Input: The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the village of Cherry Valley in eastern New York on November 11 , 1778 , during the American Revolutionary War . It has been described as one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war . A mixed force of Loyalists , British soldiers , Seneca and Mohawks descended on Cherry Valley , whose defenders , despite warnings , were unprepared for the attack . During the raid , the Seneca in particular targeted non-combatants , and reports state that 30 such individuals were slain , in addition to a number of armed defenders . The raiders were under the overall command of Walter Butler , who exercised little authority over the Indians on the expedition . Historian Barbara Graymont describes Butler 's command of the expedition as `` criminally incompetent '' . The Seneca were angered by accusations that they had committed atrocities at the Battle of Wyoming , and the colonists ' recent destruction of their forward bases of operation at Unadilla , Onaquaga , and Tioga . Butler 's authority with the Indians was undermined by his poor treatment of Joseph Brant , the leader of the Mohawks . Butler repeatedly maintained , against accusations that he permitted the atrocities to take place , that he was powerless to restrain the Seneca . During the campaigns of 1778 , Brant achieved an undeserved reputation for brutality . He was not present at Wyoming — although many thought he was — and he actively sought to minimize the atrocities that took place at Cherry Valley . Diaries belonging to British soldiers during the campaign state the regiment as being the `` butchers '' and given that Butler was the overall commander of the expedition , there is controversy as to who actually ordered or failed to restrain the killings . The massacre contributed to calls for reprisals , leading to the 1779 Sullivan Expedition which drove the Iroquois out of western New York .

achieved

Brant

an undeserved reputation for brutality

targeted

Seneca

Seneca

Seneca

they

Seneca

Cherry Valley

non-combatants

ordered

The Cherry Valley massacre

minimize

the atrocities

minimize

Cherry Valley

committed

Seneca

Seneca

Seneca

they

Seneca

committed atrocities at the Battle of Wyoming

given

British soldiers

Butler

the overall commander of the expedition

contributed

restrain

the killings

restrain

Joseph Brant

Brant

He

he

he

Seneca

Seneca

Seneca

they

Seneca

massacre

British and Iroquois forces

the village of Cherry Valley

New York

New York

massacre

British and Iroquois forces

the village of Cherry Valley

New York

New York

massacres

drove

the Iroquois

western New York

descended on

A mixed force of Loyalists , British soldiers , Seneca and Mohawks

Cherry Valley

permitted

Joseph Brant

Brant

He

he

he

the atrocities to take place

took place

British and Iroquois forces

The Cherry Valley massacre

Cherry Valley

described

The Cherry Valley massacre

one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war


Input: The United States occupation of Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933 was part of the Banana Wars , when the US military intervened in various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934 . The formal occupation began in 1912 , even though there were various other assaults by the U.S. in Nicaragua throughout this period . American military interventions in Nicaragua were designed to stop any other nation except the United States of America from building a Nicaraguan Canal . nicaragua assumed a unk status under the 1916 unk treaty . President Herbert Hoover ( 1929–1933 ) opposed the relationship . Finally in 1933 President Franklin D Roosevelt , invoking his new Good Neighbor policy ended American intervention .

opposed

Herbert Hoover

the relationship

designed

ended

Franklin D Roosevelt

American intervention

began

The United States

The United States occupation of Nicaragua

Nicaragua


Input: The Battle of Malacca ( 2 August 1640 – 14 January 1641 ) was a successful attempt by the Dutch to capture Malacca from the Portuguese . In the early 17th century , the Dutch East India Company ( `` Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie '' , `` VOC '' ) began the campaign to destroy Portuguese power in the East . At that time , the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress ( the `` Fortaleza de Malaca '' ) , controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there . The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese . the first serious attempt was the siege of malacca in 1606 by the third voc fleet from holland with eleven ships , led by admiral cornelis unk de jonge that lead to the naval battle of cape unk . although the dutch were routed , the portuguese fleet of martim afonso de castro , the viceroy of portuguese india , suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the sultanate of johor in an alliance with the dutch . The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641 . This combined Dutch-Johor effort effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power , removing their influence in the Malay archipelago . In line with the agreement with Johor in 1606 , the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms .

agreed

Johor

the Dutch

not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms

Malay

assaulted

The Dutch

with their local allies

Portuguese

Malacca

wrested Malacca from the Portuguese

siege

the third voc fleet

malacca

malacca

casualties

the portuguese fleet of martim afonso de castro

lead to

was the siege of malacca

the naval battle of cape unk

combined

Dutch-Johor effort

effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power

removing their influence in the Malay archipelago

transformed

the Portuguese

Malacca

Malacca

an impregnable fortress

capture

Dutch

Portuguese

Malacca

The Battle of Malacca

led

admiral cornelis unk de jonge

malacca

took

the Dutch

Malacca

controlling

the Portuguese

access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca

the spice trade there

control

the Dutch

the agreement

destroy

the Dutch East India Company

Portuguese

power

in the East

destroyed

Dutch-Johor

Portuguese

power

in the Malay archipelago

rallied

the forces of the sultanate of johor

Battle

Dutch

Portuguese

Malacca

battle

Dutch

Portuguese

Malacca

launching

The Dutch

the Portuguese

began

the Dutch East India Company

the campaign

to destroy Portuguese power in the East

started

The Dutch

by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese

removing

Dutch-Johor

their influence

in the Malay archipelago

in the Malay archipelago


Input: operation deny flight was a north atlantic treaty organization ( nato ) operation that began on 12 april 1993 as the enforcement of a united nations ( un ) no-fly zone over bosnia and herzegovina . The United Nations and NATO later expanded the mission of the operation to include providing close air support for UN troops in Bosnia and carrying out coercive air strikes against targets in Bosnia . Twelve NATO members contributed forces to the operation and , by its end on 20 December 1995 , NATO pilots had flown 100,420 sorties . The operation played an important role in shaping both the Bosnian War and NATO . The operation included the first combat engagement in NATO 's history , a 28 February 1994 air battle over Banja Luka , and in April 1994 , NATO aircraft first bombed ground targets in an operation near Goražde . These engagements helped show that NATO had adapted to the post-Cold War era and could operate in environments other than a major force on force engagement on the plains of Central Europe . Cooperation between the UN and NATO during the operation also helped pave the way for future joint operations . although it helped establish unk relations , deny flight led to conflict between the two organizations . Most notably , significant tension arose between the two after UN peacekeepers were taken as hostages in response to NATO bombing . The operations of Deny Flight spanned more than two years of the Bosnian War and played an important role in the course of that conflict . The no-fly zone operations of Deny Flight proved successful in preventing significant use of air power by any side in the conflict . additionally , the air strikes flown during deny flight led to operation deliberate force , a massive nato bombing campaign in bosnia that played a key role in ending the war .

carrying out

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

targets in Bosnia

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

coercive air strikes

helped

These engagements

NATO had adapted to the post-Cold War era and could operate in environments other than a major force on force engagement on the plains of Central Europe

