Input: Later, Mr. Brady phoned Mr. Greenspan, SEC Chairman Richard Breeden and numerous contacts in New York and overseas.

Brady

Greenspan

Richard Breeden

SEC

New York


Input: Aides say he continued to work the phones through the weekend.

the weekend


Input: Administration officials say President Bush was briefed throughout Friday afternoon and evening, even after leaving for Camp David.

Bush

Friday

afternoon

evening

Camp David


Input: He had frequent telephone consultations with Mr. Brady and Michael Boskin, chairman of the counsel of economic advisers.

Brady

Michael Boskin


Input: Government officials tried throughout the weekend to render a business - as - usual appearance in order to avoid any sense of panic.

the weekend


Input: Treasury Undersecretary David Mulford, for instance, was at a meeting of the Business Council in Hot Springs, Va., when the stock market fell, and remained there through the following day.

Treasury

the Business Council

David Mulford

Hot Springs

Va.

the following day


Input: And as of last night, Fed Chairman Greenspan hadn't canceled his plans to address the American Bankers Association convention in Washington at 10 a.m. this morning.

last night

10 a.m. this morning

Fed

American Bankers Association

Greenspan

Washington


Input: Ironically, Mr. Greenspan was scheduled to address the same convention in Dallas on Oct. 20, 1987.

Greenspan

Dallas

Oct. 20, 1987


Input: He flew to Dallas on Oct. 19, when the market plummeted 508 points, but then turned around the next morning and returned to Washington without delivering his speech.

Dallas

Washington

Oct. 19

the next morning


Input: Following is a weekly listing of unadited net asset values of publicly traded investment fund shares, reported by the companies as of Friday's close.

weekly

Friday


Input: Also shown is the closing listed market price or a dealer - to - dealer asked price of each fund's shares, with the percentage of difference.


Input: b - As of Thursday's close.

Thursday


Input: c - Translated at Commercial Rand exchange rate.


Input: e - In Canadian dollars.

Canadian


Input: f - As of Wednesday's close.

Wednesday


Input: g - 10.06.89 NAV:22.15.


Input: z - Not available.


Input: The first major event this morning in U.S. stock and futures trading may be a pause at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.

first

this morning

U.S.

the Chicago Mercantile Exchange


Input: Under a reform arising from the 1987 crash, trading in the Merc's stock - index futures will break for 10 minutes if the contract opens and stays five points from Friday's close, a move equal to 40 points on the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Friday

Merc

10 minutes

five


Input: The aim of the interruption would be to ease the opening of the New York Stock Exchange, which would be hammered by such a volatile move on the Merc.

the New York Stock Exchange

Merc


Input: That early - morning breather is just one of a number of safeguards adopted after the 1987 crash.

early - morning

one


Input: The Big Board also added computer capacity to handle huge surges in trading volume.

The Big Board


Input: Several of those post-crash changes kicked in during Friday's one - hour collapse and worked as expected, even though they didn't prevent a stunning plunge.

Friday

one - hour


Input: But the major `` circuit breakers'' have yet to be evaluated.


Input: A deeper market plunge today could give them their first test.

today

first


Input: A further slide also would resurrect debate over a host of other, more sweeping changes proposed -- but not implemented -- after the last crash.


Input: Most notably, several of the regulatory steps recommended by the Brady Task Force, which analyzed the 1987 crash, would be revived -- especially because that group's chairman is now the Treasury secretary.

the Brady Task Force

Treasury


Input: The most controversial of the Brady recommendations involved establishing a single overarching regulator to handle crucial cross-market questions, such as setting consistent margin requirements for the stock and futures markets.

Brady


Input: But for the moment, attention focuses on the reforms that were put into place, and market regulators and participants said the circuit breakers worked as intended.


Input: Big Board and Merc officials expressed satisfaction with the results of two limits imposed on of the Merc's Standard & Poor's 500 contract, as well as `` hot - line'' communications among exchanges.

Big Board

Merc

Merc

Standard & Poor

two


Input: Those pauses -- from 2:07 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. CDT and from 2:45 p.m. until the close of trading a half - hour later -- forced traders to buy and sell contracts at prices at or higher than their frozen levels.

from 2:07 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. CDT

from 2:45 p.m. until the close of trading a half - hour later


Input: During the first halt, after the S&P index had fallen 12 points, the Big Board's `` Sidecar'' computer program automatically was triggered.

first

S&P

the Big Board's

Sidecar


Input: That system is designed to separate computer - generated program trades from all other trades to help exchange officials resolve order imbalances in individual stocks.


Input: One Merc broker compared the action in the S&P pit during the two freezes to a fire at a well - drilled school.

One

two

Merc

S&P


Input: `` You don't want the fire but you know what to do,'' said Howard Dubnow, an independent floor broker and a Merc governor.

Howard Dubnow

Merc


Input: `` There was no panic.


Input: The system worked the way we devised it to work.''


Input: After reopening for about 15 minutes, the S&P index tumbled to its 30 - point limit and the second freeze went into effect.

about 15 minutes

S&P

second


Input: Traders then spent the last half - hour `` watching to see if the Dow would drop 250 points,'' Mr. Dubnow added, referring to the level at which the stock market itself would have closed for an hour.

the last half - hour

an hour

Dubnow


Input: One observer estimated that 80% to 90% of the S&P traders `` were just standing around watching.''

One

80% to 90%

S&P


Input: But the 250 - point circuit breaker never had to kick in, and freezes on the Chicago Board of Trade's Major Market Index also weren't triggered.

the Chicago Board of Trade's


Input: The MMI and the S&P 500 are the two major indexes used by program traders to run their computerized trading strategies.

MMI

S&P

two


Input: The programs are considered by many to be a major cause of the 1987 crash.


Input: The process of post-crash reforms began with calls to remake the markets and wound up a year later with a series of rather technical adjustments.

a year later


Input: In October 1987, just after the market drop, Washington was awash in talk of sweeping changes in the way the financial markets are structured and regulated.

October 1987

Washington


Input: Over the next year that grand agenda was whittled down to a series of steps to soften big stock drops by interrupting trading to give market players time to pause and reconsider positions.

the next year


Input: In addition, limits were placed on computer - driven trading, and steps were taken to better link the stock and futures markets.


Input: Few changes were made in the way the markets are regulated.


Input: At the outset the prime target was program trading, which was much discussed but little understood on Capitol Hill.

Capitol Hill


Input: There were also calls to strip the stock markets of `` derivative'' products, such as stock - index futures and options, which Federal Judge Stanley Sporkin, for example, likened to `` barnacles attached to the basic market.''

Federal

Stanley Sporkin


Input: And there was much criticism of the New York Stock Exchange's system of having stock trades flow through specialists, or market makers.

the New York Stock Exchange's


Input: When the Brady Task Force's powerful analysis of the crash was released in January 1988, it immediately reshaped the reformers' agenda.

the Brady Task Force's

January 1988


Input: Arguing that the separate financial marketplaces acted as one, and concluding that the crash had `` raised the possibility of a full - scale financial system breakdown,'' the presidential task force called for establishing a super-regulator to oversee the markets, to make margins consistent across markets, to unify clearing systems and to install circuit breakers.

one


Input: Only the last of those recommendations ever was implemented.


Input: The Reagan White House held the Brady recommendations at arm's length and named a second panel -- the Working Group on the Financial Markets -- to review its analysis and those of other crash studies.

Reagan

Brady

White House

the Working Group on the Financial Markets

second


Input: In May 1988, the Working Group, made up of representatives from the Federal Reserve, the Treasury, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, finally endorsed only circuit breakers.

May 1988

the Working Group

the Federal Reserve

Treasury

the Securities and Exchange Commission

the Commodity Futures Trading Commission


Input: After several more months of arguments among various stock exchanges and futures markets, circuit breakers were set in place, with the most notable suspending trading after 250 and 400 point drops in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

several more months


Input: Privately, some free marketeers dismissed such mechanisms as sops to interventionists.


Input: After all, this free - market argument went, the Dow only dropped more than 250 points once this century.

more than 250

this century


Input: `` Circuit breakers'' set to soften big drops:


Input: -- If S&P futures fall 5 points at opening, contract trading pauses for 10 minutes.

S&P

10 minutes


Input: -- If Dow Industrials fall 25 points at opening, contract trading pauses for 10 minutes.

Dow Industrials

10 minutes


Input: -- If S&P futures fall 12 points -LRB- equivalent to about 100 points on DJIA -RRB-, trading is frozen for half hour to that price or higher.

S&P

about 100

half hour


Input: On NYSE program trades are diverted into a separate computer file to determine buy and sell orders.

NYSE


Input: -- If S&P futures fall 30 points, trading is restricted for an hour to that price or higher.

S&P

an hour


Input: -- If Dow Industrials fall 250 points, trading on the Big Board halts for an hour.

Dow Industrials

the Big Board

an hour


Input: S&P and MMI contracts also halt.

S&P

MMI


Input: -- If DJIA drops 400 points, Big Board halts trading for two hours.

Big Board

two hours


Input: Trading in MMI and S&P futures also halted.

MMI

S&P


Input: Brady Task Force recommendations -LRB- Jan. 1988 -RRB-:

Brady Task Force

Jan. 1988


Input: -- Establish an overarching regulator for financial markets


Input: -- Unify trade - clearing systems


Input: -- Make margins consistent across stock and futures markets


Input: SEC proposals -LRB- May 1988 -RRB-:

SEC

May 1988


Input: -- Require prompt reports of large securities trades.


Input: -- Give SEC authority to monitor risk - taking by affiliates of brokerage firms.

SEC


Input: -- Transfer jurisdiction over stock - related futures to SEC from CFTC.

SEC

CFTC


Input: -LRB- Opposed by new SEC chairman -RRB-

SEC


Input: -- Give SEC authority to halt securities trading, -LRB- also opposed by new SEC chairman -RRB-.

SEC

SEC


Input: Congressional proposal:


Input: -- Create a task force to review current state of the securities markets and securities laws.


Input: Breaking the Soviet government's television monopoly, an independent company has gained rights to show world programming, including American films.

Soviet

American


Input: `` There must not be a monopoly, there must be freedom of choice for both journalists and viewers,'' Nikolai I. Lutsenko, the president of the Nika TV company, told the weekly newspaper Nedelya.

