfluidic channel, this can lead to substantial manufacturing time gains of up to 25%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "lead", "start": 63, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "winding", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 83, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a non-conventional way of additive manufacturing, curved-layered printing, has been applied to large-scale construction process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 41, "end": 63}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the number of research works on Curved Layered Fused Deposition Modelling (CLFDM) over the last decade, few practical applications have been reported.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "Fused Deposition", "start": 55, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method was evaluated with the 3D Concrete Printing process developed at Loughborough University.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Printing process", "start": 46, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The evaluation of the method including the results of simulation and printing revealed three principal benefits compared with existing flat-layered printing paths, which are particularly beneficial to large-scale AM techniques: (i) better surface quality, (ii) shorter printing time and (iii) higher surface strengths.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 213, "end": 226}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 239, "end": 254}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 300, "end": 307}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 308, "end": 317}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the enormous potential of additive manufacturing in fabricating three-dimensional battery electrodes, the structures realized through this technology are mainly limited to the interdigitated geometries due to the nature of the manufacturing process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 34, "end": 56}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 60, "end": 71}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 235, "end": 256}], "application": [{"text": "battery", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 199, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work reports a major advance in 3D batteries, where highly complex and controlled 3D electrode architectures with a lattice structure and a hierarchical porosity are realized by 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "3D", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 121, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 158, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 183, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microlattice electrodes with porous solid truss members (Ag) are fabricated by Aerosol Jet 3D printing that leads to an unprecedented improvement in the battery performance such as 400% increase in specific capacity, 100% increase in areal capacity, and a high electrode volume utilization when compared to a thin solid Ag block electrode.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrodes", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "truss", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "electrode", "start": 261, "end": 270}, {"text": "electrode", "start": 329, "end": 338}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 65, "end": 75}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 207, "end": 215}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 240, "end": 248}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "battery", "start": 153, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 178, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further, the microlattice electrodes retain their morphologies after 40 electrochemical cycles, demonstrating their mechanical robustness.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrodes", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphologies", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 72, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 116, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results indicate that the 3D microlattice structure with a hierarchical porosity enhances the electrolyte transport through the electrode volume, increases the available surface area for electrochemical reaction, and relieves the intercalation-induced stress; leading to an extremely robust high capacity battery system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 32, "end": 34}, {"text": "structure", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 193, "end": 208}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 302, "end": 310}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 78, "end": 86}, {"text": "stress", "start": 258, "end": 264}], "application": [{"text": "electrolyte", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "battery", "start": 311, "end": 318}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 134, "end": 143}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface area", "start": 176, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results presented in this work can lead to new avenues for improving the performance of a wide range of electrochemical energy storage systems.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 35, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 73, "end": 84}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 104, "end": 119}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 95, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pores are common defects in the process of directed laser deposition (DLD) which not only greatly reduce the fracture toughness of ceramic materials, but also lead to the failure of shaped parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Pores", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "process", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "failure", "start": 171, "end": 178}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 52, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic materials", "start": 131, "end": 148}, {"text": "lead", "start": 159, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the formation mechanism of pores was analyzed and the effects of laser power, feeding rate, scanning speed and ultrasonic power on pores were investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 42, "end": 47}, {"text": "pores", "start": 146, "end": 151}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 80, "end": 91}, {"text": "scanning speed", "start": 107, "end": 121}, {"text": "power", "start": 137, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction analysis were carried out for sample microstructure and phase composition respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Transmission electron microscope", "start": 0, "end": 32}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 34, "end": 62}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction analysis", "start": 79, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 127, "end": 133}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 134, "end": 148}, {"text": "phase composition", "start": 153, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relative density of samples was measured by the progressive focused ion beam and the porosity was calculated by image processing software Image.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "ion", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "image", "start": 116, "end": 121}, {"text": "software Image", "start": 133, "end": 147}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 76, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that the pores are divided into gas holes and shrinkage cavities.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 49, "end": 52}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 63, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The appearance of circular gas holes with smooth inner walls are caused by the feeding method by gas forced blowing, the gas mixed with powder itself, and the gas in the molten pool formed by gasification of low-melting impurities and alumina/zirconia during laser processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "gas", "start": 97, "end": 100}, {"text": "gas", "start": 121, "end": 124}, {"text": "gas", "start": 159, "end": 162}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 170, "end": 181}, {"text": "laser processing", "start": 259, "end": 275}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "blowing", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 136, "end": 142}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "impurities", "start": 220, "end": 230}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The gas holes are evenly distributed in the cross-section of the thin-walled specimen parallel to the scanning speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "gas", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 102, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the temperature changes drastically, the material around the melt solidifies first, the melt will be attached to the solidified material to shrink, so that the melt can not be filled as a solid and finally the shrinkage cavities are formed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "material", "start": 44, "end": 52}, {"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "material", "start": 131, "end": 139}, {"text": "be", "start": 176, "end": 178}, {"text": "as", "start": 186, "end": 188}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 7, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 64, "end": 68}, {"text": "melt", "start": 91, "end": 95}, {"text": "melt", "start": 163, "end": 167}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 213, "end": 222}], "feature": [{"text": "shrink", "start": 143, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Generally the shrinkage cavities are irregular and the pore wall is relatively rough, mainly concentrated on the top of thin-walled samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "samples", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 55, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The laser power has the greatest influence on the pores, which has the greatest effect on the porosity but little effect on the shrinkage cavities.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser power", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 50, "end": 55}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 128, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When the ultrasonic power is 180 W, the porosity reaches a minimum of 0.1±0.05% and the relative density is 99.9±0.1%.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 20, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "relative density", "start": 88, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Traditional three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques of reactive materials usually include a mixing step of reactive agents prior to deposition, leading to potential changes in the rheological and biocompatibility properties of the resulting ink.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 12, "end": 29}, {"text": "3D", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 98, "end": 104}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "application": [{"text": "bioprinting", "start": 35, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "reactive materials", "start": 61, "end": 79}, {"text": "ink", "start": 247, "end": 250}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 186, "end": 197}, {"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 202, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During intersecting jets printing, reactive materials are dispensed separately, colliding and mixing with each other in air before landing on a previously deposited layer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "reactive materials", "start": 35, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 94, "end": 100}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layer", "start": 155, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While this enables reactive material printing using a printing-then-mixing approach, the resulting excess fluid may compromise the printing quality and accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "reactive material", "start": 19, "end": 36}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 140, "end": 147}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 152, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to improve the performance of intersecting jets–based reactive material printing by introducing a stainless-steel wire mesh and fibrous tissue paper–based liquid-absorbing system, which functions as a method to remove the excess resultant liquid from the printing zone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "reactive material", "start": 70, "end": 87}, {"text": "as", "start": 212, "end": 214}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fibrous", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By selecting a proper wire mesh, the proposed liquid-absorbing system can absorb up to 65–90% of the excess liquid (water herein) resulting from printing aqueous reactive sodium alginate and calcium chloride inks, which are selected as model materials in this study.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sodium", "start": 171, "end": 177}, {"text": "alginate", "start": 178, "end": 186}, {"text": "calcium", "start": 191, "end": 198}, {"text": "as", "start": 233, "end": 235}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 242, "end": 251}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By controlling the tilt angles of intersecting jets, the incident angle of post-collision droplets is desirable to be less than 14° to avoid droplet bouncing on the top of a previously deposited layer during 3D bioprinting.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "tilt angles", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 90, "end": 98}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 141, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 115, "end": 117}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layer", "start": 185, "end": 200}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D bioprinting", "start": 208, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the liquid-absorbing system, different 3D structures have been successfully printed using intersecting jets printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D structures", "start": 45, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For tubular alginate constructs printed in air from sodium alginate and calcium chloride inks, a 2.5 height-diameter ratio can be achieved.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "tubular", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "alginate", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "sodium", "start": 52, "end": 58}, {"text": "alginate", "start": 59, "end": 67}, {"text": "calcium", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "be", "start": 127, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed printing technology does not influence the post-printing cell viability while printing 3T3 cells, demonstrating its promising potential for bioprinting applications.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "printing technology", "start": 13, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "cell viability", "start": 70, "end": 84}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 104, "end": 109}, {"text": "bioprinting", "start": 153, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Methodology and challenges of 3D printing repairs outlined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Methodology", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 30, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Repeatable geopolymer temperature sensor presented.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 34, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Adhesion strength between printed patch and concrete substrate 0.6 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Adhesion", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 44, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 67, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper addresses this issue by outlining, for the first time a 3D printable temperature sensing repair for concrete.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 111, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The multifunctional material used in this study is a geopolymer: a durable alternative to ordinary Portland cement repairs, which can be electrically interrogated to act as a sensor.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "cement", "start": 108, "end": 114}, {"text": "be", "start": 134, "end": 136}, {"text": "as", "start": 170, "end": 172}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 175, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we outline the material and 3D printing process development, and demonstrate 3D printed repair patches with a temperature sensing precision of 0.1 °C, a long-term sensing repeatability of 0.3 °C, a compressive strength of 24 MPa, and an adhesion strength to concrete of 0.6 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 30, "end": 38}, {"text": "concrete", "start": 273, "end": 281}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 43, "end": 54}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 137, "end": 144}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 145, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "repeatability", "start": 186, "end": 199}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 240, "end": 243}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 289, "end": 292}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 213, "end": 233}, {"text": "adhesion", "start": 252, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work demonstrates the feasibility of using additive manufacturing as a new means of applying repairs to concrete substrates, and provides one clear pathway to removing some of the barriers to the field deployment of multifunctional materials in a civil engineering context.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 26, "end": 37}, {"text": "materials", "start": 236, "end": 245}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 108, "end": 116}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 257, "end": 268}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process shown here could enhance the design versatility of self-sensing repairs, unlock remote deployment, and de-cost and de-risk actions that prolong the lifespan and performance of existing concrete structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "performance", "start": 173, "end": 184}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "concrete", "start": 197, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Brittle polymers suffer from the lack of stretchability, which limits their application when large deformation is required.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Brittle", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "feature": [{"text": "stretchability", "start": 41, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 63, "end": 69}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 99, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To address this limitation, we investigate the stretchability of a set of cellular materials with conventional and novel cell architectures through 3D printing, experimental testing, and computational simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "stretchability", "start": 47, "end": 61}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "cell", "start": 121, "end": 125}], "material": [{"text": "cellular materials", "start": 74, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 148, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 161, "end": 173}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 201, "end": 211}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presence of sharp corners restricts the stretchability of the honeycomb and arrowhead cellular architectures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "stretchability", "start": 44, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "honeycomb", "start": 66, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new class of accordion-like cellular architecture with sinusoidal struts is designed to enhance the planar stretchability of cellular solids.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 39, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 78, "end": 86}, {"text": "stretchability", "start": 109, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These accordion-like sinusoidal architectures exhibit an enhancement in the stretchability of the cellular materials even for those samples fabricated from brittle polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "stretchability", "start": 76, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "cellular materials", "start": 98, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples fabricated", "start": 132, "end": 150}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The manufacturability of the proposed architectures is demonstrated utilizing SLA and FDM additive manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturability", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 78, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM additive manufacturing techniques", "start": 86, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We customize the 3D printing settings to fabricate specimens with tailored architectures for experimental testing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 17, "end": 28}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 41, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 93, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comparing the stress-strain curves obtained by experimental testing on the 3D printed samples with numerical simulation confirms that the failure strains for sinusoidal architectures can be as high as 20 times that of conventional honeycombs without compromising the energy absorption efficiency of the cellular materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 47, "end": 59}, {"text": "failure", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 99, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 187, "end": 189}, {"text": "as", "start": 190, "end": 192}, {"text": "as", "start": 198, "end": 200}, {"text": "cellular materials", "start": 303, "end": 321}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 267, "end": 284}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stress-strain curves for 3D printed samples fabricated from flexible polymers are presented to show that energy dissipation in a hysteresis loop also can be enhanced by exploiting the accordion-like sinusoidal architectural designs.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "be", "start": 158, "end": 160}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "hysteresis loop", "start": 133, "end": 148}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 228, "end": 235}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sinusoidal struts in accordion-like cellular architectures offer a design route to extend the material property chart to achieve ultrahigh stretchability in lightweight 3D printable brittle and flexible polymers for applications that require combined stretchability, lightweighting, and energy absorption such as soft robotics, stretchable electronics, and wearable protection shields.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "stretchable electronics", "start": 332, "end": 355}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 71, "end": 77}, {"text": "stretchability", "start": 143, "end": 157}, {"text": "stretchability", "start": 255, "end": 269}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material property", "start": 98, "end": 115}, {"text": "lightweight 3D", "start": 161, "end": 175}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 186, "end": 193}, {"text": "lightweighting", "start": 271, "end": 285}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 207, "end": 215}, {"text": "as", "start": 314, "end": 316}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 291, "end": 308}], "application": [{"text": "robotics", "start": 322, "end": 330}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In additive construction, ambitious goals to fabricate a concrete building in less than 24 h are attempted.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 3, "end": 11}, {"text": "concrete", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 45, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This analysis included a study of the variation in comprehensive layer print times, expected trends and forecasting for what is expected in future prints of similar types.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "trends", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 65, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the study included a determination and comparison of print time, elapsed time and construction time, as well as a look at the effect of environmental conditions on the delay events.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 66, "end": 71}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 95, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "as", "start": 122, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Upon finishing, the analysis concluded that the 3D printed building was completed in 14-hours of print time, 31.2-hours elapsed time, or a total of 5 days of construction time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "finishing", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "print", "start": 97, "end": 102}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 158, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy of mechanical properties and support material removing are the two main problems when fabricating 3D lattice structures by integrated printing via additive manufacturing (AM) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 14, "end": 35}, {"text": "3D", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "technology", "start": 186, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 40, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 97, "end": 108}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 158, "end": 180}, {"text": "AM", "start": 182, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Aiming at these two problems, a snap-fit method is introduced into PolyJet technology to fabricate polymer lattice structures with four typical configurations, namely BCC, BCC-Z, FCC and octet.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "snap-fit", "start": 32, "end": 40}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 107, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 167, "end": 170}, {"text": "FCC", "start": 179, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 89, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniaxial compression tests indicate that both the strengths and energy absorptions of the four kinds of snap-fitted lattices are increased by over 100% compared to the integrated counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 9, "end": 26}, {"text": "energy absorptions", "start": 64, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strengths", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of strut thickness on compressive responses of the snap-fitted and integrated lattices is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "strut thickness", "start": 14, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 89, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the decrease of strut thickness, the advantage in the strength of the snap-fitted lattices becomes more obvious compared to the integrated counterparts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "strut thickness", "start": 21, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 87, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ideal maximum strength models based on yield, elastic buckling and inelastic buckling are developed and are able to predict the compressive peak strengths of the snap-fitted PolyJet lattices.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "elastic buckling", "start": 46, "end": 62}, {"text": "buckling", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "strengths", "start": 145, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet lattices", "start": 174, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study opens up an avenue for the fabrication of large scale 3D printed lattice structures with optimal mechanical properties and without support material removing problem.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 38, "end": 49}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 65, "end": 75}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 108, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 142, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper aims to study the mechanical properties of mixed isotropic carbon fiber 3D printed composites and further investigates the influence of hot press on the [0°/45°/90°] 2 fiber angles composite with varying temperature, pressure and time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 29, "end": 50}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 117, "end": 129}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 228, "end": 236}], "material": [{"text": "isotropic carbon fiber", "start": 60, "end": 82}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 179, "end": 184}, {"text": "composite", "start": 192, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "press", "start": 151, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 215, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile tests, autoclave treatment and microstructural observation were utilized to characterize the composites.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tensile tests", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "microstructural observation", "start": 39, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "autoclave", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results revealed that the [0°/45°/90°] 2 performed the highest tensile strength of 79 MPa and modulus of 3.51 GPa, compared to [30°/45°/60°] 2 and [15°/45°/75°] 2.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 63, "end": 79}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 110, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 86, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is due to the fibers along the tensile axis angle that bears maximum load in longitudinal direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 36, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At 200 °C temperature, the hot pressed composites presented the highest tensile strength of 98 MPa and modulus of 3.93 GPa than non-hot pressed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 10, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot pressed", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "pressed", "start": 136, "end": 143}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 72, "end": 88}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 119, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increased temperature caused better interface wettability between fibers and matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 10, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 66, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At 200 kPa pressure, the hot pressed composites showed the highest tensile strength of 100 MPa and modulus of 4.06 GPa than non-hot pressed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 91, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot pressed", "start": 25, "end": 36}, {"text": "pressed", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 67, "end": 83}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 115, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further increased pressure resulted in lower tensile strength and modulus, as the material became stiffer pushing more matrix material to side leaving numerous fibers unbounded by the matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 45, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 75, "end": 77}, {"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "material", "start": 126, "end": 134}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 160, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For 30 min withholding time, the hot pressed composites indicated the highest tensile strength of 106 MPa and modulus of 4.27 GPa than non-hot pressed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hot pressed", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "pressed", "start": 143, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 78, "end": 94}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 126, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 102, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increased time caused strongest interface bonding by removing the air gaps induced during printing between fibers and matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface bonding", "start": 32, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 107, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results revealed that hot press significantly improved the mechanical properties of carbon fiber 3D printed composites.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "press", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 59, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 84, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To realize the full potential of 3D Printing technology in the design of materials and structures, it is indispensable to characterize and predict the mechanical response of 3D Printing materials to external stimuli.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D Printing technology", "start": 33, "end": 55}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 151, "end": 170}, {"text": "external stimuli", "start": 199, "end": 215}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D Printing", "start": 174, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study is focused on hyperelastic strain measurements and constitutive parameters identification of 3D printed soft polymers undergoing uniaxial deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 38, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 75, "end": 85}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 149, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 120, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simple method using an optical camera in conjunction with an image processing tool is proposed to accurately measure the average strain experienced by rubbery polymers during a tensile test.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 2, "end": 8}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "accurately", "start": 100, "end": 110}, {"text": "tensile test", "start": 179, "end": 191}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "camera", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "tool", "start": 80, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image", "start": 63, "end": 68}, {"text": "average", "start": 123, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 161, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of the method is demonstrated through tensile tests of 3D printed soft polymer by accurately determining the stress–strain response and the Poisson's ratio without using extensometers.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 52, "end": 65}, {"text": "accurately", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Influence of printing direction on the anisotropic behavior of 3D printed polymer is investigated by applying the proposed test method to specimens printed in two different directions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Neo-Hookean constitutive parameters of the soft polymer are determined from the experimentally obtained stress–strain data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "data", "start": 122, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 52, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, finite element analysis (FEA) of the soft polymer is performed to show that the constitutive parameters determined can predict the mechanical response of the tested polymer accurately if used in commercial FEA packages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 10, "end": 33}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 141, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 175, "end": 182}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 183, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufacturing of structural composites is a disruptive technology currently limited by its moderate mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 113, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continuous fibre reinforcements have recently been developed to create high performance composites and open up encouraging prospects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibre", "start": 11, "end": 16}, {"text": "composites", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 76, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, to apply these materials to engineering applications, it is of high importance to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions on their mechanical performances, particularly when moisture-sensitive polymer is used (PolyAmide PA for instance) which is currently lacking in the literature.This present article aims to investigate in more detail the relationship between the process, the mechanical behaviour and the induced properties of continuous carbon and glass fibres reinforced with a polyamide matrix manufactured using a commercial 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "process", "start": 388, "end": 395}, {"text": "mechanical behaviour", "start": 401, "end": 421}, {"text": "properties", "start": 438, "end": 448}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 522, "end": 534}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 41, "end": 52}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 214, "end": 221}, {"text": "PolyAmide", "start": 231, "end": 240}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 463, "end": 469}, {"text": "glass fibres", "start": 474, "end": 486}, {"text": "polyamide", "start": 505, "end": 514}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "PA", "start": 241, "end": 243}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 554, "end": 564}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, their hygromechanical behaviour linked to moisture effect is investigated through sorption, hygroexpansion and mechanical properties characterization on a wide range of relative humidity (10–98% Relative Humidity RH) .The printing process induces an original microstructure with multiscale singularities (intra/inter beads porosity and filament loop).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 124, "end": 145}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 272, "end": 286}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 173, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "RH", "start": 226, "end": 228}, {"text": "filament", "start": 349, "end": 357}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 235, "end": 251}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 330, "end": 335}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Longitudinal tensile performance shows that the reinforcing mechanism is typical of composite laminates for glass and carbon.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 21, "end": 32}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 84, "end": 93}, {"text": "glass", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 118, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the rather poor transverse properties are not well fitted by the Rule Of Mixture (ROM), thus underlining the specificity of the printing-induced microstructure and an anisotropic behaviour in the material.Non-negligible (5–6%) moisture uptake is observed at 98% RH, as well as orthotropic hygroscopic expansion of PA/carbon and PA/glass composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "Rule Of Mixture", "start": 74, "end": 89}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 154, "end": 168}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 176, "end": 187}, {"text": "hygroscopic", "start": 298, "end": 309}], "material": [{"text": "RH", "start": 271, "end": 273}, {"text": "as", "start": 275, "end": 277}, {"text": "as", "start": 283, "end": 285}, {"text": "composites", "start": 346, "end": 356}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The consequences of various moisture contents on mechanical properties are studied, showing a reduction of PA/carbon stiffness and strength of 25 and 18% in the longitudinal direction and 45 and 70% in the transverse direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 49, "end": 70}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 117, "end": 126}, {"text": "strength", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For PA/glass composites, we obtain a reduction in strength of 25% in the longitudinal direction, along with a 80% reduction of stiffness and 45% in strength in the transverse direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "strength", "start": 148, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular 3D printing processes that can be used to manufacture flexible parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 60, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 102, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we investigate the impact of stacking sequence, slit size, and thickness on the tensile properties of 3D printed flexible kirigami specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 94, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 116, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, we demonstrate how the transition phenomenon and out-of-plane deformation can significantly improve percent elongation at their breaking point.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considering the deformed shape during testing, specimens with a combination of layers printed along and transverse to their length showed the highest tensile break strength and the percent break elongation (2.43 MPa and 183%, respectively).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "deformed shape", "start": 16, "end": 30}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 150, "end": 157}, {"text": "strength", "start": 164, "end": 172}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 195, "end": 205}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 212, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is also determined that the occurrence of the transition phenomenon depends on the specimen’ s thickness, and was observed for the 1 mm and 1.5 mm thick samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 49, "end": 59}, {"text": "samples", "start": 156, "end": 163}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 96, "end": 97}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 136, "end": 138}, {"text": "mm", "start": 147, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The heating of a polymer in a liquefier of a material extrusion 3D printer is numerically studied.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "material extrusion 3D printer", "start": 45, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 17, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The polymer is taken as a generalized Newtonian fluid with a dynamical viscosity function of shear rate and temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "as", "start": 21, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Newtonian fluid", "start": 38, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 108, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The system of equations is solved using a finite element method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 42, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The boundary conditions are adapted by comparison with the previous work of Peng et al.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "boundary conditions", "start": 4, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "al", "start": 84, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "[5] showing that the thermal contact between the polymer and the liquefier is very well established.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 29, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 49, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The limiting printing conditions are studied by determining the length over which the polymer temperature is below the glass transition temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 119, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This provides a simple relation for the inlet velocity as a function of the working parameters and the polymer properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "inlet", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of 3D printing technologies enhanced with component placement and electrical interconnect deposition enables electronic systems with freedom in fabrication and complex embedded circuitry.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 11, "end": 35}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 74, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 152, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, with more electrical functionality being integrated, new material requirements become increasingly important.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper introduces a novel approach for processing adhesives with an extrusion-based UV-assisted 3D dispensing process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "adhesives", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 100, "end": 102}, {"text": "process", "start": 114, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A specimen study revealed promising results for three out of six adhesives (denoted as A, D, E), for which an extensive anisotropy evaluation was performed: The relationship between the layered construction strategy and the material properties of the printed parts was characterized by micrograph analysis, tensile testing along with fracture analysis and laser flash analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "adhesives", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86}, {"text": "flash", "start": 362, "end": 367}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 194, "end": 206}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 224, "end": 243}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 334, "end": 342}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 307, "end": 322}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 356, "end": 361}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An exemplary study for one adhesive via tensile testing showed no significant difference between three printing orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "adhesive", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 40, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 112, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, different construction strategies influenced the degree of anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 19, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the evaluation of thermal anisotropy revealed a link between the thermal conductivity and the rate of the UV-curing for A and D. For material E, no significant difference was measured.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 78, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 146, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work presented in this article shows that dual-curing adhesives, in particular epoxy systems, are promising choices for additive manufacturing: It was possible to print fine geometries with good material properties and low anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "adhesives", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "epoxy", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 124, "end": 146}, {"text": "print", "start": 167, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 178, "end": 188}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 199, "end": 218}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 227, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings serve to derive first design rules and provide a basis for further studies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design rules", "start": 35, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly referred to as 3D printing, is revolutionizing the manufacturing industry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 58, "end": 69}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With any new technology comes new rules and guidelines for the optimal use of said technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 13, "end": 23}, {"text": "technology", "start": 83, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM), developed by Cincinnati Incorporated and Oak Ridge National Laboratory’ s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, requires a host of new design parameters compared to small-scale 3D printing to create large-scale parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "Manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 127}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 217, "end": 228}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Laboratory", "start": 100, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 112, "end": 113}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 175, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, BAAM also creates new possibilities in material testing and various applications in the manufacturing industry.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 97, "end": 110}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 111, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Most of the design constraints of small-scale polymer 3D printers still apply to BAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 12, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 54, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Beyond those constraints, new rules and limitations exist because BAAM’ s large-scale system significantly changes the thermal properties associated with small-scale AM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 72, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 119, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 166, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work details both physical and software-related design considerations for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design considerations", "start": 53, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 79, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After reading this guide, one will have a better understanding of slicing software’ s capabilities and limitations, different physical characteristics of design and how to apply them appropriately for AM, and how to take the inherent nature of AM into consideration during the design process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slicing", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "design process", "start": 277, "end": 291}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 84, "end": 85}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 154, "end": 160}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 201, "end": 203}, {"text": "AM", "start": 244, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is considered a promising technology for many applications, such as in the construction industry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 98, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the size of a design is constrained by the chamber volume of the 3D printer, and large-scale additive manufacturing technology with flexible equipment is still unproven.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 60, "end": 66}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "equipment", "start": 150, "end": 159}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 102, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes a large-scale 3D printing system composed of multiple robots working in collaboration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "robots", "start": 74, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For this flexible and extensible 3D printing system, the influences of the multi-robot layout on the maximum reachable area and the geometry adaptability are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 33, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layout", "start": 87, "end": 93}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 132, "end": 140}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 119, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, a printer task optimized scheduling algorithm based on efficiency egalitarianism is proposed in this paper, and a robot interference avoidance strategy is designed by dividing the printing layer into several safe areas and interference areas.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 15, "end": 22}, {"text": "robot", "start": 127, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 202, "end": 207}, {"text": "areas", "start": 226, "end": 231}, {"text": "areas", "start": 249, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA grafted cellulose nanofibers (PLA-g-CNFs) mixture were extruded into filaments, and subsequently 3D printed into composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 20, "end": 23}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 29, "end": 32}, {"text": "cellulose", "start": 41, "end": 50}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "composites", "start": 146, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 130, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-3D printed composites were then thermally annealed at a temperature above PLA glass transition temperature (Tg).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 81, "end": 109}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 111, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dynamic mechanical analysis, including temperature ramp, frequency sweep, and creep for annealed composites, confirmed the enhanced responses to various viscoelastic factors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Dynamic mechanical analysis", "start": 0, "end": 27}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "viscoelastic", "start": 153, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such enhancements were ascribed to the presence of PLA crystalline regions containing both ɑ and ɑʹ phases, which were induced and developed through the annealing treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 51, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing treatment", "start": 153, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After 3-point bending test at 70 °C, unannealed composites were partially damaged, while annealed composites preserved the originally well-integrated layer structures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bending test", "start": 14, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "composites", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 150, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental creep and recovery data essentially fitted to the Burger’ s model and Weibull’ s distribution function, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "data", "start": 32, "end": 36}, {"text": "model", "start": 73, "end": 78}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 94, "end": 106}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 71, "end": 72}, {"text": "s", "start": 92, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The calculated parameters (e.g., moduli) from numerical fitting curves demonstrated the synergetic effect of PLA-g-CNFs and annealing treatment on the enahncement of flexural properties for 3D printed PLA composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "properties", "start": 175, "end": 185}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing treatment", "start": 124, "end": 143}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 190, "end": 200}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 205, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms have a wide range of biomedical applications including validation of computational models and imaging techniques, medical device testing, surgery planning, medical education, doctor-patient interaction, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 55, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 64, "end": 87}, {"text": "imaging", "start": 137, "end": 144}, {"text": "medical device", "start": 157, "end": 171}, {"text": "surgery", "start": 181, "end": 188}, {"text": "medical", "start": 199, "end": 206}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "validation", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational models", "start": 112, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "planning", "start": 189, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although 3D printing technologies have demonstrated great potential in fabricating patient-specific phantoms, current 3D printed phantoms are usually only geometrically accurate.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technologies", "start": 9, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 71, "end": 82}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 169, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties of soft tissues can merely be mimicked at small strain situations, such as ultrasonic induced vibration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 70, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Under large deformation, the soft tissues and the 3D printed phantoms behave differently.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 50, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The essential barrier is the inherent difference in the stress-strain curves of soft tissues and 3D printable polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 110, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigated the feasibility of mimicking the strain-stiffening behavior of soft tissues using dual-material 3D printed metamaterials with micro-structured reinforcement embedded in soft polymeric matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "dual-material", "start": 106, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 167, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three types of metamaterials were designed and tested: sinusoidal wave, double helix, and interlocking chains.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 15, "end": 28}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 34, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Even though the two base materials were strain-softening polymers, both finite element analysis and uniaxial tension tests indicated that two of those dual-material designs were able to exhibit strain-stiffening effects as a metamaterial.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 72, "end": 95}, {"text": "dual-material", "start": 151, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 220, "end": 222}, {"text": "metamaterial", "start": 225, "end": 237}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tension tests", "start": 109, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 165, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the design parameters on the mechanical behavior of the metamaterials were also demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 71, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggested that the fabrication of patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms with both geometrical and mechanical accuracies is possible with dual-material 3D printed metamaterials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dual-material", "start": 154, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct ink writing with acoustophoresis is used to write tailored composite filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 7, "end": 10}, {"text": "composite", "start": 66, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nozzle rotational asymmetry and printer calibration influence direction dependence.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Nozzle", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "printer", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 40, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Yield stress fluid support geometry influences direction dependence.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Yield stress", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 27, "end": 35}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct ink writing enables deposition of multiphase filaments with designed microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 7, "end": 10}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 67, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using acoustophoresis, we establish a narrow distribution of microparticles at the center of a direct-write nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 108, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The distribution shifts and widens after deposition depending on the printing direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 41, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We use particle image velocimetry and digital image analysis to identify flows transverse to the printing direction and characterize particle distributions in the printed filament.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "image", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "image analysis", "start": 46, "end": 60}, {"text": "particle", "start": 133, "end": 141}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 142, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 171, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sources of direction-dependent effects include square nozzles, co-deposition of support material, a rotationally asymmetric microstructure established in the nozzle, and speed inaccuracies that occur in 3-axis gantries.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 158, "end": 164}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 80, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 124, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We propose an analytical model for predicting print direction-dependent flows and particle distributions as a function of anisotropy of the particle distribution in the nozzle, a disturbed zone near the nozzle, fluid reshaping of the print bead, uniform rotation of the print bead, calibration of the ink and support nozzle positions, and 3D printer motor error.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "particle", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 91, "end": 104}, {"text": "particle", "start": 140, "end": 148}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 149, "end": 161}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 282, "end": 293}, {"text": "error", "start": 356, "end": 361}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "print", "start": 234, "end": 239}, {"text": "print", "start": 270, "end": 275}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 211, "end": 216}, {"text": "ink", "start": 301, "end": 304}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 169, "end": 175}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 203, "end": 209}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 317, "end": 323}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 339, "end": 349}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 240, "end": 244}, {"text": "bead", "start": 276, "end": 280}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 309, "end": 316}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the model, we propose strategies for controlling direction dependent microstructures in direct ink writing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 75, "end": 90}, {"text": "ink", "start": 101, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analytical model can be easily adapted to similar direct-write applications to diagnose sources of direction dependent microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "microstructures", "start": 123, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Freeform 3D printing combined with sacrificial molding promises to lead advances in production of highly complex tubular systems for biomedical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Freeform 3D", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sacrificial molding", "start": 35, "end": 54}, {"text": "production", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "feature": [{"text": "tubular", "start": 113, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 133, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here we leverage a purpose-built isomalt 3D printer to generate complex channel geometries in hydrogels which would be inaccessible with other techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "isomalt", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "hydrogels", "start": 94, "end": 103}, {"text": "be", "start": 116, "end": 118}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To control the dissolution of the scaffold, we propose an enabling technology consisting of an automated nebulizer coating system which applies octadecane to isomalt scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "isomalt", "start": 158, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Octadecane, a saturated hydrocarbon, protects the rigid mold from dissolution and provides ample time for gels to set around the sacrificial structure.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 56, "end": 60}], "application": [{"text": "set", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 141, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With a simplified model of the nebulizer system, the robotic motion was optimized for uniform coating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 94, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using a combination of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy and X-ray computed tomography, the coating was characterized to assess surface roughness and consistency.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Raman scattering", "start": 34, "end": 50}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 72, "end": 97}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 139, "end": 156}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consistency", "start": 161, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Colorimetric measurements of dissolution rates allowed optimization of sprayer parameters, yielding a decrease in dissolution rates by at least 4 orders of magnitude.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 55, "end": 67}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 156, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy and white light microscopy indicate cleared channels are free of octadecane following gentle flushing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Raman scattering", "start": 12, "end": 28}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The capabilities of the workflow are highlighted with several complex channel architectures including helices, blind channels, and multiple independent channels within polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying stiffnesses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "workflow", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogels", "start": 183, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study is an investigation on the size dependence of strength of a 3D printed acrylic polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 90, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printed beams are used in three-point bend fracture experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 46, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three print modes of the PolyJet process are used to manufacture beams of dimensions commonly considered in 3D printed structures (1–5 mm).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 108, "end": 118}, {"text": "mm", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 53, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 74, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that for that range of dimensions, the fracture response is in the nonlinear size-strength domain and specimens neither follow the limiting linear elastic fracture mechanics nor the strength criterion.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "domain", "start": 103, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 159, "end": 166}, {"text": "strength", "start": 194, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, strength and toughness are size dependent.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 27, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, a strong interaction between specimen dimensions and print layer thickness was found.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "parameter": [{"text": "print layer", "start": 63, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A size threshold exists below which there appears to be an interaction between specimen dimensions and print layer thickness, and for specimens of dimension below that threshold exhibit a declining strength with size.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "dimension", "start": 147, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "print layer", "start": 103, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 198, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the present experiments, the size threshold is estimated to be 50 times the print layer thickness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "print layer", "start": 81, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The finding of a maximum strength relative to geometric dimensions should be accounted for in designing with 3D printed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 109, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In conventional additive manufacturing, most processes for creating the layers of a part are performed on a horizontal plane.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 16, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 45, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, a conformal additive manufacturing process has been suggested in order to build a real 3D structure on a freeform surface using a direct-print process based on material extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 25, "end": 55}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 173, "end": 191}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D structure", "start": 100, "end": 112}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 118, "end": 126}, {"text": "process", "start": 156, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new algorithm was developed that is able to use the standard 3D printing file format that includes both a 3D model to be printed and a 3D model of a freeform substrate along with the desired printing parameters as input, and it returns G-code instructions for the 3D printing process as output.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "standard", "start": 54, "end": 62}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 151, "end": 159}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 202, "end": 212}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 74}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 266, "end": 277}], "application": [{"text": "3D model", "start": 108, "end": 116}, {"text": "3D model", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 120, "end": 122}, {"text": "as", "start": 213, "end": 215}, {"text": "as", "start": 286, "end": 288}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "G-code", "start": 238, "end": 244}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A slicing surface was generated to slice the 3D model by offsetting the surface of a freeform substrate model by a discrete amount (i.e., layer thickness) for each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slicing", "start": 2, "end": 9}, {"text": "slice", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "surface", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "model", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "application": [{"text": "3D model", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 138, "end": 153}, {"text": "layer", "start": 164, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The perimeters of each layer (including the internal features) were extracted based on the intersections between the slicing surface and the 3D model, and infill toolpaths were created by projecting 2D patterns reflecting the features to be printed with a desired fill factor (in the x–y plane) onto the slicing surface to create 3D patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "infill", "start": 155, "end": 161}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 304, "end": 311}, {"text": "3D", "start": 330, "end": 332}], "application": [{"text": "3D model", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "feature": [{"text": "2D patterns", "start": 199, "end": 210}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 238, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several 3D models were sliced and printed on a freeform surface to validate the developed algorithm.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "3D models", "start": 8, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform", "start": 47, "end": 55}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 90, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing process is proposed for 3D printing optical interconnects An optical interconnect is directly printed on a circuit board for the first time using this process Transmitted optical power of the 3D printed optical fiber interconnects is 63% of that of a commercial fiber in these preliminary prototypes Processing conditions are established using fluid flow and heat transfer modeling Integrated photonics have many compelling advantages for computing and communication applications, including in high-speed and extremely wide bandwidth operations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing", "start": 2, "end": 52}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 245, "end": 255}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "optical", "start": 224, "end": 231}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 204, "end": 211}, {"text": "prototypes", "start": 342, "end": 352}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 412, "end": 425}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 264, "end": 269}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 315, "end": 320}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fluid flow", "start": 397, "end": 407}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Current systems are typically hybrid assemblies of packaged photonic devices where printed circuit boards often serve to route electrical signals and power, and in some cases, have runs of optical fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printed circuit boards", "start": 83, "end": 105}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 127, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 150, "end": 155}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 189, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 197, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present a flexible, low cost assembly method of optical interconnects for photonic systems that could enable higher transmission rates, lower power requirements, improved signal integrity and timing, less heat generation, and improved security of communication signals.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "transmission", "start": 119, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "integrity", "start": 181, "end": 190}, {"text": "heat", "start": 208, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The new process is based on laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing (LE-DPAM) that combines fused deposition modeling (FDM) of plastic, micro-dispensing of rubber-like materials, and picosecond laser subtraction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "materials", "start": 179, "end": 188}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 78}, {"text": "LE-DPAM", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 103, "end": 128}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 130, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 205, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process is demonstrated by fabricating few-mode and multi-mode optical fibers in a controlled manner such that compact, 3-dimensional optical interconnects can be printed along non-lineal paths.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "compact", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 67, "end": 74}, {"text": "optical", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "be", "start": 164, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have produced working optical interconnects with fiber core diameters from 70-μm to as small as 12-μm.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 58, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results demonstrate surface roughness of less than 100 nm, and optical transmitted power of 63% that of a commercial fiber, for proof of concept devices.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 24, "end": 41}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 67, "end": 74}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 121, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The LE-DPAM approach could lead to large scale integrated photonic computing devices that would replace our current generation of servers, computers, and phones.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LE-DPAM", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 27, "end": 31}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computers", "start": 139, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we investigated the process variable effects on the damage and deformational behavior of fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) -printed specimens by performing tensile tests and inverse identification analyses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 136, "end": 153}, {"text": "3D", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 67, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 104, "end": 129}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 192, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A characterization of the effects of different parametric variations of 3D-printed specimens on fracture properties are a matter of considerable significance that are often overlooked.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 58, "end": 68}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By combining the infill density and the layer thickness options that are available in the 3D printer machine, six groups with different structural configurations can be obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 40, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 166, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The data and images obtained from experiments are employed to investigate the failure mechanism of 3D-printed specimens and demonstrate the relationship that exists between structural variations and fracture mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "images", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "variations", "start": 184, "end": 194}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 199, "end": 207}, {"text": "properties", "start": 219, "end": 229}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mechanism", "start": 78, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 99, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the basis of experimental results, a Gurson-type porous plasticity model was used within a 3D continuum finite element model to characterize the process–damage parameter relationship through an inverse identification process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 16, "end": 28}, {"text": "model", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "3D", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "finite element model", "start": 107, "end": 127}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 163, "end": 172}, {"text": "process", "start": 220, "end": 227}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous plasticity", "start": 52, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A PDMS contacting layer with nano-scaled pillars and an oxygen-permeable membrane were bonded together as the composite functional release film of rapid stereolithography.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 18, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen-permeable membrane", "start": 56, "end": 81}, {"text": "as", "start": 103, "end": 105}, {"text": "composite", "start": 110, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 153, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optical simulations demonstrated that the nano-texture would not influence the curing effect of the resin.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 79, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 100, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nowadays, along with the demand for new technologies and new materials, a revolution in 3D printing technology is emerging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 40, "end": 52}, {"text": "materials", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 88, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In recent years, stereolithography 3D printing has been widely used in both academia and industry, due to its fast forming speed, high precision, and low-cost advantages.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography 3D printing", "start": 17, "end": 46}, {"text": "forming", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 89, "end": 97}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The continuous liquid interface production technology has made the printing speed even faster.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "continuous liquid interface production", "start": 4, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 67, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the process of resin refilling constrains the printing speed and the printing capabilities of such technologies, since only hollow structures can be fabricated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 108, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 24, "end": 29}, {"text": "be", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 55, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a nano-textured hydrophobic PDMS contacting layer and an oxygen-permeable membrane were bonded together as the functional release film.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 59, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen-permeable membrane", "start": 72, "end": 97}, {"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The oxygen inhibition layer was successfully maintained by the molecular oxygen permeated through the composite release film, achieving rapid stereolithography, and key factors that affecting resin refilling are selectively studied by the orthogonal experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 73, "end": 79}, {"text": "composite", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "resin", "start": 192, "end": 197}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 142, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 250, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, optical simulations also demonstrated that the nano-texture would not influence the curing effect of the resin.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 98, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 119, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work proposed a promising strategy for rapid stereolithography of 3D models containing larger cross-sectional areas.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 50, "end": 67}], "application": [{"text": "3D models", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 115, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A nano-textured PDMS contacting layer and an oxygen-permeable membrane were bonded together as the printing substrate, providing high oxygen permeability to form an oxygen inhibition layer.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 32, "end": 37}, {"text": "layer", "start": 183, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen-permeable membrane", "start": 45, "end": 70}, {"text": "as", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 108, "end": 117}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 134, "end": 140}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 165, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The introduction of the nano-texture on PDMS not only increased the refilling speed of the resin by two times and reduced the printing time by nearly 25%, and the printing reliability of larger cross-sectional areas was remarkably improved.Download: Download high-res image (272 Fracture, the breakdown of materials as cracks advance, is one of the most intriguing materials phenomena; it can happen even to very tough biological tissues including tendons, skin, bone and teeth, materials whose critical physiological functions can be compromised by structural irregularities.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 91, "end": 96}, {"text": "as", "start": 316, "end": 318}, {"text": "biological tissues", "start": 419, "end": 437}, {"text": "be", "start": 532, "end": 534}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 172, "end": 183}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 210, "end": 215}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "high-res image", "start": 259, "end": 273}, {"text": "Fracture", "start": 279, "end": 287}, {"text": "materials", "start": 306, "end": 315}, {"text": "materials", "start": 365, "end": 374}, {"text": "materials", "start": 479, "end": 488}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 463, "end": 467}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It has been suggested that creating composites by mixing heterogeneous constituents of contrasting material properties can yield designs that can better adapt to stress concentration, leading to synthetic materials with higher toughness than their constituents.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 36, "end": 46}, {"text": "synthetic materials", "start": 195, "end": 214}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing heterogeneous", "start": 50, "end": 70}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 99, "end": 118}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 162, "end": 182}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "toughness", "start": 227, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, an optimization algorithm is used to assess material fracture resistance in the presence of a crack.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization algorithm", "start": 9, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fracture resistance", "start": 59, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analysis is further extended through experiments that involve the use of additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 77, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optimal solutions are composed solely of soft and stiff material elements, and are compared to various benchmarks.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material elements", "start": 56, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-material three-dimensional-printing (3D-printing) is used to create material samples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Multi-material", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 74, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results and mechanical testing show that an algorithmic design coupled with 3D-printing technology can generate morphologies of composites more than 20 times tougher than the stiffest base material, and more than twice as strong as the strongest base material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "morphologies", "start": 125, "end": 137}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 25, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 69, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printing", "start": 89, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 141, "end": 151}, {"text": "material", "start": 202, "end": 210}, {"text": "as", "start": 232, "end": 234}, {"text": "as", "start": 242, "end": 244}, {"text": "material", "start": 264, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct comparison of strain fields around cracks shows excellent agreement between simulation and experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggest that the systematic use of microstructure optimization to generate enhanced fracture resistance constitutes a new materials design paradigm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 47, "end": 61}, {"text": "materials", "start": 134, "end": 143}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fracture resistance", "start": 96, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 144, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional (3D) printed highly conductive graphene-based nanocomposites have led to a paradigm shift in the development of flexible electronics as well as customized therapeutic devices.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 139, "end": 150}, {"text": "therapeutic", "start": 173, "end": 184}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 84, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article addresses the deployment and characterization of a piezoelectric-pneumatic material-jetting (PPMJ) additive manufacturing process to print graphene-based nanocomposites with 3D structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 112, "end": 142}, {"text": "print", "start": 146, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D structures", "start": 187, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, development of a graphene-silicone ink, so-called MJ-3DG, with a high content of graphene (70 wt%) and its adoption for the PPMJ process to 3D print a highly conductive graphene-silicone structure is demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 135, "end": 142}, {"text": "structure", "start": 193, "end": 202}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D print", "start": 146, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The robust 3D printed structure from MJ-3DG ink with the surface roughness around 2.99 (µm) has the resistivity as low as 0.41 (Ω.cm).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 44, "end": 47}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 57, "end": 74}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 100, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This low resistivity is fairly comparable with the previously reported extrusion-based 3D-printed graphene structures that are the highest among all the carbon-based 3D-printed structures reported to date.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 9, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 87, "end": 97}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 166, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, in contrast to the extrusion-based systems, the high process speed (up to 500 mm/s) and the drop-on-demand nature of PPMJ provide internal design flexibility for 3D printed structures and make the development of smart graphene-based electronic and biomonitoring devices possible.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "extrusion-based systems", "start": 32, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "design flexibility", "start": 152, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 175, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Owing to the lack of optimization, the dimensional accuracy of low-cost 3D printers is quite limited.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 21, "end": 33}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 39, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 72, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to enhance the performances of a Prusa i3 3D printer, an optimization challenge was assigned to the students of the Specializing Master in Industrial Automation of the Politecnico di Torino.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 66, "end": 78}, {"text": "Automation", "start": 159, "end": 169}], "application": [{"text": "Industrial", "start": 148, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The enhancements were applied to four printers by manufacturing new self-replicated parts by means of the same 3D printers.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 38, "end": 46}, {"text": "3D printers", "start": 111, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 50, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The benchmarking involved the fabrication of replicas of an innovative reference artifact by means of the modified printers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was then used to inspect the dimensions of the replicas.