Input: A groundbreaking of the permanent memorial occurred in June 2006.

occurred

memorial


Input: The Columbine Memorial opened up to the public on September 21, 2007.

opened


Input: The Yugoslav coup d'état of 27 March 1941 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, replaced the regency led by Prince Paul and installed King Peter II.

replaced

installed


Input: It was planned and conducted by a group of pro-Western Serb-nationalist Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force officers formally led by its commander, General Dušan Simović, who had been associated with several putsch plots from 1938 onwards.

conducted

planned

associated


Input: Brigadier General of Military Aviation Borivoje Mirković, Major Živan Knežević of the Yugoslav Royal Guards, and his brother Radoje Knežević were key organisers in the overthrow of the government.

overthrow


Input: In addition to Radoje Knežević, some other civilian leaders were probably aware of the takeover before it was launched and moved to support it once it occurred, but they were not among the organisers.

occurred

aware

moved

launched

support


Input: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia played no part in the coup, although it made a significant contribution to the mass street protests in many cities that signalled popular support for it once it had occurred.

contribution

occurred


Input: The putsch was successful and deposed the three-member regency: Prince Paul, Radenko Stanković and Ivo Perović, as well as the government of Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković.

deposed


Input: Two days prior to its ousting, the Cvetković government had signed the Vienna Protocol on the Accession of Yugoslavia to the Tripartite Pact (Axis).

signed


Input: The coup had been planned for several months, but the signing of the Tripartite Pact spurred the organisers to carry it out, encouraged by the British Special Operations Executive.

planned

carry

encouraged


Input: The military conspirators brought to power the 17-year-old King Peter II, whom they declared to be of age to assume the throne, and a weak and divided government of national unity was formed with Simović as prime minister and Vladko Maček and Slobodan Jovanović as his vice-premiers.

brought

formed

declared


Input: The coup led directly to the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia.

invasion


Input: The importance of the putsch and subsequent invasion in delaying Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, is disputed but most scholars now consider that it had no significant impact on the eventual outcome of that campaign.

impact

disputed


Input: Operation Market Garden was a failed World War II military operation fought in the Netherlands from 17 to 25 September 1944.

fought

Operation

operation


Input: It was the brainchild of Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, planned primarily by Generals Brereton and Williams of the USAAF.

planned


Input: The airborne part of the operation was undertaken by the First Allied Airborne Army with the land operation by XXX Corps of the British Second Army.

operation


Input: The objective was to create a salient into German territory with a bridgehead over the River Rhine, creating an Allied invasion route into northern Germany.

create

creating


Input: This was to be achieved by seizing a series of nine bridges by Airborne forces with land forces swiftly following moving over the bridges.

achieved

moving


Input: The operation succeeded in liberating the Dutch cities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen along with many towns, creating a salient into German-held territory limiting V-2 rocket launching sites.

creating


Input: It failed, however, to secure a bridgehead over the Rhine, halting at the river.

failed

halting


Input: Market Garden consisted of two sub operations: The attack was the largest airborne operation up to that point in World War II.

attack


Input: Supreme Commander General Eisenhower's strategic goal was to encircle the heart of German industry, the Ruhr Area, in a pincer movement.

encircle


Input: The northern end of the pincer would circumvent the northern end of the Siegfried Line, giving easier access into Germany across the north German plains enabling mobile warfare.

access

giving

enabling


Input: The prime aim of Operation Market Garden was to establish the northern end of a pincer ready to project deeper into Germany.

establish


Input: Allied forces would project north from Belgium, through the Netherlands, across the Rhine and consolidate north of Arnhem on the Dutch/German border, ready to close the pincer.

consolidate

ready

close


Input: The operation made massive use of airborne forces, whose tactical objectives were to secure the bridges and to allow a rapid advance by armored ground units to consolidate north of Arnhem.

consolidate

secure

made

allow


Input: The operation required the seizure of the bridges by airborne troops across the Meuse River, two arms of the Rhine (the Waal River and the Lower Rhine), together with crossings over several smaller canals and tributaries.

required


Input: However, this large airborne force contrasted with the ground forces being light with only one corps moving north of Eindhoven, XXX Corps.

forces

moving


Input: XXX Corps took along 5,000 vehicles full of bridging equipment and 9,000 sappers.

took


Input: The Allies captured several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen at the beginning of the operation.

captured


Input: Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks' XXX Corps ground force advance was delayed by the initial failure of the airborne units to secure bridges at Son en Breugel and Nijmegen.

delayed


Input: German forces demolished the bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son before it could be captured by the US 101st Airborne Division, although a Bailey bridge was then built over the canal by British sappers.

built

captured

demolished


Input: This delayed XXX Corps' advance by 12 hours, however they made up the time, reaching Nijmegen on schedule.

reaching

delayed

made up


Input: The US 82nd Airborne Division's failure to capture the main highway bridge over the Waal River at Nijmegen before 20 September delayed the advance by 36 hours.

capture

failure


Input: XXX Corps had to seize the bridge themselves instead of speeding over a captured bridge onwards to Arnhem, where the British paratroopers were still holding the north end of the bridge.

seize

holding


Input: At the northern point of the airborne operation, the British 1st Airborne Division initially encountered strong resistance.

encountered


Input: The delays in capturing the bridge at Nijmegen and constructing a Bailey bridge at Son gave time for German forces (the 9th SS Panzer Division "Hohenstaufen" and 10th SS Panzer Division "Frundsberg", which were in the Arnhem area at the start of the jump) to organise their counterattack.

organise

constructing

capturing

gave


Input: A small British force managed to capture the north end of the Arnhem road bridge, denying use of the intact bridge to German forces.

denying

capture


Input: After the ground forces failed to relieve the paratroopers on time, they were overrun on 21 September.

relieve

failed


Input: At the same time that XXX Corps' tanks moved over the Nijmegen bridge, 36 hours late, after seizing it from the Germans, the British paratroopers at the Arnhem bridge were capitulating, unable to hold on any longer.

hold

moved

capitulating


Input: The remainder of the British 1st Airborne Division was trapped in a small pocket west of the Arnhem bridge, which was evacuated on 25 September after sustaining heavy casualties.

evacuated


Input: The Allies had failed to cross the Rhine.

failed

cross


Input: The river remained a barrier to their advance into Germany until offensives at Remagen, Oppenheim, Rees and Wesel in March 1945.


Input: The failure of Operation Market Garden to form a foothold over the Rhine ended Allied hopes of finishing the war by Christmas 1944.

form

ended


Input: The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, and was a major part of the Naval history of World War II.

defeat

Battle

campaign

War

War


Input: At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade.

blockade

announced

declaration

war


Input: It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943.

end


Input: The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the "Kriegsmarine" (Navy) and aircraft of the "Luftwaffe" (Air Force) against the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, United States Navy, and Allied merchant shipping.

Allied

Battle

pitted

shipping


Input: Convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces.

protected

coming

going to


Input: These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13, 1941.

aided

forces

beginning


Input: The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy ("Regia Marina") after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940.

entered

joined

war


Input: As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods.


Input: Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight.

fight


Input: In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war: the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting.

Battle

war

fighting

stem

enabled

struggle

shipping

supply

keep


Input: From 1942 onward, the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe.

invasion

preparation

occupied

prevent

supplies


Input: The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis.

defeat

pushing


Input: The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies—the German blockade failed—but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats (the majority being Type VII submarines) and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships ("Scharnhorst", "Bismarck", "Gneisenau", and "Tirpitz"), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers.

cost

victory

sunk

loss

battle


Input: Of the U-boats, 519 were sunk by British, Canadian, or other allied forces, while 175 were destroyed by American forces; 15 were destroyed by Soviets and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various causes.

forces

forces

destroyed

destroyed

scuttled

war

sunk

end


Input: The Battle of the Atlantic has been called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in history.

Battle

battle

called


Input: The campaign started immediately after the European War began, during the so-called "Phoney War", and lasted six years, until the German Surrender in May 1945.

campaign

War

War

started

began

Surrender


Input: It involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters, in a theatre covering millions of square miles of ocean.

covering

battles

encounters

involved

convoy

theatre


Input: The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as participating countries surrendered, joined and even changed sides in the war, and as new weapons, tactics, counter-measures and equipment were developed by both sides.

joined

changed

changed

developed

gaining

war

participating

equipment

surrendered


Input: The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses due to U-boats continued until the war's end.

overcoming

defeating

losses

gained

war

end

end


Input: The British 2nd Parachute Brigade was part of the Operation Rugby airborne landings in August 1944.

landings


Input: The operation was carried out by an ad hoc airborne formation called the 1st Airborne Task Force.

carried out

Force

operation


Input: Operation Rugby was itself part of the Operation Dragoon invasion of Southern France by the American 7th Army.

Operation

invasion


Input: The airborne task force landed in the River Argens valley with the objective of preventing German reinforcements from reaching the landing beaches.

reaching

preventing

landed

landing


Input: The landings were mainly an American operation and the brigade was the only British Army formation involved.

landings


Input: The brigade's pathfinders landed accurately and set up their homing beacons, but the main body of the brigade landed over a large area, some away.

set up

landed

landed


Input: The following glider force also had problems; weather conditions forced the brigade's anti-tank unit to turn back for Italy and return with the second wave later that day.

forced

turn

return


Input: Eventually the brigade captured their primary objectives, but the lack of manpower meant that their secondary objective of Le Muy was given to the American airborne forces.

forces

captured

given


Input: The seaborne and airborne landings linked up within two days, and the brigade became the reserve formation for the operation.

became

linked

operation

landings


Input: As a British withdrawal from France at the earliest opportunity had been the original intent, the brigade boarded ships bound for Italy eleven days after landing.

withdrawal

boarded

landing


Input: The operation had cost the brigade 362 casualties, but this did not hinder their next mission in Greece two months later.

cost

hinder

casualties

operation

mission


Input: Only 126 replacements were required to bring the brigade back up to full strength.

bring

required


Input: The Invasion of Algiers in 1830 was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X, invaded and conquered the Ottoman Regency of Algiers.

