Input: The work presented in this article shows that dual-curing adhesives, in particular epoxy systems, are promising choices for additive manufacturing: It was possible to print fine geometries with good material properties and low anisotropy.

adhesives

epoxy

additive manufacturing

print

geometries

material properties

anisotropy


Input: The findings serve to derive first design rules and provide a basis for further studies.

design rules


Input: Additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly referred to as 3D printing, is revolutionizing the manufacturing industry.

Additive manufacturing

AM

3D printing

manufacturing

as

industry


Input: With any new technology comes new rules and guidelines for the optimal use of said technology.

technology

technology


Input: Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM), developed by Cincinnati Incorporated and Oak Ridge National Laboratory’ s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, requires a host of new design parameters compared to small-scale 3D printing to create large-scale parts.

Area

Additive Manufacturing

Manufacturing

3D printing

Laboratory

s

design


Input: However, BAAM also creates new possibilities in material testing and various applications in the manufacturing industry.

material

manufacturing

industry


Input: Most of the design constraints of small-scale polymer 3D printers still apply to BAAM.

design

polymer

3D printers


Input: Beyond those constraints, new rules and limitations exist because BAAM’ s large-scale system significantly changes the thermal properties associated with small-scale AM.

s

thermal properties

AM


Input: This work details both physical and software-related design considerations for additive manufacturing.

design considerations

additive manufacturing


Input: After reading this guide, one will have a better understanding of slicing software’ s capabilities and limitations, different physical characteristics of design and how to apply them appropriately for AM, and how to take the inherent nature of AM into consideration during the design process.

slicing

design process

s

design

AM

AM


Input: Additive manufacturing is considered a promising technology for many applications, such as in the construction industry.

Additive manufacturing

technology

as

construction


Input: However, the size of a design is constrained by the chamber volume of the 3D printer, and large-scale additive manufacturing technology with flexible equipment is still unproven.

design

volume

3D printer

equipment

additive manufacturing


Input: This paper proposes a large-scale 3D printing system composed of multiple robots working in collaboration.

3D printing

robots


Input: For this flexible and extensible 3D printing system, the influences of the multi-robot layout on the maximum reachable area and the geometry adaptability are discussed.

3D printing

layout

geometry

area


Input: Furthermore, a printer task optimized scheduling algorithm based on efficiency egalitarianism is proposed in this paper, and a robot interference avoidance strategy is designed by dividing the printing layer into several safe areas and interference areas.

printer

robot

algorithm

designed

layer

areas

areas


Input: Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA grafted cellulose nanofibers (PLA-g-CNFs) mixture were extruded into filaments, and subsequently 3D printed into composites.

PLA

PLA

cellulose

filaments

composites

extruded

3D printed


Input: As-3D printed composites were then thermally annealed at a temperature above PLA glass transition temperature (Tg).

composites

PLA

temperature

glass transition temperature

Tg


Input: Dynamic mechanical analysis, including temperature ramp, frequency sweep, and creep for annealed composites, confirmed the enhanced responses to various viscoelastic factors.

Dynamic mechanical analysis

temperature

creep

viscoelastic

composites


Input: Such enhancements were ascribed to the presence of PLA crystalline regions containing both ɑ and ɑʹ phases, which were induced and developed through the annealing treatment.

PLA

annealing treatment


Input: After 3-point bending test at 70 °C, unannealed composites were partially damaged, while annealed composites preserved the originally well-integrated layer structures.

bending test

composites

composites

layer


Input: Experimental creep and recovery data essentially fitted to the Burger’ s model and Weibull’ s distribution function, respectively.

Experimental

data

model

distribution

creep

s

s


Input: The calculated parameters (e.g., moduli) from numerical fitting curves demonstrated the synergetic effect of PLA-g-CNFs and annealing treatment on the enahncement of flexural properties for 3D printed PLA composites.

parameters

properties

annealing treatment

3D printed

composites


Input: Patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms have a wide range of biomedical applications including validation of computational models and imaging techniques, medical device testing, surgery planning, medical education, doctor-patient interaction, etc.

range

biomedical applications

imaging

medical device

surgery

medical

validation

computational models

planning


Input: Although 3D printing technologies have demonstrated great potential in fabricating patient-specific phantoms, current 3D printed phantoms are usually only geometrically accurate.

3D printing technologies

fabricating

3D printed

accurate


Input: Mechanical properties of soft tissues can merely be mimicked at small strain situations, such as ultrasonic induced vibration.

Mechanical properties

be

as

strain


Input: Under large deformation, the soft tissues and the 3D printed phantoms behave differently.

deformation

3D printed


Input: The essential barrier is the inherent difference in the stress-strain curves of soft tissues and 3D printable polymers.

polymers


Input: This study investigated the feasibility of mimicking the strain-stiffening behavior of soft tissues using dual-material 3D printed metamaterials with micro-structured reinforcement embedded in soft polymeric matrix.

feasibility

dual-material

3D printed

reinforcement


Input: Three types of metamaterials were designed and tested: sinusoidal wave, double helix, and interlocking chains.

metamaterials

designed


Input: Even though the two base materials were strain-softening polymers, both finite element analysis and uniaxial tension tests indicated that two of those dual-material designs were able to exhibit strain-stiffening effects as a metamaterial.

materials

finite element analysis

dual-material

polymers

as

metamaterial

tension tests

designs


Input: The effects of the design parameters on the mechanical behavior of the metamaterials were also demonstrated.

design

mechanical

metamaterials


Input: The results suggested that the fabrication of patient-specific tissue-mimicking phantoms with both geometrical and mechanical accuracies is possible with dual-material 3D printed metamaterials.

fabrication

3D printed

mechanical

dual-material


Input: Direct ink writing with acoustophoresis is used to write tailored composite filaments.

ink

composite


Input: Nozzle rotational asymmetry and printer calibration influence direction dependence.

Nozzle

printer

calibration


Input: Yield stress fluid support geometry influences direction dependence.

Yield stress

fluid

geometry


Input: Direct ink writing enables deposition of multiphase filaments with designed microstructures.

ink

filaments

deposition

designed


Input: Using acoustophoresis, we establish a narrow distribution of microparticles at the center of a direct-write nozzle.

distribution

nozzle


Input: The distribution shifts and widens after deposition depending on the printing direction.

distribution

deposition


Input: We use particle image velocimetry and digital image analysis to identify flows transverse to the printing direction and characterize particle distributions in the printed filament.

particle

image

image analysis

particle

distributions

filament


Input: Sources of direction-dependent effects include square nozzles, co-deposition of support material, a rotationally asymmetric microstructure established in the nozzle, and speed inaccuracies that occur in 3-axis gantries.

nozzles

nozzle

support material

microstructure


Input: We propose an analytical model for predicting print direction-dependent flows and particle distributions as a function of anisotropy of the particle distribution in the nozzle, a disturbed zone near the nozzle, fluid reshaping of the print bead, uniform rotation of the print bead, calibration of the ink and support nozzle positions, and 3D printer motor error.

model

particle

distributions

particle

distribution

calibration

error

print

print

print

as

fluid

ink

anisotropy

nozzle

nozzle

nozzle

3D printer

bead

bead

support


Input: Using the model, we propose strategies for controlling direction dependent microstructures in direct ink writing.

model

microstructures

ink


Input: The analytical model can be easily adapted to similar direct-write applications to diagnose sources of direction dependent microstructures.

model

be

microstructures


Input: Freeform 3D printing combined with sacrificial molding promises to lead advances in production of highly complex tubular systems for biomedical applications.

Freeform 3D

sacrificial molding

production

lead

tubular

biomedical applications


Input: Here we leverage a purpose-built isomalt 3D printer to generate complex channel geometries in hydrogels which would be inaccessible with other techniques.

isomalt

hydrogels

be

3D printer

channel


Input: To control the dissolution of the scaffold, we propose an enabling technology consisting of an automated nebulizer coating system which applies octadecane to isomalt scaffolds.

scaffold

technology

coating

isomalt


Input: Octadecane, a saturated hydrocarbon, protects the rigid mold from dissolution and provides ample time for gels to set around the sacrificial structure.

mold

set

structure


Input: With a simplified model of the nebulizer system, the robotic motion was optimized for uniform coating.

model

coating


Input: Using a combination of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy and X-ray computed tomography, the coating was characterized to assess surface roughness and consistency.

Raman scattering

microscopy

X-ray computed tomography

coating

surface roughness

consistency


Input: Colorimetric measurements of dissolution rates allowed optimization of sprayer parameters, yielding a decrease in dissolution rates by at least 4 orders of magnitude.

optimization

parameters

magnitude


Input: Spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy and white light microscopy indicate cleared channels are free of octadecane following gentle flushing.

Raman scattering

microscopy


Input: The capabilities of the workflow are highlighted with several complex channel architectures including helices, blind channels, and multiple independent channels within polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying stiffnesses.

workflow

channel

hydrogels


Input: This study is an investigation on the size dependence of strength of a 3D printed acrylic polymer.

strength

3D printed

polymer


Input: 3D printed beams are used in three-point bend fracture experiments.