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "coordinate measuring machine", "start": 2, "end": 30}, {"text": "CMM", "start": 32, "end": 35}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 66, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measures were used to compare the performances of the four optimized printers in terms of dimensional accuracy using ISO IT grades.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 90, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 117, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The form errors of the geometrical features of the replicas were also evaluated according to the GD & T system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "geometrical features", "start": 23, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "GD", "start": 97, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The benchmarking results show that the most effective modifications to the original printer were those related to the improvement of the structure stiffness and chatter reduction.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 137, "end": 146}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 169, "end": 178}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrusion-based 3D printing of photo-curable hydrogel materials can be used for the generation of complex objects layer by layer without the need for molds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "feature": [{"text": "photo-curable", "start": 31, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "be", "start": 68, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 114, "end": 128}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 150, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Photo-curing often is the final step of the 3D printing process, fixing the shape of the generated object.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 32, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 44, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the fabricated objects have to support themselves before curing, limiting the size of the objects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "application": [{"text": "support", "start": 40, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 66, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this contribution, intermediate curing after completing each individual layer with poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate as a radically curing hydrogel system was investigated compared with single curing of the whole structure after complete layered deposition, and its effect on the mechanical properties and achievable object size was assessed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 35, "end": 41}, {"text": "curing", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "curing", "start": 196, "end": 202}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 75, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "diacrylate", "start": 109, "end": 119}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 216, "end": 225}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 249, "end": 259}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 283, "end": 304}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Defect-free hydrogel samples for mechanical testing were obtained with an optimized washing/swelling protocol.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 33, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "protocol", "start": 101, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that hydrogel objects cured after completion without intermediate curing steps had the highest fracture stresses and compression at break with 32.5 N cm−2 and 44%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "N", "start": 161, "end": 162}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "curing", "start": 79, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 108, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 130, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With increasing intermediate curing time, both the fracture stress and the compression at break decreased down to 7.8 N cm−2 and 26%, respectively, for 5 s intermediate curing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "curing time", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "N", "start": 118, "end": 119}, {"text": "s", "start": 154, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 169, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long intermediate curing times between the layers lead to preferred crack formation parallel to the layers due to decreased chemical bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "curing times", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 50, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the formation of higher hydrogel objects than enabled by the yield stress of the hydrogel was only possible with intermediate curing due to the better self-support of partially cured objects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "hydrogel", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 70, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "cured", "start": 186, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of printing speed on quality of parts fabricated via Binder Jetting process is experimentally evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 14, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder Jetting", "start": 64, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dimensional accuracy of printed samples reduces linearly with increasing printing speed due to the enhanced spreading of droplets under more significant inertia forces.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 4, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 125, "end": 133}, {"text": "forces", "start": 165, "end": 171}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 77, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Saturation level of printed features is also linearly influenced by the printing speed, which can be attributed to increase of dimensional inaccuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 72, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder Jetting Process is an Additive Manufacturing technique (AM) in which a liquid binder is employed for establishing the initial strength and fabricating the geometry of components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Binder Jetting", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 51}, {"text": "AM", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 146, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "liquid binder", "start": 78, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 133, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 162, "end": 170}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 174, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this process, the delivery of the binding agent is accomplished through a drop-on-demand (DOD) printhead by deposition of picoliter-sized droplets of the liquid binder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 8, "end": 15}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 111, "end": 121}, {"text": "droplets", "start": 141, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DOD", "start": 93, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "liquid binder", "start": 157, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The velocity of the droplets impinging the powder bed surface might have significant effect on droplet spreading and absorption dynamics, which can be manifested in quality and integrity of the fabricated parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "droplets", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 95, "end": 102}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 117, "end": 127}, {"text": "quality", "start": 165, "end": 172}, {"text": "integrity", "start": 177, "end": 186}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 194, "end": 204}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 148, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present study, the effect of the printing speed on dimensional accuracy and equilibrium saturation level of printed samples is experimentally investigated and the observed trends are discussed in detail.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 40, "end": 54}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 58, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "equilibrium", "start": 83, "end": 94}, {"text": "samples", "start": 123, "end": 130}, {"text": "trends", "start": 179, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) is a large format additive manufacturing (AM) process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}, {"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, at this scale, lack of high print resolution and extruder flowrate control lead to potentially significant geometric deviations in the printed part.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "print resolution", "start": 37, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 84, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-resolution printing, extrusion diversion, and feedforward extruder control are examined herein.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 27, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 64, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These methods were all found to be effective in mitigating phenomena detrimental to geometric part quality on the BAAM process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "process", "start": 119, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A space frame lattice and shell finite element model was created to predict the linearly elastic response of test coupons made with a modified polyetherimide (PEI) material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "finite element model", "start": 32, "end": 52}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 164, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This approach was employed because it provides an efficient procedure to design and optimize 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 93, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The modeled coupons were 3D printed by extrusion of molten thermoplastic polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 39, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic polymer", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The finite element model was verified by comparing the predicted values of elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’ s ratio in two material directions with the corresponding values obtained from quasi-static mechanical experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "quasi-static", "start": 199, "end": 211}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 75, "end": 90}, {"text": "shear modulus", "start": 92, "end": 105}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 120, "end": 121}, {"text": "material", "start": 135, "end": 143}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 212, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The values obtained for the moduli and the Poisson’ s ratios from the finite element model matched closely with those obtained from the experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 52, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element model", "start": 70, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a popular additive manufacturing technique suitable for producing 3D shapes using thermoplastic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 41}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "thermoplastic materials", "start": 182, "end": 205}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 83, "end": 85}, {"text": "3D", "start": 166, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The majority of companies that design and test 3D printing machines work with thermoplastic acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "companies", "start": 16, "end": 25}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 31, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 47, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 78, "end": 91}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 92, "end": 123}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 125, "end": 128}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 134, "end": 149}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 151, "end": 154}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 156, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is, however, crucial to utilize different types of filaments for a broader range of applications with different mechanical property requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 54, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 78, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 115, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MEAM techniques may be used for the production of SMP-based parts, allowing for smart structures to be created in a wide variety of geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 20, "end": 22}, {"text": "be", "start": 100, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "feature": [{"text": "smart structures", "start": 80, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a commercial 3D-printer was used to produce 3D printed polyurethane-based SMP specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 58, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical and thermomechanical testing was conducted to study the effects of testing temperatures and annealing heat treatments on the tensile and shape memory properties of the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 15, "end": 31}, {"text": "properties", "start": 161, "end": 171}, {"text": "samples", "start": 179, "end": 186}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 32, "end": 39}, {"text": "testing", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 86, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 103, "end": 112}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 136, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printing was shown to be a suitable technique for producing SMP parts capable of retaining good shape memory characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 25, "end": 27}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different annealing heat treatments and test temperatures were found to have considerable effects on the SMP specimen properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 10, "end": 19}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 118, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, annealing the specimens at 85 °C for 2 h helped to improve the rate of shape recovery and the consistency of mechanical test results.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "annealing", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "consistency", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical test", "start": 124, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A systematic approach on the numerical simulation of electrified jet printing is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 29, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method which suits for modeling multiphase flows with a continuous interface is used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Volume of Fluid", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "VOF", "start": 21, "end": 24}, {"text": "interface", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 49, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The surface tension force is calculated with the Continuum Surface Force (CSF) method and the electric forces are added to the momentum equation by taking the divergence of the Maxwell stress tensor.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "stress", "start": 185, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "Continuum Surface Force", "start": 49, "end": 72}, {"text": "CSF", "start": 74, "end": 77}, {"text": "forces", "start": 103, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Employing these dimensionless numbers, the number of effective parameters is reduced, and a relative comparison of the importance of competing forces on the process becomes possible.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "forces", "start": 143, "end": 149}, {"text": "process", "start": 157, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed to implement a quantitative description of the mechanical behavior of materials fabricated by stereolithography (SLA).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 79, "end": 91}, {"text": "materials fabricated", "start": 134, "end": 154}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 111, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 158, "end": 175}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 177, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considering the characteristics of the SLA printing process and the influence of the printing angle and layer thickness, the transversely isotropic elastic model and the Hill anisotropic yield model are used to describe the mechanical behavior of SLA-printed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 43, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 104, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic elastic", "start": 138, "end": 155}, {"text": "anisotropic", "start": 175, "end": 186}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 193, "end": 198}, {"text": "materials", "start": 259, "end": 268}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 224, "end": 234}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the analysis of the elasticity and strength of SLA-printed materials, equations to predict the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength are derived.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elasticity", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "strength", "start": 38, "end": 46}, {"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 98, "end": 113}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 118, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 62, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniaxial tensile tests are carried out to obtain the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the standard SLA-printed materials under different printing angles and layer thicknesses.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 9, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 53, "end": 68}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 73, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 106, "end": 114}, {"text": "materials", "start": 127, "end": 136}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thicknesses", "start": 173, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parameters of the constitutive model are employed in ABAQUS to simulate the mechanical behavior of a cellular structure and compare it with the experimental results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "model", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 148, "end": 160}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "ABAQUS", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 105, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrate that the elastoplastic constitutive model developed in this study can effectively describe the mechanical behavior of SLA-printed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 60, "end": 65}, {"text": "materials", "start": 154, "end": 163}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Transparent materials for fused filament fabrication printers are widely available and may be useful for constructing 3D printed devices with applications in UV/VIS spectroscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Transparent materials", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 165, "end": 177}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 26, "end": 52}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 91, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, colourless polylactic acid, HD Glass and T-Glase were evaluated as construction materials for biochemical sensors, which contain immobilised enzymes, for analysis by UV/VIS spectrophotometry.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 26, "end": 41}, {"text": "Glass", "start": 46, "end": 51}, {"text": "as", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 121, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiments were conducted on both the native 3D print and after coating with XTC-3D®, a transparent epoxy resin used to improve optical transparency of 3D prints.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D print", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "3D prints", "start": 153, "end": 162}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 65, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transparent", "start": 89, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 129, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Individual enzymes were immobilised within the 3D prints by coupling the enzymes to tosyl-activated magnetic beads and attracted to the print surface by magnets embedded in the 3D print.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D prints", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "print", "start": 136, "end": 141}, {"text": "3D print", "start": 177, "end": 185}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "application": [{"text": "magnets", "start": 153, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A transparent 3D printed device was demonstrated using enzymatic assays of lactose and glucose.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transparent", "start": 2, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 14, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Further studies showed that enzyme assays performed in these 3D printed devices are reproducible, accurate and of comparable sensitivity to the same assays performed in polystyrene cuvettes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "polystyrene", "start": 169, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing is now considered as a new paradigm that is foreseen to improve progress in many fields.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The field of tissue engineering has been facing the need for tissue vascularization when producing thick tissues.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 13, "end": 31}, {"text": "vascularization", "start": 68, "end": 83}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "facing", "start": 41, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of sugar glass as a fugitive ink to produce vascular networks through rapid casting may offer the key to vascularization of thick tissues produced by tissue engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sugar glass", "start": 11, "end": 22}, {"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "ink", "start": 37, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 84, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vascularization", "start": 113, "end": 128}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 158, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, a 3D printer head capable of producing complex structures out of sugar glass is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer head", "start": 8, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 45, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "sugar glass", "start": 71, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This printer head uses a motorized heated syringe fitted with a custom made nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "syringe", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 76, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printer head was adapted to be mounted on a commercially available 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "3D printer", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 32, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A mathematical model was derived to predict the diameter of the filaments based on the printer head feed rate and extrusion rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mathematical", "start": 2, "end": 14}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 48, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 100, "end": 104}, {"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 114, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using a 1 mm diameter nozzle, the printer accurately produced filaments ranging from 0.3 mm to 3.2 mm in diameter.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 10, "end": 12}, {"text": "mm", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "mm", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 62, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the main advantages of this manufacturing method is the self-supporting behaviour of sugar glass that allows the production of long, horizontal, curved, as well as overhanging filaments needed to produce complex vascular networks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "production", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 63, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "sugar glass", "start": 92, "end": 103}, {"text": "as", "start": 160, "end": 162}, {"text": "as", "start": 168, "end": 170}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 183, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, to establish a proof of concept, polydimethylsiloxane was used as the gel matrix during the rapid casting to produce various “vascularized” constructs that were successfully perfused, which suggests that this new fabrication method can be used in a number of tissue engineering applications, including the vascularization of thick tissues.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polydimethylsiloxane", "start": 42, "end": 62}, {"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "gel", "start": 79, "end": 82}, {"text": "be", "start": 245, "end": 247}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 107, "end": 114}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 222, "end": 233}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 268, "end": 286}, {"text": "vascularization", "start": 315, "end": 330}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printable zwitterionic nanoclay hydrogel with self-supporting abilities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 49, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printing speed had a considerable effect on the material’ s tensile properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Printing speed", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "s", "start": 58, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increased aging time of the pre-gels significantly reduced strain at failure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 59, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Excellent recovery of compressed hydrogels when left for 24 h at room temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogels", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 70, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A UV-curable nanoclay-zwitterionic hydrogel is synthesised and evaluated though rheological and mechanical testing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 96, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression and tensile samples are printed and compared to cast samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Compression", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 60, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pre-gel aging time showed that an increased time resulted in a lower strain at failure for both cast and extruded samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 100, "end": 104}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the compressed samples display self-healing abilities at room temperature and almost completely returns to its original state before compression occurred.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 75, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 146, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Net-shape 98% dense objects have been fabricated from a rapidly solidified ferrous powder using binder jet 3D printing and molten bronze infiltration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 38, "end": 48}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "rapidly solidified", "start": 56, "end": 74}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 83, "end": 89}, {"text": "binder", "start": 96, "end": 102}, {"text": "bronze", "start": 130, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis were used to characterize the structural evolution of the powder feedstock during an infiltration heating cycle.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 19, "end": 47}, {"text": "thermal analysis", "start": 66, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 124, "end": 133}, {"text": "infiltration", "start": 168, "end": 180}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 141, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 181, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microindentation and bend tests were performed on the infiltrated material to evaluate its mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bend tests", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 91, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that infiltration improved the strength of the sintered preforms by eliminating the stress concentration points at interparticle necks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 44, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "stress concentration", "start": 97, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We have printed microscale 3-dimensional tissue scaffolds using cellulose acetate (CA) for the first time and produced a range of pore sizes ranging from 99 to 608 μm that are potentially favorable for tissue engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microscale", "start": 16, "end": 26}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 202, "end": 220}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "cellulose acetate", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "CA", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 121, "end": 126}, {"text": "pore sizes", "start": 130, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the process we have elucidated some of the formulation-fabrication-morphology relationships which enabled advancements in ink development, optimization of fabrication parameters, and morphological control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 7, "end": 14}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 142, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 125, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 158, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We believe this study will increase the knowledge base for additive manufacturing of CA and enable further research into the use of 3D-printed CA for tissue engineering applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 132, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "CA", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 107, "end": 115}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 150, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, our findings on printing optimization may provide some practical principles and methodologies that are applicable for the ink development using other biomaterials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 31, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 128, "end": 131}, {"text": "biomaterials", "start": 156, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy in dielectric properties can have deleterious effects in structures intended for use in high-field environments.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 14, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We show that dielectric anisotropy is introduced into parts fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques based on the orientation in which the part is printed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 77, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dielectric strength testing data, based on the ASTM D149 standard, are presented for samples fabricated using the polymer jetting (PolyJet), stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Dielectric strength", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "standard", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "samples fabricated", "start": 85, "end": 103}, {"text": "PolyJet", "start": 131, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 114, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "jetting", "start": 122, "end": 129}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 141, "end": 158}, {"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 166, "end": 191}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 193, "end": 196}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 203, "end": 228}, {"text": "SLS", "start": 230, "end": 233}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 235, "end": 257}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 160, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Each printing technique was found to introduce anisotropic dielectric properties within the sample coupons that were a function of the original orientation in which the part was printed, and the direction of structural susceptibility was found to be print-method dependent.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "susceptibility", "start": 219, "end": 233}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "sample", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 144, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 247, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differences in dielectric strength for coupons printed in different orientations were found to exceed 70% for some combinations of printing technique and polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "dielectric strength", "start": 15, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 68, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 154, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, test coupons printed with stereolithography (SLA) were found to exhibit the lowest degree of dielectric strength anisotropy between print orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "print", "start": 141, "end": 146}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "SLA", "start": 54, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "dielectric strength anisotropy", "start": 102, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 147, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Dielectric failure mechanisms are discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Dielectric", "start": 0, "end": 10}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effect of deposition velocity on the width, continuity and mechanical properties of printed mortar.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pumping flow rate influences the printed mortar specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 12, "end": 21}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical strength of multi-layered printed specimens in the presence/absence of glass fibre, compared with moulded mortar.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Mechanical strength", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "glass fibre", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "moulded", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An adaptable industrial robot end-effector orientation and velocity control approach for versatile novel form fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "industrial robot", "start": 13, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 110, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies are widely used in various fields of industry and research.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "research", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Continual research has enabled AM technologies to be considered as a feasible substitute for certain applications in the construction industry, particularly given the advances in the use of glass fibre reinforced mortar.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 10, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 31, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 50, "end": 52}, {"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "glass fibre", "start": 190, "end": 201}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 121, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An investigation of the resulting mechanical properties of various mortar mixes extruded using a robotic arm is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 34, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 80, "end": 88}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "robotic arm", "start": 97, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The nozzle paths were projected via ‘spline’ interpolation to obtain the desired trajectory and deposition velocity in the reference frame of the manipulator.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "manipulator", "start": 146, "end": 157}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interpolation", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the mixes consist of ordinary Portland cement, fine sand, chopped glass fibres (6 mm) and chemical admixtures, which are used to print prismatic- and cubic-shaped specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "cement", "start": 54, "end": 60}, {"text": "sand", "start": 67, "end": 71}, {"text": "glass fibres", "start": 81, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "print", "start": 144, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical strength tests were performed on the printed specimens to evaluate the behaviour of the materials in the presence and absence of glass fibre.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Mechanical strength", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 99, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "glass fibre", "start": 140, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Robot end-effector velocity tests were performed to examine the printability and extrudability of the mortar mixes.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "Robot", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 64, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that printed specimens with glass fibre have enhanced compressive strength compared with specimens without glass fibre.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "glass fibre", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "glass fibre", "start": 124, "end": 135}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 71, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Blends of raco-PP and amorphous PP show best 3D printing performances.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Blends", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 45, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tailored polypropylene features enhanced interlayer bonding quality and reduced warpage.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polypropylene", "start": 9, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 52, "end": 59}, {"text": "warpage", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "3D printed frog with PP as test sample demonstrates outstanding part performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "performance", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports on the optimization of polypropylene (PP) feedstock material towards extrusion-based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "polypropylene", "start": 42, "end": 55}, {"text": "feedstock material", "start": 61, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 104, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To achieve this, two commercially available grades of polypropylene/ethylene random copolymers (raco PP) were modified, aiming to reduce warp deformation caused by shrinkage and at the same time reduce the anisotropic property by improving the interlayer bonding quality of 3D printed parts processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "copolymers", "start": 84, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 142, "end": 153}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 164, "end": 173}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 255, "end": 262}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 206, "end": 217}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 274, "end": 290}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 304, "end": 330}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 332, "end": 335}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A β-nucleating agent, several amorphous polypropylenes (aPP) and one linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) were selected as additive or blending component with the goal to reduce shrinkage.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polypropylenes", "start": 40, "end": 54}, {"text": "polyethylene", "start": 88, "end": 100}, {"text": "as", "start": 123, "end": 125}, {"text": "additive", "start": 126, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "blending", "start": 138, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 181, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The polypropylene feedstock material optimization was conducted by a combination of a lab-scale filament rod processing method and utilizing printed square tubes to optimize printing performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polypropylene feedstock", "start": 4, "end": 27}, {"text": "material", "start": 28, "end": 36}, {"text": "filament", "start": 96, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "printing performance", "start": 174, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The achieved results demonstrate that the crystallization behavior and E-modulus of polypropylene play significant roles for warp deformation in extrusion-based 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 42, "end": 57}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 130, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "polypropylene", "start": 84, "end": 97}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 161, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigated polymer blend of raco PP and LLDPE shows no significant contribution to reduce warpage and impairs also the interlayer bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer blend", "start": 17, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "warpage", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 136, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With two aPP grades warp deformation could be drastically reduced.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 25, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the interlayer bonding quality is remarkably enhanced in these blends in spite of slight decreases in stiffness and strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 28, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "blends", "start": 76, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 115, "end": 124}, {"text": "strength", "start": 129, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In conclusion, the optimized PP feedstock material features less warp deformation, high stiffness, and most importantly, outstanding interlayer bonding qualities.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "feedstock material", "start": 32, "end": 50}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 144, "end": 151}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 88, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper investigates the effect of interlayer cooling on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) structures that are 3D printed using fusion based material extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 64, "end": 85}, {"text": "fusion", "start": 164, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 49, "end": 56}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 147, "end": 157}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 177, "end": 195}], "material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 89, "end": 120}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 122, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two different types of samples were prepared, one designed to measure the compressive strength of the structural material, and the other designed to measure the shear strength of the structural material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 50, "end": 58}, {"text": "designed", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 74, "end": 94}, {"text": "shear strength", "start": 161, "end": 175}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 113, "end": 121}, {"text": "material", "start": 194, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the wait time in between layers was increased, the effective yield strength was decreased for both types of samples.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield strength", "start": 64, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 111, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature data was collected from the top layer of the structures after each successive layer deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "layer", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "layer", "start": 90, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 12, "end": 16}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This data revealed significant cooling over the wait times being considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 5, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 31, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These trends prove that additional care needs to be taken when selecting the print settings for structural components that are manufactured using fused filament fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trends", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "structural components", "start": 96, "end": 117}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 127, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 77, "end": 82}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 146, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study shows that printing processes that require additional time (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing processes", "start": 22, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "larger parts, finer geometries, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 20, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ") will inherently lead to a reduction in the mechanical strength of the printed structure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 18, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 28, "end": 37}, {"text": "structure", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 45, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To improve printing fidelity, reducing the slice thickness to eliminate the staircase effect is of great importance for digital light processing (DLP) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slice", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "technology", "start": 151, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital light processing", "start": 120, "end": 144}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 146, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, using a thinner slice printing model leads to a longer total printing time in the conventional DLP approach, which significantly reduces printing efficiency.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slice", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "model", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 104, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a tunable pre-curing DLP approach was developed where the relationship between the forming layer thickness and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time is theoretically analyzed, and the curing process of photo-curable solutions is divided into two sub-processes: pre-curing and further curing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "forming", "start": 97, "end": 104}, {"text": "curing", "start": 191, "end": 197}, {"text": "curing", "start": 291, "end": 297}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "ultraviolet", "start": 125, "end": 136}, {"text": "UV", "start": 138, "end": 140}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 142, "end": 150}], "feature": [{"text": "photo-curable", "start": 209, "end": 222}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the pre-curing process, the photo-curable solution is initially pre-cured and kept at the pre-gelled state due to continuous UV exposure during subsequent DLP printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "UV exposure", "start": 128, "end": 139}], "feature": [{"text": "photo-curable", "start": 31, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 158, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, the pre-cured photo-curable solution is quickly cured to form a designed thickness in each printing cycle.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "photo-curable", "start": 20, "end": 33}, {"text": "designed", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, the UV absorbing agent is added to the photo-curable hydrogel solutions to regulate the pre-curing process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "UV", "start": 10, "end": 12}, {"text": "process", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "feature": [{"text": "photo-curable", "start": 45, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 59, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using a 10 μm slice for DLP printing, the total printing time of the tunable pre-curing DLP is approximately 5.6% of the conventional DLP, and the staircase effect on the surface is significantly eliminated using 10 μm slice tunable pre-curing DLP approach, which leads to a better printing fidelity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "slice", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "surface", "start": 171, "end": 178}, {"text": "slice", "start": 219, "end": 224}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 24, "end": 27}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 134, "end": 137}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 244, "end": 247}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the reduction of UV exposure time and slice thickness is beneficial for cell viability during DLP bioprinting of thick bulk structures, which is demonstrated by the printing of PC12 cell-laden gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) bioinks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "UV exposure", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "slice", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "cell viability", "start": 82, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 104, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "bioprinting", "start": 108, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using the tunable pre-curing DLP approach, the PC12 cells achieved higher cell viability (90.2 ± 6.1%) and better cell morphology than the conventional DLP approach (54.5 ± 4.8%).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 29, "end": 32}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 152, "end": 155}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 52, "end": 57}, {"text": "cell", "start": 114, "end": 118}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "cell viability", "start": 74, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tunable pre-curing DLP approach provides a promising alternative to extend the application of DLP printing greatly.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 98, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes an electromagnetic based planar pressure sensor using a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 76, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed pressure sensor is inspired by a rectangular SIW cavity and is additively manufactured using 3D printed dielectric material with inkjet printed conductive pattern.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 168, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 76, "end": 99}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "inkjet", "start": 142, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 128, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We inserted meshed material at the SIW centre, to facilitate soft pressing, and simplify producing frequency shifts due to capacitive coupling perturbation from different pressure levels.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pressing", "start": 66, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 171, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper investigates the bending behaviors of a bi-material structure (BMS) using both experimental and numerical methods The BMS is a composite material built by a 3D-printed, open-cellular brittle plaster structure filled with a silicone elastomer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "structure", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 90, "end": 102}, {"text": "structure", "start": 210, "end": 219}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 28, "end": 35}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 168, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "composite material", "start": 138, "end": 156}, {"text": "silicone elastomer", "start": 234, "end": 252}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 194, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The composition and configuration of the two materials determine the overall mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 20, "end": 33}, {"text": "materials", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 77, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four-point bending test results show a non-linear elastic property, enhanced strength and toughness of BMS samples compared to either material phase alone.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bending test", "start": 11, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "strength", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 134, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such behavior is believed to be a result of delayed microcrack propagation in the brittle phase and a hardening effect of elastomer.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "elastomer", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "hardening", "start": 102, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the numerical study, finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to verify these hypotheses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 24, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FEA incorporates a brittle cracking material model for the plaster and a hyperelastic model for the silicone.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 40, "end": 48}, {"text": "silicone", "start": 104, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The brittle cracking model enables the estimation of element degradation as a result of crack development and thus eliminates the need for the extremely refined mesh.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 21, "end": 26}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 61, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "element", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Simulation result confirms the non-linear elastic transition and crack-induced material degradation and visualizes the silicone strengthening mechanism that can avoid rapid structural rupture.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Simulation", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 42, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "silicone", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 88, "end": 99}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 142, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly becoming one of the most popular manufacturing techniques for short run part production and rapid prototyping.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 72, "end": 85}, {"text": "production", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 131, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM encompasses a range of technologies, including powder bed fusion (PBF) process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 50, "end": 67}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 69, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 17, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "process", "start": 74, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and benchmark the mechanical performance of polyamide 12 (PA12) parts, fabricated using a production scale powder bed fusion printing process (HP Multi Jet Fusion printing process).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 45, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 59, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 85, "end": 97}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 99, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 112, "end": 122}, {"text": "process", "start": 175, "end": 182}, {"text": "process", "start": 213, "end": 220}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 131, "end": 141}, {"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 148, "end": 165}, {"text": "Multi Jet Fusion", "start": 187, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This system has a build volume is 380 × 254 × 350 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build volume", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 50, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed polymer parts were examined to determine their hydrophobicity, morphology, porosity and roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 87, "end": 95}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 100, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Chemical and thermal properties of the PA12 parts were also evaluated using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 13, "end": 31}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 104, "end": 112}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 195, "end": 203}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 39, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reflection", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "FT-IR", "start": 131, "end": 136}, {"text": "x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy", "start": 139, "end": 171}, {"text": "XPS", "start": 173, "end": 176}, {"text": "DSC", "start": 217, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study highlights the influence of build orientation on the tensile (ISO 527-1:2012) and flexural (ISO 178:2010) properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 38, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 63, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "ISO", "start": 102, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 116, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In terms of tensile strength, the parts exhibited isotropic behaviour with a maximum tensile strength of 49 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 12, "end": 28}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 85, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 108, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In terms of flexural testing, the build orientations had a significant effect on the strength of the printed part.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientations", "start": 34, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 85, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Z orientation exhibited a 40% higher flexural strength, when compared to that of the X orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 6, "end": 17}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 41, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The maximum flexural strength observed was 70 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 12, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 46, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of this rapid, production scale AM study are compared with previous studies that detail the mechanical performance of PA12, fabricated using PBF processes, such as selective laser sintering.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "AM", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 153, "end": 156}, {"text": "laser sintering", "start": 186, "end": 201}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 130, "end": 134}, {"text": "as", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fab labs, which offer small-scale distributed digital fabrication, are forming a Green Fab Lab Network, which embraces concepts of an open source symbiotic economy and circular economy patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital fabrication", "start": 46, "end": 65}, {"text": "forming", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 139, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the use of industrial 3D printers capable of fused particle fabrication/ fused granular fabrication (FPF/FGF) printing directly from waste plastic streams, green fab labs could act as defacto recycling centers for converting waste plastics into valuable products for their communities.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 27, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 50, "end": 55}, {"text": "fused", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "recycling", "start": 197, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 144, "end": 151}, {"text": "as", "start": 186, "end": 188}, {"text": "plastics", "start": 236, "end": 244}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, in this study the Gigabot X, an open source industrial 3D printer, which has been shown to be amenable to a wide array of recyclables for FPF/FGF 3D printing, is used to evaluate this economic potential.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "industrial", "start": 50, "end": 60}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 152, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An economic life cycle analysis of the technology is completed comprised of three cases studies using FPF for large sporting equipment products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "life cycle", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "technology", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 125, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sensitivities are run on the electricity costs for operation, materials costs from various feed stocks and the capacity factors of the 3D printers.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Sensitivities", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "feed", "start": 91, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 62, "end": 71}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 111, "end": 119}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 135, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that FPF/FGF 3D printing is capable of energy efficient production of a wide range of large high-value sporting goods products.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "production", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 96, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For the case study products analyzed even the lowest capacity factor (starting only one print per week) represented a profit when comparing to high-end value products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "case study", "start": 8, "end": 18}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 88, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For some products the profit potential and return on investment was substantial (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "return on investment", "start": 43, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results clearly show that open source industrial FPF/FGF 3D printers have significant economic potential when used as a distributed recycling/manufacturing system using recyclable feed stocks in the green fab lab context.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 35, "end": 41}, {"text": "industrial", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 61, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 119, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "recyclable", "start": 173, "end": 183}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 184, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is well-known that the effective mechanical properties of cellular structures can be tuned by varying its relative density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 36, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 61, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 109, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the advancement of 3D printing, variable-density cellular structures can be fabricated with high precision using this emerging manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 24, "end": 35}, {"text": "manufacturing technology", "start": 132, "end": 156}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 54, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 102, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Taking advantage of this unique ability to fabricate variable-density cellular structure, an efficient homogenization-based topology optimization method for natural frequency optimization is presented in this work.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 43, "end": 52}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 70, "end": 88}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 124, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 175, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The method is demonstrated using a cantilevered plate with a honeycomb structure and is validated by detailed finite element analysis and experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "honeycomb structure", "start": 61, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 110, "end": 133}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 138, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that the optimal design can be fabricated by 3D printing and shows significant enhancement in natural frequency and reduction in weight.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 128, "end": 137}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 141, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, binder jetting (BJ) produces workpieces that could be used in a great variety of applications, such as decorative parts, prototypes, foundry molds, bone implants, and others.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 6, "end": 28}, {"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "binder jetting", "start": 48, "end": 62}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "foundry", "start": 181, "end": 188}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "prototypes", "start": 169, "end": 179}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 99, "end": 101}, {"text": "as", "start": 148, "end": 150}], "application": [{"text": "bone implants", "start": 196, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This technique includes the powder deposition to form the layers, binder application, and post-processing to enhance mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 28, "end": 34}, {"text": "binder", "start": 66, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 90, "end": 105}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 117, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fibers can be mixed with traditional raw material powder in order to produce composite parts that are stronger.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fibers", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "be", "start": 11, "end": 13}, {"text": "raw material", "start": 37, "end": 49}, {"text": "powder", "start": 50, "end": 56}, {"text": "composite", "start": 77, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sisal fibers are considered to be a promising reinforcement in composites because of their low cost, high strength, and lack of risk to human health.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 6, "end": 12}, {"text": "be", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "composites", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 46, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In Brazil, sisal fibers are abundant and there has been no previous study on the application of this fiber in binder jetting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 17, "end": 23}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 110, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article proposes the production of gypsum–sisal fiber parts using BJ and the analysis of the effects of some manufacturing parameters, such as the presence of fiber, printing orientation, and post-processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "BJ", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 114, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 164, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 180, "end": 191}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 197, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A material characterization is performed on raw materials and printed parts in the form of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 2, "end": 10}, {"text": "raw materials", "start": 44, "end": 57}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "thermogravimetric analysis", "start": 91, "end": 117}, {"text": "TGA", "start": 119, "end": 122}, {"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 125, "end": 142}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 144, "end": 147}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 154, "end": 182}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 184, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A complete 24 factorial design for analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the mechanical strength and porosity of the manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "factorial design", "start": 14, "end": 30}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 126, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 86, "end": 105}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 110, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was observed that the fibers had a positive influence on the mechanical strength of the infiltrated parts, but a loss of strength was verified on the green parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 64, "end": 83}, {"text": "strength", "start": 124, "end": 132}, {"text": "green parts", "start": 153, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The reason for a loss of mechanical strength correlated with the increase in porosity caused by the fiber during the printing process; however, this increased porosity contributed to a more efficient infiltration post-processing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 25, "end": 44}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 159, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "correlated", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "infiltration", "start": 200, "end": 212}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 100, "end": 105}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 117, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We experimentally and numerically investigate elastic wave propagation in a class of lightweight architected materials composed of hollow spheres and binders.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 85, "end": 96}, {"text": "materials", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "binders", "start": 150, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elastic wave transmission tests demonstrate the existence of vibration mitigation capability in the proposed architected foams, which is validated against the numerically predicted phononic band gap.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Elastic", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transmission", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 171, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We further describe that the phononic band gap properties can be significantly altered through changing hollow sphere thickness and binder size in the architected foams.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 62, "end": 64}, {"text": "binder", "start": 132, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the threshold stiffness contrast of 50, the proposed architected foam requires only a volume fraction of 10.8% while exhibiting an omnidirectional band gap size exceeding 130%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "foam", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "parameter": [{"text": "volume fraction", "start": 89, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed design paradigm and physical mechanisms are robust and applicable to architected foams with other topologies, thus providing new opportunities to design phononic metamaterials for low-frequency vibration control.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "design", "start": 159, "end": 165}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "topologies", "start": 111, "end": 121}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterials", "start": 175, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing of polymer derived ceramics with fused filament fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 56, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 26, "end": 33}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 42, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Producing ceramics with hollow struts by surface coating with preceramic polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 73, "end": 81}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 31, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 49, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Creating a multi-level porous system with stable geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 23, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 49, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All 3-D printing materials produced ceramics skins of less than 100 microns.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "materials", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 36, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A promising method for obtaining ceramic components with additive manufacturing (AM) is to use a two-step process of first printing the artifact in polymer and then converting it to ceramic using pyrolysis to form polymer derived ceramics (PDCs).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 148, "end": 155}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 182, "end": 189}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 214, "end": 221}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 230, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}, {"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}, {"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 196, "end": 205}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 106, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM of ceramic components using PDCs has been demonstrated with a number of high-cost techniques, but data is lacking for fused filament fabrication (FFF) -based 3-D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 121, "end": 147}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 149, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 101, "end": 105}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 161, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the potential of lower-cost, more widespread and accessible FFF-based 3-D printing of PDCs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 94, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low-cost FFF machines have a resolution limit set by the nozzle width, which is inferior to the resolutions obtained with expensive stereolithography or selective laser sintering AM systems.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "stereolithography", "start": 132, "end": 149}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 153, "end": 178}, {"text": "AM", "start": 179, "end": 181}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 29, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "limit", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 57, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, to match the performance a partial PDC conversion is used here, where only the outer surface of the printed polymer frame is converted to ceramic.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 22, "end": 33}, {"text": "surface", "start": 94, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 147, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here the FFF-based 3-D printed sample is coated with a preceramic polymer and then it is converted into the corresponding PDC sample with a high temperature pyrolysis process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 19, "end": 22}, {"text": "sample", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "sample", "start": 126, "end": 132}, {"text": "process", "start": 167, "end": 174}], "application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 145, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 157, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A screening experiment is performed on commercial filaments to obtain ceramic 3-D prints by surface coating both hard thermoplastics: poly lactic acid (PLA), polycarbonate (PC), nylon alloys, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and co-polyesters; and flexible materials including: flexible PLA, thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic polyurethane filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 78, "end": 81}, {"text": "surface", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "materials", "start": 320, "end": 329}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 70, "end": 77}, {"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 118, "end": 132}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 152, "end": 155}, {"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 158, "end": 171}, {"text": "PC", "start": 173, "end": 175}, {"text": "nylon alloys", "start": 178, "end": 190}, {"text": "polypropylene", "start": 192, "end": 205}, {"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 212, "end": 238}, {"text": "polyethylene terephthalate", "start": 254, "end": 280}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 350, "end": 353}, {"text": "thermoplastic elastomer", "start": 355, "end": 378}, {"text": "thermoplastic polyurethane filaments", "start": 383, "end": 419}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mass and volume changes were quantified for the soaking and pyrolysis steps to form a hollow ceramic skin.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 93, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All 3-D printing materials extruded at 250 microns successfully produced hollow ceramics skins of less than 100 microns.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "materials", "start": 17, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 27, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The novel results developed here can be used to choose FFF-based polymers to use for PDC processing on a wide range of applications such as heat exchangers, heat sinks, scaffoldings for bone tissue growth, chemical/ gas filters and custom scientific hardware.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "as", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 110, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "heat sinks", "start": 157, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bone tissue growth", "start": 186, "end": 204}, {"text": "gas", "start": 216, "end": 219}], "application": [{"text": "filters", "start": 220, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing via 3-D printing technologies have become a frontier in materials research, including its application in the development and recycling of permanent magnets.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 27, "end": 30}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 40, "end": 52}, {"text": "materials", "start": 79, "end": 88}, {"text": "recycling", "start": 148, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "permanent magnets", "start": 161, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work addresses the opportunity to integrate magnetic field sources into 3-D printing process in order to enable printing, alignment of anisotropic permanent magnets or magnetizing of magnetic filler materials, without requiring further processing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic field", "start": 49, "end": 63}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 77, "end": 80}, {"text": "process", "start": 90, "end": 97}, {"text": "materials", "start": 204, "end": 213}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 140, "end": 151}], "application": [{"text": "magnets", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A non-axisymmetric electromagnet-type field source architecture was designed, modelled, constructed, installed to a fused filament commercial 3-D printer, and tested.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "architecture", "start": 51, "end": 63}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 116, "end": 121}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The testing was performed by applying magnetic field while printing composite anisotropic Nd-Fe-B + Sm-Fe-N powders bonded in Nylon12 (65 vol.%) and recycled Sm-Co powder bonded in PLA (15 vol.%).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 4, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic field", "start": 38, "end": 52}, {"text": "recycled", "start": 149, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 68, "end": 77}, {"text": "powders", "start": 108, "end": 115}, {"text": "powder", "start": 164, "end": 170}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 181, "end": 184}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 78, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Magnetic characterization indicated that the degree-of-alignment of the magnet powders increased both with alignment field strength (controlled by the electric current applied to the magnetizing system) and the printing temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Magnetic characterization", "start": 0, "end": 25}], "application": [{"text": "magnet", "start": 72, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 220, "end": 231}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both coercivity and remanence were found to be strongly dependent on the degree-of-alignment, except for printing performed below but near the Curie temperature of Nd-Fe-B (310 ° C).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "C", "start": 179, "end": 180}], "parameter": [{"text": "Curie temperature", "start": 143, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The variations in coercivity were consistent with previous observations in bonded magnet materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "application": [{"text": "magnet", "start": 82, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work verifies that integration of magnetic field sources into 3-D printing processes will result in magnetic alignment of particles while ensuring that other advantages of 3-D printing are retained.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic field", "start": 39, "end": 53}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "processes", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "particles", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 177, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is the most popular additive manufacturing method because of its numerous capabilities and relatively low cost.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This comes with a trade off as FFF printed parts are typically weak in the layer deposition direction due to insufficient interlayer bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 75, "end": 80}, {"text": "deposition direction", "start": 81, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 133, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research adopts the method of cold plasma treatment and investigates the potential enhancement of interlayer bonding by altering the printed surface prior to the deposition of the next layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 40, "end": 46}, {"text": "investigates", "start": 61, "end": 73}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "surface", "start": 146, "end": 153}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 167, "end": 177}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 190, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polylactic acid (PLA) is used as the printing material, due to its ubiquity in industry.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polylactic acid", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 17, "end": 20}, {"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "material", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 79, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The bonding strength is measured by the shear bond strength test.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "bonding strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bond strength", "start": 46, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that bond strength improved over 100% with 30 s of treatment and over 50% with 300 s of treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bond strength", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 63, "end": 64}, {"text": "s", "start": 100, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This indicates that wettability may not be the dominant mechanism for enhanced bonding after treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wettability", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 56, "end": 65}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 79, "end": 86}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using 3D printed, patient-specific medical phantoms has become increasingly popular for use in biomedical applications including medical device testing, medical education, and surgical planning, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 6, "end": 16}, {"text": "planning", "start": 185, "end": 193}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 35, "end": 42}, {"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 95, "end": 118}, {"text": "medical device", "start": 129, "end": 143}, {"text": "medical", "start": 153, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome the inherent differences in mechanical properties between biological tissues and printable polymers, metamaterials are being introduced to mimic the mechanical response of the biological tissues.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 40, "end": 61}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 161, "end": 180}], "material": [{"text": "biological tissues", "start": 70, "end": 88}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "metamaterials", "start": 113, "end": 126}, {"text": "biological tissues", "start": 188, "end": 206}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 151, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the existing trial-and-error approaches for finding the geometric parameters of the metamaterial result in time-consuming trials, which can not meet the urgent needs for medical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trial-and-error", "start": 22, "end": 37}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterial", "start": 93, "end": 105}], "application": [{"text": "medical applications", "start": 179, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We addressed this issue by proposing an optimization-based statistical approach with an easy-to-evaluate surrogate model to guide the design process and reduce the design time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 115, "end": 120}, {"text": "design process", "start": 134, "end": 148}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 164, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, several validation tests were reported, including a biomedical application of mimicking the mechanical response of human articular cartilage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "validation", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "mechanical response", "start": 107, "end": 126}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical application", "start": 67, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed approach achieves excellent accuracy both visually and quantitatively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitatively", "start": 68, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This data-driven approach demonstrates efficacy and flexibility in building the surrogate model even when no obvious physical trends can be extracted.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 52, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}, {"text": "trends", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 137, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the proposed statistical approach, we can efficiently design the metamaterial and 3D-print mechanically accurate phantoms for sophisticated engineering applications.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 59, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "metamaterial", "start": 70, "end": 82}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 109, "end": 117}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 145, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cartilage regeneration is challenging because of the poor intrinsic self-repair capacity of avascular tissue.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "regeneration", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 80, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has gained significant attention in the field of tissue engineering and is a promising technology to overcome current difficulties in cartilage regeneration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Three-dimensional", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "3D", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 84, "end": 102}, {"text": "technology", "start": 122, "end": 132}, {"text": "regeneration", "start": 179, "end": 191}], "application": [{"text": "bioprinting", "start": 23, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although bioink is an essential component of bioprinting technology, several challenges remain in satisfying different requirements for ideal bioink, including biocompatibility and printability based on specific biological requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 32, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "bioprinting", "start": 45, "end": 56}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 160, "end": 176}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 181, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Gelatin and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been shown to be ideal biomimetic hydrogel sources for cartilage regeneration.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 52, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "biomimetic", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "regeneration", "start": 103, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, controlling their structure, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and degradation rate for cartilage repair remains a challenge.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 27, "end": 36}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 38, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 61, "end": 77}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "degradation rate", "start": 83, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we show a photocurable bioink created by hybridization of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and glycidyl-methacrylated HA (GMHA) for material extrusion 3D bioprinting in cartilage regeneration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion 3D bioprinting", "start": 134, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "regeneration", "start": 181, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "GelMA and GMHA were mixed in various ratios, and the mixture of 7% GelMA and 5% GMHA bioink (G7H5) demonstrated the most reliable mechanical properties, rheological properties, and printability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 130, "end": 151}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological properties", "start": 153, "end": 175}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 181, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This bioink also provided an excellent microenvironment for chondrogenesis of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) in vitro and in vivo.