Invasion

invaded

conquered

ruled

operation


Input: Algiers had been a province of the Ottoman Empire since the Capture of Algiers in 1529 by Hayreddin Barbarossa.


Input: A diplomatic incident in 1827, the so-called Fan Affair (Fly Whisk Incident) served as a pretext to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers.

initiate


Input: After three years of standstill and a more severe incident in which a French ship carrying an ambassador to the dey with a proposal for negotiations was bombarded, the French determined that more forceful action was required.

bombarded

determined

required


Input: Charles X was also in need of diverting attention from turbulent French domestic affairs that culminated with his deposition during the later stages of the invasion in the July Revolution.

culminated


Input: The invasion of Algiers began on 5 July 1830 with a naval bombardment by a fleet under Admiral Duperré, and a landing by troops under Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne, comte de Bourmont.

began


Input: The French quickly defeated the troops of Hussein Dey, the Ottoman ruler, but native resistance was widespread.

defeated

widespread


Input: This resulted in a protracted military campaign, lasting more than 45 years, to root out popular opposition to the colonisation.

resulted in

root


Input: The so-called "pacification" was marked by resistance of figures such as Ahmed Bey, Abd El-Kader and Lalla Fatma N'Soumer.

marked


Input: The invasion marked the end of several centuries of Ottoman rule in Algeria and the beginning of French Algeria.

marked


Input: In 1848, the territories conquered around Algiers were organised into three départements, defining the territories of modern Algeria.

organised

conquered


Input: Cyclone Tracy was a tropical cyclone that devastated the city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia from 24 to 26 December 1974.

cyclone

devastated


Input: The storm was the second-smallest tropical cyclone on record (in terms of gale-force wind diameter), behind only Tropical Storm Marco in 2008.

storm

cyclone


Input: The small, developing easterly storm had been observed passing clear of the city initially, but then turned towards it early on 24 December.

storm

turned

passing

observed


Input: After 10:00 p.m. ACST, damage became severe, and wind gusts reached before instruments failed.

reached

became


Input: Residents of Darwin were celebrating Christmas, and did not immediately acknowledge the emergency, partly because they had been alerted to an earlier cyclone (Selma) that passed west of the city.

cyclone

acknowledge

passed

alerted


Input: Additionally, news outlets had only a skeleton crew on duty over the holiday.

duty


Input: Tracy killed 71 people, caused 837 million in damage (1974 dollars), or approximately 6.85 billion (2018 dollars), or $4.79 billion 2018 USD.

caused

killed


Input: It destroyed more than 70 percent of Darwin's buildings, including 80 percent of houses.

destroyed


Input: It left more than 25,000 out of the 47,000 inhabitants of the city homeless prior to landfall and required the evacuation of over 30,000 people, of whom many never returned.

returned

left

evacuation

required


Input: After the storm passed, the city was rebuilt using more stringent standards "to cyclone code".

rebuilt

passed


Input: The First Libyan Civil War, also referred to as the Libyan Revolution or 17 February Revolution, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government.

conflict

referred


Input: The war was preceded by protests in Zawiya on 8 August 2009 and finally ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday, 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces that fired on the crowd.

led to

preceded

fired


Input: The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council.

establishing


Input: The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricting their travel, and referred the matter to the International Criminal Court for investigation.

freezing

restricting

passed


Input: In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before reaching Benghazi.

pushed


Input: A further UN resolution authorised member states to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya, and to use "all necessary measures" to prevent attacks on civilians, which turned into a bombing campaign by the forces of NATO against military installations and civilian infrastructure of Libya.

turned

establish

authorised

enforce

prevent

use


Input: The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but fighting and bombing continued.

announced


Input: Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the African Union to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi.

rejected

include

set

end


Input: In August, rebel forces launched an offensive on the government-held coast of Libya, backed by a wide-reaching NATO bombing campaign, taking back territory lost months before and ultimately capturing the capital city of Tripoli, while Gaddafi evaded capture and loyalists engaged in a rearguard campaign.

taking

evaded


Input: On 16 September 2011, the National Transitional Council was recognised by the United Nations as the legal representative of Libya, replacing the Gaddafi government.

replacing

recognised


Input: Muammar Gaddafi evaded capture until 20 October 2011, when he was captured and killed in Sirte.

captured

evaded

killed


Input: The National Transitional Council "declared the liberation of Libya" and the official end of the war on 23 October 2011.

declared

end


Input: In the aftermath of the civil war, a low-level insurgency by former Gaddafi loyalists continued.


Input: There have been various disagreements and strife between local militia and tribes, including fighting on 23 January 2012 in the former Gaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid, leading to an alternative town council being established and later recognized by the National Transitional Council (NTC).

established

leading to

recognized


Input: A much greater issue has been the role of militias which fought in the civil war and their role in the new Libya.

fought


Input: Some have refused to disarm, and cooperation with the NTC has been strained, leading to demonstrations against militias and government action to disband such groups or integrate them into the Libyan military.

refused

leading to

integrate


Input: These unresolved issues led directly to a second civil war in Libya.

led


Input: The 2010 Shanghai fire was a fire on 15 November 2010 that destroyed a 28-story high-rise apartment building in the city of Shanghai, China, killing at least 58 people and injuring more than 70 others (with at least one source reporting more than 120 others injured).

injuring

injured

fire

fire

destroyed

killing

reporting


Input: An investigation under the PRC State Council was announced on 16 November, the day after the fire, to determine the cause of the blaze.

fire

blaze

cause

investigation

announced

determine


Input: A preliminary finding by investigators concluded that sparks from welding work being done on the building, undertaken by unlicensed welders, ignited scaffolding around the structure, which led to the apartments' destruction.

led to

concluded

destruction


Input: The municipal government also placed the blame on illegal multi-layered subcontracting, and detained four managers from several construction companies.

placed

detained

blame

illegal


Input: In all, sixteen individuals have been arrested in connection to the fire, as well as four others accused of being unlicensed welders.

arrested

fire

accused


Input: The week after the fire, city officials announced a compensation plan for victims of the fire and their families.

fire

fire

announced


Input: The fire also prompted the government to pass stricter regulations on the construction industry, as well as increased fire safety inspections.

fire

prompted

increased

regulations

pass

inspections


Input: Some citizens have criticized the government, accusing it of censoring the media and providing an inadequate response to the fire.

fire

providing

criticized

accusing

response


Input: The Japanese decided to withdraw and concede Guadalcanal to Allied forces for several reasons.

decided

withdraw

concede


Input: All attempts by the IJA to recapture Henderson Field, the airfield on Guadalcanal in use by Allied aircraft, had been repulsed with heavy losses.

recapture

repulsed

use


Input: Japanese ground forces on the island had been reduced from 36,000 to 11,000 through starvation, disease, and battle casualties.

casualties

reduced

battle


Input: IJN forces were also suffering heavy losses attempting to reinforce and resupply the ground forces on the island.

suffering

losses

resupply


Input: These losses, plus the projected resources needed for further attempts to recapture Guadalcanal, were affecting strategic security and operations in other areas of the Japanese Empire.

recapture

losses

affecting


Input: The decision to withdraw was endorsed by Emperor Hirohito on 31 December 1942.

endorsed

decision

withdraw


Input: The operation began on 14 January 1943 with the delivery of a battalion of infantry troops to Guadalcanal to act as rearguard for the evacuation.

operation

delivery

began


Input: Around the same time, IJA and IJN air forces began an air superiority campaign around the Solomon Islands and New Guinea.

began


Input: During the air campaign, a US cruiser was sunk in the Battle of Rennell Island.

Battle

sunk


Input: Two days later, Japanese aircraft sank a US destroyer near Guadalcanal.

sank


Input: The withdrawal was carried out on the nights of 1, 4, and 7 February by destroyers.

carried out


Input: At a cost of one destroyer sunk and three damaged, the Japanese evacuated 10,652 men from Guadalcanal.

cost

damaged

evacuated


Input: During the evacuation 600 died and 3,000 more required extensive hospital care.

died

required


Input: On 9 February, Allied forces realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure, ending the six-month campaign for control of the island.

realized

declared

ending

gone


Input: The Staplehurst rail crash was a derailment at Staplehurst, Kent on 9 June 1865 at 3:13 pm.

crash


Input: The South Eastern Railway Folkestone to London boat train derailed while crossing a viaduct where a length of track had been removed during engineering works, killing ten passengers and injuring forty.

works

injuring

killing

crossing

removed

derailed


Input: In the Board of Trade report it was found that a man had been placed with a red flag away but the regulations required him to be away and the train had insufficient time to stop.

required

found

placed

stop

report


Input: Charles Dickens was travelling with Ellen Ternan and her mother on the train; they all survived the derailment.

travelling


Input: He tended the victims, some of whom died while he was with them.

died


Input: The experience affected Dickens greatly; he lost his voice for two weeks and afterwards was nervous when travelling by train, using alternative means when available.

lost

affected

travelling

using


Input: Dickens died five years to the day after the accident; his son said that he had never fully recovered.