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

helped

operation deny flight

establish unk relations

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

helped

Cooperation between the UN and NATO during the operation

future joint operations

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

bombed

NATO aircraft

Goražde

bombing

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

bombing

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

strikes

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

operate

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

in environments other than a major force on force engagement on the plains of Central Europe

led to

operation deny flight

conflict between the two organizations

led to

the air strikes flown during deny flight

operation deliberate force

adapted

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

arose

significant tension

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

taken

establish

unk relations

expanded

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

united nations

un

United Nations

UN

UN

UN

operation deny flight

include providing close air support for UN troops in Bosnia and carrying out coercive air strikes against targets in Bosnia

contributed

Twelve NATO members

operation deny flight

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

forces

combat

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

Banja Luka

operation

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

conflict

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

united nations

un

United Nations

UN

UN

UN

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

conflict

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

spanned

operation deny flight

flown

NATO pilots

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

flown

NATO pilots

played

operation deny flight

shaping both the Bosnian War and NATO

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

played

operation deny flight

the Bosnian War

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

played

operation deliberate force

the Bosnian War

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

ending the war

end

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

operation deny flight

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

ending

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

united nations

un

United Nations

UN

UN

UN

the Bosnian War

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

began

north atlantic treaty organization

nato

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

NATO

nato

operation deny flight

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

herzegovina

the enforcement of a united nations ( un ) no-fly zone

response

NATO bombing

UN peacekeepers were taken as hostages

providing

operation deny flight

UN troops in Bosnia

close air support

use

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia

air power

herzegovina

bosnia

Bosnia

Bosnia

bosnia


Input: The Myyrmanni bombing took place on October 11 , 2002 , in Myyrmäki , Vantaa , Finland , in Greater Helsinki , at the Myyrmanni shopping mall . A bomb carried by Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt exploded at 19:36 killing five immediately , including Gerdt . In total seven died , including two teenagers and a 7-year-old . 166 people were injured , including 10 children . 66 victims required hospitalization with the remainder treated and released at the scene . The shopping center was especially crowded , with 1,000–2,000 people , including many children who had come to see a clown performance . The incident was investigated primarily as six accounts of murder and closed in January 2003 without any indictments as Gerdt was the sole suspect . His motive was not determined .

exploded

A bomb

Myyrmanni shopping mall

in Myyrmäki , Vantaa , Finland , in Greater Helsinki , at the Myyrmanni shopping mall

In total seven died

166 people were injured

injured

A bomb

166 people

Myyrmanni shopping mall

carried

Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt

Gerdt

Gerdt

A bomb

Myyrmanni shopping mall

crowded

1,000–2,000 people

Myyrmanni shopping mall

investigated

Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt

Gerdt

Gerdt

The Myyrmanni bombing

died

seven

A bomb

Myyrmanni shopping mall

bombing

determined

His motive

murder

Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt

Gerdt

Gerdt

166 people

seven died

Myyrmanni shopping mall

closed

come to

many children

Myyrmanni shopping mall

took place

Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt

Gerdt

Gerdt

The Myyrmanni bombing

Myyrmäki

released

remainder treated

Myyrmanni shopping mall

required

66 victims

hospitalization


Input: The King David Hotel bombing was a terrorist attack carried out on Monday , July 22 , 1946 , by the militant right-wing Zionist underground organization the Irgun on the British administrative headquarters for Palestine , which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem during the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine . 91 people of various nationalities were killed , and 46 were injured . the hotel was the site of the central offices of the british mandatory authorities of palestine , principally the secretariat of the government of palestine and the headquarters of the british armed forces in palestine and transjordan . When planned , the attack had the approval of the Haganah , the principal Jewish paramilitary group in Palestine , though , unbeknownst to the Irgun , this had been cancelled by the time the operation was carried out . It was conceived as part of a response to Operation Agatha ( a series of widespread raids , including one on the Jewish Agency , conducted by the British authorities ) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era ( 1920–1948 ) . Disguised as Arab workmen and as hotel waiters , members of the Irgun planted a bomb in the basement of the main building of the hotel , whose southern wing housed the Mandate Secretariat and a few offices of the British military headquarters . The resulting explosion caused the collapse of the western half of the southern wing of the hotel . Some of the inflicted deaths and injuries occurred in the road outside the hotel and in adjacent buildings . The Irgun sent warnings by telephone , including one to the hotel 's own switchboard , which , possibly because hoax bomb warnings were rife at the time , the staff decided to ignore , but none directly to the British authorities . From the fact that a bomb search had already been carried out , it appears that a hoax call or tip-off had been received at the hotel earlier that day . Subsequent telephone calls from a concerned `` Palestine Post '' staff member and the police caused increasing alarm , and the hotel manager was notified . In the closing minutes before the explosion , he called an unknown British officer , but no evacuation was ordered . Controversy has arisen over the timing and adequacy of the warnings , and the reasons why , given that warnings were made , the hotel was not evacuated .

conducted

British authorities

the Jewish Agency

a series of widespread raids

directed

Irgun

The King David Hotel bombing

King David Hotel

British authorities

ordered

the hotel manager

evacuation

planned

Irgun

The King David Hotel bombing

carried out

the Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

raids

British authorities

the Jewish Agency

carried out

Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

carried out

injured

Irgun

King David Hotel

injuries

Irgun

injuries

the road outside the hotel

adjacent buildings

collapse

the western half of the southern wing of the hotel

King David Hotel

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

caused

The resulting explosion

the collapse of the western half of the southern wing of the hotel

caused

Subsequent telephone calls from a concerned `` Palestine Post '' staff member and the police

increasing alarm

cancelled

occurred

Some of the inflicted deaths and injuries

the road outside the hotel

adjacent buildings

arisen

Controversy

Jewish

called

the hotel manager

an unknown British officer

conceived

Irgun

The King David Hotel bombing

King David Hotel

deaths

the inflicted deaths

The King David Hotel bombing

the road outside the hotel

adjacent buildings

decided

the staff

King David Hotel

ignore

hoax bomb warnings were rife at the time

given

Irgun

the hotel manager

warnings

killed

Irgun

91 people of various nationalities

King David Hotel

notified

the hotel manager

increasing alarm

King David Hotel

operation

Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

planted

members of the Irgun

a bomb

the basement of the main building of the hotel

approval

Haganah

Irgun

received

King David Hotel

Irgun

King David Hotel

a hoax call

tip-off

a bomb search had already been carried out

evacuated

King David Hotel

King David Hotel

Jerusalem

evacuation

King David Hotel

King David Hotel

Jerusalem

response

Irgun

Operation Agatha

The King David Hotel bombing

search

bomb

King David Hotel

sent

Irgun

warnings

the hotel

bombing

the Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

bombing

The King David Hotel bombing

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

attack

the Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

bombing

The King David Hotel bombing

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

attack

the Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

bombing

The King David Hotel bombing

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

explosion

the Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

bombing

The King David Hotel bombing

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

explosion

the Irgun

the British administrative headquarters for Palestine

King David Hotel

bombing

The King David Hotel bombing

91 people of various nationalities were killed

46 were injured

warnings

the hotel

hoax bomb warnings

warnings

Irgun

The King David Hotel bombing

warnings

Irgun

The King David Hotel bombing

warnings

Irgun

The King David Hotel bombing

Disguised

members of the Irgun

as Arab workmen

as hotel waiters

King David Hotel


Input: The defense of Sihang Warehouse took place from October 26 to November 1 , 1937 , and marked the beginning of the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War . Defenders of the warehouse held out against numerous waves of Japanese forces and covered Chinese forces retreating west during the Battle of Shanghai . The successful defense of the warehouse provided a morale-lifting consolation to the Chinese army and people in the demoralizing aftermath of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai . The warehouse 's location just across the Suzhou Creek from the foreign concessions in Shanghai meant the battle took place in full view of the western powers . It was across from the foreign concessions in Shanghai , and the Japanese did not dare to call naval artillery strikes on the area , since a stray shot might land in the concessions and provoke an incident with the Europeans and Americans , whom the Japanese wanted to keep out of the war . Moreover , the Japanese dared not use mustard gas here as they did elsewhere in Shanghai , in full view of the foreign powers . This proximity drew the attention , if only briefly , of the international community to Chiang Kai-shek 's bid for worldwide support against Japanese aggression . In Chinese , the 423 defenders are known as the Eight Hundred Heroes , because commander Xie Jinyuan not wanting to reveal their true strength to the Japanese , provided an exaggerated number to girl guide Yang Huimin to announce to the public .