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "mesenchymal stem cells", "start": 93, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In summary, this study presents the ideal formulation of GelMA/GMHA hybrid bioink to generate a well-suited photocurable bioink for cartilage regeneration of TMSCs using a material extrusion bioprinter, and could be applied to cartilage tissue engineering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "regeneration", "start": 142, "end": 154}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 237, "end": 255}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 172, "end": 190}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bioprinter", "start": 191, "end": 201}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 213, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 60, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, structural applications of FFF are still limited by unwanted variations in mechanical strength and structural dimensions of printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 36, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 70, "end": 80}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 84, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples were prepared by a low-cost open-source FFF 3D printer, and full three-dimensional (3D) geometrical characterizations were performed on them using X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "open-source", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 77, "end": 94}, {"text": "3D", "start": 96, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "FFF 3D printer", "start": 52, "end": 66}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray micro computed tomography", "start": 159, "end": 190}, {"text": "micro-CT", "start": 192, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed significant geometry variation depending on different printing conditions, including print speed, layer height, and nozzle temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 104, "end": 109}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 117, "end": 129}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 135, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the results, we demonstrated the effects of reducing layer height and increasing nozzle temperature as well as compensating material extrusion rate to improve geometric precision with minimum 0.8% deviation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 133, "end": 151}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 178, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, uniaxial tensile and Mode III tear tests results showed that there are linear relations between bonding zone geometry and bonding strength.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "bonding strength", "start": 132, "end": 148}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, from the 3D geometry of the resulting printed part, we could estimate the Young’ s modulus in the extrudate stacking direction using finite element method, which showed good agreement with the measured value.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "3D geometry", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 94, "end": 95}, {"text": "extrudate", "start": 111, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 146, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our experimental data may also serve as benchmark data for future multi-physics simulation models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 4, "end": 21}, {"text": "data", "start": 50, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process simulation tool Additive3D has been developed in Abaqus© 2017 to model the Extrusion Deposition Additive Manufacturing (EDAM) process for fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "process simulation", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 77, "end": 82}, {"text": "Deposition", "start": 97, "end": 107}, {"text": "process", "start": 138, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Extrusion", "start": 87, "end": 96}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 108, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic composites", "start": 167, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This additive manufacturing (AM) method encompasses material deposition processes where geometries are constructed layer by layer and the resulting layer properties are highly anisotropic.The goal is to predict final deformed shapes and residual stresses of printed geometries due to the printing process and the material anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 5, "end": 27}, {"text": "AM", "start": 29, "end": 31}, {"text": "deposition processes", "start": 61, "end": 81}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 288, "end": 304}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "material", "start": 313, "end": 321}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 88, "end": 98}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 115, "end": 129}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 266, "end": 276}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 148, "end": 153}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "deformed shapes", "start": 217, "end": 232}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 237, "end": 254}, {"text": "anisotropy", "start": 322, "end": 332}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting design tool allows to assess the outcomes of the printing process based on the part geometry, the printing material and the position control parameters.Material properties were characterized, and validation experiments, without additional calibration, show an excellent agreement between modeled and measured part deformation states with relative deviations below 7%.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 63, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "properties", "start": 175, "end": 185}, {"text": "validation", "start": 210, "end": 220}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 253, "end": 264}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 328, "end": 339}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 121, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the physics-based nature of the developed simulation tools, the simulations can be extended to account for different part scales, printing materials and printing histories.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 49, "end": 59}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 71, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 87, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 146, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder jet printing is one additive manufacturing technique utilized in today’ s industry that uses an adhesive to bind powders together selectively in a bed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Binder", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "s", "start": 79, "end": 80}, {"text": "adhesive", "start": 103, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 27, "end": 49}, {"text": "bind", "start": 115, "end": 119}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 154, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-printing processes are necessary for binder jet printed parts to increase key properties in materials such as density, but the full effects of this post-processing are not yet well understood.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "properties", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "materials", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "post-processing", "start": 153, "end": 168}], "material": [{"text": "binder", "start": 42, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to enhance the understanding of how the process of sintering can affect the density evolution of a Ti-6Al-4 V binder jet printed part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 67, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 115, "end": 125}, {"text": "binder", "start": 126, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that the density is lower at the edges of the part and higher in regions of significant topological curvature, likely due to variations originating from the printing process that are propagated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variations", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 170, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These printing process effects can be due to binder- or powder-related occurrences, which are described in relation to the obtained results.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 6, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 35, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Binder effects include high-velocity impact, particle disruption, and excessive spreading.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Binder", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 37, "end": 43}, {"text": "particle", "start": 45, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder effects include printhead and recoater speed, satellite particles, and changing pressure throughout the powder bed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 111, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These factors affected the coordination number of particles in the green part, and caused sintering to progress more slowly in certain areas.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "green part", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 90, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 135, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In large area pellet extrusion additive manufacturing, the temperature of the substrate just before the deposition of a new subsequent layer affects the overall structure of the part.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 9, "end": 13}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 59, "end": 70}, {"text": "layer", "start": 135, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 104, "end": 114}, {"text": "structure", "start": 161, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Warping and cracking occur if the substrate temperature is below a material-specific threshold, and deformation and deposition adhesion failure occur if the substrate temperature is above a different threshold.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Warping", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "cracking", "start": 12, "end": 20}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 157, "end": 166}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 127, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Currently, Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) machine users mitigate this problem by trial and error, which is costly and may result in decreased mechanical properties, monetary losses and time inefficiencies.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 15, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 20, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "trial and error", "start": 89, "end": 104}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 150, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through thermal imaging, the range of temperatures present during the printing of a 20 wt.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 16, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 38, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "% carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-20CF) single-bead vertical wall via the BAAM machine was measured.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 2, "end": 14}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 26, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 108, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression tests were performed to understand the material behavior at those temperatures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Compression tests", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 78, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optical imaging was performed to identify a relationship between porosity in the printed bead and plateau regions in the compression curves at temperatures of 170 °C and below.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "bead", "start": 89, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "compression", "start": 121, "end": 132}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 143, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "From the thermal imaging and compressive testing, it was concluded that if the substrate temperature is above 200 °C, it will not be able to withstand the load exerted by the deposition of a new layer without experiencing deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 79, "end": 88}, {"text": "be", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 175, "end": 185}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 222, "end": 233}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 195, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This behavior was attributed to the experimentally obtained low compressive strength of ABS-20CF observed at temperatures above 200 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 64, "end": 84}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 109, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Taking advantage of an extended design and manufacturing space for composites, the technology of fused filament fabrication (FFF) of continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics shows great potential for the production of the next generation of lightweight structural parts.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 43, "end": 56}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 97, "end": 123}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 125, "end": 128}, {"text": "production", "start": 206, "end": 216}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 161, "end": 175}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "lightweight", "start": 243, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process still has room for development.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of the resulting 3D printed composites is still limited.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical behaviour", "start": 27, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the intra- and inter-laminar behaviours of carbon fibre/polyamide printed laminates were extensively characterised to determine ply elastic and strength properties, as well as interface strength and fracture characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 57, "end": 63}, {"text": "as", "start": 179, "end": 181}, {"text": "as", "start": 187, "end": 189}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laminates", "start": 88, "end": 97}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 213, "end": 221}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 146, "end": 153}, {"text": "strength properties", "start": 158, "end": 177}, {"text": "strength", "start": 200, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the effects of eventual production defects on these properties were analysed, putting in evidence some of the present shortcomings of the FFF process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 148, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "properties", "start": 62, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such defects include non-homogeneous fibre distribution, large amounts of intra- and interlaminar voids, and weak interlayer bonding, which are likely to be due to insufficient thermo-mechanical consolidation of the material during the FFF process, and have significant influence on the matrix-dominated mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 5, "end": 12}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 43, "end": 55}, {"text": "voids", "start": 98, "end": 103}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 125, "end": 132}, {"text": "thermo-mechanical consolidation", "start": 177, "end": 208}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 304, "end": 325}], "material": [{"text": "fibre", "start": 37, "end": 42}, {"text": "be", "start": 154, "end": 156}, {"text": "material", "start": 216, "end": 224}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 236, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the transverse and interlaminar properties were found to be lower than those obtained through hot compression moulding of carbon fibre/polyamide laminates.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 135, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "laminates", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 111, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Besides highlighting possible process improvements, the mechanical characterisation carried out in this work promises a significant contribution to the abilities of designing and simulating general 3D printed composite parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 198, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The most common method for Additive Manufacturing (AM) of polymers is melt extrusion, which normally requires several pre-processing steps to compound and extrude filament feedstock, resulting in an overall long melt residency time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 27, "end": 49}, {"text": "AM", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "melt extrusion", "start": 70, "end": 84}, {"text": "extrude", "start": 155, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 58, "end": 66}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 172, "end": 181}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 212, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently a typical melt extrusion-based AM process is time/cost consuming, and limited in the availability of materials that can be processed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 23, "end": 27}, {"text": "availability of materials", "start": 98, "end": 123}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 133, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is one of the heat-sensitive polymers demonstrating a thermal decomposition temperature overlapping its processing window.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal decomposition", "start": 79, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 101, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study proposed to use a pellet-fed material extrusion technique to directly process PVOH granules without the necessity of using any pre-processing steps.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 40, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 81, "end": 88}, {"text": "granules", "start": 94, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The approach essentially combined compounding, extrusion and AM, allowing multi-material printing with minimum exposure to heat during the process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 47, "end": 56}, {"text": "AM", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "multi-material printing", "start": 74, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 111, "end": 119}, {"text": "heat", "start": 123, "end": 127}, {"text": "process", "start": 139, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The processing parameters were determined via thermal and rheological characterisation of PVOH.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 58, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of processing temperature and time on the thermal decomposition of PVOH were demonstrated, which further affected the tensile properties and solubility.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermal decomposition", "start": 50, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 126, "end": 144}, {"text": "solubility", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The pellet-fed material extrusion technology demonstrated good 3D printability, multi-material printing capability, and great versatility in processing polymer melts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 15, "end": 33}, {"text": "multi-material printing", "start": 80, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 63, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "polymer melts", "start": 152, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we investigate the print orientation effects on the macrostructure, the mechanical and thermal properties, and the strain field behavior of ULTEM® 9085 using a Stratasys Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 400 Printer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "Fused deposition modeling", "start": 185, "end": 210}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 212, "end": 215}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 40, "end": 51}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 102, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 87, "end": 97}, {"text": "Stratasys", "start": 175, "end": 184}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 130, "end": 136}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "Printer", "start": 221, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength, failure strain, Poisson’ s ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus were all shown to vary significantly depending on the build orientation of identical dogbones.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "coefficient of thermal expansion", "start": 56, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 47, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 155, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "FDM parts ranged in strength from 46 to 85% of strengths attainable from comparable injection-molded parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "strengths", "start": 47, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The coefficient of variation (CV) increased from 2 to 13% as the primary layer orientation deviated from the primary load direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 19, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 73, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CAT scan and SEM were employed to relate the corresponding macrostructure to the mechanical response of the material along the parts’ 3-primary directions, using digital image correlation (DIC).", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 13, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 81, "end": 100}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 162, "end": 187}, {"text": "DIC", "start": 189, "end": 192}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture surfaces of these parts further suggest that 3D FDM materials behave more like laminated composite structures than isotropic cast resins and therefore design allowables should reflect actual part build configurations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "3D", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "materials", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "composite structures", "start": 102, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 128, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 138, "end": 142}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 164, "end": 170}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 209, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One of the main benefits of material extrusion additive manufacturing, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF) or 3D printing, is the flexibility in terms of printing materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 69}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 100, "end": 111}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 113, "end": 116}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 121, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 82, "end": 84}, {"text": "filament", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 141, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 174, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Locally reinforced components can be easily produced by selectively combining reinforced with unfilled tough thermoplastics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 8, "end": 18}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 109, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, such multi-material composites usually lack sufficient weld strength in order to be able to withstand operation loads.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 14, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "be", "start": 90, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 64, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present study attempts to close this gap by characterising the cohesion between the strands of two materials with different stiffness, namely neat PLA and short carbon fibre reinforced PLA (CF-PLA), produced by FFF using advanced fracture mechanical techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 103, "end": 112}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 234, "end": 242}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 128, "end": 137}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 151, "end": 154}, {"text": "carbon fibre", "start": 165, "end": 177}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 189, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 215, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The full set of engineering constants of both materials were obtained under the assumption of transverse isotropy from tensile tests in combination with digital image correlation.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "set", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 16, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 153, "end": 178}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 119, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both tests were in good correlation with each other and revealed that the interlayer PLA/CF-PLA bonding was at least as tough as the interlayer CF-PLA/CF-PLA bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 158, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}, {"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, systematic studies were carried out on SLS (selective laser sintering) printed samples, with two different geometries, standard test samples dumb-bells (dog bones) and tubes (Ø 30 mm and 150 mm long), consisting of two different materials, viz.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 53, "end": 56}, {"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 58, "end": 83}, {"text": "mm", "start": 194, "end": 196}, {"text": "mm", "start": 205, "end": 207}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 93, "end": 100}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 121, "end": 131}, {"text": "standard", "start": 133, "end": 141}, {"text": "samples", "start": 147, "end": 154}, {"text": "materials", "start": 243, "end": 252}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PA12 (polyamide) with and without the addition of carbon fibres (CFs).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "polyamide", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "carbon fibres", "start": 50, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These samples were tested according to their respective ISO standards.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 6, "end": 13}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "ISO standards", "start": 56, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The standard test samples exhibited relatively small differences with regards to printing directions when PA12 was used alone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "samples", "start": 18, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 106, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Their tensile strengths (σm) were approx.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 6, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "75% –80% of the injection-moulded sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 34, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of carbon fibres significantly enhanced the tensile strengths, namely 50% greater for the vertically printed test sample and more than 100% greater for the horizontally printed samples, compared to the respective objects consisting of PA12 alone.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fibres", "start": 16, "end": 29}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 248, "end": 252}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 57, "end": 74}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 127, "end": 133}, {"text": "samples", "start": 190, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strong difference in printing directions can be attributed to the orientation of the carbon fibres.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "carbon fibres", "start": 89, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 70, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical tests on the SLS printed tubes confirmed the trends that were found in the standard test samples.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical tests", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "trends", "start": 56, "end": 62}, {"text": "standard", "start": 86, "end": 94}, {"text": "samples", "start": 100, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity and pore structure inside the SLS printed tubes were studied by combining optical microscopy and X-ray microtomography with image analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "pore", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 83, "end": 101}, {"text": "X-ray microtomography", "start": 106, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "image analysis", "start": 133, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that porosity was a general phenomenon inside the SLS printed samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 63, "end": 66}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 75, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nevertheless, there were significant differences in porosity, which probably depended on the properties of the materials used, both with and without carbon fibres, thus causing significant differences in light absorption and heat conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "heat conductivity", "start": 225, "end": 242}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "materials", "start": 111, "end": 120}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 210, "end": 220}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fibres", "start": 149, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed samples made of PA12 alone possessed quite a high level of porosity (4.7%), of which the size of the biggest pore was hundreds of microns.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 28, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "pore", "start": 121, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The twenty biggest pores with an average size of 75*104 μ m3 accounted for 43% of the total porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 19, "end": 24}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 33, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the porosity of the printed samples made from PA12 + CF was only 0.68%, with the biggest pore being only tens of microns.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "pore", "start": 98, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 37, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 55, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The corresponding average pore size of the 20 biggest pores was 72*103 μ m3, which was one order of magnitude smaller than the printed samples made from PA12 alone.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "samples", "start": 135, "end": 142}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "PA12", "start": 153, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pores inside the SLS printed samples were probably responsible for a spread in the mechanical properties measured, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Pores", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 17, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 29, "end": 36}, {"text": "spread", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 83, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "tensile strengths, tensile (Young’ s) modulus, strain at break, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "strain", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 35, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The ratios of their standard deviations to their corresponding mean values in the standard test samples could probably be used as an indicator of porosity, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "standard deviations", "start": 20, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "samples", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 119, "end": 121}, {"text": "as", "start": 127, "end": 129}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 146, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An integrated wearable 3-D printable microfluidic pump was developed, which uses a novel actuation process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3-D", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "process", "start": 99, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused deposition manufacture 3-D printing was used as a means to accurately produce this device.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fused deposition", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "3-D", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This resulted in the fabrication of high precision integrated parts made from poly-lactic-acid bioplastic.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 21, "end": 32}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 41, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By integrating an electro-magnetically actuated closed diffuser nozzle pump configuration a micro-fabricated microfluidic pump has been produced.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 64, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 76, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biofluids have been driven through the device by actuating a composite polydimethylsiloxane diaphragm actuated polymeric microstructure diaphragm membrane using electromagnetic force.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 61, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 121, "end": 135}, {"text": "electromagnetic force", "start": 161, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This composite diaphragm was made by suspending 10 μm iron particles in the polydimethylsiloxane at concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 5, "end": 14}, {"text": "iron", "start": 54, "end": 58}, {"text": "polydimethylsiloxane", "start": 76, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is shown that this device acts as an effective electromagnetic force actuated a pump.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electromagnetic force", "start": 50, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The integration of 3D printed devices to form a micropump is proven through practical testing which demonstrate a controllable flow rate was generated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Bladder Assisted Composite Manufacturing (BACM) technique allows fabrication of complex hollow composite geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Composite Manufacturing", "start": 21, "end": 44}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 69, "end": 80}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 99, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, traditional bladder manufacturing methods require multiple steps and a master geometry which increases the cost and the manufacturing time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 42}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 129, "end": 142}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 87, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, additively manufactured bladders are presented as an alternative solution to bladders manufactured through traditional methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 7, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 54, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 93, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of printed bladders is demonstrated by consolidating and curing a composite part made out of an aerospace grade composite prepreg material, IM7/8552.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 65, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 74, "end": 83}, {"text": "composite", "start": 120, "end": 129}, {"text": "material", "start": 138, "end": 146}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 104, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bladders are additively manufactured using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique with Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 13, "end": 36}, {"text": "Fused Deposition Modeling", "start": 47, "end": 72}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "Thermoplastic Polyurethane", "start": 94, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the results of a thermomechanical investigation of the TPU, a two-step curing cycle for manufacturing a composite part with IM7/8552 prepreg was designed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 26, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 97, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 113, "end": 122}, {"text": "prepreg", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The part consolidation achieved with this method was characterized by measuring void content and comparing it to the void content in a sample cured in a standard autoclave process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "part consolidation", "start": 4, "end": 22}, {"text": "void", "start": 80, "end": 84}, {"text": "void", "start": 117, "end": 121}, {"text": "sample", "start": 135, "end": 141}, {"text": "standard", "start": 153, "end": 161}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 142, "end": 147}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "autoclave", "start": 162, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The low void content achieved with the BACM method demonstrated the potential of this technology for providing bladders for short production runs or prototyping.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 8, "end": 12}, {"text": "technology", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "prototyping", "start": 149, "end": 160}], "parameter": [{"text": "production runs", "start": 130, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As more manufacturing processes and research institutions adopt customized manufacturing as a key element in their design strategies and finished products, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "as", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "element", "start": 98, "end": 105}, {"text": "be", "start": 251, "end": 253}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 8, "end": 31}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 88}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 218, "end": 240}, {"text": "AM", "start": 242, "end": 244}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 36, "end": 44}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 170, "end": 191}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 115, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In polymer extrusion (PE), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 3, "end": 20}, {"text": "PE", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 45, "end": 53}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "polymer diffusion", "start": 121, "end": 138}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 150, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "parameter": [{"text": "weld limits", "start": 20, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 55, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Understanding the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of PE-AM parts.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 62, "end": 70}, {"text": "extruder", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 137, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 153, "end": 165}], "material": [{"text": "PE-AM", "start": 169, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, the fracture toughness of a single weld is determined through a facile “trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "Mode III fracture", "start": 92, "end": 109}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 41, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The actual weld thickness is observed directly by optical microscopy (OM) characterization of cross sections of PE-AM samples.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weld thickness", "start": 11, "end": 25}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 50, "end": 68}, {"text": "OM", "start": 70, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cross sections", "start": 94, "end": 108}], "material": [{"text": "PE-AM", "start": 112, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Representative data of weld strength as a function of printing parameters on a commercial 3D printer demonstrates the robustness of the method.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 15, "end": 19}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 23, "end": 36}, {"text": "robustness", "start": 118, "end": 128}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Digital light processing technology (DLP) is an effective additive manufacturing method to fabricate ceramic components with high precision and complicated structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Digital light processing", "start": 0, "end": 24}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 37, "end": 40}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 101, "end": 108}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 130, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 156, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, a novel strategy to prepare chopped carbon fibers (Cf) /SiC ceramic composites through stereolithography Cf combined with liquid silicon infiltration is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fibers", "start": 42, "end": 55}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 135, "end": 142}], "feature": [{"text": "ceramic composites", "start": 66, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 93, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 143, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D-architectured bodies possessed high printing stableness and accuracy with the forming deviation of less than 5%.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 85, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the tightly bonded adjacent layers can contribute to the synergistic effect from curing adhesion of photosensitive resin and crisscrossed pinning of chopped carbon fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 91, "end": 97}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "photosensitive resin", "start": 110, "end": 130}, {"text": "carbon fibers", "start": 167, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-prepared components after liquid silicon infiltration were dense and exhibited maximum flexural strength of 262.6 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 12, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "silicon", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "infiltration", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 117, "end": 120}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 90, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This strategy demonstrates a promising prospect and tantalizing possibility to fabricate SiC ceramic composites with complex shapes and structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 79, "end": 88}], "feature": [{"text": "ceramic composites", "start": 93, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shapes", "start": 117, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Successful 3D printing of metatsable high entropy alloy Fe40Mn20Co20Cr15Si5 (CS-HEA) is acheived.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 50, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CS-HEA demonstrated Excellent printability due to very low defect denisty.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 30, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 59, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted scientific interest due to their good mechanical properties and failure resistance, whereas additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a powerful yet flexible processing route for advanced materials.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 80, "end": 101}, {"text": "failure", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "materials", "start": 231, "end": 240}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 134, "end": 156}, {"text": "AM", "start": 158, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, limitations inherent in both these fields include HEAs display inferior mechanical properties in as cast condition; and AM demands expansion of printable alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 81, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 106, "end": 108}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 163, "end": 169}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "dominated microstructure after laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing has been evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 10, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-printed CS-HEA showed higher strength due to high work hardenability, whereas substantial uniform ductility is associated with a combination of transformation and twinning induced plasticity during deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 32, "end": 40}, {"text": "hardenability", "start": 58, "end": 71}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 101, "end": 110}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 183, "end": 193}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "twinning", "start": 166, "end": 174}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 201, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, very low volume percent of voids (∼0.1%) along with high strength-ductility shows excellent printability of the CS-HEA using laser-based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 23, "end": 29}, {"text": "voids", "start": 41, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 106, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser-based additive manufacturing", "start": 139, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Izod impact test specimens were fabricated via a desktop grade material extrusion 3D printer process using ABS in four build orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "impact test", "start": 5, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "feature": [{"text": "desktop grade", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 107, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientations", "start": 119, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printed impact test specimens were examined in order to compare the effect of stress concentrator fabrication on impact test data where two methods were used to fabricate the stress concentrating notch: (1) printing the stress concentrator; and (2) machining the stress concentrator where the dimensions of the notch matched those specified in the ASTM standard D256-10.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 105, "end": 116}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 168, "end": 177}, {"text": "machining", "start": 256, "end": 265}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 85, "end": 91}, {"text": "stress", "start": 182, "end": 188}, {"text": "stress", "start": 227, "end": 233}, {"text": "stress", "start": 270, "end": 276}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "impact test", "start": 120, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 132, "end": 136}, {"text": "standard", "start": 360, "end": 368}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 203, "end": 208}, {"text": "dimensions", "start": 300, "end": 310}, {"text": "notch", "start": 318, "end": 323}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In both test cases, sensitivity to build orientation was also observed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivity", "start": 20, "end": 31}, {"text": "build orientation", "start": 35, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sample sets with printed stress concentrators were found to be statistically similar to their counterparts with milled stress concentrators.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 29, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 64, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "milled", "start": 116, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The experiment was repeated again on a commercial grade material extrusion 3D printer using ABS, PC, PC-ABS, and Ultem 9085 and differences in impact test results were observed most notably when Ultem 9085 was tested.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "feature": [{"text": "commercial grade", "start": 39, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 65, "end": 74}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 92, "end": 95}, {"text": "PC", "start": 97, "end": 99}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "impact test", "start": 143, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to perform fractograpy on impact test specimens to explore the effect of stress concentrator fabrication on the fracture surface morphology of the failed specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Scanning electron microscopy", "start": 0, "end": 28}, {"text": "impact test", "start": 68, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 115, "end": 121}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 135, "end": 146}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 154, "end": 162}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 171, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work here demonstrates the need for materials testing standards that are specific to additive manufacturing technologies; as well as concluding that all-printed impact test specimens may offer the best representation of the impact characteristics of 3D printed structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 40, "end": 49}, {"text": "standards", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "impact", "start": 228, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 89, "end": 111}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 254, "end": 264}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}, {"text": "as", "start": 134, "end": 136}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "impact test", "start": 165, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In recent years 3D printing has gained popularity amongst industry professionals and hobbyists alike, with many new types of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) apparatus types becoming available on the market.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 16, "end": 27}, {"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 125, "end": 151}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 153, "end": 156}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 58, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A massively overlooked component of FFF is the requirement for a simple method to calculate the geometries of polymer depositions extruded during the FFF process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 23, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 36, "end": 39}, {"text": "simple", "start": 65, "end": 71}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 130, "end": 138}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 150, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 110, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Manufacturers have so far achieved adequate methods to calculate tool-paths through so called slicer software packages which calculate the required velocities of extrusion from prior knowledge and data.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "slicer", "start": 94, "end": 100}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 162, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 197, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Presented here is a method for obtaining a series of equations for predicting height, width and cross-sectional area values for given processing parameters within the FFF process for initial laydown on to a glass surface.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 112, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 145, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 167, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 207, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work investigates the evolution of the tensile and structural properties of fused filament fabrication (FFF), formed polymers under gamma irradiation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 10, "end": 22}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 27, "end": 36}, {"text": "properties", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 81, "end": 107}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 109, "end": 112}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 143, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Commercial off-the-shelf print filaments of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), Chlorinated polyethylene elastomer (CPE), Nylon, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and Polycarbonate (PC) were exposed to gamma-ray doses of up to 5.3 MGy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 25, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 31, "end": 40}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 64, "end": 67}, {"text": "Thermoplastic polyurethane", "start": 70, "end": 96}, {"text": "polyethylene elastomer", "start": 116, "end": 138}, {"text": "Nylon", "start": 146, "end": 151}, {"text": "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 153, "end": 184}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 186, "end": 189}, {"text": "Polycarbonate", "start": 195, "end": 208}, {"text": "PC", "start": 210, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The suitability of FFF-formed components made from these materials for use in radiation environments is evaluated by considering their structural properties.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 30, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "properties", "start": 146, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 78, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We identify clear trends in the structural properties of all the materials tested and correlate them with changes in the chemical structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trends", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "properties", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "materials", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "structure", "start": 130, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find that Nylon shows the best performance under these conditions, with no change in ultimate tensile strength and an increase in stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nylon", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 88, "end": 113}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 133, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, some of our findings suggest that the effect of additives to this type of filament may result in potentially undesirable adhesive properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additives", "start": 57, "end": 66}, {"text": "filament", "start": 83, "end": 91}, {"text": "adhesive", "start": 130, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The organic polymer PLA was notably more radiation-sensitive than the other materials tested, showing 50% decrease in Young’ s Modulus and ultimate tensile strength at order of magnitude lower radiation dose.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer PLA", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "s", "start": 125, "end": 126}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 139, "end": 164}], "parameter": [{"text": "magnitude", "start": 177, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 193, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A mechanism is proposed whereby FFF-processed components would have substantially different radiation tolerances than bulk material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 2, "end": 11}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 46, "end": 56}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "radiation", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 123, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article, we report the synthesis of a series of multi-branched benzylidene (BI) ketone-based photo-initiators for two-photon polymerisation based 3D printing/additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "BI", "start": 84, "end": 86}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "two-photon polymerisation", "start": 122, "end": 147}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 175, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The successful fabrication of complex 3D structures at high writing speeds (up to 100 mm/s) indicated that the four-branched initiator 4-BI could potentially increase the fabrication efficiency and hence become a promising initiator for two-photon polymerisation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 171, "end": 182}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D structures", "start": 38, "end": 51}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "two-photon polymerisation", "start": 237, "end": 262}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A path planning methodology is proposed for FFF based on stress orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "path planning methodology", "start": 2, "end": 27}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 64, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 44, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 57, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens created with the stress-based path exhibit better mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 60, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy of tool-paths leads to stress redistribution of stress components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "stress", "start": 34, "end": 40}, {"text": "stress", "start": 59, "end": 65}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 66, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different tool-paths are broken with variable fracture processes and surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 46, "end": 54}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 69, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tool-path planning has a considerable impact on the quality of components printed by fused filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Tool-path", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "planning", "start": 10, "end": 18}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 85, "end": 111}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 113, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "quality", "start": 52, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 63, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research proposes a path generation strategy based on the orientations of the maximum principal stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 63, "end": 75}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "principal stresses", "start": 91, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "According to stress calculations from finite element analysis (FEA) of the components, tool-paths, which are programmed as parallel to the maximum principal stress directions, are constructed with the depth-first search (DFS) method and a connection criterion.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "principal stress", "start": 147, "end": 163}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 38, "end": 61}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 75, "end": 85}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Dijkstra algorithm is engaged to reduce the nozzle jump distance and shorten the production time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 85, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stretching tests of different specimens printed with the developed path generation algorithms demonstrate that the model with the stress-based path has better mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithms", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "model", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 159, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The digital image correlation (DIC) method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed to observe the fracture processes and fracture surfaces, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 4, "end": 29}, {"text": "DIC", "start": 31, "end": 34}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 110, "end": 118}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 133, "end": 141}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 47, "end": 75}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 77, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corresponding results of DIC and SEM reveal that different path filling forms exhibit variable failure patterns because of filament anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "DIC", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "failure", "start": 95, "end": 102}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 33, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 123, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 132, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The filling fraction is calculated and indicates that the deposition quality of the advanced path is not compromised.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fraction", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposition quality", "start": 58, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work provides a synthesis methodology for improving the mechanical performance of 3D printing products.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 87, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the context of the large format additive manufacturing in ambient conditions, extrusion materials need to be thermally stable, thus short fiber-reinforced composites have been developed to tailor the thermal behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 57}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 81, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 109, "end": 111}, {"text": "composites", "start": 158, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, lack of public knowledge in material properties and dataset lead to improper processing; yielding degradation of materials during trial & error operations which not only increase cost but also reduce the quality of printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 37, "end": 56}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 107, "end": 118}, {"text": "materials", "start": 122, "end": 131}, {"text": "error", "start": 147, "end": 152}, {"text": "quality", "start": 213, "end": 220}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 69, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research investigated neat and composite ABS filled with short carbon fiber (ABS/CF) and glass fiber (ABS/GF) using thermophysical and thermomechanical characterization techniques to generate dataset and knowledge that can be used to process materials without degrading the properties as well as achieving the quality parts in future.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 140, "end": 156}, {"text": "process materials", "start": 239, "end": 256}, {"text": "properties", "start": 279, "end": 289}, {"text": "quality", "start": 315, "end": 322}], "material": [{"text": "composite ABS", "start": 36, "end": 49}, {"text": "short carbon fiber", "start": 62, "end": 80}, {"text": "glass fiber", "start": 94, "end": 105}, {"text": "be", "start": 228, "end": 230}, {"text": "as", "start": 290, "end": 292}, {"text": "as", "start": 298, "end": 300}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to study the degradation behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Thermogravimetric analysis", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 54, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyzed the glass transition temperature (Tg) and specific heat to understand the heat dissipation of neat and composite materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 53, "end": 81}, {"text": "heat dissipation", "start": 123, "end": 139}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 35, "end": 38}, {"text": "Tg", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific heat", "start": 91, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "composite materials", "start": 152, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the Tg measured in DSC was not significantly different, the dynamic mechanical analysis showed that Tg in ABS/CF was increased due to the impeded polymer chain mobility.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 10, "end": 12}, {"text": "DSC", "start": 25, "end": 28}, {"text": "Tg", "start": 106, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic mechanical analysis", "start": 66, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 152, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The thermomechanical analysis described the deformation behavior before and after the transition temperature which suggested that ABS/CF has the highest thermal stability to retain the shape at elevated temperature followed by ABS/GF and neat ABS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "transition", "start": 86, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 97, "end": 108}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 203, "end": 214}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal stability", "start": 153, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 243, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings of this article can be used during the modeling of pellet-fed large format AM and developing empirical process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "empirical", "start": 106, "end": 115}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 124, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly expanding in many industries mostly because of the flexibility to manufacture complex geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 11, "end": 33}, {"text": "AM", "start": 35, "end": 37}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 101, "end": 112}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 116, "end": 127}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 128, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, a family of technologies that produce fiber reinforced components has been introduced, widening the options available to designers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 22, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 48, "end": 53}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "AM fiber reinforced composites are characterized by the fact that process related parameters such as the amount of reinforcement fiber, or printing architecture, significantly affect the tensile properties of final parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "process", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 82, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 20, "end": 30}, {"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 115, "end": 128}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 148, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 187, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To find optimal structures using new AM technologies, guidelines for the design of 3D printed composite parts are needed.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "optimal structures", "start": 8, "end": 26}, {"text": "design", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 37, "end": 52}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an evaluation of the effects that different geometric parameters have on the tensile properties of 3D printed composites manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) out of continuous and chopped carbon fiber reinforcement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 141, "end": 153}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 97, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 119, "end": 129}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 157, "end": 183}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 185, "end": 188}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 220, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parameters such as infill density and infill patterns of chopped composite material, as well as fiber volume fraction and printing architecture of continuous fiber reinforcement (CFR) composites are varied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Parameters", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 16, "end": 18}, {"text": "composite material", "start": 65, "end": 83}, {"text": "as", "start": 85, "end": 87}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95}, {"text": "continuous fiber reinforcement", "start": 147, "end": 177}, {"text": "composites", "start": 184, "end": 194}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 26, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "volume fraction", "start": 102, "end": 117}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 131, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the location of the initial deposit point of reinforcement fibers on the tensile properties of the test specimens is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 59, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 87, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Also, the effect that the fiber deposition pattern has on tensile performance is quantified.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "performance", "start": 66, "end": 77}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 58, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Considering the geometric parameters that were studied, a variation of the Rule of Mixtures (ROM) that provides a way to estimate the elastic modulus of a 3D printed composite is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 26, "end": 36}, {"text": "variation", "start": 58, "end": 67}, {"text": "Rule of Mixtures", "start": 75, "end": 91}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 134, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 155, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Findings may be used by designers to define the best construction parameters for 3D printed composite parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 53, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 81, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The application space for three-dimensional (3D) printing, such as fused filament fabrication (FFF), has grown significantly through the use of high-performance composite materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 26, "end": 43}, {"text": "3D", "start": 45, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "filament", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 161, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 82, "end": 93}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties of additive manufacturing (AM) polymer composites are being actively studied, the magnetic properties of AM parts have seen much less attention.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrical properties", "start": 44, "end": 65}, {"text": "properties", "start": 157, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 69, "end": 91}, {"text": "AM", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "polymer composites", "start": 97, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 171, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prior research has shown that the structural print settings for FFF influence the magnetic properties of the printed part (Bollig et al., 2017).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 6, "end": 14}, {"text": "properties", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 64, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the structural hierarchy present in the FFF process complicates a simple analysis of how these magnetic differences arise.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structural hierarchy", "start": 13, "end": 33}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 49, "end": 52}, {"text": "simple", "start": 75, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, a magnetic filament consisting of polylactic acid (PLA) polymer and 40 wt.% iron was used to print a variety of samples to investigate how the macroscopic sample shape and the mesoscopic infill orientation and infill percentage affects the magnetic properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 17, "end": 25}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 40, "end": 55}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 57, "end": 60}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 62, "end": 69}, {"text": "iron", "start": 82, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 118, "end": 125}, {"text": "macroscopic", "start": 149, "end": 160}, {"text": "properties", "start": 255, "end": 265}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 193, "end": 199}, {"text": "infill percentage", "start": 216, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The array of samples systematically covered different aspect ratios (length: width), edge contours (rectangular vs. ellipsoidal), two infill orientations (long axis alignment vs. short axis alignment), and varying infill percentages.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 13, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratios", "start": 54, "end": 67}, {"text": "contours", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 134, "end": 140}, {"text": "infill percentages", "start": 214, "end": 232}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The key results show that the highest magnetic susceptibility was seen for magnetic fields applied parallel to the infill orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "magnetic susceptibility", "start": 38, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic fields", "start": 75, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 115, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The macroscopic geometry increased the magnetic susceptibility parallel to the long axis of the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscopic geometry", "start": 4, "end": 24}, {"text": "sample", "start": 96, "end": 102}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "magnetic susceptibility", "start": 39, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lastly, certain factors, such as edge contours and infill percentage, only affected the magnetic susceptibility when the magnetic field was applied transverse to the infill orientation, but had no effect when field was applied along the infill direction.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill percentage", "start": 51, "end": 68}, {"text": "infill", "start": 166, "end": 172}, {"text": "infill", "start": 237, "end": 243}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "magnetic susceptibility", "start": 88, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic field", "start": 121, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elucidating how the part shape, infill orientation, and infill percentage affects the magnetic properties of AM parts will help the community better understand how an FFF process can be utilized to make optimal magnetic components, such as transformer cores, electric motors, and electromagnetic interference shielding.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "infill percentage", "start": 56, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "AM parts", "start": 109, "end": 117}, {"text": "components", "start": 220, "end": 230}, {"text": "cores", "start": 252, "end": 257}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 167, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 183, "end": 185}, {"text": "as", "start": 237, "end": 239}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The interface between layers has bulk-material strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 47, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Filament-scale grooves reduce load-bearing capacity at the interface.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 30, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 43, "end": 51}, {"text": "interface", "start": 59, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Toughness and strain-at-fracture are higher in the direction of extruded filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Toughness", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 64, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Aspect ratio has an important effect on load-bearing capacity.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Aspect ratio", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "load-bearing", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 53, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain-localisation is a predominant cause of fracture, based on simulation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates that the interface between layers in 3D-printed polylactide has strength of the bulk filament.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 33, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 109, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specially designed 3D-printed tensile specimens were developed to test mechanical properties in the direction of the extruded filament (F specimens), representing bulk material properties, and normal to the interface between 3D-printed layers (Z specimens).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 10, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 19, "end": 29}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 117, "end": 125}, {"text": "F", "start": 136, "end": 137}, {"text": "3D-printed", "start": 225, "end": 235}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 71, "end": 92}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 168, "end": 187}, {"text": "interface", "start": 207, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A wide range of cross-sectional aspect ratios for extruded-filament geometries were considered by printing with five different LHs and five different EFWs.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 7, "end": 12}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratios", "start": 32, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both F and Z specimens demonstrated bulk material strength.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "F", "start": 5, "end": 6}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "material strength", "start": 41, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast, strain-at-fracture, specific load-bearing capacity, and toughness were found to be lower in Z specimens due to the presence of filament-scale geometric features (grooves between extruded filaments).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 42, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "toughness", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 93, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 191, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The different trends for strength as compared to other mechanical properties were evaluated with finite-element analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "trends", "start": 14, "end": 20}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 55, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that anisotropy was caused by the extruded-filament geometry and localised strain (as opposed to assumed incomplete bonding of the polymer across the interlayer interface).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "strain", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 129, "end": 136}, {"text": "interface", "start": 174, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 96, "end": 98}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, effects of variation in print speed and layer time were studied and found to have no influence on interlayer bond strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "bond strength", "start": 123, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 54, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The relevance of the results to other materials, toolpath design, industrial applications, and future research is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 38, "end": 47}, {"text": "research", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 49, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 58, "end": 64}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 66, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-photon polymerization, like the so-called direct laser writing (DLW) technique allows for flexible additive manufacturing of three-dimensional ultra-precise structures on the micro- and nanoscale.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 13, "end": 27}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 127}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "direct laser writing", "start": 48, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 131, "end": 148}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "micro-", "start": 181, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A possible application for DLW is the manufacturing of measurement standards for calibration procedures of optical measurement instruments.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 38, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "measurement standards", "start": 55, "end": 76}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 81, "end": 92}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical measurement", "start": 107, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This requires flexible and high precision manufacturing of individualized geometries with high quality surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 32, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 74, "end": 84}, {"text": "quality", "start": 95, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, many of the process parameters in DLW have to be selected based on experience and previous knowledge.In this article, the influence of DLW process parameters on the micro-geometry and surface roughness produced are systematically studied, and optimized in terms of printing speed and manufacturing accuracy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 21, "end": 39}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 148, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 193, "end": 210}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 274, "end": 288}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 293, "end": 306}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 307, "end": 315}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Resulting microstructures are being evaluated with different measurement techniques, i.e., a stylus instrument, SEM and AFM.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 10, "end": 25}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 61, "end": 72}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 112, "end": 115}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "stylus", "start": 93, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on optimized process parameters, a new measurement standard for the novel interferometric measurement instrument Ellipso-Height-Topometer is manufactured and examined as a case study.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 19, "end": 37}, {"text": "measurement standard", "start": 45, "end": 65}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 147, "end": 159}, {"text": "case study", "start": 178, "end": 188}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 96, "end": 107}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 173, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, it can be shown, that DLW is able to manufacture ultra-precise micro geometries in a very flexible and very fast way and satisfies the tolerances for manufacturing of the designed measurement standard.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "be", "start": 20, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 50, "end": 61}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "standard", "start": 205, "end": 213}], "parameter": [{"text": "tolerances", "start": 148, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 163, "end": 176}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 184, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spreading of molten polymer between the moving printing head and the substrate in extrusion additive manufacturing is studied.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printing head", "start": 51, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 96, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite element computation and an analytical model have been used.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite element", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "computation", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "model", "start": 45, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hypotheses of the analytical model are qualitatively justified by the results of the numerical computation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "computation", "start": 99, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The analytical calculation is a powerful tool to rapidly evaluate the relationships between processing parameters (extrusion rate, printing head velocity, gap between the printing head and the substrate) and some characteristics of the deposition (dimensions of the deposited filament, pressure at the printing head nozzle, separating force between substrate and printing head).", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 41, "end": 45}, {"text": "printing head", "start": 131, "end": 144}, {"text": "printing head", "start": 171, "end": 184}, {"text": "printing head", "start": 302, "end": 315}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 316, "end": 322}, {"text": "printing head", "start": 363, "end": 376}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 103, "end": 113}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 236, "end": 246}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 286, "end": 294}, {"text": "force", "start": 335, "end": 340}], "parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 115, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 193, "end": 202}, {"text": "filament", "start": 276, "end": 284}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 349, "end": 358}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 248, "end": 258}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An isothermal hypothesis is discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "isothermal", "start": 3, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The viscous non-Newtonian behavior is accounted for through an approximate shear thinning power law model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shear thinning", "start": 75, "end": 89}, {"text": "model", "start": 100, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A printing processing window is defined following several requirements: a continuous deposit, without spreading in front of the printing head, maximum and minimum spreading pressures, an upper-limit for the separating force between head and substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printing head", "start": 128, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressures", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "force", "start": 218, "end": 223}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 241, "end": 250}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A heated build environment in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing (AM) is used to promote layer bonding in printed parts and reduce the difference in temperature between the extrusion and environment decreasing the shrinkage, residual stresses, and part deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "layer", "start": 110, "end": 115}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 170, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 30, "end": 56}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 58, "end": 61}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 63, "end": 85}, {"text": "AM", "start": 87, "end": 89}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 194, "end": 203}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 116, "end": 123}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 235, "end": 244}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 274, "end": 285}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "residual stresses", "start": 246, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A build environment capable of maintaining a high-temperature (> 200 °C) is often required to enable high-quality FFF printing of high-glass-transition, high-performance polymers such as nylon, PPSF, and ULTEM.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 2, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 170, "end": 178}, {"text": "as", "start": 184, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Industrial-scale AM systems are capable of printing such polymers, as they offer a controlled, high-temperature printing environment; however, the machine cost often exceeds > $100,000.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 17, "end": 19}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "as", "start": 67, "end": 69}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 147, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many of these printers use bed heating rather than controlled environment heating, which can lead to inhomogeneous heat transfer and inconsistent properties.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "bed", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 93, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 115, "end": 128}, {"text": "properties", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The key barrier to offering high-temperature environments for desktop-scale FFF systems in a cost-effective manner is that the electrical components must be compatible with, protected from, or removed from environments exceeding 100 °C.To enable desktop-scale FFF printing of high-performance polymers at a low cost and high quality, the authors present a novel inverted FFF system design that provides a build environment of up to 400 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 260, "end": 263}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 371, "end": 374}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 127, "end": 137}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 138, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 154, "end": 156}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 293, "end": 301}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 325, "end": 332}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 382, "end": 388}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 405, "end": 410}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inverted configuration effectively isolates the system electronics from the heated build environment, which allows for the use of inexpensive components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 13, "end": 26}, {"text": "electronics", "start": 59, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 87, "end": 92}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the authors verify the inverted design concept analytically via a computational fluid dynamics model.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 81, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The concept is then experimentally validated via a comparison of the strength of PPSF components printed on the inverted desktop-scale FFF system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimentally validated", "start": 20, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 86, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 135, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured parts made with polymer extrusion techniques can be 50–75% weaker in the z-direction (across layers) than in the x- and y-directions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "polymer extrusion", "start": 40, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 73, "end": 75}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 97, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is particularly a challenge when printing large-scale parts, such as with the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system, because layer times can exceed several minutes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 87, "end": 91}, {"text": "layer", "start": 138, "end": 143}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 92, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The current work presents a method for controlling the temperature of the substrate material on the BAAM just prior to deposition using infrared heating lamps.