said

died

recovered


Input: The Williamite War in Ireland (1688–1691) (, "war of the two kings"), was a conflict between Jacobite supporters of King James II and Williamite supporters of Prince William of Orange.

conflict


Input: It is also called the Jacobite War in Ireland or the Williamite–Jacobite War in Ireland.

called


Input: The proximate cause of the war was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which James, a Catholic, was overthrown as king of the Three Kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and nephew and son-in-law William, ruling as joint monarchs.

cause

overthrown

replaced


Input: James's supporters initially retained control of Ireland, which he hoped to use as a base for a campaign to reclaim all three kingdoms; however, the conflict in Ireland also involved longstanding domestic issues of land ownership and religious and civic rights, and many Irish Catholics supported James in the hope he would address their grievances.

involved

retained

address

supported


Input: A small number of English and Scottish Catholics, and Protestants of the established Church in Ireland, also fought on the Jacobite side, while many Irish Protestants supported or actively fought for William’s regime.

established

fought

fought

supported


Input: While the war's Irish name emphasises its aspect as a domestic conflict between James and William, some contemporaries and many modern commentators have viewed it as part of a wider European conflict known as the Nine Years' War or War of the Grand Alliance in which William, as Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, led a multi-national coalition against France under Louis XIV.

viewed


Input: William’s deposition of James was partly driven by his need to control and mobilise English military and commercial power, while Louis provided limited material support to the Jacobites: both sides were aware of the Irish war's potential to divert military resources from the Continent.

control

aware

driven

provided

support


Input: The war began with a series of skirmishes between James’s Irish Army, which had stayed loyal in 1688, and militia forces raised by Irish Protestants: they culminated in the Siege of Derry, where the Jacobites failed to regain control of one of the north’s key towns.

raised

regain

failed

culminated

began

stayed


Input: William landed a force including English, Scottish, Dutch, Danish and other troops to put down Jacobite resistance.


Input: James left Ireland after a reverse at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, as did William after a successful Jacobite defence of Limerick; the remaining Jacobite forces were decisively defeated at the Battle of Aughrim in 1691, and negotiated terms in the Treaty of Limerick.

negotiated

defeated

left


Input: A contemporary witness, George Story, calculated that the war had claimed 100,000 lives through sickness, famine, and in battle.

claimed


Input: Subsequent Jacobite risings were confined to Scotland and England, but the war was to have a lasting effect on the political and cultural landscape of Ireland, confirming British and Protestant rule over the country for over two centuries.

confirming

confined


Input: While the Treaty of Limerick had offered a series of guarantees to Catholics, subsequent extension of the Penal Laws, particularly during the War of the Spanish Succession, would further erode their civic rights.

erode

offered


Input: The Williamite victories at Derry and the Boyne are still celebrated by some, mostly Ulster Protestant, unionists in Ireland today.

celebrated


Input: The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain (later joined by France) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region of Morocco.

armed

joined

conflict

fought

War


Input: Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and captured European weapons.

inflicted

captured

using


Input: After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima, considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve the use of tanks and aircraft, Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile.

taken

intervention

involve

landing

surrendered


Input: In 1909, Rifian tribes aggressively confronted Spanish workers of the iron mines of the Rif, near Melilla, which led to the intervention of the Spanish Army.

led to

confronted


Input: The military operations in Jebala, in the Moroccan West, began in 1911 with the Larache Landing.

operations

began


Input: Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919 due to World War I.

worked

consolidation

War

lasted

pacify


Input: The following year, after the signing of the Treaty of Fez, the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate.

protectorate

adjudicated

signing

Treaty


Input: The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years.

resisted

conflict

last

unleashing


Input: In 1921, the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic Disaster of Annual in addition to a rebellion led by Rifian leader Abd el-Krim.

led

rebellion

suffered


Input: As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the Republic of the Rif.

created

retreated


Input: The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927.

conflict

campaign


Input: In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the Alhucemas landing which proved a turning point.

turning

collaboration

established

Battle

intervened


Input: By 1926 the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered in July 1927; and the Spanish regained the previously lost territory.

regained

pacified

surrendered


Input: The Rif War is still considered controversial among historians.

War

controversial


Input: Some see in it a harbinger of the decolonization process in North Africa.

see


Input: Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif — nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but "de facto" independent — that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924.

conquer

consider

wars


Input: The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco.

left

War


Input: The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the Algerian war of independence, which took place three decades later.

interpreted

war

took place


Input: The 2012 Malian coup d'état began on 21 March that year, when mutinying Malian soldiers, displeased with the management of the Tuareg rebellion, attacked several locations in the capital Bamako, including the presidential palace, state television, and military barracks.

attacked

coup

began

rebellion


Input: The soldiers, who said they had formed the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State, declared the following day that they had overthrown the government of Amadou Toumani Touré, forcing him into hiding.

forcing

overthrown

formed

hiding

declared

Restoration

said


Input: The coup was followed by "unanimous" international condemnation, harsh sanctions by Mali's neighbors, and the swift loss of northern Mali to Tuareg forces, leading Reuters to describe the coup as "a spectacular own-goal".

followed

leading

coup

coup

describe

loss

condemnation


Input: On 6 April, the junta agreed with Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) negotiators that they would step down from power in return for the end of sanctions, giving power to a transitional government led by parliament speaker Dioncounda Traoré.

agreed

step down

giving

sanctions

end


Input: In the following days, both Touré and coup leader Amadou Sanogo formally resigned; however, as of 16 May, the junta was still "widely thought to have maintained overall control".

maintained

coup

resigned


Input: On 3 December 2013, a mass grave was discovered in Diago holding the remains of 21 soldiers that went missing the year before, loyal to the ousted president.

went

discovered


Input: The Alexisonfire Farewell Tour was a concert tour by Canadian post-hardcore band Alexisonfire, taking place in December 2012.

taking place

concert


Input: After their tour in 2010, band member Dallas Green expressed his desire to leave the band.

expressed

leave


Input: The band officially announced their break-up in August 2011 and also announced plans of doing one last farewell tour before officially disbanding.

plans

announced

announced

disbanding


Input: The farewell tour was officially announced on August 9, 2012, when the band revealed the tour dates to take place in December 2012.

announced

take place

revealed


Input: The band commented that the tour was short due to December being the only available time window for all five members when they were free from any other commitments, especially Dallas Green who was touring with City and Colour and Wade MacNeil who was touring with Gallows.

due

commitments

commented

touring

touring


Input: On August 17, 2012, after the tickets for the London date were sold out in just 5 minutes, the band announced that they added another London date at the same venue, a day before, on December 2, 2012.

added

sold

announced


Input: The 1975 album "Born to Run" was Bruce Springsteen's last, best hope for fortune and fame.


Input: As such it became a torturous recording process, and to make ends meet Springsteen and the E Street Band toured constantly during the first set of recording sessions for it, performing his new songs as he developed them.

became

developed

meet

recording

ends

performing

toured


Input: Before, during, and immediately after the album's commercially successful release, he toured again, sometimes in battle against his now highly promoted image.

battle

release

toured


Input: Financial success was short-lived, however, as he was soon plunged into legal battles with his former manager and enjoined from further recording.

battles

plunged

enjoined

recording


Input: Again he toured to make a living, long after the conventional period of playing in connection with an album's release was over; only when his legal issues were finally resolved did he stop.

make

issues

stop

release

resolved

toured


Input: From 1974 through 1977, these outings are collectively the Born to Run tours.

tours


Input: Battle of Ciołków (the village is now called "Ciółkowo"; north-east of Płock) of January 22, 1863, was the first skirmish of the January Uprising.

Battle

skirmish

called


Input: Fought between an unorganised Polish troop of ca.

Fought


Input: 100 men under Aleksander Rogaliński and a company of the Russian Murom Regiment under Col. Kozlaninov, the skirmish resulted in Polish victory.

resulted in

victory

skirmish


Input: As the engagement started on the very first day of the uprising, the Russian force still obeyed the orders of marching through the occupied country with their rifles unloaded.

uprising

engagement

marching

started


Input: When the Russians approached a local manor in which the Poles had their quarters, the Russian commander ordered a loose formation and tried to negotiate an agreement and take all Poles into captivity.

ordered

approached

negotiate

take


Input: However, Rogaliński refused to negotiate and ordered a charge of the Russians.

refused

ordered

negotiate


Input: After a short hand-to-hand fight (the Polish unit had only two pieces of firearms and was mostly equipped with sabres, war scythes and improvised weapons), the Russian commander was killed and his unit dispersed.

dispersed

fight

killed

equipped


Input: Polish losses were negligible, but the Polish commander was wounded and lost his eye.

wounded

losses

lost


Input: The Malabar Riot (also known as the Moplah Genocide and "Māppila Lahaḷa") was an armed uprising in 1921 against British authority in the Malabar region of Southern India by Mappilas and the culmination of a series of Mappila revolts that recurred throughout the 19th century and early 20th century.

armed

recurred


Input: The 1921 riot began as a reaction against a heavy-handed crackdown on the Khilafat Movement, a campaign in defense of the Ottoman Caliphate, by the British authorities in the Eranad and Valluvanad "taluks" of Malabar.

crackdown

began

campaign


Input: In the initial stages,the movement had the support of Mahatma Gandhi and other congress/ national movement leaders, a number of minor clashes took place between Khilafat volunteers and the police, but the violence soon spread across the region.

spread

took place

support

violence


Input: The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, British government offices, courts and government treasuries.

attacked

took

control


Input: The British Government put down the rebellion with an iron fist, British and Gurkha regiments were sent to the area and Martial Law imposed.

