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mnsm92
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[ { "content": "our sun is known to act as a gravitational lens . \n the angular shift of the apparent position of a star located behind the sun was first observed during the solar eclipse of 1919 @xcite , in conformity with the predictions of general relativity @xcite . \n many years later , einstein ( 1936 ) di...
[ { "content": "the traditional way for a firm to repurchase its own shares is through open - market repurchase programs ( omr ) . \n however , as reported in @xcite , after they have announced they intend to buy back shares , a substantial number of firms do not commit to their initial plan . \n unexpected shock...
[ { "content": "it is an old question to find the resistance between two adjacent grid points of an infinite square lattice in which all the edges represent identical resistances @xmath1 . \n it is well known that the result is @xmath2 , and an elegant and elementary solution of the problem is given by aitchison ...
[ { "content": "the international network of large - scale interferometric gravitational wave ( gw ) detectors is currently undergoing an extensive technological upgrade towards what is commonly referred to as the `` second generation '' of gw detectors . upon completion , these second generation observatories , ...
[ { "content": "with the recent development of large format infrared array detectors , high quality photometric surveys are routinely conducted at wavelengths between 12.5 @xmath3 m . soon the completion of the 2 micron all sky survey ( 2mass ; skrutskie 1997 ) and denis ( epchtein et al . \n 1997 ) will provid...
[ { "content": "early _ hubble space telescope \n _ ( hst ) images of circumstellar disks in the orion nebula cluster have provided the first direct evidence that protoplanetary disks in rich young stellar clusters may be photo - evaporated by uv radiation of nearby massive stars @xcite . \n the typical signature...
[ { "content": "graphene exhibits electronic properties that conventional metals do not show , e.g. , charge carriers with zero effective mass , anomalous quantum hall effect , and a minimum conductivity when carrier concentrations tend to zero @xcite . \n the unconventional electronic properties of graphene occ...
[ { "content": "ghost imaging is a transverse active - imaging technique that exploits the correlation between two light beams to image a target without spatially - resolving measurements of the light beam that has undergone target interaction . \n the two beams are the signal , which interacts with the target an...
[ { "content": "the most common method to drive a current through a conductor is by applying a voltage . in nanostructures , due to the ease with \n which parameters can be tuned , another possibility opens up : _ pumping . \n _ in an electron pump a dc current can be generated in a nanoscale conductor , even at ...
[ { "content": "knowlege of the three dimensional distribution of matter in the universe at @xmath8 is limited . \n we do not know if the matter distribution over scales @xmath9 is homogeneous or isotropic ( background radiation , self consistency of the standard model based on the assumption of a _ \n stable _...
[ { "content": "the formation of a black hole is , in principle , one of the most efficient mechanisms for generation of gravitational waves . \n such sources tie together two major research initiatives . \n laser interferometric gravity wave detectors@xcite hold out a promise of the detection of gravitational wa...
[ { "content": "long - range rapidity correlations between pairs of hadrons produced at small azimuthal angles with respect to each other were discovered recently in heavy ion ( @xmath3 ) @xcite , proton proton ( @xmath4 ) @xcite , and proton nucleus ( @xmath5 ) collisions @xcite . due to the particular shape o...
[ { "content": "on a smooth metal - dielectric interface light does not couple to elementary electronic excitations of the metal surfaces because of energy and momentum conservation . \n but in a metal film that is perforated with a two - dimensional ( 2d ) periodic array of holes forming a 2d metallo - dielectri...
[ { "content": "of the more than 130 different molecules found in interstellar space , an important class is formed by the unsaturated carbonaceous species . \n carbohydrides ranging from small molecules such as c@xmath2h @xcite to long chains like c@xmath6h @xcite and hc@xmath7n @xcite have been detected through...
[ { "content": "galaxy mergers are a natural and crucial ingredient of the @xmath0cdm hierarchical galaxy formation paradigm . \n although the fraction of galaxies undergoing a merger at any given time is relatively small , nearly all galaxies will experience a merger at some point in their histories ( e.g. , * ?...
[ { "content": "while some long - duration gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are clearly associated with supernovae ( sne ) , a deeper understanding of the grb / sn connection remains elusive . \n the grb / sn link was first confirmed observationally with the detection of the low - reshift grb 980425/sn 1998bw ( @xmath...
[ { "content": "though the fundamental components of all physical systems follow the laws of quantum mechanics , the objects in our everyday reality obey newton s laws . \n clearly , in composite objects , the quantum interactions of numerous particles somehow conspire to produce a `` whole '' that obeys newtonia...