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "substrate material", "start": 74, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 119, "end": 129}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 136, "end": 144}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 145, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long layer times were also simulated by actively cooling the material following deposition of each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 5, "end": 10}, {"text": "layer", "start": 99, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 49, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of substrate temperature on the z-direction mechanical properties of 20% carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was measured for an initial temperature ranging from 50 °C to 150 °C and a preheated temperature ranging from 150 °C to 220 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 84, "end": 96}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 108, "end": 139}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 141, "end": 144}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 43, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 55, "end": 76}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 174, "end": 185}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 231, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Infrared preheating proved to be very effective when applied to substrates that had cooled considerably, almost doubling the tensile strength and increasing the fracture toughness by a factor of 7x.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Infrared", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 161, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 125, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) is a bioresorbable polymer used in a variety of biomedical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 74, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many 3D printers employ the fused filament fabrication (FFF) approach with the ubiquitous low-cost poly-lactic acid (PLA) fiber.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printers", "start": 5, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 28, "end": 54}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 56, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 117, "end": 120}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 122, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, use of the FFF approach to fabricate scaffolds with medical grade PLLA polymer remains largely unexplored.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 20, "end": 23}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 61, "end": 68}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, high molecular weight PL-32 pellets were extruded into ∼1.7 mm diameter PLLA fiber.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 30, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pellets", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 56, "end": 64}, {"text": "mm", "start": 75, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 92, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Melt rheometric data of the PLLA polymer was analyzed and demonstrated pseudo-plastic behavior with a flow index of n = 0.465 (< 1).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Melt", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "data", "start": 16, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "n", "start": 116, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was conducted using samples from the extruded fiber to obtain thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "samples", "start": 60, "end": 67}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 102, "end": 120}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 77, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DSC of the 3D printed struts was also analyzed to assess changes in thermal properties due to FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 11, "end": 21}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 94, "end": 97}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 68, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The DSC and rheometric analysis results were subsequently used to define appropriate FFF process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 4, "end": 7}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 85, "end": 88}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Constant porosity scaffolds were FFF 3D printed with 4 distinct laydown patterns; 0/90° rectilinear (control), 45/135° rectilinear, Archimedean chords, and honeycomb using the in-house developed custom multi-modality 3D bioprinter (CMMB).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 9, "end": 17}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "honeycomb", "start": 156, "end": 165}, {"text": "3D", "start": 217, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of laydown pattern on scaffold bulk erosion (weight loss) was studied by immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) over a 6-month period and measured monthly.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 22, "end": 29}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 33, "end": 41}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "PBS", "start": 124, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cross-sectional scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the 6-month degraded scaffolds showed noticeable structural deterioration.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 16, "end": 44}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 46, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study demonstrates successful processing of PLLA fiber from PL-32 pellets and FFF-based 3D printing of bioresorbable scaffolds with pre-defined laydown patterns using medical grade PLLA polymer which could prove beneficial in biomedical applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 190, "end": 197}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pellets", "start": 70, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 92, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 121, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 171, "end": 178}, {"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 230, "end": 253}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Filament printed GO structures are mechanically stable by rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen and lyiophilization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Filament", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "GO", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 83, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermally reduced GO (rGO) structures are rapidly infiltrated with a preceramic polymer under vacuum conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "GO", "start": 18, "end": 20}, {"text": "rGO", "start": 22, "end": 25}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 80, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The composite structure perfectly replicates the printed GO structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structure", "start": 4, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "GO", "start": 57, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hybrid composite structure (rGO/SiCN) shows high strength and electrical conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hybrid composite", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 66, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Steady graphene oxide (GO) scaffolds created by direct ink writing are used to develop a silicon carbonitride (SiCN) -graphene oxide hybrid material through a preceramic polymer route.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "graphene oxide", "start": 7, "end": 21}, {"text": "GO", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "ink", "start": 55, "end": 58}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 127, "end": 132}, {"text": "material", "start": 140, "end": 148}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 170, "end": 177}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 27, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For achieving mechanically stable GO scaffolds, the drying method is critical as the ink contains about 5 wt.% of GO, 10 wt.% of polyelectrolytes and 85 wt.% of water.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "GO", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}, {"text": "ink", "start": 85, "end": 88}, {"text": "GO", "start": 114, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "drying", "start": 52, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The liquid preceramic polymer (polysilazane type) quickly infiltrates the 3D scaffolds, under vacuum conditions, entirely covering the GO network creating a replica of the original scaffold.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "GO", "start": 135, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 74, "end": 76}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 181, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hybrid cellular structure -once thermally treated for GO reduction and ceramic conversion- consists of a network of reduced GO (∼10 wt.%) embedded in an amorphous SiCN matrix following the designed architecture.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 11, "end": 29}, {"text": "designed", "start": 193, "end": 201}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermally treated", "start": 36, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "GO", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "GO", "start": 128, "end": 130}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 202, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D hybrid structures show notable electrical conductivity (890 S m−1 at room temperature), thermal stability and considerable strength, about 20 times higher than the single GO scaffold.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "electrical conductivity", "start": 38, "end": 61}, {"text": "thermal stability", "start": 95, "end": 112}, {"text": "strength", "start": 130, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "S", "start": 67, "end": 68}, {"text": "GO", "start": 178, "end": 180}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 81, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Single-operation, hybrid-AM fabrication of form-factor free supercapacitors.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 28, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As-printed gravimetric EDLC electrode capacitance of 116.4 ±0.6 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "electrode", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "F", "start": 64, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Detailed insight into FFF and DIW processing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 22, "end": 25}, {"text": "DIW", "start": 30, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 45, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) may offer a flexible, cost-effective approach to address conventional manufacturing limitations, such as time-consuming, high work-in-progress, multi-step assembly.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 85, "end": 111}, {"text": "assembly", "start": 183, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 130, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In principle AM can also allow more novel geometric or even bespoke designs of structural and functional products.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 13, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 68, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, in terms of energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors, the benefits of AM have not yet been explored to any significant extent.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "energy storage", "start": 21, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 99, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a hybrid-AM system, combining low-cost fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct ink writing (DIW) techniques, has been designed to fabricate supercapacitors (electro-chemical double layer capacitors, EDLCs) in a single, automated operation.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 54, "end": 80}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 82, "end": 85}, {"text": "DIW", "start": 111, "end": 114}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 149, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 98, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 200, "end": 205}], "application": [{"text": "capacitors", "start": 206, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inherent flexibility of the AM process provided an opportunity to address restrictions in geometric form factor associated with conventional planar supercapacitor manufacturing approaches.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "manufacturing approaches", "start": 167, "end": 191}], "application": [{"text": "supercapacitor", "start": 152, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Functioning, ring-shaped EDLC devices were manufactured in a single, multi-material operation comprising symmetric activated carbon electrodes in a 1Μ potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte hydrogel.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 43, "end": 55}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 69, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "carbon", "start": 125, "end": 131}, {"text": "hydroxide", "start": 161, "end": 170}], "application": [{"text": "electrolyte", "start": 177, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work aims to accelerate progress towards monolithic integration of energy storage devices in product manufacture, offering an alternative fabrication process for applications with irregular volume/shape and mass-customization requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "monolithic", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "energy storage", "start": 71, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 105, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 142, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A novel method to quantify the pore size distribution and porosity was proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 31, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 41, "end": 53}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 58, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "New method exhibits high precision, information and repeatability but low cost.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 25, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "repeatability", "start": 52, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Electron beam melting (EBM) is a representative powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing technology, which is suitable for producing near-net-shape metallic components with complex geometries and near-full densities.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Electron beam melting", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 23, "end": 26}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 66, "end": 88}, {"text": "near-net-shape", "start": 133, "end": 147}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 59, "end": 65}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 173, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 148, "end": 156}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 157, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, various types of pores are usually present in the additively manufactured components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 59, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These pores may affect mechanical properties, particularly the fatigue properties.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 63, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 23, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, inspection of size, quantity and distribution of pores is critical for the process control and assessment of additively manufactured components.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 11, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "process control", "start": 86, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 120, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we propose a method to quantify the pore size distribution and porosity of additively manufactured components by utilizing scanning optical microscopy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 52, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 81, "end": 104}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "scanning optical microscopy", "start": 129, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The advantages and limitations of the developed method are discussed based on the comparison study between Archimedes method, conventional optical microscopy and x-ray computed tomography.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Archimedes method", "start": 107, "end": 124}, {"text": "optical microscopy", "start": 139, "end": 157}, {"text": "x-ray computed tomography", "start": 162, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This provides a new metrology for measurement of not only pores but also micro-cracks, which are the common defects in additively manufactured components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "metrology", "start": 20, "end": 29}, {"text": "micro-cracks", "start": 73, "end": 85}, {"text": "defects", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 34, "end": 45}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 58, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 119, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four-dimensional (4D) printing has great potential for fabricating patient-specific, stimuli-responsive 3D structures for the medical sector.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "4D", "start": 18, "end": 20}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 104, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 126, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porous Shape memory polymers have high volumetric expansion and enhanced biological activity, which make them as ideal candidates for implant materials through minimally invasive surgical procedures.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "as", "start": 110, "end": 112}], "application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the porous SMPU was fabricated by combining extrusion, fused filament fabrication (FFF) and salt leaching.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 19, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 70, "end": 96}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 98, "end": 101}, {"text": "leaching", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "salt", "start": 107, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The filament for FFF was produced by extruding the mixture of SMPU, NaCl, and Tungsten at the desired composition.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "NaCl", "start": 68, "end": 72}, {"text": "Tungsten", "start": 78, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 17, "end": 20}, {"text": "extruding", "start": 37, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 102, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 3D printed and salt leached porous SMPU was observed to have the porosity in the range of 32.7–36% and pore sizes of < 250 μm with anthe interconnected network.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 4, "end": 14}], "material": [{"text": "salt", "start": 19, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 32, "end": 38}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 85, "end": 90}, {"text": "pore sizes", "start": 107, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The feasibility of combining fused filament fabrication and salt leaching technique was established for fabricating the radiopaque porous SMPU having the required characteristics for embolization, which can be explored by the Interventional Radiologist.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 29, "end": 55}, {"text": "leaching", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 104, "end": 115}], "material": [{"text": "salt", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "be", "start": 207, "end": 209}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 131, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Limitations for the current clinical treatment strategies for breast reconstruction have prompted researchers and bioengineers to develop unique techniques based on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE & RM) principles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reconstruction", "start": 69, "end": 83}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 165, "end": 183}, {"text": "medicine", "start": 201, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "TE", "start": 211, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recently, scaffold-guided soft TE has emerged as a promising approach due to its potential to modulate the process of tissue regeneration.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "TE", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "as", "start": 46, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 107, "end": 114}, {"text": "regeneration", "start": 125, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, we utilized additive biomanufacturing (ABM) to develop an original design-based concept for scaffolds which can be applied in TE-based breast reconstruction procedures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 20, "end": 28}, {"text": "be", "start": 120, "end": 122}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reconstruction", "start": 150, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The scaffold design addresses biomechanical and biological requirements for medium to large-volume regeneration with the potential of customization.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "design", "start": 13, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "biomechanical", "start": 30, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "regeneration", "start": 99, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model is composed of two independent structural components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "structural components", "start": 41, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The external structure provides biomechanical stability to minimize load transduction to the newly formed tissue while the internal structure provides a large pore and fully interconnected pore architecture to facilitate tissue regeneration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 13, "end": 22}, {"text": "regeneration", "start": 228, "end": 240}], "application": [{"text": "biomechanical", "start": 32, "end": 45}, {"text": "architecture", "start": 194, "end": 206}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal structure", "start": 123, "end": 141}, {"text": "pore", "start": 159, "end": 163}, {"text": "pore", "start": 189, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A methodology was established to design, optimize and 3D print the external structure with customized biomechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 2, "end": 13}, {"text": "structure", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 33, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D print", "start": 54, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biomechanical properties", "start": 102, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The internal structure was also designed and printed with a gradient of pore size and a channel structure to facilitate lipoaspirated fat delivery and entrapment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "internal structure", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "pore size", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 88, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A fused filament fabrication-based printing strategy was employed to print two structures as a monolithic breast implant.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fused", "start": 2, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 90, "end": 92}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 69, "end": 74}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "monolithic", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical simulations of material deposition at corners in material extrusion AM.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Numerical simulations", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion AM", "start": 59, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Toolpath smoothing and over-extrusion affect the corner rounding and swelling.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Toolpath", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "swelling", "start": 69, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An optimal amount of toolpath smoothing improves the quality of the corner.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 53, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A uniform track width is obtained with a proportional extrusion rate.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 54, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material deposition along a toolpath with a sharp corner is simulated with a computational fluid dynamics model.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 81, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We investigate the effects of smoothing the toolpath and material over-extrusion on the corner rounding and the corner swelling, for 90° and 30° turns.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 44, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 57, "end": 65}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "swelling", "start": 119, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The toolpath motion is controlled with trapezoidal velocity profiles constrained by a maximal acceleration.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The toolpath smoothing of the corner is parametrized by a blending acceleration factor.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "blending", "start": 58, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analytical solutions for the deviation of the smoothed toolpath from the trajectory of the sharp corner, as well as the additional printing time required by the deceleration and acceleration phases in the vicinity of the turn are provided.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Analytical solutions", "start": 0, "end": 20}], "parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, several scenarios with different blending acceleration factors are simulated, for the cases of a constant extrusion rate and an extrusion rate proportional to the printing head speed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "blending", "start": 43, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 116, "end": 130}, {"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 138, "end": 152}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printing head", "start": 173, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The constant extrusion rate causes material over-extrusion during the deceleration and acceleration phases of the printing head.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 35, "end": 43}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printing head", "start": 114, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the toolpath smoothing reduces the corner swelling.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "swelling", "start": 51, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A uniform road width is obtained with the proportional extrusion rate.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 55, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Proper support geometry design is critical for additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to be successful, particularly for material deposition AM techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 7, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 130, "end": 140}, {"text": "deposition modeling", "start": 170, "end": 189}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 24, "end": 30}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}, {"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "AM techniques", "start": 141, "end": 154}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 191, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 89, "end": 91}, {"text": "material", "start": 121, "end": 129}, {"text": "as", "start": 161, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Many methods have been proposed for support geometry generation, mostly geared toward FDM and most often with the objective of minimizing support-material use and part-construction time.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 44, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 86, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, two new support geometry algorithms are proposed, which are particularly suitable for weak support materials: the shell technique, whereby the primary support material would collapse under its own weight and thus a second support material is used to create a containment shell; the film technique, whereby a second support material is deposited as a thin film between the part and the primary support material.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "support", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry algorithms", "start": 22, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "support materials", "start": 97, "end": 114}, {"text": "support material", "start": 157, "end": 173}, {"text": "support material", "start": 228, "end": 244}, {"text": "support material", "start": 321, "end": 337}, {"text": "as", "start": 351, "end": 353}, {"text": "support material", "start": 399, "end": 415}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 120, "end": 125}, {"text": "shell", "start": 277, "end": 282}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 203, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed techniques also facilitate support material removal, a laborious manual step for many AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 40, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 85, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 99, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both techniques are demonstrated through the construction of parts using an experimental large-scale 3D foam printer.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 76, "end": 88}, {"text": "3D", "start": 101, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising approach for fabricating structures to serve as bone substitutes, or as biomaterial components in biphasic implants for repair of osteochondral defects.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 56, "end": 67}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 88, "end": 90}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 127, "end": 137}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 187, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, the three dimensional printing (3DP) AM process was investigated to determine the effect of powder layer orientation on mechanical and structural properties of fabricated parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "three dimensional printing", "start": 19, "end": 45}, {"text": "3DP", "start": 47, "end": 50}, {"text": "AM process", "start": 52, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 107, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 135, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 161, "end": 171}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 175, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Five types of standard cylindrical parts were manufactured via AM with 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° stacking layer orientations relative to the vertical z-axis of the print bed, using amorphous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) powder of irregular particle shape, average aspect ratio ≈1.70 and particle size between 75 and 150 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 14, "end": 22}, {"text": "cylindrical", "start": 23, "end": 34}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 141, "end": 149}, {"text": "particle", "start": 239, "end": 247}, {"text": "particle", "start": 286, "end": 294}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "print", "start": 164, "end": 169}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 106, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 170, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "calcium", "start": 191, "end": 198}, {"text": "powder", "start": 219, "end": 225}], "feature": [{"text": "average aspect ratio", "start": 255, "end": 275}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was concluded that layer orientation had an effect on porosity and compressive strength, based on induced powder particle orientation in the green part during powder layering.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 70, "end": 90}, {"text": "green part", "start": 144, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "powder particle", "start": 109, "end": 124}, {"text": "powder", "start": 162, "end": 168}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 125, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting bulk porosity values ranged between 30.0 ± 2.4% and 38.2 ± 2.7%, while the compressive strength ranged between 13.50 ± 1.95 MPa and 45.13 ± 6.82 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "bulk porosity", "start": 14, "end": 27}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 89, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 138, "end": 141}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 159, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The orientation with the highest compressive strength was 90°, while orientations with the weakest compressive strength were 0° and 45°.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 69, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 33, "end": 53}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 99, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stacking layer orientation which results in the highest strength performance along a preferred loading orientation can be implemented to further optimize mechanical strength of constructs along the maximum loading direction.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 13, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 60, "end": 68}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 158, "end": 177}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 107, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 123, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent efforts in the bone and tissue engineering field have been made to create resorbable bone scaffolds that mimic the structure and function of natural bone.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 22, "end": 26}, {"text": "bone scaffolds", "start": 92, "end": 106}, {"text": "bone", "start": 156, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 31, "end": 49}, {"text": "structure", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 112, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While enhancing mechanical strength through increased ceramics loading has been shown for sintered parts, few studies have reported that the crosslinked polymer provides strength for the composite parts without post processing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 16, "end": 35}, {"text": "strength", "start": 170, "end": 178}], "material": [{"text": "ceramics", "start": 54, "end": 62}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 153, "end": 160}, {"text": "composite", "start": 187, "end": 196}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 90, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 211, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this study is to assess the effect of amylose content on the mechanical and physical properties of starch-hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds for bone and tissue engineering applications.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 78, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 93, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 167, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 176, "end": 194}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Starch-HA composite scaffolds utilizing corn, potato, and cassava sources of gelatinized starch were fabricated through the utilization of a self-designed and built solid freeform fabricator (SFF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 10, "end": 19}], "biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 101, "end": 111}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 171, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was hypothesized that the mechanical strength of the starch-HA scaffolds would increase with increasing amylose content based on the botanical source and weight percentage added.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 29, "end": 48}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 66, "end": 75}], "application": [{"text": "source", "start": 146, "end": 152}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 157, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, compressive strengths of scaffolds were achieved up to 12.49 ± 0.22 MPa, through the implementation of 5.46 wt% corn starch with a total amylose content of 1.37%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strengths", "start": 9, "end": 30}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 77, "end": 80}], "biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 126, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The authors propose a reinforcement mechanism through a matrix of gelled starch particles and interlocking of hydroxyl-rich amylose with hydroxyapatite through hydrogen bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 22, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 36, "end": 45}, {"text": "particles", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "hydrogen bonding", "start": 160, "end": 176}], "biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 73, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "hydroxyapatite", "start": 137, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "XRD, FTIR, and FESEM were utilized to further characterize these scaffold structures, ultimately elucidating amylose as a biologically relevant reinforcement phase of resorbable bone scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "XRD", "start": 0, "end": 3}, {"text": "FTIR", "start": 5, "end": 9}, {"text": "FESEM", "start": 15, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 117, "end": 119}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 144, "end": 157}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 158, "end": 163}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone scaffolds", "start": 178, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant efforts have been made to treat bone disorders through the development of composite scaffolds utilizing calcium phosphate (CaP) using additive manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 44, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 86, "end": 95}, {"text": "calcium phosphate", "start": 116, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 146, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the incorporation of natural polymers with CaP during 3D printing is difficult and remains a formidable challenge in bone and tissue engineering applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 63, "end": 74}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 126, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 135, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this study is to understand the use of a natural polymer binder system in ceramic composite scaffolds using a ceramic slurry-based solid freeform fabricator (SFF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer binder", "start": 66, "end": 80}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 127, "end": 134}], "feature": [{"text": "ceramic composite", "start": 91, "end": 108}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform", "start": 154, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This was achieved through the utilization of naturally sourced gelatinized starch with hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic in order to obtain high mechanical strength and enhanced biological properties of the green part without the need for cross-linking or post processing.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 75, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "hydroxyapatite", "start": 87, "end": 101}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 139, "end": 158}, {"text": "green part", "start": 201, "end": 211}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 183, "end": 193}, {"text": "cross-linking", "start": 233, "end": 246}, {"text": "post processing", "start": 250, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The parametric effects of solids loading, polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer addition, and designed porosity on starch-HA composite scaffolds were measured via mechanical strength, microstructure, and in vitro biocompatibility utilizing human osteoblast cells.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PCL", "start": 60, "end": 63}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "composite", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 156, "end": 175}, {"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 206, "end": 222}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 177, "end": 191}], "biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast cells", "start": 239, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was hypothesized that starch incorporation would improve the mechanical strength of the scaffolds and increase proliferation of osteoblast cells in vitro.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "osteoblast cells", "start": 131, "end": 147}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 64, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 91, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Starch loading was shown to improve mechanical strength from 4.07 ± 0.66 MPa to 10.35 ± 1.10 MPa, more closely resembling the mechanical strength of cancellous bone.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "Starch", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "cancellous bone", "start": 149, "end": 164}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 36, "end": 55}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 126, "end": 145}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 73, "end": 76}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 93, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on these results, a reinforcing mechanism of gelatinized starch based on interparticle and apatite crystal interlocking is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 38, "end": 47}], "biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "apatite", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Morphological characterization utilizing FESEM and MTT cell viability assay showed enhanced osteoblast cell proliferation in the presence of starch and PCL.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Morphological characterization", "start": 0, "end": 30}, {"text": "FESEM", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "cell viability", "start": 55, "end": 69}], "biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast cell", "start": 92, "end": 107}, {"text": "starch", "start": 141, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "PCL", "start": 152, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, the utilization of starch as a natural binder system in SFF scaffolds was found to improve both compressive strength and in vitro biocompatibility.", "output": {"entities": {"biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 35, "end": 37}, {"text": "binder", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compressive strength", "start": 105, "end": 125}, {"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 139, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "a) Ceramic slurry preparation of starch and hydroxyapaitite (HA) utilized for fabrication of bone scaffolds without the need for post processing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ceramic", "start": 3, "end": 10}], "biomedical": [{"text": "starch", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "bone scaffolds", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 78, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post processing", "start": 129, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "b) Schematic of Solid Freeform Fabricator.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "b", "start": 0, "end": 1}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Freeform", "start": 22, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "c) Representation of scaffold model utilizing solid works file and CURA program and final scaffold prints d) in vitro cell work regarding the proliferation of osteoblast cells utilizing starch based composite HA scaffolds, ultimately acquiring sufficient mechanical integrity and enhanced biactivity to be utilized in bone repair.Download: Download high-res image (217 Bonding in additive manufacturing (AM) remains a key challenge in improving part properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "c", "start": 0, "end": 1}, {"text": "composite", "start": 199, "end": 208}, {"text": "be", "start": 303, "end": 305}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scaffold model", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "high-res image", "start": 349, "end": 363}, {"text": "Bonding", "start": 369, "end": 376}, {"text": "properties", "start": 450, "end": 460}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "file", "start": 58, "end": 62}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 90, "end": 98}, {"text": "scaffolds", "start": 212, "end": 221}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "biomedical": [{"text": "osteoblast cells", "start": 159, "end": 175}, {"text": "starch", "start": 186, "end": 192}, {"text": "bone", "start": 318, "end": 322}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical integrity", "start": 255, "end": 275}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 380, "end": 402}, {"text": "AM", "start": 404, "end": 406}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For thermally driven AM methods, such as material extrusion AM (MatEx), temperature governs bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "extrusion AM", "start": 50, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 72, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 92, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental measurements of temperature are limited in their ability to probe many points in space and time during a process without disturbing the temperature profiles being measured.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "process", "start": 118, "end": 125}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 29, "end": 40}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 149, "end": 160}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "probe", "start": 73, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 161, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These limitations may be overcome with computational methods; however, computing power considerations confined simulations to one or two dimensions until recently.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 22, "end": 24}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computational methods", "start": 39, "end": 60}, {"text": "simulations", "start": 111, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 137, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, most existing models have had only limited ability to modify geometry or process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 87, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, an adaptable FEA model capable of simulating heat transfer in 3D and at sufficiently small time scales to capture the rapid cooling in AM is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 31, "end": 36}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 59, "end": 72}, {"text": "3D", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "time scales", "start": 105, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 138, "end": 145}, {"text": "AM", "start": 149, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cooling trends from simulation are shown to be in agreement with experimental data.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Cooling", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 20, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental data", "start": 65, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Temperature profiles are collapsed to equivalent time at a reference temperature and predict little variation in bonding along the z-axis of a part or with changes in print speed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 69, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 100, "end": 109}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "z-axis", "start": 131, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 167, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A previously unreported peak in cooling rates for print speeds between 10 and 30 mm/s is shown.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 32, "end": 45}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 50, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Uniformity in equivalent time at Tg suggests weld strength will not vary with print speed; however, high cooling rates for common print speeds may lead to greater residual stresses and reduced mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "residual stresses", "start": 163, "end": 180}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 78, "end": 83}, {"text": "print", "start": 130, "end": 135}], "parameter": [{"text": "cooling rates", "start": 105, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "lead", "start": 147, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 193, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrates PBF printing of high-performance polymer, PPS, on standard printer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 13, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 46, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standard", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 72, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Evaluates the universality of print parameter selection methods for non-polyamides.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 36, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "XY plane printed dogbones show failure at 61.8 ± 4.0 MPa and 3.27 ± 0.22%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 53, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the authors present evidence of printing poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS), a high-performance polymer, via powder bed fusion (PBF) using a bed temperature of 230 °C, which is significantly below both its observed melting temperature (Tm ˜ 285 °C) and its observed onset temperature of crystallization (Tc ˜ 255 °C).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 107, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 120, "end": 137}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 139, "end": 142}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 152, "end": 155}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 226, "end": 245}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 283, "end": 294}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 298, "end": 313}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This contradicts existing material screening guidelines for PBF, which suggest maintaining bed temperature above the observed onset of crystallization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 60, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 91, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crystallization", "start": 135, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing methods for theoretically determining processing bounds were used to predict a range of energy densities at which PPS can be printed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 88, "end": 93}, {"text": "energy densities", "start": 97, "end": 113}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 131, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One combination of process parameter values was selected based on machine constraints imposed by typical PBF machines not designed to print high-temperature polymers and used to fabricate multilayer, complex parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 19, "end": 36}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 66, "end": 73}, {"text": "PBF machines", "start": 105, "end": 117}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 134, "end": 139}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 178, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 157, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presented process parameters result in final part density upwards of 1.18 g/cm3 and ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 62 MPa and 3.3%, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 135, "end": 138}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 88, "end": 113}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 118, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hypotheses on the generalizability of low-temperature PBF printing of high-performance polymers, and steps towards updating materials and process parameter selection guidelines for PBF, are also presented.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 54, "end": 57}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 181, "end": 184}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 124, "end": 133}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 138, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate a novel Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) nozzle design to enable measurements of in-situ conditions inside FFF nozzles, which is critical to ensuring that the polymer extrudate is flowing at appropriate temperature and flow rate during the part build process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 23, "end": 49}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 51, "end": 54}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 122, "end": 125}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 56, "end": 62}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 63, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "polymer extrudate", "start": 174, "end": 191}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 218, "end": 229}, {"text": "flow rate", "start": 234, "end": 243}, {"text": "build", "start": 260, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Testing was performed with ABS filament using a modified Monoprice Maker Select 3D printer.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Testing", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 80, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ measurements using the printer’ s default temperature control settings showed an 11 °C decrease in temperature and significant fluctuation in pressure during printing as well as fluctuations while idle of ± 2 °C and ±14 kPa.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 31, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 40, "end": 41}, {"text": "as", "start": 175, "end": 177}, {"text": "as", "start": 183, "end": 185}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 50, "end": 61}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 107, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These deviations were eliminated at lower flow rates with a properly calibrated proportional–integral–derivative (PID) system.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "flow rates", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "calibrated", "start": 69, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the highest tested flow rates, decreases in melt temperature as high as 6.5 °C were observed, even with a properly calibrated PID, providing critical insight into the significance of flow rate and PID calibration on actual polymer melt temperature inside the FFF nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "flow rates", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "flow rate", "start": 186, "end": 195}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 47, "end": 51}, {"text": "calibrated", "start": 118, "end": 128}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 204, "end": 215}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "as", "start": 72, "end": 74}, {"text": "polymer melt", "start": 226, "end": 238}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 262, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Pressure readings ranging from 140 to 6900 kPa were measured over a range of filament feed rates and corresponding extrusion flow rates.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Pressure", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 68, "end": 73}, {"text": "feed", "start": 86, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 77, "end": 85}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 115, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In-situ pressure measurements were higher than theoretical predictions using a power-law fluid model, suggesting that the assumptions used for theoretical calculations may not be completely capturing the dynamics in the FFF liquefier.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "In-situ", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "theoretical predictions", "start": 47, "end": 70}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 143, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "be", "start": 176, "end": 178}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 220, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our nozzle prototype succeeded in measuring the internal conditions of FFF nozzles, thereby providing a number of important insights into the printing process which are vital for monitoring and improving FFF printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 71, "end": 74}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 142, "end": 158}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 204, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing void size in printed objects through FFF negatively affects strength Novel method of FFF proposed to reduce the void size Novel method reduces cross-sectional void surface area by 18.0% Novel method improves density by 6.5% per mm increase in nozzle size Novel method improves max.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 11, "end": 15}, {"text": "void", "start": 123, "end": 127}, {"text": "void", "start": 170, "end": 174}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 48, "end": 51}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 96, "end": 99}, {"text": "mm", "start": 239, "end": 241}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "density", "start": 219, "end": 226}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface area", "start": 175, "end": 187}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 254, "end": 260}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "shear stress by 7.2% per mm increase in nozzle size Additive manufacturing techniques, such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), are rapidly revolutionising the manufacturing and mining sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear stress", "start": 0, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 25, "end": 27}, {"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 52, "end": 74}, {"text": "Fabrication", "start": 110, "end": 121}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 123, "end": 126}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 161, "end": 174}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 92, "end": 94}, {"text": "Filament", "start": 101, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Firstly, an alternative method of filament positioning in material extrusion is proposed, referred to as the ‘offset method’, which aims to reduce the volume of empty cavities between deposited material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "as", "start": 102, "end": 104}, {"text": "material", "start": 194, "end": 202}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 58, "end": 76}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "offset", "start": 110, "end": 116}, {"text": "volume", "start": 151, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then the shear properties, density properties, and cross-sectional void surface area are compared to structures printed using the aligned printing method.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear properties", "start": 9, "end": 25}, {"text": "density", "start": 27, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 67, "end": 71}], "parameter": [{"text": "surface area", "start": 72, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results on solid printed (no infill) samples, through four different- sized nozzles, have shown the newly proposed method produces a 6.5% increase in density and a 7.2% improvement in maximum in-plane shear stress per millimetre increase in nozzle size, compared with the aligned method of FFF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "samples", "start": 50, "end": 57}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "nozzle", "start": 254, "end": 260}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 163, "end": 170}, {"text": "shear stress", "start": 214, "end": 226}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 303, "end": 306}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The offset method was found to produce a material with increased interlayer contact, compared to the aligned method, which results in a higher fictitious shear stress modulus.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "offset", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear stress", "start": 154, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the increased interlayer contact on the fictitious shear modulus and real shear stress was investigated using a FEM analysis of the unit cells.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 39, "end": 46}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear modulus", "start": 65, "end": 78}, {"text": "shear stress", "start": 88, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "FEM", "start": 126, "end": 129}, {"text": "unit cells", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In short, using the same feedstock material, the offset method produces a stiffer material with a higher fictitious shear strength than the aligned method of FFF printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "feedstock material", "start": 25, "end": 43}, {"text": "material", "start": 82, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "offset", "start": 49, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear strength", "start": 116, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 158, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study focuses on the characterization of additive manufacturing technology based on composite filament fabrication (CFF).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 108, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 89, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CFF utilizes a similar method of layer by layer printing as fused filament fabrication but is also capable of reinforcing parts with layers of various continuous fibers into a polymer matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 33, "end": 47}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "filament", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "continuous fibers", "start": 151, "end": 168}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 176, "end": 183}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 75, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the orthotropic characteristics of additive manufacturing based on fused filament fabrication, 3D printed parts may present different mechanical behavior under different orientations of stress.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "orthotropic", "start": 11, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 42, "end": 64}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 74, "end": 100}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 102, "end": 118}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 177, "end": 189}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 193, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, technologies such as CFF allow a range of configurations to fabricate and reinforce the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 13, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 46, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 73, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, mechanical characterization of polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with carbon fiber was conducted by design of experiment as a statistical method, to investigate the effect of reinforcement pattern, reinforcement distribution, print orientation and percentage of fiber on compressive and flexural mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 80, "end": 92}, {"text": "as", "start": 131, "end": 133}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 272, "end": 277}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "design of experiment", "start": 110, "end": 130}, {"text": "statistical method", "start": 136, "end": 154}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 199, "end": 206}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 222, "end": 234}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 242, "end": 253}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 306, "end": 327}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 185, "end": 198}, {"text": "reinforcement", "start": 208, "end": 221}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 236, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "CFF technology 3D print stronger parts than conventional additive manufacturing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "CFF technology", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "3D print", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Maximized compressive response was achieved with a 0.2444 Carbon Fiber volume ratio, concentric and equidistant reinforcement configuration, resulting in a compressive modulus of 2.102 GPa and a stress at proportional limit of 53.3 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Carbon Fiber", "start": 58, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 112, "end": 125}, {"text": "proportional limit", "start": 205, "end": 223}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 126, "end": 139}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 232, "end": 235}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "GPa", "start": 185, "end": 188}, {"text": "stress", "start": 195, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Maximized flexural response was achieved with 0.4893 Carbon Fiber volume ratio, concentric reinforcement and perpendicular to the applied force, resulting in a flexural modulus of 14.17 GPa and a proportional limit of 231.1 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Carbon Fiber", "start": 53, "end": 65}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 91, "end": 104}, {"text": "proportional limit", "start": 196, "end": 214}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 138, "end": 143}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 224, "end": 227}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "GPa", "start": 186, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents development of a test method for characterization of interlayer, mode-I fracture toughness of fused filament fabrication (FFF) materials using a modified double cantilever beam (DCB) test.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "materials", "start": 147, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 114, "end": 140}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cantilever beam", "start": 181, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This test consists of DCB specimen fabricated from using unidirectional FFF layers, an 8 μm Kapton starter crack inserted in the midplane during the printing process, and reinforcing glass/epoxy doublers to prevent DCB arm failure during loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "unidirectional", "start": 57, "end": 71}, {"text": "midplane", "start": 129, "end": 137}, {"text": "failure", "start": 223, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 149, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DCB specimens are manufactured with a commercially available 3D printer using unreinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and chopped carbon-fiber-reinforced ABS (CF-ABS) filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene", "start": 91, "end": 122}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 124, "end": 127}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 165, "end": 168}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 178, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To examine the effect of the FFF printing process on fracture toughness, additional ABS and CF-ABS specimens are hot-press molded using the filament material, and tested with the single end notch bend (SENB) specimen configuration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 217, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "filament", "start": 140, "end": 148}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 190, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture toughness data from DCB and SENB tests reveal that the FFF process significantly lowers the mode-I fracture toughness of ABS and CF-ABS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "data", "start": 23, "end": 27}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 68, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For both materials, in situ thermal imaging and post-mortem fractography shows, respectively, rapid cool-down of the rasters during filament deposition and presence of voids between adjacent raster roads; both of which serve to reduce fracture toughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 141, "end": 151}, {"text": "voids", "start": 168, "end": 173}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 235, "end": 243}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fractography", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For CF-ABS specimens, fracture toughness is further reduced by inclusion of poorly wetted chopped carbon fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "inclusion", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "carbon fibers", "start": 98, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although this study did not attempt to optimize the fracture performance of FFF specimens, the results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is suitable for design and optimization of FFF processes for improved interlayer fracture performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 133, "end": 144}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 172, "end": 184}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 226, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 188, "end": 191}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polyimides are a group of high performance thermal stable dielectric materials used in diverse applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polyimides", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 31, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 58, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this article, we synthesized and developed a high-performance polyimide precursor ink for a Material Jetting (MJ) process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "precursor ink", "start": 75, "end": 88}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Jetting", "start": 95, "end": 111}, {"text": "MJ", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 117, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed ink formulation was shown to form a uniform and dense polyimide film through reactive MJ utilising real-time thermo-imidisation process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 13, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MJ", "start": 99, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 141, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By means of selectively depositing 4 μm thick patches at the cross-over points of two circuit patterns, a traditional double-sided printed circuit board (PCB) can be printed on one side, providing the user with higher design freedom to achieve a more compact high performance PCB structure.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "printed circuit board", "start": 131, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 163, "end": 165}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 218, "end": 232}, {"text": "performance", "start": 264, "end": 275}, {"text": "structure", "start": 280, "end": 289}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compact", "start": 251, "end": 258}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents development of a test method for characterization of interlayer, mode-I fracture toughness of fused filament fabrication (FFF) materials using a modified double cantilever beam (DCB) test.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 92, "end": 100}, {"text": "materials", "start": 147, "end": 156}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 114, "end": 140}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "cantilever beam", "start": 181, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This test consists of DCB specimen fabricated from using unidirectional FFF layers, an 8 μm Kapton starter crack inserted in the midplane during the printing process, and reinforcing glass/epoxy doublers to prevent DCB arm failure during loading.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 35, "end": 45}, {"text": "unidirectional", "start": 57, "end": 71}, {"text": "midplane", "start": 129, "end": 137}, {"text": "failure", "start": 223, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 72, "end": 75}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 149, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DCB specimens are manufactured with a commercially available 3D printer using unreinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and chopped carbon-fiber-reinforced ABS (CF-ABS) filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 18, "end": 30}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "3D printer", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene", "start": 91, "end": 122}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 124, "end": 127}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 165, "end": 168}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 178, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To examine the effect of the FFF printing process on fracture toughness, additional ABS and CF-ABS specimens are hot-press molded using the filament material, and tested with the single end notch bend (SENB) specimen configuration.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 29, "end": 32}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 217, "end": 230}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "filament", "start": 140, "end": 148}], "feature": [{"text": "notch", "start": 190, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture toughness data from DCB and SENB tests reveal that the FFF process significantly lowers the mode-I fracture toughness of ABS and CF-ABS.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "data", "start": 23, "end": 27}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 68, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 134, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For both materials, in situ thermal imaging and post-mortem fractography shows, respectively, rapid cool-down of the rasters during filament deposition and presence of voids between adjacent raster roads; both of which serve to reduce fracture toughness.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 9, "end": 18}, {"text": "in situ", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 141, "end": 151}, {"text": "voids", "start": 168, "end": 173}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 235, "end": 243}], "application": [{"text": "imaging", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "fractography", "start": 60, "end": 72}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 132, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For CF-ABS specimens, fracture toughness is further reduced by inclusion of poorly wetted chopped carbon fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "inclusion", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "carbon fibers", "start": 98, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although this study did not attempt to optimize the fracture performance of FFF specimens, the results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is suitable for design and optimization of FFF processes for improved interlayer fracture performance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 52, "end": 60}, {"text": "methodology", "start": 133, "end": 144}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 172, "end": 184}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 226, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 188, "end": 191}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an end-to-end design process for compliance minimization-based topological optimization of cellular structures through to the realization of a final printed product.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design process", "start": 34, "end": 48}], "feature": [{"text": "topological optimization", "start": 83, "end": 107}, {"text": "cellular structures", "start": 111, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Homogenization is used to derive properties representative of these structures through direct numerical simulation of unit cell models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Homogenization", "start": 0, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "numerical simulation", "start": 94, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting homogenized properties are then used assuming uniform distribution of the cellular structure to compute the macroscale structure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "homogenized", "start": 14, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 68, "end": 80}, {"text": "macroscale", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structure", "start": 88, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results are presented that illustrate the fine-scale stresses developed in the macroscale optimized part as well as the effect that fine-scale structure has on the optimized topology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscale", "start": 79, "end": 89}, {"text": "structure", "start": 143, "end": 152}, {"text": "topology", "start": 174, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quite fine cellular structures are shown to be possible using this method.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 11, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is the most widely available Additive Manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 62, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Offering the possibility of producing complex geometries in a compressed product development cycle and in a plethora of materials, it comes as no surprise that FFF is attractive to multiple industries, including the automotive and aerospace segments.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 38, "end": 56}, {"text": "product development", "start": 73, "end": 92}, {"text": "materials", "start": 120, "end": 129}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 140, "end": 142}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 160, "end": 163}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 190, "end": 200}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 216, "end": 226}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 231, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the high anisotropy of parts developed through this technique implies that failure prediction is extremely difficult -a requirement that must be satisfied to guarantee the safety of the final user.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "safety", "start": 181, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 151, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work applies a criterion that incorporates stress interactions to define a 3D failure envelope that could prove an invaluable tool in formalizing the embrace of FFF in industry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 80, "end": 82}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 131, "end": 135}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 166, "end": 169}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 173, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile, compressive and torsion tests were executed on coupons developed in a traditional FFF printer, as well as a customized, 6-axis robotic printer necessary to produce specimens in out of ordinary orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "torsion tests", "start": 25, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 91, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 104, "end": 106}, {"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 144, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 202, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These tests were used to calculate the parameters of the mathematical function that describe the failure envelope.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "failure", "start": 97, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical tests clearly showed significant difference between tensile, compressive and shear strengths.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical tests", "start": 0, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "shear strengths", "start": 88, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The calculated envelope shows strong interactions between axial loads, and a considerable interaction between shear stresses and loads applied in directions parallel and perpendicular to the beads.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "shear stresses", "start": 110, "end": 124}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 191, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new class of high-performance resins are available for additive manufacturing with the introduction of Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resins", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}, {"text": "Digital Light Synthesis", "start": 105, "end": 128}, {"text": "DLS", "start": 130, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 135, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In combination with Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP), DLS uses ultraviolet light and oxygen to continuously grow objects from a pool of resin instead of printing them layer-by-layer, subsequently increasing the printing speed and the mechanical performance.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Continuous Liquid Interface Production", "start": 20, "end": 58}, {"text": "CLIP", "start": 60, "end": 64}, {"text": "DLS", "start": 67, "end": 70}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "ultraviolet light", "start": 76, "end": 93}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 180, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "oxygen", "start": 98, "end": 104}, {"text": "resin", "start": 149, "end": 154}], "parameter": [{"text": "printing speed", "start": 224, "end": 238}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 247, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For many DLS resin systems, a secondary thermal curing step is required in order to reach the final material properties after printing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLS", "start": 9, "end": 12}, {"text": "curing", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 100, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This step is a major limiting factor in the production time of the DLS process, as materials may require several hours of thermal post curing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 5, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 44, "end": 54}, {"text": "DLS", "start": 67, "end": 70}, {"text": "curing", "start": 135, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 80, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim of this study is to optimize this secondary curing cycle for the epoxy-based resin EPX 82 by reducing the thermal curing time while avoiding a negative influence on the final mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 52, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "parameter": [{"text": "curing time", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 183, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used with different heating rates and a chemical reaction model was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "chemical reaction", "start": 84, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "DSC", "start": 35, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 64, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Di Benedetto relationship was used to include diffusion control for high degrees of cure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 50, "end": 59}, {"text": "cure", "start": 88, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is a range of advanced manufacturing technologies that can fabricate three-dimensional assets directly from CAD data, on a successive layer-by-layer strategy by using thermal energy, typically from a laser source, to irradiate and fuse particles within a powder bed.The aim of this paper was to investigate the application of this advanced manufacturing technique to process ceramic multicomponent materials into 3D layered structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 19, "end": 22}, {"text": "manufacturing technologies", "start": 47, "end": 73}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 83, "end": 92}, {"text": "fuse", "start": 255, "end": 259}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 364, "end": 377}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD", "start": 132, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 158, "end": 172}, {"text": "thermal energy", "start": 191, "end": 205}, {"text": "process", "start": 391, "end": 398}, {"text": "materials", "start": 422, "end": 431}, {"text": "3D", "start": 437, "end": 439}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "laser source", "start": 224, "end": 236}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 279, "end": 285}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 399, "end": 406}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The materials used matched those found on the Lunar and Martian surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 64, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The indigenous extra-terrestrial Lunar and Martian materials could potentially be used for manufacturing physical assets onsite (i.e., off-world) on future planetary exploration missions and could cover a range of potential applications including: infrastructure, radiation shielding, thermal storage, etc.Two different simulants of the mineralogical and basic properties of Lunar and Martian indigenous materials were used for the purpose of this study and processed with commercially available laser additive manufacturing equipment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "properties", "start": 361, "end": 371}, {"text": "materials", "start": 404, "end": 413}, {"text": "processed", "start": 458, "end": 467}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 79, "end": 81}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 91, "end": 104}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 264, "end": 273}, {"text": "laser additive manufacturing", "start": 496, "end": 524}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 205, "end": 210}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 525, "end": 534}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of the laser processing were investigated and quantified through mechanical hardness testing, optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, spectrometry, and finally X-ray diffraction.The research resulted in the identification of a range of process parameters that resulted in the successful manufacture of three-dimensional components from Lunar and Martian ceramic multicomponent simulant materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 19, "end": 35}, {"text": "research", "start": 258, "end": 266}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 312, "end": 330}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 363, "end": 374}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 378, "end": 395}, {"text": "materials", "start": 462, "end": 471}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 118, "end": 146}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 148, "end": 153}, {"text": "fluorescence", "start": 154, "end": 166}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 236, "end": 241}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 303, "end": 308}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 396, "end": 406}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic", "start": 430, "end": 437}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The feasibility of using thermal based additive manufacturing with multi-component ceramic materials has therefore been established, which represents a potential solution to off-world bulk structure manufacture for future human space exploration.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "solution", "start": 162, "end": 170}, {"text": "structure manufacture", "start": 189, "end": 210}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "ceramic materials", "start": 83, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the moisture absorption characteristics of the ULTEM® 9085 filament and how the uptake concentration affects the quality of material extrusion manufactured 3-D parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "quality", "start": 137, "end": 144}, {"text": "manufactured 3-D", "start": 167, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion", "start": 148, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rate of transport was modeled by Fickian diffusion and diffusion coefficients were obtained for various exposure conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 12, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diffusion", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 108, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moduli, strain to failure and ultimate strength were evaluated in the XY (flat horizontal) and ZX (vertical) direction relative to the build plate orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 8, "end": 14}, {"text": "ultimate strength", "start": 30, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build plate", "start": 135, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Image analyses of cross-sections as well as their corresponding fracture surfaces were evaluated for consolidation, porosity distribution and failure behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Image analyses", "start": 0, "end": 14}, {"text": "cross-sections", "start": 18, "end": 32}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "consolidation", "start": 101, "end": 114}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 125, "end": 137}, {"text": "failure", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 33, "end": 35}, {"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 116, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical test data showed a significant decrease in tensile strength (> 60%) and failure strain (> 50%) over the range of filament moisture levels investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical test", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 16, "end": 20}, {"text": "failure", "start": 83, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 54, "end": 70}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A decrease in failure strain of 41% was observed with moisture levels as low as 0.16%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 70, "end": 72}, {"text": "as", "start": 77, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This degradation was especially sensitive in parts printed in the vertical direction, which resulted in an ultimate failure strain of only 1%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 5, "end": 16}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 66, "end": 74}, {"text": "failure", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The changes in mechanical performance are believed to be due to a combination of entrapped volatiles resulting in increased porosity at higher moisture levels as well as moisture induced pseudo-crosslinking at lower concentrations.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 15, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "as", "start": 167, "end": 169}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 124, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Optical micrographs showed that specimens with 0.16% moisture or greater were filled with observable porosity and increased surface roughness.