3D printed

fracture


Input: Three print modes of the PolyJet process are used to manufacture beams of dimensions commonly considered in 3D printed structures (1–5 mm).

print

3D printed

mm

PolyJet

manufacture

dimensions


Input: It is found that for that range of dimensions, the fracture response is in the nonlinear size-strength domain and specimens neither follow the limiting linear elastic fracture mechanics nor the strength criterion.

range

dimensions

fracture

domain

elastic

strength


Input: Consequently, strength and toughness are size dependent.

strength

toughness


Input: Moreover, a strong interaction between specimen dimensions and print layer thickness was found.

dimensions

print layer


Input: A size threshold exists below which there appears to be an interaction between specimen dimensions and print layer thickness, and for specimens of dimension below that threshold exhibit a declining strength with size.

be

dimensions

dimension

print layer

strength


Input: From the present experiments, the size threshold is estimated to be 50 times the print layer thickness.

be

print layer


Input: The finding of a maximum strength relative to geometric dimensions should be accounted for in designing with 3D printed materials.

strength

dimensions

be

3D printed


Input: In conventional additive manufacturing, most processes for creating the layers of a part are performed on a horizontal plane.

additive manufacturing

processes


Input: In contrast, a conformal additive manufacturing process has been suggested in order to build a real 3D structure on a freeform surface using a direct-print process based on material extrusion.

additive manufacturing process

material extrusion

build

3D structure

freeform

process


Input: A new algorithm was developed that is able to use the standard 3D printing file format that includes both a 3D model to be printed and a 3D model of a freeform substrate along with the desired printing parameters as input, and it returns G-code instructions for the 3D printing process as output.

algorithm

standard

freeform

parameters

3D printing

3D printing

3D model

3D model

be

as

as

G-code


Input: A slicing surface was generated to slice the 3D model by offsetting the surface of a freeform substrate model by a discrete amount (i.e., layer thickness) for each layer.

slicing

slice

surface

freeform

model

3D model

layer thickness

layer


Input: The perimeters of each layer (including the internal features) were extracted based on the intersections between the slicing surface and the 3D model, and infill toolpaths were created by projecting 2D patterns reflecting the features to be printed with a desired fill factor (in the x–y plane) onto the slicing surface to create 3D patterns.

layer

infill

extracted

slicing

slicing

3D model

2D patterns

be


Input: Several 3D models were sliced and printed on a freeform surface to validate the developed algorithm.

3D models

freeform

algorithm


Input: A laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing process is proposed for 3D printing optical interconnects An optical interconnect is directly printed on a circuit board for the first time using this process Transmitted optical power of the 3D printed optical fiber interconnects is 63% of that of a commercial fiber in these preliminary prototypes Processing conditions are established using fluid flow and heat transfer modeling Integrated photonics have many compelling advantages for computing and communication applications, including in high-speed and extremely wide bandwidth operations.

laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing

3D printing

3D printed

optical

optical

process

prototypes

heat transfer

fiber

fiber

fluid flow


Input: Current systems are typically hybrid assemblies of packaged photonic devices where printed circuit boards often serve to route electrical signals and power, and in some cases, have runs of optical fibers.

printed circuit boards

electrical

power

optical

fibers


Input: We present a flexible, low cost assembly method of optical interconnects for photonic systems that could enable higher transmission rates, lower power requirements, improved signal integrity and timing, less heat generation, and improved security of communication signals.

assembly

optical

transmission

power

integrity

heat


Input: The new process is based on laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing (LE-DPAM) that combines fused deposition modeling (FDM) of plastic, micro-dispensing of rubber-like materials, and picosecond laser subtraction.

process

materials

laser enhanced direct print additive manufacturing

LE-DPAM

fused deposition modeling

FDM

plastic

laser


Input: The process is demonstrated by fabricating few-mode and multi-mode optical fibers in a controlled manner such that compact, 3-dimensional optical interconnects can be printed along non-lineal paths.

process

fabricating

compact

optical

optical

fibers

be


Input: We have produced working optical interconnects with fiber core diameters from 70-μm to as small as 12-μm.

optical

fiber

as

as

core


Input: Our results demonstrate surface roughness of less than 100 nm, and optical transmitted power of 63% that of a commercial fiber, for proof of concept devices.

surface roughness

optical

power

fiber


Input: The LE-DPAM approach could lead to large scale integrated photonic computing devices that would replace our current generation of servers, computers, and phones.

LE-DPAM

lead

computers


Input: In this paper, we investigated the process variable effects on the damage and deformational behavior of fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) -printed specimens by performing tensile tests and inverse identification analyses.

process

three-dimensional

damage

fused deposition modeling

FDM

tensile tests


Input: A characterization of the effects of different parametric variations of 3D-printed specimens on fracture properties are a matter of considerable significance that are often overlooked.

variations

fracture


Input: By combining the infill density and the layer thickness options that are available in the 3D printer machine, six groups with different structural configurations can be obtained.

infill

layer thickness

density

3D printer

be


Input: The data and images obtained from experiments are employed to investigate the failure mechanism of 3D-printed specimens and demonstrate the relationship that exists between structural variations and fracture mechanical properties.

data

images

variations

fracture

properties

failure mechanism


Input: On the basis of experimental results, a Gurson-type porous plasticity model was used within a 3D continuum finite element model to characterize the process–damage parameter relationship through an inverse identification process.

experimental

model

finite element model

parameter

process

porous plasticity


Input: A PDMS contacting layer with nano-scaled pillars and an oxygen-permeable membrane were bonded together as the composite functional release film of rapid stereolithography.

layer

oxygen-permeable membrane

as

composite

stereolithography


Input: Optical simulations demonstrated that the nano-texture would not influence the curing effect of the resin.

Optical

curing

resin


Input: Nowadays, along with the demand for new technologies and new materials, a revolution in 3D printing technology is emerging.

technologies

materials

3D printing technology


Input: In recent years, stereolithography 3D printing has been widely used in both academia and industry, due to its fast forming speed, high precision, and low-cost advantages.

stereolithography 3D printing

forming

industry

precision


Input: The continuous liquid interface production technology has made the printing speed even faster.

continuous liquid interface production

printing speed


Input: However, the process of resin refilling constrains the printing speed and the printing capabilities of such technologies, since only hollow structures can be fabricated.

process

technologies

resin

be

printing speed


Input: In this study, a nano-textured hydrophobic PDMS contacting layer and an oxygen-permeable membrane were bonded together as the functional release film.

layer

oxygen-permeable membrane

as


Input: The oxygen inhibition layer was successfully maintained by the molecular oxygen permeated through the composite release film, achieving rapid stereolithography, and key factors that affecting resin refilling are selectively studied by the orthogonal experiment.

oxygen

oxygen

composite

resin

layer

stereolithography

experiment


Input: Additionally, optical simulations also demonstrated that the nano-texture would not influence the curing effect of the resin.

optical

curing

resin


Input: This work proposed a promising strategy for rapid stereolithography of 3D models containing larger cross-sectional areas.

stereolithography

3D models

areas


Input: A nano-textured PDMS contacting layer and an oxygen-permeable membrane were bonded together as the printing substrate, providing high oxygen permeability to form an oxygen inhibition layer.

layer

layer

oxygen-permeable membrane

as

substrate

oxygen

oxygen


Input: The introduction of the nano-texture on PDMS not only increased the refilling speed of the resin by two times and reduced the printing time by nearly 25%, and the printing reliability of larger cross-sectional areas was remarkably improved.Download: Download high-res image (272 Fracture, the breakdown of materials as cracks advance, is one of the most intriguing materials phenomena; it can happen even to very tough biological tissues including tendons, skin, bone and teeth, materials whose critical physiological functions can be compromised by structural irregularities.

resin

as

biological tissues

be

reliability

areas

high-res image

Fracture

materials

materials

materials

bone


Input: It has been suggested that creating composites by mixing heterogeneous constituents of contrasting material properties can yield designs that can better adapt to stress concentration, leading to synthetic materials with higher toughness than their constituents.

composites

synthetic materials

mixing heterogeneous

material properties

designs

stress concentration

toughness


Input: Here, an optimization algorithm is used to assess material fracture resistance in the presence of a crack.

optimization algorithm

material

fracture resistance


Input: The analysis is further extended through experiments that involve the use of additive manufacturing.

additive manufacturing


Input: Optimal solutions are composed solely of soft and stiff material elements, and are compared to various benchmarks.

material elements


Input: Multi-material three-dimensional-printing (3D-printing) is used to create material samples.

Multi-material

material


Input: Experimental results and mechanical testing show that an algorithmic design coupled with 3D-printing technology can generate morphologies of composites more than 20 times tougher than the stiffest base material, and more than twice as strong as the strongest base material.

Experimental

morphologies

mechanical testing

design

composites

material

as

as

material


Input: Direct comparison of strain fields around cracks shows excellent agreement between simulation and experiment.

strain

simulation

experiment


Input: The results suggest that the systematic use of microstructure optimization to generate enhanced fracture resistance constitutes a new materials design paradigm.

microstructure

materials

fracture resistance

design


Input: Three-dimensional (3D) printed highly conductive graphene-based nanocomposites have led to a paradigm shift in the development of flexible electronics as well as customized therapeutic devices.

Three-dimensional

electronics

therapeutic

led

as

as


Input: This article addresses the deployment and characterization of a piezoelectric-pneumatic material-jetting (PPMJ) additive manufacturing process to print graphene-based nanocomposites with 3D structures.

additive manufacturing process

print

3D structures


Input: Here, development of a graphene-silicone ink, so-called MJ-3DG, with a high content of graphene (70 wt%) and its adoption for the PPMJ process to 3D print a highly conductive graphene-silicone structure is demonstrated.

ink

graphene

process

structure

3D print


Input: The robust 3D printed structure from MJ-3DG ink with the surface roughness around 2.99 (µm) has the resistivity as low as 0.41 (Ω.cm).

3D printed

ink

as

as

surface roughness

resistivity


Input: This low resistivity is fairly comparable with the previously reported extrusion-based 3D-printed graphene structures that are the highest among all the carbon-based 3D-printed structures reported to date.

resistivity


Input: Furthermore, in contrast to the extrusion-based systems, the high process speed (up to 500 mm/s) and the drop-on-demand nature of PPMJ provide internal design flexibility for 3D printed structures and make the development of smart graphene-based electronic and biomonitoring devices possible.

extrusion-based systems

process

design flexibility

3D printed


Input: Owing to the lack of optimization, the dimensional accuracy of low-cost 3D printers is quite limited.

optimization

dimensional accuracy

3D printers


Input: In order to enhance the performances of a Prusa i3 3D printer, an optimization challenge was assigned to the students of the Specializing Master in Industrial Automation of the Politecnico di Torino.