land

a stray shot

the concessions

aggression

Japanese

invasion

Japanese

Shanghai

strikes

naval artillery

the area

aftermath

the Japanese invasion of Shanghai

provoke

since a stray shot might land in the concessions

an incident with the Europeans and Americans

defense

Sihang Warehouse

held

numerous waves of Japanese forces

Defenders of the warehouse

the warehouse

Chinese forces

defense

the warehouse

battle

the warehouse

announce

Yang Huimin

an exaggerated number

bid

Chiang Kai-shek

worldwide support against Japanese aggression

drew

This proximity

the international community

the attention

to Chiang Kai-shek 's bid for worldwide support against Japanese aggression

covered

Defenders of the warehouse

Chinese forces

the warehouse

the warehouse

consolation

Battle

Shanghai

Battle

Shanghai

incident

Japanese

the Europeans and Americans

Shanghai

War

Sino-Japanese

Sino-Japanese

war

the Japanese

Shanghai

opening

the Second Sino-Japanese War

Shanghai

end

the three-month Battle of Shanghai

took place

The defense of Sihang Warehouse

Sihang Warehouse

beginning

the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War

Sihang Warehouse

The defense of Sihang Warehouse

took place

the battle

call

Japanese

naval artillery

artillery strikes on the area

retreating

Chinese forces

west

reveal

Xie Jinyuan

their true strength

the Japanese

dare

Japanese

call naval artillery strikes on the area

dared

the Japanese

not use mustard gas

provided

the Chinese army

a morale-lifting consolation

provided

Xie Jinyuan

to the public

an exaggerated number

support

worldwide

against Japanese aggression

shot

Japanese

Shanghai

use

the Japanese

mustard gas


Input: The territorial era of Minnesota lasted from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to Minnesota 's achieving statehood in 1858 . The Minnesota Territory itself was formed only in 1849 but the area had a rich history well before this . though there was a long history of european presence in the area before 19th century , it was during the 19th century that the united states began to establish a firm presence in what would become minnesota . Many of the facets of Minnesota culture that are perceived as the area 's `` early '' history in fact originated after this period . Notably , the heavy Scandinavian immigration for which the state is known , and the pioneering days chronicled by author Laura Ingalls Wilder occurred after statehood in the later 19th century . Unlike these later years , the first half of the 19th century was characterized by sparsely populated communities , harsh living conditions , and to some degree , lawlessness . This era was a period of economic transition . The dominant enterprise in the area since the 17th century had been the fur trade . The Dakota Sioux , and later the Ojibwe , tribes hunted and gathered pelts trading with French , British , and later American traders at Grand Portage , Mendota , and other sites . This trade gradually declined during the early 19th century as demand for furs in Europe diminished . The lumber industry grew rapidly , replacing furs as the key economic resource . Grain production began to develop late during this time as an emerging economic basis as well . Saw mills , and later grain mills , around Fort Snelling and Saint Anthony Falls in east-central Minnesota became magnets for development . By the end of the era east-central Minnesota had replaced northern Minnesota as the economic center of the area . This era was also as a period of cultural transition . At the time the U.S. took possession of the region , Native Americans were by far the largest ethnic groups . Their role in the fur trade gave them a steady stream of income and significant political influence even as the French , British , and Americans asserted territorial claims on the area . French and British traders had mixed with native society in the area for many decades peacefully contributing to the society and creating new ethnic groups consisting of mixed-race peoples . As the Americans established outposts in the area and the fur trade declined , the dynamics changed dramatically . The economic influence of the Native Americans diminished and American territorial ideology increasingly sought to limit their influence . Large waves of immigration in the 1850s very suddenly changed the demographics so that within a few years the population shifted from predominantly native to predominantly people of European descent . The native and mixed-race populations continued to influence the territory 's culture and politics , even at the end of the territorial era , though by the time statehood was achieved that influence was in steep decline . Heavy immigration from New England and New York led to Minnesota 's being labeled the `` New England of the West '' .

achieved

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

statehood

declined

fur trade

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

declined

become

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

became

Saw mills

grain mills

magnets for development

Fort Snelling

Saint Anthony Falls

establish

U.S.

a firm presence in what would become minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

led to

Heavy immigration from New England and New York

Minnesota 's being labeled the `` New England of the West ''

diminished

demand for furs in Europe

Europe

diminished

The economic influence of the Native Americans

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

mixed

French

British

native society in the area

contributing to the society

creating new ethnic groups consisting of mixed-race peoples

develop

Grain production

an emerging economic basis

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

transition

culture

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

changed

Americans

dynamics

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

the Americans established outposts in the area

the fur trade declined

shifted

population

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

predominantly native

to predominantly people of European descent

replacing

The lumber industry

fur trade

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

replaced

east-central Minnesota

northern Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

gathered

Dakota Sioux

Ojibwe

French

British

later American traders

Grand Portage

Mendota

other sites

pelts trading

formed

The Minnesota Territory

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

originated

Many of the facets of Minnesota culture

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

occurred

the pioneering days

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

took

U.S.

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

creating

French

British

new ethnic groups consisting of mixed-race peoples

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

changed

contributing

French

British

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

gave

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

a steady stream of income

significant political influence

influence

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

influence

The native and mixed-race populations

the territory 's culture

politics

hunted

Dakota Sioux

Ojibwe

Grand Portage

Mendota

other sites

perceived

the area 's `` early '' history

known

the heavy Scandinavian immigration

limit

The economic influence of the Native Americans

began

U.S.

establish a firm presence in what would become minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

began

Grain production

Minnesota

Minnesota

minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota

asserted

French

British

Americans

territorial claims


Input: The Battle of Orthez ( 27 February 1814 ) saw the Anglo-Portuguese Army under Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley , Marquess of Wellington attack an Imperial French army led by Marshal Nicolas Soult in southern France . The outnumbered French repelled several Allied assaults on their right flank , but their center and left flank were overcome and Soult was compelled to retreat . at first the withdrawal was conducted in good order , but it eventually ended in a scramble for safety and many french soldiers became prisoners . The engagement occurred near the end of the Peninsular War . In mid-February , Wellington 's army broke out of its small area of conquered territory near Bayonne . Moving east , the Allies drove the French back from several river lines . After a pause in the campaign , the western-most Allied corps surrounded and isolated Bayonne . Resuming their eastward drive , the remaining two Allied corps pushed Soult 's army back to Orthez where the French marshal offered battle . In subsequent operations , Soult decided to abandon the large western port of Bordeaux and fall back east toward Toulouse . The next action was the Battle of Toulouse .