imposed

sent


Input: One of the most noteworthy events during the suppression later came to be known as the "Wagon tragedy", in which 67 out of a total of 90 Mappila prisoners destined for the Central Prison in Podanur suffocated to death in a closed railway goods wagon.

tragedy

suffocated


Input: For six months from August 1921, the rebellion extended over  – some 40% of the South Malabar region of the Madras Presidency.

extended


Input: An estimated 10,000 people lost their lives, although official figures put the numbers at 2337 rebels killed, 1652 injured and 45,404 imprisoned.

imprisoned

lost

rebels


Input: Unofficial estimates put the number imprisoned at almost 50,000 of whom 20,000 were deported, mainly to the penal colony in the Andaman Islands, while around 10,000 went missing.

imprisoned

deported

went


Input: The most prominent leaders of the rebellion were Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithi Koya Thangal and Ali Musliyar.

rebellion


Input: Contemporary British administrators and modern historians differ markedly in their assessment of the incident, debating whether the revolts were triggered off by religious fanaticism or agrarian grievances.

triggered

debating


Input: At the time, the Indian National Congress repudiated the movement and it remained isolated from the wider nationalist movement.

repudiated

remained


Input: However, contemporary Indian evaluations now view the rebellion as a national upheaval against British authority and the most important event concerning the political movement in Malabar during the period.

upheaval

view


Input: In its magnitude and extent, it was an unprecedented popular upheaval, the likes of which has not been seen in Kerala before or since.

magnitude

seen


Input: While the Mappilas were in the vanguard of the movement and bore the brunt of the struggle, several non-Mappila leaders actively sympathised with the rebels' cause, giving the uprising the character of a national upheaval.

giving

uprising


Input: In 1971, the Government of Kerala officially recognised the active participants in the events as "freedom fighters".

freedom

recognised


Input: The Borrowed Heaven Tour is the fourth concert tour by Irish band, The Corrs, Beginning summer 2004, the tour promoted the band's fourth studio album, "Borrowed Heaven".

promoted


Input: With nearly 70 shows, the tour visited Europe and North America.

visited


Input: It marks the first headlining tour for the band in North America.

marks


Input: It also serves as the last headlining tour before the band went into hiatus.

serves


Input: Two new members joined the group during the tour – Jason Duffy on drums and Kieran Kiely on keyboards.

joined


Input: Jason Duffy joined the band after Caroline Corr announced her pregnancy and was unable to cross the Atlantic Ocean for the North American leg.

joined

announced


Input: Caroline was moved to percussion which would be easier for her as the months progressed.

moved


Input: The 26 November 2004 show at the SEG Geneva Arena in Geneva, Switzerland was filmed and released on 13 December 2005.

filmed

released


Input: It was titled, "All the Way Home: A History of the Corrs (plus Live in Geneva)".

titled


Input: The film contains a documentary on the history of the band along with the full concert made into a fantasy movie from Geneva by Warner Bros. Pictures.

contains

made


Input: Operation Dragoon (initially Operation Anvil) was the code name for the Allied invasion of Southern France on 15August 1944.

Operation


Input: The operation was initially planned to be executed in conjunction with Operation Overlord, the Allied landing in Normandy, but the lack of available resources led to a cancellation of the second landing.

planned

led to


Input: By July 1944 the landing was reconsidered, as the clogged-up ports in Normandy did not have the capacity to adequately supply the Allied forces.

reconsidered

forces

supply


Input: Concurrently, the French High Command pushed for a revival of the operation that would include large numbers of French troops.

include

pushed


Input: As a result, the operation was finally approved in July to be executed in August.

approved


Input: The goal of the invasion was to secure the vital ports on the French Mediterranean coast and increase pressure on the German forces by opening another front.

goal

increase

forces

opening


Input: After some preliminary commando operations, the US VI Corps landed on the beaches of the Côte d'Azur under the shield of a large naval task force, followed by several divisions of the French Army B.

landed

followed


Input: They were opposed by the scattered forces of the German Army Group G, which had been weakened by the relocation of its divisions to other fronts and the replacement of its soldiers with third-rate "Ostlegionen" outfitted with obsolete equipment.

opposed

weakened

forces

equipment


Input: Hindered by total Allied air superiority and a large-scale uprising by the French Resistance, the weak German forces were swiftly defeated.

uprising

defeated

Hindered

Resistance

forces


Input: The Germans withdrew to the north through the Rhône valley, to establish a stable defense line at Dijon.

establish

defense

withdrew


Input: Allied mobile units were able to overtake the Germans and partially block their route at the town of Montélimar.

overtake

block


Input: The ensuing battle led to a stalemate, with neither side able to achieve a decisive breakthrough, until the Germans were finally able to complete their withdrawal and retreat from the town.

achieve

led to

withdrawal

retreat

complete


Input: While the Germans were retreating, the French managed to capture the important ports of Marseille and Toulon, putting them into operation soon after.

capture

retreating

putting


Input: The Germans were not able to hold Dijon and ordered a complete withdrawal from Southern France.

ordered

hold

withdrawal


Input: Army GroupG retreated further north, pursued by Allied forces.

pursued

retreated

forces


Input: The fighting ultimately came to a stop at the Vosges mountains, where Army GroupG was finally able to establish a stable defense line.

establish

defense

came to


Input: After meeting with the Allied units from Operation Overlord, the Allied forces were in need of reorganizing and, facing stiffened German resistance, the offensive was halted on 14September.

meeting with

facing

forces

halted


Input: Operation Dragoon was considered a success by the Allies.


Input: It enabled them to liberate most of Southern France in a time span of only four weeks, while inflicting heavy casualties on the German forces, although a substantial part of the best German units were able to escape.

inflicting

liberate

casualties

escape

forces


Input: The captured French ports were put into operation, allowing the Allies to solve their supply problems soon after.

put

allowing

solve


Input: The anti-austerity movement in Greece involves a series of demonstrations and general strikes that took place across the country.

demonstrations

strikes

took place

movement


Input: The events, which began on 5 May 2010, were provoked by plans to cut public spending and raise taxes as austerity measures in exchange for a bail-out, aimed at solving the Greek government-debt crisis.

crisis

provoked

cut

raise

exchange

began

solving


Input: Three people were killed on 5 May in one of the largest demonstrations in Greece since 1973.

killed

demonstrations


Input: On , anti-austerity activists organised by the Direct Democracy Now!

organised


Input: movement, known as the Indignant Citizens Movement (, "Kínima Aganaktisménon-Politón"), started demonstrating in major cities across Greece.

started

movement

Movement


Input: This second wave of demonstrations proved different from the years before in that they were not partisan and began through peaceful means.

began


Input: Some of the events later turned violent, particularly in the capital city of Athens.

turned

events


Input: Inspired by the anti-austerity protests in Spain, these demonstrations were organised entirely using social networking sites, which earned it the nickname "May of Facebook".

organised

nickname

protests

earned


Input: The demonstrations and square sit-ins were officially ended when municipal police removed demonstrators from Thessaloniki's White Tower square on 7 August 2011.

ended

removed


Input: On 29 June 2011, violent clashes occurred between the riot police and activists as the Greek parliament voted to accept the EU's austerity requirements.

accept

clashes

voted

occurred


Input: Incidents of police brutality were reported by international media such as the BBC, "The Guardian", CNN iReport and "The New York Times", as well as by academic research and organisations Amnesty International.

reported

brutality


Input: The Athens Prosecutor agreed to an investigation into accusations of excessive use of tear gas, as well as the alleged use of other expired and carcinogenic chemical substances.

agreed

investigation

accusations

alleged


Input: the investigation is under way.

way

investigation


Input: The Herrin massacre took place on June 21–22, 1922 in Herrin, Illinois, in a coal mining area during a nationwide strike by the United Mineworkers of America (UMWA).

strike

massacre

took place


Input: Although the owner of the mine originally agreed with the union to observe the strike, when the price of coal went up, he hired non-union workers to produce and ship out coal, as he had high debt in start-up costs.

agreed

strike

ship

costs

produce

hired

observe

went


Input: After an exchange of gunfire by armed guards and union miners, three miners and 20 non-miners were killed, including the superintendent and 19 strikebreakers.

armed

exchange

killed

gunfire


Input: Enraged that the owner had disregarded their agreement, on June 21, union miners shot at strikebreakers going to work, where the mine had armed guards.

disregarded

armed

work

going to

agreement

shot


Input: When striking union members armed themselves and laid siege to the mine, the owner's guards shot and killed three white union miners in an exchange of gunfire.

striking

siege

exchange

killed

shot

gunfire


Input: The next day, union miners killed superintendent McDowell and 18 of 50 strikebreakers and mine guards, many of them brutally.

killed


Input: A twentieth victim from the non-union group was later murdered, bringing the death total to 23.

bringing

death

murdered


Input: The Winter War was a military conflict between the Soviet Union (USSR) and Finland.