3D printer

optimization

Automation

Industrial


Input: The enhancements were applied to four printers by manufacturing new self-replicated parts by means of the same 3D printers.

printers

3D printers

manufacturing


Input: The benchmarking involved the fabrication of replicas of an innovative reference artifact by means of the modified printers.

fabrication

printers


Input: A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was then used to inspect the dimensions of the replicas.

coordinate measuring machine

CMM

dimensions


Input: Measures were used to compare the performances of the four optimized printers in terms of dimensional accuracy using ISO IT grades.

printers

dimensional accuracy

ISO


Input: The form errors of the geometrical features of the replicas were also evaluated according to the GD & T system.

errors

geometrical features

GD


Input: The benchmarking results show that the most effective modifications to the original printer were those related to the improvement of the structure stiffness and chatter reduction.

printer

structure

reduction

stiffness


Input: Extrusion-based 3D printing of photo-curable hydrogel materials can be used for the generation of complex objects layer by layer without the need for molds.

3D printing

photo-curable

hydrogel

be

layer by layer

molds


Input: Photo-curing often is the final step of the 3D printing process, fixing the shape of the generated object.

step

3D printing


Input: However, the fabricated objects have to support themselves before curing, limiting the size of the objects.

fabricated

support

curing


Input: In this contribution, intermediate curing after completing each individual layer with poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate as a radically curing hydrogel system was investigated compared with single curing of the whole structure after complete layered deposition, and its effect on the mechanical properties and achievable object size was assessed.

curing

curing

curing

layer

diacrylate

as

structure

deposition

mechanical properties


Input: Defect-free hydrogel samples for mechanical testing were obtained with an optimized washing/swelling protocol.

hydrogel

mechanical testing

protocol


Input: It was found that hydrogel objects cured after completion without intermediate curing steps had the highest fracture stresses and compression at break with 32.5 N cm−2 and 44%, respectively.

hydrogel

N

cured

curing

fracture

compression


Input: With increasing intermediate curing time, both the fracture stress and the compression at break decreased down to 7.8 N cm−2 and 26%, respectively, for 5 s intermediate curing.

curing time

fracture

compression

N

s

curing


Input: Long intermediate curing times between the layers lead to preferred crack formation parallel to the layers due to decreased chemical bonding.

curing times

lead

bonding


Input: However, the formation of higher hydrogel objects than enabled by the yield stress of the hydrogel was only possible with intermediate curing due to the better self-support of partially cured objects.

hydrogel

hydrogel

yield stress

curing

cured


Input: The effect of printing speed on quality of parts fabricated via Binder Jetting process is experimentally evaluated.

printing speed

quality

fabricated

Binder Jetting


Input: The dimensional accuracy of printed samples reduces linearly with increasing printing speed due to the enhanced spreading of droplets under more significant inertia forces.

dimensional accuracy

samples

droplets

forces

printing speed


Input: Saturation level of printed features is also linearly influenced by the printing speed, which can be attributed to increase of dimensional inaccuracy.

printing speed

be


Input: Binder Jetting Process is an Additive Manufacturing technique (AM) in which a liquid binder is employed for establishing the initial strength and fabricating the geometry of components.

Binder Jetting

Additive Manufacturing

AM

fabricating

liquid binder

strength

geometry

components


Input: In this process, the delivery of the binding agent is accomplished through a drop-on-demand (DOD) printhead by deposition of picoliter-sized droplets of the liquid binder.

process

deposition

droplets

DOD

liquid binder


Input: The velocity of the droplets impinging the powder bed surface might have significant effect on droplet spreading and absorption dynamics, which can be manifested in quality and integrity of the fabricated parts.

droplets

droplet

absorption

quality

integrity

fabricated

powder bed

be


Input: In the present study, the effect of the printing speed on dimensional accuracy and equilibrium saturation level of printed samples is experimentally investigated and the observed trends are discussed in detail.

printing speed

dimensional accuracy

equilibrium

samples

trends


Input: Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) is a large format additive manufacturing (AM) process.

Area

Additive Manufacturing

additive manufacturing

AM

process


Input: However, at this scale, lack of high print resolution and extruder flowrate control lead to potentially significant geometric deviations in the printed part.

print resolution

extruder

lead


Input: Multi-resolution printing, extrusion diversion, and feedforward extruder control are examined herein.

extrusion

extruder


Input: These methods were all found to be effective in mitigating phenomena detrimental to geometric part quality on the BAAM process.

be

quality

process


Input: A space frame lattice and shell finite element model was created to predict the linearly elastic response of test coupons made with a modified polyetherimide (PEI) material.

lattice

finite element model

shell

elastic

material


Input: This approach was employed because it provides an efficient procedure to design and optimize 3D printed parts.

design

3D printed parts


Input: The modeled coupons were 3D printed by extrusion of molten thermoplastic polymer.

3D printed

extrusion

thermoplastic polymer


Input: The finite element model was verified by comparing the predicted values of elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’ s ratio in two material directions with the corresponding values obtained from quasi-static mechanical experiments.

finite element model

predicted

quasi-static

elastic modulus

shear modulus

s

material

mechanical


Input: The values obtained for the moduli and the Poisson’ s ratios from the finite element model matched closely with those obtained from the experiments.

s

finite element model


Input: Material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a popular additive manufacturing technique suitable for producing 3D shapes using thermoplastic materials.

Material extrusion additive manufacturing

additive manufacturing

as

thermoplastic materials


Input: The majority of companies that design and test 3D printing machines work with thermoplastic acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) filaments.

companies

design

3D printing

thermoplastic

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

ABS

polylactic acid

PLA

filaments


Input: It is, however, crucial to utilize different types of filaments for a broader range of applications with different mechanical property requirements.

filaments

range

mechanical property


Input: MEAM techniques may be used for the production of SMP-based parts, allowing for smart structures to be created in a wide variety of geometries.

be

be

production

smart structures

geometries


Input: In this work, a commercial 3D-printer was used to produce 3D printed polyurethane-based SMP specimens.

3D printed


Input: Mechanical and thermomechanical testing was conducted to study the effects of testing temperatures and annealing heat treatments on the tensile and shape memory properties of the samples.

Mechanical

thermomechanical

properties

samples

testing

testing

temperatures

annealing

tensile


Input: 3D printing was shown to be a suitable technique for producing SMP parts capable of retaining good shape memory characteristics.

3D printing

be


Input: Different annealing heat treatments and test temperatures were found to have considerable effects on the SMP specimen properties.

annealing

temperatures

properties


Input: In particular, annealing the specimens at 85 °C for 2 h helped to improve the rate of shape recovery and the consistency of mechanical test results.

annealing

consistency

mechanical test


Input: A systematic approach on the numerical simulation of electrified jet printing is studied.

numerical simulation


Input: The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method which suits for modeling multiphase flows with a continuous interface is used.

Volume of Fluid

VOF

interface

modeling


Input: The surface tension force is calculated with the Continuum Surface Force (CSF) method and the electric forces are added to the momentum equation by taking the divergence of the Maxwell stress tensor.

surface tension

stress

force

Continuum Surface Force

CSF

forces


Input: Employing these dimensionless numbers, the number of effective parameters is reduced, and a relative comparison of the importance of competing forces on the process becomes possible.

parameters

forces

process


Input: In this study, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed to implement a quantitative description of the mechanical behavior of materials fabricated by stereolithography (SLA).

model

quantitative

materials fabricated

mechanical

stereolithography

SLA


Input: Considering the characteristics of the SLA printing process and the influence of the printing angle and layer thickness, the transversely isotropic elastic model and the Hill anisotropic yield model are used to describe the mechanical behavior of SLA-printed materials.

SLA

printing process

layer thickness

isotropic elastic

anisotropic

model

materials

mechanical


Input: In the analysis of the elasticity and strength of SLA-printed materials, equations to predict the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength are derived.

elasticity

strength

elastic modulus

ultimate tensile strength

materials


Input: Uniaxial tensile tests are carried out to obtain the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the standard SLA-printed materials under different printing angles and layer thicknesses.

tensile tests

elastic modulus

ultimate tensile strength

standard

materials

layer thicknesses


Input: The parameters of the constitutive model are employed in ABAQUS to simulate the mechanical behavior of a cellular structure and compare it with the experimental results.

parameters

model

experimental

ABAQUS

mechanical

cellular structure


Input: The results demonstrate that the elastoplastic constitutive model developed in this study can effectively describe the mechanical behavior of SLA-printed materials.

model

materials

mechanical


Input: Transparent materials for fused filament fabrication printers are widely available and may be useful for constructing 3D printed devices with applications in UV/VIS spectroscopy.

Transparent materials

spectroscopy

fused filament fabrication

3D printed

be


Input: In this study, colourless polylactic acid, HD Glass and T-Glase were evaluated as construction materials for biochemical sensors, which contain immobilised enzymes, for analysis by UV/VIS spectrophotometry.

polylactic acid

Glass

as

materials

sensors


Input: Experiments were conducted on both the native 3D print and after coating with XTC-3D®, a transparent epoxy resin used to improve optical transparency of 3D prints.

3D print

3D prints

coating

transparent

epoxy

optical


Input: Individual enzymes were immobilised within the 3D prints by coupling the enzymes to tosyl-activated magnetic beads and attracted to the print surface by magnets embedded in the 3D print.

3D prints

print

3D print

beads

magnets


Input: A transparent 3D printed device was demonstrated using enzymatic assays of lactose and glucose.

transparent

3D printed


Input: Further studies showed that enzyme assays performed in these 3D printed devices are reproducible, accurate and of comparable sensitivity to the same assays performed in polystyrene cuvettes.

