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[ { "content": "there may be a deep connection between the origin of matter in the universe and the observed neutrino oscillations . \n this speculation is inspired by the idea that the heavy right handed majorana neutrinos that are added to the standard model for understanding small neutrino masses via the seesa...
[ { "content": "photons are excellent information carriers in nature , and generally pass through each other without consequence . \n the realization of coherent manipulation and controlling of photons allows us to achieve photon quantum information processing @xcite as well as to explore exotic many - body pheno...
[ { "content": "the dynamical control of the transport properties of dirac fermions in the condensed matter realm is currently an intense research topic . \n these dirac fermions have been shown to emerge as the low energy excitations of two - dimensional systems with a honeycomb lattice structure as it occurs in...
[ { "content": "in this paper , we have studied the problem of variational regularization of inverse and ill posed problems for functions on closed riemannian manifolds . \n the analysis ( stability , convergence , and rates ) follows from standard results on convex regularization and are reviewed . the main con...
[ { "content": "the famous bekenstein hawking area law @xcite @xmath0 for the entropy of black holes connects thermodynamics , gravity and relativistic quantum field theory . \n this relation remains valid not only in einstein s gravity in four dimensions but in higher dimensions too , as long as the gravitation...
[ { "content": "we live in a dusty universe ( hoover 1998 , private communication ) , and correcting for the dust extinction and reddening affects almost all aspects of optical astronomy . for us , observing from within the milky way , it is of crucial importance to know how much galactic dust there is towards va...
[ { "content": "differential equations with fractional derivatives are used for modeling non - markovian processes in various areas of science such as physics , biology and economics [ 1 - 5 ] . \n the methods for analytical solution of ordinary and partial fractional differential equations can be applied to only...
[ { "content": "experiments of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions performed at bnls relativistic heavy ion collider ( rhic ) create a hot and dense medium of quarks , antiquarks and gluons called the quark - gluon plasma ( qgp ) @xcite . \n the understanding of the transport properties of the qgp , and the na...
[ { "content": "the x - ray emission from clusters of galaxies is primarily thermal in origin and is produced by a diffuse population of intergalactic electrons in the ionized intracluster medium ( icm ) . \n these electrons coexist with a nonthermal , relativistic electron population in at least some clusters i...
[ { "content": "the study of hadronic resonances , be it baryons or mesons , has never ceased ( with seasonal fluctuations ) to interest the particle and nuclear physics community for several specific and one global reason @xcite . \n the latter reason is to be found in the fact that hadrons and their interaction...
[ { "content": "egret detected more than 30 gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) with gev emission ( schneid et al . \n 1992 ; sommer et al . 1994 ; hurley et al . 1994 ; schaefer et al . 1998 ; gonzlez et al . \n the highest energy photon detected was the 18 gev photon which arrived 4500 seconds after the trigger of grb ...
[ { "content": "since the turn of the millennium , we have witnessed a dramatic improvement in the resolution and accuracy of measurements of fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation ( cmb ) . \n the discovery of features in the power spectrum of the cmb temperature , the acous...
[ { "content": "graphene is a subject of numerous investigations motivated by its unique electronic and lattice properties , interesting both conceptually and for applications ( for reviews , see refs . ) . \n single layer graphene ( slg ) is the two - dimensional crystalline form of carbon with a linear electron...
[ { "content": "the approach of lhc turn - on has renewed interest in dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking ( dewsb ) , whether in the traditional form of technicolor models @xcite , or that of its possible 5d dual description @xcite and related moose models @xcite . yet , only a handful of non - supersymmetric...
[ { "content": "+ + * * + \n we observe that + + + + + + 2 . for a given initial ratio , except for the light quarks and anti - quarks \n , the output does not depend much on the initial baryon number density . \n for the light quarks and antiquarks this variation is due to the presence of the exponen...
[ { "content": "in the past years the bose - hubbard model @xcite has been extensively investigated and a lot of interest has been generated thanks to ultracold atom experiments on optical lattices @xcite , which provide an ideal realization of the model . \n recently , much theoretical and experimental work has ...
[ { "content": "planetary nebulae ( pne ) these magnificent cosmic bubbles that light up the universe in a colourful way @xcite are generally considered to be the swan song of low- and intermediate - mass ( i.e. 1 to 8 m@xmath0 ) stars , before becoming white dwarfs . as such \n , the central stars of pne ( csp...
