Split (1)

train · 8.76M rows

text string	language string	id string	url string	dump string
Go back to Tsar Cannon, Russia Search for a Landmark Create your Landmarks list and mark landmarks as visited and want to visit. Interesting Fact The Library of Celsus was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for the roman senator Celsus. G u e s s G a m e s Guess the landmarks, the countries, the continents and the capitals. Share an interesting landmark that you have visited or want to visit. Tips for Trips Top 10 Landmarks Russia Top 10 Legends of Landmarks Peaks by Height Waterfalls by Height Towers by Height "A journey is best measured in friends, rather than miles." Tim Cahill	eng	<urn:uuid:615a0eb4-1345-41ff-b36d-4553c00c07ea>	http://7tripson.com/pictures?destination=tsar-cannon-russia	CC-MAIN-2019-30
A-Fib Free? Celebrate Your Independence! P.S. This week in the U.S., we celebrate the founding of our country with the July 4, 1776 signing of our Declaration of Independence. (BTW: Patti found this photo and writes: “Our family’s Fourth of July picnic celebrations always include a cold slice of watermelon.”)	eng	<urn:uuid:74cdae02-77a1-401c-84b4-3b9400b15f9e>	http://a-fib.com/a_fib-free-celebrate-independence/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Semantic Mediawiki Contents What is Semantic MediaWiki? Semantic MediaWiki (SemanticMW) allows you to introduce some database functions into a wiki. For example you might have in a wiki the category countries with pages on different countries. With SemanticMW you can then define keywords for each country like what is the name of its capital and the name of its highest mountain, as well as numbers like the total land area, population size and height of its highest mountain. In a different page, say one called "Mountains", you could then use SemanticMW to generate automatically a table of all countries in which the countries are sorted by the height of their highest mountain and which then contains apart from the names of the countries information like the names of their highest mountain, the total land area of each country as well as other information as appropriate. While the mountains are fixed, populations change continuously. With SemanticMW the content of a table showing the population size of different countries will change automatically once you change the population size in the page for one particular country. You will find a detailed description of - and a manual for SemanticMW at the SemanticMW website Installation and maintenance You need to have administrator rights to install SemanticMW. The steps are: - Ensure the extension SemanticMediaWiki is enabled as described in Mediawiki installation. This is usually already the case. - Add the following 2 lines to the end of the LocalSettings.php file for your wiki (e.g. examplewiki="biowikifarm.net/test"): include_once("$IP/extensions/SemanticMediaWiki/includes/SMW_Settings.php"); // enableSemantics( parse_url( $wgServer, PHP_URL_HOST ) ); # or enableSemantics('examplewiki.net'); - Log in at your wiki as an administrator and call up the page "Special:SMWAdmin" - Click on "Initialise or upgrade tables". This will create the necessary tables and set up the SemanticMW. - Click on "Start updating data". This will start an automatic process of adjusting the data in the wiki so that they can be used by SemanticMW. The process typically lasts several days. You can monitor its progress by calling up "Special:SMWAdmin". For repairing and refreshing SemanticMW data see the corresponding section under Mediawiki maintenance. Database access rights The maintenance script needs MySQL DROP command to function otherwise the error will appear: - DROP command denied to user 'wikiuser'@'localhost' for table 'smw_new' Check it in phpMyAdmin privileges settings tab. See also in Manual:Installing MediaWiki that the following MySQL commands can be used for 'wikiuser' - INDEX, CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, LOCK tables (14.12.2013) Guidelines and examples See Help:SemanticMW. Complementary SemanticMW extensions A variety of additional extensions exist which extend the functions of SemanticMW. The following table provides an overview of the more important ones and where they have been installed on the biowikifarm: SemanticMW extension \| Metawiki \| Testwiki \| Off.Natur. \| OpenMedia \| ISPIwiki \| ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| SemanticMW (basic) \| X \| X \| X \| X \| X \| Semantic Forms \| X \| X \| X \| X \| X \| Semantic Drilldown \| X \| X \| X \| X \| X \| Semantic Result Formats \| X \| X \| X \| X \| X \| Semantic Internal Objects \| X \| X \| X \| X \| X \| Interesting presentation from 2008: http://kontext.fraunhofer.de/haenelt/kurs/folien/Haenelt_SemWikiModelling.pdf	eng	<urn:uuid:fc58cddc-4895-4117-badd-d364eba0086a>	http://biowikifarm.net/meta/Semantic_Mediawiki	CC-MAIN-2019-30
I attended the biannual meeting of the American Association of Philosophy Teachers July 30-Aug 2, 2014, and got some fantastic suggestions/ideas for future teaching, as I did the last time I attended this conference. The AAPT workshop/conference is easily one of my top favourite conferences: it is so friendly, inviting, supportive, and there are great people to talk to about teaching philosophy as well as about life in general. I haven’t laughed this much, for so many days in succession, for a long time. It’s too bad this meeting is only held every two years, as these are people I’d sure like to see more often! I’m going to take a few of blog posts to write down some of the (many) things that inspired me at this conference, that I’d like to try in my own teaching one way or another. There were many more things than I’m going to write about here—I have pages and pages of notes that I typed out during the conference. But in this and a couple of future posts, I’ll focus on just a few. Broken feedback loop: when did you not respond well to feedback? Rebecca Scott from Loyola University Chicago facilitated a session on closing the feedback loop, which started off in a really helpful way: she asked us to consider (among other things) times when we received feedback from someone (whether in the context of our academic lives or other aspects of our lives) and didn’t respond in the way that we now think would be most helpful. I won’t give details on either situation, but one of them had to do with feedback I received at the end of a course that utterly shocked and floored me. More than one student said that I did something that was so very far from who I think I am that I just couldn’t believe it was true. All I could think of was: “How could someone think I was doing that? There’s no way I did that! They must be wrong.” I didn’t entertain (at first) the idea that the feedback could be right in some way. It just didn’t fit with who I thought I was. Remembering this situation helped put me into the mindset of students receiving critical feedback (or, at least, helped move me closer to that I hope), and not believe it, getting angry, indignant, even lashing out. When that happens you are not even allowing yourself to think that the feedback might be true; since it doesn’t fit with who you think you are, your own evaluation of the quality of your work, the truth must be that whoever said that is simply wrong. I’m reminded of Socrates who, at least in Plato’s texts, would show his interlocutors that they didn’t know what they thought they knew, and for some the reaction was to just assume that Socrates must be wrong and to get angry with him. Why might feedback not be incorporated into future work? We came up with numerous reasons during the session, which I wrote down: - Getting emotional; taking things too personally; losing sight of the goal of feedback - Not caring about the work, just trying to get credit - Too motivated by grade, not enough by learning - Not believing that the feedback is true; e.g., coming into class with mindset that one is an A student b/c have gotten A’s so far, so don’t believe the instructor who gives a lower mark - Distrust of the instructor, institution, due to larger social issues/context - Not thinking that you could do any better, that you’re capable of improving even with feedback; including: getting discouraged at how much they have to change and thinking they can’t - Not seeing work as formative process; thinking that when the assignment is done you are done and don’t need to revisit it, to learn from it - Professor and students seeing diff goals of feedback; students might think that feedback is there to explain why they got the grade they did, but for the prof it might be there to show ways to improve - Not understanding the feedback - Not connecting feedback from past to future situations - Thinking that just reading the comments is enough to improve for later - Not having a clear idea of what good work looks like to aim for - Too much feedback; overwhelmed; don’t know what to do with it The one that I find hardest to deal with (though many are quite challenging) is the first: the emotional reaction. It kept me from addressing my situation as well as I could have, and I can see how student emotional reactions could lead them to not want to even look at the feedback