3D printed

accurate

sensitivity

polystyrene


Input: Additive manufacturing is now considered as a new paradigm that is foreseen to improve progress in many fields.

Additive manufacturing

as


Input: The field of tissue engineering has been facing the need for tissue vascularization when producing thick tissues.

tissue engineering

vascularization

facing


Input: The use of sugar glass as a fugitive ink to produce vascular networks through rapid casting may offer the key to vascularization of thick tissues produced by tissue engineering.

sugar glass

as

ink

casting

vascularization

tissue engineering


Input: Here, a 3D printer head capable of producing complex structures out of sugar glass is presented.

3D printer head

complex structures

sugar glass


Input: This printer head uses a motorized heated syringe fitted with a custom made nozzle.

printer

syringe

nozzle


Input: The printer head was adapted to be mounted on a commercially available 3D printer.

printer

3D printer

be


Input: A mathematical model was derived to predict the diameter of the filaments based on the printer head feed rate and extrusion rate.

mathematical

diameter

filaments

printer

feed

extrusion rate


Input: Using a 1 mm diameter nozzle, the printer accurately produced filaments ranging from 0.3 mm to 3.2 mm in diameter.

mm

mm

mm

diameter

diameter

printer

accurately

filaments


Input: One of the main advantages of this manufacturing method is the self-supporting behaviour of sugar glass that allows the production of long, horizontal, curved, as well as overhanging filaments needed to produce complex vascular networks.

manufacturing

production

self-supporting

sugar glass

as

as

filaments


Input: Finally, to establish a proof of concept, polydimethylsiloxane was used as the gel matrix during the rapid casting to produce various “vascularized” constructs that were successfully perfused, which suggests that this new fabrication method can be used in a number of tissue engineering applications, including the vascularization of thick tissues.

polydimethylsiloxane

as

gel

be

casting

fabrication

tissue engineering

vascularization


Input: 3D printable zwitterionic nanoclay hydrogel with self-supporting abilities.

hydrogel

self-supporting


Input: Printing speed had a considerable effect on the material’ s tensile properties.

Printing speed

material

s

properties


Input: Increased aging time of the pre-gels significantly reduced strain at failure.

strain

failure


Input: Excellent recovery of compressed hydrogels when left for 24 h at room temperature.

hydrogels

temperature


Input: A UV-curable nanoclay-zwitterionic hydrogel is synthesised and evaluated though rheological and mechanical testing.

hydrogel

rheological

mechanical testing


Input: Compression and tensile samples are printed and compared to cast samples.

Compression

tensile

samples

cast


Input: The pre-gel aging time showed that an increased time resulted in a lower strain at failure for both cast and extruded samples.

strain

failure

cast

extruded


Input: Furthermore, the compressed samples display self-healing abilities at room temperature and almost completely returns to its original state before compression occurred.

samples

temperature

compression


Input: Net-shape 98% dense objects have been fabricated from a rapidly solidified ferrous powder using binder jet 3D printing and molten bronze infiltration.

fabricated

rapidly solidified

3D printing

powder

binder

bronze


Input: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis were used to characterize the structural evolution of the powder feedstock during an infiltration heating cycle.

X-ray diffraction

scanning electron microscopy

thermal analysis

evolution

infiltration

powder feedstock

heating


Input: Microindentation and bend tests were performed on the infiltrated material to evaluate its mechanical properties.

bend tests

material

mechanical properties


Input: It was found that infiltration improved the strength of the sintered preforms by eliminating the stress concentration points at interparticle necks.

infiltration

strength

sintered

stress concentration


Input: We have printed microscale 3-dimensional tissue scaffolds using cellulose acetate (CA) for the first time and produced a range of pore sizes ranging from 99 to 608 μm that are potentially favorable for tissue engineering.

microscale

tissue engineering

scaffolds

cellulose acetate

CA

range

pore sizes


Input: In the process we have elucidated some of the formulation-fabrication-morphology relationships which enabled advancements in ink development, optimization of fabrication parameters, and morphological control.

process

optimization

ink

fabrication


Input: We believe this study will increase the knowledge base for additive manufacturing of CA and enable further research into the use of 3D-printed CA for tissue engineering applications.

additive manufacturing

CA

research

tissue engineering


Input: Also, our findings on printing optimization may provide some practical principles and methodologies that are applicable for the ink development using other biomaterials.

optimization

ink

biomaterials


Input: Anisotropy in dielectric properties can have deleterious effects in structures intended for use in high-field environments.

Anisotropy

dielectric


Input: We show that dielectric anisotropy is introduced into parts fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques based on the orientation in which the part is printed.

dielectric

anisotropy

fabricated

orientation

additive manufacturing


Input: Dielectric strength testing data, based on the ASTM D149 standard, are presented for samples fabricated using the polymer jetting (PolyJet), stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing techniques.

Dielectric strength

data

standard

samples fabricated

PolyJet

polymer

jetting

stereolithography

fused deposition modeling

FDM

selective laser sintering

SLS

additive manufacturing

SLA


Input: Each printing technique was found to introduce anisotropic dielectric properties within the sample coupons that were a function of the original orientation in which the part was printed, and the direction of structural susceptibility was found to be print-method dependent.

anisotropic

susceptibility

properties

sample

orientation

be


Input: Differences in dielectric strength for coupons printed in different orientations were found to exceed 70% for some combinations of printing technique and polymer.

dielectric strength

orientations

polymer


Input: Overall, test coupons printed with stereolithography (SLA) were found to exhibit the lowest degree of dielectric strength anisotropy between print orientations.

stereolithography

print

SLA

dielectric strength anisotropy

orientations


Input: Dielectric failure mechanisms are discussed.

Dielectric


Input: Effect of deposition velocity on the width, continuity and mechanical properties of printed mortar.

deposition

mechanical properties


Input: The pumping flow rate influences the printed mortar specimens.

flow rate


Input: Mechanical strength of multi-layered printed specimens in the presence/absence of glass fibre, compared with moulded mortar.

Mechanical strength

glass fibre

moulded


Input: An adaptable industrial robot end-effector orientation and velocity control approach for versatile novel form fabrication.

industrial robot

orientation

fabrication


Input: Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies are widely used in various fields of industry and research.

Additive Manufacturing

AM

technologies

research

industry


Input: Continual research has enabled AM technologies to be considered as a feasible substitute for certain applications in the construction industry, particularly given the advances in the use of glass fibre reinforced mortar.

research

AM technologies

be

as

glass fibre

construction


Input: An investigation of the resulting mechanical properties of various mortar mixes extruded using a robotic arm is presented.

mechanical properties

extruded

robotic arm


Input: The nozzle paths were projected via ‘spline’ interpolation to obtain the desired trajectory and deposition velocity in the reference frame of the manipulator.

nozzle

manipulator

interpolation

deposition


Input: In this study, the mixes consist of ordinary Portland cement, fine sand, chopped glass fibres (6 mm) and chemical admixtures, which are used to print prismatic- and cubic-shaped specimens.

cement

sand

glass fibres

mm

print


Input: Mechanical strength tests were performed on the printed specimens to evaluate the behaviour of the materials in the presence and absence of glass fibre.

Mechanical strength

materials

glass fibre


Input: Robot end-effector velocity tests were performed to examine the printability and extrudability of the mortar mixes.

Robot

printability


Input: The results show that printed specimens with glass fibre have enhanced compressive strength compared with specimens without glass fibre.

glass fibre

glass fibre

compressive strength


Input: Blends of raco-PP and amorphous PP show best 3D printing performances.

Blends

3D printing


Input: Tailored polypropylene features enhanced interlayer bonding quality and reduced warpage.

polypropylene

bonding

warpage


Input: 3D printed frog with PP as test sample demonstrates outstanding part performance.

3D printed

as

sample

performance


Input: This paper reports on the optimization of polypropylene (PP) feedstock material towards extrusion-based additive manufacturing.

optimization

polypropylene

feedstock material

additive manufacturing


Input: To achieve this, two commercially available grades of polypropylene/ethylene random copolymers (raco PP) were modified, aiming to reduce warp deformation caused by shrinkage and at the same time reduce the anisotropic property by improving the interlayer bonding quality of 3D printed parts processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF).

copolymers

deformation

shrinkage

bonding

anisotropic

3D printed parts

fused filament fabrication

FFF


Input: A β-nucleating agent, several amorphous polypropylenes (aPP) and one linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) were selected as additive or blending component with the goal to reduce shrinkage.

polypropylenes

polyethylene

as

additive

blending

shrinkage


Input: The polypropylene feedstock material optimization was conducted by a combination of a lab-scale filament rod processing method and utilizing printed square tubes to optimize printing performance.

polypropylene feedstock

material

filament

printing performance


Input: The achieved results demonstrate that the crystallization behavior and E-modulus of polypropylene play significant roles for warp deformation in extrusion-based 3D printed parts.

crystallization

deformation

polypropylene

3D printed parts


Input: The investigated polymer blend of raco PP and LLDPE shows no significant contribution to reduce warpage and impairs also the interlayer bonding.

polymer blend

warpage

bonding


Input: With two aPP grades warp deformation could be drastically reduced.

deformation

be


Input: In addition, the interlayer bonding quality is remarkably enhanced in these blends in spite of slight decreases in stiffness and strength.

bonding

blends

stiffness

strength


Input: In conclusion, the optimized PP feedstock material features less warp deformation, high stiffness, and most importantly, outstanding interlayer bonding qualities.

feedstock material

deformation

bonding

stiffness


Input: This paper investigates the effect of interlayer cooling on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) structures that are 3D printed using fusion based material extrusion.

investigates

mechanical properties

fusion

cooling

3D printed

material extrusion

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

ABS


Input: Two different types of samples were prepared, one designed to measure the compressive strength of the structural material, and the other designed to measure the shear strength of the structural material.

samples

designed

designed

compressive strength

shear strength

material

material


Input: As the wait time in between layers was increased, the effective yield strength was decreased for both types of samples.