[ { "content": "the detection of photons emitted by an extrasolar planet is a landmark feat in the history of astronomy . \n ten years after the initial discovery of the first extrasolar giant planet ( egp ) 51 peg b @xcite , @xcite report a dectection of infrared flux from tres-1 and @xcite report a similar det...
[ { "content": "diffractive scattering of energetic electrons on various nuclei allowed hofstadter and collaborators to determine the radius and the surface thickness of electric charge distribution inside the nuclei , and also resulted in two simple phenomenological formulae : namely , that the charge radius sca...
[ { "content": "there have been many classical calculations of the energy of a plasma @xcite . \n they are based on perturbation theory of an ideal gas , in terms of the plasma parameter @xmath5 ( which usually is a small value ) . \n the treatment , to the first order in @xmath5 , is the debye - hckel theory . \...
[ { "content": "studies of the evolution of late - type close binary systems reveal that the evolution of detached , semi - detached and contact systems are closely related ( yakut & eggleton 2005 , eggleton 2010 and reference therein ) . \n the more massive star in a detached binary system fills its roche lobe f...
[ { "content": "the @xmath1 model of the nucleus @xcite is a relativistic quantum field theory which describes the nuclear interaction using three fields . they are neutral scalar meson , neutral vector meson and baryon fields . \n the scalar meson field couples to the scalar density , @xmath2 , while the vector...
[ { "content": "recently , there has been considerable theoretical and experimental progress in the study of mesoscopic systems consisting of a finite number of charged particles which are confined into an artificial circular symmetric potential . in 1934 \n , wigner suggested that a liquid to solid phase transit...
[ { "content": "symmetry plays an important role in our understanding of nature and is the primary ingredient that goes into shaping of physical laws . \n symmetry dictates the dynamics in nature @xcite . \n this simple _ and _ powerful insight has shaped our current knowledge of physics , right from the galilean...
[ { "content": "collisionless shocks are important phenomena in the universe ; they heat and compress interstellar or intergalactic plasmas and often accelerate charged particles or cosmic rays . \n the dissipation mechanism of the collisionless shocks is highly complex and generally involved with instabilities i...
[ { "content": "the electron - electron energy - relaxation time determines a number of parameters of nonequilibrium superconductors such as the relaxation times for the amplitude and the phase of the order parameter @xcite . \n it is also important for nonequilibrium superconducting radiation detectors based on ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be the divided power algebra in a variable @xmath4 over the commutative ring @xmath1 . recall that @xmath0 is free as a @xmath1-module with basis @xmath5 } , x^{[1 ] } , \\ldots$ ] , and multiplication is defined by @xmath6 } x^{[m ] } = \\binom{n+m}{n } x^{[n+m]}.\\ ] ] if @xmath7 the...
[ { "content": "the analysis of the role of strangeness in nuclear structure in the aspect of multi - strange system is of great importance for relativistic heavy - ion collisions and for astrophysics for the description of hyperon star matter . at the core of a neutron star the matter density ranges from a few t...
[ { "content": "in relation to the formation mechanism of compact binary systems such as double neutron star systems , double black hole systems or black hole neutron star systems , hypercritical accretion flows onto neutron stars in envelopes of massive stars of close binary systems have been investigated by se...
[ { "content": "the origin of fine - grained dust rims surrounding chondrules in carbonaceous chondrites is still debated . \n analyses of cm chondrite thin sections by optical and scanning electron microscopy ( metzler et al . \n 1992 ) , as well as detailed theoretical models ( morfill et al . \n 1998 , hencefo...
[ { "content": "among special functions , the hypergeometric function has perhaps the widest range of applications . for instance , several well - known classes of mathematical physics are particular or limiting cases of it . for real numbers @xmath4 and @xmath5 with @xmath6 , the gaussian hypergeometric function...
[ { "content": "massive stars are ubiquitous in many star - forming regions , and their feedback processes have significant impacts on the surrounding interstellar medium ( ism ) . \n uv / fuv radiation photoionizes / photodissociates molecular gas , and the h ii and photodissociation regions ( pdr ) expand arou...
[ { "content": "comparative genomics has been an important source of combinatorial and algorithmic questions during the last 20 years , especially the computation of genomic distances and ancestral genomes , as illustrated by the recent book of fertin _ et al . \n _ @xcite . among these problems , \n the _ median...