again or think about it at all. A reflective assignment to close the feedback loop Rebecca shared with us an assignment she gives to students that asks them to reflect on their feedback, that forces them to read it and consider it and reflect on what they want to change for the future based on it. And the first item on that assignment is a question, asking them what their immediate reaction was on receiving the feedback. The idea is that maybe if they have an outlet to write it down, to let you know their emotional reaction, this might help them move past it. But I think the rest of the assignment might help with that too. Because it goes on to ask students to - write down how many comments they got in each of several categories (to help them see which areas they need to work on, and to ensure that they read the comments or at least skim them), - what grade they expected, what grade they got and what do they think explains the difference between these - how much of the feedback do they feel they understand - what two things do they want to work on for the next assignment, and - whether they have any questions or comments about the feedback they received How might all of this help with the emotional reaction issue? Besides making them continue to think about the feedback even if they get angry instead of just ignoring it, it also gives them a chance to give feedback on the feedback, to try to figure out what could explain the difference between the grade they expected and the grade they got, which could include thinking about the feedback and how it might suggest that the grade makes at least some sense. Or, if they disagree with the feedback, it gives them an outlet to do so, and the instructor can follow up with them later to discuss the issue. How I’d like to adapt this assignment, and also address a couple of the other problems above I like this idea of a reflection on the feedback that you submit to the instructor, but I also want them to have a kind of running record of the feedback they’ve received, the 2-3 things they want to work on for the next time, what they did well and want to keep doing, etc. In addition, I want to make sure that they have to look back at this feedback for the next paper they write. So, here’s an idea. 1. For the Arts One course I teach, in which students write a paper every 2 weeks (12 over the course of a year), I think I’ll ask them to include on each new essay: - a list of at least two things they tried to do better on this one, based on feedback from the last one - at least one thing they themselves noticed from their previous essay that either they think was good or that they would like to improve on, that no one else pointed out - this is so that they don’t just look back at the feedback but also back at their previous essay and see what they themselves think, in order to do some self-assessment 2. I would also like to institute a policy in terms of my own feedback: that I will point out one or two instances of a certain type of mistake, and ask them to look for more instances (if I saw more in the essay, that is). Then, also on the next essay: - Point out at least one other place in the previous essay where one of the comments I made applies elsewhere too. - This is again so that they need to go do some self assessment of their work, and so I don’t need to go through and point out every single mistake. I think this could help with the issue of being overwhelmed by too much feedback 3. Finally, I think it would be great if they could keep a learning log, digitally, where they keep track of, for each essay: the comments they’ve gotten from peers, at least two things from me that they want to work on, the things they’re doing well and want to keep doing. That way they have a running record and periodically I can ask them to reflect on whether there are any patterns/repeated comments, or whether they are getting better because certain sorts of comments aren’t being said anymore. These things could hopefully all help with the issue of not connecting feedback on previous work to later work. But I have to figure out how much of this is adding too much work for the students, or whether it is all so pedagogically valuable as to be worth it. Back to when I didn’t respond well At first, I just shut down. So I can understand when students do that. I didn’t want to think about it and just wanted to move past it. But I did eventually do something: I emailed all my students and asked them to fill in another feedback form, anonymously, that would just go to me. I asked them to be as specific as possible, because I didn’t get quite enough details on the first one. I got a few more details on this second round, which helped me understand some of the concerns expressed and how students may have come to the conclusion they did (and even that I might have been unconsciously doing some of what they thought, even though I’m still reluctant to believe that). But not entirely fully. I think there was some miscommunication somewhere that I just can’t rectify now. All the more reason to give students more of a chance to give feedback during the course so problems can be solved earlier! (I just did it once, during the first term, and not at all during the second: lesson learned!)	eng	<urn:uuid:47cbe855-b16d-4a07-92d7-a15a7ed00a2c>	http://blogs.ubc.ca/chendricks/2014/08/05/closing-the-feedback-loop/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Editorial Article The term leishmaniasis (or ‘leishmaniosis’)1 refers to a diverse group of syndromes caused by >20 different species of intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, belonging to the Leishmania and Viannia subgenera1-3. The parasite infection is widely distributed across the tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions in 88 countries1,2.	eng	<urn:uuid:b2ebc258-0332-468a-a96a-f283d5addf8e>	http://clytojournals.com/immunology-experimental-medicine-current-research	CC-MAIN-2019-30
by Eric Kociecki Thursday, March 25, 2010 Things I love: Love. Things I hate: monthly fees to play games. Things that put the above in perspective: Eskil's rants. Things that were released today: Love This game has held me captivated sine I first saw it about two years ago We've been hit with a lot of spam lately so I'm adding a bit of a bot test here. If you're not a bot, check only the second box. If you are a bot or spammer, GTFO! First Box: Second Box: Ending B is a Video Game and Anime Review/Blog. All original content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.	eng	<urn:uuid:f8f33e33-a585-42f8-8dfd-35f9d113c8f8>	http://endingb.net/?article_id=156	CC-MAIN-2019-30
. In addition to crazes and the sounds of playing music, the way that you tune in to music seems to change at least every decade. Stay current with the trends and download you melodies from the Internet. This article below is full of easy tips on finding the most effective music to find the best prices online. Consider joining an online forum. Many will share their downloads free of charge. This allows one to investigate the latest cd from a known artist or different genres of music without committing money or a large amount of time to the task, making it simpler to construct your library with the eclectic combination of tunes hip hop beats for sale. If an artist is really loved by you, check out their website for music. An internet presence is maintained by most groups where they offer information on music and tours, and they will sometimes offer free music there. This could comprise a song from a brand new record they are trying to boost or unreleased tracks. Cheap and free music downloads can be obtained by you from some band websites. Some popular groups like to give rare tracks, live tracks, and rough cuts that you won't find on their albums away. All these usually are free or really cheap on their own websites. It is a good approach to get music from a group you want, but to get access to cool extras that you just won't find at large music retailers that are online. Regardless of the legalities of downloading free music, you also have something else to worry about when choosing music files that are free from sites that are distinct. Hackers regularly offer these files, so think twice before you join the bandwagon and download free music. It's far better by paying for it the right way, to lawfully get your music. Be certain to are on a broadband connection before downloading music. When you download bunches of video files, the entire download size can accumulate fairly quickly, although music files usually are not the same gigantic size as them. In the event you're on a slow connection this can eat up lots of time hip hop beats free. These applications in many cases are adware which can eat up resources on your own personal computer or internet connection, plus they add no benefit to the software itself, so only uncheck those boxes. Pay attention to music formats. Music files come in a variety of formats. Some of those formats are unique to particular music players or music playing devices. Don't download music you can't use. What exactly are you going to use to listen to the music you are downloading? Determine the kind of file you will need. Look for one that offers discounts, when searching for a web site to download music. Many music download websites offer discounts which are unique to the variety of music you listen to. To locate these types of promotions, sign up to get the promotional newsletter of the website's or seek the name of coupons and the website. Before you buy music, you should preview it. It's important for the music tracks you are purchasing are clear and work properly. This is particularly true if you are buying from a lesser known business. You'll ensure that you are obtaining the song that is right by previewing it. Music is always changing as mentioned above. Downloading music on the internet is really popular because it's easy, you are able to do it from house and is a very big selection online Going Here.	eng	<urn:uuid:c9a01bf8-3c45-4f0a-88a7-90465734e7d4>	http://gagoo.free.fr/doku.php?id=Sound_Tips_Which_May_Get_Anyone_Started_With_Buy_Hip_Hop_Beats_Readily	CC-MAIN-2019-30