Nikolai I. Lutsenko

Nika TV

Nedelya

weekly


Input: The company is already working on its own programming in several provincial cities and hopes to be on the air regularly in about a year, the newspaper said.

about a year


Input: Mr. Lutsenko told Nedelya that he recently had been to the U.S. to pick up the rights to show 5,000 U.S. films in the Soviet Union.

Lutsenko

Nedelya

U.S.

U.S.

the Soviet Union


Input: Nedelya's article was accompanied by a picture of Mr. Lutsenko interviewing singer John Denver in Colorado.

Nedelya

Lutsenko

John Denver

Colorado


Input: Even though it will be independent of official television, Nika will have an oversight board that will include members of the Communist youth league.

Nika

Communist


Input: South Africa's National Union of Mineworkers said that about 10,000 diamond miners struck for higher wages at De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd.

South Africa's

National Union of Mineworkers

De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd.

about 10,000


Input: De Beers said that workers at five of the group's mines were on strike, which it said was peaceful, with orderly picketing occurring at one of the mines.

De Beers

five

one


Input: The deadlock in negotiations occurred with De Beers offering a 17% increase in the minimum - wage category while the union demanded a 37.6% increase in the minimum wage.

De Beers


Input: Japan's opposition Socialist Party denied that its legislators had been bribed by pinball - parlor owners.

Japan

Socialist Party


Input: The allegation had been raised in Parliament by the governing Liberal Democratic Party following magazine reports suggesting that money from Japanese - style pinball, called pachinko, had infiltrated politics.

Parliament

Liberal Democratic Party

Japanese


Input: Tsuruo Yamaguchi, secretary general of the Socialist Party, acknowledged that nine party lawmakers had received donations from the pachinko association totaling 8 million yen -LRB- about $55,000 -RRB- but said the donations were legal and none of its members acted to favor the industry.

Tsuruo Yamaguchi

the Socialist Party

nine

8 million yen

about $55,000


Input: The World Wide Fund for Nature said that Spain, Argentina, Thailand and Indonesia were doing too little to prevent illegal trade in endangered wildlife across their borders.

The World Wide Fund for Nature

Spain

Argentina

Thailand

Indonesia


Input: A report by the conservation group presented at the U.N. - sponsored Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in Lausanne accused the four of trading protected species ranging from parakeets to orchids.

U.N.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

Lausanne

four


Input: Fund official Simon Lyster said world trade in wildlife was estimated to total $5 billion of business annually.

Simon Lyster

$5 billion

annually


Input: A NATO project to build a frigate for the 1990s was torpedoed by the pull - out of three of its eight participating nations.

NATO

the 1990s

three

eight


Input: Britain, France and Italy announced technical reasons for withdrawing, but some officials pointed to growing reluctance among the allies to commit themselves to big defense spending while East - West disarmament talks show signs of success.

Britain

France

Italy


Input: Small wonder that Britain's Labor Party wants credit controls.

Britain

Labor Party


Input: A few hours after the party launched its own affinity credit card earlier this month, the Tories raised the nation's base interest rate.

A few hours

earlier this month

Tories


Input: Labor's Visa card is believed to be the first linked to a British political party.

Labor

Visa

first

British


Input: Labor gets 25 pence -LRB- 39 cents -RRB- for every 100 -LRB- about $155 -RRB- that a user charges to the card.

Labor

25 pence

39 cents

about $155


Input: As with other plastic in Britain's high - interest - rate environment, the Labor card, administered by Co-operative Bank, carries a stiff -LRB- in this case, 29.8% -RRB- annual rate on the unpaid balance.

Britain

Labor

Co-operative Bank

annual


Input: China's year - long austerity program has achieved some successes in harnessing runaway economic growth and stabilizing prices but has failed to eliminate serious defects in state planning and an alarming drain on state budgets.

China

year - long


Input: The official China Daily said retail prices of non-staple foods haven't risen since last December but acknowledged that huge government subsidies were a main factor in keeping prices down.

China Daily

last December


Input: The State Statistical Bureau found that more than 1 billion yuan -LRB- $270 million -RRB- was spent in the first half of the year for pork subsidies.

The State Statistical Bureau

more than 1 billion yuan

$270 million

the first half of the year


Input: The newspaper quoted experts as saying the subsidies would cause the difference between prices and real values of commodities to `` become very unreasonable'' and reduce needed funds for investment in the `` already difficult state budget.''


Input: The aim of the austerity measures was to slice economic growth, which soared to 20.7% last year, to 8% in 1990.

last year


Input: Economists now predict the growth rate will be about 11.5% for the year.

about 11.5%

the year


Input: In a sign of growing official tolerance for religion, Russian Orthodox priests were allowed to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the Moscow patriarchate in the Kremlin's 15th - century Uspensky Cathedral, where czars were crowned ....

Russian Orthodox

Moscow

Kremlin

Uspensky Cathedral

15th - century


Input: A 34 - foot - tall, $7.7 million statue of Buddha was completed on a hill outside Hong Kong, facing China.

34 - foot

$7.7 million

Buddha

Hong Kong

China


Input: The statue is the brainchild of Sik Chi Wan, director of the Po Lin Monastery, who said: `` Hong Kong is such a prosperous place, we also need some kind of religious symbol.

Sik Chi Wan

the Po Lin Monastery

Hong Kong


Input: It all seemed innocent enough: Last April, one Steven B. Iken visited Justin Products Inc. here, identified himself as a potential customer and got the word on the little company's new cassette players for children.

Last April

one

Steven B. Iken

Justin Products Inc.


Input: `` It is almost identical to the Sony product,'' Mr. Iken remarked, after seeing prototypes and pictures.

Sony

Iken


Input: Replied a Justin salesman: `` Exactly.''

Justin


Input: The Justin merchandise carried wholesale prices some 40% below those of Sony Corp. of Japan's `` My First Sony'' line.

Justin

Sony Corp.

some 40%

Japan

My First Sony


Input: The visitor waxed enthusiastic and promised to return.


Input: But instead of a new customer -- part of a hoped - for bonanza from underselling Sony -- Justin got a costly legal morass.

Sony

Justin


Input: Mr. Iken, it turned out, was a private detective using a hidden tape recorder to gather information for Sony.

Iken

Sony


Input: His recording later turned up as a court exhibit.


Input: Seeking to keep Justin's `` My Own'' product line off the U.S. market, Sony last May filed a suit in Manhattan federal court accusing the upstart of trademark infringement, unfair competition and other violations of business law.

Justin

Sony

`` My Own''

U.S.

Manhattan

last May


Input: Since then, life has changed a lot for 61 - year - old Leonard Kaye, Justin's owner.

61 - year - old

Leonard Kaye

Justin


Input: `` I haven't been able to get a decent night's sleep since this has been going on,'' he says.

night


Input: `` It's the most distracting thing in my life -- I can't even attend to my business.''


Input: His company -LRB- annual sales: about $25 million -RRB- may suffer a costly blow -- losing an estimated 10% of total sales -- if Sony -LRB- annual sales: about $16 billion -RRB- prevails.

annual

annual

about $25 million

about $16 billion

Sony


Input: Justin's plight shows what can happen when a tiny company suddenly faces the full legal might of a wrathful multinational.

Justin


Input: With considerable irony, the case also shows how completely Japan has turned the tables on U.S. business.

Japan

U.S.


Input: Americans used to complain bitterly about being undersold by look - alike products from Japan.

Americans

Japan


Input: Now Sony, whose innovative, premium - priced products are among the most admired in consumer electronics, is bitterly complaining about a little U.S. firm with a cheap look - alike produced in China.

Sony

U.S.

China


Input: `` The gist of this is that Justin knocked off the Sony line and Sony wants to stop it,'' says Lewis H. Eslinger, Sony's attorney, who previously guarded Rubik's Cube.

Justin

Sony

Sony

Sony

Lewis H. Eslinger

Rubik's Cube


Input: -LRB- Sony itself declines to comment. -RRB-

Sony


Input: If Sony wins, Mr. Eslinger says, its little rival will have to try to sell the products overseas.

Sony

Eslinger


Input: At worst, he adds, `` They'd have to grind them all up and throw them away.''


Input: Mr. Kaye denies the suit's charges and says his only mistake was taking on Sony in the marketplace.

Kaye

Sony


Input: `` I made a similar line and I produced it cheaper,'' he says.


Input: Today, U.S. Judge John E. Sprizzo is expected to rule on Sony's renewed request for a pre-trial order blocking sale of the disputed products, on which deliveries began in July.

Today

July

U.S.

John E. Sprizzo

Sony


Input: The judge turned down an earlier Sony request for such an order -- a decision upheld on appeal -- but Sony returned with additional evidence and arguments.

Sony

Sony


Input: Though hoping to settle the case, Justin vows to fight on, if necessary.

Justin


Input: But the battle is more than Justin bargained for.

Justin


Input: `` I had no idea I was getting in so deep,'' says Mr. Kaye, who founded Justin in 1982.

Kaye

Justin


Input: Mr. Kaye had sold Capetronic Inc., a Taiwan electronics maker, and retired, only to find he was bored.

Kaye

Capetronic Inc.

Taiwan


Input: With Justin, he began selling toys and electronics made mostly in Hong Kong, beginning with Mickey Mouse radios.

Justin

Hong Kong


Input: The company has grown -- to about 40 employees, from four initially, Mr. Kaye says.

about 40

four

Kaye


Input: Justin has been profitable since 1986, adds the official, who shares his office with numerous teddy bears, all samples from his line of plush toys.

Justin


Input: Like many others, Mr. Kaye took notice in 1987 when Sony, in a classic example of market segmentation, changed the plastic skin and buttons on the famous Walkman line of portable audio equipment and created the My First Sony line for children.

Kaye

Sony

Walkman

My First Sony


Input: The brightly colored new products looked more like toys than the adult models.


Input: -LRB- In court papers, Sony says it has spent more than $3 million to promote the line, with resulting sales of over a million units. -RRB-

Sony

more than $3 million

over a million


Input: Sony found a new market niche, but Mr. Kaye figured that its prices left plenty of room for a lower - priced competitor.

Sony

Kaye


Input: His products aren't exact copies of Sony's but strongly resemble them in size, shape and, especially, color.

Sony


Input: Sony uses mostly red and blue, with traces of yellow -- and so does Justin, on the theory that kids prefer these colors.