[ { "content": "the busemann - petty problem asks the following question . given two convex origin - symmetric bodies @xmath4 and @xmath5 in @xmath0 such that @xmath6 for every central hyperplane @xmath7 in @xmath0 , does it follow that @xmath8 the answer to this problem in @xmath0 is known to be affirmative i...
[ { "content": "it has been recognized that important particle physics ingredients including gauge symmetry and chiral matter can be realized in type ii superstring models using the mechanism of intersecting d - branes @xcite . \n more recently , this method has been extensively progressed and it is now possible ...
[ { "content": "the question of coexistence of singlet superconductivity and magnetism has been adressed for many years . \n it was found that the superconducting order parameter is destroyed by a magnetic field both via the orbital effect @xcite and the paramagnetic effect.@xcite in the usual case of an isotropi...
[ { "content": "the observational data coming from type ia supernovae in the late 90 s @xcite indicated that in addition to the radiation and matter domination eras , there is also a late - time acceleration era , which occurred after the matter domination era and the universe is expanding in an accelerating way ...
[ { "content": "membrane hemifusion is a possible pathway ( see @xcite for an alternative view ) to the complete fusion of membranes @xcite . \n current theories associate the initiation of hemifusion with the formation of a contact zone between the membranes in which the two proximal monolayers are connected by ...
[ { "content": "wfpc2 pure parallel images from the hst medium deep survey key project ( @xcite hereafter mds ) cover a very wide range of signal - to - noise . for the few brightest galaxies observed , detailed structures such as spiral arms and bright regions of star - formation are well exposed and the morphol...
[ { "content": "recently , krauss , nasri and trodden ( @xcite , knt in the following ) proposed an interesting model , where a right - handed neutrino of mass on the order of a few tev plays a crucial role in giving mass to the otherwise massless standard model neutrinos through a high - order loop mechanism . \...
[ { "content": "rare meson decays are expected to serve as harbinger for new physics ( np ) in experiments at the intensity frontier @xcite . \n better measurements or upper limits on a plethora of rare ( semi)leptonic and radiative @xmath6 and @xmath7 meson decays in forthcoming experiments , compared to precise...
[ { "content": "in bridging the gap between classical mechanics and thermal phenomena , the founding fathers of statistical mechanics realized that a statistical characterization of macrostates in terms of microstates is essential for understanding the typical time evolution of thermodynamic systems . \n but stat...
[ { "content": "the increased interest in the field of spin electronics attracts strong attention to the magnetic systems suitable for the realization of spin injection into a semiconductor @xcite . \n the heusler alloys are considered as a promising class of materials that can possess the necessary combination o...
[ { "content": "the deep inelastic lepton - nucleon scattering ( dis ) process , in which a point - like lepton probes a single , initial state hadron , is an ideal environment in which to study quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) , and constrain the parton distribution functions ( pdfs ) of the proton . \n the hera c...
[ { "content": "the main consequence of inflation is the generation of primordial cosmological perturbations @xcite and the production of long wavelength gravitational waves ( tensor perturbations ) @xcite . \n the predicted slightly red - tilted spectrum of the scalar perturbations is at present in excellent ag...
[ { "content": "understanding the collective behaviour of quantum many - body systems remains a central topic in modern physics , as well as one of the greatest computational challenges in science . \n quantum monte carlo sampling techniques are capable of addressing a large class of ( unfrustrated ) bosonic and ...
[ { "content": "in recent years advances in the cooling and trapping of ions have led to a situation in which the centre - of - mass ( cm ) motion of trapped ions has to be treated quantum mechanically @xcite . \n this motion can be coherently controlled by coupling the ion s external and internal degrees of free...
[ { "content": "in the study of periodic crystalline solids , the electronic ground - state wave function is usually described in terms of bloch functions , delocalized on the whole system . as a consequence , for a long time , the understanding of electron localization in crystalline solids was mainly based on a...
[ { "content": "observed galaxies exhibit substantial diversity in their morphological appearances and structure . \n early - type , namely elliptical and lenticular , galaxies ( etgs ) are more massive on average among galaxy types and are thought to originate from mergers of late - type galaxies and smaller etg...
[ { "content": "shape coexistence in atomic nuclei has become a very active field of research during the last decades and clear signals of its existence have been obtained at and near proton or neutron closed shells @xcite , more in particular in light nuclei with a closed neutron shell at n = 8 , 20 , 28 and 40 ...