[ { "content": "polymer networks are unique soft solids which can be significantly deformed without irreversible damage to their structure . a network is formed by cross - linking a melt or a semidilute solution of polymer chains . \n once a homogeneous ( on length scales large compared to its `` mesh '' size ) n...
[ { "content": "gauge symmetries provide mathematical basis for known fundamental interactions . within the generalized hamiltonian framework @xcite \n , gauge theories correspond to first - class constraints systems . upon gauge fixing , these systems convert to second - class constraint systems . \n the operato...
[ { "content": "calculation of the form factors for semileptonic transitions of @xmath9 mesons has been being a subject discussed intensely . \n recently , it has been shown that the @xmath10 transition form factor can be consistently analyzed by using the different approaches in the different @xmath11 regions @x...
[ { "content": "recently , there has been considerable progress in the thermodynamic description of small ( bio- ) systems @xcite which are prone to thermal fluctuations and typically driven far out of equilibrium . it has been shown that thermodynamic quantities obey various exact work and fluctuation theorems @...
[ { "content": "recently , there has been significant experimental improvements in the measurements of flavor - changing neutral current ( fcnc ) processes of @xmath4 mesons at b factories and tevatron . for the @xmath5 transition , experimental data for @xmath2 and @xmath6 ( @xmath7 ) decays , @xmath8 oscillatio...
[ { "content": "the complex cluster morphology seen in x - ray images and in galaxy distributions gave support to the hypothesis that large structures form hierarchically ; that is , that small groups of galaxies merge to form low - mass subclusters , which then merge to form a massive rich cluster with the infal...
[ { "content": "the experimental realization of degenerate atomic gases @xcite have opened up the possibility of engineering strongly correlated many - body quantum states . \n such states are fundamental for the development of quantum technologies such as those implementing quantum information protocols and quan...
[ { "content": "the fundamental quantity in galaxy dynamics is the distribution function ( df ) , which specifies the distribution of the stars in a galaxy over position and velocity . by jeans theorem , \n the df is a function of the isolating integrals that are conserved by the corresponding potential ( e.g. , ...
[ { "content": "motivation for our work @xcite comes from various speculations that came up mainly from : * the analogue spacetime programme @xcite ; * various different approaches to `` quantum gravity '' , + ( loop quantum gravity @xcite , string models @xcite , causal dynamical triangulations @xcite ) ...
[ { "content": "_ continuous time tasep . _ \n the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process ( tasep ) is the simplest non - reversible interacting stochastic particle system . in tasep , particles are on the lattice of integers , @xmath0 , with at most one particle at each site ( exclusion principle ) . \n the...
[ { "content": "the hyperbolic distance has turned out to be a useful tool in geometric function theory . \n the basic models for the hyperbolic distance are the unit ball model and the upper half space model . using these models in the plane case @xmath0 \n , we can find the hyperbolic distance in any domain wit...
[ { "content": "one of the many ways to determine @xmath4 is through the measurement of jet production in dis since the production cross section in leading order of @xmath7 jets ( not counting the proton remnant ) is proportional to @xmath8 . at hera \n this measurement is particularly interesting since the hadr...
[ { "content": "the one - dimensional ( 1d ) tight - binding model of non - interacting electrons with random nearest neighbor hopping has been extensively studied since dyson s exact solution to density of states of one - dimensional random harmonic oscillators @xcite , which can be mapped to the random nearest ...
[ { "content": "the intriguing phenomenon , the strong collinearity of cores in emulsion experiments @xcite , closely related to coplanar scattering of secondary particles in the interaction , has been observed long time ago . \n so far there is no simple satisfactory explanation of these cosmic ray observations...
[ { "content": "for last few years , there was large progress in supersymmetric field theories in three - dimension . \n many physical quantities in strongly coupled field theories have been computed by using localization method . \n for example , partition functions of @xmath3 supersymmetric field theories in @x...
[ { "content": "the dynamics of recurrent neural network models with synchronous updating has been of interest ever since the work of little @xcite . \n it is expected that little s model with binary units and symmetric hebbian couplings should exhibit either cycles of period two or fixed - point attractors and i...
[ { "content": "topological data analysis assigns homological invariants to data presented as a finite metric space ( a `` point cloud '' ) . \n if we imagine this data as measurements sampled from some abstract universal space @xmath0 , the structure of that space is a metric measure space , having a notion both...