1 files 11 files 3 files Please share your impressions, remarks, suggestions to help us improve the new Southplanet website. Don't hesitate to signal any bugs that you happen to come across ! Add your information (With the self-presentation files) Personal space (Your profile) Convention with Wikiafrica / Wikipedia : Southplanet's contents are shared for free according to the licence Creative commons . © Some artistic content (photos, videos, sound recordings, written texts) is subject to copyright. Copyright is mentioned when and where it applies. Copyrighted material cannot be reproduced.	eng	<urn:uuid:efb88ef1-ba9e-451b-8bb9-f8c64c9781a0>	http://www.spla.pro/en/file.event.festival-balabala-cine-2013.30415.html	CC-MAIN-2019-30
RHEE FAILS TO SHOW: A reader has tried to help us solve The Case of Rhee and the Wall Street Journal. As you may recall, the problem began with Michelle Rhee’s official biography-the one which helped the inexperienced ex-teacher get hired to run DC’s schools: OFFICIAL RHEE BIOGRAPHY: Michelle Rhee’s commitment to excellence in education began in 1992, when she joined Teach For America after earning her Bachelor’s degree in Government from Cornell University. Her teaching career started at Harlem Park Community School in Baltimore, MD, where her outstanding success in the classroom earned her acclaim on Good Morning America and The Home Show, as well as in the Wall Street Journal and the Hartford Courant. Upon completing her service with Teach For America, she entered Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government and graduated with a Master's degree in public policy...It sounded good—and it helped its author win a very important job. But is the highlighted statement true? Did Michelle Rhee’s “outstanding success in the classroom” really “earn her acclaim” from those major news orgs? Using Nexis, we found reports about Rhee’s former school, Harlem Park Elementary, in the Hartford Courant and on Good Morning America (see THE DAILY HOWLER, 7/9/07). But in no case could we find any sign that Rhee had been praised in those news orgs’ reports. Yes, there’s always room for doubt. But he claim didn’t seem to compute. 11/28/08 11/27/08 A Whale of a Meal November 27th, 2008 Happy Turkey Day! This year, M and I are enjoying the holiday in Maine, not far from where the pilgrims would have had the “first Thanksgiving.” While we love the holiday mythos, as many know, the first Thanksgiving wasn’t really the first, it didn’t happen quite where we thought, when we thought, and they didn’t eat what we think they ate… In fact at the 1621 Thanksgiving at Plymouth they may have eaten something that would shock and revolt most Americans today. Not far from us is a museum celebrating a tradition as fundamental to the fabric of New England as Thanksgiving; The Maine Maritime Museum. The museum has wide range of seafaring items, from figureheads, to model ships, to scrimshaw. Huge Ship WeathervaneIt also highlights a now long disappeared ocean occupation. It hasn’t been a part of Maine life for a century, but once, whaling was a way of life here. Written in 1620 a year before Thanksgiving, the pilgrims had what they deemed “a first encounter.” It was actually two first encounters.” Walking down a cold Cape Cod beach they had their first encounter with the Cape Cod natives, and their first new country encounter with something they called a “Grampus.” “As we drew near to the shore we espied some ten or twelve Indians very busy about a black thing.” Upon seeing the pilgrims the natives ran off into the woods leaving the Grampus which they had been cutting “into long rands or pieces, about an ell long and two handfull broad.” The black thing, or Grampus as the Pilgrims called it, was in fact a beached long-finned pilot whale (globicephala melaena), one which the natives were almost assuredly preparing for eating, possibly preserving it through smoking it. A year later, when the Wampanoag Indians and the pilgrims dined together at the 1621 Thanksgiving, the meal consisted of berries, watercress, lobster, dried fruit, clams, venison, plums, “turkey” (in those days turkey meant all fowl so it may have been duck, goose, pheasant, turkey or all of the above) and fishes such as “cod and bass and other fish.” Other fish? Grampus perhaps? Did the pilgrims eat whale? Perhaps, perhaps not. The celebration went on for three days, and much of the food was provided by the native king Massasoit and his people, it seems possible they would have enjoyed some smoked pilot whale. Since whale meat tastes rather like beef, (or like the venison it is known they ate at the celebration) the pilgrims might have eaten whale, enjoyed it, and never even known what it was. Today whale meat would most certainly not be welcome on most, if any, Thanksgiving tables, but at the “first” Thanksgiving it may well have been whale, not turkey they were giving thanks for. For an excellent account of the history of eating whale in America read Nancy Shoemakers excellent article “Whale Meat in American History”, for pictures of the Maine Maritime Museum check our flickr set here. If you are interested in reading more about whaling, you might want to check out an article I recently wrote about Moby Dick, spermaceti, supernova, the history of physics, and the connection that ties them all together, which can be read online at the HTML times. Happy Thanksgiving from Curious Expeditions! 11/26/08 What the hawks don’t get is what John Maynard Keynes understood: when the economy has as much underutilized capacity as we have now, and are likely to have more of in 2009 and 2010 (in all likelihood, over 8 percent of our workforce unemployed, 13 percent underemployed, millions of houses empty, factories idled, and office space unused), government spending that pushes the economy to fuller capacity will of itself shrink future deficits. The Rebirth of Keynes, and the Debate to Come The economy has just about come to a standstill – not so much because credit markets are clogged as because there’s not enough demand in the economy to keep it going. Consumer spending has fallen off a cliff. Investment is drying up. And exports are dropping because the recession has now spread around the world. So are we about to return to Keynesianism? Hopefully. Government is the spender of last resort, which means the new Obama administration should probably be considering a stimulus package in the range of $600 billion, roughly 4 percent of national product -- focused on building and repairing the nation’s crumbling infrastructure, providing help to states to maintain services, and investing in new green technologies in order to wean the nation off oil. But between now and late January, when the stimulus package will be voted on, we're likely to be treated to a great debate over the wisdom of Keynesianism. Fiscal hawks will claim government is already spending way too much. Even without the stimulus package, next year's budget deficit is likely to be in the range of $1.5 trillion, considering the shrinking economy and what’s being spent bailing out Wall Street. The hawks also worry that post-war baby boomers are only a few years away from retirement, meaning that the costs of Social Security and Medicare will balloon. What the hawks don’t get is what John Maynard Keynes understood: when the economy has as much underutilized capacity as we have now, and are likely to have more of in 2009 and 2010 (in all likelihood, over 8 percent of our workforce unemployed, 13 percent underemployed, millions of houses empty, factories idled, and office space unused), government spending that pushes the economy to fuller capacity will of itself shrink future deficits. Conservative supply-siders, meanwhile, will call for income-tax cuts rather than government spending, claiming that people with more money in their pockets will get the economy moving again more readily than can government. They're wrong, too. Income-tax cuts go mainly to upper-income people, and they tend to save rather than spend. Even if a rebate could be fashioned for the middle class, it wouldn't do much good because, as we saw from the last set of rebate checks, people tend to use extra cash to pay off debts rather than buy goods and services. Besides, individual purchases wouldn't generate nearly as many American jobs as government spending on infrastructure, social services, and green technologies, because so much of we as individuals buy comes from abroad. So the government has to spend big time. The real challenge will be for government to spend it wisely -- avoiding special-interest pleadings and pork projects such as bridges to nowhere. We’ll need a true capital budget that lays out the nation’s priorities rather than the priorities of powerful Washington lobbies. How exactly to achieve this? That's the debate we should be having between now and January 20 or 21st. THANKSGIVING PRAYER William Burroughs "To John Dillinger and hope he is still alive. Thanksgiving Day November 28, 1986" Thanks for the wild turkey and the passenger pigeons, destined to be shat out through wholesome American guts. Thanks for a continent to despoil and poison. Thanks for Indians to provide a modicum of challenge and danger. Thanks for vast herds of bison to kill and skin leaving the carcasses to rot. Thanks for bounties on wolves and coyotes. Thanks for the American dream, To vulgarize and to falsify until the bare lies shine through.