conducted

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

France

withdrawal

attack

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

France

Soult was compelled to retreat

assaults

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Allies

Wellington

Wellington

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

France

Soult was compelled to retreat

became

army

Imperial French army

French

French

prisoners

became

France

led

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

France

overcome

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Allies

Wellington

Wellington

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

France

Orthez

Orthez

decided

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

Orthez

Orthez

abandon the large western port of Bordeaux

fall back east toward Toulouse

repelled

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Allies

Wellington

Wellington

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

abandon

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

Bordeaux

offered

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

Orthez

Orthez

battle

isolated

Allies

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Bayonne

Bayonne

Battle

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

France

engagement

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

France

campaign

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

France

battle

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

Orthez

Orthez

Battle

War

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

French

french

Bayonne

Bayonne

operations

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Wellington

Wellington

Allies

army

Imperial French army

French

French

Orthez

Orthez

fall

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

east

Orthez

Orthez

Toulouse

Toulouse

occurred

Orthez

Orthez

France

ended

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Arthur Wellesley

Allies

army

Imperial French army

Nicolas Soult

Soult

Soult

Soult

French

French

many french soldiers became prisoners

France

Resuming

army

Anglo-Portuguese Army

Wellington

Wellington

Arthur Wellesley

Allies

eastward drive

Bayonne

Bayonne


Input: Who 's That Girl World Tour was the second concert tour by American singer and songwriter Madonna . The tour supported her 1986 third studio album `` True Blue '' , as well as the 1987 soundtrack `` Who 's That Girl '' . It was Madonna 's first world tour , reaching Asia , North America and Europe . Musically and technically superior to her previous initiative , the Who 's That Girl Tour incorporated multimedia components to make the show more appealing . Madonna trained physically doing aerobics , jogging and weight-lifting , to cope with the choreography and the dance routines . For the costumes , she collaborated with designer Marlene Stewart , expanding on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage , reworking scenes from her music videos . The stage had four video screens , multimedia projectors and a flight of stairs in the middle . Patrick Leonard , who was the music director , encouraged Madonna to go with the idea of remixing and presenting her older songs for the show . The title Who 's That Girl came to Madonna 's mind when during rehearsals one-day when she looked at a gigantic image of herself , projected on a screen on the stage . The show consisted of seven costume changes , with song-and-dance routines , theatrics and addressing social causes . The tour was critically appreciated , with reviewers commending the extravagant nature of the concert and Madonna as a performer . It was a commercial success , grossing in total of US $ 25 million ( $ million in dollars ) by playing in front of 1.5 million audience . According to Pollstar , it was the second highest-grossing female concert tour of 1987 , behind Tina Turner 's Break Every Rule Tour . Who 's That Girl was broadcast in a number of international television channels and was released in VHS titled `` '' . Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli commented that `` Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status , and the 'Who 's That Girl ? ' tour marked the beginning of Madonna 's . '' It is also noted for giving rise to the term `` new Madonna '' , a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self which had given rise to the term Madonna wannabe . A statue of Madonna , wearing a conical bra , was erected in her name at the center of the town of Pacentro in Italy , where her ancestors used to live .

reaching

Who 's That Girl World Tour

Asia

North America

Europe

reach

Many female artists

superstar status

bringing

Marlene Stewart

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

her popular video characters

Who 's That Girl World Tour

erected

A statue of Madonna

Pacentro

causes

given rise to

a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self

the term Madonna wannabe

incorporated

Who 's That Girl World Tour

multimedia components

make the show more appealing

changes

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

seven costume

Who 's That Girl World Tour

collaborated

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Marlene Stewart

expanding on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage

reworking scenes from her music videos

trained

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

doing aerobics

jogging

weight-lifting

expanding

Marlene Stewart

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage

addressing

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

social causes

Who 's That Girl World Tour

broadcast

Who 's That Girl World Tour

in a number of international television channels

commending

reviewers

extravagant nature of the concert

Madonna as a performer

jogging

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

titled

Who 's That Girl World Tour

Who 's That Girl World Tour

looked

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

a gigantic image of herself

presenting

released

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

VHS

Who 's That Girl World Tour

marked

Who 's That Girl World Tour

beginning of Madonna 's

commented

J. Randy Taraborrelli

Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status , and the 'Who 's That Girl ? '

tour marked the beginning of Madonna

supported

Who 's That Girl World Tour

True Blue

tour

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Who 's That Girl World Tour

Asia

North America

Europe

concert

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Who 's That Girl World Tour

Asia

North America

Europe

concert

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

she

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Madonna

Who 's That Girl World Tour

Asia

North America

Europe

wearing

A statue of Madonna

a conical bra

Pacentro


Input: cyclone forrest , also referred to as tropical storm forrest , was a powerful tropical cyclone that prompted the evacuation of 600,000 people in bangladesh in late november 1992 . Originating from an area of disturbed weather near the Caroline Islands on November 9 , Forrest was classified as a tropical depression three days later over the South China Sea . Tracking generally west , the system steadily organized into a tropical storm , passing Vietnam to the south , before striking Thailand along the Malay Peninsula on November 15 . Once over the Bay of Bengal , Forrest turned northward on November 17 and significantly intensified . It reached its peak intensity on November 20 as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale with winds of 230 km/h ( 145 mph ) . Hostile environmental conditions soon affected the cyclone as it turned abruptly east-northeastward . Forrest made landfall in northwestern Myanmar as a weakening system on November 21 before dissipating early the next day . The majority of deaths associated with Forrest resulted from a plane crash on November 14 in Vietnam which killed 30 of the 31 occupants . In Thailand , the system produced significant storm surge , damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes , and killed two people . Agricultural losses in the hardest hit areas were estimated at ฿800 million ( US $ 32 million ) . On November 20 , as Forrest reached its peak intensity , fears arose across Bangladesh that a repeat of the catastrophic April 1991 cyclone would take place . As a result , mass evacuation plans were enacted across coastal areas of the country , with plans to relocate up to 2 million people . But the storm abruptly turned eastward , and the successful evacuation of 600,000 residents spared countless lives . Only two deaths were recorded and overall damage was light , though half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island were damaged .

reached

cyclone forrest

its peak intensity

reached

cyclone forrest

its peak intensity

landfall

cyclone forrest

northwestern Myanmar

striking

cyclone forrest

Thailand

Thailand

Thailand

Thailand

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

hit

significant storm surge

Thailand

Thailand

Thailand

Thailand

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

storm

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

cyclone

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

storm

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

cyclone

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

cyclone

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

storm

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Myanmar

Vietnam

Vietnam

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

cyclone

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Vietnam

Vietnam

Myanmar

bangladesh

Bangladesh

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

Vietnam

Vietnam

Myanmar

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

30 of the 31 occupants

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

storm

Thailand

Thailand

Thailand

Thailand

damaged or destroyed 1,700 homes

killed two people

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

cyclone

bangladesh

Bangladesh

bangladesh

Bangladesh

crash

30 of the 31 occupants

Vietnam

Vietnam

killed 30 of the 31 occupants

organized

resulted

a plane crash on November 14 in Vietnam

The majority of deaths associated with Forrest

intensified

cyclone forrest

turned

cyclone forrest

Hostile environmental conditions

northward

east-northeastward

Originating

a tropical depression

Caroline Islands

disturbed weather

produced

cyclone forrest

significant storm surge

Thailand

Thailand

damaged

significant storm surge

1,700 homes

1,700 homes

Thailand

Thailand

damage

cyclone forrest

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

two deaths

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

two deaths

bangladesh

Bangladesh

damaged

cyclone forrest

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

half of all homes on St. Martin 's Island

St. Martin 's Island

deaths

30 of the 31 occupants

a plane crash

Vietnam

Vietnam

deaths

two

cyclone forrest

bangladesh

Bangladesh

destroyed

significant storm surge

1,700 homes

1,700 homes

Thailand

Thailand

losses

฿800 million ( US $ 32 million )