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 124, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rheological behavior of extruded material indicated plasticization as evidenced by melt flow index measurements and changes in the flow characteristics of moisture-exposed extrudate.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "extrudate", "start": 176, "end": 185}], "parameter": [{"text": "melt flow index", "start": 87, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "DMA data show a distinct decrease in Tg with increased moisture content, which is consistent with plasticization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "DMA data", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 37, "end": 39}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The absorption characteristics at room temperature lab conditions indicate that the material will reach an unacceptable level within one hour of room-temperature exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 162, "end": 170}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 84, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This investigation emphasized the need for awareness of the moisture sensitivities of ULTEM® 9085 when manufacturing high-quality material extrusion processed structures.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "sensitivities", "start": 69, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 103, "end": 116}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 130, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stereolithography (SL) is an additive manufacturing technique that uses light to cure liquid resins into thin layers and fabricate 3-dimensional objects layer by layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Stereolithography", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "SL", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 29, "end": 51}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 121, "end": 130}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cure", "start": 81, "end": 85}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 153, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "resins", "start": 93, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SL is of high interest for small-volume manufacturing and rapid prototyping because of its ability to relatively quickly create objects with intricate 100 μm or smaller features.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SL", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 40, "end": 53}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 58, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, widespread adoption of SL faces a number of obstacles including unsuitable thermomechanical properties, anisotropic properties, and limited resolution and fidelity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SL", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermomechanical properties", "start": 84, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 113, "end": 124}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 149, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we incorporate a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent into a glassy acrylate formulation to modify mechanical properties and improve resolution of objects printed using digital light processing (DLP) SL.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "RAFT", "start": 81, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 138, "end": 159}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 172, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital light processing", "start": 208, "end": 232}, {"text": "DLP", "start": 234, "end": 237}, {"text": "SL", "start": 239, "end": 241}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Incorporating a small amount of a trithiocarbonate RAFT agent into the formulation leads to increased elongation and toughness accompanied by a small decrease in tensile modulus.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "RAFT", "start": 51, "end": 55}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 102, "end": 112}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 117, "end": 126}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To determine anisotropic properties of DLP SL, samples were printed in “horizontal” or “vertical” directions, where the long axis of the sample was printed in the x-axis or z-axis, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 13, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DLP", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 88, "end": 96}, {"text": "sample", "start": 137, "end": 143}, {"text": "z-axis", "start": 173, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "RAFT samples printed in a vertical orientation exhibit a higher modulus than non-RAFT controls prior to post-cure in addition to a similar modulus with increased toughness upon UV post-cure due to the living/controlled nature of RAFT polymerization.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "RAFT", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "RAFT", "start": 229, "end": 233}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical orientation", "start": 26, "end": 46}, {"text": "UV", "start": 177, "end": 179}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "toughness", "start": 162, "end": 171}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 234, "end": 248}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, incorporating a RAFT agent into the formulation allows significantly higher fidelity printing of a broad range of positive and negative features as small as 100 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "RAFT", "start": 29, "end": 33}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 158, "end": 160}, {"text": "as", "start": 167, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The RAFT formulation allows objects to be printed with significantly better fidelity than non-RAFT formulations, even when a radical scavenger is incorporated to mimic reaction rates observed from the RAFT formulation.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "RAFT", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "mimic", "start": 162, "end": 167}, {"text": "RAFT", "start": 201, "end": 205}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 39, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the RAFT agent significantly increases the critical energy parameter determined from the SL working curve, indicating an increase in gel point conversion.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "RAFT", "start": 18, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 73, "end": 82}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SL", "start": 103, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "gel point", "start": 147, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work demonstrates the benefits of using controlled/living polymerization in a highly cross-linked acrylate system to improve toughness, modify anisotropic properties, and print high-fidelity features with enhanced properties in 3D printed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymerization", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "print", "start": 176, "end": 181}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 233, "end": 243}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "toughness", "start": 130, "end": 139}, {"text": "anisotropic", "start": 148, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "high-fidelity", "start": 182, "end": 195}, {"text": "properties", "start": 219, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Support structures and materials are indispensable components in many Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems in order to fabricate complex 3D structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Support structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "3D structures", "start": 136, "end": 149}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 70, "end": 92}, {"text": "AM", "start": 94, "end": 96}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 118, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For inkjet-based AM techniques (known as Material Jetting), there is a paucity of studies on specific inks for fabricating such support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM techniques", "start": 17, "end": 30}, {"text": "Jetting", "start": 50, "end": 57}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 111, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 128, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This limits the potential of fabricating complex 3D objects containing overhanging structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 5, "end": 11}, {"text": "overhanging structures", "start": 71, "end": 93}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 29, "end": 40}], "application": [{"text": "3D objects", "start": 49, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we investigate the use of Tripropylene Glycol Diacrylated (TPGDA) to prepare a thermally stable ink with reliable printability to produce removable support structures in an experimental Material Jetting system.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 111, "end": 114}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 129, "end": 141}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 163, "end": 181}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 188, "end": 200}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Jetting", "start": 210, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of TGME to the TPGDA was found to considerably reduce the modulus of the photocured structure from 575 MPa down to 27 MPa by forming micro-pores in the cured structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 97, "end": 106}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 116, "end": 119}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 138, "end": 145}, {"text": "cured", "start": 165, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cured support structure was shown to be easily removed following the fabrication process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 18, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 41, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "During TG-IR tests the T5% temperature of the support structure was above 150 °C whilst the majority of decomposition happened around 400 °C.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 27, "end": 38}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 46, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "decomposition", "start": 104, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens containing overhanging structures (gate-like structure, propeller structure) were successfully manufactured to highlight the viability of the ink as a support material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "overhanging structures", "start": 21, "end": 43}, {"text": "structure", "start": 55, "end": 64}, {"text": "structure", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 105, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 152, "end": 155}, {"text": "as", "start": 156, "end": 158}, {"text": "support material", "start": 161, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of topology optimization to amplify the benefits of additive manufacturing (AM), by fully exploiting the vast design space that AM allows, is widely recognized.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 17, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 66, "end": 88}, {"text": "AM", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "AM", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design space", "start": 124, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, existing topology optimization approaches do not consider AM-specific limitations during the design process, resulting in designs that are not self-supporting.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 18, "end": 39}, {"text": "designs", "start": 131, "end": 138}, {"text": "self-supporting", "start": 152, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design process", "start": 102, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This leads to additional effort and costs in post-processing and use of sacrificial support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 45, "end": 60}], "feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 84, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To overcome this difficulty, this paper presents a topology optimization formulation that includes a simplified AM fabrication model implemented as a layerwise filtering procedure.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 51, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 112, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 127, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Unprintable geometries are effectively excluded from the design space, resulting in fully self-supporting optimized designs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "design space", "start": 57, "end": 69}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 90, "end": 105}, {"text": "designs", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The procedure is demonstrated on numerical examples involving compliance minimization, eigenfrequency maximization and compliant mechanism design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "compliant mechanism", "start": 119, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the applied restrictions, in suitable orientations fully printable AM-restrained designs matched the performance of reference designs obtained by conventional topology optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 46, "end": 58}, {"text": "performance", "start": 109, "end": 120}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "designs", "start": 134, "end": 141}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 167, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To enable the advancement of large-scale additive manufacturing processes, it is necessary to establish and standardize methodologies to characterize the mechanical properties of printed test coupons.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 41, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 154, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the large size of the print beads, conventional test standards are inadequate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 29, "end": 34}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 60, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The focus of this study was to determine the feasibility of using Digital image correlation (DIC) technology as a key enabler for robust data collection of strain measurements of large 3D printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "Digital image correlation", "start": 66, "end": 91}, {"text": "DIC", "start": 93, "end": 96}, {"text": "technology", "start": 98, "end": 108}, {"text": "data", "start": 137, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 109, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 156, "end": 162}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 185, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": ") glass filled ABS test coupons for adequate contrast.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "glass", "start": 2, "end": 7}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 15, "end": 18}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Through this technique, Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus were measured and stress strain curves were generated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic modulus", "start": 44, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "stress strain curves", "start": 78, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The data produced by DIC correlated well with failure analysis performed on spent test coupons.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 4, "end": 8}, {"text": "DIC correlated", "start": 21, "end": 35}, {"text": "failure", "start": 46, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, fracture surface analysis of the specimens revealed poor adhesion among the ABS matrix and glass fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 14, "end": 22}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "adhesion", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "ABS matrix", "start": 90, "end": 100}, {"text": "glass fibers", "start": 105, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This matrix/fiber debonding demonstrated the need for improved printing parameters to maximize tensile strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 72, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 95, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, critical length analysis of the fibers revealed them to be dimensionally inadequate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 41, "end": 47}, {"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was reinforced with a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) for use in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 14, "end": 45}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 47, "end": 50}, {"text": "thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer", "start": 74, "end": 113}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 56, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 132, "end": 158}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 160, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As ABS and the selected TLCP do not exhibit overlapping processing temperatures, the composite filaments were generated using a dual extrusion technology which allows processing of such matrix-TLCP combinations.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 3, "end": 6}, {"text": "composite", "start": 85, "end": 94}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 67, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 133, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 40.0 wt.% TLCP/ABS filaments exhibited a tensile strength and modulus of 169.2 ± 4.0 MPa and 39.9 ± 3.7 GPa, respectively, due to a nearly continuous reinforcement of the filament.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "filament", "start": 175, "end": 183}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 45, "end": 61}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 108, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 89, "end": 92}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 154, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The postprocessing of the filaments in FFF was carried out below the melting temperature of the TLCP, which allowed the printer to take sharp turns despite having nearly continuous reinforcement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "postprocessing", "start": 4, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 26, "end": 35}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 39, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "melting temperature", "start": 69, "end": 88}, {"text": "reinforcement", "start": 181, "end": 194}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer", "start": 120, "end": 127}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On printing with the 40.0 wt.% TLCP/ABS filaments, the tensile strength and modulus in the print direction were 74.9 ± 2.4 MPa and 16.5 ± 0.8 GPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 55, "end": 71}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 142, "end": 145}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 91, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 123, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The compression molded specimens exhibited a tensile strength and modulus of 79.6 ± 4.4 MPa and 12.3 ± 1.2 GPa, respectively, whereas the injection molded specimens exhibited 51.3 ± 3.0 MPa and 4.5 ± 0.1 GPa, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 45, "end": 61}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 107, "end": 110}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 204, "end": 207}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 88, "end": 91}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 186, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moisture absorption degrades the mechanical properties of polymeric parts that are 3D-printed by fused filament fabrication (FFF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 33, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 97, "end": 123}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 125, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This limitation is particularly significant for short fiber-reinforced polymers because the mechanical enhancement obtained by the fiber reinforcement can be compromised by the plasticizing effect introduced by water absorption.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 71, "end": 79}, {"text": "be", "start": 155, "end": 157}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber reinforcement", "start": 131, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 217, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the present work investigates the effects of two different coatings, a UV cured acrylate resin and an acrylic varnish, on the moisture absorption of FFF 3D-printed samples consisting of polyamide reinforced by short carbon fibers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "UV cured", "start": 82, "end": 90}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 146, "end": 156}], "application": [{"text": "coatings", "start": 70, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 100, "end": 105}, {"text": "acrylic", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "polyamide", "start": 197, "end": 206}, {"text": "short carbon fibers", "start": 221, "end": 240}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF 3D-printed", "start": 160, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The coating effects were evaluated by conducting tensile tests to compare the Young’ s modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress of the coated and uncoated specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "coated", "start": 137, "end": 143}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile tests", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 85, "end": 86}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 96, "end": 108}, {"text": "stress", "start": 123, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results demonstrated a significant reduction of CI and OP with both the acrylic and UV resin coatings, as well as considerable enhancements of these samples’ mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "UV", "start": 88, "end": 90}, {"text": "samples", "start": 153, "end": 160}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 162, "end": 183}], "material": [{"text": "CI", "start": 52, "end": 54}, {"text": "acrylic", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "resin coatings", "start": 91, "end": 105}, {"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "as", "start": 115, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stress-strain curves evidenced a strain reduction after water immersion, which can be ascribed to a greater stability against different moisture conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 33, "end": 39}, {"text": "stability", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reduction", "start": 40, "end": 49}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These findings indicate the significant potential of the proposed coating processes to extend the use of FFF 3D-printed composite materials to a broader range of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 66, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF 3D-printed", "start": 105, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "composite materials", "start": 120, "end": 139}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 153, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, the effects of part build directions or raster orientations have been studied on the strain-life fatigue parameters of a wide range of 3D printed plastic materials.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build directions", "start": 35, "end": 51}, {"text": "raster orientations", "start": 55, "end": 74}, {"text": "range", "start": 141, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 112, "end": 119}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 150, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 169, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These materials have been manufactured through Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), also known under its trademarked name Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 6, "end": 15}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 47, "end": 73}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 75, "end": 78}, {"text": "Fused Deposition Modeling", "start": 119, "end": 144}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 146, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To do so, precise analyses of fatigue data with the Ramberg-Osgood form of stress-strain curves were utilized through a strain-based approach to fatigue.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 145, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 38, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Materials considered in this study were Ultem 9085, Polycarbonate (PC), and Polylactic Acid (PLA).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Materials", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "material": [{"text": "Polycarbonate", "start": 52, "end": 65}, {"text": "PC", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "Polylactic Acid", "start": 76, "end": 91}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 93, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufactured plastic parts that are FDM-processed exhibited large anisotropy of strain-life fatigue parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 21}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 75, "end": 85}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hence, the upper and lower bounds for fatigue life prediction were introduced based on the strongest and weakest part build directions or raster orientations of 3D printed materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 38, "end": 50}], "parameter": [{"text": "build directions", "start": 118, "end": 134}, {"text": "raster orientations", "start": 138, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 161, "end": 171}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For all materials studied in the present paper, fill densities, which seem to have significant impact on fatigue strength of 3D printed parts, have been selected based on the maximum fatigue strength of each part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 8, "end": 17}, {"text": "impact", "start": 95, "end": 101}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 105, "end": 121}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 183, "end": 199}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 125, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that, in some build orientations, the transition fatigue life does not exist.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientations", "start": 29, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue life", "start": 64, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In other orientations, in which the plastic strain components are high enough, transition fatigue lives vary roughly between 20–400 cycles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "transition", "start": 79, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 36, "end": 43}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 51, "end": 61}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue lives", "start": 90, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This means that if the part design in very low cycle fatigue regime is of interest, plastic strains and more complicated plasticity analysis are needed.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 53, "end": 60}, {"text": "plasticity", "start": 121, "end": 131}], "material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 84, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that the load ratio has no major impact on the fatigue parameters of 3D printed PC parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 46, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 60, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 82, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, changing in the loading type from tensile fatigue to rotating bending fatigue can significantly impact the fatigue strength coefficient of 3D printed PLA specimens however, it does not noticeably alter the fatigue strength exponents.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile fatigue", "start": 47, "end": 62}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 120, "end": 136}, {"text": "fatigue strength", "start": 219, "end": 235}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 75, "end": 82}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 152, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 109, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing utilizes a thermoplastic polymer in the form of a solid filament as a built material.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic polymer", "start": 53, "end": 74}, {"text": "filament", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "material", "start": 118, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The polymer melts inside the hot-end channel and flows under the pressure generated by the filament feeding force.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer melts", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "filament", "start": 91, "end": 99}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 37, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "force", "start": 108, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The flow of polymer through the hot-end is not fully understood yet, as it involves many complex phenomena, such as phase transition, shear rate and temperature dependent viscosity, as well as viscoelastic effects.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "as", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}, {"text": "as", "start": 182, "end": 184}, {"text": "as", "start": 190, "end": 192}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 122, "end": 132}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 149, "end": 160}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 171, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we investigate experimentally the filament feeding force, as a function of the feeding rate, for different materials (PLA and ABS), liquefier temperatures, nozzle diameters, and lengths of the liquefier.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 49, "end": 57}, {"text": "as", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 133, "end": 136}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 141, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 66, "end": 71}, {"text": "materials", "start": 122, "end": 131}, {"text": "nozzle diameters", "start": 171, "end": 187}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 157, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the liquefier length and liquefier temperature are found to extend the linear extrusion regime.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 46, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 89, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A model solely based on heat transfer considerations is proposed to estimate the maximum feeding rate before the extrusion becomes unstable.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 2, "end": 7}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 24, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 113, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The modelling results agree well with the measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 4, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model can be used to select the hot-end design as well as appropriate printing parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 83, "end": 93}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 14, "end": 16}, {"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "as", "start": 59, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 44, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper details a novel study and manufacturing approach of fiber alignment in flexible hybrid carbon fiber composites using Material extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing approach", "start": 37, "end": 59}, {"text": "Material extrusion", "start": 128, "end": 146}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber alignment", "start": 63, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 98, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Varying carbon fiber volume fractions from 0 to 4 vol% was melt blended with a masterbatch of TPU + 10 wt% MWCNT followed by extrusion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 8, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 59, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 125, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The final extrudate was then filament wound onto a spool and two different filament layout orientations, 0° and 45°, were printed to compare their mechanical properties to validate the effect of fiber alignment during the printing process for these flexible fiber composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "extrudate", "start": 10, "end": 19}, {"text": "filament", "start": 29, "end": 37}, {"text": "filament", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "fiber composites", "start": 258, "end": 274}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "spool", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 91, "end": 103}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 147, "end": 168}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber alignment", "start": 195, "end": 210}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 222, "end": 238}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The 0° printed composites exhibited up to 34% improvement in stiffness as compared to the 45° composite.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}, {"text": "composite", "start": 94, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 61, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To validate this fiber orientation, the flexible composite was textured using fiber-debonding and pullout phenomenon and the surfaces were visually and quantifiably characterized using SEM images and surface roughness respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "fiber orientation", "start": 17, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 49, "end": 58}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surfaces", "start": 125, "end": 133}, {"text": "images", "start": 189, "end": 195}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 185, "end": 188}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 200, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To further elucidate the fiber alignment as indicated by the surface roughness, a water contact angle hydrophobicity test was conducted to prove that the 0° printed composite showed higher contact angle as compared with the 45° orientation, confirming greater entrapment due to fiber alignment at the surface.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "fiber alignment", "start": 25, "end": 40}, {"text": "fiber alignment", "start": 278, "end": 293}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 41, "end": 43}, {"text": "composite", "start": 165, "end": 174}, {"text": "as", "start": 203, "end": 205}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 61, "end": 78}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 88, "end": 95}, {"text": "contact", "start": 189, "end": 196}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 228, "end": 239}, {"text": "surface", "start": 301, "end": 308}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These composites are expected to find future potential in high strength and surface texturing applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 6, "end": 16}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface texturing", "start": 76, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional material extrusion additive manufacturing is capable of building complex structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 78, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overhanging features require the use of support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Overhanging features", "start": 0, "end": 20}, {"text": "support structures", "start": 40, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printing the support structure requires additional time and material.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 13, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional processes need time to remove support material and may lead to degraded surface finish.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "material": [{"text": "support material", "start": 43, "end": 59}, {"text": "lead", "start": 68, "end": 72}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 85, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of support structures can be avoided by dynamically reorienting the build-platform.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 11, "end": 29}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a novel approach to build accurate thin shell parts using supportless extrusion-based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 40, "end": 45}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 46, "end": 54}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 106, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We describe the layer slicing algorithm, the tool-path planning algorithm, and the neural network-based compensated trajectory generation scheme to use a 3 degree of freedom build-platform and a 3 degree of freedom extrusion tool to build accurate thin shell parts using two manipulators.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 16, "end": 21}, {"text": "tool-path", "start": 45, "end": 54}, {"text": "build", "start": 233, "end": 238}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 64, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "planning", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 215, "end": 224}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 239, "end": 247}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 253, "end": 258}, {"text": "manipulators", "start": 275, "end": 287}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such thin shell parts can not be built without supports by previous supportless AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 10, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 80, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We illustrate the usefulness of our algorithms by building several thin shell parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithms", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 72, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion (MEX) is a well established production method in additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "production", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, internal residual strains are accumulated during the layer-by-layer fabrication process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 18, "end": 26}, {"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 62, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 77, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "They bring about shape distortions and a degradation of mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 41, "end": 52}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 56, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, an in-situ distributed measurement of residual strains in MEX fabricated thermoplastic specimens is achieved for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "residual", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 38, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This innovative measuring system consists of an Optical Backscatter Reflectometry (OBR) interrogation unit connected to a distributed fiber optic strain sensor which is embedded during the MEX process.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Optical", "start": 48, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 134, "end": 139}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 146, "end": 152}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 153, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 193, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The characteristic residual strain distribution inside 3D printed components is revealed and numerically validated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 19, "end": 27}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 35, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 55, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The main mechanisms of residual strain creation and the sensing principles of in-situ OBR are described.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 23, "end": 31}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 78, "end": 85}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 56, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A minimum measuring range of 4 mm and a spatial resolution of 0.15 mm were experimentally demonstrated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "resolution", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "mm", "start": 67, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of in-situ OBR technology for detecting invisible manufacturing defects was shown by a trial experiment.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "technology", "start": 29, "end": 39}, {"text": "defects", "start": 78, "end": 85}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 64, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To aid in the transition of 3D printed parts from prototypes to functional products it is necessary to investigate the mechanical anisotropy induced by the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "prototypes", "start": 50, "end": 60}, {"text": "process", "start": 189, "end": 196}], "application": [{"text": "3D printed parts", "start": 28, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 119, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 156, "end": 182}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 184, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since the mechanical properties of an FFF part are most greatly affected by the bead orientation and printed density, or solidity ratio, techniques to precisely control these variables are required.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 10, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 38, "end": 41}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 80, "end": 84}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 109, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An open source Python program, SciSlice, was developed to create the desired tool paths/layer orientations and convert them into machine commands (e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "source", "start": 8, "end": 14}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 77, "end": 81}, {"text": "machine", "start": 129, "end": 136}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 94, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "G-Code).", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "G-Code", "start": 0, "end": 6}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SciSlice was then used to develop tool paths which either directly printed tensile specimens or printed sheets from which specimens could be water-jet cut.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tool paths", "start": 34, "end": 44}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimens", "start": 75, "end": 92}], "material": [{"text": "sheets", "start": 104, "end": 110}, {"text": "be", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of proper bed leveling and feed wheel adjustment are noted and a careful analysis of both bead orientation and solidity ratio are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 22, "end": 25}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 39, "end": 43}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 102, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, it is shown that with proper bead orientation, low layer heights, and a maximum solidity ratio, tensile strengths within 3% of injection molded parts are achievable.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 38, "end": 42}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer heights", "start": 60, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strengths", "start": 105, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper the authors present a novel design tool for realizing dielectric structures with spatially varying electromagnetic properties via additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dielectric", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 129, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 144, "end": 166}, {"text": "AM", "start": 168, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To create tool paths ideal for AM processes, space-filling curves were utilized.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tool paths", "start": 10, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 31, "end": 43}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using fused deposition modeling (FDM), spatially varying structures were printed that produced a spatially varying relative permittivity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 6, "end": 31}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 33, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, the authors verified that this design tool can be applied to practical structures by designing, printing and testing a gradient index flat lens.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 60, "end": 62}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 122, "end": 129}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "lens", "start": 152, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain-rate dependence is anisotropic in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing", "start": 41, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Strain-rate dependence in ME-AM is different from compression molded products.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 50, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ree-Eyring flow rule can adequately describe the yield kinetics of ME-AM components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 67, "end": 72}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 73, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compression molded samples show brittle stress-strain behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Compression", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "brittle", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 19, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several ME-AM samples show semi-ductile stress-strain behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 8, "end": 13}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The strain-rate dependence of the yield stress for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (ME-AM) polylactide samples was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 34, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 92}, {"text": "ME-AM", "start": 94, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 113, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Apparent densities of the ME-AM processed tensile test specimens were measured and taken into account in order to study the effects of the ME-AM processing step on the material behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 26, "end": 31}, {"text": "ME-AM", "start": 139, "end": 144}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 42, "end": 54}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "step", "start": 156, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 168, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three different printing parameters were changed to investigate their influence on mechanical properties, i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 25, "end": 35}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 83, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "infill velocity, infill orientation angle, and bed temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "infill", "start": 17, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "bed", "start": 47, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, compression molded test samples were manufactured in order to determine bulk properties, which have been compared to the ME-AM sample sets.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 14, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 51, "end": 63}, {"text": "properties", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 135, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy was detected in the strain-rate dependence of the yield stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "yield stresses", "start": 61, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Ree-Eyring modification of the Eyring flow rule is able to accurately describe the strain-rate dependence of the yield stresses, taking two molecular deformation processes into account to describe the yield kinetics.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 63, "end": 73}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stresses", "start": 117, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 154, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results from this paper further show a change from a brittle behavior in case of compression molded samples to a semi-ductile behavior for some of the ME-AM sample sets.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "brittle", "start": 57, "end": 64}, {"text": "compression", "start": 85, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 104, "end": 111}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ME-AM", "start": 155, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This change is attributed to the processing phase and stresses the importance that the temperature profile (initial fast cooling combined with successive heating cycles) and the strain profile during ME-AM processing have on the resulting mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 239, "end": 260}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 87, "end": 98}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 99, "end": 106}, {"text": "profile", "start": 185, "end": 192}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 121, "end": 128}, {"text": "heating", "start": 154, "end": 161}, {"text": "ME-AM", "start": 200, "end": 205}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 178, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both these profiles are significantly different from the thermo-mechanical history that material elements experience during conventional processing methods, e.g.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 11, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermo-mechanical", "start": 57, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "material elements", "start": 88, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "injection or compression molding.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "compression molding", "start": 13, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper can be seen as initial work that can help to further develop predictive numerical tools for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing, as well as for the design of structural components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 15, "end": 17}, {"text": "as", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 146, "end": 148}, {"text": "as", "start": 154, "end": 156}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing", "start": 103, "end": 144}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 165, "end": 171}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural components", "start": 175, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study investigates the suitability of direct write (DW) technology for the fabrication of high-resolution wear sensors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "investigates", "start": 11, "end": 23}, {"text": "technology", "start": 61, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 80, "end": 91}], "parameter": [{"text": "high-resolution", "start": 95, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensors", "start": 116, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sintered lines exhibited an electrical resistivity of 5.29 × 10−8 Ω m (about three times bulk silver resistivity reported in the literature) with a standard deviation of 3.68 × 10-9 Ω m (ca.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "electrical resistivity", "start": 32, "end": 54}, {"text": "standard deviation", "start": 152, "end": 170}], "material": [{"text": "silver", "start": 98, "end": 104}, {"text": "ca", "start": 191, "end": 193}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "resistivity", "start": 105, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "7% variation).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 3, "end": 12}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To determine the conditions needed to consistently create fine conductive lines, we simulated the volumetric flow rate and analyzed the effects on line geometry of several printing parameters including valve opening, dispensing gap, and substrate translation speed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 152, "end": 160}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 181, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 237, "end": 246}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results indicate decreasing the valve opening, decreasing the dispensing gap, and/or increasing the translation speed of the substrate reduces the resultant printing flow rate and cross-sectional area of DW lines.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "translation speed", "start": 104, "end": 121}, {"text": "flow rate", "start": 170, "end": 179}, {"text": "area", "start": 200, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 129, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Comprehensive mechanical tests are carried out on two new PolyJet elastomers.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical tests", "start": 14, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet", "start": 58, "end": 65}], "material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 66, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stress-strain response of PolyJet elastomers is highly sensitive to strain rate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet", "start": 30, "end": 37}, {"text": "strain rate", "start": 72, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 38, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A visco-hyperelastic material model captures the strain rate sensitivity of the elastomers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "elastomers", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain rate sensitivity", "start": 49, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The elastomers fully recover after 20 s after repeated cyclic loading.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "s", "start": 38, "end": 39}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "cyclic loading", "start": 55, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy in the elastomers is dependent on strain and strain rate.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "strain", "start": 45, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rate", "start": 56, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material jetting, particularly PolyJet technology, is an additive manufacturing (AM) process which has introduced novel flexible elastomers used in bio-inspired soft robots, compliant structures and dampers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material jetting", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 57, "end": 79}, {"text": "AM", "start": 81, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "process", "start": 85, "end": 92}, {"text": "bio-inspired", "start": 148, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 129, "end": 139}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "robots", "start": 166, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a key tool for the development of such applications, which requires comprehensive material characterisation utilising advanced material models.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Finite Element Analysis", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 39, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 115, "end": 123}, {"text": "material", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, in contrast to conventional rubbers, PolyJet elastomers have been less explored leading to a few material models with various limitations in fidelity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "rubbers", "start": 37, "end": 44}, {"text": "elastomers", "start": 54, "end": 64}, {"text": "material", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "PolyJet", "start": 46, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, one aim of this study was to characterise the mechanical response of the latest PolyJet elastomers, Agilus30 (A30) and Tango+ (T+), under large strain tension-compression and time-dependent high-frequency/relaxation loadings.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 57, "end": 76}, {"text": "PolyJet", "start": 91, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 155, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Another aim was to calibrate a visco-hyperelastic material model to accurately predict these responses.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 50, "end": 58}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 68, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Tensile, compressive, cyclic, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and stress relaxation tests were carried out on pristine A30 and T+ samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Tensile", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic mechanical analysis", "start": 30, "end": 57}, {"text": "DMA", "start": 59, "end": 62}, {"text": "stress relaxation", "start": 68, "end": 85}, {"text": "samples", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quasi-static tension-compression tests were used to calibrate a 3-term Ogden hyperelastic model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Quasi-static", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "model", "start": 90, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Stress relaxation and DMA results were combined to determine the constants of a 5-term Prony series across a large window of relaxation time (10 μs–100 s).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Stress relaxation", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "DMA", "start": 22, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 152, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A numerical time-stepping scheme was employed to predict the visco-hyperelastic response of the 3D-printed elastomers at large strains and different strain rates.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 96, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rates", "start": 149, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the anisotropy in the elastomers, which stemmed from build orientation, was explored.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 35, "end": 45}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 66, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Highly nonlinear stress-strain relationships were observed in both elastomers, with a strong dependency on strain rate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rate", "start": 107, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relaxation tests revealed that A30 and T+ elastomers relax to 50% and 70% of their peak stress values respectively in less than 20 s. The effect of orientation on the loading response was most pronounced with prints along the Z-direction, particularly at large strains and lower strain rates.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "elastomers", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 88, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientation", "start": 148, "end": 159}, {"text": "strain rates", "start": 279, "end": 291}], "feature": [{"text": "Z-direction", "start": 226, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, the visco-hyperelastic material model accurately predicted the large strain and time-dependent behaviour of both elastomers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 33, "end": 41}, {"text": "elastomers", "start": 123, "end": 133}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 48, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 79, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our findings will allow for the development of more accurate computational models of 3D-printed elastomers, which can be utilised for computer-aided design in novel applications requiring flexible or rate-sensitive AM materials.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 52, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 118, "end": 120}, {"text": "AM materials", "start": 215, "end": 227}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "computer-aided design", "start": 134, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Measures thermal conductivity of additively manufactured components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 9, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 33, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrates significant direction-dependence of thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 49, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Demonstrates significant effect of process parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 35, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results may be helpful in design of 3D-printed heat transfer components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 12, "end": 14}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 36, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is an exciting manufacturing technique based on layer-by-layer build-up as opposed to the subtractive approach in most traditional machining processes.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 55, "end": 68}, {"text": "subtractive", "start": 130, "end": 141}, {"text": "machining", "start": 171, "end": 180}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer-by-layer", "start": 88, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, in polymer-based additive manufacturing processes, filaments of a polymer are dispensed from a rastering extruder to define each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 31, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 65, "end": 74}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 143, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the directional nature of this process, it is of interest to determine whether thermal transport properties of the built part are direction dependent.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 38, "end": 45}, {"text": "properties", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "transport", "start": 94, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such an understanding is critical for accurate design of components that serve a thermal function.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 38, "end": 46}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 57, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports measurement of thermal conductivity of additively manufactured polymer samples in the filament rastering direction and in the build direction.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 19, "end": 30}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 34, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 58, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 90, "end": 97}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 145, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Samples are designed and built in order to force heat flow only in one direction during thermal property measurement.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "force", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "thermal property", "start": 88, "end": 104}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 12, "end": 20}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 105, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental data indicate significant anisotropy in thermal conductivity, with the value in the build direction being much lower than in the raster direction.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental data", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 39, "end": 49}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 53, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 97, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both thermal conductivities are found to depend strongly on the air gap between adjacent filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "thermal conductivities", "start": 5, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "filaments", "start": 89, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A theoretical thermal conduction model is found to be in good agreement with experimental data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "theoretical", "start": 2, "end": 13}, {"text": "model", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 77, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 51, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cross section images of samples confirm the strong effect of the gap on the microstructure, and hence on thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cross section", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "samples", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 76, "end": 90}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 105, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results from this paper provide a key insight into the anisotropic nature of thermal conduction in additively manufactured components, and establish the presence of significant inter-layer thermal contact resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 99, "end": 122}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 197, "end": 204}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These results may be helpful in the fundamental understanding of heat transfer in 3D-printed components, as well as in accurate design and fabrication of heat transfer components through 3D printing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 18, "end": 20}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "as", "start": 113, "end": 115}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 65, "end": 78}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 154, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 82, "end": 92}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 139, "end": 150}, {"text": "3D printing", "start": 187, "end": 198}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 119, "end": 127}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 168, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A computational fluid dynamics model is used to predict the mesostructure formed by the successive deposition of parallel strands in material extrusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "computational fluid dynamics", "start": 2, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 133, "end": 174}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The numerical model simulates the extrusion of the material onto the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 51, "end": 59}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 69, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulated mesostructures are compared to optical micrographs of the mesostructures of 3D-printed samples, and the predictions agree well with the experiments.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D-printed", "start": 90, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predictions", "start": 118, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In addition, the influence of the layer thickness, the strand-to-strand distance, and the deposition configuration (with aligned or skewed layers) on the formation of the mesostructure is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 34, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition configuration", "start": 90, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The simulations provide detailed information about the porosity, the inter- and intra-layer bond line densities, and the surface roughness of the mesostructures, which potentially can be used in a model-based slicing software.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulations", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 55, "end": 63}, {"text": "surface roughness", "start": 121, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 184, "end": 186}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "slicing", "start": 209, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lithography-based Additive Manufacturing Technologies (L-AMT) exploit the curing of photosensitive materials upon light exposure.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 18, "end": 40}, {"text": "curing", "start": 74, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 99, "end": 108}, {"text": "light exposure", "start": 114, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We developed a hybrid exposure concept.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "exposure", "start": 22, "end": 30}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This system is able to overcome the challenge of providing good surface qualities and excellent feature resolution as well as a throughput similar to dynamic mask-based L-AMT systems by combining two light sources.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface qualities", "start": 64, "end": 81}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 115, "end": 117}, {"text": "as", "start": 123, "end": 125}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "throughput", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 150, "end": 157}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "light sources", "start": 200, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A Digital Light Processing (DLP®) Light Engine (LE) with a building area of 144 x 90 mm² offers a pixelsize of 56 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Digital Light Processing", "start": 2, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 68, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to further improve the achievable resolution, a continuous laser-exposed contour line (spot size 20 μm) on the outside of the projected envelope can be written with an additional scanning laser-system.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 43, "end": 53}, {"text": "spot size", "start": 96, "end": 105}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 82, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 158, "end": 160}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "scanning", "start": 188, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The matching of the DLP® projection mask and the laser-contour is crucial for accurate printing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mask", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore a calibration tool was developed, which facilitates the alignment of the two light sources.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 12, "end": 23}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "light sources", "start": 87, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A dichroic coated mirror enables a perpendicular alignment of the DLP® light beam and the laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 11, "end": 17}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 77, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 90, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we formulate the generation of support structures for additive manufacturing as a topology optimization problem.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 46, "end": 64}, {"text": "topology optimization", "start": 97, "end": 118}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 69, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with usual geometric considerations based support structure design, this formulation affords mechanistic meaning to the computed support structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 51, "end": 68}, {"text": "design", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "support structures", "start": 138, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, our study reveals that the topology optimization formulation generally leads to self-supporting designs without extraneous self-supporting constraints.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 37, "end": 58}, {"text": "self-supporting designs", "start": 90, "end": 113}, {"text": "self-supporting", "start": 133, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting support structures have been 3D printed, demonstrating that the computed designs can successfully be used as supports.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "designs", "start": 87, "end": 94}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 112, "end": 114}, {"text": "as", "start": 120, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To better understand the impact of complex structure on mechanical properties in additively manufactured ceramics, truss structures were 3D printed in preceramic polymer and mechanically evaluated in the pyrolyzed SiOC state.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "complex structure", "start": 35, "end": 52}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 56, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 81, "end": 104}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 137, "end": 147}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 162, "end": 169}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens were printed using digital light processing with a siloxane polymer resin blend.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "digital light processing", "start": 29, "end": 53}], "material": [{"text": "polymer resin", "start": 70, "end": 83}, {"text": "blend", "start": 84, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Four different designs were printed: two bending-dominant Kelvin cell structures, a stretching-dominant octet structure, and a mixture of the two with geometries chosen for equivalent stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 65, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "octet structure", "start": 104, "end": 119}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 151, "end": 161}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 184, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical characterization was done at multiple length scales: uniaxial compression to evaluate the entire truss structure, and three-point flexure to assess individual beam elements.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Mechanical", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "length scales", "start": 49, "end": 62}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 73, "end": 84}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 108, "end": 113}, {"text": "flexure", "start": 141, "end": 148}, {"text": "beam", "start": 170, "end": 174}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 114, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After pyrolysis, it was found that truss designs exhibited different shrinkages at the beam element scale despite being composed of the same preceramic polymer and exhibiting isotropic shrinkage at the macro-truss scale.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "pyrolysis", "start": 6, "end": 15}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 35, "end": 40}, {"text": "beam", "start": 87, "end": 91}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 41, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 152, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "isotropic", "start": 175, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This manner of nonuniform shrinkage has rarely, if ever been reported, as it is standard practice in additive manufacturing to report only bulk linear shrinkage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "standard", "start": 80, "end": 88}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In uniaxial compression, Kelvin structures with thicker beams exhibited the highest strength of 10 MPa, and octet structures exhibited the lowest strength of 3.8 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 12, "end": 23}, {"text": "strength", "start": 84, "end": 92}, {"text": "strength", "start": 146, "end": 154}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 99, "end": 102}, {"text": "octet structures", "start": 108, "end": 124}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 162, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In beam element flexure however, the octet beams had the highest strength, 1.9 GPa, four times stronger than the Kelvin beam elements and 500 times stronger than the octet bulk structure.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 3, "end": 7}, {"text": "flexure", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "beam", "start": 120, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 65, "end": 73}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 79, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 177, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Achieving better control in fused filament fabrication (FFF) relies on a molecular understanding of how thermoplastic printing materials behave during the printing process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 28, "end": 54}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 56, "end": 59}, {"text": "printing process", "start": 155, "end": 171}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 104, "end": 117}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 127, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For semi-crystalline polymers, the ultimate crystal morphology and how it develops during cooling is crucial to determining part properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 21, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 52, "end": 62}, {"text": "properties", "start": 129, "end": 139}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cooling", "start": 90, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here crystallisation kinetics are added to a previously-developed model, which contains a molecularly-aware constitutive equation to describe polymer stretch and orientation during typical non-isothermal FFF flow, and conditions under which flow-enhanced nucleation occurs due to residual stretch are revealed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 66, "end": 71}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 162, "end": 173}, {"text": "nucleation", "start": 255, "end": 265}, {"text": "residual", "start": 280, "end": 288}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 142, "end": 149}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 204, "end": 207}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Flow-enhanced nucleation leads to accelerated crystallisation times at the surface of a deposited filament, whilst the bulk of the filament is governed by slower quiescent kinetics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "nucleation", "start": 14, "end": 24}, {"text": "surface", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "filament", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The predicted time to 10% crystallinity, t10, is in quantitative agreement with in-situ Raman spectroscopy measurements of polycaprolactone (PCL).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 52, "end": 64}, {"text": "in-situ", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 94, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "PCL", "start": 141, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The model highlights important features not captured by a single measurement of t10.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 4, "end": 9}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 65, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, the crystal morphology varies cross-sectionally, with smaller spherulites forming in an outer skin layer, explaining features observed in full transient crystallisation measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 27, "end": 37}, {"text": "transient", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "forming", "start": 89, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 114, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, exploitation of flow-enhanced crystallisation is proposed as a mechanism to increase weld strength at the interface between deposited filaments.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 143, "end": 152}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanism", "start": 72, "end": 81}, {"text": "interface", "start": 115, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 94, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In nature, mesoscopic or microscopic cellular structures like trabecular bone, wood, shell, and sea urchin, can have high load-carrying capacity.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 37, "end": 56}], "material": [{"text": "trabecular bone", "start": 62, "end": 77}, {"text": "wood", "start": 79, "end": 83}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "shell", "start": 85, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "capacity", "start": 136, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These cellular structures with diverse shapes, forms and designs can be mainly classified into open and closed cell cellular structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 6, "end": 25}, {"text": "designs", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 69, "end": 71}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 111, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is difficult to replicate these natural complex lattice structures with traditional manufacturing, but additive manufacturing (AM) technology development has allowed engineers and scientists to mimic these natural structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 51, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 75, "end": 100}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 106, "end": 128}, {"text": "AM", "start": 130, "end": 132}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 134, "end": 144}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mimic", "start": 197, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabricating close cell lattice structures is still considered difficult due to the support structure within the lattices.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fabricating", "start": 0, "end": 11}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 18, "end": 22}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 83, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattices", "start": 112, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper evaluates a novel way of fabricating a close cell lattice structure with a material extrusion process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 86, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 56, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 69, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The design eliminates the need for support structures and the subsequent post-processing required to remove them.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 4, "end": 10}, {"text": "support structures", "start": 35, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 73, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A shell-shaped close cell lattice structure bio-mimicking a sea urchin shape was introduced for the load-bearing structure application.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 21, "end": 25}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 34, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "load-bearing", "start": 100, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of the proposed structure, including stiffness, deformation behavior and energy absorption, were compared with those of benchmarked honeycomb and open cell sea urchin (SU) lattice structures of the same density.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "structure", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 74, "end": 85}, {"text": "honeycomb", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 63, "end": 72}, {"text": "density", "start": 229, "end": 236}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 99, "end": 116}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 177, "end": 181}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 198, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SU lattice structures and honeycomb periodic lattice structures with varied sizes but the same morphology and fixed density were designed and printed in polylactic acid material (PLA).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 3, "end": 21}, {"text": "lattice structures", "start": 45, "end": 63}, {"text": "designed", "start": 129, "end": 137}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "honeycomb", "start": 26, "end": 35}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 116, "end": 123}], "material": [{"text": "polylactic acid material", "start": 153, "end": 177}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 179, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Their physical characteristics, deformation behavior, and compressive properties were investigated experimentally and via finite element analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 32, "end": 43}, {"text": "properties", "start": 70, "end": 80}, {"text": "finite element analysis", "start": 122, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of the unit cell size on mechanical properties was studied and discussed, and the rankings of better performances were drawn.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 36, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A possible application of the closed cell is for fabricating the load bearing structure; it can also be encapsulated within a fluid to impart strength and damping characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricating", "start": 49, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 78, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 101, "end": 103}, {"text": "fluid", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 142, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An anisotropic cohesive zone model with XFEM is developed to capture fracture in additively manufactured polymer materials.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 3, "end": 14}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 29, "end": 34}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "materials", "start": 113, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 81, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The XFEM is able to model crack propagations in 3D printed materials without knowing a priori the crack path.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "crack propagations", "start": 26, "end": 44}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 48, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Parametric studies show that the competition between inter-layer failure and max principal stress failure largely affects the kinked cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "failure", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "principal stress", "start": 81, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture of additively manufactured polymer materials with various layer orientations is studied using the extended finite element method (XFEM) in an anisotropic cohesive zone model (CZM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "materials", "start": 48, "end": 57}, {"text": "finite element method", "start": 120, "end": 141}, {"text": "model", "start": 181, "end": 186}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 16, "end": 39}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 71, "end": 76}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 155, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The single edge notched bending (SENB) specimens made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) materials through fused filament fabrications with various crack tip/layer orientations are considered.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "fused filament fabrications", "start": 113, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 90, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 95, "end": 104}, {"text": "orientations", "start": 170, "end": 182}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The XFEM coupled with anisotropic CZM is employed to model the brittle fracture (fracture between layers), ductile fracture (fracture through layers), as well as kinked fracture behaviors of ABS specimens printed with vertical, horizontal, and oblique layer orientations, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 53, "end": 58}, {"text": "brittle fracture", "start": 63, "end": 79}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 81, "end": 89}, {"text": "ductile fracture", "start": 107, "end": 123}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 125, "end": 133}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 169, "end": 177}, {"text": "vertical", "start": 218, "end": 226}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 191, "end": 194}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 252, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both elastic and elastoplastic fracture models, coupled with linear or exponential traction-separation laws, are developed for the inter-layer and cross-layer fracture, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 31, "end": 39}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 159, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For mixed inter-/cross- layer fracture, an anisotropic cohesive zone model is developed to predict the kinked crack propagations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 24, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 30, "end": 38}, {"text": "model", "start": 69, "end": 74}, {"text": "crack propagations", "start": 110, "end": 128}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 43, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two crack initiation and evolution criteria are defined to include both crack propagation between layers (weak plane failure) and crack penetration through layers (maximum principal stress failure) that jointly determine the zig-zag crack growth paths.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "evolution", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "crack propagation", "start": 72, "end": 89}, {"text": "failure", "start": 117, "end": 124}, {"text": "penetration", "start": 136, "end": 147}, {"text": "maximum principal stress failure", "start": 164, "end": 196}, {"text": "crack growth", "start": 233, "end": 245}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The anisotropic cohesive zone model with XFEM developed in this study is able to capture different fracture behaviors of additively manufactured ABS samples with different layer orientations.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 121, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "ABS", "start": 145, "end": 148}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 172, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A conformal, compliant and multi-layer tactile sensor was built layer by layer using a hybrid manufacturing process including conformal Direct-Print (DP) technology and layer by layer soft molding process with a developed piezoresistive polymer/nanocomposite.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layer by layer", "start": 64, "end": 78}, {"text": "hybrid manufacturing", "start": 87, "end": 107}, {"text": "technology", "start": 154, "end": 164}, {"text": "layer by layer", "start": 169, "end": 183}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "molding", "start": 189, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A multi-layer conformal skin structure of the sensor was created using the soft molding process along with a highly flexible rubber material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 29, "end": 38}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 46, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "molding", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "rubber material", "start": 125, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two layers of sensing elements were designed, where the sensing elements in the lower sensing layer were orthogonally placed against those in the upper sensing layer so that the sensing elements in two layers could cross each other with an insulating layer between them.