Sony

Justin


Input: -LRB- `` To be successful, a product can be any color whatsoever, as long as it is fire - engine red,'' says Charles E. Baxley, Justin's attorney. -RRB-

Charles E. Baxley

Justin


Input: By last winter, Justin was showing prototypes at toy fairs in Hong Kong and New York -- and Sony noticed.

last winter

Justin

Sony

Hong Kong

New York


Input: Indeed, concerned that Sony sales personnel were threatening legal action or other retaliation -- such as withholding desirable Sony products -- against Justin's customers, Mr. Baxley fired off a letter to Sony in April.

Sony

Sony

Justin

Sony

Baxley

April


Input: He himself threatened to take the matter to the Federal Trade Commission or U.S. Justice Department.

the Federal Trade Commission

U.S. Justice Department


Input: But Justin hasn't pursued those charges -LRB- which were without merit, according to Mr. Eslinger, the Sony attorney -RRB-.

Justin

Sony

Eslinger


Input: Recalls Mr. Baxley: `` Our purpose was to influence them to leave us alone.

Baxley


Input: We never intended taking on Sony -- we don't have the resources.''

Sony


Input: Sony answered the empty threat with its real suit.

Sony


Input: Off and on since then, the companies have skirmished in court.


Input: And Justin, in a news release, says, `` Once competitive, Sony now resorts to strong - arm tactics in American courtrooms to carve out and protect niche markets.''

Justin

Sony

American


Input: Sony's lawyer insists that the company's tactics -- including the use of a private detective posing as a buyer -- are routine in such matters.

Sony


Input: He also insists that Sony, no less than others, has a legal right to protect its `` trade dress,'' in this case, mostly the colors that it claims make My First Sony products distinctive.

Sony

My First Sony


Input: -LRB- Justin claims it began using the same colors on electronic goods for children long before Sony entered the children's market. -RRB-

Justin

Sony


Input: Whatever its merits, Sony's aggressive defense is debilitating for Justin.

Sony

Justin


Input: It's also costly.


Input: Mr. Kaye says he has paid more than $70,000 in legal fees so far.

Kaye

more than $70,000


Input: Of Sony, Mr. Kaye says: `` They know there's no way for them to lose.

Sony

Kaye


Input: They just keep digging me in deeper until I reach the point where I give up and go away.''


Input: For now, though, he vows to hang in.


Input: Congress learned during the Reagan administration that it could intimidate the executive branch by uttering again and again the same seven words: `` Provided, that no funds shall be spent ....''

Congress

Reagan

seven


Input: This phrase once again is found throughout the many appropriations bills now moving through Congress.

Congress


Input: It signals Congress's attempt, under the pretext of guarding the public purse, to deny the president the funding necessary to execute certain of his duties and prerogatives specified in Article II of the Constitution.

Congress

Article II of the Constitution


Input: This species of congressional action is predicated on an interpretation of the appropriations clause that is erroneous and unconstitutional.


Input: The appropriations clause states that `` No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ....''

Treasury


Input: The prevailing interpretation of the clause on Capitol Hill is that it gives Congress an omnipresent veto over every conceivable action of the president through the ability to withhold funding.

Capitol Hill

Congress


Input: This interpretation was officially endorsed by Congress in 1987 in the Iran - Contra Report.

Congress

Iran


Input: As partisans of congressional power understand, a `` power of the purse'' so broadly construed would emasculate the presidency and swallow the principle of separation of powers.


Input: It is not supported by the text or history of the Constitution.

Constitution


Input: The framers hardly discussed the appropriations clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, according to Madison's notes.

the Constitutional Convention of 1787

Madison


Input: To the extent they did, their concern was to ensure fiscal accountability.


Input: Moreover, the framers believed that the nation needed a unitary executive with the independence and resources to perform the executive functions that the Confederation Congress had performed poorly under the Articles of Confederation.

the Confederation Congress

the Articles of Confederation


Input: It would contradict that objective if the appropriations clause -LRB- technically a limitation on legislative power -RRB- could be read as placing the president on Congress's short leash, making the executive consist of the president and every member of Congress.

Congress

Congress


Input: As it went to the conference panel now deliberating, the appropriations bill for the executive office of the president for fiscal 1990 contained some breathtaking attempts by Congress to rewrite the Constitution under the pretext of protecting the public's money.

fiscal 1990

Congress

Constitution


Input: During the coming weeks, President Bush must decide whether to veto the bills containing them -- or, alternatively, to sign these bills into law with a statement declaring their intrusions on executive power to be in violation of Article II, and thus void and severable.

the coming weeks

Bush

Article II


Input: The 1990 appropriations legislation attempts to strip the president of his powers to make certain appointments as provided by Article II.

Article II


Input: Article II places on the president the duty to nominate, `` and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate'' appoint, ambassadors, judges, and other officers of the U.S..

Article II

Senate

U.S.


Input: It also empowers the president to make recess appointments, without Senate approval: `` The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.''

Senate

Senate


Input: Yet Section 605 of the appropriations bill for the executive office provides: `` No part of any appropriation for the current fiscal year contained in this or any other Act shall be paid to any person for the filling of any position for which he or she has been nominated after the Senate has voted not to approve the nomination of said person.''

Section 605

the current fiscal year

Senate


Input: Thus, with one brief passage in an appropriations bill, Congress repeals the president's power to make recess appointments under Article II.

Congress

Article II


Input: Section 605 also imposes unconstitutional conditions on the president's ability to nominate candidates of his choosing.

Section 605


Input: The language of the appropriations rider implies that any nomination to any position of a rejected nominee will result in the president being denied funding to pay that person's salary.


Input: The president could probably not avoid this restriction by choosing people willing to serve without pay, because the Anti-Deficiency Act prohibits voluntary service to the government.

the Anti-Deficiency Act


Input: The 1990 appropriations bills also contain a number of `` muzzling'' provisions that violate the recommendation clause in Article II of the Constitution.

Article II of the Constitution


Input: Muzzling provisions, which might be called `` blindfold laws'' as well, prevent the executive branch from even looking at certain policy options, let alone from recommending them to Congress.

Congress


Input: Such laws violate the provision in Article II that requires the president to make recommendations to Congress, but which gives the president the discretion to select the subject matter of those recommendations.

Article II

Congress


Input: Typically, these laws seek to prevent executive branch officials from inquiring into whether certain federal programs make any economic sense or proposing more market - oriented alternatives to regulations.


Input: Probably the most egregious example is a proviso in the appropriations bill for the executive office that prevents the president's Office of Management and Budget from subjecting agricultural marketing orders to any cost - benefit scrutiny.

Office of Management and Budget


Input: There is something inherently suspect about Congress's prohibiting the executive from even studying whether public funds are being wasted in some favored program or other.

Congress


Input: Perhaps none of the unconstitutional conditions contained in the appropriations bills for fiscal 1990 better illustrates Congress's attempt to usurp executive power than Section 609 of the executive - office bill: `` of the funds made available pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall be used to implement, administer, or enforce any regulation which has been disapproved pursuant to a resolution of disapproval duly adopted in accordance with the applicable law of the United States.''

fiscal 1990

Congress

Section 609

Act

the United States


Input: This provision amounts to a legislative veto over the president's execution of the law, since a one - house resolution could be said to be `` duly adopted'' even though it would require neither bicameral action in Congress nor presentation to the president for his signature or veto.

one

Congress


Input: The Supreme Court's decision in INS v. Chadha held that legislative vetoes are unconstitutional.

The Supreme Court's

INS

Chadha


Input: President Bush should veto appropriations acts that contain these kinds of unconstitutional conditions on the president's ability to discharge his duties and exercise his prerogatives.

Bush


Input: If President Bush fails to do so in his first year, he will invite Congress, for the remainder of his presidency, to rewrite Article II of the Constitution to suit its purposes.

Bush

first year

Congress

Article II of the Constitution


Input: What becomes custom in the Bush administration will only become more difficult for future presidents, including Democrats, to undo.

Bush

Democrats


Input: President Reagan learned that lesson.

Reagan


Input: By 1987, then - Speaker Jim Wright was discussing arms control in Moscow with Mikhail Gorbachev and then attempting to direct the president, through an appropriations rider, to treat the Soviets as though the Senate had ratified SALT II.

Jim Wright

Mikhail Gorbachev

Moscow

Soviets

Senate

SALT II


Input: If a veto is unworkable because it would leave part of the executive branch unfunded, the president could sign the appropriations bills into law and assert a power of excision, declaring the rider restricting his Article II powers to be unconstitutional and severable.

Article II


Input: The Constitution does not expressly give the president such power.

Constitution


Input: However, the president does have a duty not to violate the Constitution.

Constitution


Input: The question is whether his only means of defense is the veto.


Input: Excision of appropriations riders that trespass on the president's duties and prerogative under Article II would be different from the line - item veto.

Article II


Input: As discussed in the context of controlling federal spending, the line - item veto is characterized as a way for the president to excise perfectly constitutional provisions in a spending bill that are objectionable merely because they conflict with his policy objectives.


Input: The excision of unconstitutional conditions in an appropriations bill would be a power of far more limited applicability.


Input: One could argue that it is not an assertion of a item veto at all for the president, by exerting a power of excision, to resist unconstitutional conditions in legislation that violate the separation of powers.


Input: There is no downside if the president asserts a right of excision over unconstitutional conditions in the fiscal 1990 appropriations bills.

fiscal 1990


Input: If Congress does nothing, President Bush will have won.

Congress

Bush


Input: If Congress takes the dispute to the Supreme Court -LRB- assuming it can establish standing to sue -RRB-, President Bush might win.

Congress

the Supreme Court

Bush


Input: In that case, he might receive an opinion from the court that is a vindication of the president's right to perform the duties and exercise the prerogatives the framers thought should be entrusted to the executive.


Input: If President Bush loses at the court, it might be disappointing, as Morrison v. Olson was for the Reagan administration.

Bush

Morrison

Olson

Reagan


Input: But the presidency would be no worse off than it is now.

now


Input: Moreover, the electorate would have received a valuable civics lesson in how the separation of powers works in practice.


Input: As it stands now, Congress presumes after the Reagan administration that the White House will take unconstitutional provisions in appropriations bills lying down.

Congress

the White House

Reagan


Input: President Bush should set things straight.