As

yield strength

samples


Input: Temperature data was collected from the top layer of the structures after each successive layer deposition.

Temperature

layer

layer

data

deposition


Input: This data revealed significant cooling over the wait times being considered.

data

cooling


Input: These trends prove that additional care needs to be taken when selecting the print settings for structural components that are manufactured using fused filament fabrication.

trends

structural components

manufactured

be

print

fused filament fabrication


Input: This study shows that printing processes that require additional time (i.e.

printing processes


Input: larger parts, finer geometries, etc.

geometries


Input: ) will inherently lead to a reduction in the mechanical strength of the printed structure.

lead

reduction

structure

mechanical strength


Input: To improve printing fidelity, reducing the slice thickness to eliminate the staircase effect is of great importance for digital light processing (DLP) technology.

slice

technology

digital light processing

DLP


Input: However, using a thinner slice printing model leads to a longer total printing time in the conventional DLP approach, which significantly reduces printing efficiency.

slice

model

DLP


Input: In this work, a tunable pre-curing DLP approach was developed where the relationship between the forming layer thickness and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time is theoretically analyzed, and the curing process of photo-curable solutions is divided into two sub-processes: pre-curing and further curing.

DLP

forming

curing

curing

ultraviolet

UV

exposure

photo-curable


Input: In the pre-curing process, the photo-curable solution is initially pre-cured and kept at the pre-gelled state due to continuous UV exposure during subsequent DLP printing.

process

UV exposure

photo-curable

DLP


Input: Then, the pre-cured photo-curable solution is quickly cured to form a designed thickness in each printing cycle.

photo-curable

designed

cured


Input: Also, the UV absorbing agent is added to the photo-curable hydrogel solutions to regulate the pre-curing process.

UV

process

photo-curable

hydrogel


Input: Using a 10 μm slice for DLP printing, the total printing time of the tunable pre-curing DLP is approximately 5.6% of the conventional DLP, and the staircase effect on the surface is significantly eliminated using 10 μm slice tunable pre-curing DLP approach, which leads to a better printing fidelity.

slice

surface

slice

DLP

DLP

DLP

DLP


Input: Moreover, the reduction of UV exposure time and slice thickness is beneficial for cell viability during DLP bioprinting of thick bulk structures, which is demonstrated by the printing of PC12 cell-laden gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) bioinks.

reduction

UV exposure

slice

cell viability

DLP

bioprinting


Input: Using the tunable pre-curing DLP approach, the PC12 cells achieved higher cell viability (90.2 ± 6.1%) and better cell morphology than the conventional DLP approach (54.5 ± 4.8%).

DLP

DLP

cells

cell

cell viability


Input: The tunable pre-curing DLP approach provides a promising alternative to extend the application of DLP printing greatly.

DLP

DLP


Input: This paper proposes an electromagnetic based planar pressure sensor using a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW).

pressure

substrate


Input: The proposed pressure sensor is inspired by a rectangular SIW cavity and is additively manufactured using 3D printed dielectric material with inkjet printed conductive pattern.

pressure

pattern

additively manufactured

3D printed

inkjet

material


Input: We inserted meshed material at the SIW centre, to facilitate soft pressing, and simplify producing frequency shifts due to capacitive coupling perturbation from different pressure levels.

material

pressing

pressure


Input: This paper investigates the bending behaviors of a bi-material structure (BMS) using both experimental and numerical methods The BMS is a composite material built by a 3D-printed, open-cellular brittle plaster structure filled with a silicone elastomer.

investigates

structure

experimental

structure

bending

composite material

silicone elastomer

brittle


Input: The composition and configuration of the two materials determine the overall mechanical properties.

composition

configuration

materials

mechanical properties


Input: Four-point bending test results show a non-linear elastic property, enhanced strength and toughness of BMS samples compared to either material phase alone.

bending test

elastic

strength

toughness

samples

material


Input: Such behavior is believed to be a result of delayed microcrack propagation in the brittle phase and a hardening effect of elastomer.

be

elastomer

brittle

hardening


Input: In the numerical study, finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to verify these hypotheses.

finite element analysis


Input: The FEA incorporates a brittle cracking material model for the plaster and a hyperelastic model for the silicone.

brittle

material

silicone

model


Input: The brittle cracking model enables the estimation of element degradation as a result of crack development and thus eliminates the need for the extremely refined mesh.

brittle

model

degradation

element

as


Input: Simulation result confirms the non-linear elastic transition and crack-induced material degradation and visualizes the silicone strengthening mechanism that can avoid rapid structural rupture.

Simulation

elastic

material

silicone

degradation

mechanism


Input: Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly becoming one of the most popular manufacturing techniques for short run part production and rapid prototyping.

Additive manufacturing

AM

manufacturing

production

rapid prototyping


Input: AM encompasses a range of technologies, including powder bed fusion (PBF) process.

AM

powder bed fusion

PBF

range

technologies

process


Input: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and benchmark the mechanical performance of polyamide 12 (PA12) parts, fabricated using a production scale powder bed fusion printing process (HP Multi Jet Fusion printing process).

benchmark

mechanical

polyamide 12

fabricated

process

process

production

powder bed fusion

Multi Jet Fusion


Input: This system has a build volume is 380 × 254 × 350 mm.

build volume

mm


Input: The printed polymer parts were examined to determine their hydrophobicity, morphology, porosity and roughness.

polymer

morphology

porosity

roughness


Input: Chemical and thermal properties of the PA12 parts were also evaluated using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

thermal properties

infrared

scanning

reflection

FT-IR

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XPS

DSC


Input: The study highlights the influence of build orientation on the tensile (ISO 527-1:2012) and flexural (ISO 178:2010) properties.

build orientation

tensile

ISO

ISO

properties


Input: In terms of tensile strength, the parts exhibited isotropic behaviour with a maximum tensile strength of 49 MPa.

tensile strength

isotropic

tensile strength

MPa


Input: In terms of flexural testing, the build orientations had a significant effect on the strength of the printed part.

testing

build orientations

strength


Input: The Z orientation exhibited a 40% higher flexural strength, when compared to that of the X orientation.

orientation

orientation

flexural strength


Input: The maximum flexural strength observed was 70 MPa.

flexural strength

MPa


Input: The results of this rapid, production scale AM study are compared with previous studies that detail the mechanical performance of PA12, fabricated using PBF processes, such as selective laser sintering.

production

AM

PBF

laser sintering

mechanical

as

fabricated


Input: Fab labs, which offer small-scale distributed digital fabrication, are forming a Green Fab Lab Network, which embraces concepts of an open source symbiotic economy and circular economy patterns.

digital fabrication

forming

source


Input: With the use of industrial 3D printers capable of fused particle fabrication/ fused granular fabrication (FPF/FGF) printing directly from waste plastic streams, green fab labs could act as defacto recycling centers for converting waste plastics into valuable products for their communities.

industrial

3D printers

fused

fused

recycling

fabrication

plastic

as

plastics


Input: Thus, in this study the Gigabot X, an open source industrial 3D printer, which has been shown to be amenable to a wide array of recyclables for FPF/FGF 3D printing, is used to evaluate this economic potential.

source

industrial

3D printer

be

3D printing


Input: An economic life cycle analysis of the technology is completed comprised of three cases studies using FPF for large sporting equipment products.

life cycle

technology

equipment


Input: Sensitivities are run on the electricity costs for operation, materials costs from various feed stocks and the capacity factors of the 3D printers.

Sensitivities

feed

materials

capacity

3D printers


Input: The results showed that FPF/FGF 3D printing is capable of energy efficient production of a wide range of large high-value sporting goods products.

3D printing

production

range


Input: For the case study products analyzed even the lowest capacity factor (starting only one print per week) represented a profit when comparing to high-end value products.

case study

capacity

print


Input: For some products the profit potential and return on investment was substantial (e.g.

return on investment


Input: The results clearly show that open source industrial FPF/FGF 3D printers have significant economic potential when used as a distributed recycling/manufacturing system using recyclable feed stocks in the green fab lab context.

source

industrial

3D printers

as

recyclable

feed


Input: It is well-known that the effective mechanical properties of cellular structures can be tuned by varying its relative density.

mechanical properties

cellular structures

be

relative density


Input: With the advancement of 3D printing, variable-density cellular structures can be fabricated with high precision using this emerging manufacturing technology.

3D printing

manufacturing technology

cellular structures

be

precision


Input: Taking advantage of this unique ability to fabricate variable-density cellular structure, an efficient homogenization-based topology optimization method for natural frequency optimization is presented in this work.

fabricate

cellular structure

topology optimization

optimization


Input: The method is demonstrated using a cantilevered plate with a honeycomb structure and is validated by detailed finite element analysis and experiment.

honeycomb structure

finite element analysis

experiment


Input: It is shown that the optimal design can be fabricated by 3D printing and shows significant enhancement in natural frequency and reduction in weight.

design

be

3D printing

reduction

weight


Input: Among additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, binder jetting (BJ) produces workpieces that could be used in a great variety of applications, such as decorative parts, prototypes, foundry molds, bone implants, and others.

additive manufacturing

AM

binder jetting

BJ

foundry

technologies

prototypes

be

as

bone implants


Input: This technique includes the powder deposition to form the layers, binder application, and post-processing to enhance mechanical properties.

powder

binder

deposition

post-processing

mechanical properties


Input: Fibers can be mixed with traditional raw material powder in order to produce composite parts that are stronger.