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 14, "end": 21}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 152, "end": 159}, {"text": "sensing", "start": 178, "end": 185}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 22, "end": 30}, {"text": "elements", "start": 64, "end": 72}, {"text": "elements", "start": 186, "end": 194}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 94, "end": 99}, {"text": "layer", "start": 160, "end": 165}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "insulating layer", "start": 240, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A conformal printing algorithm was developed to advance the capability of DP technology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "technology", "start": 77, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, all the sensing elements were printed uniformly within the conformal skin structure.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 22, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 80, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several experiments on position detection were performed to evaluate the performance of the fabricated conformal sensor.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 73, "end": 84}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 92, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 113, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results showed that the sensor can detect locations of external forces applied on the sensor surface due to the multiple layers of sensing elements.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "sensor", "start": 28, "end": 34}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 90, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "forces", "start": 68, "end": 74}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 135, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "elements", "start": 143, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is concluded that the suggested manufacturing methods and developed materials are promising tools to develop conformal, compliant tactile sensors.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 71, "end": 80}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tools", "start": 95, "end": 100}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 141, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstereolithography (MSL) has been employed to create 3D microstructures for a wide range of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Microstereolithography", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 57, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 87, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the many advantages of using this process, there are still several drawbacks such as the need to use a large amount of a material compared to the volume of the microstructure to be built, oxygen inhibition, and difficulty in processing highly viscous photopolymers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 42, "end": 49}, {"text": "volume", "start": 154, "end": 160}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 168, "end": 182}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 90, "end": 92}, {"text": "material", "start": 129, "end": 137}, {"text": "be", "start": 186, "end": 188}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 196, "end": 202}, {"text": "photopolymers", "start": 259, "end": 272}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To minimize the amount of material required, the use of a liquid bridge has been suggested as a modification to the existing microstereolithography process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 26, "end": 34}, {"text": "as", "start": 91, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 65, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "microstereolithography", "start": 125, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A liquid bridge can be easily found in nature after a rainfall.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 20, "end": 22}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Basically, a bridge can be formed between two solid bodies, where surface tension can sustain a liquid bridge against a gravitational force, which tends to destroy it.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "bridge", "start": 103, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 66, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 134, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With this natural phenomenon, a photopolymer can be intentionally formed between two substrates: a transparent substrate with a low surface energy can be used as a top substrate, while another substrate with a higher surface energy can be used to hold the fabricated structure together.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 32, "end": 44}, {"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 111, "end": 120}, {"text": "be", "start": 151, "end": 153}, {"text": "as", "start": 159, "end": 161}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 168, "end": 177}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 193, "end": 202}, {"text": "be", "start": 236, "end": 238}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "transparent", "start": 99, "end": 110}, {"text": "surface", "start": 132, "end": 139}, {"text": "surface", "start": 217, "end": 224}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 256, "end": 266}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process, called liquid bridge microstereolithography (LBMSL), is advantageous since it uses a relatively small amount of a material, removes oxygen inhibition due to the constraint of the material surface, and offers the possibility of utilizing a highly viscous material.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 28, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 128, "end": 136}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 146, "end": 152}, {"text": "material", "start": 193, "end": 201}, {"text": "material", "start": 268, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, a mathematical model was taken to simulate a liquid bridge with a certain volume and height.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mathematical", "start": 17, "end": 29}, {"text": "volume", "start": 89, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "bridge", "start": 67, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Adhesion tests were accomplished to ensure the fabricated layer detaches from the top substrate while the fabricated structure remains attached to the bottom structure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Adhesion", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 106, "end": 116}, {"text": "structure", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "substrate", "start": 86, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, various 3D microstructures were fabricated by LBMSL; these fabricated microstructures provide compelling evidence that LBMSL is advantageous over the existing process for MSL.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 17, "end": 19}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "process", "start": 168, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper presents a method to optimize build orientation and topological layout simultaneously in density-based topology optimization for additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 40, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "layout", "start": 74, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 113, "end": 134}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 139, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Support structures are required in additive manufacturing of parts of complex shape.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Support structures", "start": 0, "end": 18}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 35, "end": 57}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "complex shape", "start": 70, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To eliminate or reduce support structures during the additive processes, we constrain the lower bound of the overhang angle of the optimized design.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "support structures", "start": 23, "end": 41}, {"text": "design", "start": 141, "end": 147}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhang angle", "start": 109, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this method, the build orientation and the density field used to represent the part are simultaneously optimized to satisfy the overhang angle constraints for part self-support.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 20, "end": 37}, {"text": "overhang angle", "start": 131, "end": 145}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density field", "start": 46, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first directional gradient based global constraint controls the overhang angle of the solid/void interface inside the design domain to eliminate the internal supports.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "overhang angle", "start": 68, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interface", "start": 101, "end": 110}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 122, "end": 128}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 162, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The second density-based global constraint controls the angle of the design domain boundary to reduce the external supports.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 69, "end": 75}, {"text": "boundary", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "supports", "start": 115, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical examples on both 2D and 3D linear elastic problems are presented to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed formulations in the build orientation optimization and in the overhang angle control.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "3D", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic", "start": 44, "end": 51}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 154, "end": 171}, {"text": "overhang angle", "start": 196, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the application space for large-scale 3D printed components continues to grow, it is necessary to identify appropriate processing conditions for high-performance thermoplastics on large format Additive Manufacturing (LFAM) systems.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 165, "end": 179}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 196, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study compares the rheological behavior of a high-performance thermoplastic, polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), with that of a commonly used low-temperature polymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), to identify suitable processing conditions for large format AM systems.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 67, "end": 80}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 153, "end": 160}, {"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 162, "end": 193}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 195, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 261, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The linear viscoelastic properties (complex viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan delta) of these materials are evaluated as a function of temperature, angular frequency, and carbon fiber content.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscoelastic properties", "start": 11, "end": 34}, {"text": "viscosity", "start": 44, "end": 53}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 110, "end": 119}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 134, "end": 136}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 187, "end": 199}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 151, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of 20–35% by weight of carbon fiber increased the shear thinning effect of both thermoplastics, showing a potential variation of 2–3 x over the range of expected LFAM extrusion shear rates (10–100 s−1).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "range", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "material": [{"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 36, "end": 48}, {"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shear thinning", "start": 63, "end": 77}, {"text": "variation", "start": 129, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 180, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sustainable and environmentally friendly process for spherical poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) particles for Additive Manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Sustainable", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "process", "start": 41, "end": 48}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "particles", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 101, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PLLA microspheres produced by liquid-liquid phase separation and precipitation using triacetin as solvent.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microspheres", "start": 5, "end": 17}, {"text": "phase", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 65, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 95, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Particle characterization with respect to processability in powder bed fusion (PBF) of polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Particle", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 60, "end": 77}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 79, "end": 82}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 87, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Narrowly distributed, spherical PLLA powders show excellent flowability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 22, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 37, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Manufacturing and mechanical characterization of 3D printed tensile test bars and complex porous gyroid specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "3D printed", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 90, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the development and processing behavior of poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) particles for powder bed fusion (PBF) of polymers obtained via a green and sustainable process route are thoroughly studied.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 81, "end": 90}, {"text": "sustainable process", "start": 156, "end": 175}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 95, "end": 112}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 114, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 122, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Liquid-liquid phase separation and precipitation from triacetin, a non-toxic solvent, are applied for the production of highly spherical PLLA particles of excellent flowability.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 35, "end": 48}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 127, "end": 136}, {"text": "particles", "start": 142, "end": 151}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 106, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Starting from the measured cloud-point diagram of the PLLA-triacetin system, appropriate temperature profiles for the precipitation process are derived.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 89, "end": 100}], "feature": [{"text": "profiles", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "precipitation", "start": 118, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of process parameters on the product properties is addressed in detail; the PLLA particles are characterized regarding their size distribution and morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 14, "end": 32}, {"text": "properties", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "particles", "start": 92, "end": 101}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 141, "end": 153}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 158, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, material properties including thermal behavior (c.f.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 13, "end": 32}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "processing window for powder bed fusion (PBF)) and powder flowability are assessed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "powder bed fusion", "start": 22, "end": 39}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 51, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spherical PLLA particles of narrow size distribution display a wide sintering window of 59 K and an excellent flowability due to the intrinsic surface roughness of the particles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spherical", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "particles", "start": 19, "end": 28}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 44, "end": 56}, {"text": "particles", "start": 172, "end": 181}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 72, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "K", "start": 95, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 147, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, tensile test bars and complex porous gyroid specimens were successfully manufactured via PBF without the need for any additional surface functionalization of the particles with flow agents.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 6, "end": 18}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 36, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "surface", "start": 135, "end": 142}, {"text": "particles", "start": 168, "end": 177}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 95, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high potential of the newly developed PLLA powders produced via an environmentally friendly approach omitting the use of halogenated or toxic solvents, as well as flowing aids, is demonstrated by mechanical testing of the printed specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 47, "end": 54}, {"text": "as", "start": 156, "end": 158}, {"text": "as", "start": 164, "end": 166}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "mechanical testing", "start": 200, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composite textiles have found widespread use and advantages in various industries and applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Composite", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 71, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The constant demand for high-quality products and services requires companies to minimize their manufacturing costs and delivery time in order to compete with general and niche marketplaces.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "companies", "start": 68, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturing costs", "start": 96, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Creation of molding and tooling options for advanced composites encompasses a large portion of fabrication time, making it a costly process and a restraining factor.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "molding", "start": 12, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tooling", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "process", "start": 132, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "advanced composites", "start": 44, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "fabrication time", "start": 95, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research discusses a preliminary investigation into the use and control of soluble polymer compounds and additive manufacturing to fabricate sacrificial molds.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "soluble", "start": 80, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 132}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 136, "end": 145}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 158, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These molds suffer from dimensional errors due to several factors, which have also been characterized.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "molds", "start": 6, "end": 11}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "errors", "start": 36, "end": 42}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The basic soluble mold of a composite is 3D printed to meet the desired dimensions and geometry of holistic structures or spliced components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "soluble", "start": 10, "end": 17}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 18, "end": 22}, {"text": "components", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 41, "end": 51}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 72, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The time taken to dissolve the mold depends on the rate of agitation of the solvent.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 31, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "agitation", "start": 59, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This process is steered towards enabling the implantation of optoelectronic devices within the composite to provide a sensing capability for structural health monitoring.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 5, "end": 12}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "implantation", "start": 45, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 95, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "sensing", "start": 118, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The shape deviation of the 3D printed mold is also studied and compared to its original dimensions to optimize the dimensional quality to produce dimensionally accurate parts of up to 0.02% error.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 88, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "error", "start": 190, "end": 195}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 160, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to use selective laser sintering to manufacture structural parts for automotive and aerospace applications, the failure conditions of such a component must be understood and predicted.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser sintering", "start": 16, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 45, "end": 56}, {"text": "failure", "start": 121, "end": 128}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 183, "end": 192}], "application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 150, "end": 159}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 165, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 3D failure criterion for anisotropic materials that incorporates stress interactions is implemented to predict failure of selective laser sintered parts manufactured using polyamide 12 powder.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "3D", "start": 2, "end": 4}, {"text": "failure", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 155, "end": 167}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 27, "end": 38}, {"text": "stress", "start": 67, "end": 73}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser", "start": 124, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide 12", "start": 174, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Special test specimens that capture tensile, compressive and shear strengths, as single or combined loads, were designed, manufactured and tested.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "shear strengths", "start": 61, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 78, "end": 80}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 112, "end": 120}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that significant differences exist between tensile and compressive strengths, and that failure of additive manufactured parts is strongly influenced by the interaction between stresses.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "compressive strengths", "start": 68, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 100, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "additive manufactured parts", "start": 111, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The test data shows an excellent fit with a tensor based failure criterion that includes interaction strength tensor components, thus being able to capture the strength behavior of SLS printed components under complex loading conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 9, "end": 13}, {"text": "fit", "start": 33, "end": 36}, {"text": "tensor", "start": 44, "end": 50}, {"text": "failure", "start": 57, "end": 64}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 101, "end": 109}, {"text": "strength", "start": 160, "end": 168}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 117, "end": 127}, {"text": "components", "start": 193, "end": 203}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLS", "start": 181, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Vat photopolymerization (VP) of silicone can produce better finish and higher resolution than the conventional extrusion-based method.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Vat photopolymerization", "start": 0, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 32, "end": 40}], "parameter": [{"text": "higher resolution", "start": 71, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "One challenge in the current bottom-up VP processes is the separation that forms between the cured part and vat at each layer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 42, "end": 51}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "vat", "start": 108, "end": 111}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 120, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Oxygen-inhibition is commonly adopted as a solution (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 38, "end": 40}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 43, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "LOPP is achieved by a low-absorbance wavelength and a gradient light beam.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "wavelength", "start": 37, "end": 47}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 69, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The first experiment measured the effect of beam power; the second experiment measured the effect of scanning speed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 67, "end": 77}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 44, "end": 48}], "parameter": [{"text": "scanning speed", "start": 101, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The curing speed of 385 nm at the same power level was 10 times slower than 375 nm, but could be scaled up non-linearly by the beam power.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "curing", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 94, "end": 96}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 127, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A tripled light power of 385 nm can accelerate the process by a factor of 7 and be comparable to that of 375 nm.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "power", "start": 16, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 80, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, this study confirms the feasibility of an optically created dead zone and also uncovers the necessity of high-power light source for this application.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "light source", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a well-known additive manufacturing technique, which can transfer digital three-dimensional (3D) models into functional components directly.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fused deposition", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 110, "end": 127}, {"text": "3D", "start": 129, "end": 131}, {"text": "functional components", "start": 145, "end": 166}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite many advantages FDM can offer, poor surface accuracy of fabricated objects has always been a big issue that attracts increasing attention.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 24, "end": 27}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface accuracy", "start": 44, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 64, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To study the influence on the surface profiles imposed by various process parameters effectively as well as quantitatively, the mathematical model of the surface profile need to be developed.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface profiles", "start": 30, "end": 46}, {"text": "surface profile", "start": 154, "end": 169}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 66, "end": 84}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 128, "end": 140}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "as", "start": 105, "end": 107}, {"text": "be", "start": 178, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a new surface profile model is developed to characterize the surface profile of FDM fabricated parts.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "surface profile", "start": 20, "end": 35}, {"text": "surface profile", "start": 75, "end": 90}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 36, "end": 41}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 98, "end": 108}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 94, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process parameters are classified into two groups (i.e.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 4, "end": 22}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "pre-process parameters and fabrication process parameters) to investigate the impacts on surface characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 27, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface characterization", "start": 89, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Corresponding experiments are conducted using an FDM machine to make comparison with the predicted values and to validate the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed surface models.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 49, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 89, "end": 98}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 142, "end": 155}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "reliability", "start": 126, "end": 137}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "surface models", "start": 172, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the experimental results and theoretical values indicate that the surface accuracy of the top surface is mainly determined by the ratio between molten paste flowrate and the nozzle feedrate under specified layer thickness and path spacing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 9, "end": 21}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 34, "end": 45}, {"text": "surface", "start": 99, "end": 106}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "surface accuracy", "start": 71, "end": 87}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 179, "end": 185}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 211, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "On the other hand, the surface quality of the side surface is primarily affected by the layer thickness and the stratification angle of the surface.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "surface quality", "start": 23, "end": 38}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 88, "end": 103}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 51, "end": 58}, {"text": "surface", "start": 140, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the same time, some optimization approaches for the surface improvement are presented: appropriate ratio between paste flowrate and fabrication speed are required for desirable top surface and thinner layer thickness can, to some extent, alleviate the staircase effect out of the slicing procedure and the stratification angle of the side surface should be confined to a range to avoid large geometric errors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "surface", "start": 55, "end": 62}, {"text": "surface", "start": 184, "end": 191}, {"text": "slicing", "start": 283, "end": 290}, {"text": "surface", "start": 342, "end": 349}, {"text": "errors", "start": 405, "end": 411}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 135, "end": 146}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 204, "end": 219}, {"text": "range", "start": 374, "end": 379}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 357, "end": 359}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, an in situ bioprinting-based methodological workflow is advanced to directly fabricate a custom engineered skin graft onto a skin burn phantom.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "workflow", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 92, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To illustrate this modular approach, a burn phantom is first created by mold casting gelatin-alginate hydrogel material to simulate a burn wound bed with arbitrary 2D shape and uniform depth.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "modular", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "2D", "start": 164, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "mold", "start": 72, "end": 76}, {"text": "bed", "start": 145, "end": 148}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 77, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "hydrogel", "start": 102, "end": 110}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The cast hydrogel phantom is then placed on the printer platform to host the to-be-printed skin graft.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cast", "start": 4, "end": 8}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printer platform", "start": 48, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is followed by implementing a contour calibration process based on fiducial markers to yield the real dimension and pose of the burn phantom.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "contour calibration", "start": 35, "end": 54}], "feature": [{"text": "dimension", "start": 107, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A new directed toolpath generation algorithm is detailed to generate a burn-specific toolpath for the microextrusion-based bioprinting process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "toolpath", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "toolpath", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 35, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "bioprinting", "start": 123, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on this method, the bioprinted cell-laden gelatin-alginate hydrogel filaments are precisely arranged in a meshed pattern that is bound by the burn phantom contour.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "hydrogel filaments", "start": 65, "end": 83}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 119, "end": 126}], "feature": [{"text": "contour", "start": 161, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Internal geometries defined by the filament and pore dimensional characteristics of the printed construct design can be controlled to promote cell viability, proliferation, and nutrient delivery.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Internal geometries", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "design", "start": 106, "end": 112}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 35, "end": 43}, {"text": "be", "start": 117, "end": 119}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 48, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "printed construct", "start": 88, "end": 105}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "cell viability", "start": 142, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Printed cell-laden multi-layered constructs are evaluated for single filament and pore dimensional precision, alignment of filaments between layers, and positional accuracy of the filaments within the extracted contour.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 69, "end": 77}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 123, "end": 132}, {"text": "filaments", "start": 180, "end": 189}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 82, "end": 86}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 99, "end": 108}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 164, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "extracted contour", "start": 201, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, a 24-hour time course incubation study reveals that the printed constructs preserve their structural properties while cells proliferate and maintain their spatial positioning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "printed constructs", "start": 65, "end": 83}, {"text": "properties", "start": 110, "end": 120}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 127, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "X-ray interferometry provides a dark-field image, essentially a small-angle X-ray scattering image, of the voids and print defects in an additively manufactured polymer object.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 76, "end": 81}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interferometry", "start": 6, "end": 20}, {"text": "image", "start": 43, "end": 48}, {"text": "image", "start": 93, "end": 98}, {"text": "voids", "start": 107, "end": 112}, {"text": "defects", "start": 123, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 117, "end": 122}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 137, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The samples studied included Stanford Bunnies, fabricated from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), and a quadratic test object fabricated from PLA.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 4, "end": 11}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 63, "end": 94}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 96, "end": 99}, {"text": "polylactic acid", "start": 105, "end": 120}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 122, "end": 125}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 172, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dark-field projection images show orientation-dependent X-ray scattering which is due to anisotropic voids and gaps at the filament-to-filament interface in these fused deposition modeling additive manufacturing objects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 26, "end": 32}, {"text": "interface", "start": 148, "end": 157}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 60, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 93, "end": 104}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused deposition modeling", "start": 167, "end": 192}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 193, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "SEM corroborates the existence of gaps between filaments.The absorption and dark-field volumes are used to correlate printhead trajectory with print defect density.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "SEM", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 61, "end": 71}, {"text": "defect", "start": 149, "end": 155}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 143, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is a slight increase in X-ray scattering, hence print defect density, at regions with high curvature.Two X-ray interferometry techniques were used: stepped-grating and single-shot.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray", "start": 30, "end": 35}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 111, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "defect", "start": 60, "end": 66}, {"text": "interferometry", "start": 117, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As currently developed, stepped-grating has the larger field-of-view—examination of an entire test object—whilst single-shot has the potential for real-time, in situ measurement of the printing process within 1 mm of the printhead.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 158, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 185, "end": 201}, {"text": "mm", "start": 211, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Efficient generation of freeform TPMS porous scaffolds.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "freeform", "start": 24, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "porous scaffolds", "start": 38, "end": 54}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hierarchical scaffold construction based on fractal sheet TPMSs.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "scaffold", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 22, "end": 34}], "material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 52, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Porosity distribution manipulation according to CT images.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Porosity", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 9, "end": 21}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CT", "start": 48, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The external geometry design and manipulation of internal porosity distribution according to the actual application demands are the main challenges of scaffold generation; moreover, computational efficiency is a key factor that should be considered.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 67, "end": 79}, {"text": "computational efficiency", "start": 182, "end": 206}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 22, "end": 28}, {"text": "scaffold", "start": 151, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 58, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 235, "end": 237}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposes efficient generation strategies for constructing internal porous architectures by using triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) and external freeform shapes through T-spline surfaces.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 78, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "triply periodic minimal surfaces", "start": 108, "end": 140}, {"text": "freeform", "start": 162, "end": 170}, {"text": "surfaces", "start": 195, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "After discretizing the geometries as slicing contours, TPMSs can be efficiently extracted using the intersection-interpolation method in 2D space, and then be offset as infill areas of sheet solids.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 23, "end": 33}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "2D", "start": 137, "end": 139}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36}, {"text": "be", "start": 65, "end": 67}, {"text": "be", "start": 156, "end": 158}, {"text": "as", "start": 166, "end": 168}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 185, "end": 190}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 45, "end": 53}], "parameter": [{"text": "areas", "start": 176, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on the proposed fractal sheet TPMSs, hierarchical scaffolds are further generated using the refined constrained Delaunay triangulation method to construct multiscale pores.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 30, "end": 35}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 56, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 172, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The porosity features can be conveniently controlled in 2D space according to the actual computed tomography images.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "2D", "start": 56, "end": 58}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 89, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Eventually, the resulting infill areas can be directly fabricated as scaffolds by additive manufacturing technology.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "infill areas", "start": 26, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 55, "end": 65}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 82, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several experimental instances validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed strategies.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "effectiveness", "start": 44, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing allows design freedom and reduces the cost to manufacture a complex form.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 30, "end": 44}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 69, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Prefabrication can be more time-efficient than additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 19, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Schedule shortening is not the main advantage of Additive manufacturing in construction.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 49, "end": 71}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 75, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A breakeven point should be determined to choose the manufacturing method that suits best the need.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 25, "end": 27}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 53, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The objective of this paper is to present a reflection on the use of Additive manufacturing in construction.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "reflection", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 69, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 95, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research examples from manufacturing industries are presented.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 31, "end": 44}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 45, "end": 55}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some Advantages of additive manufacturing in industry were identified.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 41}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 45, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Relevant cases used to promote AM for construction are: building rate improvement and schedules shortening.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 31, "end": 33}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 38, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Firstly, a comparison between construction and manufacturing industry was presented.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 30, "end": 42}, {"text": "industry", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 47, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Secondly, Design and Building rate for construction were studied using data from a French construction company.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Design", "start": 10, "end": 16}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 39, "end": 51}, {"text": "construction", "start": 90, "end": 102}, {"text": "company", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 71, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally a comparison was made between conventional processes and Additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 65, "end": 87}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional processes included prefabrication and casting on site.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 13, "end": 22}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 51, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results showed that pre-casting may be faster than AM in some cases.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 36, "end": 38}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 51, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Time saving is not necessary the best advantage from applying additive manufacturing to construction.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 62, "end": 84}], "application": [{"text": "construction", "start": 88, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Leveraging the technology's unique ability to selectively place multiple materials throughout a part volume, the authors demonstrate a new approach for the fabrication of a new physical security feature for additively manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 15, "end": 25}, {"text": "materials", "start": 73, "end": 82}, {"text": "volume", "start": 101, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 156, "end": 167}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 207, "end": 230}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 195, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, the authors create photopolymer suspensions featuring quantum dots–a nanoparticle that absorbs ultraviolet light and emits light in the visible spectrum–that are then embedded into objects created by PolyJet material jetting.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 33, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "ultraviolet light", "start": 109, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PolyJet material jetting", "start": 214, "end": 238}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the quantum dots appear ordered at the macroscale, their stochastic arrangement at the microscale (via the inkjetted droplet) provide the randomness necessary to serve as the key element of a Physical Unclonable Function, essentially transforming the 3D printed object itself as an anti-counterfeiting system.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "macroscale", "start": 45, "end": 55}, {"text": "stochastic", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "microscale", "start": 93, "end": 103}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 123, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}, {"text": "element", "start": 185, "end": 192}, {"text": "as", "start": 282, "end": 284}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printed", "start": 257, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work the authors explore the effects of quantum dot loading on optical signatures of the nanoparticles in the photopolymer matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 71, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 97, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "photopolymer", "start": 118, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Quantum dot loadings as low as 5 × 10−3 wt.% can be detected inside the object with a fluorescent microscope, while this same concentration is invisible to the naked eye.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 21, "end": 23}, {"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}, {"text": "be", "start": 49, "end": 51}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microscope", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By adjusting the magnification of the fluorescent microscope, we demonstrate the feasibility of a new paradigm for three-dimensional security patterns.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "magnification", "start": 17, "end": 30}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 81, "end": 92}, {"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 115, "end": 132}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "microscope", "start": 50, "end": 60}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The adaptation of inkjet technology for additive manufacturing (AM) enabled the highest standards of print speed and print resolution in the industry.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 18, "end": 24}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 40, "end": 62}, {"text": "AM", "start": 64, "end": 66}, {"text": "print", "start": 101, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 88, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "print resolution", "start": 117, "end": 133}], "application": [{"text": "industry", "start": 141, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, inkjet printheads impose strict limitations on ink properties.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 9, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 56, "end": 59}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ink compositions ex volatility, rehydration, surface tension, chemical stability, abrasiveness, and electrical properties that deviate from printhead specifications shorten its service life.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ink", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface tension", "start": 45, "end": 60}, {"text": "chemical stability", "start": 62, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "electrical properties", "start": 100, "end": 121}, {"text": "service life", "start": 177, "end": 189}], "parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 150, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Frequent and complex maintenance procedures are necessary, but replacement is the only solution to declining print quality, accruing heavy maintenance costs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 87, "end": 95}, {"text": "print quality", "start": 109, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is especially limiting for AM as part quality and properties are closely dependent on ink composition.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 32, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "properties", "start": 55, "end": 65}, {"text": "composition", "start": 95, "end": 106}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 91, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We propose an ink deposition system designed for robustness by implementing modular and dedicated components.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 18, "end": 28}, {"text": "modular", "start": 76, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 36, "end": 44}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "robustness", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 98, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The system deposits ink in a continuous jet.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 20, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We find optimal process parameters and evaluate system performance in comparison to inkjet and material extrusion (ME).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "optimal process", "start": 8, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 55, "end": 66}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "inkjet", "start": 84, "end": 90}, {"text": "material extrusion", "start": 95, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The system produces line widths between 0.3-0.5mm, indicating print resolution capabilities are comparable to commercial ME systems.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "print resolution", "start": 62, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Sandwich structures are extensively used in aviation industries to reduce the overall weight of the system.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Sandwich structures", "start": 0, "end": 19}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 53, "end": 63}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 86, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although the mechanical behavior of these structures has been widely studied, the performance of core shape in vibration response has been minimally explored.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 82, "end": 93}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 97, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study focuses on understanding the various influences of sandwich structures considering the following parameters: (i) nature of core shape, (ii) number of infill shapes, and (iii) orientation of cores, which affect the dynamic behavior of sandwich structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "sandwich structures", "start": 62, "end": 81}, {"text": "sandwich structures", "start": 245, "end": 264}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 108, "end": 118}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 186, "end": 197}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 225, "end": 232}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 134, "end": 138}, {"text": "cores", "start": 201, "end": 206}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 161, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nine sandwich structures comprising three different core shapes, hexagon, triangle, and square shapes, in three different orientations, namely 0°, 45°, and 90°, were considered for the present study.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "sandwich structures", "start": 5, "end": 24}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 52, "end": 56}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "orientations", "start": 122, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These structures in the beginning were put by modal analysis using finite element method (FEM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 67, "end": 88}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 90, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All the nine structures were printed using the fused deposition method to validate the FEM findings, while the DEWE soft data acquisition system was used to estimate the modal parameters (i) natural frequency and (ii) damping ratio.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fused deposition", "start": 47, "end": 63}, {"text": "FEM", "start": 87, "end": 90}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 176, "end": 186}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "data acquisition system", "start": 121, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates that although the square core orientated at 0° exhibited superior stiffness in bending loads, the hexagonal core orientated at 0° displayed an admirable combination of both stiffness and damping properties.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "core", "start": 49, "end": 53}, {"text": "core", "start": 132, "end": 136}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 197, "end": 206}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "bending", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "feature": [{"text": "hexagonal", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 219, "end": 229}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing shows an intrinsic compatibility with building in extra-terrestrial colonization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of raw materials found in situ can drastically reduce the complexity of the material supply chain.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "raw materials", "start": 11, "end": 24}, {"text": "material", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in situ", "start": 31, "end": 38}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 66, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is a flexible option for producing components starting from powder feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 25, "end": 29}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 66, "end": 76}, {"text": "powder feedstock", "start": 91, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work addresses the processability of lunar highlands regolith simulant NU-LHT-2 M by Laser Powder Bed Fusion on an open prototypal system.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser Powder Bed Fusion", "start": 90, "end": 113}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The investigation into the influence of process parameters and different base plate materials (carbon steel, self-supporting deposition and refractory clay) was enabled by the in-house developed LPBF machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 40, "end": 58}, {"text": "materials", "start": 84, "end": 93}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 125, "end": 135}], "material": [{"text": "carbon steel", "start": 95, "end": 107}, {"text": "clay", "start": 151, "end": 155}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 109, "end": 124}], "application": [{"text": "refractory", "start": 140, "end": 150}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 195, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The process feasibility window for multi-layer deposition was determined on the refractory clay base plate which ensured stable deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 23}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 47, "end": 57}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "application": [{"text": "refractory", "start": 80, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "clay", "start": 91, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finally, process parameters were studied to produce multi-layer cubical samples which were further analysed for their mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 9, "end": 27}, {"text": "samples", "start": 72, "end": 79}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 118, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimens presented compressive yield stress values in excess of 31.4 MPa and micro hardness values in excess of 680 HV, showing the potential of the technology for the deposition of lunar regolith components.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 32, "end": 44}, {"text": "hardness", "start": 84, "end": 92}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 70, "end": 73}, {"text": "technology", "start": 150, "end": 160}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 169, "end": 179}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 198, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite is known for its high stiffness-to-weight ratio and hence is of great interest in several engineering fields such as aerospace, automotive, defense, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Carbon fiber", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 24, "end": 31}, {"text": "composite", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "as", "start": 163, "end": 165}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 139, "end": 150}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 166, "end": 175}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, such a composite is not suitable for energy dissipation as failure occurs with very little or no plastic deformation.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 16, "end": 25}, {"text": "as", "start": 65, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "plastic deformation", "start": 106, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Herein, we present an extendable multi-material projection microstereolithography process capable of producing carbon-fiber-reinforced cellular materials that achieve simultaneously high specific stiffness and damping coefficient.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 33, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "microstereolithography", "start": 59, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "cellular materials", "start": 135, "end": 153}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 187, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inspired by the upper bounds of stiffness-loss coefficient in a two-phase composite, we designed and additively manufactured CFRP microlattices with soft phases architected into selected stiff-phase struts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 74, "end": 83}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 101, "end": 124}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "struts", "start": 199, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results, confirmed by experimental and analytical calculations, revealed that the damping performance can be significantly enhanced by the addition of only a small fraction of the soft phase.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "performance", "start": 94, "end": 105}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 168, "end": 176}, {"text": "phase", "start": 189, "end": 194}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 110, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The presented design and additive manufacturing strategy allow for optimizing mutually exclusive properties.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 25, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 97, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, these CFRP microlattices achieved high specific stiffness comparable to commercial CFRP, technical ceramics, and composites, while being dissipative like elastomers.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 112, "end": 120}, {"text": "composites", "start": 126, "end": 136}, {"text": "elastomers", "start": 167, "end": 177}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 52, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an experimental approach to investigate the effects of variation in the process parameter settings, found commonly in most fused deposition modelling printers, on the geometrical properties of the printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 23, "end": 35}, {"text": "variation", "start": 75, "end": 84}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 92, "end": 109}, {"text": "fused deposition", "start": 143, "end": 159}, {"text": "properties", "start": 199, "end": 209}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "printers", "start": 170, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A benchmark component was designed to include simple geometric features which allows for measurement for both dimensional accuracy and geometric characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 2, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 26, "end": 34}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "simple", "start": 46, "end": 52}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 89, "end": 100}, {"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 110, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Taguchi’ s design of experiment statistical approach was used to establish the relationship between varying process parameter settings on the geometrical properties of the benchmark component.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 9, "end": 10}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiment", "start": 11, "end": 31}, {"text": "process parameter", "start": 108, "end": 125}, {"text": "properties", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 172, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The critical process parameters affecting both the dimensional accuracy and geometric characteristics are identified and the theoretical optimum print settings were found.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 13, "end": 31}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 125, "end": 136}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "dimensional accuracy", "start": 51, "end": 71}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 145, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is a key enabler for architectured lattice materials, because of the geometric complexity of parts that can be produced.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 63, "end": 70}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 107, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 136, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent advancements in AM have enabled rapid production speeds, high spatial resolution, and a variety of engineering polymers.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "production", "start": 45, "end": 55}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 77, "end": 87}], "application": [{"text": "engineering", "start": 106, "end": 117}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An open question remains whether production grade AM can accurately and repeatably produce lattice parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 33, "end": 43}, {"text": "AM", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurately", "start": 57, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 91, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study presents design, production, and mechanical property testing of hexagonal lattice parts manufactured using continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) based AM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 20, "end": 26}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 75, "end": 84}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 28, "end": 38}, {"text": "continuous liquid interface production", "start": 118, "end": 156}, {"text": "CLIP", "start": 158, "end": 162}, {"text": "AM", "start": 170, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical property", "start": 44, "end": 63}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 99, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We printed and tested 84 parts, in three polymer materials having relative density ranging from 0.06 to 0.23.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polymer materials", "start": 41, "end": 58}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 66, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Lattice wall structures were reliably printed when truss aspect ratio was in the range 5 to 20 and wall thicknesses were 0.35 or 0.5 mm.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Lattice", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "truss", "start": 51, "end": 56}], "feature": [{"text": "aspect ratio", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "wall thicknesses", "start": 99, "end": 115}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 81, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 133, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The printed lattice parts, each comprising hundreds of slender walls, were measured using high resolution optical scanning.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 114, "end": 122}], "parameter": [{"text": "high resolution", "start": 90, "end": 105}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The images were analyzed to evaluate the difference between the printed parts and their designs, and the effect of geometric deviations on the mechanical behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "images", "start": 4, "end": 10}], "feature": [{"text": "designs", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 143, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured elastic moduli of the printed parts are close to the values expected from the materials specifications.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic moduli", "start": 13, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 91, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The measured strength of the printed parts deviates by 7% from the behavior predicted from the scanned geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 13, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 103, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The failure mode of the printed structures depends upon the material and part geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "failure mode", "start": 4, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 78, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To our knowledge, this is the largest study on the accuracy and performance of AM lattice parts, and the first study of its type for lattice parts made using CLIP.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 64, "end": 75}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 79, "end": 81}, {"text": "CLIP", "start": 158, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Over the past two decades, additive manufacturing has opened a new window of opportunities in fabricating complex porous matrix structures such as cellular solids.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 27, "end": 49}, {"text": "fabricating", "start": 94, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 114, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 144, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several factors including design, material and process parameters can selectively be varied to tailor the porous properties of products based on the intended application.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 26, "end": 32}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "be", "start": 82, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 47, "end": 65}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porous", "start": 106, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This article addresses the effect of variable throughout layer thickness configuration in the binder-jet additive manufacturing of titanium structures for orthopedic applications.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 57, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "configuration", "start": 73, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 105, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 131, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Two layer thicknesses of 80 and 150 μm are selectively controlled inside of each titanium sample with four different configurations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer thicknesses", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "titanium", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 90, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Several studies were performed, including shrinkage analysis, porosity measurements, and mechanical compression tests to quantify the effect of layer thickness on part quality and mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "shrinkage", "start": 42, "end": 51}, {"text": "quality", "start": 168, "end": 175}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 180, "end": 201}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compression tests", "start": 100, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 144, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results of the porosity measurement revealed that there is about 5% variation among the samples with different layer thickness configuration.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 28, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "variation", "start": 72, "end": 81}, {"text": "samples", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 131, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 115, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Bulk porosity values obtained from micro computed tomography (μCT) scan data placed the bulk porosity of the samples combining more than one layer thickness, in between of the results for control specimens, which were manufactured by applying a single layer thickness throughout the samples.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Bulk porosity", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "bulk porosity", "start": 88, "end": 101}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "computed tomography", "start": 41, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "data", "start": 72, "end": 76}, {"text": "samples", "start": 109, "end": 116}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 218, "end": 230}, {"text": "samples", "start": 283, "end": 290}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 141, "end": 156}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 252, "end": 267}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties did not show any significant variation, which is attributed to the low range of the porosity deviation (less than 5%).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "variation", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 106, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The highest Young’ s modulus of 3.50 ± 0.4 GPa and yield stress of 175 ± 25 MPa were obtained from analysis of the data achieved from the compression test.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "s", "start": 19, "end": 20}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "GPa", "start": 43, "end": 46}, {"text": "yield stress", "start": 51, "end": 63}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 76, "end": 79}, {"text": "data", "start": 115, "end": 119}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "compression test", "start": 138, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques provide significant advantages over conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques in terms of the wide range of part geometry that can be obtained.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "subtractive manufacturing", "start": 88, "end": 113}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 146, "end": 151}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 160, "end": 168}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 178, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder delivery is a process that occurs thousands of times during the AM build process, consequently assessment of delivery quality would be advantageous in the process in order to provide feedback for process control.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Powder", "start": 0, "end": 6}, {"text": "be", "start": 139, "end": 141}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "process", "start": 80, "end": 87}, {"text": "quality", "start": 125, "end": 132}, {"text": "process", "start": 162, "end": 169}, {"text": "process control", "start": 203, "end": 218}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "parameter": [{"text": "feedback", "start": 190, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents an in-situ quantitative inspection technique for assessing the whole of the powder bed post raking, by using fringe projection profilometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 23, "end": 30}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "inspection", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "powder bed", "start": 96, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to increase accuracy and traceability of the inspection technique, an accepted fringe projection method, is enhanced using a novel surface fitting algorithm employed to reduce the influence of phase error and random noise during calibration.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "inspection", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "algorithm", "start": 156, "end": 165}, {"text": "phase error", "start": 202, "end": 213}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 238, "end": 249}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A simulation was conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed system calibration.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 2, "end": 12}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 41, "end": 49}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "calibration", "start": 73, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed in-situ inspection technique has been applied in an Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB) machine, also known as Electron Beam Melting (EBM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 13, "end": 20}, {"text": "Electron Beam", "start": 65, "end": 78}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Bed Fusion", "start": 86, "end": 96}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 152, "end": 155}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 106, "end": 113}, {"text": "Beam", "start": 138, "end": 142}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 126, "end": 128}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Some examples of melting edge swelling and excessive powder delivery due to rake damage during a real part build are used to demonstrate the system capability on the actual EBM machine.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 17, "end": 24}, {"text": "EBM", "start": 173, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "swelling", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 53, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "damage", "start": 81, "end": 87}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 107, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental results demonstrate that powder defects can be efficiently inspected and the results used as feedback information in a build process.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "defects", "start": 45, "end": 52}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "as", "start": 103, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 132, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system can print structures on the order of several meters at high extrusion rates, thereby having the potential to significantly impact automotive, aerospace and energy sectors.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 8, "end": 12}, {"text": "extrusion rates", "start": 110, "end": 125}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 13, "end": 35}, {"text": "print", "start": 54, "end": 59}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 173, "end": 179}], "application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 180, "end": 190}, {"text": "aerospace", "start": 192, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The functional use of such parts, however, may be limited by mechanical anisotropy, in which the strength of printed parts across successive layers in the build direction (z-direction) can be significantly lower than the corresponding in-plane strength (x-y directions).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "be", "start": 189, "end": 191}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical anisotropy", "start": 61, "end": 82}, {"text": "strength", "start": 97, "end": 105}, {"text": "in-plane strength", "start": 235, "end": 252}], "parameter": [{"text": "build direction", "start": 155, "end": 170}], "feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 172, "end": 183}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This has been primarily attributed to poor bonding between printed layers since the lower layers cool below the glass transition temperature (Tg) before the next layer is deposited.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 43, "end": 50}, {"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 112, "end": 140}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 142, "end": 144}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 162, "end": 167}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Therefore, the potential of using infrared heating is considered for increasing the surface temperature of the printed layer just prior to deposition of new material to improve the interlayer strength of the components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "infrared", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "surface", "start": 84, "end": 91}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 139, "end": 149}, {"text": "interlayer strength", "start": 181, "end": 200}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 119, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 157, "end": 165}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 208, "end": 218}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study found significant improvements in bond strength for the deposition of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) reinforced with 20% chopped carbon fiber when the surface temperature of the substrate material was increased from below Tg to close to or above Tg using infrared heating.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bond strength", "start": 45, "end": 58}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 67, "end": 77}, {"text": "reinforced", "start": 119, "end": 129}, {"text": "surface", "start": 169, "end": 176}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 273, "end": 281}], "material": [{"text": "acrylonitrile butadiene styrene", "start": 81, "end": 112}, {"text": "ABS", "start": 114, "end": 117}, {"text": "carbon fiber", "start": 147, "end": 159}, {"text": "substrate material", "start": 196, "end": 214}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Tg", "start": 240, "end": 242}, {"text": "Tg", "start": 264, "end": 266}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 282, "end": 289}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for monitoring, studying and performing output quality measurements of the acrylate-based polymeric patterns manufactured using stereolithography (SL) was introduced in this work.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "Imaging", "start": 30, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 91, "end": 98}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 153, "end": 165}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "stereolithography", "start": 172, "end": 189}, {"text": "SL", "start": 191, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of build parameters and humid environment on sample homogeneity, distribution of crosslink density, stability and defect formation were examined.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build parameters", "start": 15, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "sample", "start": 57, "end": 63}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 77, "end": 89}, {"text": "defect", "start": 126, "end": 132}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 103, "end": 110}, {"text": "stability", "start": 112, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The spatial resolution of the method was found to be sufficient to identify patterns according to the build parameters used and to detect specific hatch-predicted crosslink density variations.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 12, "end": 22}, {"text": "build parameters", "start": 102, "end": 118}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 173, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Qualitative information obtained using MRI visualisation was supplemented by quantitative measurements of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation times and 1H NMR spectra.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Qualitative", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", "start": 106, "end": 132}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "quantitative measurements", "start": 77, "end": 102}, {"text": "NMR", "start": 134, "end": 137}, {"text": "NMR", "start": 163, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "NMR spectroscopy confirmed the identity of the chemical composition among the patterns and showed that the crosslink density variation observed via spatially resolved T2-profiles stems from the difference of the build parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "NMR", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "chemical composition", "start": 47, "end": 67}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 117, "end": 124}], "parameter": [{"text": "build parameters", "start": 212, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different types of defects in the samples were observed and classified; some defects originated from local matrix continuity failures (partially cured resin trapping within the polymer or bubbles formation), while other defects were found in the form of bulk layering.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "defects", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "samples", "start": 34, "end": 41}, {"text": "defects", "start": 77, "end": 84}, {"text": "defects", "start": 220, "end": 227}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 145, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 177, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "MRI visualisation coupled with relaxometry and 1H spectroscopy of patterns during their interaction with humidity allowed tracking water distribution inside the sample and observing effects of swelling, fracturing and chemical decomposition.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 50, "end": 62}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 137, "end": 149}, {"text": "sample", "start": 161, "end": 167}, {"text": "swelling", "start": 193, "end": 201}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "decomposition", "start": 227, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As a result, the approach presented in this work improves the output quality control and current testing techniques, provides insight how physical properties of the 3D parts are affected by different technical parameters, and eventually can help the use of SL technologies for a variety of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality control", "start": 69, "end": 84}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 210, "end": 220}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "testing", "start": 97, "end": 104}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 138, "end": 157}], "application": [{"text": "3D parts", "start": 165, "end": 173}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SL", "start": 257, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is evolving from rapid prototyping to production of structural components.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "production", "start": 66, "end": 76}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 45, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structural components", "start": 80, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The widespread application of AM demands a high level of mechanical performance from these components, and it is therefore essential to improve feedstock material in order to meet these mechanical expectations.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 57, "end": 67}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 186, "end": 196}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 91, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "feedstock material", "start": 144, "end": 162}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, compared to traditional manufacturing techniques, the mechanical properties of AM materials and their resulting components are not well understood.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "traditional manufacturing", "start": 21, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 63, "end": 84}], "material": [{"text": "AM materials", "start": 88, "end": 100}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we investigated the processability, microstructure, and mechanical performance of twin-screw compounded short carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) pellets as a feedstock material for big area AM (BAAM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 51, "end": 65}, {"text": "pellets", "start": 177, "end": 184}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 71, "end": 81}], "material": [{"text": "short carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide", "start": 119, "end": 170}, {"text": "as", "start": 185, "end": 187}, {"text": "feedstock material", "start": 190, "end": 208}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 217, "end": 221}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 222, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance of the AM components was compared to that of traditional processing methods, namely injection molding (IM) and extrusion-compression molding (ECM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 4, "end": 15}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 23, "end": 25}, {"text": "injection molding", "start": 100, "end": 117}, {"text": "molding", "start": 149, "end": 156}, {"text": "ECM", "start": 158, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was found that the AM composites exhibited 118% lower tensile strength and 55% lower tensile modulus when compared to traditional injection molding composite specimens; however, AM composites exhibited comparable properties to ECM composites.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "injection molding", "start": 133, "end": 150}, {"text": "AM", "start": 181, "end": 183}, {"text": "ECM", "start": 230, "end": 233}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 57, "end": 73}, {"text": "tensile", "start": 88, "end": 95}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 151, "end": 160}, {"text": "composites", "start": 234, "end": 244}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 216, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This response was attributed to highly aligned fibers in IM and AM samples.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 47, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 64, "end": 66}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the AM composites contained porosity (15.5% volume), which reduced their mechanical properties in comparison to ECM composites.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 13, "end": 15}, {"text": "ECM", "start": 121, "end": 124}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 37, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "volume", "start": 53, "end": 59}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 82, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "composites", "start": 125, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The IM process showed the maximum amount of fiber attrition with minimum porosity (0.007% volume), while the ECM process exhibited the least fiber attrition with 4.3% volume porosity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 7, "end": 14}, {"text": "volume", "start": 90, "end": 96}, {"text": "volume", "start": 167, "end": 173}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 44, "end": 49}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 141, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "porosity", "start": 73, "end": 81}, {"text": "porosity", "start": 174, "end": 182}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ECM", "start": 109, "end": 112}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composite manufacturing processes adapted for assisted-additive manufacturing (AM) have recently been proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Composite manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 64, "end": 77}, {"text": "AM", "start": 79, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Extrusion-based AM utilizes shear-driven alignment in producing printed structures where polymers and fibers naturally align parallel to the material flow.