* Thanks for the KKK. For nigger-killin' lawmen, feelin' their notches. For decent church-goin' women, with their mean, pinched, bitter, evil faces. Thanks for "Kill a Queer for Christ" stickers. Thanks for laboratory AIDS. Thanks for Prohibition and the war against drugs. Thanks for a country where nobody's allowed to mind the own business. Thanks for a nation of finks. Yes, thanks for all the memories-- all right let's see your arms! You always were a headache and you always were a bore. Thanks for the last and greatest betrayal of the last and greatest of human dreams. *emphasis mine Anyway, I have to drink them an hour before the scan. Many folks get to the hospital early and drink the stuff there. I, however, choose to get it ahead of time, drink it at home, and arrive just in time for the scan. That's what I did. Oh, and you can't eat for 4 hours before the scan, so you drink the barium on an empty stomach. No problem. My scan went fine. They put you on the table, hook an IV up so they can deliver the contrast dye, and then they have you hold your breath a few times while they do the 3 or 4 passes in and out of the doughnut (the CT machine is like a doughnut, not a cave; that's an MRI). The whole thing takes a few minutes, and then you're done. The contrast injection makes you feel warm, and a bit like you are wetting yourself. It's a weird sensation. There is a taste also. Very wierd, but not freaky. The bad part is when the barium decides it's time to leave your body. I'm at that stage right now. Blogging may be sporadic as a result. I won't know the results till my oncologist gives me a call. I'm not stressing. I never do. It is what it is, and will be what it will be. So far, since the surgery a couple years ago, I am clean. I intend to stay that way. Have a happy Thanksgiving. Be thankful. Gotta go..... Update: (Gurgle gurgle) The other thing is I am very hungry and am craving a pastrami sky-hi from Art's. But I don't live in LA anymore. Dammit! 11/25/08 Are Bar Miztvahs really necessary? Especially when your dad is an atheist and your mom believes in "baby beings"? Jesus fucking Christ! Update: So, I guess I should remind you that you can find ways to help TFT and son in the sidebar--you can shop Amazon via my link, buy TFT stuff at Cafe Press, and click like crazy on those Google ads! Jim Bianco of Bianco Research crunched the inflation adjusted numbers. The bailout has cost more than all of these big budget government expenditures – combined: • Marshall Plan: Cost: $12.7 billion, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $115.3 billion • Louisiana Purchase: Cost: $15 million, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $217 billion • Race to the Moon: Cost: $36.4 billion, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $237 billion • S&L Crisis: Cost: $153 billion, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $256 billion • Korean War: Cost: $54 billion, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $454 billion • The New Deal: Cost: $32 billion (Est), Inflation Adjusted Cost: $500 billion (Est) • Invasion of Iraq: Cost: $551b, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $597 billion • Vietnam War: Cost: $111 billion, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $698 billion • NASA: Cost: $416.7 billion, Inflation Adjusted Cost: $851.2 billion TOTAL: $3.92 trillion 11/24/08 Update: Part 3 is now included. Special report: Back-to-school week!And now, Part 2: PART 1—EASY TO BE EASY: In a recent column, Nicholas Kristof insightfully prayed that our “War on Brains” might be nearing an end. We’ll have an intelligent president, he said. Perhaps this fact will point the way to the end of this long, foolish war. In his next column, Kristof turned to the problems of public schools—and he lightly scolded Obama:KRISTOF (11/12/08): President-elect Barack Obama and his aides are sending signals that education may be on the back burner at the beginning of the new administration. He ranked it fifth among his priorities, and if it is being downplayed, that’s a mistake.Easy to be hard! For ourselves, we’d say that “fifth” is fairly high on a list of priorities, given the problems Obama will face—and given the fact that very few pols know squat about public schooling. Nonetheless, Kristof continued his scolding, saying high-minded things—things everyone knows—about the great value of learning. Indeed, the scribe made a series of high-minded points which most folk can say in their sleep:KRISTOF (continuing directly): We can’t meaningfully address poverty or grow the economy as long as urban schools are failing. Mr. Obama talks boldly about starting new high-tech green industries, but where will the workers come from unless students reliably learn science and math?All right, all right! We’ll eat our greens! But as you might be able to guess, our curiosity only rose as Kristof’s light scolding extended through these high-minded opening grafs. Kristof wants Obama to pay more attention to urban schools. But what exactly does he think the new president should do or propose? What does he think Obama could do to improve these struggling schools? The United States is the only country in the industrialized world where children are less likely to graduate from high school than their parents were, according to a new study by the Education Trust, an advocacy group based in Washington. The most effective anti-poverty program we could devise for the long run would have less to do with income redistribution than with ensuring that poor kids get a first-rate education, from preschool on. One recent study found that if American students did as well as those in several Asian countries in math and science, our economy would grow 20 percent faster. Alas! We had to read to the end of the piece before our question was answered. Like a student killing time when asked a question he couldn’t answer, Kristof began a long discussion—an interesting discussion—about the history of our public schools. There was stuff in there we’d never heard, relayed from a hot new book by two of them perfesser fellers. (“As late as 1957, only 9 percent of British 17-year-olds were enrolled in school.”) But what was Obama supposed to do? What should he do for our urban schools? Kristof was nearing the end of his piece—and he still hadn’t breathed a word. If scholars want to read ahead, they can see what Kristof proposed. But we were struck by a tired old thought as we perused this familiar piece. Easy to be easy, we sagely mused, when it comes to offering high-minded thoughts about the ills of urban schools. Does Kristof know whereof he speaks? Should Obama act on the gentleman’s say? With an election safely concluded, we’ll ask such questions in upcoming posts in this, our “Back-to-school week.” Monday—Part 2: What Kristof said—and Fred Hiatt. Special report: Back-to-school week!And Part 3: Part 2—Easy to be fatuous: Many scribes find it “easy to be hard” when they talk about public schooling (see THE DAILY HOWLER, 11/21/08). The rules of the game are fairly simple: They scold those troubling teachers’ unions—and the troubling pols who support them. Beyond that, many scribes find it easy to churn perfect pap about public schools—to type tired bromides about “reform,” thus avoiding actual thought. The Washington Post took this standard approach in Saturday’s editorial:WASHINGTON POST EDITORIAL (11/22/08): Another [cabinet] selection that will merit scrutiny is Mr. Obama's education secretary: Will the choice reflect his stated commitment to reform? Will it be someone with hands-on experience in education and a proven willingness to experiment? While the new president's attention is understandably focused on the economy, not to mention the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, it's critical to have someone who comes to the education post with those credentials.When it comes to Obama’s education secretary, the Post favors “reform”—it wants someone who’s “willing to experiment.” Meanwhile, everyone knows what these words mean when mainstream journalists discuss public schools. “Reform” means cracking