Fibers

be

raw material

powder

composite


Input: Sisal fibers are considered to be a promising reinforcement in composites because of their low cost, high strength, and lack of risk to human health.

fibers

be

composites

reinforcement

strength


Input: In Brazil, sisal fibers are abundant and there has been no previous study on the application of this fiber in binder jetting.

fibers

fiber

binder jetting


Input: This article proposes the production of gypsum–sisal fiber parts using BJ and the analysis of the effects of some manufacturing parameters, such as the presence of fiber, printing orientation, and post-processing.

production

BJ

manufacturing

fiber

as

fiber

orientation

post-processing


Input: A material characterization is performed on raw materials and printed parts in the form of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

material

raw materials

thermogravimetric analysis

TGA

X-ray diffraction

XRD

scanning electron microscopy

SEM


Input: A complete 24 factorial design for analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the mechanical strength and porosity of the manufactured parts.

factorial design

manufactured

mechanical strength

porosity


Input: It was observed that the fibers had a positive influence on the mechanical strength of the infiltrated parts, but a loss of strength was verified on the green parts.

fibers

mechanical strength

strength

green parts


Input: The reason for a loss of mechanical strength correlated with the increase in porosity caused by the fiber during the printing process; however, this increased porosity contributed to a more efficient infiltration post-processing.

mechanical strength

porosity

porosity

correlated

infiltration

fiber

printing process


Input: We experimentally and numerically investigate elastic wave propagation in a class of lightweight architected materials composed of hollow spheres and binders.

elastic

lightweight

materials

binders


Input: Elastic wave transmission tests demonstrate the existence of vibration mitigation capability in the proposed architected foams, which is validated against the numerically predicted phononic band gap.

Elastic

transmission

predicted


Input: We further describe that the phononic band gap properties can be significantly altered through changing hollow sphere thickness and binder size in the architected foams.

properties

be

binder


Input: At the threshold stiffness contrast of 50, the proposed architected foam requires only a volume fraction of 10.8% while exhibiting an omnidirectional band gap size exceeding 130%.

stiffness

foam

volume fraction


Input: The proposed design paradigm and physical mechanisms are robust and applicable to architected foams with other topologies, thus providing new opportunities to design phononic metamaterials for low-frequency vibration control.

design

design

topologies

metamaterials


Input: Additive manufacturing of polymer derived ceramics with fused filament fabrication.

Additive manufacturing

fused filament fabrication

polymer

ceramics


Input: Producing ceramics with hollow struts by surface coating with preceramic polymers.

ceramics

polymers

struts

surface

coating


Input: Creating a multi-level porous system with stable geometry.

porous

geometry


Input: All 3-D printing materials produced ceramics skins of less than 100 microns.

materials

ceramics


Input: A promising method for obtaining ceramic components with additive manufacturing (AM) is to use a two-step process of first printing the artifact in polymer and then converting it to ceramic using pyrolysis to form polymer derived ceramics (PDCs).

ceramic

polymer

ceramic

polymer

ceramics

additive manufacturing

AM

pyrolysis

process


Input: AM of ceramic components using PDCs has been demonstrated with a number of high-cost techniques, but data is lacking for fused filament fabrication (FFF) -based 3-D printing.

AM

fused filament fabrication

FFF

ceramic

data


Input: This study investigates the potential of lower-cost, more widespread and accessible FFF-based 3-D printing of PDCs.

investigates


Input: Low-cost FFF machines have a resolution limit set by the nozzle width, which is inferior to the resolutions obtained with expensive stereolithography or selective laser sintering AM systems.

FFF

stereolithography

selective laser sintering

AM

resolution

limit

nozzle


Input: However, to match the performance a partial PDC conversion is used here, where only the outer surface of the printed polymer frame is converted to ceramic.

performance

surface

polymer

ceramic


Input: Here the FFF-based 3-D printed sample is coated with a preceramic polymer and then it is converted into the corresponding PDC sample with a high temperature pyrolysis process.

sample

sample

process

coated

polymer

temperature

pyrolysis


Input: A screening experiment is performed on commercial filaments to obtain ceramic 3-D prints by surface coating both hard thermoplastics: poly lactic acid (PLA), polycarbonate (PC), nylon alloys, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and co-polyesters; and flexible materials including: flexible PLA, thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic polyurethane filaments.

experiment

surface

materials

filaments

ceramic

thermoplastics

PLA

polycarbonate

PC

nylon alloys

polypropylene

polyethylene terephthalate

polyethylene terephthalate

PLA

thermoplastic elastomer

thermoplastic polyurethane filaments

coating


Input: Mass and volume changes were quantified for the soaking and pyrolysis steps to form a hollow ceramic skin.

volume

pyrolysis

ceramic


Input: All 3-D printing materials extruded at 250 microns successfully produced hollow ceramics skins of less than 100 microns.

materials

extruded

ceramics


Input: The novel results developed here can be used to choose FFF-based polymers to use for PDC processing on a wide range of applications such as heat exchangers, heat sinks, scaffoldings for bone tissue growth, chemical/ gas filters and custom scientific hardware.

be

polymers

as

range

heat sinks

bone tissue growth

gas

filters


Input: Additive manufacturing via 3-D printing technologies have become a frontier in materials research, including its application in the development and recycling of permanent magnets.

Additive manufacturing

technologies

materials

recycling

permanent magnets


Input: This work addresses the opportunity to integrate magnetic field sources into 3-D printing process in order to enable printing, alignment of anisotropic permanent magnets or magnetizing of magnetic filler materials, without requiring further processing.

magnetic field

process

materials

anisotropic

magnets


Input: A non-axisymmetric electromagnet-type field source architecture was designed, modelled, constructed, installed to a fused filament commercial 3-D printer, and tested.

source

architecture

designed

fused

filament


Input: The testing was performed by applying magnetic field while printing composite anisotropic Nd-Fe-B + Sm-Fe-N powders bonded in Nylon12 (65 vol.%) and recycled Sm-Co powder bonded in PLA (15 vol.%).

testing

magnetic field

recycled

composite

powders

powder

PLA

anisotropic


Input: Magnetic characterization indicated that the degree-of-alignment of the magnet powders increased both with alignment field strength (controlled by the electric current applied to the magnetizing system) and the printing temperature.

Magnetic characterization

magnet

strength

temperature


Input: Both coercivity and remanence were found to be strongly dependent on the degree-of-alignment, except for printing performed below but near the Curie temperature of Nd-Fe-B (310 ° C).

be

C

Curie temperature


Input: The variations in coercivity were consistent with previous observations in bonded magnet materials.

variations

magnet


Input: This work verifies that integration of magnetic field sources into 3-D printing processes will result in magnetic alignment of particles while ensuring that other advantages of 3-D printing are retained.

magnetic field

processes

particles


Input: Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is the most popular additive manufacturing method because of its numerous capabilities and relatively low cost.

Fused Filament Fabrication

FFF

additive manufacturing


Input: This comes with a trade off as FFF printed parts are typically weak in the layer deposition direction due to insufficient interlayer bonding.

as

layer

deposition direction

bonding


Input: This research adopts the method of cold plasma treatment and investigates the potential enhancement of interlayer bonding by altering the printed surface prior to the deposition of the next layer.

research

plasma

investigates

bonding

surface

deposition

layer


Input: Polylactic acid (PLA) is used as the printing material, due to its ubiquity in industry.

Polylactic acid

PLA

as

material

industry


Input: The bonding strength is measured by the shear bond strength test.

bonding strength

bond strength


Input: The results show that bond strength improved over 100% with 30 s of treatment and over 50% with 300 s of treatment.

bond strength

s

s


Input: This indicates that wettability may not be the dominant mechanism for enhanced bonding after treatment.

wettability

mechanism

bonding

be


Input: Using 3D printed, patient-specific medical phantoms has become increasingly popular for use in biomedical applications including medical device testing, medical education, and surgical planning, etc.

3D printed

planning

medical

biomedical applications

medical device

medical


Input: To overcome the inherent differences in mechanical properties between biological tissues and printable polymers, metamaterials are being introduced to mimic the mechanical response of the biological tissues.

mechanical properties

mechanical response

biological tissues

polymers

metamaterials

biological tissues

mimic


Input: However, the existing trial-and-error approaches for finding the geometric parameters of the metamaterial result in time-consuming trials, which can not meet the urgent needs for medical applications.

trial-and-error

parameters

metamaterial

medical applications


Input: We addressed this issue by proposing an optimization-based statistical approach with an easy-to-evaluate surrogate model to guide the design process and reduce the design time.

model

design process

design


Input: In this paper, several validation tests were reported, including a biomedical application of mimicking the mechanical response of human articular cartilage.

validation

mechanical response

biomedical application


Input: The proposed approach achieves excellent accuracy both visually and quantitatively.

accuracy

quantitatively


Input: This data-driven approach demonstrates efficacy and flexibility in building the surrogate model even when no obvious physical trends can be extracted.

flexibility

model

trends

be


Input: With the proposed statistical approach, we can efficiently design the metamaterial and 3D-print mechanically accurate phantoms for sophisticated engineering applications.

design

metamaterial

accurate

engineering


Input: Cartilage regeneration is challenging because of the poor intrinsic self-repair capacity of avascular tissue.

regeneration

capacity


Input: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has gained significant attention in the field of tissue engineering and is a promising technology to overcome current difficulties in cartilage regeneration.