[ { "content": "during the last years important efforts have been devoted to study ultra - cold fermi gases , both experimentally and theoretically ( for a review see for example ref . \n @xcite ) . by means of feshbach resonance \n it is possible experimentally to adjust the interaction between atoms . \n the sy...
[ { "content": "the supersymmetry ( susy ) is one of the most attractive theories beyond the standard model ( sm ) . \n therefore , the susy has been expected to be observed at the lhc experiments . \n however , no signals of the susy have been discovered yet . \n the present searches for the susy particles give ...
[ { "content": "the current metallicity of the galactic disk represents a fossil record of chemical enrichment since the birth of the milky way and during its subsequent evolution . as stars continually enrich the interstellar medium with their nucleosynthetic products , the metallicity of the disk increases over...
[ { "content": "nova cephei 2014 was discovered as a transient by nishiyama and kabashima ( 2014 ) at a magnitude of 11.7 on unfiltered ccd frames ( limiting magnitude 13.7 ) taken around 2014 march 8.792 ut . \n the object was confirmed to be a classical nova by munari et al . \n ( 2014 ) who obtained a low - re...
[ { "content": "globular clusters ( gcs ) are among the oldest known stellar systems . \n they typically have ages similar to those of their host galaxies , making them ideal probes into galaxy formation and evolution . \n the properties of gcs vary significantly . \n however , individual clusters contain populat...
[ { "content": "the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) has made the most precise measurements to date of the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) over a wide range of angular scales . \n these measurements have been invaluable in constraining a wide range of cosmological parameters ...
[ { "content": "valuable information about globular clusters and galaxy formation can be obtained by investigating the extent to which the properties of globular clusters belonging to different galaxies are similar . \n for example , differences in initial mass function during cluster formation and/or in susbsequ...
[ { "content": "", "role": "user" }, { "content": "for certain hierarchical structures , one can study the percolation problem using the renormalization - group method in a very precise way . \n we show that the idea can be also applied to two - dimensional planar lattices by regarding them as hierarc...
[ { "content": "more than a decade has passed since spin - torque effects were demonstrated experimentally by the switching of the magnetization of a thin ferromagnetic film when current is passed between it and a pinned ferromagnetic layer @xcite . \n a spin - polarized current passing through a small magnetic ...
[ { "content": "bl lacs are a rare subclass of active galactic nuclei ( agn ) characterized by nearly featureless optical spectra , multiwavelength emission , marked variability and strong polarization ( e.g. , see * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n their spectral energy distributions ( seds ...
[ { "content": "consider a bounded subset @xmath0 of @xmath8 . \n we would like to find an arrangement of @xmath11 affine hyperplanes in @xmath8 that cut through @xmath0 as evenly as possible ; see figure [ fig : tessellation ] for an illustration . \n the intuitive notion of an `` even cut '' can be expressed m...
[ { "content": "small bodies in the inner solar system are historically classified based on their appearance . \n comet refers to an object with extended appearance and sometimes one or several tails ; while asteroid refers to an object that is much smaller than the major planets and appears star - like . \n clas...
[ { "content": "in recent years , the effect of underlying inhomogeneities in superconductors has attracted many researchers . in the context of high temperature superconductors ( htsc ) , checkerboard local density of states ( ldos ) oscillations and strong nanoscale gap inhomogeneity \n have been observed in sc...
[ { "content": "magnetic nanoparticles are of great interest because of their nanoscale physical properties and many current and potential applications . \n these applications range from high - density storage media@xcite and spintronic devices@xcite to biomedical applications like drug delivery , cell separation...
[ { "content": "this paper is part of a program aimed at increasing the number of galaxies with accurate distance determinations via ground - based multicolor ccd photometry of cepheid variables . in the first paper of the series , capaccioli , piotto and bresolin ( 1991 , cpb ) presented new @xmath3 photometr...
[ { "content": "both optical studies of sky - projected cluster galaxy distributions ( e.g. baier 1979 ; geller & beers 1982 ) and studies of cluster x - ray morphologies ( e.g. mohr , fabricant & geller 1993 ; buote & tsai 1996 ) reveal the presence of significant substructure in clusters of galaxies . \n subgro...
[ { "content": "the ability to manipulate liquids on microfluidic chips is essential to the functionality of micro total analysis systems @xcite and recently there has been quite some interest in utilizing ac electrical surface potentials for pumping , manipulating , and mixing electrolytes . for an overview of ...