down on teachers and teacher groups through ideas like merit pay and the ending of tenure. There may be some merit to these ideas—but few others seem to get mentioned. In case we didn’t know what “reform” means in these parts of the Village, Fred Hiatt wrote a recent Post op-ed piece which made the point fairly clear. It’s easy to be fatuous, we incomparably thought, after reading his column. As usual, Hiatt’s piece took the form of a paean to DC schools chief Michelle Rhee. We mean that as a criticism of Hiatt, not of Rhee. Yes, this passage is utterly silly. But it was written by Hiatt:HIATT (11/10/08): Rhee is hardly anti-teacher. One problem, she says, is that "our good teachers have not been told that they're good." And she is committed to helping teachers "who have the will but are underperforming—that is essentially the biggest challenge for the District for the next couple of years."In a way, you can’t blame Hiatt for that sort of talk; it’s the type of chatter that’s routinely churned by “educational experts.” But Hiatt is being fatuous when he says that “every student can learn, write and do math” (whatever so vague an assurance might mean)—and he builds a straw man when he goes on to say that “their ability to do so should be measured.” (Few oppose sensible measurement.) Duh! The question isn’t whether “every student can learn;” the question is how much various students can learn, at what point in their public schooling. The larger question is what sorts of changes in instructional practice might help these students achieve these goals. Meanwhile, the desire to rush to the question of who’s “at fault” merely extends the problem. But Hiatt makes it clear, at the start of his piece, that fault and blame are driving his vision. He opens with an anecdote designed to show that Rhee is high-minded and good—while an unnamed principal is an uncaring villain. He then cranks out this standard text—although, within the Insider Press, churning such text is real easy: But she won't compromise on the notion that every student can learn to read, write and do math; that their ability to do so should be measured; and that if they're not learning, it's not their fault—it's the schools'.HIATT: Rhee offers the ultimate in no-excuses leadership. She has taken on one of the worst public school systems in the nation and has pledged to turn it into one of the best within a decade. The usual excuses made for such schools—that they cannot possibly do better because their students are poor, or come from broken families, or haven't been read to, or are surrounded by crime—Rhee does not accept. She has seen such students learn, Rhee explains, in her own classroom in Baltimore in the early 1990s, and in many other schools since.Just as he drives a framework of “fault” and blame, Hiatt builds a framework in which people are looking for “excuses.” (It can’t be that they’re offering “explanations,” or describing real problems and obstacles.) Of course, it’s easy for pundits to say that we shouldn’t “accept...the usual excuses” about the progress of deserving students who may enter kindergarten far behind their middle-class peers. But those students’ achievements won’t increase just because Hiatt enjoys talking tough—because he churns familiar bromides as a replacement for thought. Once again, though, we have to cut Hiatt some slack, since he can quote “educational experts” saying the same goldarn things:HIATT: Kati Haycock, president of the nonprofit Education Trust, says Obama is "absolutely unequivocal on, 'Don't tell me black kids can't learn.' It comes directly from his gut." So maybe he will sympathize with Rhee's conclusion that patience, tact and compromise are inappropriate when half your kids or more never graduate from high school.We’re sure that Haycock is a fine person; Jonathan Kozol writes good things about her, and that’s good enough for us. But everyone knows that “black kids can learn” (whatever that vague assurance might mean); reciting this bromide makes “experts” seem noble, but it doesn’t make anyone smarter. The actual questions here are quite different: How much can this particular child learn, during this particular week, and what would be the best particular way to help him or her do that? Unfortunately, educational experts often like to cheerlead—and the Hiatts start acting like cheerleaders too. Soon, we find ourselves snarling at teachers, who surely must be “at fault” in these students’ “failure to learn.” (By which we presumably mean failure to learn enough.) In the process, we may fail to notice how few real suggestions come from observers like Hiatt—other than the tired old bromides about things like merit pay. In large measure, Hiatt’s piece concerns the wonders of merit pay—an idea which sometimes seem to have magical power in the world of the Village pundit. Who knows? Some form of merit pay may be a good thing—though we doubt that Hiatt has any idea, one way or the other. To our ear, his piece was the usual insider piece—a piece pundits churn again and again. He found it easy to be hard—when it came to those lazy teachers. When it came to the search for real ideas, he found it easy to be rather fatuous. Meanwhile, his column turned—as these columns often do—on a certain miraculous tale. It’s easy to believe in miracles inside this mainstream celebrity press corps. When Post pundits talk about low-income schools, miracles tend to play a key role in their ruminations. Tomorrow—Part 3: Easy to believe. Special report: Back-to-school week! Part 3—Easy to believe: It’s easy to believe—in miracles—when pundits discuss public schools. Example: In late October, Jay Mathews gushed over the “educational insurgency” of Michelle Rhee, the still-new chancellor of DC’s public schools. Indeed, he gushed over a entire “new generation of administrators, including Rhee,” who have “s[een] how teacher focus and energy could improve students' lives, and at the same time [have] learned how rare those traits were in low-income neighborhood schools.” In Mathews’ piece, this is an heroic generation. To give you a fuller idea, here is Jay’s fuller description of this new generation of educators. This passage follows Jay’s account of a disappointing experience from Rhee’s brief (three-year) teaching career. There are heroes and villains in this portrait. It ain’t hard to see who they are: MATHEWS (10/27/08): In an interview this month, Rhee said that jarring moment of hope followed by disappointment made her want to change the system. Many educators she knows who are also likely to run school systems someday tell similar stories. They saw how teacher focus and energy could improve students' lives, and at the same time they learned how rare those traits were in low-income neighborhood schools. Such experiences create habits of mind and leadership qualities that inspire the most effective principals and teachers, but disturb many community leaders, politicians and educators who are used to standard operating procedures. This new generation of administrators, including Rhee, shares the prevailing cynicism about how school systems operate. But instead of going off to be lawyers, doctors or business executives as their parents wanted them to, they stay in education and violate or finesse normal processes. You could call them the young entrepreneurs, the reformers, or maybe a name with appeal to friends and foes: the Brat Pack. They create excitement and enjoy a form of celebrity, but to many they are egregious annoyances. Rhee's new fame drew 700 applications last year from people who wanted to be principals in D.C. schools, hitherto not a popular spot for ambitious administrators. Her anti-bureaucratic instincts led her to dust off unused procedures for getting rid of unproductive teachers when the Washington Teachers' Union refused to accept such changes. Because she has seen improvisation work, she got outside foundation and university support for experiments—such as money for good grades—that others considered risky. Of course, it’s mainly good to “get rid of unproductive teachers,” and “improvisations” like money-for-grades may have positive effects in some low-income schools—though no one who actually cares about outcomes will simply assume such a thing. For ourselves, we’re glad that Rhee has an aggressive leadership style—although we aren’t at all sure that her basic vision about low-income schooling is sound. But that’s a truly gushing portrait of Rhee and her insurgent “Brat Pack.” Its author seems remarkably sure of where the heroes are found. That said, what makes Mathews feel so sure that the “Brat Pack” are the heroes? That their vision and their resultant approach are fundamentally sound? Here’s your answer: Rhee “has seen improvisation work,” Jay says. On that rock he builds his church. But is that foundation sound? This brings us back to the foundational myth of the cult of Chancellor Rhee. As he starts his piece, Mathews recalls the disappointing moment which—as the story is endlessly told—fired Rhee’s unquenchable desire to “change the system.” Many pundits find it easy to believe in Rhee’s vision—and their apparent sense of certainty almost always turns on this tale. For ourselves, we were surprised to see Jay act as if this