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 16, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 89, "end": 97}, {"text": "fibers", "start": 102, "end": 108}, {"text": "material", "start": 141, "end": 149}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Convergent flow geometries become the dominant processing route for thermoplastic-melts and thermoset polymer extrusions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "geometries", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polymer extrusions", "start": 102, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "For rotational fibers, the phenomenon known as Jeffrey orbits poses issues during extrusion through a convergent channel, resulting in a randomized fiber architecture.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fibers", "start": 15, "end": 21}, {"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 148, "end": 153}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 82, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 113, "end": 120}, {"text": "architecture", "start": 154, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Methods of minimizing Jeffrey orbits include the application of an additional external force such as a magnetic field to arrest or counteract the rotation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "force", "start": 87, "end": 92}, {"text": "magnetic field", "start": 103, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 98, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This work explores a combination of magnetic forces in conjunction with adjusted channel geometries using theory and experimental observations.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "forces", "start": 45, "end": 51}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 117, "end": 129}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The findings suggest the ability to alter fiber orientation in flow in a 300 cP viscosity matrix by modifying the extrusion channel geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "fiber orientation", "start": 42, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 80, "end": 89}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 114, "end": 123}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 124, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) has largely relieved the design freedom of functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design freedom", "start": 53, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Topology optimization has been widely used to design lightweight structures fabricated by AM.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Topology optimization", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "design", "start": 46, "end": 52}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 76, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 90, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, a general design method is proposed to design solid lattice hybrid structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 25, "end": 31}, {"text": "design", "start": 54, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lattice", "start": 67, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An optimization algorithm is used in this method that can generate a functionally graded heterogeneous lattice structure connecting the solid part.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization algorithm", "start": 3, "end": 25}, {"text": "functionally graded", "start": 69, "end": 88}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 103, "end": 120}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The manufacturability can be improved due to the lattice structure supporting the overhangs.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacturability", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 26, "end": 28}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 49, "end": 66}], "parameter": [{"text": "overhangs", "start": 82, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A hybrid element model is used to simulate the mechanical performance and optimize the material distribution of the lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "element", "start": 9, "end": 16}, {"text": "material", "start": 87, "end": 95}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 96, "end": 108}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 116, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To validate the design theory and the advantage of the hybrid structure, a three-point bending beam is designed by the proposed method and the existing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 16, "end": 22}, {"text": "designed", "start": 103, "end": 111}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "three-point bending", "start": 75, "end": 94}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 95, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both the simulation result and the experimental result show that the hybrid structure has a higher stiffness, yield strength, and critical buckling load than the pure solid structure and the pure lattice structure.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 35, "end": 47}, {"text": "structure", "start": 76, "end": 85}, {"text": "structure", "start": 173, "end": 182}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 99, "end": 108}, {"text": "yield strength", "start": 110, "end": 124}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "buckling load", "start": 139, "end": 152}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structure", "start": 196, "end": 213}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Advancements in distributed recycling technologies now allow for on-demand reconstitution of traditionally neglected MRE pouch waste into useful appliances via material extrusion additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycling", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 160, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, we demonstrate recycling of MRE pouch materials through a combined compounding, filament extrusion, and fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing protocol.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "recycling", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "materials", "start": 52, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 94, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 103, "end": 112}, {"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 118, "end": 144}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 146, "end": 149}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 151, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical properties and barrier properties of additively manufactured structures were evaluated through tensile testing and water vapor transmission testing, respectively, and found to be comparable to the native pouch materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mechanical properties", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "properties", "start": 34, "end": 44}, {"text": "materials", "start": 221, "end": 230}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 48, "end": 71}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 106, "end": 121}, {"text": "transmission", "start": 138, "end": 150}, {"text": "testing", "start": 151, "end": 158}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 187, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis of the extruded filament and printed materials were contrasted with native pouch materials, showing minimal effects of the manufacturing process on critical thermal transitions in the polymer.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Scanning", "start": 13, "end": 21}, {"text": "materials", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "materials", "start": 146, "end": 155}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "Thermogravimetric Analysis", "start": 38, "end": 64}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extruded", "start": 72, "end": 80}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 188, "end": 209}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 249, "end": 256}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To reduce the lead time, polymer fuel tanks could be toollessly produced using additive manufacturing (AM) technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "lead time", "start": 14, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 25, "end": 32}, {"text": "be", "start": 50, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 79, "end": 101}, {"text": "AM", "start": 103, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technologies", "start": 107, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Detailed knowledge of the performance of AM polymers is essential for the design and development of such components.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 26, "end": 37}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 41, "end": 43}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 74, "end": 80}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In instrumented static (0.01 mm/s) and dynamic (2.5 m/s) three-point bending and puncture tests, the impact behaviors of polyamide and methacrylate-based photopolymer test specimens were compared.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "dynamic", "start": 39, "end": 46}, {"text": "impact", "start": 101, "end": 107}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "three-point bending", "start": 57, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "polyamide", "start": 121, "end": 130}, {"text": "photopolymer", "start": 154, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The polyamide test specimens were produced by laser sintering and multijet fusion, and the photopolymer test specimens were produced by a hot lithography process.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polyamide", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "photopolymer", "start": 91, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fusion", "start": 75, "end": 81}, {"text": "lithography", "start": 142, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fractography was performed using stereo light and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the fracture surface morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Fractography", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 50, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 98, "end": 106}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 115, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The test results were used to analyze the relationships among the surface roughness, shear modulus, and glass transition temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "surface roughness", "start": 66, "end": 83}, {"text": "shear modulus", "start": 85, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "glass transition temperature", "start": 104, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The AM polymers revealed comparable force–displacement behaviors in a static three-point bending test, but their impact behaviors differed greatly.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 4, "end": 6}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "three-point bending test", "start": 77, "end": 101}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 113, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The obtained results highlight that the impact performance of AM polymers is an essential design variable for fluid-containing parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 40, "end": 46}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 62, "end": 64}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 90, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This investigation focuses on geometric parameters of nozzles used in Fused Filament Fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 40, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 54, "end": 61}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 70, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "They are mainly responsible for the extrusion force.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 36, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Typical nozzles are made of brass and feature a decrease in diameter from an entry channel to a capillary with a conical section in between.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 8, "end": 15}], "material": [{"text": "brass", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "feature": [{"text": "feature", "start": 38, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "diameter", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "application": [{"text": "channel", "start": 83, "end": 90}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Commercially available and custom nozzles with various of these parameters were investigated on a test stand using Polylactic Acid (PLA) filament.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 34, "end": 41}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 64, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "Polylactic Acid", "start": 115, "end": 130}, {"text": "PLA", "start": 132, "end": 135}, {"text": "filament", "start": 137, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All nozzles exhibit a common behavior.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 4, "end": 11}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrusion force rises linearly with increasing filament feed velocity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 60, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, unmolten plastic reaches the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "plastic", "start": 15, "end": 22}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 35, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This characteristic is dependent on extrusion temperature and geometric parameters of the nozzles.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 72, "end": 82}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 90, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Different capillary lengths were used to determine the entry pressure loss at different filament feed velocities.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pressure", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 88, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 97, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The material and coating of the nozzles had no significant influence on extrusion force.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "application": [{"text": "coating", "start": 17, "end": 24}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 32, "end": 39}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 72, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A higher thermal mass, two conical sections or two entry channels have a positive effect on extrusion forces and maximum filament feed velocities, thus maximal build rate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 92, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 121, "end": 129}], "parameter": [{"text": "feed", "start": 130, "end": 134}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 160, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi-material additive manufacturing enables high-performance heterogeneous design at the mesoscale, through which bulk parts can be engineered to adapt to complex loading conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Multi-material additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 37}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 63, "end": 76}, {"text": "mesoscale", "start": 91, "end": 100}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 77, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 131, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The optimization of multi-material parts relies on accurate forward prediction, which is challenging to achieve owing to the complex processing conditions in additive manufacturing and the resultant uncertainties in material properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 4, "end": 16}, {"text": "multi-material", "start": 20, "end": 34}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 216, "end": 235}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 51, "end": 59}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 158, "end": 180}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To address these limitations, here we present a new model calibration and model selection framework based on the high dimensional, local-scale deformation data.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model calibration", "start": 52, "end": 69}, {"text": "model", "start": 74, "end": 79}, {"text": "framework", "start": 90, "end": 99}, {"text": "deformation data", "start": 143, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By matching the pixel-level deformation data from digital image correlation experiments and constitutive modeling, the presented framework enables more accurate prediction and significant reduction of the prediction uncertainties, as compared to the single material calibration approach that is widely used in additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation data", "start": 28, "end": 44}, {"text": "digital image correlation", "start": 50, "end": 75}, {"text": "framework", "start": 129, "end": 138}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 188, "end": 197}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 205, "end": 215}, {"text": "calibration", "start": 266, "end": 277}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 105, "end": 113}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 152, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 231, "end": 233}, {"text": "material", "start": 257, "end": 265}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 310, "end": 332}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In turn, this enables quantitative comparison of the candidate models, so the most accurate and computationally efficient constitutive model can be selected for forward prediction in heterogeneous material design.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quantitative", "start": 22, "end": 34}, {"text": "model", "start": 135, "end": 140}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 169, "end": 179}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 183, "end": 196}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 83, "end": 91}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 145, "end": 147}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 206, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The advantages of the framework are demonstrated using a multi-polymer system manufactured by dual-extrusion additive manufacturing, which consists of two constituent materials with dramatically different deformation behaviors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 22, "end": 31}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 78, "end": 90}, {"text": "materials", "start": 167, "end": 176}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 205, "end": 216}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 109, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Despite the potential benefits of photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing, photochemical reactions in free-radical polymerization rarely proceed to completion, leading to the accumulation of residual monomer in polymer networks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "photopolymerization-based", "start": 34, "end": 59}, {"text": "residual", "start": 200, "end": 208}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 60, "end": 82}, {"text": "polymerization", "start": 124, "end": 138}], "material": [{"text": "photochemical", "start": 84, "end": 97}, {"text": "monomer", "start": 209, "end": 216}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 220, "end": 227}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the absence of residual methyl methacrylate, other potentially toxic acrylic esters were observed thus emphasizing the need to thoroughly scrutinize additively manufactured dental devices prior to their use.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "residual", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "acrylic", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 152, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the long term, standards for medical devices in dentistry could be revised to reflect the current trends in biomaterials and precursors they are generated from.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "standards", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "trends", "start": 101, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "medical devices", "start": 32, "end": 47}, {"text": "dentistry", "start": 51, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 67, "end": 69}, {"text": "biomaterials", "start": 111, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength and strain properties as well as failure modes in silicone dumbbell specimens fabricated by extrusion-based additive manufacturing are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "strain", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 99, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 43, "end": 45}, {"text": "as", "start": 51, "end": 53}, {"text": "silicone", "start": 71, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 129, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of process parameters, specifically the infill direction (0°, ±45°, and 90° relative to the tensile direction) and adjacent line spacing on the void formation and ultimate tensile strength are studied and compared to the baseline of stamped silicone specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 11, "end": 29}, {"text": "void", "start": 152, "end": 156}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 48, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile", "start": 100, "end": 107}, {"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 171, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 249, "end": 257}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The additive manufactured specimens with ±45° and 90° infill direction and either the minimal or small void extrusion configuration had the strongest ultimate tensile strength (average ranged from 1.44 to 1.51 MPa).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufactured", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 54, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 103, "end": 107}, {"text": "configuration", "start": 118, "end": 131}, {"text": "average", "start": 177, "end": 184}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 210, "end": 213}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 150, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This strength is close to that of the sheet stamped specimens which have an average ultimate tensile strength of 1.63 MPa.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 93, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "sheet", "start": 38, "end": 43}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "average", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 118, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the void size became larger and more elongated in shape, the average ultimate tensile strength significantly reduced to 1.15 and 0.90 MPa for specimens with ±45° and 90° infill direction, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 7, "end": 11}, {"text": "average", "start": 64, "end": 71}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 137, "end": 140}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 81, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 173, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Counterintuitively, specimens with 0° infill direction were consistently the worst performing due to the tangency voids and poor edge surface finish resulting from the toolpath.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 38, "end": 44}, {"text": "toolpath", "start": 168, "end": 176}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 114, "end": 119}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 134, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We show that, to maximize ultimate tensile strength of silicone parts made by extrusion-based additive manufacturing, it is important to select process parameters which minimize the elongated voids, infill tangency voids, and surface edges.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 26, "end": 51}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 116}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 144, "end": 162}, {"text": "voids", "start": 192, "end": 197}, {"text": "voids", "start": 215, "end": 220}, {"text": "surface", "start": 226, "end": 233}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 199, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If these conditions can be achieved, the infill direction does not play a significant role in tensile strength of the tensile specimen.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "parameter": [{"text": "infill", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 94, "end": 110}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tensile specimen", "start": 118, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As part of a larger study on the laser sintering (LS) of nano-composite structures for biomedical applications, a wet mixing method was used to coat Polyamide 12 (PA12) particles with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "Polyamide 12", "start": 149, "end": 161}, {"text": "PA12", "start": 163, "end": 167}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 33, "end": 48}], "application": [{"text": "biomedical applications", "start": 87, "end": 110}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mixing", "start": 118, "end": 124}, {"text": "particles", "start": 169, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of nHA significantly affected powder processability due to laser absorption and heat transfer effects which led to part warping.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 43, "end": 49}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 72, "end": 77}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "absorption", "start": 78, "end": 88}, {"text": "heat transfer", "start": 93, "end": 106}, {"text": "warping", "start": 133, "end": 140}], "application": [{"text": "led", "start": 121, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nano-composites containing 0.5–1.5 wt% nHA were successfully produced and tensile testing showed that 0.5 wt% nHA provided the greatest reinforcement with a 20% and 15% increase in modulus and strength respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile testing", "start": 74, "end": 89}], "parameter": [{"text": "reinforcement", "start": 136, "end": 149}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 193, "end": 201}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the elongation at break had significantly declined which was likely due to the formation of nHA aggregates at the sintering borders following the processing of the coated powders despite being initially well dispersed on the particle surface.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elongation", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "material": [{"text": "aggregates", "start": 105, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 123, "end": 132}], "application": [{"text": "coated", "start": 173, "end": 179}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 234, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An intelligent optimization system is proposed to establish quantitative relationships between process parameters and multiple optimization objectives, including mechanical properties, productivity, energy efficiency, etc.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 60, "end": 72}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 95, "end": 113}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 127, "end": 139}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 162, "end": 183}, {"text": "productivity", "start": 185, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Contour maps of operation window, productivity and energy efficiency can be developed to predict optimal parameters by considering the constraints of mechanical properties and material degradation.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Contour", "start": 0, "end": 7}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "productivity", "start": 34, "end": 46}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 105, "end": 115}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 150, "end": 171}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 185, "end": 196}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 73, "end": 75}, {"text": "material", "start": 176, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using a facile data-driven approach, the relationships between process parameters and optimization objectives can be utilized in the process optimization and material selection.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 63, "end": 81}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 86, "end": 98}, {"text": "process optimization", "start": 133, "end": 153}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 114, "end": 116}, {"text": "material", "start": 158, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Powder bed fusion (PBF) represents a class of additive manufacturing processes with the unique advantage of being able to fabricate functional products with complex three-dimensional geometries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Powder bed fusion", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "PBF", "start": 19, "end": 22}, {"text": "additive manufacturing processes", "start": 46, "end": 78}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 122, "end": 131}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional geometries", "start": 165, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "PBF has been broadly applied in highly value-added industries, including the biomedical device and aerospace industries.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 0, "end": 3}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 51, "end": 61}, {"text": "biomedical", "start": 77, "end": 87}, {"text": "aerospace industries", "start": 99, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, it is challenging to construct a comprehensive knowledgebase to guide material selection and process optimization decisions to satisfy the product standards of various industries based on a poor understanding of process-structure-property/performance relationships for each type of thermoplastic.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 79, "end": 87}, {"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 291, "end": 304}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process optimization", "start": 102, "end": 122}, {"text": "standards", "start": 156, "end": 165}], "application": [{"text": "industries", "start": 177, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, an intelligent optimization system is proposed to establish quantitative relationships between process parameters and multiple optimization objectives, including mechanical properties, productivity, energy efficiency, and degree of material degradation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 30, "end": 42}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 75, "end": 87}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 110, "end": 128}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 142, "end": 154}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 177, "end": 198}, {"text": "productivity", "start": 200, "end": 212}, {"text": "degradation", "start": 256, "end": 267}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 247, "end": 255}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Polyurethane is considered as a representative thermoplastic because it is sensitive to thermal-induced degradation and has a relatively narrow process window.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Polyurethane", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "as", "start": 27, "end": 29}, {"text": "thermoplastic", "start": 47, "end": 60}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "degradation", "start": 104, "end": 115}, {"text": "process", "start": 144, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material and powder properties as functions of temperature are investigated using systematic material screening.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "powder", "start": 13, "end": 19}, {"text": "as", "start": 31, "end": 33}, {"text": "material", "start": 93, "end": 101}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 47, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Numerical models are created to analyze the interactions between laser beams and polymeric powders by considering the effects of chamber thermal conditions, laser parameters, temperature-dependent properties, and phase transitions of polymers, as well as laser beam characteristics.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beams", "start": 65, "end": 76}, {"text": "properties", "start": 197, "end": 207}, {"text": "phase", "start": 213, "end": 218}], "material": [{"text": "powders", "start": 91, "end": 98}, {"text": "polymers", "start": 234, "end": 242}, {"text": "as", "start": 244, "end": 246}, {"text": "as", "start": 252, "end": 254}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 157, "end": 162}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "beam", "start": 261, "end": 265}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The theoretically predicted features of melting pools are validated experimentally and then utilized to develop quantitative relationships between process parameters and multiple optimization objectives.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "predicted", "start": 18, "end": 27}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 112, "end": 124}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 147, "end": 165}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 179, "end": 191}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "melting", "start": 40, "end": 47}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The established relationships can guide process parameter optimization and material selection decisions for polymer PBF.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameter", "start": 40, "end": 57}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 58, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 75, "end": 83}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 108, "end": 115}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "PBF", "start": 116, "end": 119}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) is emerging as a promising technology to fabricate cost-effective, customized functional parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 69, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 55, "end": 65}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Designing such functional, i.e., load bearing, parts can be challenging and time consuming where the goal is to balance performance and material usage.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 57, "end": 59}, {"text": "material", "start": 136, "end": 144}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 120, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Topology optimization (TO) is a powerful design method which can complement AM by automating the design process.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Topology optimization", "start": 0, "end": 21}, {"text": "design", "start": 41, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 76, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "design process", "start": 97, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, for TO to be a useful methodology, the underlying mathematical model must be carefully constructed.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "be", "start": 83, "end": 85}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "mathematical", "start": 59, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specifically, it is well established that parts fabricated through some AM technologies, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), exhibit behavioral anisotropicity.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 48, "end": 58}, {"text": "deposition modeling", "start": 103, "end": 122}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM technologies", "start": 72, "end": 87}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 124, "end": 127}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 94, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This induced anisotropy can have a negative impact on functionality of the part, and must be considered.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 13, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 90, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the present work, a strength-based topology optimization method for structures with anisotropic materials is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 38, "end": 59}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 87, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "More specifically, we propose a new topological sensitivity formulation based on strength ratio of non-homogeneous failure criteria, such as Tsai-Wu.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topological sensitivity", "start": 36, "end": 59}, {"text": "failure", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 81, "end": 89}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 138, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The rapid transition of the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Additive Manufacturing (AM) process from small scale prototype models to large scale polymer deposition has been driven, in part, by the addition of short carbon fibers to the polymer feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "transition", "start": 10, "end": 20}, {"text": "process", "start": 89, "end": 96}, {"text": "prototype", "start": 114, "end": 123}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 154, "end": 164}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 28, "end": 54}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 56, "end": 59}, {"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 61, "end": 83}, {"text": "AM", "start": 85, "end": 87}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 146, "end": 153}, {"text": "short carbon fibers", "start": 210, "end": 229}, {"text": "polymer feedstock", "start": 237, "end": 254}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The addition of short carbon fibers improves both the mechanical and thermal properties of the printed beads.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "short carbon fibers", "start": 16, "end": 35}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 69, "end": 87}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "beads", "start": 103, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The improvements to the anisotropic mechanical and thermal properties of the polymer feedstock are dependent on the spatially varying orientation of short carbon fibers which is itself a function of the velocity gradients in the flow field throughout the nozzle and in the extrudate during deposition flow.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropic", "start": 24, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "thermal properties", "start": 51, "end": 69}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 134, "end": 145}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 290, "end": 300}], "material": [{"text": "polymer feedstock", "start": 77, "end": 94}, {"text": "short carbon fibers", "start": 149, "end": 168}, {"text": "extrudate", "start": 273, "end": 282}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 255, "end": 261}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a computational approach for simulating the deposition flow that occurs in the Large Area Additive Manufacturing (LAAM) process and the effects on the final short fiber orientation state in the deposited polymer bead and the resulting bead mechanical and thermal properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "process", "start": 140, "end": 147}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 189, "end": 200}, {"text": "thermal properties", "start": 275, "end": 293}], "parameter": [{"text": "Area", "start": 105, "end": 109}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 110, "end": 132}], "material": [{"text": "short fiber", "start": 177, "end": 188}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 224, "end": 231}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 232, "end": 236}, {"text": "bead", "start": 255, "end": 259}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The finite element method is used to evaluate Stokes flow for a two-dimensional planar flow field within a Strangpresse Model 19 LAAM polymer deposition nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "finite element method", "start": 4, "end": 25}, {"text": "two-dimensional", "start": 64, "end": 79}, {"text": "Model", "start": 120, "end": 125}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 142, "end": 152}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 134, "end": 141}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A shape optimization method is employed to compute the shape of the polymer melt flow free surface below the nozzle exit as the bead is deposited on a moving print platform.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 8, "end": 20}, {"text": "free surface", "start": 86, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "polymer melt", "start": 68, "end": 80}, {"text": "as", "start": 121, "end": 123}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 109, "end": 115}, {"text": "platform", "start": 164, "end": 172}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 128, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 158, "end": 163}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Three nozzle configurations are considered in this study.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 6, "end": 12}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fiber orientation tensors are calculated throughout the fluid domain using the Folgar-Tucker fiber interaction model.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Fiber orientation", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "fluid", "start": 56, "end": 61}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "domain", "start": 62, "end": 68}, {"text": "model", "start": 111, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effective bulk mechanical properties, specifically the longitudinal and transverse moduli, and the coefficient of thermal expansion, are also calculated for the deposited bead based on the spatially varying fiber orientation tensors.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 19, "end": 40}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "coefficient of thermal expansion", "start": 103, "end": 135}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited bead", "start": 165, "end": 179}], "feature": [{"text": "fiber orientation", "start": 211, "end": 228}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fiber orientation is found to be highly aligned along the deposition direction of the resulting bead and the computed properties through the thickness of the bead are found to be affected by nozzle height during deposition.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "Fiber orientation", "start": 0, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 30, "end": 32}, {"text": "be", "start": 176, "end": 178}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition direction", "start": 58, "end": 78}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "bead", "start": 96, "end": 100}, {"text": "bead", "start": 158, "end": 162}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 118, "end": 128}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 212, "end": 222}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 191, "end": 197}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant improvements to the throughput of additive manufacturing (AM) processes are essential to their cost-effectiveness and competitiveness with traditional processing routes.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "throughput", "start": 32, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "AM", "start": 70, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 74, "end": 83}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Moreover, high-throughput AM processes, in combination with the geometric versatility of AM, will enable entirely new workflows for product design and customization.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM processes", "start": 26, "end": 38}, {"text": "AM", "start": 89, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "workflows", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "feature": [{"text": "product design", "start": 132, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present the design and validation of a desktop-scale extrusion AM system that achieves a much greater build rate than benchmarked commercial systems.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "validation", "start": 26, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion AM", "start": 56, "end": 68}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 105, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This system, which we call ‘FastFFF’, is motivated by our recent analysis of the rate-limiting mechanisms to conventional fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fused filament fabrication", "start": 122, "end": 148}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 150, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 155, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The FastFFF system mutually overcomes these limits, using a nut-feed extruder, laser-heated polymer liquefier, and servo-driven parallel gantry system to achieve high extrusion force, rapid filament heating, and fast gantry motion, respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "limits", "start": 44, "end": 50}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "extruder", "start": 69, "end": 77}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 92, "end": 99}, {"text": "filament", "start": 190, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 167, "end": 176}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrusion and heating mechanisms are contained in a compact printhead that receives a threaded filament and augments conduction heat transfer with a fiber-coupled diode laser.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "heating", "start": 18, "end": 25}, {"text": "compact", "start": 56, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "filament", "start": 99, "end": 107}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "heat transfer", "start": 132, "end": 145}], "application": [{"text": "diode", "start": 167, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The prototype system achieves a volumetric build rate of 127 cm3/hr, which is approximately 7-fold greater than commercial desktop FFF systems, at comparable resolution; the maximum extrusion rate of the printhead is ∼14-fold greater (282 cm3/hr) than our benchmarks.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "prototype", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 43, "end": 53}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 131, "end": 134}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 158, "end": 168}, {"text": "extrusion rate", "start": 182, "end": 196}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The performance limits of the printhead and motion systems are characterized, and the tradeoffs between build rate and resolution are assessed and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance limits", "start": 4, "end": 22}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "build rate", "start": 104, "end": 114}], "parameter": [{"text": "resolution", "start": 119, "end": 129}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "High-speed desktop AM raises the possibility of new use cases and business models for AM, where handheld parts are built in minutes rather than hours.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 19, "end": 21}, {"text": "AM", "start": 86, "end": 88}], "application": [{"text": "business models", "start": 66, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Adaptation of this technology to print high-temperature thermoplastics and composite materials, which require high extrusion forces, is also of interest.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 19, "end": 29}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 115, "end": 124}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastics", "start": 56, "end": 70}, {"text": "composite materials", "start": 75, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The driver for this research is the development of multi-material additive manufacturing processes that provide the potential for multi-functional parts to be manufactured in a single operation.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 20, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "multi-material additive manufacturing", "start": 51, "end": 88}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 156, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to exploit the potential benefits of this emergent technology, new design, analysis and optimization methods are needed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 97, "end": 109}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 76, "end": 82}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper presents a method that enables in the optimization of a multifunctional part by coupling both the system and structural design aspects.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 49, "end": 61}], "feature": [{"text": "structural design", "start": 120, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This is achieved by incorporating the effects of a system, comprised of a number of connected functional components, on the structural response of a part within a structural topology optimization procedure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "functional components", "start": 94, "end": 115}], "feature": [{"text": "topology optimization", "start": 174, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated by performing a coupled optimization on a cantilever plate with integrated components and circuitry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 77, "end": 89}], "feature": [{"text": "cantilever", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 128, "end": 138}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Biocompatible and biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) are widely used for bone repair.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Biocompatible", "start": 0, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 52, "end": 55}, {"text": "hydroxyapatite", "start": 61, "end": 75}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 102, "end": 106}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, microspheres consisting of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) were synthesized by emulsion solvent evaporation and were then used to fabricate layered parts using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microspheres", "start": 15, "end": 27}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 139, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 62, "end": 65}, {"text": "emulsion", "start": 122, "end": 130}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabricate", "start": 173, "end": 182}, {"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 203, "end": 226}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 228, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of various parameters of the emulsion solvent evaporation technique on the size and morphology of the resulting PLA/nano-HAP microspheres was examined.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 22, "end": 32}, {"text": "evaporation", "start": 57, "end": 68}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 95, "end": 105}, {"text": "microspheres", "start": 136, "end": 148}], "material": [{"text": "emulsion", "start": 40, "end": 48}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also evaluated how L-PBF parameters affected the physicochemical and biological properties of the fabricated parts.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 22, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 83, "end": 93}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 101, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nano-HAP was uniformly incorporated into PLA microspheres.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "PLA", "start": 41, "end": 44}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microspheres", "start": 45, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Incorporation of HAP particles triggered pore formation on the microsphere surface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 21, "end": 30}, {"text": "surface", "start": 75, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 41, "end": 45}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Layered parts fabricated by L-PBF using these composite microspheres as a material source showed good biocompatibility and osteogenesis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "composite", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "as", "start": 69, "end": 71}, {"text": "material", "start": 74, "end": 82}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "biocompatibility", "start": 102, "end": 118}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A 10 wt% of nano-HAP content in the layered part could effectively facilitate osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs).", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "mesenchymal stem cells", "start": 112, "end": 134}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, L-PBF is a promising technology that can be used for manufacturing bone-repair implants consisting of PLA/nano-HAP composites materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 6, "end": 11}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 27, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 47, "end": 49}, {"text": "composites", "start": 121, "end": 131}], "application": [{"text": "implants", "start": 85, "end": 93}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In additive manufacturing (AM) processes, part and process attributes are often optimized with build orientation/tool-path direction.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 3, "end": 25}, {"text": "AM", "start": 27, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 31, "end": 40}, {"text": "process", "start": 51, "end": 58}], "parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 95, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both of them may alter the layer topology and tool-path pattern which implicitly affect the part and process attributes.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 27, "end": 32}, {"text": "tool-path", "start": 46, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pattern", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "process", "start": 101, "end": 108}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, optimizing either build orientation or tool-path direction independently undermines the hierarchical relationship in the AM process plan and may produce a sub-optimal solution.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 27, "end": 44}, {"text": "tool-path", "start": 48, "end": 57}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM process", "start": 130, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 176, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, an integrated framework is proposed to quantify their combined effect on the part and process attributes by analyzing the generated geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 29, "end": 38}, {"text": "process", "start": 101, "end": 108}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 147, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed methodology is designed on the basis of the layer geometries to ensure manufacturability and minimize fabrication complexity in AM processes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "geometries", "start": 63, "end": 73}, {"text": "manufacturability", "start": 84, "end": 101}, {"text": "complexity", "start": 127, "end": 137}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 115, "end": 126}, {"text": "AM processes", "start": 141, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Both build orientation and tool-path/deposition direction are concurrently optimized using a Genetic Algorithm (GA).", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 5, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "Genetic Algorithm", "start": 93, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "GA", "start": 112, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi Jet Fusion process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Multi Jet Fusion", "start": 0, "end": 16}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Modelling the capillarity effect in Multi Jet Fusion technology.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "Modelling", "start": 0, "end": 9}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Multi Jet Fusion", "start": 36, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Multi Jet Fusion is a powder-based Additive Manufacturing technology patented by Hewlett-Packard Inc.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Multi Jet Fusion", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "powder-based Additive Manufacturing", "start": 22, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is characterised by the use of lamps instead of lasers to heat and melt polymers and by fusing and detailing agents that are jetted on the polymeric particles to modify and to control their heat absorption and thus selectively melt them.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "heat", "start": 61, "end": 65}, {"text": "melt", "start": 70, "end": 74}, {"text": "fusing", "start": 91, "end": 97}, {"text": "particles", "start": 152, "end": 161}, {"text": "melt", "start": 230, "end": 234}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "heat absorption", "start": 193, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The high production rate and excellent mechanical properties of the manufactured parts, even in comparison with Laser Sintering, together with the overall product quality make this technology effective for a production of small series of end-parts rather than functional prototypes.In the present paper, the so-called capillarity effect is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "production", "start": 9, "end": 19}, {"text": "Laser Sintering", "start": 112, "end": 127}, {"text": "production", "start": 208, "end": 218}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 39, "end": 60}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 68, "end": 80}, {"text": "product quality", "start": 155, "end": 170}, {"text": "technology", "start": 181, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A benchmark geometry was designed to be affected by the capillarity effect and then manufactured by the MJF process.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 2, "end": 11}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 25, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 37, "end": 39}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 84, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "MJF", "start": 104, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Values of the contact angle and of the characteristic length of the capillary, which are necessary to implement the analytical model, were obtained by experimental measurements made on the benchmark geometry.As a result the capillarity effect showed a dependence on the border edge orientation.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 127, "end": 132}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 151, "end": 163}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 282, "end": 293}], "manufacturing_standard": [{"text": "benchmark", "start": 189, "end": 198}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The comparison between calculated shapes of the plane affected by the capillarity effect through the analytical model was in accordance with the experimental measurements thus allowing a reliable prediction to be made.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 112, "end": 117}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 145, "end": 157}, {"text": "prediction", "start": 196, "end": 206}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 210, "end": 212}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiment to identify influence factors of nozzle clogging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experiment", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 44, "end": 50}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Identification of reasons causing clogging of sphere-filled polycarbonate.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 60, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Model for the occurrence of nozzle clogging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Model", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 28, "end": 34}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mathematical viscosity model to approximate printability of materials.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Mathematical", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "model", "start": 23, "end": 28}, {"text": "materials", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 44, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused filament fabrication with reinforced or filled polymers provides improved material properties compared to ordinary feedstock.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused filament fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "reinforced", "start": 32, "end": 42}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 80, "end": 99}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 53, "end": 61}, {"text": "feedstock", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A current limitation of these materials is the occurrence of nozzle clogging at higher filler contents.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 30, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 61, "end": 67}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, an experiment is designed to identify the factors causing nozzle clogging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experiment", "start": 17, "end": 27}], "feature": [{"text": "designed", "start": 31, "end": 39}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 72, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Glass sphere-filled polycarbonate is investigated by varying nozzle and filler diameters, the resin viscosity, the filler content, and the extrusion pressure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Glass", "start": 0, "end": 5}, {"text": "polycarbonate", "start": 20, "end": 33}, {"text": "resin", "start": 94, "end": 99}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 61, "end": 67}], "parameter": [{"text": "extrusion pressure", "start": 139, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Based on these results, a model for the clogging of sphere-filled polymers is proposed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 66, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Last, a mathematical model is derived, which approximates the printability of filled polymers without the preparation of composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mathematical", "start": 8, "end": 20}], "parameter": [{"text": "printability", "start": 62, "end": 74}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "composites", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This model is based on the nozzle geometry, the filler type and content, the resin viscosity, and the printer’ s maximum extrusion force.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 5, "end": 10}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 27, "end": 33}, {"text": "printer", "start": 102, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 77, "end": 82}, {"text": "s", "start": 111, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "extrusion", "start": 121, "end": 130}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, we propose a tool-path generation approach for material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) that considers the machining efficiency and fabrication precision, which are inherent drawbacks of general AM techniques compared with conventional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "tool-path", "start": 28, "end": 37}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 87, "end": 109}, {"text": "AM", "start": 111, "end": 113}, {"text": "machining", "start": 134, "end": 143}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 159, "end": 170}, {"text": "AM techniques", "start": 222, "end": 235}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 250, "end": 276}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These three modules interact to affect the efficiency and precision of AM significantly.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "precision", "start": 58, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In order to find an optimal inclination, we first analyze the impacts on the fabrication efficiency and manufacturing accuracy with different inclinations.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "inclination", "start": 28, "end": 39}, {"text": "inclinations", "start": 142, "end": 154}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 77, "end": 88}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 104, "end": 117}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 118, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A comparatively accurate building time model is developed subsequently to obtain the optimal tool-path inclination, but without compromising the machining precision, based on the analysis of a geometrical accuracy model.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 16, "end": 24}, {"text": "accuracy", "start": 205, "end": 213}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 39, "end": 44}], "parameter": [{"text": "tool-path", "start": 93, "end": 102}], "feature": [{"text": "inclination", "start": 103, "end": 114}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 145, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The proposed approach employs different inclinations in distinct layers according to specific manufacturing scenarios and technological requirements.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "inclinations", "start": 40, "end": 52}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 94, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is shown to be a future-oriented technology.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused deposition modeling", "start": 0, "end": 25}, {"text": "FDM", "start": 27, "end": 30}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 65, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, short-term creep deformation of PC-ABS parts created by FDM under different fabrication conditions was investigated using a recently innovative class of experimental design − definitive screening design (DSD) − along with graphical analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 71, "end": 74}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 91, "end": 102}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental design", "start": 168, "end": 187}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 211, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Short-term creep experiments were conducted at prescribed combinations of FDM operating conditions, namely layer thickness, air gap, raster angle, build orientation, road width and number of contours, as per DSD matrix.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 74, "end": 77}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 107, "end": 122}, {"text": "build orientation", "start": 147, "end": 164}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 191, "end": 199}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 201, "end": 203}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results have shown that layer thickness, number of contours, raster angle and build orientation have a major effect on the creep rate of the parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 28, "end": 43}, {"text": "build orientation", "start": 82, "end": 99}], "feature": [{"text": "contours", "start": 55, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 127, "end": 132}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, road width and air gap have least impact on the creep rate of FDM processed prototypes.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "impact", "start": 43, "end": 49}, {"text": "prototypes", "start": 85, "end": 95}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "creep", "start": 57, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FDM", "start": 71, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We present the design and characterisation of a high-speed sintering additive manufacturing benchmarking artefact following a design-for-metrology approach.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 15, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 59, "end": 68}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 69, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In an important improvement over conventional approaches, the specifications and operating principles of the instruments that would be used to measure the manufactured artefact were taken into account during its design process.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "specifications", "start": 62, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 155, "end": 167}, {"text": "design process", "start": 212, "end": 226}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the design-for-metrology methodology, we aim to improve and facilitate measurements on parts produced using additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 30, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 113, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The benchmarking artefact has a number of geometrical features, including sphericity, cylindricity, coaxiality and minimum feature size, all of which are measured using contact, optical and X-ray computed tomography coordinate measuring systems.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "geometrical features", "start": 42, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "cylindricity", "start": 86, "end": 98}], "parameter": [{"text": "minimum feature size", "start": 115, "end": 135}, {"text": "coordinate", "start": 216, "end": 226}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 169, "end": 176}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "optical", "start": 178, "end": 185}, {"text": "X-ray computed tomography", "start": 190, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results highlight the differences between the measuring methods, and the need to establish a specification standards and guidance for the dimensional assessment of additive manufacturing parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "specification", "start": 97, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 168, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low molecular weight gelators can facilitate direct writing of epoxy resin.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 63, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Low viscosity ink preparation.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 4, "end": 13}], "material": [{"text": "ink", "start": 14, "end": 17}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Processing-enabled manipulation of matrix morphology.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "morphology", "start": 42, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cured epoxy resin kinetically traps low molecular weight gelator.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Cured", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 12, "end": 17}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 50, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct writing a thermosetting resin typically requires a rheological modifier or peripheral reaction rate-modulating equipment to enable shape fidelity during parts fabrication.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "resin", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "rheological", "start": 58, "end": 69}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "equipment", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "shape fidelity", "start": 138, "end": 152}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 166, "end": 177}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These low molecular weight gelators (LMWG) are thermally activated to produce sufficient yield stress for self-supporting, reactive, physical gels.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 20, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "LMWG", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "thermally activated", "start": 47, "end": 66}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "yield stress", "start": 89, "end": 101}], "feature": [{"text": "self-supporting", "start": 106, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Physical gelation occurs by assembly of the LMWG into supramolecular morphologies that vary by mode of processing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "LMWG", "start": 44, "end": 48}, {"text": "supramolecular morphologies", "start": 54, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Flow of the form-stable epoxy resin is induced by yielding of the physical gel structure.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "epoxy", "start": 24, "end": 29}, {"text": "gel", "start": 75, "end": 78}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When the physical gel is cured at temperatures below the melt transition of the organic gelator, the network structure likely kinetically traps the organic gelator in a metastable state.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "gel", "start": 18, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "cured", "start": 25, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 34, "end": 46}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "structure", "start": 109, "end": 118}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "metastable", "start": 169, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recrystallization of the kinetically trapped organic gelator is impeded when the network is post-cured above the melt transition temperature of the organic gelator.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Recrystallization", "start": 0, "end": 17}, {"text": "melt", "start": 113, "end": 117}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 129, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of low molecular weight agents that physically gel by thermal activation, generates low viscosity solution processability and suggests that this platform may be suitable for high solids loading applications amenable to direct writing.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 25, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "gel", "start": 55, "end": 58}, {"text": "be", "start": 166, "end": 168}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "viscosity", "start": 96, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "solution", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "platform", "start": 153, "end": 161}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect on fatigue resistance of additively manufactured (AM) AlSi10Mg specimens fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) following surface treatment by shot-peening was investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 14, "end": 21}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 36, "end": 59}, {"text": "AM", "start": 61, "end": 63}, {"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 98, "end": 121}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 123, "end": 126}, {"text": "surface treatment", "start": 138, "end": 155}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 84, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Specimen surface was shot-peened with either steel or ceramic balls.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 9, "end": 16}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 45, "end": 50}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 54, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nano-indentation measurements revealed that shot-peening caused surface hardening, with the hardness profile from the surface to the interior of the bulk disappearing 50 μm below the surface.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "surface hardening", "start": 64, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 92, "end": 100}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 118, "end": 125}, {"text": "surface", "start": 183, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Surfaces polished before shot-peening or following removal of about 25–30 μm from the surface after shot-peening by either mechanical or electrolytic polishing showed improved fatigue resistance and fatigue limit.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Surfaces", "start": 0, "end": 8}, {"text": "surface", "start": 86, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 123, "end": 133}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "polishing", "start": 150, "end": 159}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "fatigue", "start": 176, "end": 183}, {"text": "fatigue", "start": 199, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fracture area of AM-SLM AlSi10Mg specimens before and after shot-peening displayed a ductile fracture with relatively deep dimples.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "ductile fracture", "start": 89, "end": 105}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 13, "end": 17}], "material": [{"text": "AlSi10Mg", "start": 28, "end": 36}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In contrast to AM specimens, the final fracture area of die-cast samples exhibited a brittle fracture surface, containing numerous cleavage facets and micro-cracks.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 15, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fracture", "start": 39, "end": 47}, {"text": "samples", "start": 65, "end": 72}, {"text": "brittle fracture", "start": 85, "end": 101}, {"text": "facets", "start": 140, "end": 146}, {"text": "micro-cracks", "start": 151, "end": 163}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 48, "end": 52}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) of moisture-cured silicone elastomer with minimal voids and high strength, elongation, and fatigue life is presented.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 20, "end": 42}, {"text": "AM", "start": 44, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "silicone elastomer", "start": 66, "end": 84}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 98, "end": 103}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 113, "end": 121}, {"text": "elongation", "start": 123, "end": 133}, {"text": "fatigue life", "start": 139, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Due to the soft nature and extended cure time of moisture-cured silicone, AM is technically challenging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "cure", "start": 36, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 74, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This compression is exploited to prevent void formation in silicone AM.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 5, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "void", "start": 41, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 59, "end": 67}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 68, "end": 70}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This research aims to explore process parameters for voidless silicone AM of solid and thin-wall structures for pneumatic actuators.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 5, "end": 13}, {"text": "process parameters", "start": 30, "end": 48}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 71, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 122, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experiments were performed to study effects of flowrate, layer height, and distance between adjacent silicone lines on the solid and thin-wall vertical layer deformation and void generation.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer height", "start": 57, "end": 69}, {"text": "layer", "start": 152, "end": 157}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 101, "end": 109}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "vertical", "start": 143, "end": 151}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 158, "end": 169}, {"text": "void", "start": 174, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results were then applied in AM of two thin-walled hollow silicone pneumatic parts: the sphere-like balloons and finger pneumatic actuators.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 33, "end": 35}], "material": [{"text": "silicone", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 134, "end": 143}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sphere-like balloons exhibited diametric expansion between 152 and 207% with burst stress between 1.46 and 2.55 MPa (which is comparable to the base material properties) while the pneumatic finger actuators were able to fully articulate over 30,000 cycles before failure.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 87, "end": 93}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 116, "end": 119}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 153, "end": 172}, {"text": "failure", "start": 267, "end": 274}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "actuators", "start": 201, "end": 210}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fiber trajectory of composite structures is optimized for Additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Fiber", "start": 0, "end": 5}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structures", "start": 20, "end": 40}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The stiffness and strength were simultaneously improved by the proposed method.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "strength", "start": 18, "end": 26}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A methodology of fiber trajectory optimization is proposed for Additive Manufacturing of composites.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "methodology", "start": 2, "end": 13}, {"text": "optimization", "start": 34, "end": 46}], "material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 17, "end": 22}, {"text": "composites", "start": 89, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 63, "end": 85}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present method aligns fiber with a physically-determined load path to simultaneously increase the stiffness and strength of the composite structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "fiber", "start": 26, "end": 31}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stiffness", "start": 102, "end": 111}, {"text": "strength", "start": 116, "end": 124}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composite structures", "start": 132, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of open-hole panel, the deformation and the failure index were decreased by 8% and 55% compared to those obtained by the unidirectional structure.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "deformation", "start": 36, "end": 47}, {"text": "failure", "start": 56, "end": 63}, {"text": "unidirectional structure", "start": 133, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the case of PAF, the decrease in failure index was 76%, but the reduction of deformation was not significant (6%).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "failure", "start": 36, "end": 43}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 67, "end": 76}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 80, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The present method also identified the structural members that did not contribute to strength and rigidity, which in turn realized the appropriate weight savings and increased the specific strength and specific stiffness.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 85, "end": 93}, {"text": "specific strength", "start": 180, "end": 197}, {"text": "specific stiffness", "start": 202, "end": 220}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 147, "end": 153}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures with spatially-varying properties such as trabecular bone are widely seen in nature.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "as", "start": 55, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 39, "end": 49}], "biomedical": [{"text": "bone", "start": 69, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "These functionally graded materials possess smoothly changing microstructural topologies that enable excellent micro and macroscale performance.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "functionally graded materials", "start": 6, "end": 35}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 62, "end": 77}, {"text": "macroscale", "start": 121, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The fabrication of such microstructural materials is now enabled by additive manufacturing (AM).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 68, "end": 90}, {"text": "AM", "start": 92, "end": 94}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural materials", "start": 24, "end": 49}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A challenging aspect in the computational design of such materials is ensuring compatibility between adjacent microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 42, "end": 48}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 57, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 110, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Existing works address this problem by ensuring geometric connectivity between adjacent microstructural unit cells.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructural", "start": 88, "end": 103}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 109, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this paper, we aim to find the optimal connectivity between topology optimized microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topology", "start": 63, "end": 71}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 82, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recognizing the fact that the optimality of connectivity can be evaluated by the resulting physical properties of the assemblies, we propose to consider the assembly of adjacent cells together with the optimization of individual cells.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 61, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 91, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "assembly", "start": 157, "end": 165}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 178, "end": 183}, {"text": "cells", "start": 229, "end": 234}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 202, "end": 214}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In particular, our method simultaneously optimizes the physical properties of the individual cells as well as those of neighbouring pairs, to ensure material connectivity and smoothly varying physical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "physical properties", "start": 55, "end": 74}, {"text": "physical properties", "start": 192, "end": 211}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 93, "end": 98}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 99, "end": 101}, {"text": "as", "start": 107, "end": 109}, {"text": "material", "start": 149, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We demonstrate the application of our method in the design of functionally graded materials for implant design (including an implant prototype made by AM), and in the multiscale optimization of structures.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 52, "end": 58}, {"text": "design", "start": 104, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "functionally graded materials", "start": 62, "end": 91}], "application": [{"text": "implant", "start": 96, "end": 103}, {"text": "implant", "start": 125, "end": 132}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "AM", "start": 151, "end": 153}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 178, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An analytical model was created to illustrate the powder stream distribution under the four-jet nozzles in direct energy deposition (DED).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 14, "end": 19}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 64, "end": 76}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 50, "end": 56}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 96, "end": 103}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 107, "end": 131}, {"text": "DED", "start": 133, "end": 136}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Weight measurement method was used to validate the powder flow distributions at different positions under the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Weight", "start": 0, "end": 6}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 7, "end": 18}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distributions", "start": 63, "end": 76}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 110, "end": 116}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Analyzed the effects of the input variables on the powder stream distribution.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 51, "end": 57}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 65, "end": 77}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Estimated the powder deposition efficiency (PDE) based on the simulation results.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 14, "end": 20}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 21, "end": 31}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 62, "end": 72}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As an important factor during direct energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing process, powder stream distribution will not only affect the deposition rate, but also the powder-gas and power-powder interactions, and thus the consequent quality and property of the fabricated part.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "powder", "start": 93, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "direct energy deposition", "start": 30, "end": 54}, {"text": "DED", "start": 56, "end": 59}, {"text": "additive manufacturing process", "start": 61, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "distribution", "start": 107, "end": 119}, {"text": "quality", "start": 241, "end": 248}, {"text": "property", "start": 253, "end": 261}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 269, "end": 279}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 145, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper created an analytical model to illustrate the powder stream distribution under the four-jet nozzles in the DED.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 33, "end": 38}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 71, "end": 83}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 57, "end": 63}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzles", "start": 103, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "DED", "start": 118, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To validate the proposed model, weight measurement method was used to track the powder stream distributions at different positions under the nozzle.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "distributions", "start": 94, "end": 107}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 32, "end": 38}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "measurement", "start": 39, "end": 50}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 80, "end": 86}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "nozzle", "start": 141, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the effects of the input variables, including powder flow rate, gas flow rate and particle size, on the powder stream distribution were also analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "powder flow rate", "start": 60, "end": 76}, {"text": "gas flow rate", "start": 78, "end": 91}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particle", "start": 96, "end": 104}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 132, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 118, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results suggest a relatively good agreement between the modelling and experimental measurements.", "output": {"entities": {"enabling_technology": [{"text": "modelling", "start": 60, "end": 69}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 74, "end": 86}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At the end, the powder deposition efficiency (PDE) was estimated based on the simulation results.