Input: It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940.

invasion

ended

began


Input: The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the organisation.

deemed

expelled


Input: The conflict began after the Soviets sought to obtain some Finnish territory, demanding among other concessions that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons—primarily the protection of Leningrad, from the Finnish border.

exchange

obtain

began

demanding

claiming

cede


Input: Finland refused, so the USSR invaded the country.

refused

invaded


Input: Many sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and use the establishment of the puppet Finnish Communist government and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocols as evidence of this, while other sources argue against the idea of the full Soviet conquest.

argue

conclude

use


Input: Finland repelled Soviet attacks for more than two months and inflicted substantial losses on the invaders while temperatures ranged as low as .

inflicted

repelled


Input: After the Soviet military reorganised and adopted different tactics, they renewed their offensive in February and overcame Finnish defences.

adopted

overcame

renewed

reorganised


Input: Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty.

ceased


Input: Finland ceded 11 percent of its territory representing 30 percent of its economy to the Soviet Union.

ceded


Input: Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered.

suffered


Input: Soviet gains exceeded their pre-war demands and the USSR received substantial territory along Lake Ladoga and in northern Finland.

exceeded

received


Input: Finland retained its sovereignty and enhanced its international reputation.

enhanced

retained


Input: The poor performance of the Red Army encouraged Adolf Hitler to think that an attack on the Soviet Union would be successful and confirmed negative Western opinions of the Soviet military.

confirmed


Input: After 15 months of Interim Peace, in June 1941, Nazi Germany commenced Operation Barbarossa and the Continuation War between Finland and the USSR began.

commenced

began


Input: The 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid was a cross-border attack carried out by Lebanon-based Hezbollah militants on an Israeli military patrol on 12 July 2006 on Israeli territory.

attack

carried out


Input: Using rockets fired on several Israeli towns as a diversion, Hezbollah militants crossed from Lebanon into Israel and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three soldiers and capturing two other soldiers.

ambushed

capturing

killing

crossed

fired


Input: Another five soldiers were killed inside Lebanese territory in a failed rescue attempt.

killed

rescue


Input: Hezbollah demanded the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel in exchange for the release of the captured soldiers.

held

demanded


Input: Israel refused and launched a large-scale ground and air campaign across Lebanon in response to the Hezbollah raid.

refused

raid

campaign

launched

response


Input: This marked the start of the 2006 Lebanon War.

start


Input: Two years later, on 16 July 2008, the bodies of the two captured soldiers were returned to Israel by Hezbollah in exchange for Samir Kuntar and four Hezbollah prisoners.

returned

exchange


Input: Hezbollah originally named the cross-border operation "Freedom for Samir Al-Quntar and his brothers", but eventually shortened it to "Operation Truthful Promise" ().

shortened

operation

named


Input: The first Mongol invasions of Burma (present-day Myanmar) () were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287.

conflicts

took place


Input: The invasions toppled the 250-year-old Pagan Empire, and the Mongol army seized Pagan territories in present-day Dehong, Yunnan and northern Burma to Tagaung.

toppled


Input: The invasions ushered in 250 years of political fragmentation in Burma and the rise of ethnic Tai-Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia.

rise


Input: The Mongols first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271–72, as part of their drive to encircle the Song dynasty of China.

drive

demanded


Input: When King Narathihapate refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273, again demanding tribute.

refused

demanding

sent


Input: It too was rejected.

rejected


Input: In 1275, the emperor ordered the Yunnan government to secure the borderlands in order to block an escape path for the Song, and permitted a limited border war if Pagan contested.

ordered

escape

limited

secure

permitted

contested


Input: Pagan did contest but its army was driven back at the frontier by the Mongol Army in 1277–78.

contest

driven


Input: After a brief lull, Kublai Khan in 1281 turned his attention to Southeast Asia, demanding tribute from Pagan, the Khmer Empire, Đại Việt and Champa.

turned

demanding


Input: When the Burmese king again refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma.

refused

ordered

invasion


Input: Two dry season campaigns (1283–85) later, the Mongols had occupied down to Tagaung and Hanlin, forcing the Burmese king to flee to Lower Burma.

occupied

flee


Input: The Mongols organized northern Burma as the province of Zhengmian.

organized


Input: Ceasefire negotiations began in 1285, and ended with Narathihapate finally agreeing to submit in June 1286.

agreeing

ended

began


Input: The Burmese embassy, received by the emperor in Beijing in January 1287, agreed to a treaty that acknowledged the suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty or the Mongol Empire over the Pagan Empire and annual payments in taxes to the Yunnan government in exchange for the evacuation of Mongol troops from northern Burma.

agreed

exchange

received

acknowledged


Input: But the treaty never really took effect as Narathihapate was assassinated in July 1287, and no authority who could honor the treaty emerged.

emerged

assassinated


Input: The Mongol command at Yunnan now deemed the imperial order to withdraw void, and ordered an invasion of central Burma.

order

ordered

deemed

command


Input: They may not have reached Pagan, and even if they did, after having suffered heavy casualties, they returned to Tagaung.

reached

returned

suffered


Input: The Pagan Empire disintegrated and anarchy ensued.

ensued


Input: The Mongols, who probably preferred the situation, did nothing to restore order in the next ten years.

preferred

restore


Input: In March 1297, they accepted the voluntary submission of King Kyawswa of Pagan although he controlled little beyond the capital city of Pagan (Bagan).

controlled

accepted


Input: But Kyawswa was overthrown nine months later, and the Mongols were forced to intervene, leading to their second invasion in 1300–01.

leading to

overthrown

forced


Input: Marco Polo reported the first invasions (1277–87) in his travelogue, "Il Milione".

invasions

reported

travelogue


Input: The Burmese referred to the invaders as the "Taruk" (after the central Asian Turkic troops that largely made up the Mongol invasion army); today, the term "Taruk" () refers to the Han Chinese instead.

made up

referred


Input: King Narathihapate is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as Taruk-Pye Min, ("the King who Fled from the "Taruk"").

remembered


Input: The Jin–Song Wars were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Han Chinese Song dynasty (960–1279).

conflicts


Input: In 1115, Jurchen tribes rebelled against their overlords, the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125), and declared the formation of the Jin.

rebelled

declared


Input: Allying with the Song against their common enemy the Liao dynasty, the Jin promised to return to the Song the Sixteen Prefectures that had fallen under Liao control since 938.

promised

control

fallen


Input: The Chinese agreed but the Jurchens' quick defeat of the Liao dynasty combined with Song dynasty military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede these territories.

agreed

combined

defeat

made


Input: After a series of negotiations that embittered both sides, the Jurchens attacked the Song dynasty in 1125, dispatching one army to Taiyuan and the other to Bianjing (modern Kaifeng), the Song capital.

attacked

dispatching


Input: Surprised by news of an invasion, Song general Tong Guan retreated from Taiyuan, which was besieged and later captured.

invasion

besieged

captured

retreated


Input: As the second Jin army approached the capital, Song emperor Huizong abdicated and fled south.

approached

abdicated

fled


Input: Qinzong, his eldest son, was enthroned.

enthroned


Input: The Jurchens laid siege to Kaifeng in 1126, but Qinzong negotiated their retreat from the capital by agreeing to a large annual indemnity.

agreeing

siege

negotiated

retreat


Input: Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of fortifying the capital.

ordered

fortifying

defend

deal


Input: The Jin resumed war and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127.

besieged

resumed


Input: They captured Emperor Qinzong of Song, many members of the imperial family and high officials of the Song imperial court in an event known as the Jingkang Incident.

captured


Input: This separated north and south China between Jin and Song.

separated


Input: Remnants of the Song imperial family retreated to southern China and, after brief stays in several temporary capitals, eventually relocated to Lin'an (modern Hangzhou).

retreated

relocated


Input: The retreat divided the dynasty into two distinct periods, Northern Song and Southern Song.


Input: The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s, but were bogged down by a pro-Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by Song generals Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and others.


Input: The Song generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of Southern Song emperor Gaozong, who supported a peaceful resolution to the war.

orders

retreated

regained

supported


Input: The Treaty of Shaoxing (1142) set the boundary of the two empires along the Huai River, but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of the Jin in 1234.

conflicts

fall

set


Input: A war against the Song begun by 4th Jin emperor, Wanyan Liang, was unsuccessful.

begun


Input: He lost the Battle of Caishi (1161) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers.

lost

assassinated


Input: An invasion of Jin territory motivated by Song revanchism (1206–1208) was also unsuccessful.

invasion


Input: A decade later, the Jin launched an abortive military campaign against the Song in 1217 to replace territory they had lost to the invading Mongols.

invading

replace

lost


Input: The Song allied with the Mongols in 1233, and in the next year jointly captured Caizhou, last refuge of the Jin emperor.

allied

captured


Input: The Jin dynasty collapsed that year in 1234.

collapsed


Input: After the demise of the Jin, the Song dynasty itself became a target of the Mongols, and collapsed in 1279.

became

collapsed


Input: The wars engendered an era of swift technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China.

changes


Input: Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various gunpowder weapons.

brought about

Battles


Input: The siege of De'an in 1132 was the first recorded use of the fire lance, an early ancestor of firearms.

siege

recorded


Input: There were also reports of battles fought with rudimentary gunpowder bombs like the incendiary "huopao" or the exploding "tiehuopao", incendiary arrows, and other related weapons.

exploding

fought

reports


Input: In northern China, Jurchens were the ruling minority of an empire predominantly inhabited by former subjects of the Song.

ruling


Input: Jurchen migrants settled in the conquered territories and assimilated with the local culture.

assimilated

conquered


Input: The Jin, a conquest dynasty, instituted a centralized imperial bureaucracy modeled on previous Chinese dynasties, basing their legitimacy on Confucian philosophy.

instituted

basing


Input: Song refugees from the north resettled in southern China.