tale is established history. We were also surprised by the outright absurdity of some of what he describes: MATHEWS: To understand D.C. Schools Chancellor Michelle A. Rhee and the educational insurgency she is part of, you have to know what happened when she taught at Baltimore's Harlem Park Elementary School in the early 1990s. The Teach for America program threw well-educated young people such as Rhee—bachelor's degree from Cornell, master's from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government—into classrooms full of impoverished children after only a summer of training. “It was a zoo, every day," she recalled. Thirty-six children, all poor, suffered under a novice who had no idea what to do. But within months, for Rhee and other influential educators in her age group, the situation changed. She vowed not "to let 8-year-olds run me out of town." She discovered learning improved when everyone sat in a big U-pattern with her in the middle and she made quick marks on the blackboard for good and bad behavior without ever stopping the lesson. She spent an entire summer making lesson plans and teaching materials, with the help of indulgent aunts visiting from Korea. She found unconventional but effective ways to teach reading and math. She set written goals for each child and enlisted parents in her plans. Students became calm and engaged. Test scores soared. She kept one group with her for second and third grade. She was convinced that her students, despite their problems, "were the most talented kids ever." Then the real world intruded, a key moment for the entrepreneurial educators Rhee counts as friends. "All of those kids would go on to other teachers and totally lose everything because those teachers were" lousy. (Rhee used an earthier adjective.) Jesus rose from the dead in three days—and under Rhee, “test scores soared.” This tale—of Rhee’s miracle cure—is told wherever her cult is sold. Plainly, Jay believes it’s true. At THE HOWLER, we pretty much don’t. (For the record: Rhee got her Harvard master’s degree after her three years of teaching.) To understand Rhee, “you have to know what happened when she taught at Baltimore's Harlem Park Elementary,” Jay says. But what did happen in those three years; did miracles really occur? In our view, no one who actually cares about low-income schools will leap to such conclusions—or assume that the Brat Pack is on the right path because they have (allegedly) seen similar outcomes. As we’ve explained in the past, it isn’t clear—it isn’t clear at all—that Rhee produced the miracle cure she has boasted about all through her career (links below). And good God! Who but an adept could believe that miracles occur in the way Jay describes? Did no one but Rhee ever think of having her kids “sit in a big U-pattern with her in the middle?” Did no one else “ma[ke] quick marks on the blackboard for good and bad behavior without ever stopping the lesson?” Even assuming, as we do, that Rhee was a highly diligent teacher, the story Jay tells is the stuff of legend. This type of story is perfectly fine—in books written for eight-year-old kids. But it’s dangerous when we find it so easy to believe that we start revamping our low-income schools on the basis of such absurd tales. In an e-mail, we asked Jay why he feels so sure that Rhee produced the astounding score gains she has boasted about through the years. In particular, we posed these questions about these alleged test scores—scores which couldn’t be documented or confirmed by the Baltimore schools at the time of her ascension to chancellor: OUR QUESTIONS: - Are you troubled by the fact that the scores were never produced? - Did the Post ever ask the Baltimore schools to produce the scores? Jay’s answers were helpful, though they leave some matters hanging. Here’s what he told us: JAY’S ANSWERS: - Nope, because I have researched test scores at that period in other parts of the country, and nobody has them, particularly on a per teacher basis. This was way before the NCLB era. Her story is very close to what I have heard from other Teach for America teachers of that era whose work has since proved, in the NCLB era. that their scores were probably what they said they were. - We did, and discovered what I said above. Rhee herself said she never saw any scores in writing. It was all informal chit-chat stuff, with the central office people the only ones who had lists, it seems. Do the data from Rhee’s tenure still exist? We have no idea. At the time of Rhee’s ascension, the Washington Times seems to have pursued this matter a bit harder than the Post; in a paraphrased passage, reporter Gary Emerling said that Baltimore’s current testing director “said retrieving data from a decade ago is hard because his office changed its information storage systems for the year 2000" (our emphasis). Is retrieving these test scores hard—or impossible? We have no idea. (Emerling included some hard data about third-grade achievement at Harlem Park as a whole—data which made Rhee’s claims sound a bit improbable. An aggressive journalist could surely pursue this type of analysis harder.) Meanwhile, Rhee has long made detailed claims about her students’ success. As the Post reported, her official resume had long asserted this: "Over a two-year period, moved students scoring on average at the 13th percentile on national standardized tests to 90 percent of students scoring at the 90th percentile or higher.” At best, it’s extremely irresponsible to make such detailed claims on the basis of “informal chit-chat.” (For what it’s worth, it seems unlikely that “central office people” would have been “the only ones” who had the detailed, student-by-student data. Beyond that, we find it hard to believe that Rhee wouldn’t have wanted to know how her individual students tested, even after she’d left the school system.) Jay is inclined to believe such claims, based on judgments he has made about other Teach for America teachers. Our inclination is vastly different, for reasons we’ve long described. But Jay is not the only scribe who’s inclined to accept Rhee’s claims on their face. When Fred Hiatt penned the recent Post piece in which he fawned about Rhee’s vision (see THE DAILY HOWLER, 11/24/08), he too seemed to be accepting Rhee’s claims at face value: HIATT (11/10/08): Rhee offers the ultimate in no-excuses leadership. She has taken on one of the worst public school systems in the nation and has pledged to turn it into one of the best within a decade. The usual excuses made for such schools—that they cannot possibly do better because their students are poor, or come from broken families, or haven't been read to, or are surrounded by crime—Rhee does not accept. She has seen such students learn, Rhee explains, in her own classroom in Baltimore in the early 1990s, and in many other schools since. Pundits seem to find it easy to believe these pleasing assertions. Jay cited Teach for America teachers, but as best we can tell, Teach for America has not been able to demonstrate outstanding systematic success. (See THE DAILY HOWLER, 7/14/08.) In our view, people who actually care about outcomes will be much more hard-headed about such claims. You see, it actually matters if these tales are true, because Rhee’s whole vision is built on notions derived from these uplifting stories. In Rhee’s world, teachers can produce miracle cures—if they just get off their keisters start working harder. (If they’d only make students sit in a U, they too could see those “test scores soar.”) Her insurgency seems to be based on the idea that teachers are simply refusing to teach. If we threaten them, fire them, scare them and bribe them, they’ll finally get off their lumps off lard and all will be well with the world. We’re sorry—we just don’t believe that. We think that vision is vastly skewed—and it seems to be Rhee’s master vision. Can teachers produce those miracle cures? Pundits love to believe such things; they’ve promoted such notions for decades. On that point, we also asked Jay why he included that frankly silly passage about having the students all sit in a U while making those marks on the blackboard. “My fault for not making it clear that that was just a couple of the things she did,” he replied. “The obsessive lesson planning and the individual student goal keeping were likely much more important to the progress she made, also the frequent contact with parents and the looping—sticking with the same kids for two grades.” But there too, many teachers (including us) have stuck with the same kids for two grades. This practice does not produce miracle cures unless the teacher’s a miracle worker. It’s always possible that Rhee’s students achieved the gains she has claimed, of course—but we think it’s extremely unlikely. And let’s be real: Even if some teacher can produce such cures, that doesn’t mean anyone else can. Everybody can’t be Babe Ruth. You can’t assume that all your outfielders could hit 60 home runs if they’d just try a bit harder. We don’t know Jay, but we share the old school system tie. (In 1965, we graduated from Aragon High in San Mateo, California. Through absolutely no fault of his own, Jay had to go to Hillsdale.) He’s worked on public school issues for many years; we’re frankly biased in his favor. But for decades, journalists have found it easy to believe miracle claims about success in low-income schools. In the case of Rhee, a whole insurgency seems to be built on belief in such claims. For that reason, a more typical brand of journalistic skepticism would very much seem to be called for. “To understand [Rhee] and the educational insurgency she is part of, you have to know what happened when she taught at Baltimore's Harlem Park Elementary School in the early 1990s,” Jay wrote. Strictly speaking, that isn’t true—and it seems that we can’t really know what happened.. But as Jay suggests, her vision is built on faith in the notion that remarkable cures are there for the taking. If we care about low-income schools, we won’t rush to believe such ideas. Next—Part 4: From Nossiter back to Kristof. Visit our incomparable archives: We discussed Rhee’s claims in some detail when she was named to the chancellor post. For one example, see THE DAILY HOWLER, 7/2/07. If you search our archives on the word “Rhee,” you’ll find many more examples. 