[ { "content": "asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) stars dominate the return of processed materials to the interstellar medium ( ism ) and therefore are an important component of galaxy evolution . \n high mass - loss rate objects are heavily obscured , so they can be missed in optical surveys and need to be observe...
[ { "content": "a quantum dot ( qd ) is a structure in which electrons can be confined to small length scales , comparable to their fermi wavelength . a set of electrons held in such a structure is conceptually similar to a set of atomic electrons bound to a nucleus , and for this reason quantum dots are sometime...
[ { "content": "an understanding of scattered radiation is deeply embedded within such scientific disciplines as astronomy , meteorology , climatology , and more recently biomedical imaging @xcite . \n measurement of this radiation allows for the remote detection of object properties , through inspection of both...
[ { "content": "today the @xmath2-scheme is the _ de facto _ standard used for comparisons of qcd predictions as well as experimental results . \n it was introduced for practical reason , as an offspring of dimensional regularisation , whereas the method of effective charges ( ech ) and the corresponding renormal...
[ { "content": "quantum entanglement plays an important role in various fields of quantum information , such as quantum computation [ 1 ] , quantum cryptography [ 2 ] , quantum teleportation [ 3,4 ] , dense coding [ 5 ] and quantum communication [ 6 ] , etc . \n it has been recognized [ 7,8 ] that quantum telepor...
[ { "content": "the fomalhaut debris system is a natural laboratory for testing planet formation theories . \n the nearby ( 7.69 pc , * ? ? ? \n * ) a3v star @xcite is surrounded by an eccentric debris ring with a peak brightness in scattered optical light at a semi - major axis @xmath0 au ( * ? ? ? \n * hencefor...
[ { "content": "the term ` back - reaction ' is often used in cosmology to mean ` the effect that structure has on the large - scale evolution of the universe , and observations made within it ' . \n implicit within this statement are a number of fundamental problems that have yet to be fully understood . \n thes...
[ { "content": "critical phenomena in gravitational collapse were first reported in the seminal work of chopuik @xcite . shortly after this original discovery , which was based on studies of massless scalar fields in spherical symmetry , \n similar behavior was found in other matter models , including vacuum ( i....
[ { "content": "the success of the relativistic hydrodynamics in describing the rhic data @xcite suggests that the hot and dense matter produced at rhic behaves like an almost perfect fluid @xcite . in this paper \n we discuss how the boost - invariant and cylindrically asymmetric relativistic hydrodynamic equati...
[ { "content": "sine - gordon ( sg ) models and their coulomb gas representations appear as a low energy effective theory for many types of physical systems . \n the so - called `` bulk '' sg model describes the berezinskii - kosterlitz - thouless ( bkt ) transition in two - dimensional superfluids @xcite and the...
[ { "content": "non - adiabatic generation of current in coherent quantum rings on the nanometer scale has attracted attention recently.@xcite a one - dimensional ( 1d ) quantum ring in its ground state exhibits a circulating current ( persistent current ) if the ring is placed in an external magnetic field perpe...
[ { "content": "numerical simulations indicate that the majority of massive galaxies at @xmath1=13 , the epoch when galaxies were most rapidly growing their stellar mass , are continuously fed by gas which promotes and maintains star formation @xcite . \n the accretion of gas from the halo , through minor mergers...
[ { "content": "dwarf elliptical galaxies ( de ) are the most ubiquitous type of galaxy in the local universe @xcite . despite their plenitude , we still do not understand fully the formation mechanism of these low mass , gas poor systems . \n one clue to the evolution of dwarf elliptical galaxies is the morphol...
[ { "content": "numerous experiments using unstable nuclear beams have succeeded to reveal exotic properties of @xmath15-unstable nuclei , including a neutron halo structure@xcite . \n especially , the shift of the closed - shell structure is a characteristic behavior of systems with weakly bound neutrons . \n re...
[ { "content": "recent studies of ultracold trapped atomic gases have led to the discovery of intriguing physical phenomena and have attracted more and more attentions to the atomic systems . \n the trapped atomic gases have some advantages as a physical system in that any combinations of bosons and fermions can ...
[ { "content": "the process of accretion is the power source driving the luminosities for a wide range of objects , including protostars , binary systems containing accreting white dwarfs , neutron stars or black holes , gamma ray bursts and supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei . \n a comprehensive ...
[ { "content": "understanding how young stellar objects ( ysos ) assemble themselves and how the accretion process works requires understanding the structure and evolution of the inner disk on size scales @xmath1 0.1 au . \n even with the advent of infrared ( ir ) and radio interferometry , imaging of even the ne...