Three-dimensional

tissue engineering

technology

regeneration

bioprinting


Input: Although bioink is an essential component of bioprinting technology, several challenges remain in satisfying different requirements for ideal bioink, including biocompatibility and printability based on specific biological requirements.

component

bioprinting

biocompatibility

printability


Input: Gelatin and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been shown to be ideal biomimetic hydrogel sources for cartilage regeneration.

be

biomimetic

regeneration


Input: However, controlling their structure, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and degradation rate for cartilage repair remains a challenge.

structure

mechanical properties

biocompatibility

degradation rate


Input: Here, we show a photocurable bioink created by hybridization of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and glycidyl-methacrylated HA (GMHA) for material extrusion 3D bioprinting in cartilage regeneration.

material extrusion 3D bioprinting

regeneration


Input: GelMA and GMHA were mixed in various ratios, and the mixture of 7% GelMA and 5% GMHA bioink (G7H5) demonstrated the most reliable mechanical properties, rheological properties, and printability.

mechanical properties

rheological properties

printability


Input: This bioink also provided an excellent microenvironment for chondrogenesis of tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) in vitro and in vivo.

mesenchymal stem cells


Input: In summary, this study presents the ideal formulation of GelMA/GMHA hybrid bioink to generate a well-suited photocurable bioink for cartilage regeneration of TMSCs using a material extrusion bioprinter, and could be applied to cartilage tissue engineering.

regeneration

tissue engineering

material extrusion

bioprinter

be


Input: Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing processes.

Fused filament fabrication

FFF

additive manufacturing processes


Input: However, structural applications of FFF are still limited by unwanted variations in mechanical strength and structural dimensions of printed parts.

FFF

variations

mechanical strength

dimensions


Input: The samples were prepared by a low-cost open-source FFF 3D printer, and full three-dimensional (3D) geometrical characterizations were performed on them using X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT).

samples

open-source

three-dimensional

FFF 3D printer

X-ray micro computed tomography

micro-CT


Input: The results showed significant geometry variation depending on different printing conditions, including print speed, layer height, and nozzle temperature.

geometry

print

layer height

nozzle


Input: Based on the results, we demonstrated the effects of reducing layer height and increasing nozzle temperature as well as compensating material extrusion rate to improve geometric precision with minimum 0.8% deviation.

layer height

nozzle

as

as

material extrusion

precision


Input: Moreover, uniaxial tensile and Mode III tear tests results showed that there are linear relations between bonding zone geometry and bonding strength.

tensile

bonding strength

bonding

geometry


Input: In addition, from the 3D geometry of the resulting printed part, we could estimate the Young’ s modulus in the extrudate stacking direction using finite element method, which showed good agreement with the measured value.

3D geometry

s

extrudate

finite element method


Input: Our experimental data may also serve as benchmark data for future multi-physics simulation models.

experimental data

data

as

simulation


Input: The process simulation tool Additive3D has been developed in Abaqus© 2017 to model the Extrusion Deposition Additive Manufacturing (EDAM) process for fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites.

process simulation

model

Deposition

process

Extrusion

Additive Manufacturing

thermoplastic composites


Input: This additive manufacturing (AM) method encompasses material deposition processes where geometries are constructed layer by layer and the resulting layer properties are highly anisotropic.The goal is to predict final deformed shapes and residual stresses of printed geometries due to the printing process and the material anisotropy.

additive manufacturing

AM

deposition processes

printing process

material

material

geometries

layer by layer

geometries

layer

deformed shapes

residual stresses

anisotropy


Input: The resulting design tool allows to assess the outcomes of the printing process based on the part geometry, the printing material and the position control parameters.Material properties were characterized, and validation experiments, without additional calibration, show an excellent agreement between modeled and measured part deformation states with relative deviations below 7%.

design

printing process

geometry

properties

validation

calibration

deformation

material


Input: Due to the physics-based nature of the developed simulation tools, the simulations can be extended to account for different part scales, printing materials and printing histories.

simulation

simulations

be

materials


Input: Binder jet printing is one additive manufacturing technique utilized in today’ s industry that uses an adhesive to bind powders together selectively in a bed.

Binder

s

adhesive

additive manufacturing

bind

industry

bed


Input: Post-printing processes are necessary for binder jet printed parts to increase key properties in materials such as density, but the full effects of this post-processing are not yet well understood.

processes

properties

materials

post-processing

binder

as


Input: This study aims to enhance the understanding of how the process of sintering can affect the density evolution of a Ti-6Al-4 V binder jet printed part.

process

sintering

density

Ti-6Al-4 V

binder


Input: Results show that the density is lower at the edges of the part and higher in regions of significant topological curvature, likely due to variations originating from the printing process that are propagated.

density

variations

printing process


Input: These printing process effects can be due to binder- or powder-related occurrences, which are described in relation to the obtained results.

printing process

be


Input: Binder effects include high-velocity impact, particle disruption, and excessive spreading.

Binder

impact

particle


Input: Powder effects include printhead and recoater speed, satellite particles, and changing pressure throughout the powder bed.

Powder

particles

pressure

powder bed


Input: These factors affected the coordination number of particles in the green part, and caused sintering to progress more slowly in certain areas.

particles

green part

sintering

areas


Input: In large area pellet extrusion additive manufacturing, the temperature of the substrate just before the deposition of a new subsequent layer affects the overall structure of the part.

area

temperature

layer

extrusion

additive manufacturing

substrate

deposition

structure


Input: Warping and cracking occur if the substrate temperature is below a material-specific threshold, and deformation and deposition adhesion failure occur if the substrate temperature is above a different threshold.

Warping

cracking

deformation

deposition

substrate

substrate

adhesion


Input: Currently, Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) machine users mitigate this problem by trial and error, which is costly and may result in decreased mechanical properties, monetary losses and time inefficiencies.

Area

Additive Manufacturing

machine

trial and error

mechanical properties


Input: Through thermal imaging, the range of temperatures present during the printing of a 20 wt.

imaging

range

temperatures


Input: % carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-20CF) single-bead vertical wall via the BAAM machine was measured.

carbon fiber

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

vertical

machine


Input: Compression tests were performed to understand the material behavior at those temperatures.

Compression tests

material

temperatures


Input: Optical imaging was performed to identify a relationship between porosity in the printed bead and plateau regions in the compression curves at temperatures of 170 °C and below.

Optical

bead

imaging

porosity

compression

temperatures


Input: From the thermal imaging and compressive testing, it was concluded that if the substrate temperature is above 200 °C, it will not be able to withstand the load exerted by the deposition of a new layer without experiencing deformation.

imaging

testing

substrate

be

deposition

deformation

layer


Input: This behavior was attributed to the experimentally obtained low compressive strength of ABS-20CF observed at temperatures above 200 °C.

compressive strength

temperatures


Input: Taking advantage of an extended design and manufacturing space for composites, the technology of fused filament fabrication (FFF) of continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics shows great potential for the production of the next generation of lightweight structural parts.

design

manufacturing

fused filament fabrication

FFF

production

composites

thermoplastics

technology

lightweight


Input: This process still has room for development.

process


Input: Moreover, knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of the resulting 3D printed composites is still limited.

mechanical behaviour

3D printed


Input: In this work, the intra- and inter-laminar behaviours of carbon fibre/polyamide printed laminates were extensively characterised to determine ply elastic and strength properties, as well as interface strength and fracture characteristics.

carbon

as

as

laminates

fracture

elastic

strength properties

strength


Input: Moreover, the effects of eventual production defects on these properties were analysed, putting in evidence some of the present shortcomings of the FFF process.

production

FFF

defects

properties


Input: Such defects include non-homogeneous fibre distribution, large amounts of intra- and interlaminar voids, and weak interlayer bonding, which are likely to be due to insufficient thermo-mechanical consolidation of the material during the FFF process, and have significant influence on the matrix-dominated mechanical properties.

defects

distribution

voids

bonding

thermo-mechanical consolidation

mechanical properties

fibre

be

material

FFF


Input: As a result, the transverse and interlaminar properties were found to be lower than those obtained through hot compression moulding of carbon fibre/polyamide laminates.

As

be

carbon

properties

laminates

compression


Input: Besides highlighting possible process improvements, the mechanical characterisation carried out in this work promises a significant contribution to the abilities of designing and simulating general 3D printed composite parts.

process

mechanical

3D printed


Input: The most common method for Additive Manufacturing (AM) of polymers is melt extrusion, which normally requires several pre-processing steps to compound and extrude filament feedstock, resulting in an overall long melt residency time.

Additive Manufacturing

AM

melt extrusion

extrude

polymers

feedstock

melt


Input: Consequently a typical melt extrusion-based AM process is time/cost consuming, and limited in the availability of materials that can be processed.

melt

availability of materials

AM process

be


Input: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is one of the heat-sensitive polymers demonstrating a thermal decomposition temperature overlapping its processing window.

polymers

thermal decomposition

temperature


Input: This study proposed to use a pellet-fed material extrusion technique to directly process PVOH granules without the necessity of using any pre-processing steps.

material extrusion

process

granules


Input: The approach essentially combined compounding, extrusion and AM, allowing multi-material printing with minimum exposure to heat during the process.

extrusion

AM

multi-material printing

exposure

heat

process


Input: The processing parameters were determined via thermal and rheological characterisation of PVOH.

parameters

rheological


Input: Effects of processing temperature and time on the thermal decomposition of PVOH were demonstrated, which further affected the tensile properties and solubility.

temperature

thermal decomposition

tensile properties

solubility


Input: The pellet-fed material extrusion technology demonstrated good 3D printability, multi-material printing capability, and great versatility in processing polymer melts.

material extrusion

multi-material printing

polymer melts


Input: In this paper, we investigate the print orientation effects on the macrostructure, the mechanical and thermal properties, and the strain field behavior of ULTEM® 9085 using a Stratasys Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 400 Printer.

print

Fused deposition modeling

FDM

orientation

thermal properties

mechanical

Stratasys

strain

Printer


Input: The tensile strength, failure strain, Poisson’ s ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus were all shown to vary significantly depending on the build orientation of identical dogbones.

tensile strength

coefficient of thermal expansion

failure

s

build orientation


Input: FDM parts ranged in strength from 46 to 85% of strengths attainable from comparable injection-molded parts.

FDM

strength

strengths


Input: The coefficient of variation (CV) increased from 2 to 13% as the primary layer orientation deviated from the primary load direction.

variation

as

layer


Input: CAT scan and SEM were employed to relate the corresponding macrostructure to the mechanical response of the material along the parts’ 3-primary directions, using digital image correlation (DIC).