Input: The north was the cultural center of China, and its conquest by the Jin diminished the regional stature of the Song dynasty.

diminished


Input: The Southern Song, however, quickly returned to economic prosperity, and trade with the Jin was lucrative despite decades of warfare.

returned

trade


Input: Lin'an, the Southern Song capital, expanded into a major city for commerce.

expanded


Input: Operation Medak Pocket (, Операција Медачки џеп) was a military operation undertaken by the Croatian Army between 9 – 17 September 1993, in which a salient reaching the south suburbs of Gospić, in the south-central Lika region of Croatia then under the control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina, was attacked by Croatian forces.

reaching

attacked

control

Operation


Input: The pocket was named after the village of Medak.

named


Input: The Croatian offensive temporarily succeeded in expelling rebel Serb forces from the pocket after several days of fighting.

fighting

expelling


Input: However, the operation ended in controversy due to the skirmish with United Nations peacekeepers and accusations of serious Croatian war crimes against local Serb civilians.

due

crimes

accusations

ended


Input: Although the outcome of the battle against the Serbs was a tactical victory for the Croatians, it became a serious political liability for the Croatian government and international political pressure forced a withdrawal to the previous ceasefire lines.

became

forced

outcome

pressure

withdrawal

battle


Input: According to UN and Canadian sources, UNPROFOR personnel and Croatian troops exchanged heavy fire, eventually resulting in the Canadian troops driving off a Croatian assault.

resulting in

exchanged

driving


Input: In Canada, the battle was considered to be one of the most severe battles fought by the Canadian Forces since the Korean War.

considered

battle

fought


Input: Alan Parsons' "A Walk Down Abbey Road" was a concert tour which was launched in North America in 2001 to pay tribute to The Beatles and promote the hits of various headlining band members.

promote

pay

launched

concert


Input: Similar to Ringo Starr's "All Starr Band" tours, each successive year the band members swapped out and featured the songs of the new line-up.

swapped out


Input: The first set included all band members assembled to play each other's hits.

included

assembled

play


Input: The second set featured all Beatles songs performed by various band members depending on the specific tune and the strength and style of the performer.

performed


Input: Although certainly successful enough to continue over two years, the show was mired by some problems, not the least of which was prohibitive concessions having to be paid to The Beatles for the use of the name "Abbey Road".

paid


Input: An obvious play on concert-goers expectations with Who bassist John Entwistle in the group, the second song of the opening set was "Open My Eyes" from Todd Rundgren's first band, The Nazz.

opening

Open


Input: The chord pattern at the beginning is lifted directly from The Who's "I Can't Explain".

lifted

beginning


Input: It was one of Entwistle's last concert series as he died on 27 June 2002, one day before the scheduled first show of The Who's 2002 US tour.

died

last


Input: The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran.

Conference

meeting


Input: It was held in the Soviet Union's embassy in Tehran, Iran.


Input: It was the first of the World War II conferences of the "Big Three" Allied leaders (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom).

conferences


Input: It closely followed the Cairo Conference which had taken place on 22–26 November 1943, and preceded the 1945 Yalta and Potsdam conferences.

taken place

preceded


Input: Although the three leaders arrived with differing objectives, the main outcome of the Tehran Conference was the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany.

arrived

open


Input: The conference also addressed the 'Big Three' Allies' relations with Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan, and the envisaged post-war settlement.

envisaged

addressed


Input: A separate protocol signed at the conference pledged the Big Three to recognize Iran's independence.

recognize

signed


Input: Hurricane Elida was the first hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season to reach Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

hurricane


Input: Forming on July 23 from a tropical wave, the storm rapidly intensified from a tropical depression into a Category 5 hurricane in two days, and lasted for only six hours at that intensity before weakening.

intensified

Forming


Input: It was one of only sixteen known hurricanes in the East Pacific east of the International Date Line to have reached such an intensity.

reached

hurricanes

known


Input: Although heavy waves were able to reach the Mexican coastline, no damages or casualties were reported in relation to the hurricane.

reach

casualties

hurricane

damages

reported


Input: The hurricane moved westward due to a high pressure ridge while undergoing two eyewall replacement cycles: the first was around peak intensity and was completed when the hurricane moved over cooler waters, and the second was a brief cycle shortly after the hurricane began to weaken.

weaken

moved

moved

began


Input: The last advisory was issued while the hurricane was west of Mexico, but it was not until the remnants were west of Los Angeles, California that they finally dissipated.

dissipated

issued


Input: Elida's rapid intensification and unsteady weakening after reaching its peak intensity caused large errors in the intensity forecasting of the hurricane.

reaching

hurricane

caused

weakening


Input: Although the intensity forecasts were off, the track forecasts were better than usual compared to the ten-year period prior to that year.

better


Input: The 2012 Romanian protests were a series of protests and civil manifestations triggered by the introduction of new health reform legislation.

triggered

protests

protests


Input: In particular, President Traian Băsescu criticized the Deputy Minister of Health, Raed Arafat, on a Romanian television broadcast.

criticized


Input: The protests became violent, with both protesters and members of the Gendarmerie sustaining injuries during their clashes.

became

injuries

protests


Input: On the morning of 5 February 2012, Prime Minister Emil Boc announced his resignation because of the protests.

resignation

announced

protests


Input: He said that his decision would, Release the tension in the country's political and social situation.

said


Input: Protests, on a lesser scale, continued in University Square in Bucharest.

Protests


Input: The protesters demanded the president's resignation and early general elections.

elections

demanded


Input: There were ongoing protests in Romania in subsequent months over a variety of disagreements.

protests

disagreements


Input: The Slovakia Summit 2005 was a summit meeting between United States President George W. Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin (hence also known as the Bush-Putin summit).

summit

meeting


Input: It took place on February 24, 2005, in Bratislava, Slovakia.

took place


Input: This marked the first occasion when a sitting President of the United States visited Slovakia since its independence in 1993.

sitting

marked

visited


Input: The previous "Bush-Putin summit" had taken place in Slovenia on 16 June 2001.

taken place

summit


Input: Also attending was Condoleezza Rice (U.S. Secretary of State) and Sergey Lavrov (Russian Foreign Minister) as well as the first ladies of both presidents, Laura Bush and Liudmila Putina.

attending


Input: Bush's European trip before the summit.

summit

trip


Input: Prior to the summit, Bush had travelled to Brussels and met with several European leaders and councils of the European Union and NATO, including Tony Blair, Silvio Berlusconi, Jacques Chirac, and Javier Solana.

met with

summit

travelled


Input: He also met with Viktor Yushchenko, the new President of Ukraine, and gave a public speech directed at citizens of Europe outlining his policies.

directed

met with

speech

gave


Input: He then travelled to Germany and met with Gerhard Schröder.

met with

travelled


Input: In preparation for the summit, Condoleezza Rice spent a week visiting officials in European capitals.

spent

summit

visiting


Input: The Swedish invasion of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War is a historically accepted division of the Thirty Years' War.

invasion


Input: It was a military conflict that took place between 1630 and 1635, during the course of the Thirty Years' War.

took place


Input: It was a major turning point of the war, the Protestant cause, previously on the verge of defeat, won several major victories and changed the direction of the War.

turning

changed

defeat


Input: The Habsburg-Catholic coalition, previously in the ascendant, was significantly weakened as a result of the gains the Protestant cause made.

weakened

gains

made


Input: It is often considered to be an independent conflict by most historians.

conflict


Input: After several attempts by the Holy Roman Empire to prevent and contain the spread of Protestantism in Europe, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden led an invasion of the Holy Roman Empire.

spread

prevent


Input: Although he was killed in battle at Lützen, southwest of Leipzig, the Swedish armies managed to successfully defeat their Catholic enemies and established Sweden as one of the great powers of Europe for the next 100 years.

established

defeat

killed


Input: His leadership of the Protestant powers of Germany and Europe was critical to the establishment of an alternative branch of Christianity recognized in Germany, and ensconced it in some forms of international law and custom.

recognized

establishment


Input: Additionally, it rolled back the gains the Habsburg family had made in re-centralizing political power in the Holy Roman Empire in the hands of the Holy Roman Emperor.

made

rolled


Input: The Swedish invasion confirmed the role of Holy Roman Emperor as a ceremonial, de jure position within the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire.

confirmed

constitution


Input: The new European great power of Sweden would last for a hundred years before being overwhelmed by numerous enemies in the Great Northern War.


Input: The long-term political consequences of the Protestant victory include the Holy Roman Empire emphasising decentralization of power to local magnates and dynasts.

include

emphasising


Input: Protestant victory and liberty of religion thereby assured the political and national decentralization of the Empire for several centuries, and made it vulnerable to foreign domination.

made it


Input: The religious and political divisions sowed by the conflict blocked centralization as was occurring in France, England and Spain at the time.

occurring

blocked


Input: Political Unification of Germany would only occur centuries later.

occur


Input: Religious And Political Underpinnings of the Thirty Years War – The Bohemian Revolt.


Input: The Thirty Years War was a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Germany.

conflict


Input: It originated in the commingling of politics and religion that was common in Europe at the time.

originated


Input: Its distal causes reside in the previous century, at the political-religious settlement of the Holy Roman Empire known as the Peace of Augsburg.

causes


Input: The peace was an agreement between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the Protestant powers of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century.

agreement


Input: It established the legitimacy of Lutheranism in Germany and allowed Dukes and high lords to expel non-conforming subjects from their territory.

established

allowed

expel


Input: Additionally, it permitted subjects of a different religion to peaceably move to land where their practices would be recognized and respected.

recognized

move

permitted


Input: There were also clauses in relation to ecclesiastical lords.


Input: When prelates who ruled an ecclesiastical fiefdom converted, the expectation was placed upon them to resign their temporal privileges.

converted

ruled

placed

resign


Input: Some of these treaty stipulations would be violated on various occasions, as was the case with Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne.