Thailand

Thailand

evacuation

600,000 people in bangladesh

coastal areas of the country

evacuation

2 million people

coastal areas of the country

evacuation

600,000 residents

coastal areas of the country

killed

a plane crash

30 of the 31 occupants

Vietnam

Vietnam

killed

significant storm surge

two people

Thailand

Thailand

passing

cyclone forrest

Vietnam

Malay Peninsula

west

Caroline Islands

Thailand

Thailand

referred

cyclone forrest

tropical storm forrest

cyclone forrest

recorded

two deaths

enacted

mass evacuation plans

classified


Input: The Crimean War ( ; or ; ; ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a `` greater confusion of purpose '' , yet they led to a war noted for its `` notoriously incompetent international butchery '' . While the churches worked out their differences and came to an agreement , Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down . Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection . Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to . When the Ottomans demanded changes , Nicholas refused and prepared for war . Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853 . The war started in the Balkans in July 1853 , when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities ( now part of Romania ) , which were under Ottoman suzerainty , then began to cross the Danube . Led by Omar Pasha , the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra . A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege , and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop . Fearing an Ottoman collapse , France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli . They then moved north to Varna in June 1854 , arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra . Aside from a minor skirmish at Köstence ( today Constanța ) , there was little for the allies to do . Karl Marx quipped , `` there they are , the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible '' . Frustrated by the wasted effort , and with demands for action from their citizens , the allied force decided to attack Russia 's main naval base in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula . After extended preparations , the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after the successful Battle of the Alma . The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed , but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces . A second counterattack , at Inkerman , ended in stalemate . The front settled into a siege and led to brutal conditions for troops on both sides . Smaller military actions took place in the Baltic , the Caucasus , the White Sea , and the North Pacific . Sevastopol fell after eleven months , and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause . Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued , Russia sued for peace in March 1856 . France and Britain welcomed this development , as the conflict was growing unpopular at home . the treaty of paris , signed on 30 march 1856 , ended the war . It forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea . The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent . Christians there were granted a degree of official equality , and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute . The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts in which the military used modern technologies such as explosive naval shells , railways , and telegraphs . The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs . As the legend of the `` Charge of the Light Brigade '' demonstrates , the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical , medical and tactical failures and mismanagement . The reaction in Britain was a demand for professionalisation , most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale , who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded . The Crimean War proved to be the moment of truth for Nikolaevan Russia . The humiliation forced Russia 's educated elites to identify the Empire 's problems and to recognize the need for fundamental transformations aimed at modernizing and restoring Russia 's position in the ranks of European powers . Historians have studied the role of the Crimean War as a catalyst for the reforms of Russia 's social institutions : serfdom , justice , local self-government , education , and military service . More recently , scholars have also turned their attention to the impact of the Crimean War on the development of Russian nationalistic discourse .

achieved

Florence Nightingale

professionalisation

refused

Nicholas

Napoleon

to back down

refused

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

the Ottomans demanded changes

agreed

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

a compromise

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

aimed

Russia 's educated elites

fundamental transformations aimed at modernizing

modernizing

arranged

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

a compromise

arriving

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Varna

helping

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Ottoman

attack

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Crimean peninsula

counterattacked

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

France

France

France

France

France

British Army forces

the Battle of Balaclava

were repulsed

the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces

counterattack

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Inkerman

ended in stalemate

invasion

the west

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

turned

Historians

their attention to the impact of the Crimean War on the development of Russian nationalistic discourse

join

neutral countries

an alliance of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia

decline

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

the decline of the Ottoman Empire

reinforce

Turkish

Ottoman

involved

the decline of the Ottoman Empire

the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory

power at Ottoman expense

The longer-term causes

involved

the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land

The immediate cause

involving

an argument over a key

the causes

promoted

France

France

France

France

France

Roman Catholics

promoted

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Eastern Orthodox Church

changes

Ottoman

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas agreed to

Nicholas refused

prepared for war

facing

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

the west

a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued

The Crimean War

Led

Omar Pasha

occupied

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Danubian Principalities

control

Orthodox Church

the Christian churches in dispute

expense

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

treating

the wounded

pioneering modern nursing

decided

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

to attack Russia 's main naval base in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula .

Frustrated by the wasted effort

with demands for action from their citizens

repulsed

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

defensive

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Ottoman

destroyed

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Turkish

Sinop

lost

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sardinia

studied

Historians

the role of the Crimean War as a catalyst for the reforms of Russia 's social institutions

serfdom

justice

local self-government

education

military service

educated

Russia 's educated elites

extended

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

preparations

growing

the conflict

the conflict

unpopular

depleting

the Battle of Balaclava

British Army forces

declared

Ottoman

war on Russia in October 1853

prepared

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

for war

obtained

Ottoman

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

promises of support from France and Britain

gain

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

territory

power at Ottoman expense

gained

Florence Nightingale

worldwide attention

for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded

abandon

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Silistra

Silistra

attempted

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

mediate

arranged a compromise

Nicholas agreed

attempt

Turkish

Sinop

reinforce the garrison

to reinforce the garrison

was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop

impact

The Crimean War

the development of Russian nationalistic discourse

Frustrated

the wasted effort

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

noted

notoriously incompetent international butchery

worked out

recognize

Russia 's educated elites

the need for fundamental transformations aimed at modernizing

restoring Russia 's position in the ranks of European powers

noted

the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a `` greater confusion of purpose ''

conflict

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sardinia

Balkans

conflict

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sardinia

Balkans

fought

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sardinia

Balkans

fought

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Ottoman

conflicts

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sardinia

Balkans

Battle

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

marched

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sevastopol

forced

landed

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Crimean peninsula

rushed

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Gallipoli

moved

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Varna

fell

Sevastopol

placed

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire

Isolated

the west

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

allow

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

stopped

Ottoman

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

forbade

the treaty of paris

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

granted

Christian

ended

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

France

France

France

France

France

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

The Crimean War

the treaty of paris , signed on 30 march 1856

France

France

France

France

France

ended

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

A second counterattack , at Inkerman

in stalemate

Inkerman

began

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

to cross the Danube

Balkans

started

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

The Crimean War

Balkans

took place

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Ottoman

Smaller military actions

Baltic

Caucasus

White Sea

North Pacific

began

neutral countries

join the Allied cause

documented

The Crimean War

restoring

Russia 's educated elites

Russian Empire

European

regained

Orthodox Church

Orthodox Church

reforms

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

welcomed

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

welcomed this development

demand

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

for professionalisation

sued

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

for peace in March 1856

demanded

Ottoman

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

changes

mediate

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection

revealed

a `` greater confusion of purpose ''

signed on

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

France

France

France

France

France

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

the treaty of paris

France

France

France

France

France

It forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea

The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent

Christians there were granted a degree of official equality

the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute

issued

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection

quipped

Karl Marx

`` there they are , the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible

proved

service

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

Russia

military service

support

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Ottoman

used

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

France

France

France

France

France

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Britain

Sardinia

modern technologies

such as explosive naval shells

railways

telegraphs

Crimean

identify

Russia 's educated elites

Russian Empire

the Empire 's problems


Input: Survivor Series ( 1999 ) was the 13th annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on November 14 , 1999 , at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit , Michigan . the main event was a triple threat unk non-elimination match involving three wrestlers against each other ; for the wwf championship between triple h , big show and the rock . Big Show won the title . He was a replacement for Stone Cold Steve Austin , who had been run down by a car earlier in the night ( which was an angle for Austin to take time to recover from his injuries ) . in reality austin needed spinal surgery to repair damage suffered by a botched tombstone piledriver delivered by the late owen hart 27 months earlier at summerslam 1997 the undercard included the new age outlaws defending wwf tag team championship against al snow and mankind , chyna defending the intercontinental championship against chris jericho , three four-on-four survivor series elimination match ( including a handicap match involving big show ) and event also featured the wwf in-ring debut of olympic gold medalist kurt angle .