[ { "content": "optimizing pinning in superconductors ( sc ) is a problem that is interesting both experimentally and theoretically since pinning is the main viable mechanism for superconductivity in the presence of external magnetic field . \n many tools and mechanisms for pinning has already been studied , in p...
[ { "content": "the resent discoveries of heavy fermion compounds ( @xmath5=rh , co , and ir ) give a unique opportunity to elucidate the interplay between the magnetism and the superconductivity . \n the ground state of these compounds can be tuned by pressure and chemical doping . @xcite and @xcite are supercon...
[ { "content": "a few years ago , it was proposed a maxwell - chern - simons ( mcs ) gauge theory with an additional magnetic moment interaction@xcite for which bogomolnyi - type self - dual equations can be derived and vortex - like configurations appear whenever suitable relationships among the parameters of th...
[ { "content": "water is one of the most studied substances in all its phases , vapor , liquid and solid ice @xcite due to its ubiquity in nature and great relevance to mankind . despite the apparent simplicity of this molecule \n , it shows complex behavior and some of its properties remain poorly understood ....
[ { "content": "there has been a lot of interest in silicene since it shows properties similar to those of graphene@xcite . for example , the theoretical studies on silicene show that the charge carriers in this two - dimensional material behave like massless dirac - fermions due to presence of linear dispersion ...
[ { "content": "the last decade witnessed a revolution in neutrino physics . it has been observed that neutrinos have nonzero masses , and that leptons mix . \n this fact was proven by the observation that neutrinos can change from one type , or `` flavour '' , to another . \n almost all the knowledge we have gat...
[ { "content": "the fenice data @xcite , on the reaction close to threshold , together with earlier analogous measurements for the proton @xcite-@xcite indicate that at threshold . in other words , \n the timelike form factors of the neutron and the proton are approximately equal at @xmath1 . \n this is a very su...
[ { "content": "an important goal in study of quantum spin systems is the search for novel phases emerging from competing interactions between particles . \n low dimensional quantum spin systems typically exhibit strongly correlated effects which drive them toward new regimes with no classical analog . \n many pr...
[ { "content": "the flavor - changing - neutral - current ( fcnc ) transitions @xmath4 provide potentially stringent tests of standard model ( sm ) in flavor physics and are not allowed at tree level but are induced by the glashow - iliopoulos - miani ( gim ) amplitudes @xcite at the loop level in the sm . in add...
[ { "content": "spin dependent semi - inclusive hadronic processes have attracted much interest from both experiment and theory sides in recent years . \n these processes provide us more opportunities to study the quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) and internal structure of the hadrons , as compared to the inclusive ...
[ { "content": "most stars , particularly high - mass stars ( @xmath6@xmath78@xmath8 ) , form in clusters ( lada @xmath9 lada 2003 ) . \n stellar clusters form in dense and massive molecular clumps ( size@xmath3@xmath71 pc , mass@xmath3@xmath71001000 @xmath10 , density @xmath310@xmath11 @xmath12 ) @xcite . \n ...
[ { "content": "we consider the elliptic system @xmath0 where @xmath1 a nonnegative @xmath2 potential possessing several minima and @xmath3 . \n the system is variational with associated functional @xmath4 in what follows , we take @xmath5 to be a bounded , open , and connected set in @xmath6 , with lipschitz bou...
[ { "content": "this paper focuses on a random partial differential equation consisting of a parabolic pde with irregular noise in the drift . \n formulation , existence ( with uniqueness in a certain sense ) and double probabilistic representation are discussed . \n the equation itself is motivated by _ \n rando...
[ { "content": "cosmological constant @xmath4 was originally introduced in general relativity with the motivation to allow static homogeneous universe to einstein equations in the presence of matter . \n once expansion of the universe was discovered , its role turned out to be unnecessary and it experienced a che...
[ { "content": "there is currently interest in localizing electrons in quantum dots and utilizing their spin for quantum information processing @xcite . alternatively \n , we can view such devices as highly tunable quantum dot molecules , with large numbers of electrons or qubits , with gates and magnetic field u...
[ { "content": "with the discovery of the microwave background radiation ( mbr ) @xcite , it was realized that its effect on the propagation of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays ( uhecr s ) must be considered . the first treatments in 1966 by greisen , zatsepin and kuzmin @xcite indicated a sharp cutoff for cosmic ray...