Bush


Input: If he does not, he will help realize Madison's fear in The Federalist No. 48 of a legislature `` everywhere extending the sphere of its activity and drawing all powers into its impetuous vortex.''

Madison

The Federalist No. 48


Input: Mr. Sidak served as an attorney in the Reagan administration.

Sidak

Reagan


Input: His longer analysis of executive power and the appropriations clause is to appear in the Duke Law Journal later this year.

the Duke Law Journal

later this year


Input: FALL BALLOT ISSUES set a record for off - year elections.

FALL

off - year


Input: Odd - year elections attract relatively few ballot issues.

Odd - year


Input: But the 1989 fall total of 80, while well below 1988 activity, shows `` a steady ratcheting up in citizen referenda and initiatives,'' says Patrick McGuigan, editor of Family, Law and Democracy Report.

the 1989 fall

Patrick McGuigan

Family, Law and Democracy Report


Input: He says the 10 citizen - sparked issues on state ballots this fall represent the most in any odd - year this decade.

this fall

any odd - year this decade


Input: Ballot questions range from a Maine initiative on banning Cruise missiles to a referendum on increasing the North Dakota income tax.

Maine

North Dakota

Cruise


Input: Ballot watchers say attention already is focused on the 1990 elections.


Input: In California, two petition drives for next year's election are `` essentially finished,'' says David Schmidt, author of `` Citizen Lawmakers.''

California

two

next year's

David Schmidt

Citizen Lawmakers


Input: Mr. McGuigan cites three completed efforts in Oklahoma.

McGuigan

three

Oklahoma


Input: Hot ballot topics are expected to be abortion, the environment and insurance reform.


Input: Taking a cue from California, more politicians will launch their campaigns by backing initiatives, says David Magleby of Brigham Young University.

California

David Magleby

Brigham Young University


Input: PHOTOGRAPH COLLECTING gains new stature as prices rise.


Input: Price records are being set at auctions this week.

this week


Input: At Christie's, a folio of 21 prints from Alfred Stieglitz's `` Equivalents'' series sold for $396,000, a single - lot record.

Christie's

Alfred Stieglitz's

Equivalents


Input: Other works also have been exceeding price estimates.


Input: In part, prices reflect development of a market structure based on such variables as the number of prints.


Input: This information used to be poorly documented and largely anecdotal, says Beth Gates - Warren of Sotheby's.

Beth Gates - Warren

Sotheby's


Input: `` There is finally some sort of sense in the market,'' she says.


Input: Corporations and museums are among the serious buyers, giving greater market stability, says Robert Persky of the Photograph Collector.

Robert Persky

the Photograph Collector


Input: `` When I see prints going into the hands of institutions, I know they aren't going to come back on the market.''


Input: Most in demand: classic photographs by masters such as Stieglitz and Man Ray.

Stieglitz

Man Ray


Input: But much contemporary work is also fetching `` a great deal of money,'' says Miles Barth of the International Center of Photography.

Miles Barth

the International Center of Photography


Input: DIALING 900 brings callers a growing number of services.


Input: Currently a $300 million - a - year business, 900 telephone service is expected to hit $500 million next year and near $2 billion by 1992 as uses for the service continue to expand, says Joel Gross of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Inc.

$300 million

$500 million

$2 billion

next year

Joel Gross

Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Inc


Input: The service -- which costs the caller from 30 cents to $25 a minute -- currently is dominated by celebrity chatter, horoscopes and romance lines.

30 cents


Input: But more serious applications are in the wings, and that is where the future growth is expected.


Input: `` I'm starting to see more business transactions,'' says Andrea West of American Telephone & Telegraph Co., noting growing interest in use of 900 service for stock sales, software tutorials and even service contracts.

Andrea West

American Telephone & Telegraph Co.


Input: Colleges, she says, are eyeing registration through 900 service.


Input: Charities test the waters, but they face legal barriers to electronic fund raising.


Input: `` The thing that will really break this market right open is merchandising,'' Ms. West says.

West


Input: Much of the 800 service will `` migrate to 900,'' predicts Jack Lawless, general manager of US Sprint's 900 product.

Jack Lawless

US Sprint's


Input: FAMILY PETS are improving recovery rates of patients at Columbia Hospital, Milwaukee.

Columbia Hospital

Milwaukee


Input: Patients who receive canine or feline visitors are found to have lower blood pressure and improved appetite and be more receptive to therapy, says Mary Ann O'Loughlin, program coordinator.

Mary Ann O'Loughlin


Input: TIRED OF TRIMMING?


Input: Hammacher Schlemmer & Co. offers a fiber - optic Christmas tree that eliminates the need to string lights.

Hammacher Schlemmer & Co.

Christmas


Input: The $6,500 tree is designed to send continuously changing colored light to dozens of fiber - end bunches.


Input: MEDICINE TRANSPLANT: Growth of Japanese trade and travel prompts Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, to set up a bilingual medical practice.

Japanese

Beth Israel Medical Center

New York


Input: Funded by a $1 million gift from Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance, the service will follow Japanese medical protocols, including emphasis on preventative medicine.

$1 million

Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance

Japanese


Input: DIAPER SERVICES make a comeback amid growing environmental concerns.


Input: Concerned about shrinking landfills and the safety of chemicals used in super-absorbent disposables, parents are returning to the cloth diaper.


Input: Tiny Tots Inc., Campbell, Calif., says business is up 35% in the past year.

Tiny Tots Inc.

Campbell

Calif.

the past year


Input: `` We're gaining 1,200 new customers each week,'' says Jack Mogavero of General Health Care Corp., Piscataway, N.J.

each week

Jack Mogavero

General Health Care Corp.

Piscataway

N.J


Input: In Syracuse, N.Y., DyDee Service's new marketing push stresses environmental awareness.

Syracuse

N.Y.

DyDee Service's


Input: Among its new customers: day - care centers that previously spurned the service.


Input: The National Association of Diaper Services, Philadelphia, says that since January it has gotten more than 672 inquiries from people interested in starting diaper services.

The National Association of Diaper Services

Philadelphia

January

more than 672


Input: Elisa Hollis launched a diaper service last year because State College, Pa., where she lives, didn't have one.

Elisa Hollis

last year

State College

Pa.


Input: Diaper shortages this summer limited growth at Stork Diaper Services, Springfield, Mass., where business is up 25% in

this summer

Stork Diaper Services

Springfield

Mass.


Input: Also spurring the move to cloth: diaper covers with Velcro fasteners that eliminate the need for safety pins.

Velcro


Input: BRIEFS:


Input: Only 57.6% of New Yorkers watch the local news, the lowest viewership in the country, says a new study by Impact Resources Inc., Columbus, Ohio ....

Only 57.6%

New Yorkers

Impact Resources Inc.

Columbus

Ohio


Input: FreudToy, a pillow bearing the likeness of Sigmund Freud, is marketed as a $24.95 tool for do - it - yourself analysis.

FreudToy

Sigmund Freud


Input: Program trading is `` a racket,'' complains Edward Egnuss, a White Plains, N.Y., investor and electronics sales executive, `` and it's not to the benefit of the small investor, that's for sure.''

Edward Egnuss

White Plains

N.Y.


Input: But although he thinks that it is hurting him, he doubts it could be stopped.


Input: Mr. Egnuss's dislike of program trading is echoed by many small investors interviewed by Wall Street Journal reporters across the country.

Egnuss

Wall Street Journal


Input: But like Mr. Egnuss, few expect it to be halted entirely, and a surprising number doubt it should be.

Egnuss


Input: `` I think program trading is basically unfair to the individual investor,'' says Leo Fields, a Dallas investor.

Leo Fields

Dallas


Input: He notes that program traders have a commission cost advantage because of the quantity of their trades, that they have a smaller margin requirement than individual investors do and that they often can figure out earlier where the market is heading.


Input: But he blames program trading for only some of the market's volatility.


Input: He also considers the market overvalued and cites the troubles in junk bonds.


Input: He adds: `` The market may be giving us another message, that a recession is looming.''


Input: Or, as Dorothy Arighi, an interior decorator in Arnold, Calif., puts it: `` All kinds of funny things spook the market these days.''

Dorothy Arighi

Arnold

Calif.

these days


Input: But she believes that `` program trading creates deviant swings.


Input: It's not a sound thing; there's no inherent virtue in it.''


Input: She adds that legislation curbing it would be `` a darned good idea.''


Input: At the Charles Schwab & Co. office in Atlanta's Buckhead district, a group of investors voices skepticism that federal officials would curb program trading.

Charles Schwab & Co.

Atlanta

Buckhead


Input: Citing the October 1987 crash, Glenn Miller says, `` It's like the last crash -- they threatened, but no one did anything.''

October 1987

Glenn Miller


Input: A. Donald Anderson, a 59 - year - old Los Angeles investor who says the stock market's `` fluctuations and gyrations give me the heebie - jeebies,'' doesn't see much point in outlawing program trading.

A. Donald Anderson

59 - year - old

Los Angeles


Input: Those who still want to do it `` will just find some way to get around'' any attempt to curb it.


Input: Similarly, Rick Wamre, a 31 - year - old asset manager for a Dallas real - estate firm, would like to see program trading disappear because `` I can't see that it does anything for the market or the country.''

Rick Wamre

31 - year - old

Dallas


Input: Yet he isn't in favor of new legislation.


Input: `` I think we've got enough securities laws,'' he says.


Input: `` I'd much rather see them dealing with interest rates and the deficit.''


Input: Peter Anthony, who runs an employment agency in New York, decries program trading as `` limiting the game to a few,'' but he also isn't sure it should be more strictly regulated.

Peter Anthony

New York


Input: `` I don't want to denounce it because denouncing it would be like denouncing capitalism,'' he explains.


Input: And surprising numbers of small investors seem to be adapting to greater stock market volatility and say they can live with program trading.


Input: Glenn Britta, a 25 - year - old New York financial analyst who plays options for his personal account, says he is `` factoring'' the market's volatility `` into investment decisions.''

Glenn Britta

25 - year - old

New York


Input: He adds that program trading `` increases liquidity in the market.


Input: You can't hold back technology.''


Input: And the practice shouldn't be stopped, he says, because `` even big players aren't immune to the rigors of program trading.''


Input: Also in New York, Israel Silverman, an insurance - company lawyer, comments that program trading `` increases volatility, but I don't think it should be banned.