suffered

owen hart

Stone Cold Steve Austin

summerslam

wrestling

Big Show

He

the rock

triple h

wrestling

Survivor Series

Joe Louis Arena

World Wrestling Federation

WWF

wwf

wwf

wwf

produced

World Wrestling Federation

WWF

wwf

wwf

wwf

Survivor Series

defending

chris jericho

chyna

intercontinental championship

defending

the new age outlaws

al snow

mankind

wwf tag team championship

involving

Big Show

He

a handicap match

involving

three wrestlers

main event

Joe Louis Arena

debut

kurt angle

the wwf in-ring debut

took place

World Wrestling Federation

WWF

wwf

wwf

wwf

Survivor Series

Joe Louis Arena

recover

Stone Cold Steve Austin

Stone Cold Steve Austin

delivered

owen hart

Stone Cold Steve Austin


Input: Raúl Alfonsín was the president of Argentina from 1983 to 1989 . He died on March 31 , 2009 , aged 82 . He had lung cancer and died at his home ; a massive candlelight vigil took place in the vicinity of it . Vice president Julio Cobos , the acting president at the time , arranged three days of national mourning and a state funeral at the Palace of the Argentine National Congress . Alfonsín was seen by 40,000 people and the senior politicians of the country ; people from other countries also voiced their respect for him . a military escort took his coffin to the la recoleta cemetery , and left him at the pantheon for the veterans of the revolution of the park .

arranged

Julio Cobos

three days of national mourning

a state funeral

took

a military escort

his coffin

la recoleta cemetery

died

Alfonsín

Raúl Alfonsín

He

He

lung cancer

his home

died

Alfonsín

Raúl Alfonsín

He

He

lung cancer

his home

voiced

people from other countries

their respect for him

Palace of the Argentine National Congress

seen

40,000 people

the senior politicians of the country

Alfonsín

Raúl Alfonsín

He

He

Palace of the Argentine National Congress

left

a military escort

Alfonsín

Raúl Alfonsín

He

He

pantheon for the veterans of the revolution of the park

funeral

Julio Cobos

Alfonsín

Raúl Alfonsín

He

He

Julio Cobos

40,000 people

the senior politicians of the country

people from other countries

Palace of the Argentine National Congress

mourning

Julio Cobos

Alfonsín

Raúl Alfonsín

He

He

Julio Cobos

40,000 people

the senior politicians of the country

people from other countries

Palace of the Argentine National Congress


Input: Battle of Ciołków ( the village is now called `` Ciółkowo '' ; north-east of Płock ) of January 22 , 1863 , was the first skirmish of the January Uprising . Fought between an unorganised Polish troop of ca . 100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński and a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov , the skirmish resulted in Polish victory . As the engagement started on the very first day of the uprising , the Russian force still obeyed the orders of marching through the occupied country with their rifles unloaded . When the Russians approached a local manor in which the Poles had their quarters , the Russian commander ordered a loose formation and tried to negotiate an agreement and take all Poles into captivity . However , Rogaliński refused to negotiate and ordered a charge of the Russians . After a short hand-to-hand fight ( the Polish unit had only two pieces of firearms and was mostly equipped with sabres , war scythes and improvised weapons ) , the Russian commander was killed and his unit dispersed . Polish losses were negligible , but the Polish commander was wounded and lost his eye .

refused

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

negotiate

Russian force

a local manor

ordered

the Russian commander

a loose formation

ordered

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

a charge of the Russians

approached

Russian force

a local manor

wounded

Russian Murom Regiment

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

resulted in

Battle of Ciołków

Polish victory

uprising

negotiate

Russian force

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

an agreement

a local manor

negotiate

the Russian commander

the Poles

an agreement

a local manor

take

Russian force

all Poles

a local manor

Battle of Ciołków

dispersed

Russian Murom Regiment

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

victory

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

Russian Murom Regiment

victory

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

lost

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

Russian Murom Regiment

his eye

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

losses

the Polish unit

Russian Murom Regiment

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

killed

the Polish unit

Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

fight

100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński

a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

Battle

100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński

a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

skirmish

100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński

a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

skirmish

100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński

a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

engagement

100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński

a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

Fought

100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński

a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

marching

Russian force

the occupied country

called

the village

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

started

Aleksander Rogaliński

Rogaliński

Battle of Ciołków

Ciołków

Ciółkowo

equipped

the Polish unit

sabres


Input: Joy Angelia Gardner ( née Burke , 29 May 1953 – 1 August 1993 ) was a 40-year-old Jamaican mature student living as an illegal alien in London , England . She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation . During a police raid on her home in Crouch End , London , she was restrained with handcuffs and leather straps and gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape wrapped around her head . Unable to breathe , she collapsed and suffered brain damage due to asphyxia . She was placed on life support but died following a cardiac arrest four days later . In 1995 , three of the police officers involved stood trial for Gardner 's manslaughter , but were acquitted . The case became a cause célèbre for civil rights and justice campaigners , and for the first time brought wide public attention to what the `` Modern Law Review '' called `` the inhumanity of the methods used routinely in the execution of deportation orders '' . Despite continuing pressure by campaigners , no coroner 's inquest or public inquiry into the circumstances of Gardner 's death has been held .

detain

police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

Crouch End

deportation

as an illegal alien

arrest

raid

by police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

Crouch End

Unable to breathe , she collapsed and suffered brain damage due to asphyxia .

She died

became

The case

a cause célèbre for civil rights and justice campaigners

for the first time brought wide public attention

London

London

England

suffered

police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

Crouch End

damage

police officers

brain

Joy Angelia Gardner

Crouch End

breathe

Joy Angelia Gardner

brought

The case

wide public attention

trial

police

three of the police officers

She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation .

acquitted

inquiry

public

three of the police officers

She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation .

In 1995 , three of the police officers involved stood trial for Gardner 's manslaughter , but were acquitted .

no coroner 's inquest or public inquiry into the circumstances of Gardner 's death has been held

inquest

coroner

three of the police officers

She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation .

In 1995 , three of the police officers involved stood trial for Gardner 's manslaughter , but were acquitted .

, no coroner 's inquest or public inquiry into the circumstances of Gardner 's death has been held .

died

Joy Angelia Gardner

by police officers to detain

Unable to breathe

a cardiac arrest

Crouch End

restrained with handcuffs and leather straps

gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape wrapped around her head

died

Joy Angelia Gardner

by police officers to detain

Unable to breathe

a cardiac arrest

Crouch End

restrained with handcuffs and leather straps

gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape wrapped around her head

death

Joy Angelia Gardner

by police officers to detain

Unable to breathe

a cardiac arrest

Crouch End

restrained with handcuffs and leather straps

gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape wrapped around her head

wrapped

police officers

her head

Joy Angelia Gardner

a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape

restrained

police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

held

no coroner 's inquest or public inquiry

England

no coroner 's inquest or public inquiry into the circumstances of Gardner 's death has been held

inquest

inquiry

no coroner 's inquest or public inquiry into the circumstances of Gardner 's death has been held

acquitted

manslaughter

three of the police officers

She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation .

Unable to breathe , she collapsed and suffered brain damage due to asphyxia .

Joy Angelia Gardner

London

London

England

Crouch End

she was restrained with handcuffs and leather straps and gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape wrapped around her head .

called

Modern Law Review

The case

the inhumanity of the methods used routinely in the execution of deportation orders

brought wide public attention

attention

wide public

The case

London

London

England

Crouch End

placed

by police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

life support

gagged

police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape

deportation

police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

Crouch End

England

was restrained with handcuffs and leather straps and gagged with a 13-foot length of adhesive `` Elastoplast '' tape wrapped around her head

detain

died

Unable to breathe , she collapsed and suffered brain damage due to asphyxia

deportation

police officers

Joy Angelia Gardner

Crouch End

London

London

the inhumanity of the methods

in the execution of deportation orders

detain

She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation .

orders

police officers

an illegal alien

Joy Angelia Gardner

detain

deportation

support

life support

Joy Angelia Gardner

London

London

used

police officers

the inhumanity of the methods

London

London

England

in the execution of deportation orders

detain

She died following an attempt by police officers to detain her for deportation


Input: Operation Vengeance was the American military operation to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy on April 18 , 1943 , during the Solomon Islands campaign in the Pacific Theater of World War II . Isoroku Yamamoto , commander of the Combined Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy , was killed on Bougainville Island when his transport bomber aircraft was shot down by United States Army Air Forces fighter aircraft operating from Kukum Field on Guadalcanal . The mission of the U.S. aircraft was specifically to kill Yamamoto and was based on United States Navy intelligence on Yamamoto 's itinerary in the Solomon Islands area . The death of Yamamoto reportedly damaged the morale of Japanese naval personnel , raised the morale of the Allied forces , and was intended as revenge by U.S. leaders who blamed Yamamoto for the attack on Pearl Harbor that initiated the formal state of war between Imperial Japan and the United States . The U.S. pilots claimed to have shot down three twin-engined bombers and two fighters during the mission , but Japanese sources show only two bombers were shot down . There is a controversy over which pilot shot down Yamamoto 's plane .

attack

Imperial Japan

U.S.