11/23/08 Citigroup Scores If you had any doubt at all about the primacy of Wall Street over Main Street; the utter lack of transparency behind the biggest government giveaway in history to financial executives, and their shareholders, directors, and creditors; and the intimate connections the lie between Administrations -- both Republican and Democratic -- and the heavyweights on Wall Street, your doubts should be laid to rest. Today it was decided the government will guarantee more than $300 billion of troubled mortgages and other assets of Citigroup under a federal plan to stabilize the lender after its stock fell 60 percent last week. The company will also will get a $20 billion cash infusion from the Treasury Department, adding to the $25 billion the bank received last month under the Troubled Asset Relief Program. This is not a particularly good deal for American taxpayers, but it is a marvelous deal for Citi. In return for all the cash and guarantees they are giving away, taxpayers will get only $27 billion of preferred shares paying an 8 percent dividend. No other strings are attached. The senior executives of Citi, including those who have served at the highest levels in the US government, have done their jobs exceedingly well. The American public, including the media, have not the slightest clue what just happened. Meanwhile, more than a million workers in the automobile industry, along with six million mortgagees, and a millions of Americans who depend on small businesses and retailers for paychecks, are getting nothing at all. Now who's laughing? And Schiff says we haven't seen the worst of it yet. A video from now: It's stuff like this that makes me wonder if religious people aren't really small children arguing about who gets to be Batman, and who gets to be Spiderman. The truth is, you don't get to be either, because you're not. “He’s trying to get the Catholic-Islamic dialogue out of the clouds of theory and down to brass tacks: how can we know the truth about how we ought to live together justly, despite basic creedal differences?” said George Weigel, a Catholic scholar and biographer of Pope John Paul II.How can they know the truth about how to live together justly? Does that even make sense? The one religious rule that is not religious, but human, is that golden one. We should treat each other justly. That's the truth. In quotations from the letter that appeared on Sunday in Corriere della Sera, Italy’s leading daily newspaper, the pope said the book “explained with great clarity” that “an interreligious dialogue in the strict sense of the word is not possible.” In theological terms, added the pope, “a true dialogue is not possible without putting one’s faith in parentheses.”[emphasis mine]Parentheses; a good place for one's faith; there, or in the rubbish heap along with Zeus, the flat earth, and The Flying Spaghetti Monster. Religion Poisons Everything! From: The NYT Disagreements over math curricula are often portrayed as “basic skills versus conceptual understanding.” Scientists and mathematicians, including many who signed the open letter to Secretary Riley, are described as advocates of basic skills, while professional educators are counted as proponents of conceptual understanding. Ironically, such a portrayal ignores the deep conceptual understanding of mathematics held by so many mathematicians. But more important, the notion that conceptual understanding in mathematics can be separated from precision and fluency in the execution of basic skills is just plain wrong.Read it (It's lllooonnnnggg)... Why the U.S. Department of Education’s Recommended Math Programs Don’t Add Up Posted on October 31, 2008 by the editor What constitutes a good K-12 mathematics program? Opinions differ. In October 1999, the U.S. Department of Education released a report designating 10 math programs as “exemplary” or “promising.” The following month, I sent an open letter to Education Secretary Richard W. Riley urging him to withdraw the department’s recommendations. The letter was coauthored by Richard Askey of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, R. James Milgram of Stanford University, and Hung-Hsi Wu of the University of California at Berkeley, along with more than 200 other cosigners. With financial backing from the Packard Humanities Institute, we published the letter as a full-page ad in the Washington Post on Nov. 18, 1999, with as many of the endorsers’ names and affiliations as would fit on the page. Among them are many of the nation’s most accomplished scientists and mathematicians. Department heads at more than a dozen universities–including Caltech, Stanford, and Yale–along with two former presidents of the Mathematical Association of America also added their names in support. With new endorsements since publication, there are now seven Nobel laureates and winners of the Fields Medal, the highest award in mathematics. The open letter was covered by several newspapers and journals, including American School Board Journal (February, page 16). Although a clear majority of cosigners are mathematicians and scientists, it is sometimes overlooked that experienced education administrators at the state and national level, as well as educational psychologists and education researchers, also endorsed the letter. (A complete list is posted at http://www.mathematicallycorrect.com.) University professors and public education leaders are not the only ones who have reservations about these programs. Thousands of parents and teachers across the nation seek alternatives to them, often in opposition to local school boards and superintendents. Mathematically Correct, an influential Internet-based parents’ organization, came into existence several years ago because the children of the organization’s founders had no alternative to the now “exemplary” program, College Preparatory Mathematics, or CPM. In Plano, Texas, 600 parents are suing the school district because of its exclusive use of the Connected Mathematics Project, or CMP, another “exemplary” program. I have received hundreds of requests for help by parents and teachers because of these and other programs now promoted by the Education Department (ED). In fact, it was such pleas for help that motivated me and my three coauthors to write the open letter. Common problems The mathematics programs criticized by the open letter have common features. For example, they tend to overemphasize data analysis and statistics, which typically appear year after year, with redundant presentations. The far more important areas of arithmetic and algebra are radically de-emphasized. Many of the so-called higher-order thinking projects are just aimless activities, and genuine illumination of important mathematical ideas is rare. There is a near obsession with calculators, and basic skills are given short shrift and sometimes even disparaged. Overall, these curricula are watered-down math programs. The same educational philosophy that gave rise to the whole-language approach to reading is part of ED’s agenda for mathematics. Systematic development of skills and concepts is replaced by an unstructured “holism.” In fact, during the mid-’90s, supporters of programs like these referred to their approach as “whole math.” Disagreements over math curricula are often portrayed as “basic skills versus conceptual understanding.” Scientists and mathematicians, including many who signed the open letter to Secretary Riley, are described as advocates of basic skills, while professional educators are counted as proponents of conceptual understanding. Ironically, such a portrayal ignores the deep conceptual understanding of mathematics held by so many mathematicians. But more important, the notion that conceptual understanding in mathematics can be separated from precision and fluency in the execution of basic skills is just plain wrong. In other domains of human activity, such as athletics or music, the dependence of high levels of performance on requisite skills goes unchallenged. A novice cannot hope to achieve mastery in the martial arts without first learning basic katas or exercises in movement. A violinist who has not