[ { "content": "neutron rich matter is at the heart of many fundamental questions in nuclear physics and astrophysics . \n * what are the high density phases of qcd ? * where did the chemical elements come from ? \n * what is the structure of many compact and energetic objects in the heavens , and what determines...
[ { "content": "in 1950 , h. seifert @xcite asked whether every dynamical system on the 3-sphere with no singular points has a periodic trajectory . \n the conjecture that the answer is yes became known as the seifert conjecture . \n seifert proved the conjecture for perturbations of the flow parallel to the hop...
[ { "content": "in this article , we consider a class of homogeneous partial differential operators on a finite dimensional vector space and study their associated heat kernels . \n these operators , which we call nondegenerate - homogeneous operators , are seen to generalize the well - studied classes of semi - ...
[ { "content": "since einstein s relativistic theory tell that the matter can convert into energy , the possibility of converting energy into matter , i.e. , the electron - positron pair , as predicted by dirac in quantum electrodynamics @xcite , has attracted a great deal of interest@xcite . in presence of a sta...
[ { "content": "s.e.r .- l . thanks r.f . berger and t. birol for valuable discussions . \n work at the molecular foundry was supported by the office of science , office of basic energy sciences , of the u.s . \n department of energy , and laboratory directed research and development program at the lawrence berke...
[ { "content": "in the favored cold dark matter cosmology , present - day galaxies were assembled hierarchically from smaller building blocks at earlier cosmic times . since all nearby galaxies with stellar spheroids are observed to host nuclear smbhs @xcite , hierarchical merging leads inevitably to the formatio...
[ { "content": "the present eps database consists of a rather heterogeneous sample of planets , showing great variety in all the measured quantities . \n statistical analysis provides a necessary means to find correlations among various physical parameters involved in planetary formation and evolution . \n nevert...
[ { "content": "the quantum two - time green function technique has provided a very powerful tool in condensed matter physics for exploring the equilibrium and transport properties of a wide variety of many - body systems . within this framework , \n the equation of motion method ( emm ) and the spectral density ...
[ { "content": "according to our knowledge , gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are the most powerful mysterious explosions the universe has ever seen since the big bang . with swift satellite , since november 20 , 2004 , we have a tool , which can solve the gamma - ray burst mystery . \n we define two samples from the ...
[ { "content": "natural language is an evolving system whose present structure can doubtlessly be considered a product of long history of self - organization @xcite . like for many other self - organized systems known in nature , \n the observables associated with language , being , for example , written texts o...
[ { "content": "bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) located in different minima of an external potential created by magnetic or light forces and coupled by tunneling through a potential barrier have been the host to many exciting developments and discoveries in recent years @xcite . \n phenomena explored includ...
[ { "content": "deep surveys of the extragalactic sky have been made at x - ray ( hasinger et al . \n 1998 ; cowie et al . 2001 ) , optical ( lilly et al.1996 ; madau et al . \n 1996 ; steidel et al . \n 1999 ) , infra - red ( goldschmidt et al . 1997 ; rowan - robinson et al . 1997 ; elbaz et al . \n 1999 ) ,...
[ { "content": "the study of hadron spectroscopy has made significant progress during the past decade benefiting from the experimental observations of a lot of new states in various processes . in particular , in the heavy flavor sector , a large number of the so - called @xmath9 , @xmath10 , @xmath11 states have...
[ { "content": "in the paper @xcite pinchuk gave an example of a polynomial map @xmath0 with a non - vanishing jacobian such that @xmath1 is not a global diffeomorphism . \n let us recall his construction . \n we define the following auxiliary polynomials in variables @xmath2 , @xmath3 : @xmath4 and a polynomial...
[ { "content": "the concept of current - carrying edge channels accounts for the magnetotransport properties of a two - dimensional electron gas ( 2deg ) in a high magnetic field , both in the integer@xcite and fractional@xcite quantum hall regime . \n although the initial theoretical studies have used a noninter...
[ { "content": "superconducting qubits @xcite are very well suited for the task of solid - state quantum computation , because two of the most obvious decoherence sources in solid - state systems are supressed : quasiparticle excitations experience an energy gap and phonons are frozen out at low temperatures @xci...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be a coxeter system with an involutive automorphism @xmath1 . \n a _ twisted identity _ is an element of the form @xmath9 for @xmath10 . in other words , \n the set @xmath3 of twisted identities is the orbit of the identity element under the twisted conjugation action of @xmath11 on it...