New York

Israel Silverman


Input: There's no culprit here.


Input: The market is just becoming more efficient.''


Input: Arbitraging on differences between spot and futures prices is an important part of many financial markets, he says.


Input: He adds that his shares in a company savings plan are invested in a mutual fund, and volatility, on a given day, may hurt the fund.

a given day


Input: But `` I'm a long - term investor,'' he says.


Input: `` If you were a short - term investor, you might be more leery about program trading.''


Input: Jim Enzor of Atlanta defends program trading because he believes that it can bring the market back up after a plunge.

Jim Enzor

Atlanta


Input: `` If we have a real bad day, the program would say, ` Buy,''' he explains.

a real bad day


Input: `` If you could get the rhythm of the program trading, you could take advantage of it.''


Input: What else can a small investor do?


Input: Scott Taccetta, a Chicago accountant, is going into money - market funds.

Scott Taccetta

Chicago


Input: Mr. Taccetta says he had just recouped the $5,000 he lost in the 1987 crash when he lost more money last Oct. 13.

Taccetta

Oct. 13


Input: Now, he plans to sell all his stocks by the first quarter of 1990.

the first quarter of 1990


Input: In October, before the market dropped, Mrs. Arighi of Arnold, Calif., moved to sell the `` speculative stocks'' in her family trust `` so we will be able to withstand all this flim - flammery'' caused by program trading.

October

Arighi

Arnold

Calif.


Input: She believes that the only answer for individuals is to `` buy stocks that'll weather any storm.''


Input: Lucille Gorman, an 84 - year - old Chicago housewife, has become amazingly immune to stock - market jolts.

Lucille Gorman

84 - year - old

Chicago


Input: Mrs. Gorman took advantage of low prices after the 1987 crash to buy stocks and has hunted for other bargains since the Oct. 13 plunge.

Gorman

Oct. 13


Input: `` My stocks are all blue chips,'' she says.


Input: `` If the market goes down, I figure it's paper profits I'm losing.


Input: On the other hand, if it goes way sky high, I always sell.


Input: You don't want to get yourself too upset about these things.


Input: Although his team lost the World Series, San Francisco Giants owner Bob Lurie hopes to have a new home for them.

the World Series

San Francisco Giants

Bob Lurie


Input: He is an avid fan of a proposition on next week's ballot to help build a replacement for Candlestick Park.

next week's

Candlestick Park


Input: Small wonder, since he's asking San Francisco taxpayers to sink up to $100 million into the new stadium.

San Francisco

$100 million


Input: As San Francisco digs out from The Pretty Big One, opponents say the last thing the city can afford is an expensive new stadium.

San Francisco

The Pretty Big One


Input: A stadium craze is sweeping the country.


Input: It's fueled by the increasing profitability of major - league teams.


Input: Something like one - third of the nation's 60 largest cities are thinking about new stadiums, ranging from Cleveland to San Antonio and St. Petersburg.

one - third

Cleveland

San Antonio

St. Petersburg


Input: Most boosters claim the new sports complexes will be moneymakers for their city.


Input: Pepperdine University economist Dean Baim scoffs at that.

Pepperdine University

Dean Baim


Input: He has looked at 14 baseball and football stadiums and found that only one -- private Dodger Stadium -- brought more money into a city than it took out.

only one

Dodger Stadium


Input: Stadiums tend to redistribute existing wealth within a community, not create more of it.


Input: Voters generally agree when they are given a chance to decide if they want to sink their own tax dollars into a new mega-stadium.


Input: San Francisco voters rejected a new ballpark two years ago.

San Francisco

two years ago


Input: Last month, Phoenix voters turned thumbs down on a $100 million stadium bond and tax proposition.

Last month

Phoenix

$100 million


Input: Its backers fielded every important interest on their team -- a popular mayor, the Chamber of Commerce, the major media -- and spent $100,000 on promotion.

the Chamber of Commerce


Input: But voters decided that if the stadium was such a good idea someone would build it himself, and rejected it 59% to 41%.


Input: In San Francisco, its backers concede the ballpark is at best running even in the polls.

San Francisco


Input: George Christopher, the former San Francisco mayor who built Candlestick Park for the Giants in the 1960s, won't endorse the new ballpark.

George Christopher

San Francisco

Candlestick Park

Giants

the 1960s


Input: He says he had Candlestick built because the Giants claimed they needed 10,000 parking spaces.

Candlestick

Giants


Input: Since the new park will have only 1,500 spaces, Mr. Christopher thinks backers are playing some fiscal `` games'' of their own with the voters.

only 1,500

Christopher


Input: Stadium boosters claim that without public money they would never be built.


Input: Miami Dolphins owner Joe Robbie disagrees, and he can prove it.

Miami Dolphins

Joe Robbie


Input: Several years ago he gave up trying to persuade Miami to improve its city - owned Orange Bowl, and instead built his own $100 million coliseum with private funds.

Several years ago

Miami

Orange Bowl

$100 million


Input: He didn't see why the taxpayers should help build something he would then use to turn a healthy profit.


Input: `` This stadium shows that anything government can do, we can do better,'' Mr. Robbie says.

Robbie


Input: But to Moon Landrieu, the former New Orleans mayor who helped build that city's cavernous, money - losing Superdome, questions of who benefits or the bottom line are of little relevance.

Moon Landrieu

New Orleans

Superdome


Input: `` The Superdome is an exercise in optimism, a statement of faith,'' he has said.

Superdome


Input: `` It is the very building of it that is important, not how much of it is used or its economics.''


Input: An Egyptian Pharaoh couldn't have justified his pyramids any better.

Egyptian


Input: But civilization has moved forward since then.


Input: Today taxpayers get to vote, most of the time, on whether they want to finance the building schemes of our modern political pharaohs, or let private money erect these playgrounds for public passions.

Today


Input: A man from the Bush administration came before the House Agriculture Committee yesterday to talk about the U.S.'s intention to send some $100 million in food aid to Poland, with more to come from the EC.

Bush

the House Agriculture Committee

EC

yesterday

U.S.

Poland

some $100 million


Input: The committee's members are worried what all this free food might do to the economic prospects of Poland's own farmers.

Poland


Input: Rep. Gary Ackerman noted that past food aid had harmed farmers in El Salvador and Egypt.

Gary Ackerman

El Salvador

Egypt


Input: However well intentioned, food transfers have the habit of growing larger and wrecking the market incentives for the recipient country's own farmers.


Input: The First World has for some time had the bad habit of smothering other people's economies with this kind of unfocused kindness.


Input: It should be constantly stressed that Poland's farmers mostly need a real market for their products.

Poland


Input: ORTEGA ENDED a truce with the Contras and said elections were threatened.

ORTEGA

Contras


Input: The Nicaraguan president, citing attacks by the U.S. - backed rebels, suspended a 19 - month - old cease - fire and accused Bush of `` promoting death.''

Nicaraguan

U.S.

19 - month - old

Bush


Input: While he reaffirmed support for the country's Feb. 25 elections, Ortega indicated that renewed U.S. military aid to the Contras could thwart the balloting.

Feb. 25

Ortega

U.S.

Contras


Input: He said U.S. assistance should be used to demobilize the rebels.

U.S.


Input: A White House spokesman condemned the truce suspension as `` deplorable'' but brushed off talk of renewing military funding for the insurgents.

White House


Input: The Contra military command, in a statement from Honduras, said Sandinista troops had launched a major offensive against the rebel forces.

Contra

Sandinista

Honduras


Input: East German leader Krenz called the protests in his country a `` good sign,'' saying that many of those marching for democratic freedoms were showing support for `` the renovation for socialism.''

East German

Krenz


Input: The Communist Party chief, in Moscow for talks with Soviet officials, also said East Germany would follow Gorbachev's restructuring plans.

Communist Party

Moscow

East Germany

Soviet

Gorbachev


Input: Thousands of East Germans fled to Czechoslovakia after the East Berlin government lifted travel restrictions.

Thousands

East Germans

Czechoslovakia

East Berlin


Input: The ban on cross-border movement was imposed last month after a massive exodus of emigres to West Germany.

last month

West Germany


Input: Also, a Communist official for the first time said the future of the Berlin Wall could be open to discussion.

Communist

the Berlin Wall


Input: Health officials plan to extend a moratorium on federal funding of research involving fetal - tissue transplants.


Input: The assistant HHS secretary said the ban `` should be continued indefinitely.''

HHS


Input: While researchers believe such transplants could help treat diseases like Alzheimer's, anti-abortionists oppose the research.


Input: Rep. Dingell of Michigan plans to unveil today a proposal that would break with Bush's clean - air bill on the issue of emissions that lead to acid rain.

Dingell

Bush

Michigan

today


Input: The Democrat's proposal is described by government sources and lobbyists as significantly weaker than the president's plan to cut utility emissions.

Democrat


Input: House - Senate conferees approved major portions of a package for more than $500 million in economic aid for Poland.

House

more than $500 million

Poland


Input: The plan relies heavily on $240 million in credit and loan guarantees in fiscal 1990 in hopes of stimulating future trade and investment.

$240 million

fiscal 1990


Input: South Africa accused armed Namibian nationalist guerrillas of crossing from bases in neighboring Angola, violating U.N. - supervised peace plans for the territory's independence from Pretoria.

South Africa

Angola

Pretoria

Namibian

U.N.


Input: South African troops were placed on alert.

South African


Input: Guerrilla leaders said Pretoria was attempting to sabotage next week's elections in Namibia.

Pretoria

Namibia

next week's


Input: Gunmen in Lebanon assassinated a Saudi Arabian Embassy employee, and the pro-Iranian Islamic Jihad took responsibility for the slaying to avenge the beheading of 16 terrorists by Riyadh's government in September.

Lebanon

Riyadh

Saudi Arabian Embassy

Islamic Jihad

pro-Iranian

September


Input: Also in Beirut, a Moslem group vowed to kill Americans if the U.S. implements a policy to seize suspects abroad.

Beirut

U.S.

Americans


Input: Nixon concluded five days of private talks with Chinese leaders in Beijing, but apparently failed to ease strains in Sino - U.S. ties caused by China's crackdown against pro-democracy protesters in June.

Nixon

five days

June

Chinese

Sino

Beijing

China


Input: Beijing's rulers complained to the former president about U.S. `` interference'' in China's domestic affairs.

Beijing

U.S.

China


Input: Mexico's President Salinas said the country's recession had ended and the economy was growing again.

Mexico

Salinas


Input: In his first state of the nation address, Salinas pledged to continue his program of modernization and warned opposition politicians that impeding progress could cost them popular support.

first

Salinas


Input: Pakistan's Bhutto defeated the first no - confidence motion in the nation's 42 - year history, surviving the vote that could have brought down her 11 - month - old government.

Pakistan

Bhutto

42 - year

11 - month - old


Input: The prime minister's opponents claimed the balloting, 12 votes short of a majority in Islamabad's 237 - seat assembly, was rigged.

Islamabad


Input: The White House said the shipboard meetings next month between Bush and Soviet leader Gorbachev will take place in the waters off Malta.

The White House

next month

Bush

Gorbachev

Soviet

Malta


Input: The location was disclosed as the U.S. began planning the issues to be discussed at the Dec. 2 - 3 tete - a - tete.

U.S.

Dec. 2 - 3


Input: Bush unveiled a package of trade initiatives to help establish `` economic alternatives to drug trafficking'' in the Andean nations of South America.

Bush

Andean

South America


Input: The president's plan includes a commitment to help negotiate a new international coffee agreement.


Input: Pan Am has subpoenaed several government agencies, including the CIA and FBI, to determine whether they were warned that a bomb had been planted aboard a jet that exploded over Scotland last December, killing 270 people.

Pan Am

CIA

FBI

Scotland

December


Input: The airline is attempting to show that Israel and West Germany warned the U.S. about the impending attack.

Israel

West Germany

U.S.


Input: Died: James A. Attwood, 62, retired chairman and president of Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York, Tuesday, in New York City, of an acute anemic condition.

James A. Attwood

Tuesday

Mutual Life Insurance Co.

New York

New York City


Input: Beauty Takes Backseat To Safety on Bridges


Input: EVERYONE AGREES that most of the nation's old bridges need to be repaired or replaced.


Input: But there's disagreement over how to do it.


Input: Highway officials insist the ornamental railings on older bridges aren't strong enough to prevent vehicles from crashing through.


Input: But other people don't want to lose the bridges' beautiful, sometimes historic, features.


Input: `` The primary purpose of a railing is to contain a vehicle and not to provide a scenic view,'' says Jack White, a planner with the Indiana Highway Department.

Jack White

the Indiana Highway Department


Input: He and others prefer to install railings such as the `` type F safety shape,'' a four - foot - high concrete slab with no openings.

four - foot - high


Input: In Richmond, Ind., the type F railing is being used to replace arched openings on the G Street Bridge.

Richmond

Ind.

the G Street Bridge


Input: Garret Boone, who teaches art at Earlham College, calls the new structure `` just an ugly bridge'' and one that blocks the view of a new park below.

Garret Boone

Earlham College


Input: In Hartford, Conn., the Charter Oak Bridge will soon be replaced, the cast - iron medallions from its railings relegated to a park.

Hartford

Conn.

the Charter Oak Bridge


Input: Compromises are possible.


Input: Citizens in Peninsula, Ohio, upset over changes to a bridge, negotiated a deal: The bottom half of the railing will be type F, while the top half will have the old bridge's floral pattern.

Peninsula

Ohio

half

half


Input: Similarly, highway engineers agreed to keep the old railings on the Key Bridge in Washington, D.C., as long as they could install a crash barrier between the sidewalk and the road.

the Key Bridge

Washington

D.C.


Input: Tray Bon?


Input: Drink Carrier Competes With Cartons


Input: PORTING POTABLES just got easier, or so claims Scypher Corp., the maker of the Cup - Tote.

Scypher Corp.

the Cup - Tote


Input: The Chicago company's beverage carrier, meant to replace cardboard trays at concession stands and fast - food outlets, resembles the plastic loops used on six - packs of beer, only the loops hang from a web of strings.

Chicago

six


Input: The new carrier can tote as many as four cups at once.

four


Input: Inventor Claire Marvin says his design virtually eliminates spilling.

Claire Marvin


Input: Lids aren't even needed.


Input: He also claims the carrier costs less and takes up less space than most paper carriers.


Input: A few fast - food outlets are giving it a try.


Input: The company acknowledges some problems.


Input: A driver has to find something to hang the carrier on, so the company supplies a window hook.


Input: While it breaks down in prolonged sunlight, it isn't recyclable.


Input: And unlike some trays, there's no place for food.


Input: Spirit of Perestroika Touches Design World


Input: AN EXCHANGE of U.S. and Soviet designers promises change on both sides.

U.S.

Soviet


Input: An exhibition of American design and architecture opened in September in Moscow and will travel to eight other Soviet cities.

American

Soviet

September

Moscow

eight


Input: The show runs the gamut, from a blender to chairs to a model of the Citicorp building.

Citicorp


Input: The event continues into next year and includes an exchange program to swap design teachers at Carnegie - Mellon and Leningrad's Mutchin Institute.

next year

Carnegie - Mellon

Mutchin Institute

Leningrad


Input: Dan Droz, leader of the Carnegie - Mellon group, sees benefits all around.

Dan Droz

Carnegie - Mellon


Input: The Soviets, who normally have few clients other than the state, will get `` exposure to a market system,'' he says.

Soviets


Input: Americans will learn more about making products for the Soviets.

Americans

Soviets


Input: Mr. Droz says the Soviets could even help U.S. designers renew their sense of purpose.

Droz

Soviets

U.S.


Input: `` In Moscow, they kept asking us things like, ` Why do you make 15 different corkscrews, when all you need is one good one?''' he says.

Moscow

one


Input: `` They got us thinking maybe we should be helping U.S. companies improve existing products rather than always developing new ones.''

U.S.


Input: Seed for Jail Solution Fails to Take Root


Input: IT'S A TWO BIRDS with one stone deal: Eggers Group architects propose using grain elevators to house prisoners.

TWO

one

Eggers Group


Input: It would ease jail overcrowding while preserving historic structures, the company says.


Input: But New York state, which is seeking solutions to its prison cell shortage, says `` no.''

New York


Input: Grain elevators built in the 1920s and'30s have six - inch concrete walls and a tubular shape that would easily contain semicircular cells with a control point in the middle, the New York firm says.

six - inch

New York


Input: Many are far enough from residential areas to pass public muster, yet close enough to permit family visits.


Input: Besides, Eggers says, grain elevators are worth preserving for aesthetic reasons -- one famed architect compared them to the pyramids of Egypt.

Eggers

one

Egypt


Input: A number of cities -- including Minneapolis, Philadelphia and Houston -- have vacant grain elevators, Eggers says.

Minneapolis

Philadelphia

Houston

Eggers


Input: A medium - sized one in Brooklyn, it says, could be altered to house up to 1,000 inmates at a lower cost than building a new prison in upstate New York.

Brooklyn

New York

up to 1,000


Input: A spokesman for the state, however, calls the idea `` not effective or cost efficient.


Input: EAST GERMANS RALLIED as officials reportedly sought Honecker's ouster.

EAST GERMANS

Honecker


Input: In what was considered the largest protest in the Communist state's 40 - year history, at least 120,000 demonstrators marched through the southern city of Leipzig to press demands for democratic freedoms, opposition activists said.

Communist

40 - year

at least 120,000

Leipzig


Input: Police didn't intervene.


Input: Meanwhile, as the first of more than 1,300 East Germans trying to flee to the West through Poland renounced their citizenship, a West German newspaper reported that regional Communist officials demanded the dismissal of hard - line leader Honecker.

first

more than 1,300

East Germans

West German

Communist

Poland

Honecker


Input: Secretary of State Baker, in a foreign policy speech, called for the reunification of Germany, saying it was the `` legitimate right'' of the German people.

State

Baker

Germany

German


Input: Gorbachev blamed the Soviet Union's press for contributing to the nation's mounting problems.

Gorbachev

the Soviet Union's


Input: At a meeting Friday, the Kremlin leader complained about recent articles that raised the possiblity of civil unrest, and accused the media of fueling panic buying of goods by publishing stories about impending shortages.

Friday

Kremlin


Input: House - Senate conferees approved a permanent smoking ban on domestic airline routes within the continental U.S. and on flights of less than six hours to Alaska and Hawaii.

House

U.S.

Alaska

Hawaii

six hours


Input: The curbs would cover all but a small percentage of flights, and represent an expansion of the current ban on flights of less than two hours.

less than two hours


Input: E. Robert Wallach was sentenced by a U.S. judge in New York to six years in prison and fined $250,000 for his racketeering conviction in the Wedtech scandal.

E. Robert Wallach

U.S.

New York

six years

Wedtech


Input: Wallach, an associate of ex-Attorney General Meese, was found guilty in August of taking $425,000 in illegal payoffs from the now - defunct defense contractor.

Wallach

Meese

August


Input: NASA resumed the countdown for today's launch of the space shuttle Atlantis, and a federal appeals court in Washington dismissed a lawsuit by anti-nuclear groups to delay the flight because the plutonium - powered Galileo space probe was aboard.

NASA

today

Atlantis

Galileo

Washington


Input: The space agency said it didn't expect weather or protesters to block the liftoff.


Input: The Bush administration is preparing to extend a ban on federal financing of research using fetal tissue, government sources said.

Bush


Input: A temporary prohibition was imposed in March 1988.

March 1988


Input: While anti-abortion groups are opposed to such research, scientists have said transplanting such tissue could be effective in treating diabetes.


Input: Delegates from 91 nations endorsed a ban on world ivory trade in an attempt to rescue the endangered elephant from extinction.


Input: Five African nations, however, said they would continue selling the valuable tusks.

Five

African


Input: Mubarak held reconciliation talks with Gadhafi at the Egyptian resort of Mersa Metruh.

Mubarak

Gadhafi

Egyptian

Mersa Metruh


Input: It was the Libyan leader's first trip to Egypt in 16 years.

Libyan

first

Egypt

16 years


Input: They announced a reduction in formalities for travel, but didn't show any real signs of resuming full diplomatic ties.


Input: The Egyptian president said he would visit Libya today to resume the talks.

Egyptian

Libya

today


Input: Seoul and Pyongyang reached a tentative agreement to allow visits between families on the divided Korean peninsula.

Seoul

Pyongyang

Korean


Input: Such family reunions would be the second since 1945.

second


Input: Differences remained between the North and South Korean governments, however, over conditions for the exchanges.

North and South Korean


Input: Freed black nationalists resumed political activity in South Africa and vowed to fight against apartheid, raising fears of a possible white backlash.

South Africa


Input: The nation's main white opposition party warned that the government's release Sunday of eight black political prisoners risked bringing chaos and eventual black Marxist rule to the nation.

Sunday

eight

Marxist


Input: The White House said Bush is `` fully satisfied'' with CIA Director Webster and the intelligence agency's performance during the Oct. 3 failed coup in Panama.

The White House

CIA

Bush

Webster

Oct. 3

Panama


Input: The Washington Post reported that unidentified senior administration officials were frustrated with Webster's low - profile activities during the insurrection and wanted him replaced.

The Washington Post

Webster


Input: Poland's legislature approved limits on automatic wage increases without special provisions for food price rises.

Poland


Input: The vote was considered a test of the Solidarity - led government's resolve to proceed with a harsh economic - restructuring program.

Solidarity


Input: Norway's King Olav V installed a three - party non-Socialist government as Gro Harlem Brundtland's three - year - old Labor regime relinquished power.

Norway

Olav V

Gro Harlem Brundtland's

three

non-Socialist

three - year - old

Labor


Input: The 19 - member cabinet is led by Prime Minister Jan Syse, who acknowledged a `` difficult situation'' since the coalition controls only 62 seats in Oslo's 165 - member legislature.

only 62

Jan Syse

Oslo


Input: El Salvador's government opened a new round of talks with the country's leftist rebels in an effort to end a decade - long civil war.

El Salvador's


Input: A spokesman said the guerrillas would present a cease - fire proposal during the negotiations in Costa Rica that includes constitutional and economic changes.

Costa Rica


Input: The State Department said there was a `` possibility'' that some Nicaraguan rebels were selling their U.S. - supplied arms to Salvadoran guerrillas, but insisted it wasn't an organized effort.

The State Department

Nicaraguan

Salvadoran

U.S.


Input: Separately, Secretary of State Baker complained about a U.N. aide who last week told the Contras to disband as part of a regional peace accord.

State

U.N.

Contras

Baker

last week


Input: Died: Cornel Wilde, 74, actor and director, in Los Angeles, of leukemia ....

Cornel Wilde

Los Angeles


Input: Danilo Kis, 54, Yugoslav - born novelist and essayist, Sunday, in Paris, of cancer.

Danilo Kis

Sunday

Yugoslav

Paris


Input: The art of change - ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world.

English

English


Input: -- Dorothy L. Sayers, `` The Nine Tailors''

Dorothy L. Sayers

The Nine Tailors


Input: ASLACTON, England

ASLACTON

England


Input: -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong.

England


Input: The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

St. Michael and All Angels


Input: In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614.

five

five


Input: But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can't be heard by the church - goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening.

Aslacton

autumn

evening


Input: Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own `` band'' of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service.

Britain

St. Michael

Sunday

morning

evening


Input: Now, only one local ringer remains: 64 - year - old Derek Hammond.

64 - year - old

Derek Hammond


Input: The others here today live elsewhere.

today


Input: They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes - exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia.

four

Sunday

East Anglia


Input: `` To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape,'' says Mr. Hammond, a retired water - authority worker.

one

Hammond


Input: `` We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away.''


Input: Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Hammond

East Anglian

Aslacton


Input: History, after all, is not on his side.


Input: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

a year ago

Sundays

nearly a third

England


Input: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.


Input: The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Europe

English


Input: Change - ringing, a mind - boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

English

380 years ago


Input: Proper English bells are started off in `` rounds,'' from the highest - pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

English


Input: Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.


Input: Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.


Input: Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as `` methods,'' which have odd - sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.


Input: A series of 5,000 or so changes is a `` peal'' and takes about three hours.

about three hours


Input: A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Thursday

night

St. Mary Abbot

Kensington

London


Input: Ten shirt - sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize - fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Ten

one


Input: No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.


Input: Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision -LRB- they call it `` rope - sight'' -RRB- to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.


Input: Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth - up position.

360 degrees


Input: Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.


Input: In a well - known detective - story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a `` passion -LCB- that -RCB- finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.''

English

Dorothy L. Sayers


Input: Ringers, she added, are `` filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.''


Input: `` Ringing does become a bit of an obsession,'' admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Stephanie Pattenden

St. Mary Abbot

England


Input: It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.


Input: More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.


Input: When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.


Input: This does not sit well with some clerics.


Input: With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong - willed vicars are pressing equally strong - willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services.

the Church of England


Input: Two years ago, the Rev. Jeremy Hummerstone, vicar of Great Torrington, Devon, got so fed up with ringers who didn't attend service he sacked the entire band; the ringers promptly set up a picket line in protest.

Two years ago

Jeremy Hummerstone

Great Torrington

Devon


Input: `` They were a self - perpetuating club that treated the tower as sort of a separate premises,'' the Vicar Hummerstone says.

Hummerstone


Input: An entirely new band rings today at Great Torrington, several of whom are members of the congregation.

today

Great Torrington


Input: But there still aren't enough ringers to ring more than six of the eight bells.

six

eight


Input: At St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, Somerset, the bells have fallen silent following a dust - up over church attendance.

St. Mary's Church

Ilminster

Somerset


Input: The vicar, W.D. Jones, refuses to talk about it, saying it would `` reopen the wound.''

W.D. Jones


Input: But C.J.B. Marshall, vicar of a nearby church, feels the fault is in the stairs from the bell tower that are located next to the altar.

C.J.B. Marshall


Input: `` So crunch, crunch, crunch, bang, bang, bang -- here come the ringers from above, making a very obvious exit while the congregation is at prayer,'' he says.


Input: Vicar Marshall admits to mixed feelings about this issue, since he is both a vicar and an active bell - ringer himself.

Marshall


Input: `` The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church,'' he says.


Input: `` I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life.''


Input: The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president.

The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers

John C. Baldwin


Input: It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, `` The Bells in Your Care.''

The Bells in Your Care


Input: Says Mr. Baldwin, `` We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience.''

Baldwin


Input: Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers.

Baldwin


Input: One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring.

only 40,000

England

today


Input: Also, ringers don't always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner - city churches.


Input: But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Baldwin


Input: `` Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10,'' he adds.

five years

one


Input: One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male - dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

One

more than a third

today


Input: They aren't accepted everywhere, however.


Input: The oldest bell - ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male - only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

the Ancient Society of College Youths

St. Paul's Cathedral

Westminster Abbey

Britain


Input: This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal - opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to `` The Ringing World,'' a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Britain

summer

weekly

The Ringing World


Input: One writer, signing his letter as `` Red - blooded, balanced male,'' remarked on the `` frequency of women fainting in peals,'' and suggested that they `` settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.''


Input: In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that `` the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer - belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.''

Solihull


Input: Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, `` I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Sheffield

60 years


Input: I have seen one or two men die, bless them.


Input: The U.S., claiming some success in its trade diplomacy, removed South Korea, Taiwan and Saudi Arabia from a list of countries it is closely watching for allegedly failing to honor U.S. patents, copyrights and other intellectual - property rights.

U.S.

South Korea

Taiwan

Saudi Arabia

U.S.


Input: However, five other countries -- China, Thailand, India, Brazil and Mexico -- will remain on that so - called priority watch list as a result of an interim review, U.S. Trade Representative Carla Hills announced.

five

China

Thailand

India

Brazil

Mexico

U.S.

Carla Hills


Input: Under the new U.S. trade law, those countries could face accelerated unfair - trade investigations and stiff trade sanctions if they don't improve their protection of intellectual property by next spring.

U.S.

next spring


Input: Mrs. Hills said many of the 25 countries that she placed under varying degrees of scrutiny have made `` genuine progress'' on this touchy issue.

Hills


Input: She said there is `` growing realization'' around the world that denial of intellectual - property rights harms all trading nations, and particularly the `` creativity and inventiveness of an -LCB- offending -RCB- country's own citizens.''


Input: U.S. trade negotiators argue that countries with inadequate protections for intellectual - property rights could be hurting themselves by discouraging their own scientists and authors and by deterring U.S. high - technology firms from investing or marketing their best products there.

U.S.

U.S.


Input: Mrs. Hills lauded South Korea for creating an intellectual - property task force and special enforcement teams of police officers and prosecutors trained to pursue movie and book pirates.

Hills

South Korea


Input: Seoul also has instituted effective search - and - seizure procedures to aid these teams, she said.

Seoul


Input: Taiwan has improved its standing with the U.S. by initialing a bilateral copyright agreement, amending its trademark law and introducing legislation to protect foreign movie producers from unauthorized showings of their films.

Taiwan

U.S.


Input: That measure could compel Taipei's growing number of small video - viewing parlors to pay movie producers for showing their films.

Taipei


Input: Saudi Arabia, for its part, has vowed to enact a copyright law compatible with international standards and to apply the law to computer software as well as to literary works, Mrs. Hills said.

Saudi Arabia

Hills


Input: These three countries aren't completely off the hook, though.

three


Input: They will remain on a lower - priority list that includes 17 other countries.


Input: Those countries -- including Japan, Italy, Canada, Greece and Spain -- are still of some concern to the U.S. but are deemed to pose less - serious problems for American patent and copyright owners than those on the `` priority'' list.

Japan

Italy

Canada

Greece

Spain

U.S.

American


Input: Gary Hoffman, a Washington lawyer specializing in intellectual - property cases, said the threat of U.S. retaliation, combined with a growing recognition that protecting intellectual property is in a country's own interest, prompted the improvements made by South Korea, Taiwan and Saudi Arabia.

Gary Hoffman

Washington

U.S.

South Korea

Taiwan

Saudi Arabia


Input: `` What this tells us is that U.S. trade law is working,'' he said.

U.S.


Input: He said Mexico could be one of the next countries to be removed from the priority list because of its efforts to craft a new patent law.

Mexico


Input: Mrs. Hills said that the U.S. is still concerned about `` disturbing developments in Turkey and continuing slow progress in Malaysia.''

Hills

U.S.

Turkey

Malaysia


Input: She didn't elaborate, although earlier U.S. trade reports have complained of videocassette piracy in Malaysia and disregard for U.S. pharmaceutical patents in Turkey.

U.S.

Malaysia

U.S.

Turkey


Input: The 1988 trade act requires Mrs. Hills to issue another review of the performance of these countries by April 30.

The 1988 trade act

Hills

April 30


Input: So far, Mrs. Hills hasn't deemed any cases bad enough to merit an accelerated investigation under the so - called special 301 provision of the act.

Hills

301 provision


Input: Judging from the Americana in Haruki Murakami's `` A Wild Sheep Chase'' -LRB- Kodansha, 320 pages, $18.95 -RRB-, baby boomers on both sides of the Pacific have a lot in common.

Americana

Haruki Murakami's

A Wild Sheep Chase

Kodansha

Pacific


Input: Although set in Japan, the novel's texture is almost entirely Western, especially American.

Japan

American


Input: Characters drink Salty Dogs, whistle `` Johnny B. Goode'' and watch Bugs Bunny reruns.

Salty Dogs

Johnny B. Goode


Input: They read Mickey Spillane and talk about Groucho and Harpo.

Mickey Spillane

Groucho

Harpo


Input: They worry about their careers, drink too much and suffer through broken marriages and desultory affairs.


Input: This is Japan?

Japan


Input: For an American reader, part of the charm of this engaging novel should come in recognizing that Japan isn't the buttoned - down society of contemporary American lore.

American

American

Japan


Input: It's also refreshing to read a Japanese author who clearly doesn't belong to the self - aggrandizing `` we - Japanese'' school of writers who perpetuate the notion of the unique Japanese, unfathomable by outsiders.

Japanese

Japanese

Japanese


Input: If `` A Wild Sheep Chase'' carries an implicit message for international relations, it's that the Japanese are more like us than most of us think.

A Wild Sheep Chase

Japanese


Input: That's not to say that the nutty plot of `` A Wild Sheep Chase'' is rooted in reality.

A Wild Sheep Chase


Input: It's imaginative and often funny.


Input: A disaffected, hard - drinking, nearly - 30 hero sets off for snow country in search of an elusive sheep with a star on its back at the behest of a sinister, erudite mobster with a Stanford degree.

nearly - 30

Stanford


Input: He has in tow his prescient girlfriend, whose sassy retorts mark her as anything but a docile butterfly.


Input: Along the way, he meets a solicitous Christian chauffeur who offers the hero God's phone number; and the Sheep Man, a sweet, roughhewn figure who wears -- what else -- a sheepskin.

Christian

the Sheep Man


Input: The 40 - year - old Mr. Murakami is a publishing sensation in Japan.

40 - year - old

Murakami

Japan


Input: A more recent novel, `` Norwegian Wood'' -LRB- every Japanese under 40 seems to be fluent in Beatles lyrics -RRB-, has sold more than four million copies since Kodansha published it in 1987.

Norwegian Wood

Japanese

more than four million

Kodansha


Input: But he is just one of several youthful writers -- Tokyo's brat pack -- who are dominating the best - seller charts in Japan.

one

Tokyo

Japan


Input: Their books are written in idiomatic, contemporary language and usually carry hefty dashes of Americana.


Input: In Robert Whiting's `` You Gotta Have Wa'' -LRB- Macmillan, 339 pages, $17.95 -RRB-, the Beatles give way to baseball, in the Nipponese version we would be hard put to call a `` game.''

Robert Whiting's

You Gotta Have Wa

Macmillan

Nipponese


Input: As Mr. Whiting describes it, Nipponese baseball is a `` mirror of Japan's fabled virtues of hard work and harmony.''

Whiting

Nipponese

Japan


Input: `` Wa'' is Japanese for `` team spirit'' and Japanese ballplayers have miles and miles of it.

Japanese

Japanese


Input: A player's commitment to practice and team image is as important as his batting average.


Input: Polls once named Tokyo Giants star Tatsunori Hara, a `` humble, uncomplaining, obedient soul,'' as the male symbol of Japan.

Tokyo Giants

Tatsunori Hara

Japan


Input: But other than the fact that besuboru is played with a ball and a bat, it's unrecognizable: Fans politely return foul balls to stadium ushers; the strike zone expands depending on the size of the hitter; ties are permitted -- even welcomed -- since they honorably sidestep the shame of defeat; players must abide by strict rules of conduct even in their personal lives -- players for the Tokyo Giants, for example, must always wear ties when on the road.

the Tokyo Giants


Input: `` You Gotta Have Wa'' is the often amusing chronicle of how American ballplayers, rationed to two per team, fare in Japan.

You Gotta Have Wa

American

two

Japan


Input: Despite the enormous sums of money they're paid to stand up at a Japanese plate, a good number decide it's not worth it and run for home.

Japanese


Input: `` Funny Business'' -LRB- Soho, 228 pages, $17.95 -RRB- by Gary Katzenstein is anything but.

Funny Business

Soho

Gary Katzenstein


Input: It's the petulant complaint of an impudent American whom Sony hosted for a year while he was on a Luce Fellowship in Tokyo -- to the regret of both parties.

American

Sony

a year

Tokyo


Input: In sometimes amusing, more often supercilious, even vicious passages, Mr. Katzenstein describes how Sony invades even the most mundane aspects of its workers' lives -- at the regimented office, where employees are assigned lunch partners -- and at `` home'' in the austere company dormitory run by a prying caretaker.

Katzenstein

Sony


Input: Some of his observations about Japanese management style are on the mark.

Japanese


Input: It's probably true that many salarymen put in unproductive overtime just for the sake of solidarity, that the system is so hierarchical that only the assistant manager can talk to the manager and the manager to the general manager, and that Sony was chary of letting a young, short - term American employee take on any responsibility.

Sony

American


Input: All of this must have been enormously frustrating to Mr. Katzenstein, who went to Sony with degrees in business and computer science and was raring to invent another Walkman.

Katzenstein

Sony

Walkman


Input: But Sony ultimately took a lesson from the American management books and fired Mr. Katzenstein, after he committed the social crime of making an appointment to see the venerable Akio Morita, founder of Sony.

Sony

Sony

American

Katzenstein

Akio Morita


Input: It's a shame their meeting never took place.


Input: Mr. Katzenstein certainly would have learned something, and it's even possible Mr. Morita would have too.

Katzenstein

Morita


Input: Ms. Kirkpatrick, the Journal's deputy editorial features editor, worked in Tokyo for three years.

Kirkpatrick

Journal

Tokyo

three years


Input: More and more corners of the globe are becoming free of tobacco smoke.


Input: In Singapore, a new law requires smokers to put out their cigarettes before entering restaurants, department stores and sports centers or face a $250 fine.

Singapore


Input: Discos and private clubs are exempt from the ban, and smoking will be permitted in bars except during meal hours, an official said.

meal hours


Input: Singapore already bans smoking in all theaters, buses, public elevators, hospitals and fast - food restaurants.

Singapore


Input: In Malaysia, Siti Zaharah Sulaiman, a deputy minister in the prime minister's office, launched a `` No - Smoking Week'' at the Mara Institute of Technology near Kuala Lumpur and urged other schools to ban on - campus smoking.

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur

Siti Zaharah Sulaiman

the Mara Institute of Technology


Input: South Korea has different concerns.

South Korea


Input: In Seoul, officials began visiting about 26,000 cigarette stalls to remove illegal posters and signboards advertising imported cigarettes.

Seoul

about 26,000


Input: South Korea has opened its market to foreign cigarettes but restricts advertising to designated places.

South Korea


Input: A marketing study indicates that Hong Kong consumers are the most materialistic in the 14 major markets where the survey was carried out.

Hong Kong


Input: The study by the Backer Spielvogel Bates ad agency also found that the colony's consumers feel more pressured than those in any of the other surveyed markets, which include the U.S. and Japan.

Backer Spielvogel Bates

U.S.

Japan


Input: The survey found that nearly half of Hong Kong consumers espouse what it identified as materialistic values, compared with about one - third in Japan and the U.S..

nearly half

about one - third

Hong Kong

Japan

U.S.


Input: More than three in five said they are under a great deal of stress most of the time, compared with less than one in two U.S. consumers and one in four in Japan.

More than three

five

less than one

two

one

four

U.S.

Japan


Input: The Thai cabinet endorsed Finance Minister Pramual Sabhavasu's proposal to build a $19 million conference center for a joint meeting of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund two years from now.

Thai

Pramual Sabhavasu

$19 million

the World Bank

International Monetary Fund

two years

now


Input: The meeting, which is expected to draw 20,000 to Bangkok, was going to be held at the Central Plaza Hotel, but the government balked at the hotel's conditions for undertaking necessary expansion.

Bangkok

the Central Plaza Hotel


Input: A major concern about the current plan is whether the new center can be built in such a short time.


Input: Yasser Arafat has written to the chairman of the International Olympic Committee asking him to back a Palestinian bid to join the committee, the Palestine Liberation Organization news agency WAFA said.

Yasser Arafat

the International Olympic Committee

Palestine Liberation Organization

WAFA

Palestinian


Input: An official of the Palestinian Olympic Committee said the committee first applied for membership in 1979 and renewed its application in August of this year.

the Palestinian Olympic Committee

first

August of this year


Input: The PLO in recent months has been trying to join international organizations but failed earlier this year to win membership in the World Health Organization and the World Tourism Organization.

PLO

the World Health Organization

the World Tourism Organization

recent months

earlier this year


Input: A Beijing food - shop assistant has become the first mainland Chinese to get AIDS through sex, the People's Daily said.

Beijing

Chinese

the People's Daily


Input: It said the man, whom it did not name, had been found to have the disease after hospital tests.


Input: Once the disease was confirmed, all the man's associates and family were tested, but none have so far been found to have AIDS, the newspaper said.


Input: The man had for a long time had `` a chaotic sex life,'' including relations with foreign men, the newspaper said.


Input: The Polish government increased home electricity charges by 150% and doubled gas prices.

Polish


Input: The official news agency PAP said the increases were intended to bring unrealistically low energy charges into line with production costs and compensate for a rise in coal prices.

PAP


Input: In happier news, South Korea, in establishing diplomatic ties with Poland yesterday, announced $450 million in loans to the financially strapped Warsaw government.

South Korea

Poland

Warsaw

yesterday

$450 million