Input: Despite various attempts to violate the provisions in the Peace of Augsburg no general European or German conflagration would erupt as a result of the violations.

erupt


Input: At the end of the conflicts, it was agreed that the provisions of the Peace of Augsburg would once again be adhered to.

agreed

adhered

conflicts


Input: "All that the Lutheran church gained by the Peace of Augsburg was toleration; all that the [Roman] church conceded was a sacrifice to necessity, not an offering to justice" says one historian.

says

gained

offering


Input: However, the Peace of Augsburg could never be anything but a temporary cessation of hostilities.

cessation


Input: Its provisions contained an addendum which declared that it would only become active without reservation upon the meeting of a general council, and a final attempt at the reunion of the two confessions.

become

contained

declared

meeting


Input: There was no reason to believe these would ever happen unless the Lutherans were forced to do so.

happen


Input: Although genuine ideological differences did drive german Princes to convert, the primary motivation of many was often the acquisition of easy riches and territory at the expense of their defenceless Catholic neighbours and subjects.

convert

drive


Input: Princes would convert on the grounds that they would be empowered to seize precious land and property from the Roman Catholic Church, and turn that wealth to their own enrichment.

convert

turn


Input: The Protestants understood and accepted as an article of faith that they would have to unite against the Roman Catholic Church to preserve themselves against Catholic encroachment and eventual Catholic hegemony.

unite

understood

preserve


Input: However, the Protestants were divided.


Input: Lutherans held to articles of faith that were mutually exclusive with the articles espoused by Calvinists.

held


Input: The Roman Catholic Church did everything in its power to sow controversy and intrigue between the two major Protestant factions.


Input: As a result, there was no political unity of German Protestant states that could coordinate actions against a Catholic interloper.


Input: It was regularly maintained by both religious parties that the other regularly encroached on the spirit or the letter of the Peace of Augsburg.


Input: Indeed, it was understood by Protestants that Catholic officials (especially imperial or church officials) were vicious and jealous of the privileges acquired by the Protestants and would do anything in their power to harm the Protestant cause.

harm

acquired

understood


Input: It was established by practice that the Pope had the power to relieve members of his flock of the most solumn oaths, and it was a matter of principle among Catholics that faith was never to be kept with heretics.

established

relieve

kept


Input: On the other hand, Catholics maintained a similar understanding of the Protestants.

maintained


Input: The avarice displayed by Protestants for Church property could not fail to go unnoticed by even the most indulgent Catholic observer.


Input: With such mutual antipathy prevailing between the Protestants and Catholics of Germany, nothing that could would fail to be misunderstood.


Input: The Thirty Years War arose out of a regional dispute between Bohemian Protestants and their Habsburg monarchs.

arose

dispute


Input: Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor was an obstinate and stubborn monarch.


Input: His policies forced him into an increasingly weak position with his heterogenous subjects, his court and his family.

forced


Input: Forced to make concession to his Hungarian subjects in order to appease them for his indecisive war with the Ottoman Empire, Rudolf ceded his Hungarian, Austrian and Moravian holdings to his brother, Matthias.

make

ceded


Input: Seeing weakness and discord in the ranks of their German overlords, his Bohemian subjects revolted.

revolted


Input: In 1609, Rudolf granted them concessions with the Letter of Majesty which included religious tolerance and a church for the Bohemian Estate controlled by the Protestant nobility.

included

controlled

granted


Input: When the Protestant estates in Bohemia requested even more liberties, Rudolf sent in an army to quiet them.

requested

sent


Input: However, Matthias seized his brother at the request of the Protestant Bohemians, only releasing him once he abdicated his Bohemian crown to Matthias.

abdicated

seized

releasing

request


Input: Rudolf II died a couple of months later in 1611, at which point his brother Matthias acquired the rest of his titles, including that of Holy Roman Emperor.

died

acquired


Input: Being without heirs, in 1617 Matthias had his cousin Ferdinand of Styria elected King of Bohemia, a gesture which amounted to naming him as his successor.

elected


Input: They were related through their paternal grandfather Ferdinand I. Ferdinand of Styria, or Ferdinand II as he was to become known, was an ardent follower of Catholicism and the counter-reformation and not likely to be as willing to compromise as his two cousins and predecessors on the Bohemian throne were or had been forced to do by circumstance.

become

forced


Input: Ferdinand had not received his Bohemian throne in a weak position, as Mathias or Rudolf had.

received


Input: Matthias had acceded to the Protestants' demands to allow Protestant religious facilities to be constructed on Bohemian crown lands.

acceded

constructed

allow


Input: Ferdinand was to reverse the construction of many of these facilities on his ascension to the Bohemian crown, and when the Bohemian estates protested, he dissolved the Bohemian assembly.

protested

reverse

dissolved


Input: The Second Defenestration of Prague was the immediate trigger for the Thirty Year's War.

trigger


Input: In May 1618, the three estates of the dissolved Bohemian assembly gathered in Prague, the capital of the Bohemian kingdom.

gathered


Input: Protestant noblemen led by count Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, recently stripped of his title as castellan of Karlstadt by the Emperor, stormed Prague Castle and seized two imperial governors appointed by Ferdinand, Vilem Slavata of Chlum and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, and two imperial secretaries.

stormed

stripped

seized


Input: The noblemen held a trial on the spot, found the Imperial officials guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty, and threw them out of a third-floor window of the Bohemian Chancellery.

held

found

threw


Input: The entirety of these proceedings were without question illegal, not to mention reactionary and partisan in nature.

illegal


Input: There was nothing even legitimate about the court itself, that it was a lawfully constituted body or that it even had any jurisdiction over the case in question.

jurisdiction

case


Input: By happenstance, the imperial officials' lives were saved by them landing in a pile of manure.

saved


Input: The implications of the event were immediately apparent to both sides, who started to seek support from their allies.

started

support


Input: The Bohemians were friendless, against a powerful monarch of Europe who had many and powerful allies, and who was a scion of one of the most powerful dynasties in Europe who stood to inherit the entirety of the Emperor's dominions.

stood


Input: The Bohemians made offers to the Duke of Savoy, Elector of Saxony (the preferred candidate) and even to the Prince of Transylvania.

made


Input: They also sought admission into the Protestant Union, a coalition of German Protestant states formed to give a politico-military unity to the divided German Protestants.

formed


Input: The Elector of Saxony's refusal of the Bohemian crown made the Elector Palatine the most senior Protestant available to the Bohemians.

refusal

made


Input: In addition to being a Protestant, albeit a Calvinist, Frederick V was married to Elizabeth Stuart and was thereby a son-in-law of the King of England, indisputably the most powerful Protestant monarch, and whose aid it was not unreasonable to hope for.

aid

married


Input: However the act of unseating Ferdinand – the legitimately chosen monarch of Bohemia- put the Bohemian revolt in a difficult position with the other political powers of Germany and Europe.

revolt

chosen


Input: John George I of Saxony refused the election, and discouraged the nascent revolt.

refused

revolt

election


Input: In September of the same year, the Protestant Union met and called on Frederick not to intervene in the conflict.

met

conflict

called


Input: The Dutch Republic, Charles Emmanuel of Savoy and even the Republic of Venice – a traditional enemy of the Pope – sent letters to Frederick informing him that they would not offer him assistance if he accepted the Bohemian crown – but nonetheless, he did.

accepted

informing

sent

offer


Input: Turkish Airlines Flight 1951 (also known as the Poldercrash or the Schiphol Polderbaan incident) was a passenger flight that crashed during landing at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, on 25 February 2009, resulting in the death of nine passengers and crew, including all three pilots, who died on impact.

crashed

death


Input: The aircraft, a Turkish Airlines Boeing 737-800, crashed into a field approximately north of the Polderbaan runway, (18R), prior to crossing the A9 motorway inbound, at 09:26 UTC (10:26 CET), having flown from Istanbul, Turkey.

crashed

flown

crossing


Input: The aircraft broke into three pieces on impact.

broke

impact


Input: The wreckage did not catch fire.

catch fire


Input: The crash was caused primarily by the aircraft's automated reaction, which was triggered by a faulty radio altimeter.

caused

triggered


Input: This caused the autothrottle to decrease the engine power to idle during approach.

approach

caused

decrease


Input: The crew noticed this too late to take appropriate action to increase the thrust and recover the aircraft before it stalled and crashed.

crashed

increase

noticed

take

recover


Input: Boeing has since issued a bulletin to remind pilots of all 737 series and BBJ aircraft of the importance of monitoring airspeed and altitude, advising against the use of autopilot or autothrottle while landing in cases of radio altimeter discrepancies.

advising

issued

landing

remind

use


Input: On 16 January 2013, an Agusta A109 helicopter crashed in Vauxhall, London, after it collided with the jib of a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower.

crashed

attached

collided


Input: Two people died in the incident: the pilot, Pete Barnes, 50, and a pedestrian, Matthew Wood, 39, from Sutton in south London.

died


Input: Five people were taken to hospital and seven more were treated at the scene.

taken

treated


Input: The pilot had diverted because of poor visibility.

diverted


Input: The official report concluded he was probably unaware how close the tower was, and that the deaths were accidental.

deaths

concluded


Input: Barnes was an experienced helicopter pilot, flying commercially for many years – including having experience with the Great North Air Ambulance Service.

flying


Input: The Pike River Mine disaster was a coal mining accident that began on 19 November 2010 in the Pike River Mine, northeast of Greymouth, in the West Coast region of New Zealand's South Island.

disaster

began


Input: A methane explosion occurred in the mine at approximately 3:44 pm (NZDT, UTC+13).

occurred


Input: At the time of the explosion 31 miners and contractors were present in the mine.