[ { "content": "type ii supernovae ( sne ) emerge from shock - driven explosion of massive ( @xmath12 ) stars initiated by core collapse @xcite . \n in particular , plateau type ii sne ( sne iip ) result from core collapse of supergiants that have massive hydrogen - rich envelope . \n the light curves of sne iip ...
[ { "content": "at the beginning of the twentieth century , the atomistic theory of matter was not yet fully accepted by the scientific community . \n while searching for phenomena that would prove , beyond any doubt , the existence of atoms , einstein realized that `` _ ... according to the molecular - kinetic t...
[ { "content": "the original parking problem of knuth can be stated as follows . consider a parking lot with @xmath0 spaces , identified with the cyclic group @xmath1 . \n initially the parking lot is empty , and @xmath2 cars in a queue arrive one by one . \n car @xmath3 tries to park on a uniformly distributed s...
[ { "content": "the _ voronoi diagram _ of points @xmath0 in @xmath1-dimensional euclidean space decomposes @xmath2 into @xmath3 convex polyhedra , called _ \n voronoi domains_. the domain of @xmath4 is the set of points @xmath5 for which @xmath4 minimizes the euclidean distance : @xmath6 for points in general po...
[ { "content": "quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) is the theory of the hadronic interactions . \n it is an elegant theory whose full non perturbative solution has escaped our knowledge since its formulation more than 30 years ago.@xcite the theory is asymptotically free@xcite and confining.@xcite a particularly good...
[ { "content": "following the ejection of half or more of their mass via isotropic , slowy expanding winds , agb stars evolve into planetary nebulae ( pne ) , which , surprisingly show a diverse range of aspherical ( e.g. , bipolar and multipolar ) morphologies ( e.g. , sahai & trauger 1998 , sahai , morris & vil...
[ { "content": "chiral perturbation theory ( @xmath2pt ) is a very powerful tool to describe various @xmath3 decays in which long distance contributions are expected to dominate . for example , the decay mode @xmath4 has been observed recently , and compared with @xmath2pt @xcite . \n the measured branching rati...
[ { "content": "odd - electron radical complexes like ho@xmath0cl@xmath3 and ho@xmath0h@xmath2o are of tremendous importance throughout chemistry and in related fields , such as in radiation chemistry , atmospheric chemistry , environmental chemistry , and cell biology@xcite . in particular , the behavior of anio...
[ { "content": "electronic systems in the mesoscopic regime are ideal testing - grounds for investigating the quantum - to - classical transition from a microscopic coherent world ( where quantum interference effects prevail ) to a macroscopic classical world @xcite . on one hand , their size is intermediate bet...
[ { "content": "n - body simulations are one of the most important tools by which contemporary theoretical cosmologists try to investigate the evolution of the large scale structure of the universe . due to the long - range nature of the gravitational force , \n the number of particles required to reach a signifi...
[ { "content": "emission line stars ( els ) range from young to evolved stars ( ttauri , herbig ae / be , wr , planetary nebulae , etc ) , from hot to cool stars ( classical be star , oe , supergiant star , mira ceti , flare stars , etc ) . among the els , here , \n we focus on the classical be stars . \n they ar...
[ { "content": "in spite of its long history as a basic ferromagnetic metal characterization tool , the theory of the anomalous hall effect ( ahe ) continues to be a subject of confusion and debate.@xcite theoretical descriptions of the dc ahe invariably involve long and complex calculations and usually do not le...
[ { "content": "we study the traveling salesman problem in the shortest path metric completion ( _ graphic tsp _ ) of cubic as well as subcubic graphs . \n these two cases played a crucial role in some recent developments on _ graphic tsp _ \n @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite ) . \n we shed some light o...
[ { "content": "optical network design has evolved over time to meet different challenges : high bandwidth , deployment flexibility , multiuser requirements , etc . \n other characteristics were considered secondary at the time and added later , as their need or convenience became more pressing . \n security has ...
[ { "content": "quasinormal spectrum of black holes has been extensively investigated during recent years for a great variety of black hole backgrounds and fields , because it is an important characteristic for observation of the gravitational waves @xcite , stability analysis @xcite , ads / cft calculations of t...
[ { "content": "conformal structures on the 2-torus @xmath1 ( elliptic curves ) are classified by a moduli space , which is the quotient of the upper half - plane @xmath3 by the action of the modular group @xmath2 by linear fractional transformations . \n in other words , equivalence classes of elliptic curves co...