United States

American

U.S.

Pearl Harbor

initiated the formal state of war between Imperial Japan and the United States

operating

fighter aircraft

United States Army Air Forces

Kukum Field

raised

the Allied forces

morale

The death of Yamamoto

damaged

The death of Yamamoto

the morale of Japanese naval personnel

Imperial Japan

death

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Bougainville Island

his transport bomber aircraft was shot down

blamed

U.S. leaders

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

the attack on Pearl Harbor

killed

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Bougainville Island

his transport bomber aircraft was shot down

kill

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Bougainville Island

his transport bomber aircraft was shot down

kill

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Bougainville Island

his transport bomber aircraft was shot down

initiated

Imperial Japan

attack

Pearl Harbor

controversy

which pilot shot down Yamamoto 's plane

Vengeance

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Operation Vengeance

the attack on Pearl Harbor

Bougainville Island

operation

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Operation Vengeance

the attack on Pearl Harbor

Bougainville Island

revenge

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Operation Vengeance

the attack on Pearl Harbor

Bougainville Island

claimed

The U.S. pilots

have shot down three twin-engined bombers and two fighters during the mission

shot down

United States Army Air Forces

his transport bomber aircraft

Bougainville Island

damaged the morale of Japanese naval personnel

raised the morale of the Allied forces

shot down three twin-engined bombers

two fighters

shot down

United States Army Air Forces

Isoroku Yamamoto

Isoroku Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Yamamoto

Bougainville Island

kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy

shot down

The U.S. pilots

Imperial Japanese Navy

Imperial Japanese Navy

Japanese naval

Bougainville Island

kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy

shot down three twin-engined bombers

two fighters

damaged the morale of Japanese naval personnel

forces

raised the morale of the Allied forces

shot down

United States Army Air Forces

Imperial Japanese Navy

Imperial Japanese Navy

Japanese naval

Bougainville Island

kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto of the Imperial Japanese Navy

two bombers were shot down


Input: The Sinjar massacre was the genocidal killing and abduction of thousands of Yazidi men in Sinjar ( `` Şingal '' ) city and Sinjar District in Iraq 's Nineveh Governorate by the Islamic terror group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) in August 2014 . This event started with ISIL attacking and capturing Sinjar and neighboring towns on 3 August , during ISIL 's offensive in early August 2014 . Dr Noori Abdulrahman , head of the Department of Coordination and Follow-up of the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government , stated that ISIL 's 3 August campaign against Sinjar was more about demography and strategy than about religion . According to Abdulrahman , ISIL wanted to push most of the Kurds out of strategic Yazidi areas and bring in Arabs , obedient to ISIL . On 8 August 2014 , the United States reacted with airstrikes on ISIL units and convoys in northern Iraq , which led to a war of several countries against ISIL . The assistance of PKK and YPG enabled the majority of the 50,000 Yazidis who fled into the Sinjar Mountains to be evacuated . On 17 December 2014 , the Kurdish Peshmerga , PKK and YPG forces started the December 2014 Sinjar offensive with the support of US airstrikes . This offensive broke ISIL 's troop transport routes and supply lines between Mosul and Raqqa , the largest ISIL-controlled cities in Iraq and Syria at the time .

airstrikes

US

the United States

ISIL units

Iraq

Iraq

Iraq

led to

airstrikes

war of several countries against ISIL

broke

offensive

ISIL 's troop transport routes

supply lines

Mosul

Raqqa

evacuated

PKK

PKK

YPG

YPG

majority of the 50,000 Yazidis

Sinjar Mountains

abduction

ISIS

thousands of Yazidi men

Sinjar ( `` Şingal '' ) city

Sinjar District

killing

ISIS

Sinjar ( `` Şingal '' ) city

Sinjar District

massacre

ISIS

thousands of Yazidi men

Sinjar ( `` Şingal '' ) city

Sinjar District

push

most of the Kurds

strategic Yazidi areas

enabled

PKK

PKK

YPG

YPG

majority of the 50,000 Yazidis

started

ISIS

Sinjar massacre

Sinjar

neighboring towns

started

Kurdish Peshmerga

PKK

PKK

YPG

YPG

December 2014 Sinjar offensive

reacted

US

the United States

ISIL units

airstrikes

fled

PKK

PKK

YPG

YPG

Sinjar Mountains

stated

Abdulrahman

Noori Abdulrahman

ISIL 's 3 August campaign against Sinjar

demography

strategy


Input: The Philippines was under a state of emergency , announced by presidential spokesperson Ignacio Bunye on the morning of February 24 , 2006 , by the virtue of Proclamation No . 1017 . This occurred after the government claimed that it foiled an alleged coup d'état attempt against the rule of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo earlier that same day . State security services also claimed that it had arrested a general who was involved in the coup attempt . President Arroyo lifted the state of emergency on March 3 , 2006 by the virtue of Proclamation No . 1021 . The state of national emergency also led to a temporary suspension of lower-level education classes and an immediate revocation on all licenses and permits to hold demonstrations and protests . The government , informally known as `` Malacañang '' , after the presidential palace , also suspended all public activities on the same day and even on succeeding days . Under the provisions of the 1987 Constitution , the government was allowed at the moment to detain anyone indefinitely without the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus . President Arroyo assured Filipinos that the situation was under control and the state of emergency would not be abused . Arroyo had justified the declaration of a state of emergency with her statement of `` clear and present danger to our Republic that we have discovered and thwarted . '' Critics claimed that this was an attempt by Arroyo to seize political power due to her sagging influence and popularity , and some drew similarities to the actions of her predecessor , Ferdinand Marcos , when he declared martial law in 1972 . On March 3 , 2006 ( one week after the proclamation ) , by the virtue of Proclamation No . 1021 , the President lifted the state of emergency .

arrested

a general

Philippines

who was involved in the coup attempt

led to

The state of national emergency

a temporary suspension of lower-level education classes

an immediate revocation on all licenses and permits to hold demonstrations and protests

suspended

Malacañang

all public activities on the same day and even on succeeding days

The state of national emergency

coup

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Philippines

announced

Ignacio Bunye

Philippines

under a state of emergency

Philippines

declared

Ferdinand Marcos

martial law in 1972

hold

Philippines

demonstrations

protests

seize

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Philippines

The state of national emergency

seize political power

justified

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

the declaration of a state of emergency

with her statement of `` clear and present danger to our Republic that we have discovered and thwarted . ''

discovered

the government

clear and present danger to our Republic

Philippines

involved

a general

an alleged coup d'état attempt against the rule of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

against the rule of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

occurred

a state of emergency

Philippines

present

danger to our Republic

Philippines

detain

the government

anyone

allowed

the provisions of the 1987 Constitution

the government

thwarted

the government

clear and present danger to our Republic

lifted

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

the state of emergency

Philippines

revocation

The state of national emergency

all licenses and permits to hold demonstrations and protests

The state of national emergency

Philippines

lifted

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

The state of national emergency

by the virtue of Proclamation No .