SEM

mechanical response

digital image correlation

DIC

material


Input: The fracture surfaces of these parts further suggest that 3D FDM materials behave more like laminated composite structures than isotropic cast resins and therefore design allowables should reflect actual part build configurations.

fracture

materials

composite structures

isotropic

cast

design

build


Input: One of the main benefits of material extrusion additive manufacturing, also known as fused filament fabrication (FFF) or 3D printing, is the flexibility in terms of printing materials.

material extrusion additive manufacturing

fabrication

FFF

3D printing

as

filament

flexibility

materials


Input: Locally reinforced components can be easily produced by selectively combining reinforced with unfilled tough thermoplastics.

reinforced

reinforced

components

be

thermoplastics


Input: However, such multi-material composites usually lack sufficient weld strength in order to be able to withstand operation loads.

multi-material

composites

be

weld strength


Input: The present study attempts to close this gap by characterising the cohesion between the strands of two materials with different stiffness, namely neat PLA and short carbon fibre reinforced PLA (CF-PLA), produced by FFF using advanced fracture mechanical techniques.

materials

fracture

stiffness

PLA

carbon fibre

PLA

FFF


Input: The full set of engineering constants of both materials were obtained under the assumption of transverse isotropy from tensile tests in combination with digital image correlation.

set

engineering

materials

digital image correlation

tensile tests


Input: Both tests were in good correlation with each other and revealed that the interlayer PLA/CF-PLA bonding was at least as tough as the interlayer CF-PLA/CF-PLA bonding.

bonding

bonding

as

as


Input: In this work, systematic studies were carried out on SLS (selective laser sintering) printed samples, with two different geometries, standard test samples dumb-bells (dog bones) and tubes (Ø 30 mm and 150 mm long), consisting of two different materials, viz.

SLS

selective laser sintering

mm

mm

samples

geometries

standard

samples

materials


Input: PA12 (polyamide) with and without the addition of carbon fibres (CFs).

polyamide

carbon fibres


Input: These samples were tested according to their respective ISO standards.

samples

ISO standards


Input: The standard test samples exhibited relatively small differences with regards to printing directions when PA12 was used alone.

standard

samples


Input: Their tensile strengths (σm) were approx.

tensile strengths


Input: 75% –80% of the injection-moulded sample.

sample


Input: The addition of carbon fibres significantly enhanced the tensile strengths, namely 50% greater for the vertically printed test sample and more than 100% greater for the horizontally printed samples, compared to the respective objects consisting of PA12 alone.

carbon fibres

tensile strengths

sample

samples


Input: The strong difference in printing directions can be attributed to the orientation of the carbon fibres.

be

carbon fibres

orientation


Input: Mechanical tests on the SLS printed tubes confirmed the trends that were found in the standard test samples.

Mechanical tests

SLS

trends

standard

samples


Input: Porosity and pore structure inside the SLS printed tubes were studied by combining optical microscopy and X-ray microtomography with image analysis.

Porosity

pore

SLS

optical microscopy

X-ray microtomography

image analysis


Input: It was found that porosity was a general phenomenon inside the SLS printed samples.

porosity

SLS

samples


Input: Nevertheless, there were significant differences in porosity, which probably depended on the properties of the materials used, both with and without carbon fibres, thus causing significant differences in light absorption and heat conductivity.

porosity

heat conductivity

properties

materials

absorption

carbon fibres


Input: The printed samples made of PA12 alone possessed quite a high level of porosity (4.7%), of which the size of the biggest pore was hundreds of microns.

samples

porosity

pore


Input: The twenty biggest pores with an average size of 75*104 μ m3 accounted for 43% of the total porosity.

pores

porosity

average


Input: However, the porosity of the printed samples made from PA12 + CF was only 0.68%, with the biggest pore being only tens of microns.

porosity

pore

samples


Input: The corresponding average pore size of the 20 biggest pores was 72*103 μ m3, which was one order of magnitude smaller than the printed samples made from PA12 alone.

average

samples

pores

magnitude


Input: Pores inside the SLS printed samples were probably responsible for a spread in the mechanical properties measured, e.g.

Pores

SLS

samples

spread

mechanical properties


Input: tensile strengths, tensile (Young’ s) modulus, strain at break, etc.

tensile strengths

tensile

strain

s


Input: The ratios of their standard deviations to their corresponding mean values in the standard test samples could probably be used as an indicator of porosity, i.e.

standard deviations

standard

samples

be

as

porosity


Input: An integrated wearable 3-D printable microfluidic pump was developed, which uses a novel actuation process.

process


Input: Fused deposition manufacture 3-D printing was used as a means to accurately produce this device.

Fused deposition

as

accurately


Input: This resulted in the fabrication of high precision integrated parts made from poly-lactic-acid bioplastic.

fabrication

precision


Input: By integrating an electro-magnetically actuated closed diffuser nozzle pump configuration a micro-fabricated microfluidic pump has been produced.

nozzle

configuration


Input: Biofluids have been driven through the device by actuating a composite polydimethylsiloxane diaphragm actuated polymeric microstructure diaphragm membrane using electromagnetic force.

composite

microstructure

electromagnetic force


Input: This composite diaphragm was made by suspending 10 μm iron particles in the polydimethylsiloxane at concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%.

composite

iron

polydimethylsiloxane


Input: It is shown that this device acts as an effective electromagnetic force actuated a pump.

as

electromagnetic force


Input: The integration of 3D printed devices to form a micropump is proven through practical testing which demonstrate a controllable flow rate was generated.

3D printed

testing

flow rate


Input: The Bladder Assisted Composite Manufacturing (BACM) technique allows fabrication of complex hollow composite geometries.

Composite Manufacturing

fabrication

composite


Input: However, traditional bladder manufacturing methods require multiple steps and a master geometry which increases the cost and the manufacturing time.

manufacturing

manufacturing

geometry


Input: Hence, additively manufactured bladders are presented as an alternative solution to bladders manufactured through traditional methods.

additively manufactured

as

solution

manufactured


Input: The use of printed bladders is demonstrated by consolidating and curing a composite part made out of an aerospace grade composite prepreg material, IM7/8552.

curing

composite

composite

material

aerospace


Input: Bladders are additively manufactured using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technique with Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU).

additively manufactured

Fused Deposition Modeling

FDM

Thermoplastic Polyurethane


Input: Based on the results of a thermomechanical investigation of the TPU, a two-step curing cycle for manufacturing a composite part with IM7/8552 prepreg was designed.

thermomechanical

curing

manufacturing

composite

prepreg

designed


Input: The part consolidation achieved with this method was characterized by measuring void content and comparing it to the void content in a sample cured in a standard autoclave process.

part consolidation

void

void

sample

standard

cured

autoclave


Input: The low void content achieved with the BACM method demonstrated the potential of this technology for providing bladders for short production runs or prototyping.

void

technology

prototyping

production runs


Input: As more manufacturing processes and research institutions adopt customized manufacturing as a key element in their design strategies and finished products, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood.

As

as

element

be

manufacturing processes

manufacturing

additive manufacturing

AM

research

mechanical properties

design


Input: In polymer extrusion (PE), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”.

polymer extrusion

PE

extruded

extruded

filament

polymer diffusion

weld


Input: The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions.

strength

weld limits

performance

manufactured


Input: Understanding the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of PE-AM parts.

extruder

extruder

strength

weld

optimization

PE-AM


Input: Here, the fracture toughness of a single weld is determined through a facile “trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.

fracture

Mode III fracture

experiment

weld


Input: The actual weld thickness is observed directly by optical microscopy (OM) characterization of cross sections of PE-AM samples.

weld thickness

optical microscopy

OM

cross sections

PE-AM


Input: Representative data of weld strength as a function of printing parameters on a commercial 3D printer demonstrates the robustness of the method.

data

parameters

weld strength

robustness

as

3D printer


Input: Digital light processing technology (DLP) is an effective additive manufacturing method to fabricate ceramic components with high precision and complicated structure.

Digital light processing

DLP

additive manufacturing

fabricate

ceramic

precision

structure


Input: Here, a novel strategy to prepare chopped carbon fibers (Cf) /SiC ceramic composites through stereolithography Cf combined with liquid silicon infiltration is presented.

carbon fibers

silicon

ceramic composites

stereolithography

infiltration


Input: The 3D-architectured bodies possessed high printing stableness and accuracy with the forming deviation of less than 5%.

accuracy

forming


Input: Moreover, the tightly bonded adjacent layers can contribute to the synergistic effect from curing adhesion of photosensitive resin and crisscrossed pinning of chopped carbon fibers.

curing

adhesion

photosensitive resin

carbon fibers


Input: As-prepared components after liquid silicon infiltration were dense and exhibited maximum flexural strength of 262.6 MPa.

components

silicon

infiltration

MPa

flexural strength


Input: This strategy demonstrates a promising prospect and tantalizing possibility to fabricate SiC ceramic composites with complex shapes and structures.

fabricate

ceramic composites

complex shapes


Input: Successful 3D printing of metatsable high entropy alloy Fe40Mn20Co20Cr15Si5 (CS-HEA) is acheived.

3D printing

alloy


Input: CS-HEA demonstrated Excellent printability due to very low defect denisty.

printability

defect


Input: High entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted scientific interest due to their good mechanical properties and failure resistance, whereas additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a powerful yet flexible processing route for advanced materials.

alloys

as

mechanical properties

failure

materials

additive manufacturing

AM


Input: However, limitations inherent in both these fields include HEAs display inferior mechanical properties in as cast condition; and AM demands expansion of printable alloys.

mechanical properties

as

alloys

AM


Input: dominated microstructure after laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing has been evaluated.

microstructure

laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing