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[ { "content": "gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are brief , intense flashes of @xmath0-rays originating at cosmological distances , and they are the most luminous objects in the universe . \n they also have broadband afterglows long - lasting after the @xmath0-ray radiation has ceased . \n it has been established tha...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a finite simplicial graph and let @xmath1 be the induced flag complex , i.e. , the maximal simplicial complex whose @xmath2-skeleton is @xmath0 . \n the associated _ right angled artin group _ \n @xmath3 is the group presented by @xmath4 because one can import topological properties...
[ { "content": "the fundamental group of the complement of plane curves is a very important topological invariant , which can be also computed for line arrangements . we list here some applications of this invariant . \n chisini @xcite , kulikov @xcite and kulikov - teicher @xcite have used the fundamental group ...
[ { "content": "the m-@xmath8 relation ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) has suggested that the evolution of galaxies and super - massive nuclear black holes ( smbhs ) are linked . \n both the stellar population and the smbh of a galaxy are thought to grow and evolve by merging of smaller gas - rich galaxies and their nuclear...
[ { "content": "a priori , the description of any dynamic process in atomic physics should be gauge invariant . yet \n , there is a caveat . \n namely , one usually calculates atomic transitions using wave functions obtained from the solution of the unperturbed schrdinger equation , and ignores both the gauge tra...
[ { "content": "in recent time people are too much interested to find some flavor symmetry in order to generate mass and mixing pattern of fermions . \n continuous symmetry like @xmath9 @xcite , @xmath10 @xcite symmetry and most popular discrete symmetry , @xmath11 exchange symmetry ( @xmath12@xcite have got some...
[ { "content": "organic molecular crystals , namely crystals composed of organic molecules held together by weak van der waals forces , are emerging as excellent candidates for fabricating nanoscale devices . \n these have potential application in electronics and optoelectronics in particular in areas such as sol...
[ { "content": "since its discovery in 2004 graphene @xcite draws much attention because of unique features of this two - dimensional system . \n graphene is composed of a sp@xmath2-bonded carbon atoms forming honeycomb structure . \n it became famous for its very interesting electronic structure with characteri...
[ { "content": "any cooperation among agents ( players ) being able to make strategic decisions becomes a _ coalition formation game _ when the players may for various personal reasons wish to belong to a relative _ small coalition _ rather than the `` grand coalition '' . partitioning players represents the cruc...
[ { "content": "the first step in describing the interaction between many particles is to determine their pair potential or the forces among a single pair . \n if the governing physical equations are linear ( like for gravity or electrostatics ) , this approach yields a quantitatively reliable description of the ...
[ { "content": "the search for the higgs boson has been the cornerstone of the physics program at modern high energy colliders . \n the higgs boson of the standard model has well defined production and decay modes that allow for mass dependent searches in a number of channels . \n one of the key discovery modes a...
[ { "content": "it is well known that the lift to m - theory of a system of parallel d6-branes @xcite corresponds to a purely geometric background , the taub - nut metric . \n when the position of n of these d6-branes coincide , one gets an @xmath8 singularity at a point in the multi taub - nut space . in this p...
[ { "content": "molecular hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe and the main constituent of regions where stars are forming . \n h@xmath2 plays an important role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium , and its formation governs the transformation of atomic diffuse clouds into molecular clo...
[ { "content": "as is well known , the atom or atoms in the atomic clock are passive they do not `` tick''so the clock needs an active oscillator in addition to the atom(s ) . in designing an atomic clock to realize the second as a measurement unit in the international system of units ( si ) , one encounters two...
[ { "content": "within the framework of continuum mechanics there are surface and bulk material failure models . \n surface failure models are known by name of cohesive zone models ( czms ) . in the latter case , \n continuum is enriched with discontinuities along surfaces - cohesive zones - with additional tract...
[ { "content": "the anderson impurity model ( aim ) , in which a single , locally correlated orbital couples to a non - interacting metallic band of electrons , is a longstanding paradigm of strongly - correlated electron physics . \n conceived originally@xcite to explain the formation of localized magnetic momen...
[ { "content": "despite the mounting evidence for the existence of dark matter ( dm ) in galaxies , clusters of galaxies and the universe at large scale , the nature and properties of the dark matter particle are still largely unconstrained by observations . \n in fact , viable dark matter models have been constr...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we give canonical matrices of bilinear or sesquilinear forms @xmath12 where @xmath0 is a complex vector space and @xmath2 is its subspace . \n we use the following canonical matrices of bilinear or sesquilinear forms on a complex vector space given in @xcite ( see also @xcite ) . t...
[ { "content": "the presence of large and rapidly varying electric and magnetic fields in relativistic heavy ion collisions results in charge - dependent effects , visible in a series of observables in the final state of the collision . \n these effects can be used as a new source of information on the space - ti...
[ { "content": "existence of extra neutral gauge bosons has been predicted in many extensions of the standard model ( sm ) @xcite . \n string - inspired models and grand - unification ( gut ) models usually contain a number of extra @xmath7 symmetries , beyond the hypercharge @xmath8 of the sm . \n the exceptiona...
[ { "content": "collisionless shocks @xcite play an important role in energy transport and evolution of charged - particle distribution functions in space and astrophysical environments . \n although collisionless shocks in plasmas were first predicted in the 1950s @xcite and discovered in the 1960s @xcite , many...
[ { "content": "the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon has recently been measured to an accuracy of 0.54 ppm @xcite . \n the main source of uncertainty in the value predicted @xcite in the standard model is given by the hadronic contribution , @xmath7 , to the lowest order . \n this quantity is estimated wit...
[ { "content": "one of the principal goals of the study of field theories on fuzzy spaces is to develop an alternative non - perturbative technique to the familiar lattice one @xcite . to date , this new approach in the case of four dimensional field theories has been limited to studies of euclidean field theory ...
[ { "content": "the recent discovery of 10 hypervelocity stars ( hvss ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) has raised many questions about their nature and origin . \n the most widely accepted ejection mechanism , proposed by @xcite , involves the encounter o...
[ { "content": "generally , discussions of theory of dielectric response begin very formally and derive the lorentz - drude model by introducing a complex dielectric function that gives an out - of - phase damping term . in real space \n this corresponds to a spatially and temporally local damping term . \n often...
[ { "content": "a gaseous atomic target with very low momentum spread is an ideal starting point for atomic scattering experiments . \n this was demonstrated with great success by the invention of the coltrims ( cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy ) technique @xcite . while in coltrims experiments , the ...
[ { "content": "in this paper we consider the numerical integration of autonomous stochastic differential delay equations ( sddes ) in the it s sense @xmath5 with initial data @xmath6 $ ] . here \n @xmath7 is a delay term satisfying @xmath8 and @xmath9 , @xmath10 . \n we assume that the initial data is independen...
[ { "content": "it is an interesting fact that the liquid state has proven to be difficult to describe by theory throughout the history of condensed matter research @xcite . \n the problem extends beyond condensed matter and exists in other areas where strong interactions are combined with dynamical disorder such...
[ { "content": "ultracold quantum gases provide a very exciting branch of physics . besides the interesting physics that the gases offer by themselves , it has also been possible in the last few years to model with quantum gases systems from other branches of physics , and by doing so to provide answers to long -...
[ { "content": "recently , there has been a lot of interest in understanding the scaling behavior in submonolayer island nucleation and growth.@xcite one reason for this is that the submonolayer growth regime plays an important role in determining the later stages of thin - film growth.@xcite of particular intere...
[ { "content": "among the various possibilities to explain the stripping of matter ( gas and stars ) from galaxies in clusters , the principal actors can be classified in three groups : + 1 . \n tidal forces : + interaction with a companion , merger : in this case , a correlation between morphological type ( t )...
[ { "content": "a @xmath0 is a finite set @xmath1 paired with a finite set @xmath2 of unordered pairs @xmath3 with @xmath4 . \n a simple graph has no multiple connections and no self - loops : every @xmath5 appears only once and no @xmath6 is in @xmath2 . \n elements in @xmath1 are called , elements in @xmath2 ar...
[ { "content": "during past few years research in areas of wireless ad - hoc networks and wireless sensor networks ( wsns ) are escalated . \n ieee 802.15.4 is targeted for wireless body area networks ( wbans ) , which requires low power and low data rate applications . \n invasive computing is term used to descr...
[ { "content": "the hypothesis testing theory is a well developed branch of mathematical statistics @xcite . \n the asymptotic approach allows to find satisfactory solutions in many different situations . \n the simplest problems , like the testing of two simple hypotheses , have well known solutions . recall th...
[ { "content": "the dimensionality of the 115 materials , cerhin@xmath1 , ceirin@xmath1 , and cecoin@xmath1 , appears to be related to their superconducting transition temperature . \n the material with the highest t@xmath2 , cecoin@xmath0 , has the most 2d - like fermi surface ( fs ) of the three . \n @xcite cer...
[ { "content": "it all began with the idea of an intrinsic limit to hadron thermodynamics . during the past fifty years \n , different conceptual approaches had led to an ultimate temperature of strongly interacting matter . \n pomeranchuk @xcite first obtained it from the finite spatial extension of hadrons : a...
[ { "content": "in theory , gravitational lenses can be used to address astrophysical problems such as the cosmological model , the structure and evolution of galaxies , and the structure of quasar accretion disks ( see the reviews by kochanek ( @xcite ) of strong lensing and wambsganss ( @xcite ) of microlensin...
[ { "content": "primordial gravity waves are expected to be produced during cosmic inflation in addition to scalar perturbations . \n if indeed present , they would leave a characteristic footprint on the polarized anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) , as they are considered to be essentially ...
[ { "content": "the solution of the absolute value equation ( ave ) of the following form is considered : @xmath0 here , @xmath1 , @xmath2 and @xmath3 denotes the component - wise absolute value of vector @xmath4 , i.e. , @xmath5 . \n the ave ( [ eq:1 ] ) is a special case of the generalized absolute value equati...
[ { "content": "the gravitational deflection of light beams by large scale structures of the universe ( cosmological lensing ) amplifies and modifies the shape of distant galaxies and quasars . \n magnification produces correlation between the density of foreground lenses and the apparent luminosity of distant ga...
[ { "content": "the presence of waves and oscillations in the solar corona is a well known feature that has been observed for long time . for an overview of the early observational background see @xcite . nowadays , \n because of the increasing spatial and temporal resolution of the euv instruments onboard trace ...
[ { "content": "humans have evolved large brains , in part to handle the cognitive demands of social relationships @xcite . \n the social structures resulting from these relationships confer numerous fitness advantages . \n scholars distinguish between two types of social relationships : those representing stron...
[ { "content": "for many years the forest has been considered a different class of objects with respect to galaxies . \n the available sensitivity was too low to detect any sign of non primordial composition in the intergalactic gas clouds at high redshift . \n thanks to the advent of high resolution and signal ...
[ { "content": "recent evolution of mobile devices such as smart - phones and tablets has facilitated access to multi - media contents anytime and anywhere but such devices result in an explosive data traffic increase . \n the cisco expects by 2019 that these traffic demands will be grown up to 24.3 exabytes per ...
[ { "content": "a coamoeba is the image of a subvariety of a complex torus under the argument map to the real torus . \n coamoebae are cousins to amoebae , which are images of subvarieties under the coordinatewise logarithm map @xmath0 . \n amoebae were introduced by gelfand , kapranov , and zelevinsky in 1994 @...
[ { "content": "tidal interaction between the lmc , the smc , and the galaxy have long been considered to play vital roles not only in dynamical and chemical evolution of the magellanic clouds ( mcs ) but also in the formation of the magellanic stream ( ms ) and bridge ( mb ) around the galaxy ( e.g. , westerland...
[ { "content": "neptune s triton is the only large planetary satellite to orbit retrograde relative to the planet s rotation . @xcite and later @xcite suggested that triton is a captured satellite , whose originally eccentric orbit was circularized due to tidal dissipation within triton . \n @xcite postulate that...
[ { "content": "at the end of the stellar evolution on the asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) stars loose copious amounts of mass , which build up a circumstellar dust and gas shell hiding the star from optical view almost completely . \n stars departing from the agb and evolving towards the planetary nebula ( pn ) ...
[ { "content": "the aim of statistical mechanics is to obtain a qualitative understanding of natural phenomena of phase transitions by the study of simplified models , often built on a lattices . in general the hamiltonian of a model of statistical mechanics \n is left invariant by the lattice symmetries : a prot...
[ { "content": "owing to the gapless energy spectrum @xcite , graphene layers ( gls ) absorb electromagnetic radiation in a wide spectral range ( from the ultraviolet to terahertz ) due to the interband transitions @xcite . \n therefore , gls can be used in photodetectors , light sources , modulators , and mixe...
[ { "content": "this work continues earlier third - order relativistic many - body perturbation theory ( rmbpt ) studies of energy levels of ions with one valence electron outside a closed core . in refs . \n @xcite third - order rmbpt was used to calculate energies of the three lowest states ( @xmath9 , @xmath10...
[ { "content": "microlensing is one of the most powerful methods that can be used to search for extrasolar planets @xcite . \n recently , two robust microlensing detections of exoplanets were reported by @xcite and @xcite . \n the signal of a planetary companion to microlens stars is a short - duration perturbati...
[ { "content": "gamma - ray binaries are systems composed of a massive star and a compact object and from which persistent gev and/or tev gamma - ray emission is detected and dominates the overall non - thermal spectrum . \n they emit across the electromagnetic spectrum from the radio to tev gamma ray ( see * ? ?...
[ { "content": "several theoretical predictions and scenarios have been proposed for the existence of ultra high energy ( uhe ) cosmic rays ( uhecr ) and uhe neutrinos @xmath5 detection of the uhecr and particularly uhe neutrinos would be of great importance for understanding the energy of powerful agns , gamma r...
[ { "content": "the idea that our universe is an element in a vast set of universes , the multiverse , has been argued to be an interesting way to address the cosmological constant problem in the context of string theory @xcite . \n of course , this scenario raises many questions . how is the vacuum of our world ...
[ { "content": "understanding the wetting behavior of liquids on solid substrates @xcite is a prerequisite for making use of a myriad of biological and technological applications such as eye irrigation , cell adhesion , tertiary oil recovery , coating , lubrication , paper industry , micro - mechanical devices , ...
[ { "content": "multiple optimised parameter estimation and data compression ( moped ; @xcite ) is a patented algorithm for the compression of data and the speeding up of the evaluation of likelihood functions in astronomical data analysis and beyond . \n it becomes particularly useful when the noise covariance ...
[ { "content": "all massive galaxies appear to host a supermassive black hole ( with @xmath4 ) at their center @xcite . measuring the mass of central black holes in galaxies is of great importance , as the discovery of a relationship between mass and the velocity dispersion of the stars in the central bulge , the...
[ { "content": "recently conceptual issues of fundamental physical significance have been raised on the aharonov - bohm ( ab ) effect @xcite . \n nonlocality and/or independent physical reality of the electromagnetic potentials seemingly implied by the ab effect have been questioned and debated in the recent lite...
[ { "content": "over decades theoretical studies of the single - particle spectral properties of metallic one - dimensional ( 1d ) correlated electron systems so - called luttinger liquids ( lls)were ahead of the experimental attempts to find or synthesize appropriate quasi 1d materials and perform spectroscopy ...
[ { "content": "for ultra - cold atoms in an optical lattice @xcite dynamical aspects include transverse resonances @xcite density waves @xcite , the evolution of quantum fluctuations @xcite , the speed of sound @xcite and time - resolved observation and control of superexchange interactions @xcite . \n the...
[ { "content": "the color fields of hadrons boosted to the light cone are thought to grow very strong , parametrically of order @xmath2 where @xmath3 is the coupling @xcite . \n the fields of nuclei are enhanced further by the high density of valence charges per unit transverse area , which is proportional to th...
[ { "content": "despite its still limited extent , the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) continues to be a remarkable resource for studies of galactic structure . \n in addition to the large scale features attributed to past galaxy accretion events @xcite , sdss data were used to detect the remarkably strong tida...
[ { "content": "entanglement renormalization@xcite is a renormalization group ( rg ) approach to quantum many - body systems on a lattice . as with most rg methods @xcite \n , it proceeds by coarse - graining the microscopic degrees of freedom of a many - body system , and thus also their hamiltonian @xmath0 , to...
[ { "content": "we are living in the golden age of cosmology . various data sets from precision measurements of temperature and polarization anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) radiation as well as those of matter density fluctuations in the large - scale structure of the universe mapped by gala...
[ { "content": "there has been an intense interest to understand the superconductivity of the recently discovered lafeaso.@xcite experiments have found values of the curie temperature ( t@xmath5 ) as large as 26 k for electron doping of lafeaso@xmath0f@xmath1 , 0.04 @xmath6 0.12@xcite . \n similar values of t@xma...
[ { "content": "a comprehensive understanding of hamiltonian dynamics is a long outstanding problem in nonlinear and statistical physics , which has important applications in various other areas of physics . \n typical hamiltonian systems are nonhyperbolic as they exhibit mixed phase space with coexisting regular...
[ { "content": "grb light curves measured with swift consist of a bat light curve in the 15 150 kev range followed , after slewing within @xmath2 s , by a detailed 0.3 10 kev xrt x - ray light curve @xcite . \n this information supplements our knowledge of the highly variable hard x - ray and @xmath0-ray light ...
[ { "content": "the mathematical theory of compressive sensing ( cs ) @xcite asserts that one can acquire signals from measurements whose rate is much lower than the total bandwidth . whereas the cs theory is now well developed , challenges concerning hardware implementations @xcite of cs - based acquisition devi...
[ { "content": "dpvs were discovered in the small magellanic cloud after a search for be stars in the ogle - ii database ( mennickent et al . \n they were clearly distinguished from other variables by showing 2 linked photometric cycles ( @xmath1 and @xmath2 ) . a spectroscopic monitoring of some of them allowed ...
[ { "content": "main sequence stars with mass in the range 0.9 - 9 m@xmath2 evolve through a double shell burning phase , refered to as the asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) phase of evolution . \n this phase is characterized by carbon dredge up of the core to the surface after each thermal pulse - helium shell fla...
[ { "content": "percolation@xcite describes the passage of an influence through a medium which is irregularly structured in the sense that the influence can propagate through some regions whereas it can not pass other areas . \n prominent examples for such media are computer networks like the internet where infor...
[ { "content": "the environments of quasars provide important clues to the physical processes of their formation and also yield important information about the relations between the distribution of quasars and the large - scale structure of the universe . for more than three decades \n , we have known that quasar...
[ { "content": "kullback - leibler ( kl ) divergence ( relative entropy ) can be considered as a measure of the difference / dissimilarity between sources . \n estimating kl divergence from finite realizations of a stochastic process with unknown memory is a long - standing problem , with interesting mathematical...
[ { "content": "in the last years , metamaterials have generated a huge interest among communities of physicists and mathematicians , owing to their extraordinary properties such as negative refraction @xcite , allowing the design of spectacular devices like the perfect flat lens @xcite or the cylindrical cloak i...
[ { "content": "bars within bars appear to be a common phenomenon in galaxies . \n recent surveys indicate that up to 30% of early - type barred galaxies contain such double bars ( erwin & sparke 2002 ; laine et al . \n inner bars remain distinct in near infrared ( wozniak et al . \n 1995 ) , therefore fairly old...
[ { "content": "one of the most important goals in the study of star formation is to understand the state and physical conditions of the molecular cloud cores from which the stars form . \n the prevailing view concerning low - mass - star - forming cores is that they are quasi - static equilibrium configurations ...
[ { "content": "smoothed particle hydrodynamics ( sph ) is a particle - based numerical method , pioneered by @xcite and @xcite , for solving the equations of hydrodynamics ( recent reviews include @xcite ; @xcite ; @xcite ; @xcite ) . in sph , \n the particles trace the flow and serve as interpolation points for...
[ { "content": "hard x - ray ( hxr ) and microwave emissions show fine structures both temporally and spatially during a solar flare , which revealed that a highly - fragmented and intermittent particle acceleration occurs ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n this fragmented structure of solar flares indicates that a...
[ { "content": "quantum phase transitions , which occur when a driving parameter in the hamiltonian of the system changes across a critical point , play a central role in condensed matter physics @xcite . while most quantum phase transitions can be characterized by symmetry breaking , there is also an exception ...
[ { "content": "the experimental realization of dilute degenerate bose and fermi gases has led to an explosion of activities in the field of cold atom gases . a particularly intriguing feature of atomic bose and fermi gases is that their interaction strengths can be tuned experimentally through the application of...
[ { "content": "the massless gross - neveu ( gn ) model @xcite is the 1 + 1 dimensional quantum field theory of @xmath0 flavors of massless dirac fermions , interacting through a scalar - scalar contact interaction . suppressing flavor labels as usual , \n its lagrangian reads @xmath1 the physics phenomena inhere...
[ { "content": "humankind has accrued _ a priori _ knowledge since the onset of _ homo sapiens_. from ancient cave paintings to modern research papers , the species desire toward sedimentation has been displayed as a documentary . \n an encyclopedia , a set of documents that contains a vast collection of informat...
[ { "content": "the anisotropic flow of particles has been an interesting observable , since data from the first heavy ion collisions became available at the bevalac . \n the deflection of the produced particles in the reaction plane ( defined as the plane between impact parameter and beam direction ) can be quan...
[ { "content": "the unconventional superconductors have a rich phase diagram determined by the interplay of multiple competing , or coexisting , types of order . \n nematic order ( which breaks the c@xmath0 symmetry of the underlying square lattice down to c@xmath1 ) has been shown to emerge in certain regimes of...
[ { "content": "since the invention of neutrino beams at accelerators and the consequent discovery of the two flavors of neutrinos@xcite , the reactions @xmath3 and @xmath4 , which are the dominant reactions of muon and electron neutrinos with energies from @xmath5 mev to @xmath6 gev , have played an important ...
[ { "content": "graphical models @xcite are a class of statistical models which combine the rigour of a probabilistic approach with the intuitive representation of relationships given by graphs . \n they are composed by a set @xmath15 of _ random variables _ describing the data @xmath4 and a _ graph _ \n @xmath16...
[ { "content": "changes of the vector meson properties in strongly interacting matter at finite baryon density and temperature are presently of great interest , both theoretically and experimentally . in particular , the current heavy - ion experiments with the detector hades @xcite at the heavy - ion synchrotron...
[ { "content": "measurements of the integrated light from a galaxy at 2000 provides a fairly direct measure of the instantaneous rate of star formation , since the massive stars that provide most of this radiation are short - lived compared with the age of the galaxy . \n knowledge of the star formation rate als...
[ { "content": "at large temperatures or large densities hadronic matter is expected to undergo two phase transitions : one which deconfines quarks ( and gluons ) and one which restores chiral symmetry . up to \n now it is an unsettled issue whether these two phase transitions are distinct or coincide . \n the mo...
[ { "content": "let @xmath5 be a compact torus with lie algebra @xmath6 and lattice @xmath7 . \n suppose that @xmath5 acts on a compact symplectic manifold @xmath8 with isolated fixed points and moment map @xmath9 , where @xmath10 is dual to @xmath6 . \n then @xmath11 where @xmath12 denotes the vector field on @x...
[ { "content": "the cosmological constant problem ( ccp ) is a biggest puzzle in particle physics @xcite , and consists of several pieces . \n the first piece is that the vacuum energy density @xmath4 can be the cosmological constant @xmath5 and various sources of @xmath4 exist , e.g. , a zero point energy of ea...
[ { "content": "we would like to study unflavoured decays of light neutral pseudoscalar mesons . \n this reduces the particle content to @xmath1 , @xmath2 and eventually @xmath3 , ruling out @xmath4 decays that violate hypercharge conservation and are suppressed by @xmath5 ( two - photon decays are further suppre...
[ { "content": "one of the most profound discoveries of observational physics is that the universe is accelerating in its expansion @xcite . \n there have been many attempts to explain this late - time acceleration , for example , a pure cosmological constant , dark energy associated with some new scalar field a...
[ { "content": "the turn of the century is a good time to assess the importance and impact of three - nucleon forces ( 3nfs ) on the development of the field of few - nucleon physics . \n it has been 67 years since wigner@xcite first raised the possibility that three - nucleon forces might be significant in the t...
[ { "content": "the application of cross - correlation techniques to measure velocity shifts has a long history ( simkin 1972 , 1974 ; lacy 1977 ; tonry & davis 1979 ) , and with the advent of massive digital spectroscopic surveys of galaxies and stars , the subject has renewed interest . \n the recently complete...
[ { "content": "the motivation behind studying the structure of the photon results from the interest in understanding the formation of hadronic matter . \n permitted by the heisenberg uncertainty relation , the photon can fluctuate for some time into a quark anti - quark state . \n this fluctuation can be distur...
[ { "content": "broad emission line regions ( blrs ) in active galactic nuclei ( agns ) have been the subject of extensive studies for more than two decades . \n such regions are not spatially resolved , and all the available information about their geometry is obtained from analysis of variable lines . it is wel...
[ { "content": "observational determinations of the history of star formation in early - type galaxies ( hereafter etgs ) are of great importance because hierarchical models of galaxy formation make firm predictions for the relation between age , metallicity and @xmath0-enhancement as a function of mass . \n thes...
[ { "content": "let @xmath3 be a closed manifold and @xmath4 be a diffeomorphism on @xmath3 . \n a periodic point @xmath5 is said to be _ hyperbolic _ , if the linearization @xmath6 does nt admit any eigenvalue of norm 1 . \n associated to a hyperbolic periodic orbit are the _ stable _ and _ unstable manifolds _ ...