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 16, "end": 22}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 23, "end": 33}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "simulation", "start": 78, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of build orientation, layer thickness, strain rate and size effect on the Young’ s modulus, ultimate tensile strength and fracture strains in vat photopolymerization based additively manufactured specimens is investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 17, "end": 34}, {"text": "layer thickness", "start": 36, "end": 51}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rate", "start": 53, "end": 64}, {"text": "size effect", "start": 69, "end": 80}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 136, "end": 144}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 95, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 106, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "vat photopolymerization", "start": 156, "end": 179}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 186, "end": 209}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Mechanical testing and subsequent scanning electron microscopy tests on additively manufactured specimens are conducted.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Mechanical testing", "start": 0, "end": 18}, {"text": "scanning electron microscopy", "start": 34, "end": 62}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 72, "end": 95}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Anisotropy in mechanical behavior is only observed in specimens fabricated in different planes.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Anisotropy", "start": 0, "end": 10}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 14, "end": 24}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 64, "end": 74}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "An increase in layer thickness and decrease in strain rate resulted in lower strength, stiffness and higher fracture strains.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 15, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "strain rate", "start": 47, "end": 58}, {"text": "fracture", "start": 108, "end": 116}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 77, "end": 85}, {"text": "stiffness", "start": 87, "end": 96}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "No significant size effect on strength and failure strains is observed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "size effect", "start": 15, "end": 26}, {"text": "failure", "start": 43, "end": 50}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 30, "end": 38}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cure kinetics is found to have significant influence on mechanical properties of additively manufactured specimens.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Cure", "start": 0, "end": 4}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 56, "end": 77}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 81, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Warping and delamination in material extrusion additive manufacturing (MatEx) parts are well documented and irreversible thermal strain (ITε) has also recently been reported.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Warping", "start": 0, "end": 7}, {"text": "delamination", "start": 12, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 28, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strain", "start": 129, "end": 135}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As parts are built up as a collection of roads, they are analogous to fiber reinforced composites.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "as", "start": 22, "end": 24}, {"text": "fiber reinforced composites", "start": 70, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the lack of bonding between the matrix, air, and the reinforcing phase, polymer roads, necessitates the development of a micromechanical model for these parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "model", "start": 146, "end": 151}], "application": [{"text": "reinforcing phase", "start": 62, "end": 79}], "material": [{"text": "polymer", "start": 81, "end": 88}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, a micromechanical model for MatEx parts is developed to describe bulk part behavior that incorporates void fraction, road morphology, and bonding between and within layers.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 32, "end": 37}, {"text": "void fraction", "start": 116, "end": 129}, {"text": "morphology", "start": 136, "end": 146}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 152, "end": 159}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Combining stress accumulation within roads with the micromechanical model successfully predicted ITε and provided a rationale for ITε dependence on both layer thickness and raster angle.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 10, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 68, "end": 73}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 87, "end": 96}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer thickness", "start": 153, "end": 168}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additionally, the micromechanical model developed can be used to explain bonding limitations in MatEx based on road and bond geometry.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 34, "end": 39}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 73, "end": 80}, {"text": "geometry", "start": 125, "end": 133}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 54, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material anisotropy model formulation for the full three dimensional space.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Material", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 9, "end": 19}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Efficient optimization of lattice structures with respect to material anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 10, "end": 22}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 26, "end": 44}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 61, "end": 69}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 70, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effects of the material anisotropy on lightweight lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 15, "end": 23}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 24, "end": 34}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight lattice", "start": 38, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Finding the optimized build orientation with respect to the material anisotropy.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 22, "end": 39}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 69, "end": 79}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Large increase in accuracy, hence, safety compared to conventional approaches.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 18, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "safety", "start": 35, "end": 41}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The build orientation is one the most influential factors on material properties in additively manufactured parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 4, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "material properties", "start": 61, "end": 80}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 84, "end": 107}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Advanced applications, such as lattice structures optimized for lightweight, often rely on small safety margins and are, hence, particularly affected, but research has not gone far beyond the pure empirical characterization.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 28, "end": 30}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lightweight", "start": 64, "end": 75}, {"text": "safety", "start": 97, "end": 103}, {"text": "research", "start": 155, "end": 163}, {"text": "empirical", "start": 197, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The focus of this paper is to investigate in detail the influence of anisotropy induced through fabrication on the mechanical performance and build orientation of whole structures when subject to optimization.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 69, "end": 79}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "fabrication", "start": 96, "end": 107}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 115, "end": 125}], "parameter": [{"text": "build orientation", "start": 142, "end": 159}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "optimization", "start": 196, "end": 208}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "First, a material property model for both compression and tension states is formulated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "material property", "start": 9, "end": 26}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 42, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Then, the Generalized Optimality Criteria method is extended for fixed topology lattice structures with respect to constraints in displacement, stress, and Euler buckling.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "topology lattice", "start": 71, "end": 87}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 144, "end": 150}, {"text": "buckling", "start": 162, "end": 170}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The two latter are formulated as local constraints that are handled in combination with Fully-Stressed Design recursion.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "as", "start": 30, "end": 32}], "feature": [{"text": "Design", "start": 103, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results reveal significant safety threads likely leading to premature failure when using properties from one-directional tests, as is so far the case, rather than the full anisotropy model developed herein.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "safety", "start": 31, "end": 37}, {"text": "failure", "start": 74, "end": 81}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 132, "end": 134}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "anisotropy", "start": 176, "end": 186}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If used inversely, the algorithm yields the optimal orientation of a structure on the build platform, allowing further weight reduction while maintaining the mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "algorithm", "start": 23, "end": 32}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 52, "end": 63}, {"text": "structure", "start": 69, "end": 78}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 126, "end": 135}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 158, "end": 179}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "build platform", "start": 86, "end": 100}], "parameter": [{"text": "weight", "start": 119, "end": 125}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Selective Laser Melting (SLM) facilitates the formation of complex, stochastic or non-stochastic, metallic cellular structures.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Selective Laser Melting", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 25, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "stochastic", "start": 68, "end": 78}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 98, "end": 106}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 107, "end": 126}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is a high level of interest in these structures recently, particularly due to their high strength to weight ratios and osteoconductive properties.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength to weight ratios", "start": 95, "end": 120}, {"text": "osteoconductive", "start": 125, "end": 140}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "While the ability to in-situ monitor the SLM process is of key importance for future quality control methods.In this work lattice structures were fabricated, using the single exposure scanning strategy, on a Renishaw 500M SLM machine.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 21, "end": 28}, {"text": "process", "start": 45, "end": 52}, {"text": "quality control", "start": 85, "end": 100}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 146, "end": 156}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 175, "end": 183}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "SLM", "start": 41, "end": 44}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 222, "end": 225}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 122, "end": 140}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "machine", "start": 226, "end": 233}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The build process was also monitored using a co-axial in-situ process monitoring system.It was found that by increasing the energy input, through increasing the laser power and/or exposure time, the lattice strut diameters, within the 1.5 mm diamond unit cells, increased from 119 to 293 μm, resulting in the major pore diameter decreasing from 1106 to 932 μm.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "build", "start": 4, "end": 9}, {"text": "laser power", "start": 161, "end": 172}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 54, "end": 61}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 180, "end": 188}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 199, "end": 206}, {"text": "diameter", "start": 320, "end": 328}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "mm", "start": 239, "end": 241}], "material": [{"text": "diamond", "start": 242, "end": 249}], "application": [{"text": "cells", "start": 255, "end": 260}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 315, "end": 319}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effect of systematically altering the laser beam spot size on the cellular structures was also evaluated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 42, "end": 52}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 70, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was observed that by doubling the laser beam spot size, that there was a 17% reduction in strut diameter and a 22% reduction in mechanical strength of the structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 37, "end": 47}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 80, "end": 89}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "parameter": [{"text": "strut diameter", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 131, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It was also observed that at constant energy input levels, the lattice structures created using a focused laser exhibited an 81% lower mechanical strength than the structures created using a de-focused laser.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 63, "end": 81}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 106, "end": 111}, {"text": "laser", "start": 202, "end": 207}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 135, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thus, demonstrating that the mode of energy input is critical to achieving the desired strength in these structures.Based on the outputs from the in-situ monitoring system, a broadly linear correlation was obtained between the laser input energy, the associated process monitoring data generated and the mechanical strength of the lattice structures.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 87, "end": 95}, {"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 304, "end": 323}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "in-situ", "start": 146, "end": 153}, {"text": "process monitoring", "start": 262, "end": 280}, {"text": "data", "start": 281, "end": 285}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 227, "end": 232}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 331, "end": 349}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Elevated heat-treatment temperatures increased mechanical properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperatures", "start": 24, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 47, "end": 68}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Long heat-treatment times decreased ductility and Young’ s modulus.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ductility", "start": 36, "end": 45}], "material": [{"text": "s", "start": 57, "end": 58}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "All elevated temperature heat-treatments yielded similar percent crystallinity.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 13, "end": 24}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing print and heat-treatment temperature increased inter-road bonding.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 11, "end": 16}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 36, "end": 47}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 69, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-processing heat-treatments increased mechanical properties of printed parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Post-processing", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 42, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) and other additive manufacturing methods provide part design options that would be difficult or impossible to realize with conventional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Material extrusion additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 41}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 59, "end": 81}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 172, "end": 198}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 103, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 129, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the mechanical properties of parts produced with MEAM are lower than bulk material properties because of the interfaces between roads and layers inherent to the additive build technique of MEAM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 13, "end": 34}, {"text": "material properties", "start": 83, "end": 102}], "material": [{"text": "additive", "start": 170, "end": 178}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of material dependent MEAM process parameters on the interlayer bonding and percent crystallinity of MEAM parts fabricated with polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) were examined in this study using a design of experiments technique known as the Taguchi method.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 15, "end": 23}, {"text": "as", "start": 242, "end": 244}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 39, "end": 57}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 76, "end": 83}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 124, "end": 134}, {"text": "design of experiments", "start": 204, "end": 225}, {"text": "Taguchi method", "start": 249, "end": 263}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The MEAM parameters studied were print temperature, heat-treatment time, and heat-treatment temperature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 9, "end": 19}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "print", "start": 33, "end": 38}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 92, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Heat-treatment temperature was shown to be the most influential parameter on all the studied properties.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 15, "end": 26}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 40, "end": 42}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "parameter", "start": 64, "end": 73}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Utilizing heat-treatments on MEAM parts increased the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) from 52% of the PPS film UTS to 80%.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "ultimate tensile strength", "start": 54, "end": 79}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 81, "end": 84}, {"text": "UTS", "start": 111, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study showed that utilizing post-processing heat-treatments on MEAM parts could improve the interlayer bonding in these parts.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "post-processing", "start": 32, "end": 47}, {"text": "bonding", "start": 107, "end": 114}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a semi-crystalline polymer that has remarkable properties of high mechanical properties, excellent wear resistance, low friction and chemical resistance, and it is found in many applications such sporting goods, medical artificial joints, bullet proof jackets and armours, ropes and fishing lines [1].", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Weight", "start": 21, "end": 27}], "material": [{"text": "Polyethylene", "start": 28, "end": 40}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 72, "end": 79}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 100, "end": 110}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 119, "end": 140}, {"text": "friction", "start": 173, "end": 181}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 152, "end": 167}, {"text": "chemical resistance", "start": 186, "end": 205}], "application": [{"text": "medical", "start": 265, "end": 272}, {"text": "artificial joints", "start": 273, "end": 290}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "UHMWPE parts can not be produced easily by many conventional processes because of its very high melt viscosity resulting from its very long chains [2].", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 21, "end": 23}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "melt", "start": 96, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive Manufacturing (AM) is moving from being an industrial rapid prototyping process to becoming a mainstream manufacturing process in a wide range of applications.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}, {"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 114, "end": 135}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 52, "end": 62}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "prototyping process", "start": 69, "end": 88}], "parameter": [{"text": "range", "start": 146, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser sintering of polymers is one of the AM techniques that is most promising process owing to its ability to produce parts with complex geometries, accurate dimensions, and good mechanical strength [3].", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser sintering", "start": 0, "end": 15}, {"text": "AM techniques", "start": 42, "end": 55}], "material": [{"text": "polymers", "start": 19, "end": 27}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 79, "end": 86}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 130, "end": 148}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accurate", "start": 150, "end": 158}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "mechanical strength", "start": 180, "end": 199}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper reports attempts to laser-sinter UHMWPE and assesses the effects of laser energy density on the flexural properties of the sintered parts.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 79, "end": 99}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 116, "end": 126}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 134, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The properties of the UHMWPE sintered parts were evaluated by performing flexural three point bending tests and were compared in terms of flexural strength, flexural modulus and ductility (deflection).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 4, "end": 14}, {"text": "three point bending", "start": 82, "end": 101}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintered", "start": 29, "end": 37}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 138, "end": 155}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 178, "end": 187}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Part dimensions and relative density were evaluated in order to optimise the laser sintering parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 5, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 20, "end": 36}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser sintering", "start": 77, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Thermal analysis of samples was made by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the virgin powder.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Thermal analysis", "start": 0, "end": 16}, {"text": "DSC", "start": 75, "end": 78}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "samples", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "scanning", "start": 53, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "virgin powder", "start": 88, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Results show that flexural strength, modulus and ductility are influenced by laser energy density and flexural strength and modulus of 1.37 MPa and 32.12 MPa respectively are still achievable at a lower laser energy density of 0.016 J/mm2 (Laser power of 6 W).", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexural strength", "start": 18, "end": 35}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 49, "end": 58}, {"text": "flexural strength", "start": 102, "end": 119}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 77, "end": 97}, {"text": "laser energy density", "start": 203, "end": 223}, {"text": "Laser power", "start": 240, "end": 251}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "MPa", "start": 140, "end": 143}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 154, "end": 157}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Part dimensions and bulk density are also influenced by laser energy density.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "dimensions", "start": 5, "end": 15}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 25, "end": 32}], "parameter": [{"text": "laser energy density", "start": 56, "end": 76}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "γ-Fe phase increase with the increasing SS316L content.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 5, "end": 10}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The increase of SS316L content improves general and pitting corrosion resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting corrosion", "start": 52, "end": 69}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Graded material with SS316L content ≥50 wt.% still has relatively high microhardness.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microhardness", "start": 71, "end": 84}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Graded material with SS316L content ≥50 wt.% has lower pitting susceptibility.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "material", "start": 7, "end": 15}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "pitting", "start": 55, "end": 62}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composition-graded materials could be designed to rapidly establish the structure-property with high-throughput methods.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 19, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 35, "end": 37}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this study, stainless steel 316L (SS316L)-431 (SS431) graded material with the SS316L content ranging from 0 to 100 wt.% was fabricated by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "stainless steel", "start": 15, "end": 30}, {"text": "material", "start": 64, "end": 72}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 128, "end": 138}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "directed energy deposition additive manufacturing", "start": 142, "end": 191}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Composition, phase constitution, microstructure and corrosion behavior of the graded material were characterized by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), micro-beam X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-throughput local electrochemical techniques respectively.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Composition", "start": 0, "end": 11}, {"text": "phase", "start": 13, "end": 18}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 33, "end": 47}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 140, "end": 152}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 258, "end": 273}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "corrosion behavior", "start": 52, "end": 70}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 85, "end": 93}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "X-ray diffraction", "start": 172, "end": 189}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 191, "end": 194}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 227, "end": 230}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "scanning electron microscope", "start": 197, "end": 225}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Accordingly, the dominant microstructure varies from equiaxed dendrites to a mixture of dendritic and cellular structures.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 26, "end": 40}], "biomedical": [{"text": "dendrites", "start": 62, "end": 71}], "feature": [{"text": "cellular structures", "start": 102, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "As the content of SS316L increases, the reduced carbides at grain boundaries and the increasing compactness of passive film improve the general and pitting corrosion resistance of the material.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "As", "start": 0, "end": 2}, {"text": "carbides", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "material", "start": 184, "end": 192}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 60, "end": 76}, {"text": "pitting corrosion", "start": 148, "end": 165}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Such a high-throughput screening process allows one to reliably select the constituents with the presence of SS316L over 50 wt.% as a potential component under the requirement of high corrosion resistance and wear resistance.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 33, "end": 40}, {"text": "corrosion resistance", "start": 184, "end": 204}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 129, "end": 131}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 144, "end": 153}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 209, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is an additive manufacturing (AM) method that relies on the thermal extrusion of a thermoplastic feedstock from a mobile deposition head.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Fused Filament Fabrication", "start": 0, "end": 26}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 28, "end": 31}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 39, "end": 61}, {"text": "AM", "start": 63, "end": 65}, {"text": "extrusion", "start": 101, "end": 110}], "material": [{"text": "thermoplastic feedstock", "start": 116, "end": 139}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 154, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Conventional FFF constructs components from stacks of individual extruded layers using tool paths with fixed z-values in each individual layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 13, "end": 16}, {"text": "extruded", "start": 65, "end": 73}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 28, "end": 38}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tool paths", "start": 87, "end": 97}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 137, "end": 142}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Consequently, the manufactured components often contain inherent weaknesses in the z-axis due to the relatively weak thermal fusion bonding that occurs between individual layers, as well as poor surface finish in shallow sloped contours.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 18, "end": 30}, {"text": "z-axis", "start": 83, "end": 89}, {"text": "fusion bonding", "start": 125, "end": 139}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 31, "end": 41}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 179, "end": 181}, {"text": "as", "start": 187, "end": 189}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 195, "end": 209}, {"text": "contours", "start": 228, "end": 236}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates the use of Curved Layer FFF (CLFFF) tool paths in tandem with a commercially available parallel, or delta, style FFF system to allow the deposition head to follow the topology of the component.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "Layer", "start": 42, "end": 47}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 48, "end": 51}, {"text": "FFF", "start": 137, "end": 140}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tool paths", "start": 60, "end": 70}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 161, "end": 171}, {"text": "topology", "start": 191, "end": 199}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "component", "start": 207, "end": 216}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "By incorporating a delta robot and CLFFF tool paths in this way, improvements in the surface finish of the manufactured parts has been observed, and time costs associated with Cartesian robot based CLFFF manufacturing have been notably reduced.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "robot", "start": 25, "end": 30}, {"text": "robot", "start": 186, "end": 191}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "tool paths", "start": 41, "end": 51}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 107, "end": 119}], "feature": [{"text": "surface finish", "start": 85, "end": 99}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 204, "end": 217}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Furthermore, employing a delta robot provides additional flexibility to CLFFF manufacturing and increases the feasibility of its application for advanced manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "robot", "start": 31, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "flexibility", "start": 57, "end": 68}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 78, "end": 91}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 154, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 110, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The study has also demonstrated a viable approach to multi-material FFF by decoupling support structure and part manufacture into regions of CLFFF and static z tool pathing in an appropriate fashion.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "multi-material", "start": 53, "end": 67}, {"text": "manufacture", "start": 113, "end": 124}, {"text": "fashion", "start": 191, "end": 198}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FFF", "start": 68, "end": 71}], "feature": [{"text": "support structure", "start": 86, "end": 103}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "tool", "start": 160, "end": 164}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reducing the relative quality of lattice materials is a key factor in expanding their scope of application.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 33, "end": 40}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Experimental samples of Ti6Al4V, including both VPOS and a body-centered cubic (BCC) octahedral model, are prepared by selective laser melting (SLM).", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 0, "end": 12}, {"text": "BCC", "start": 80, "end": 83}, {"text": "model", "start": 96, "end": 101}], "material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 24, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 119, "end": 142}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 144, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The influence of pose (θ) on the relative density of the lattice structures is evaluated analytically.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 33, "end": 49}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 57, "end": 75}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical response and specific energy absorption (SEA) of these structures under compression are investigated.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical response", "start": 4, "end": 23}, {"text": "specific energy absorption", "start": 28, "end": 54}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression", "start": 87, "end": 98}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared with the experimental BCC data, the relative density of the VPOS samples is reduced, and their SEA values are improved.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental BCC", "start": 18, "end": 34}, {"text": "data", "start": 35, "end": 39}, {"text": "samples", "start": 74, "end": 81}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 45, "end": 61}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The mechanical properties of the VPOSs in the z and y directions are optimized when θ=43°.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 4, "end": 25}], "material": [{"text": "y", "start": 52, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "When θ = 10°, the z-direction SEA is maximum (∼2.4 times the BCC value).", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "z-direction", "start": 18, "end": 29}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "BCC", "start": 61, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Among the various Ti6Al4V octahedral lattice structures, the structure with θ = 43° exhibits the best mechanical properties at unit density.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti6Al4V", "start": 18, "end": 25}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 37, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "structure", "start": 61, "end": 70}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 102, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "density", "start": 132, "end": 139}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study demonstrates that the performance of lattice structures can be improved to different degrees by varying the unit cell pose.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "performance", "start": 33, "end": 44}, {"text": "unit cell", "start": 119, "end": 128}], "feature": [{"text": "lattice structures", "start": 48, "end": 66}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 71, "end": 73}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing (AM) has gone through major developments in the past decade, enabling the rapid manufacture of complex geometries from traditional engineering materials.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "AM", "start": 24, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufacture", "start": 103, "end": 114}, {"text": "complex geometries", "start": 118, "end": 136}], "material": [{"text": "engineering materials", "start": 154, "end": 175}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This study aims to facilitate the development and additive manufacturing of a new generation of fast and simple digital components with integrated magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloy sections that can be actuated by an external magnetic field.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 50, "end": 72}, {"text": "simple", "start": 105, "end": 111}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "components", "start": 120, "end": 130}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 175, "end": 180}, {"text": "be", "start": 199, "end": 201}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "magnetic field", "start": 226, "end": 240}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we employ a systematic design of experiments (DoE) approach for investigating laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of a Ni-Mn-Ga based MSM alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "design of experiments", "start": 29, "end": 50}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "laser powder bed fusion", "start": 84, "end": 107}, {"text": "L-PBF", "start": 109, "end": 114}], "material": [{"text": "alloy", "start": 140, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The effects of the applied process parameters on the chemical composition and relative density are determined, and detailed investigations are conducted on the microstructural properties of the as-deposited material obtained using optimized parameters.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process parameters", "start": 27, "end": 45}, {"text": "chemical composition", "start": 53, "end": 73}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 160, "end": 175}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 241, "end": 251}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 78, "end": 94}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 207, "end": 215}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results show that although the L-PBF of Ni-Mn-Ga is characterized by an ever-present loss of Mn, deposition of Ni-Mn-Ga with a high relative density of 98.3% and a minimal loss of Mn at ∼1.1 at.% is feasible.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 35, "end": 40}], "material": [{"text": "Mn", "start": 97, "end": 99}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 184, "end": 186}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "deposition", "start": 101, "end": 111}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "relative density", "start": 136, "end": 152}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, combined measurements by the low-field ac magnetic susceptibility method (LFMS) and DSC revealed that the phase transformation of the as-deposited material from martensite to austenite, and vice versa, was broad and occurred in a paramagnetic state.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "magnetic susceptibility", "start": 51, "end": 74}, {"text": "DSC", "start": 93, "end": 96}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "phase", "start": 115, "end": 120}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 156, "end": 164}, {"text": "martensite", "start": 170, "end": 180}, {"text": "austenite", "start": 184, "end": 193}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Inspection by SEM revealed a layered microstructure with a stripe-like surface relief that originated from the presence of martensitic twins within the sample.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "Inspection", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "SEM", "start": 14, "end": 17}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 37, "end": 51}, {"text": "surface", "start": 71, "end": 78}, {"text": "sample", "start": 152, "end": 158}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Overall, L-PBF shows high potential for the production of functional Ni-Mn-Ga based MSM alloys.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "L-PBF", "start": 9, "end": 14}, {"text": "production", "start": 44, "end": 54}], "material": [{"text": "alloys", "start": 88, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Fabricated Schwarz P unit cell-based scaffolds underwent geometrical transformations in the form of shrinkage.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Fabricated", "start": 0, "end": 10}, {"text": "shrinkage", "start": 100, "end": 109}], "material": [{"text": "P", "start": 19, "end": 20}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 37, "end": 46}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computational effective modulus of the original Schwarz P unit cell under-estimated the experimental modulus by 86.05%.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "P", "start": 56, "end": 57}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 63, "end": 67}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "experimental", "start": 88, "end": 100}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Computational effective modulus of the reconstructed unit cell over-estimated the experimental modulus by 6.94%.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 82, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Micromechanical analysis was able to accommodate geometrical transformations of the Schwarz P unit cell.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "P", "start": 92, "end": 93}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 99, "end": 103}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Schwarz P unit cell-based tissue scaffolds comprised of poly (D, L-lactide-co- ε -caprolactone) (PLCL) fabricated via the additive manufacturing technique, two-photon polymerisation (2PP) were found to undergo geometrical transformations from the original input design.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "P", "start": 8, "end": 9}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 33, "end": 42}, {"text": "design", "start": 262, "end": 268}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "fabricated", "start": 103, "end": 113}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 122, "end": 144}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "two-photon polymerisation", "start": 156, "end": 181}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A Schwarz P unit cell surface geometry CAD model was reconstructed to take into account the geometrical transformations through CAD modeling techniques using measurements obtained from an image-based averaging technique before its implementation for micromechanical analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "P", "start": 10, "end": 11}], "application": [{"text": "cell", "start": 17, "end": 21}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "geometry", "start": 30, "end": 38}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "CAD model", "start": 39, "end": 48}, {"text": "CAD", "start": 128, "end": 131}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Effective modulus results obtained from computational mechanical characterization via micromechanical analysis of the reconstructed unit cell assigned with the same material model making up the fabricated scaffolds demonstrated excellent agreement with a small margin of error at 6.94% from the experimental mean modulus (0.69 ± 0.29 MPa).", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "unit cell", "start": 132, "end": 141}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 194, "end": 204}, {"text": "error", "start": 271, "end": 276}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 295, "end": 307}, {"text": "MPa", "start": 334, "end": 337}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 165, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The inter-relationships between different dimensional parameters making up the Schwarz P architecture and resulting effective modulus are also assessed and discussed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "parameters", "start": 54, "end": 64}], "material": [{"text": "P", "start": 87, "end": 88}], "application": [{"text": "architecture", "start": 89, "end": 101}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "With the ability to accommodate the geometrical transformations, maintain efficiency in terms of time and computational resources, micromechanical analysis has the potential to be implemented in tissue scaffolds with a periodic microstructure as well as other structures outside the field of tissue engineering in general.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "be", "start": 177, "end": 179}, {"text": "as", "start": 243, "end": 245}, {"text": "as", "start": 251, "end": 253}], "feature": [{"text": "scaffolds", "start": 202, "end": 211}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 228, "end": 242}, {"text": "tissue engineering", "start": 292, "end": 310}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nanoparticle-enhanced Al 7075 can be used to make crack-free welds, overlays, and multi-layer parts via arc welding.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Nanoparticle-enhanced Al 7075", "start": 0, "end": 29}, {"text": "be", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crack-free welds", "start": 50, "end": 66}], "feature": [{"text": "overlays", "start": 68, "end": 76}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc welding", "start": 104, "end": 115}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Hardness of deposited nanoparticle-enhanced Al 7075 weld material return to that of parent alloy after T73 heat treatment.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Hardness", "start": 0, "end": 8}], "material": [{"text": "nanoparticle-enhanced Al 7075", "start": 22, "end": 51}, {"text": "material", "start": 57, "end": 65}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 91, "end": 96}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "T73 heat treatment", "start": 103, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Post-weld T73 heat treatment of nanoparticle-enhanced Al 7075 results in tensile properties indiscernible from parent alloy.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "T73 heat treatment", "start": 10, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "nanoparticle-enhanced Al 7075", "start": 32, "end": 61}, {"text": "alloy", "start": 118, "end": 123}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile properties", "start": 73, "end": 91}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Aluminum alloy 7075 (Al 7075) with a T73 heat treatment is commonly used in aerospace applications due to exceptional specific strength properties.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Aluminum alloy 7075", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "Al 7075", "start": 21, "end": 28}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "T73 heat treatment", "start": 37, "end": 55}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 76, "end": 85}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "specific strength", "start": 118, "end": 135}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 136, "end": 146}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Challenges with manufacturing the material from the melt has previously limited the processing of Al 7075 via welding, casting, and additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 16, "end": 29}, {"text": "welding", "start": 110, "end": 117}, {"text": "casting", "start": 119, "end": 126}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 132, "end": 154}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 34, "end": 42}, {"text": "Al 7075", "start": 98, "end": 105}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melt", "start": 52, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Recent research has shown the capabilities of nanoparticle additives to control the solidification behavior of high-strength aluminum alloys, showcasing the first Al 7075 components processed via casting, welding, and AM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 7, "end": 15}, {"text": "solidification", "start": 84, "end": 98}, {"text": "processed", "start": 182, "end": 191}], "material": [{"text": "nanoparticle additives", "start": 46, "end": 68}, {"text": "aluminum alloys", "start": 125, "end": 140}, {"text": "Al 7075", "start": 163, "end": 170}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "casting", "start": 196, "end": 203}, {"text": "welding", "start": 205, "end": 212}, {"text": "AM", "start": 218, "end": 220}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this work, the properties of nanoparticle-enhanced aluminum 7075 are investigated on welded parts, overlays and through wire-based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28}], "material": [{"text": "nanoparticle-enhanced aluminum 7075", "start": 32, "end": 67}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "welded parts", "start": 88, "end": 100}], "feature": [{"text": "overlays", "start": 102, "end": 110}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "wire-based additive manufacturing", "start": 123, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The hardness and tensile strength of the deposited materials were measured in the as-welded and T73 heat-treated conditions showing that the properties of Al 7075 T73 can be recovered in welded and layer-deposited parts.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 4, "end": 12}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 17, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "materials", "start": 51, "end": 60}, {"text": "properties", "start": 141, "end": 151}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "T73 heat-treated", "start": 96, "end": 112}, {"text": "welded", "start": 187, "end": 193}], "material": [{"text": "Al 7075 T73", "start": 155, "end": 166}, {"text": "be", "start": 171, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The work shows that Al 7075 now has the potential to be conventionally welded or additively manufactured from wire into high-strength, crack-free parts.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Al 7075", "start": 20, "end": 27}, {"text": "be", "start": 53, "end": 55}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welded", "start": 71, "end": 77}, {"text": "additively manufactured", "start": 81, "end": 104}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "crack-free parts", "start": 135, "end": 151}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The dissimilar resistance spot welding of additively manufactured steel to conventional automotive steel has attracted significant attention from automotive manufacturer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "resistance spot welding", "start": 15, "end": 38}], "material": [{"text": "additively manufactured steel", "start": 42, "end": 71}, {"text": "conventional automotive steel", "start": 75, "end": 104}], "application": [{"text": "automotive", "start": 146, "end": 156}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, the mechanical properties of dissimilar spot welds could be affected by the printed properties of additively manufactured steels, limiting the further application of 3D printing process in auto-body assembly line.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 13, "end": 34}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103}], "feature": [{"text": "spot welds", "start": 49, "end": 59}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68}, {"text": "additively manufactured steels", "start": 107, "end": 137}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "3D printing", "start": 175, "end": 186}, {"text": "auto-body assembly line", "start": 198, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper proposed an approach to improve the mechanical properties of spot-welded joints of additive manufactured steels by the design of binder jetting printed steels with the addition of nanoparticles.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 47, "end": 68}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 191, "end": 204}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "spot-welded joints", "start": 72, "end": 90}], "material": [{"text": "additive manufactured steels", "start": 94, "end": 122}, {"text": "steels", "start": 163, "end": 169}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 130, "end": 136}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 140, "end": 154}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Cu-Sn nanoparticles have been injected to the stainless steel via binder jetting process, aiming to fill the voids between steel particles and reduce the microstructure heterogeneity in the spot welds.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Cu-Sn nanoparticles", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "stainless steel", "start": 46, "end": 61}, {"text": "steel", "start": 123, "end": 128}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "binder jetting", "start": 66, "end": 80}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "voids", "start": 109, "end": 114}, {"text": "particles", "start": 129, "end": 138}, {"text": "microstructure heterogeneity", "start": 154, "end": 182}], "feature": [{"text": "spot welds", "start": 190, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The microstructure evolution, sintering behavior of nanoparticles and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded stainless steel were characterized and analyzed.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure evolution", "start": 4, "end": 28}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 52, "end": 65}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 70, "end": 91}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 30, "end": 39}, {"text": "resistance spot welded", "start": 95, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "steel", "start": 128, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The sintering behavior of Cu-Sn nanoparticles during welding process attributes to the formation of transition zone with homogenous microstructure, resulting to the improvement of hardness property and lap-shear strength of spot-welded joints.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "sintering", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "welding", "start": 53, "end": 60}], "material": [{"text": "Cu-Sn nanoparticles", "start": 26, "end": 45}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 61, "end": 68}, {"text": "transition", "start": 100, "end": 110}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 132, "end": 146}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "hardness", "start": 180, "end": 188}, {"text": "lap-shear strength", "start": 202, "end": 220}, {"text": "spot-welded joints", "start": 224, "end": 242}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Compared to the spot welds of selective laser melting printed stainless steels, the resistance spot welded stainless steel via binder jetting process shows better mechanical properties with 48% increase of energy absorption and 19% increase of peak load.", "output": {"entities": {"feature": [{"text": "spot welds", "start": 16, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "selective laser melting", "start": 30, "end": 53}, {"text": "resistance spot welded", "start": 84, "end": 106}, {"text": "binder jetting", "start": 127, "end": 141}], "material": [{"text": "stainless steels", "start": 62, "end": 78}, {"text": "steel", "start": 117, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 163, "end": 184}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "energy absorption", "start": 206, "end": 223}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additively manufactured plates are successfully joined using FSW for the first time.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additively manufactured", "start": 0, "end": 23}, {"text": "FSW", "start": 61, "end": 64}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Weld microstructure consists of (α + β) phase and very fine equiaxed α grain with a refined β phase at the grain boundary.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Weld microstructure", "start": 0, "end": 19}, {"text": "phase", "start": 40, "end": 45}, {"text": "grain", "start": 71, "end": 76}, {"text": "phase", "start": 94, "end": 99}, {"text": "grain boundary", "start": 107, "end": 121}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The tensile strength of the FSW is nearly equal to the base material at a relatively higher tool rotation speed.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "tensile strength", "start": 4, "end": 20}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "FSW", "start": 28, "end": 31}], "material": [{"text": "material", "start": 60, "end": 68}], "parameter": [{"text": "tool rotation speed", "start": 92, "end": 111}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Significant tool wear is observed at lower tool rotation speeds, resulting in lower weld strength.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "tool wear", "start": 12, "end": 21}], "parameter": [{"text": "tool rotation speeds", "start": 43, "end": 63}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 84, "end": 97}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Additive manufacturing of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4 V has significantly increased over the past few years, primarily due to its broad application over the conventional manufacturing process for complex and near net shape production.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 22}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 153, "end": 179}, {"text": "near net shape", "start": 204, "end": 218}], "material": [{"text": "titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 26, "end": 51}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We study the feasibility of friction stir welding of Ti-6Al-4 V plates made by electron beam melting, performing both microstructural and mechanical analysis.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 13, "end": 24}, {"text": "microstructural", "start": 118, "end": 133}, {"text": "mechanical analysis", "start": 138, "end": 157}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "friction stir welding", "start": 28, "end": 49}, {"text": "electron beam melting", "start": 79, "end": 100}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4 V", "start": 53, "end": 63}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microstructures for all the welds reveal lamellar (α + β) phase and very fine equiaxed α grain with the prior β phase at grain boundaries in the stirred zone.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Microstructures", "start": 0, "end": 15}], "feature": [{"text": "welds", "start": 28, "end": 33}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "lamellar", "start": 41, "end": 49}, {"text": "phase", "start": 58, "end": 63}, {"text": "grain", "start": 89, "end": 94}, {"text": "phase", "start": 112, "end": 117}, {"text": "grain boundaries", "start": 121, "end": 137}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Microhardness at different depths of the joint is measured and the strength of the joint is determined using a tensile test.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "Microhardness", "start": 0, "end": 13}, {"text": "joint", "start": 41, "end": 46}, {"text": "joint", "start": 83, "end": 88}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength", "start": 67, "end": 75}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "tensile test", "start": 111, "end": 123}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results obtained prove the feasibility of the process and provide the necessary processing conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "feasibility", "start": 31, "end": 42}, {"text": "process", "start": 50, "end": 57}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Additive manufacturing technologies familiarize many innovative and monetary gains when compared to conservative subtractive manufacturing methods in rapid prototyping (RP) and small production capacity.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 26}, {"text": "subtractive manufacturing", "start": 117, "end": 142}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "rapid prototyping", "start": 154, "end": 171}, {"text": "RP", "start": 173, "end": 175}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "production capacity", "start": 187, "end": 206}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In other exceedingly industrialized fields including aerospace, automobile, and bio-medical industries, additive manufacturing has turned out to be a subject of high interest.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 53, "end": 62}, {"text": "automobile", "start": 64, "end": 74}, {"text": "bio-medical industries", "start": 80, "end": 102}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 104, "end": 126}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 145, "end": 147}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Nowadays, Additive manufacturing (AM) of Titanium alloys has grown into an imperative field of study.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive manufacturing", "start": 10, "end": 32}, {"text": "AM", "start": 34, "end": 36}], "material": [{"text": "Titanium alloys", "start": 41, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The foremost prominence of Titanium alloys is excellent strength to weight ratio, high weathering resistance, and admirable characteristics involving high tensile strength and toughness with comparatively low electrical and thermal conductivity.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Titanium alloys", "start": 27, "end": 42}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "strength to weight ratio", "start": 56, "end": 80}, {"text": "weathering resistance", "start": 87, "end": 108}, {"text": "tensile strength", "start": 155, "end": 171}, {"text": "toughness", "start": 176, "end": 185}, {"text": "thermal conductivity", "start": 224, "end": 244}], "application": [{"text": "electrical", "start": 209, "end": 219}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The manufacturing of Titanium through AM technology is marginally expensive and durable as it enables to create freedom in design community to fabricate user defined and complex structures which is hard to produce through other conventional manufacturing methods.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing", "start": 4, "end": 17}, {"text": "AM technology", "start": 38, "end": 51}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 143, "end": 152}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 228, "end": 254}], "material": [{"text": "Titanium", "start": 21, "end": 29}, {"text": "as", "start": 88, "end": 90}], "feature": [{"text": "design", "start": 123, "end": 129}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex structures", "start": 170, "end": 188}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is popularly known as the “work horse” of titanium is comprehensively used in aerospace and biomedical industries.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloy", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "as", "start": 39, "end": 41}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 62, "end": 70}], "application": [{"text": "aerospace", "start": 98, "end": 107}, {"text": "biomedical industries", "start": 112, "end": 133}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At present, several studies have focused on hybrid manufacturing and enhancing the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V with additive manufacturing techniques.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "hybrid manufacturing", "start": 44, "end": 64}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 83, "end": 104}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 108, "end": 117}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 123, "end": 145}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this research work, a short review on additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys has been investigated to define its mechanical and metallurgical properties in both as-built and heat treated conditions.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "research", "start": 8, "end": 16}, {"text": "heat", "start": 181, "end": 185}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 41, "end": 63}], "material": [{"text": "Ti-6Al-4V alloys", "start": 67, "end": 83}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 120, "end": 130}, {"text": "metallurgical", "start": 135, "end": 148}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Using tungsten inert gas welding, a simple technique to additively construct single-channel multilayer Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) was developed.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "tungsten inert gas welding", "start": 6, "end": 32}, {"text": "simple", "start": 36, "end": 42}], "material": [{"text": "Ti alloy", "start": 103, "end": 111}, {"text": "Ti-6Al-4V", "start": 113, "end": 122}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the manufacturing process, the flow rate of nitrogen is used to control the microstructure and composition of each individual layer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing process", "start": 7, "end": 28}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 34, "end": 43}, {"text": "layer", "start": 129, "end": 134}], "material": [{"text": "nitrogen", "start": 47, "end": 55}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "microstructure", "start": 79, "end": 93}, {"text": "composition", "start": 98, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The use of nitrogen leads to the formation of TiN particles, whose amount increases with the flow rate of nitrogen.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "nitrogen", "start": 11, "end": 19}, {"text": "TiN", "start": 46, "end": 49}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 106, "end": 114}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "particles", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 93, "end": 102}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There is no significant difference in the elastic moduli among individual layers.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "elastic moduli", "start": 42, "end": 56}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Increasing the flow rate of nitrogen results in an increase in the compression strength of the individual layers and a decrease in the ductility of individual layers.", "output": {"entities": {"parameter": [{"text": "flow rate", "start": 15, "end": 24}], "material": [{"text": "nitrogen", "start": 28, "end": 36}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "compression strength", "start": 67, "end": 87}, {"text": "ductility", "start": 135, "end": 144}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The Vickers hardness increases gradually from 300 to 400 HV for the base metal to ∼1000 HV for the top layer of the Ti alloy, and the compressive strength of the Ti alloy reaches 1.92 GPa at a 1.5 L/min nitrogen flow rate.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "Vickers hardness", "start": 4, "end": 20}, {"text": "compressive strength", "start": 134, "end": 154}, {"text": "GPa", "start": 184, "end": 187}], "material": [{"text": "base metal", "start": 68, "end": 78}, {"text": "Ti alloy", "start": 116, "end": 124}, {"text": "Ti alloy", "start": 162, "end": 170}], "parameter": [{"text": "layer", "start": 103, "end": 108}, {"text": "nitrogen flow rate", "start": 203, "end": 221}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The technique developed in this work provides a feasible route to additively construct single-channel multilayer structures with spatial distributions of the composition and microstructures.", "output": {"entities": {"process_characterization": [{"text": "spatial distributions", "start": 129, "end": 150}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "composition", "start": 158, "end": 169}], "material": [{"text": "microstructures", "start": 174, "end": 189}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Direct observation of pore formation dynamics during LPBF additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 53, "end": 57}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 58, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Revealed three new pore formation mechanisms.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 19, "end": 23}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Reconfirmed three previously studied pore formation mechanisms Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a 3D printing technology that can print parts with complex geometries that are unachievable by conventional manufacturing technologies.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 37, "end": 41}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser powder bed fusion", "start": 63, "end": 86}, {"text": "LPBF", "start": 88, "end": 92}, {"text": "print", "start": 131, "end": 136}, {"text": "conventional manufacturing", "start": 192, "end": 218}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "3D printing technology", "start": 99, "end": 121}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "complex geometries", "start": 148, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "However, pores formed during the printing process impair the mechanical performance of the printed parts, severely hindering their widespread application.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pores", "start": 9, "end": 14}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "printing process", "start": 33, "end": 49}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 61, "end": 71}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Here, we report six pore formation mechanisms that were observed during the LPBF process.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 20, "end": 24}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 76, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Our results reconfirm three pore formation mechanisms-keyhole induced pores, pore formation from feedstock powder and pore formation along the melting boundary during laser melting from vaporization of a volatile substance or an expansion of a tiny trapped gas.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 28, "end": 32}, {"text": "pores", "start": 70, "end": 75}, {"text": "pore", "start": 77, "end": 81}, {"text": "pore", "start": 118, "end": 122}], "material": [{"text": "feedstock", "start": 97, "end": 106}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "melting boundary", "start": 143, "end": 159}, {"text": "substance", "start": 213, "end": 222}, {"text": "gas", "start": 257, "end": 260}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 167, "end": 172}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "We also observe three new pore formation mechanisms: (1) pore trapped by surface fluctuation, (2) pore formation due to depression zone fluctuation when the depression zone is shallow and (3) pore formation from a crack.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 26, "end": 30}, {"text": "pore", "start": 57, "end": 61}, {"text": "pore", "start": 98, "end": 102}, {"text": "pore", "start": 192, "end": 196}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 73, "end": 80}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The results presented here provide direct evidence and insight into pore formation mechanisms during the LPBF process, which may guide the development of pore elimination/mitigation approaches.", "output": {"entities": {"mechanical_property": [{"text": "pore", "start": 68, "end": 72}, {"text": "pore", "start": 154, "end": 158}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "LPBF", "start": 105, "end": 109}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Since certain laser processing conditions studied here are similar to the situations in high energy density laser welding, the results presented here also have implications for laser welding.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "laser processing", "start": 14, "end": 30}], "parameter": [{"text": "energy density", "start": 93, "end": 107}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 114, "end": 121}, {"text": "laser welding", "start": 177, "end": 190}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The processes of ultrasonic spot welding and ultrasonic additive manufacturing are modelled by approximating the weld interface as rough metallic surfaces in sliding contact.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 4, "end": 13}, {"text": "interface", "start": 118, "end": 127}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ultrasonic spot welding", "start": 17, "end": 40}, {"text": "ultrasonic additive manufacturing", "start": 45, "end": 78}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 113, "end": 117}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 128, "end": 130}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 137, "end": 145}], "application": [{"text": "contact", "start": 166, "end": 173}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is assumed that bonding is due to athermal plastic deformation of surface asperities and the associated growth of metallic junctions along the weld interface.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "bonding", "start": 19, "end": 26}, {"text": "athermal plastic deformation", "start": 37, "end": 65}, {"text": "surface asperities", "start": 69, "end": 87}, {"text": "interface", "start": 151, "end": 160}], "material": [{"text": "metallic", "start": 117, "end": 125}], "application": [{"text": "junctions", "start": 126, "end": 135}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 146, "end": 150}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "To link the process variables and the extent of junction growth, an expression for the real contact area at the weld interface is combined with process-specific frictional heating models developed here.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "process", "start": 12, "end": 19}, {"text": "interface", "start": 117, "end": 126}], "application": [{"text": "junction", "start": 48, "end": 56}, {"text": "contact", "start": 92, "end": 99}], "parameter": [{"text": "area", "start": 100, "end": 104}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 112, "end": 116}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 172, "end": 179}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The resulting framework is validated by comparing its predictions of the weld strength with data from the ultrasonic welding literature.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 14, "end": 23}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 54, "end": 65}, {"text": "data", "start": 92, "end": 96}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 73, "end": 86}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ultrasonic welding", "start": 106, "end": 124}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The close agreement between the framework's predictions and the experimental data demonstrates that the surface asperities soften due to frictional heating, while acoustic softening effects are insignificant.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "framework", "start": 32, "end": 41}, {"text": "predictions", "start": 44, "end": 55}, {"text": "experimental data", "start": 64, "end": 81}, {"text": "surface asperities", "start": 104, "end": 122}, {"text": "acoustic softening effects", "start": 163, "end": 189}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 148, "end": 155}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The junction growth model is used to identify parameter sets for ultrasonic spot welding and ultrasonic additive manufacturing that maximize the weld strength while simultaneously minimizing the thermal excursion at the weld interface.", "output": {"entities": {"application": [{"text": "junction", "start": 4, "end": 12}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "model", "start": 20, "end": 25}, {"text": "parameter", "start": 46, "end": 55}, {"text": "interface", "start": 225, "end": 234}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ultrasonic spot welding", "start": 65, "end": 88}, {"text": "ultrasonic additive manufacturing", "start": 93, "end": 126}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "weld strength", "start": 145, "end": 158}], "feature": [{"text": "weld", "start": 220, "end": 224}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is found that in ultrasonic spot welding, certain processing conditions can cause interfacial melting, although melting is not required to form strong bonds.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ultrasonic spot welding", "start": 20, "end": 43}, {"text": "melting", "start": 115, "end": 122}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interfacial melting", "start": 85, "end": 104}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "It is also shown that in ultrasonic additive manufacturing, the deposition rate is highest when the positions of the peak temperature and complete interfacial bonding coincide underneath the sonotrode.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "ultrasonic additive manufacturing", "start": 25, "end": 58}], "parameter": [{"text": "deposition rate", "start": 64, "end": 79}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 122, "end": 133}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "interfacial bonding", "start": 147, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sonotrode", "start": 191, "end": 200}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "If the position of complete interfacial bonding leads the position of the peak temperature, there is excessive heating of the build, and the sonotrode velocity can be increased without degrading bond quality.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "interfacial bonding", "start": 28, "end": 47}, {"text": "bond quality", "start": 195, "end": 207}], "parameter": [{"text": "temperature", "start": 79, "end": 90}, {"text": "build", "start": 126, "end": 131}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "heating", "start": 111, "end": 118}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "sonotrode", "start": 141, "end": 150}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 164, "end": 166}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Although Additive Manufacturing implementation is rapidly growing, industrial sectors are demanding an increase of manufactured part size which most extended processes, such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) or Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), are not able to offer.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Additive Manufacturing", "start": 9, "end": 31}, {"text": "SLM", "start": 202, "end": 205}, {"text": "Laser Metal Deposition", "start": 210, "end": 232}, {"text": "LMD", "start": 234, "end": 237}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "industrial sectors", "start": 67, "end": 85}, {"text": "manufactured", "start": 115, "end": 127}, {"text": "processes", "start": 158, "end": 167}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 174, "end": 176}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "Laser", "start": 187, "end": 192}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In this sense, Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) offers high deposition rates and quality without size limits, becoming the best alternative for additive manufacturing of medium-large size parts with high mechanical requirements such as structural parts in the aeronautical industry.WAAM technology adds material in form of wire using an arc welding process in order to melt both the wire and the substrate.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing", "start": 15, "end": 46}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 48, "end": 52}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 150, "end": 172}, {"text": "arc welding", "start": 343, "end": 354}], "parameter": [{"text": "high deposition rates", "start": 61, "end": 82}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "quality", "start": 87, "end": 94}, {"text": "limits", "start": 108, "end": 114}, {"text": "technology", "start": 293, "end": 303}, {"text": "melt", "start": 375, "end": 379}], "application": [{"text": "mechanical", "start": 210, "end": 220}, {"text": "aeronautical", "start": 266, "end": 278}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 239, "end": 241}, {"text": "material", "start": 309, "end": 317}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 402, "end": 411}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "There are three welding processes that are mainly used in WAAM: Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW or TIG) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW or MIG).", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "welding", "start": 16, "end": 23}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 58, "end": 62}, {"text": "Plasma Arc Welding", "start": 64, "end": 82}, {"text": "PAW", "start": 84, "end": 87}, {"text": "Gas Tungsten Arc Welding", "start": 90, "end": 114}, {"text": "GTAW", "start": 116, "end": 120}, {"text": "TIG", "start": 124, "end": 127}, {"text": "Gas Metal Arc Welding", "start": 133, "end": 154}, {"text": "GMAW", "start": 156, "end": 160}, {"text": "MIG", "start": 164, "end": 167}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 24, "end": 33}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This paper studies these processes regarding on their capabilities for additive manufacturing and compares the mechanical properties obtained by the different welding technologies applied in WAAM.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "processes", "start": 25, "end": 34}, {"text": "mechanical properties", "start": 111, "end": 132}, {"text": "technologies", "start": 167, "end": 179}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 71, "end": 93}, {"text": "welding", "start": 159, "end": 166}, {"text": "WAAM", "start": 191, "end": 195}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Obtained results show the applicability of the technology as an alternative of traditional metallic preforms manufacturing processes, such as casting or forging.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 47, "end": 57}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 58, "end": 60}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 91, "end": 99}, {"text": "as", "start": 139, "end": 141}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "manufacturing processes", "start": 109, "end": 132}, {"text": "forging", "start": 153, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A weak coupling modeling method is developed for arc welding based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "weak coupling modeling method", "start": 2, "end": 31}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc welding", "start": 49, "end": 60}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 67, "end": 89}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This weak coupling modeling method is capable of simulating the complex heat and mass transfer effectively and efficiently.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "weak coupling modeling method", "start": 5, "end": 34}, {"text": "heat and mass transfer", "start": 72, "end": 94}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In arc welding based additive manufacturing, the surface topographies of deposited layer are more complex than conventional welding, therefore, the distribution of the electromagnetic force in molten pool, arc pressure, plasma shear stress and heat flux on molten pool surface are not the same as the conventional welding.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc welding", "start": 3, "end": 14}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 21, "end": 43}, {"text": "conventional welding", "start": 111, "end": 131}, {"text": "conventional welding", "start": 301, "end": 321}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "surface topographies", "start": 49, "end": 69}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 148, "end": 160}, {"text": "electromagnetic force", "start": 168, "end": 189}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 193, "end": 204}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 220, "end": 226}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 244, "end": 253}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 257, "end": 268}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "deposited layer", "start": 73, "end": 88}], "parameter": [{"text": "arc pressure", "start": 206, "end": 218}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 233, "end": 239}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 294, "end": 296}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "A three-dimensional weak coupling modeling method of the arc and metal transport is developed to simulate the arc, molten pool dynamic and droplet impingement in arc welding based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "three-dimensional", "start": 2, "end": 19}, {"text": "arc", "start": 57, "end": 60}, {"text": "metal transport", "start": 65, "end": 80}, {"text": "arc", "start": 110, "end": 113}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 115, "end": 126}, {"text": "dynamic", "start": 127, "end": 134}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 139, "end": 146}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "modeling", "start": 34, "end": 42}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc welding", "start": 162, "end": 173}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 180, "end": 202}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "In the arc model, the molten pool is simplified to be solid state on the basis of experimentally observed results.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 7, "end": 10}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 22, "end": 33}], "material": [{"text": "be", "start": 51, "end": 53}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The arc is simulated firstly, and then the electromagnetic force, arc pressure, plasma shear stress and heat flux are extracted and transmitted to metal transport model.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 4, "end": 7}, {"text": "electromagnetic force", "start": 43, "end": 64}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 80, "end": 86}, {"text": "heat flux", "start": 104, "end": 113}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 118, "end": 127}, {"text": "metal transport", "start": 147, "end": 162}], "parameter": [{"text": "arc pressure", "start": 66, "end": 78}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "stress", "start": 93, "end": 99}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed to track free surface of molten pool and droplet, and the continuum surface force (CSF) method is applied to transform all the surface forces on free surface as localized body forces.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "volume of fluid", "start": 4, "end": 19}, {"text": "VOF", "start": 21, "end": 24}, {"text": "free surface", "start": 54, "end": 66}, {"text": "molten pool", "start": 70, "end": 81}, {"text": "droplet", "start": 86, "end": 93}, {"text": "continuum surface force", "start": 103, "end": 126}, {"text": "CSF", "start": 128, "end": 131}, {"text": "surface forces", "start": 172, "end": 186}, {"text": "free surface", "start": 190, "end": 202}, {"text": "body forces", "start": 216, "end": 227}], "material": [{"text": "as", "start": 203, "end": 205}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "This weak coupling model has better accuracy than empirical model and decreases computational consumption.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "weak coupling model", "start": 5, "end": 24}, {"text": "empirical", "start": 50, "end": 59}], "process_characterization": [{"text": "accuracy", "start": 36, "end": 44}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The molten pool morphology and cross-sectional profile of simulated results accord well with experimental results in both single-bead deposition and overlapping deposition, which indicates that this weak coupling modeling method is capable of simulating the complex heat and mass transfer phenomena in arc welding based additive manufacturing.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "molten pool", "start": 4, "end": 15}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 93, "end": 105}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 134, "end": 144}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 161, "end": 171}, {"text": "weak coupling modeling method", "start": 199, "end": 228}, {"text": "heat and mass transfer", "start": 266, "end": 288}], "feature": [{"text": "profile", "start": 47, "end": 54}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "arc welding", "start": 302, "end": 313}, {"text": "additive manufacturing", "start": 320, "end": 342}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Laser additive manufacturing is an advanced, very perspective technology with potentially wide industrial applications, one of them being an improvement of durability of forms and dies.", "output": {"entities": {"manufacturing_process": [{"text": "Laser additive manufacturing", "start": 0, "end": 28}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "technology", "start": 62, "end": 72}], "application": [{"text": "industrial", "start": 95, "end": 105}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "durability", "start": 156, "end": 166}], "machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 180, "end": 184}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The aim is to improve surface properties like wear resistance using special layers of powder sintered or remelted by laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"concept_principle": [{"text": "surface", "start": 22, "end": 29}, {"text": "properties", "start": 30, "end": 40}, {"text": "laser beam", "start": 117, "end": 127}], "mechanical_property": [{"text": "wear resistance", "start": 46, "end": 61}], "material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 86, "end": 92}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "At present, dies are manufactured by machining with following bulk heat treatment, which is an expensive process.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 12, "end": 16}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "manufactured", "start": 21, "end": 33}, {"text": "process", "start": 105, "end": 112}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "machining", "start": 37, "end": 46}, {"text": "bulk heat treatment", "start": 62, "end": 81}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "Concerning repairs of dies, they are usually performed manually, using arc or plasma welding with numerous difficulties and disadvantages in comparison with promising and advanced laser overlaying.", "output": {"entities": {"machine_equipment": [{"text": "dies", "start": 22, "end": 26}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "arc", "start": 71, "end": 74}], "manufacturing_process": [{"text": "plasma welding", "start": 78, "end": 92}], "enabling_technology": [{"text": "laser", "start": 180, "end": 185}]}}, "schema": []}
{"input": "The paper contains results of a comprehensive evaluation of several types of hard overlayed powder of H13 tool steel on a S355 structural steel using laser beam.", "output": {"entities": {"material": [{"text": "powder", "start": 92, "end": 98}, {"text": "H13 tool steel", "start": 102, "end": 116}, {"text": "S355 structural steel", "start": 122, "end": 143}], "concept_principle": [{"text": "laser beam", "start": 150, "end": 160}]}}, "schema": []}