Philippines

claimed

Critics

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

The state of national emergency

Philippines

foiled

the government

an alleged coup d'état attempt against the rule of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Philippines

claimed

the government

that it foiled an alleged coup d'état attempt against the rule of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo earlier that same day

Philippines

claimed

State security services

that it had arrested a general who was involved in the coup attempt

Philippines

statement

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

`` clear and present danger to our Republic that we have discovered and thwarted . ''

Philippines

known

assured

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Arroyo

Filipinos

that the situation was under control and the state of emergency would not be abused

Philippines


Input: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winifred was the worst tropical cyclone to make landfall in northern Queensland since Cyclone Amy in 1971 and the first since Althea to inflict significant damage on the northeastern coast of Australia . The sixth named storm of the 1985–86 Australian region cyclone season , Winifred originated as a tropical low north of Cairns , Queensland on 27 January 1986 . Slowly organizing , the system was recognized as a tropical cyclone after gaining tropical characteristics on 30 January , christened with the name Winifred the same day . Meandering southward , the cyclone began to curve southeastward that evening before suddenly turning toward the coast , southwestward , on 31 January , steadily intensifying in that time . By the time it came ashore near Silkwood , Queensland at 0445 UTC on 1 February , it was producing Category 3-force winds on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 957 mbar ( 28.38 inHg ) . Weakening as it drifted inland , Winifred persisted as a tropical depression for another five days after landfall before finally dissipating on 5 February . In advance of Winifred 's approach , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) issued cyclone watches and warnings for various locations along the Queensland coast , prompting evacuations in several towns . Damage after landfall was widespread and severe , with thousands of homes damaged , flooding as a result of heavy rainfall along major rivers , and severe damage to crops . Debris obstructed roads across northern Queensland and power outages disrupted electrical service , even at water treatment plants , forcing officials to warn residents to boil water as a precautionary measure . Overall , the cyclone caused $ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages , with sugar cane and banana harvests suffering the most . Tourist operations were generally uninterrupted by the storm , while ecological and environmental damage , if any , was mild . Even so , high winds uprooted trees in wide swaths of forests , with those not completely defoliated . Overall , Winifred caused three deaths and inflicted $ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage . In the aftermath of the cyclone , the Australian government distributed financial and emergency aid , offering to provide assistance to hard-hit banana and sugar cane farmers in northern Queensland . hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers were deployed to restore electrical and water services , evacuate local citizens , provide food , and repair and protect structures . The Department of Social Security ( DSS ) sent employees to receive claims for damage , requests for financial aid , and filings for unemployment benefits . Meanwhile , the Commonwealth of Australia initiated a three-year , $ 150 million program to provide relief to damaged areas . Fund payments , however , were frequently incorrectly distributed , and in some cases , fraudulent . In the confusion in the days following the cyclone , looters stole possessions in areas within the vicinity of Innisfail , and relief efforts were impeded by thunderstorms at Cairns . The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) was subject to heavy criticism in the days following the storm 's landfall , accused of not giving ample warning in advance of Winifred 's approach ; however , these concerns were later addressed in its report on the cyclone 's impact . Due to the severity of the storm 's damage , the name `` Winifred '' was retired after the season ended .

deployed

hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers

restore electrical

water services

, evacuate local citizens

provide food

repair

protect structures

organizing

a tropical low

landfall

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

landfall

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

Silkwood

came

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

Silkwood

landfall

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

landfall

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

approach

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

approach

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

assistance

Australian government

hard-hit banana

sugar cane farmers

northern Queensland

aid

Australian government

hard-hit banana

sugar cane farmers

provide assistance to hard-hit banana and sugar cane farmers in northern Queensland

northern Queensland

relief

Commonwealth of Australia

citizens

damaged areas

aid

Department of Social Security

DSS

citizens

northern Queensland

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

three deaths

$ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

Australian

intensity scale

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

$ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

three deaths

Cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

storm

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

storm

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

storm

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

cyclone

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

storm

the northeastern coast of Australia

the northeastern coast of Australia

$ 130 million

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

flooding

along the Queensland coast

northern Queensland

severe damage to crops

Cyclone

northern Queensland

northern Queensland

three deaths

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

$ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

inflict

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

significant damage on the northeastern coast of Australia

inflicted

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

$ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

Due

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

the name `` Winifred '' was retired after the season ended

caused

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

three deaths

inflicted $ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

caused

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

prompting

Australian Bureau of Meteorology

BoM

Bureau of Meteorology

BoM

evacuations

various locations along the Queensland coast

intensifying

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

Weakening

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winifred

originated

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

the northeastern coast of Australia

a tropical low

producing

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

Category 3-force winds

Silkwood

damage

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

$ 86.4 million in agriculture-related damages

$ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

the northeastern coast of Australia

damaged

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

homes

thousands of homes

northern Queensland

damage

flooding

crops

northern Queensland

Damage

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

homes

crops

residents

$ 86.4 million

northern Queensland

damaged

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

northern Queensland

damages

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

sugar cane

banana

$ 86.4 million

northern Queensland

damage

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

citizens

northern Queensland

damage

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

three deaths

$ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage

northern Queensland

disrupted

power outages

electrical service

northern Queensland

damage

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

crops

homes

northern Queensland

damage

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

$ 130 million

northern Queensland

deaths

residents

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

northern Queensland

distributed

financial

emergency aid

northern Queensland

distributed

Fund payments

northern Queensland

evacuations

in several towns

evacuate

hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers

local citizens

northern Queensland

issued

Australian Bureau of Meteorology

BoM

Bureau of Meteorology

BoM

cyclone

watches

warnings

Australian

gaining

a tropical low

north of Cairns

north of Cairns

tropical characteristics

retired

the name `` Winifred ''

the severity of the storm 's damage

giving

The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM )

ample warning

obstructed

Debris

roads

impeded

thunderstorms

relief efforts

impact

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

criticism

The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM )

not giving ample warning in advance of Winifred 's approach

accused

The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM )

not giving ample warning in advance of Winifred 's approach

recognized

a tropical low

north of Cairns

Meandering

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

north of Cairns

southward

turning

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

curve southeastward

the coast

winds

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

drifted

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

Silkwood

inland

curve

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winifred

southeastward

north of Cairns , Queensland

christened

a tropical low

Winifred

named

Tropical Cyclone

Winifred

protect

hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers

structures

ended

the season

Australia

initiated

Commonwealth of Australia

a three-year

$ 150 million program

northern Queensland

provide relief to damaged areas

began

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

curve southeastward

north of Cairns , Queensland

concerns

not giving ample warning in advance of Winifred 's approach

receive

employees

citizens

northern Queensland

claims for damage

requests for financial aid

filings for unemployment benefits

repair

hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers

structures

northern Queensland

restore

hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers

electrical

water services

northern Queensland

dissipating

Tropical Cyclone Winifred

Silkwood

report

The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM )

these concerns

were later addressed

requests

citizens

Department of Social Security

DSS

for financial aid

sent

Department of Social Security

DSS

employees

northern Queensland

addressed

The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM )

these concerns

Australia

provide

Australian government

hard-hit banana

sugar cane farmers

financial

emergency aid

provide

Commonwealth of Australia

citizens

relief

provide

hundreds of state emergency service ( ses ) volunteers

citizens

food

stole

looters

citizens

the vicinity of Innisfail

possessions

warn

officials

residents

boil water as a precautionary measure

warnings

Australian Bureau of Meteorology

BoM

Bureau of Meteorology

BoM

cyclone

evacuations in several towns

warning

The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM )

citizens

the storm 's landfall