[ { "content": "the complementarity principle has traditionally been addressed in order to illustrate the role of observer in quantum mechanics . \n one of the most intriguing aspect of the issue is the possibility of delayed - choice experiments @xcite . \n according to it , the experimenter may decide for insta...
[ { "content": "why are the neutrinos much lighter than the charged leptons , but not absolutely massless ? it is universally recognized that this can be simply and elegantly understood in an @xmath1 effective theory . \n the most general , gauge - invariant interactions of dimension less than six , which can lea...
[ { "content": "the dark energy survey data management ( desdm ) is the part of the dark energy survey project @xcite that will transfer , process and distribute the data generated by survey s camera decam @xcite . \n desdm is a large , scalable system led by the national center for supercomputing applications...
[ { "content": "integrable equations exhibit many extraordinary properties like infinitely many conservation laws , multi- hamiltonian structures , soliton solutions etc . \n many integrable equations in 1 + 1 dimensions like kdv , mkdv , harry - dym , boussinesq equations possess interesting conformal properties...
[ { "content": "observations from galactic to cosmological scales leave little room to explanations for dark matter ( dm ) other than that it is provided by a new type of particle . \n the most studied option for this particle is a weakly interacting massive particle ( wimp ) . \n the reason for this is sometime ...
[ { "content": "the green s functions of qcd are the fundamental building blocks of hadron phenomenology @xcite . \n their infrared behaviour is also known to contain essential information about the realisation of confinement in the covariant formulation of qcd , in terms of local quark and gluon field systems . ...
[ { "content": "a prompt , 9-th magnitude , optical flash has recently been detected ( @xcite ) accompanying the gamma ray burst ( grb ) grb990123 . \n the most natural explanation of this flash is emission from a reverse shock propagating into fireball ejecta shortly after it interacts with surrounding gas ( @xc...
[ { "content": "the experimental data on kaons and other mesons containing strange quarks are both abundant and rather precise [ ] . \n these particles are expected to play an important role in meson vacuum phenomenology and at non - zero temperatures , most notably in the restoration of the chiral symmetry that ...
[ { "content": "observational cosmology has come a long way since the early days of being `` the science of two numbers '' . \n the revolution could be traced back to the discovery of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) in 1964 by penzias and wilson @xcite , which won them the nobel prize in 1978 , and confir...
[ { "content": "in recent years considerable attention has been focussed on the structural , magnetic and electron transport properties of perovskite oxides of the type r@xmath0a@xmath1mno@xmath2 ( where @xmath10 is a rare - earth element , @xmath11 a divalent alkaline - earth element ) . \n this interest was cau...
[ { "content": "channel polarization was introduced in @xcite for binary input discrete memoryless channels as a coding technique to construct codes called polar codes for data transmission . \n polar codes are capable of achieving the ` symmetric capacity ' of any binary input channel , using low - complexity...
[ { "content": "relativistic jets are now believed to be a common occurrence in black hole x - ray binaries ( e.g. corbel 2004 , fender 2004 ) . \n the optically thin synchrotron spectra of the discrete ejection events ( the so - called superluminal jets ) imply that the emission becomes much fainter at higher fr...
[ { "content": "although there are some thirty galaxies in which h@xmath0o masers are observed ( certain others have oh masers ) , there is little in the way of theory \" other than for the few where there is evidence for disk structure . even for these , almost all of the theoretical activity has been directed ...
[ { "content": "the quantum xy spin chain and its extensions have been studied for a very long time and from many different perspectives . \n it is due to a couple of reasons . \n first of all , it is possible to obtain an exact solution ( for spin one - half case ) in the language of non - interacting fermions @...
[ { "content": "recent observations on the origin of the uv upturn phenomenon of elliptical galaxies showed that hot hb and post - hb stars are the dominant uv sources in these systems ( ferguson et al . \n 1991 ; oconnell et al . 1992 ; king et al . 1992 ; bertola et al . 1995 ; brown et al 1997 ) . as demonstra...
[ { "content": "t dwarfs are brown dwarfs that exhibit methane absorption bands at 1.6 and 2.2 @xmath1 @xcite , and thus have effective temperatures t@xmath3 @xmath4 1200 - 1300 k @xcite . \n the prototype for this class , gl 229b @xcite , was identified as a cool companion to the nearby m1v star gl 229a . \n rec...