present


Input: Two miners managed to walk from the mine; they were treated for moderate injuries and released from Greymouth Hospital the next day.

treated

released

walk


Input: The remaining 16 miners and 13 contractors were believed to be at least from the mine's entrance.

believed


Input: Following a second explosion on 24 November at 2:37 pm, the 29 remaining men were believed by police to be dead.

explosion

believed


Input: Police Superintendent Gary Knowles, officer in command of the rescue operation (Operation Pike) said he believed that "based on that explosion, no one survived."

command

believed

said


Input: A third explosion occurred at 3:39 pm on 26 November 2010, and a fourth explosion occurred just before 2 pm on 28 November 2010.

occurred

occurred


Input: According to the new mine owner, Solid Energy, the bodies of the 29 miners who died there may never be recovered.

recovered

died


Input: The Pike River Mine incident ranks as New Zealand's worst mining disaster since 1914, when 43 men died at Ralph's Mine in Huntly.

ranks


Input: It also resulted in the country's worst loss of life caused by a single disaster since the 1979 crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901, although it was surpassed three months later by the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

resulted in

caused

surpassed


Input: In December 2012, then Prime Minister John Key said he would apologise in person to the families of the deceased, for the Government's weak regulations and inadequate inspection regime.

apologise

said


Input: The Labour Government, elected in 2017, has established a new Pike River Recovery Agency, with re-entry expected by March 2019.

elected

established


Input: It reports to the Minister Responsible for Pike River Re-entry, Andrew Little.

reports


Input: Re-entry is expected to cost $23 million over three years.

cost


Input: The agency took over the mine from Solid Energy, after it entered liquidation in mid-March 2018.

entered

took over


Input: After the re-entry, management of the mine area will return to the Department of Conservation, who are constructing a 'Pike29 Memorial Track', in the adjacent Paparoa National Park.

return

constructing


Input: The 1957 crash of a Douglas C-47 plane named "Mt.

crash

named


Input: Pinatubo" on the slopes of Mount Manunggal, Cebu, Philippines, killed the 7th President of the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay, and 24 other passengers.

killed


Input: The crash is estimated to have occurred at 1:40 a.m., March 17, 1957, Philippine Standard Time (17:40 p.m., March 16, 1957, GMT).

crash

occurred


Input: Several high-ranking Philippine government and military officials, as well as journalists, were also among the dead.

dead


Input: A reporter for the "Philippine Herald", Nestor Mata, was the sole survivor of the accident.

survivor


Input: At the time of his death, President Magsaysay, a Nacionalista, was widely popular and was expected to easily win re-election in the November presidential elections.

elections

win


Input: On May 12, 2015, an Amtrak "Northeast Regional" train from Washington, D.C. bound for New York City derailed and wrecked on the Northeast Corridor in the Port Richmond neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

wrecked

derailed


Input: Of 238 passengers and 5 crew on board, 8 were killed and over 200 injured, 11 critically.

injured

killed


Input: The train was traveling at in a zone of curved tracks when it derailed.

derailed

traveling


Input: Some of the passengers had to be extricated from the wrecked cars.

extricated


Input: Many of the passengers and local residents helped first responders during the rescue operation.

helped

rescue


Input: Five local hospitals treated the injured.

treated


Input: The derailment disrupted train service for several days.

disrupted

derailment


Input: The National Transportation Safety Board ruled that the derailment was caused by the train's engineer (driver) becoming distracted by other radio transmissions and losing situational awareness, and said that it would have been prevented by positive train control, a computerized speed-limiting system that was operational elsewhere on the Northeast Corridor, but whose activation at the wreck site had been delayed due to regulatory requirements.

becoming

operational

activation

derailment

caused

due

losing

delayed

ruled

prevented

said


Input: The track in question was also not equipped with ATC (automatic train control), an older and simpler system that had been operational for years on the southbound track of the curve at which the derailment occurred, and that also would have limited the train's speed entering the curve.

operational

derailment

limited

equipped


Input: Shortly after the derailment, Amtrak completed ATC installation on the northbound track.

installation

derailment

completed


Input: The 2015 wreck was the deadliest on the Northeast Corridor since 1987, when 16 people died in a wreck near Baltimore.

wreck

died


Input: Tropical Storm Beryl was the strongest off-season Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the United States.

landfall


Input: The second tropical cyclone of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Beryl developed on May 26 from a low-pressure system offshore North Carolina.

developed


Input: Initially subtropical, the storm slowly acquired tropical characteristics as it tracked across warmer sea surface temperatures and within an environment of decreasing vertical wind shear.

decreasing

acquired

tracked


Input: Late on May 27, Beryl transitioned into a tropical cyclone less than from North Florida.

transitioned


Input: Early the following day, the storm moved ashore near Jacksonville Beach, Florida, with peak winds of 65 mph (100 km/h).

moved


Input: It quickly weakened to a tropical depression, dropping heavy rainfall while moving slowly across the southeastern United States.

weakened

moving

dropping


Input: A cold front turned Beryl to the northeast, and the storm became extratropical on May 30.

turned

became


Input: The precursor to Beryl produced heavy rainfall in Cuba, causing flooding, mudslides and two deaths.

causing

deaths

produced

flooding


Input: Torrential rain also affected south Florida and the Bahamas.

affected


Input: After forming, Beryl produced rough surf along the US southeastern coast, leaving one person from Folly Beach, South Carolina missing.

leaving

produced


Input: Upon making landfall in Florida, the storm produced strong winds that left 38,000 people without power.

left

produced

landfall


Input: High rains alleviated drought conditions and put out wildfires along the storm's path.

alleviated

put out


Input: A fallen tree killed a man driving in Orangeburg County, South Carolina.

killed


Input: In northeast North Carolina, Beryl spawned an EF1 tornado that snapped trees and damaged dozens of homes near the city of Peletier.

spawned

damaged

snapped


Input: Overall damage was minor, estimated at $148,000.


Input: The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, shortly after the French invasion of Spain in 1807 during Europe's Napoleonic Wars.

aim

wars

took place


Input: Although there has been research on the idea of a separate Spanish American ("creole") identity separate from that of Iberia, political independence was not initially the aim of most Spanish Americans, nor was it necessarily inevitable.

aim

research


Input: After the restoration of rule by Ferdinand VII in 1814, and his rejection of the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, the monarchy as well as liberals hardened their stance toward its overseas possessions, and they in turn increasingly sought political independence.

rejection

hardened

restoration


Input: The violent conflicts started in 1809 with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito in opposing the government of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

opposing

established

started


Input: In 1810, numerous new juntas appeared across the Spanish domains in the Americas when the Central Junta fell to the French invasion.

fell

appeared


Input: Although various regions of Spanish America objected to many crown policies, "there was little interest in outright independence; indeed there was widespread support for the Spanish Central Junta formed to lead the resistance against the French."

formed

support


Input: While some Spanish Americans believed that independence was necessary, most who initially supported the creation of the new governments saw them as a means to preserve the region's autonomy from the French.

believed

supported


Input: Over the course of the next decade, the political instability in Spain and the absolutist restoration under Ferdinand VII convinced many Spanish Americans of the need to formally establish independence from the mother country.

convinced

establish


Input: These conflicts were fought both as irregular warfare and conventional warfare, and as wars of national liberation and civil wars.

conflicts

fought

warfare

warfare

wars

wars


Input: The conflicts among the colonies and with Spain eventually resulted in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina, Chile, and Peru in the south to Mexico in the north in the first third of the 19th century.

resulted in


Input: Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish–American War in 1898.

remained


Input: The new republics from the beginning abolished the formal system of racial classification and hierarchy, casta system, the Inquisition, and noble titles.

abolished


Input: Slavery was not abolished immediately but ended in all of the new nations within a quarter century.

ended

abolished


Input: Criollos (those of Spanish descent born in the New World) and mestizos (those of mixed American Indian and Spanish blood or culture) replaced Spanish-born appointees in most political governments.

replaced


Input: Criollos remained at the top of a social structure that retained some of its traditional features culturally, if not legally.

remained

retained


Input: For almost a century thereafter, conservatives and liberals fought to reverse or to deepen the social and political changes unleashed by those rebellions.

changes

rebellions

fought


Input: The events in Spanish America were related to the wars of independence in the former French colony of St-Domingue, Haiti, and the transition to independence in Brazil.

wars


Input: Brazil's independence, in particular, shared a common starting point with that of Spanish America, since both conflicts were triggered by Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, which forced the Portuguese royal family to flee to Brazil in 1807.

triggered

conflicts


Input: The process of Latin American independence took place in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment and that influenced all of the Atlantic Revolutions, including the earlier revolutions in the United States and France.

emerged

influenced

took place


Input: A more direct cause of the Spanish American wars of independence were the unique developments occurring within the Kingdom of Spain and its monarchy during this era.

cause

occurring

wars


Input: The Battle of Glen Trool was a minor engagement in the First War of Scottish Independence, fought in April 1307.

Battle

engagement

fought

War


Input: Glen Trool is a narrow glen in the Southern Uplands of Galloway, Scotland.


Input: Loch Trool is aligned on an east-west axis and is flanked on both sides by steep rising hills, making it ideal for an ambush.

rising

aligned


Input: The battlefield is currently under research to be inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.

protected

battlefield

research

inventoried


Input: Robert Bruce had been crowned King of Scots after being involved in the murder of John "the Red" Comyn, a leading rival, and one of the most powerful men in Scotland, the previous year 1306.

involved

crowned

murder


Input: This led to a war between King Robert and King Edward I as well as with the Comyns and their allies.

led to

war


Input: The Return of King Robert the Bruce.