[ { "content": "there is a growing interest in the nonextensive generalization of the conventional boltzmann -gibbs statistical mechanics . \n tsallis thermostatistics ( tt ) is one of these generalization attempts [ 1 ] and in this study , we generalize the maier - saupe theory ( mst ) [ 2 ] , a mean field theor...
[ { "content": "the idea that our universe may be a hypermembrane in a five dimensional spacetime has received some attention in the last few years after it was realized that gravity could be localized on a three - brane embedded in an anti - de sitter spacetime @xcite . since then \n , much work has been done ...
[ { "content": "quantum phase transitions between a fermi liquid and magnetic phases have been a subject of experimental and theoretical investigations for several decades @xcite . \n the transition to a spin - density - wave ( sdw ) in particular is relevant to problems of current interest . in the cuprates , \...
[ { "content": "for any integer @xmath3 we note @xmath4 the symmetric group on @xmath3 elements and @xmath5 an integer partition of @xmath6 with @xmath7 parts sorted in decreasing order . \n if @xmath8 is the number of parts of @xmath9 that are equal to @xmath10 , then we may write @xmath9 as @xmath11 $ ] and def...
[ { "content": "an indirect exciton in a coupled quantum well structure ( cqw ) is a bound pair of an electron and a hole confined to spatially separated qws . \n the small overlap of the electron and the hole wavefunctions increases the lifetime of indirect excitons by orders of magnitude compared to the lifetim...
[ { "content": "among the various approximations existing in the literature to describe a diluted bose condensed gas at finite temperature , the generalized random phase approximation ( grpa ) has been the subject of several studies @xcite . \n this approximation has attracted a special attention since it is the ...
[ { "content": "coxeter transformations play an important role in the development of lie group and lie algebra theory . for a compact lie group , a coxeter transformation or a coxeter element is defined to be the product of all the reflections in the root system initially . h. s. coxeter studies these elements an...
[ { "content": "the anisotropy of stellar orbits in elliptical galaxies can be estimated from the temperature of the hot interstellar gas through which they move . \n these two quite different galactic attributes are intimately related by the jeans equation for the stars and the condition for hydrostatic equilibr...
[ { "content": "the problem of obtaining additional physical effects only due to multiple repetitions of the same measurement or interaction has been discussed both analytically @xcite and experimentally @xcite . \n these phenomena , in which one may preserves in time an initially prepared state or even `` guide ...
[ { "content": "macroscopic measurements of brain activity , such as the electroencephalogram ( eeg ) , magnetoencephalogram or local field potentials ( lfp ) , display approximately @xmath0 frequency scaling in their power spectra @xcite . \n the origin of such @xmath0 `` noise '' is at present unclear . \n @xm...
[ { "content": "the temperature - density phase diagram drastically changes with the range of the attractive part of the interparticle potential @xcite . \n so that , when it is less than half of the particle s radius , the critical point locates below the freezing curve and the corresponding vapor - liquid phas...
[ { "content": "complex hierarchical systems admit several levels of description . at a microscopic level , \n the interest lies on the dynamical behavior of the constituent elements . \n thus , at this level of description , one needs to follow the time evolution of very many microscopic variables . on the other...
[ { "content": "geometry and inhomogeneity influence pattern formation in chemical and biological systems . \n @xcite one example where these two factors play a crucial role is in the experimental observations of distinctive spiral wave dynamics on the surfaces of spherical beads , which are excitable inhomogeneo...
[ { "content": "an interesting and difficult problem in graph theory is the graph embedding problem . \n the problem is as follows : given a collection of vertices in @xmath1 and the pairwise distances between some of them , find the positions of the vertices up to some arbitrary rigid motion . \n the problem has...
[ { "content": "our experiment relies on the coherent manipulation of atomic quantum states using light pulses @xcite . \n we use telecom based laser sources that provide high frequency stability and power in a compact and integrated setup @xcite . starting from a @xmath2 vapor , we load in @xmath5 a cloud of abo...
[ { "content": "according to the fundamental theory of the strong interactions , quantum chromo - dynamics ( qcd ) , normal nuclear matter is expected to undergo a phase transition to deconfined quarks and gluons when its density and/or temperature are high @xcite . \n to produce such a quark - gluon plasma ( qgp...
[ { "content": "mixing by fluid flows is a ubiquitous natural phenomenon that plays a central role in many of the applied sciences and engineering . \n a geophysical example is the mixing of aerosols ( e.g. , @xmath0 supplied by a volcano , say , or by human activity ) in the atmosphere . \n aerosols are disperse...