mastered elementary bowing techniques and vibrato has no hope of evoking the emotions of an audience through sonorous tones and elegant phrasing. Arguably the most hierarchical of human endeavors, mathematics also depends on sequential mastery of basic skills. The standard algorithms The standard algorithms for arithmetic (that is, the standard procedures for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers) are missing or abridged in ED’s recommended elementary school curricula. These omissions are inconsistent with the mainstream views of mathematicians. In our open letter to Secretary Riley, we included an excerpt from a committee report published in the February 1998 Notices of the American Mathematical Society. The committee was appointed by the American Mathematical Society to advise the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Part of its report discusses the standard algorithms of arithmetic. “We would like to emphasize that the standard algorithms of arithmetic are more than just ‘ways to get the answer’–that is, they have theoretical as well as practical significance,” the report states. “For one thing, all the algorithms of arithmetic are preparatory for algebra, since there are (again, not by accident, but by virtue of the construction of the decimal system) strong analogies between arithmetic of ordinary numbers and arithmetic of polynomials.” This statement deserves elaboration. How could the standard algorithms of arithmetic be related to algebra? For concreteness, consider the meaning in terms of place value of 572: 572 = 5 (102) + 7(10) + 2 Now compare the right side of this equation to the polynomial, 5x2 + 7x + 2. The two are identical when x = 10. This connection between whole numbers and polynomials is general and extends to arithmetic operations. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of polynomials is fundamentally the same as for whole numbers. In arithmetic, extra steps such as “regrouping” are needed since x = 10 allows for simplifications. The standard algorithms incorporate both the polynomial operations and the extra steps to account for the specific value, x = 10. Facility with the standard operations of arithmetic, together with an understanding of why these algorithms work, is important preparation for algebra. The standard long division algorithm is particularly shortchanged by the “promising” curricula. It is preparatory for division of polynomials and, at the college level, division of “power series,” a useful technique in calculus and differential equations. The standard long division algorithm is also needed for a middle school topic. It is fundamental to an understanding of the difference between rational and irrational numbers, an indisputable example of conceptual understanding. It is essential to understand that rational numbers (that is, ratios of whole numbers like 3/4) and their negatives have decimal representations that exhibit recurring patterns. For example: 1/3 = .333…, where the ellipses indicate that the numeral 3 repeats forever. Likewise, 1/2 = .500… and 611/4950 = .12343434…. In the last equation, the digits 34 are repeated without end, and the repeating block in the decimal for 1/2 consists only of the digit for zero. It is a general fact that all rational numbers have repeating blocks of numerals in their decimal representations, and this can be understood and deduced by students who have mastered the standard long division algorithm. However, this important result does not follow easily from other “nonstandard” division algorithms featured by some of ED’s model curricula. A different but still elementary argument is required to show the converse–that any decimal with a repeating block is equal to a fraction. Once this is understood, students are prepared to understand the meaning of the term “irrational number.” Irrational numbers are the numbers represented by infinite decimals without repeating blocks. In California, seventh-grade students are expected to understand this. It is worth emphasizing that calculators are utterly useless in this context, not only in establishing the general principles, but even in logically verifying the equations. This is partly because calculator screens cannot display infinite decimals, but more important, calculators cannot reason. The “exemplary” middle school curriculum CMP nevertheless ignores the conceptual issues, bypassing the long division algorithm and substituting calculators and faulty inductive reasoning instead. Steven Leinwand of the Connecticut Department of Education was a member of the expert panel that made final decisions on ED’s “exemplary” and “promising” math curricula. He was also a member of the advisory boards for two programs found to be “exemplary” by the panel: CMP and the Interactive Mathematics Program. In a Feb. 9, 1994, article in Education Week, he wrote: “It’s time to recognize that, for many students, real mathematical power, on the one hand, and facility with multidigit, pencil-and-paper computational algorithms, on the other, are mutually exclusive. In fact, it’s time to acknowledge that continuing to teach these skills to our students is not only unnecessary, but counterproductive and downright dangerous.” Mr. Leinwand’s influential opinions are diametrically opposed to the mainstream views of practicing scientists and mathematicians, as well as the general public, but they have found fertile soil in the government’s “promising” and “exemplary” curricula. Calculators According to the Third International Mathematics and Science Study, or TIMSS, the use of calculators in U.S. fourth-grade mathematics classes is about twice the international average. Teachers of 39 percent of U.S. students report that students use calculators at least once or twice a week. In six of the seven top-scoring nations, on the other hand, teachers of 85 percent or more of the students report that students never use calculators in class. Even at the eighth-grade level, the majority of students from three of the top five scoring nations in the TIMSS study (Belgium, Korea, and Japan) never or rarely use calculators in math classes. In Singapore, which is also among the top five scoring countries, students do not use calculators until the seventh grade. Among the lower achieving nations, however, the majority of students from 10 of the 11 nations with scores below the international average–including the United States–use calculators almost every day or several times a week. Of course, this negative correlation of calculator usage with achievement in mathematics does not imply a causal relationship. There are many variables that contribute to achievement in mathematics. On the other hand, it is foolhardy to ignore the problems caused by calculators in schools. In a Sept. 17, 1999, Los Angeles Times editorial titled “L.A.’s Math Program Just Doesn’t Add Up,” Milgram and I recommended that calculators not be used at all in grades K-5 and only sparingly in higher grades. Certainly there are isolated, beneficial uses for calculators, such as calculating compound interest, a seventh-grade topic in California. Science classes benefit from the use of calculators because it is necessary to deal with whatever numbers nature gives us, but conceptual understanding in mathematics is often best facilitated through the use of simple numbers. Moreover, fraction arithmetic, an important prerequisite for algebra, is easily undermined by the use of calculators. Specific shortcomings A number of the programs on ED’s list have specific shortcomings–many involving use of calculators. For example, a “promising” curriculum called Everyday Mathematics says calculators are “an integral part of Kindergarten Everyday Mathematics” and urges the use of calculators to teach kindergarten students how to count. There are no textbooks in this K-6 curriculum, and even if the program were otherwise sound, this is a serious shortcoming. The standard algorithm for multiplying two numbers has no more status or prominence than an Ancient Egyptian algorithm presented in one of the teacher’s manuals. Students are never required to use the standard long division algorithm in this curriculum, or even the standard algorithm for multiplication. Calculator use is also ubiquitous in the “exemplary” middle school program CMP. A unit devoted to discovering algorithms to add, subtract, and multiply fractions (”Bits and Pieces II”) gives the inappropriate instruction, “Use your calculator whenever you need it.” These topics are poorly developed, and division of fractions is not covered at all. A quiz for seventh-grade CMP students asks them to find the “slope” and “y-intercept” of the equation 10 = x - 2.5, and the teacher’s manual explains that this equation is a special case of the linear equation y = x - 2.5, when y = 10, and concludes that the slope is therefore 1 and the y-intercept is -2.5. This is not only false, but is so mathematically unsound as to undermine the authority of classroom teachers who know better. College Preparatory Math (CPM), a high school program, also requires students to use calculators almost daily. The principal technique in this series is the so-called guess-and-check method, which encourages repeated guessing of answers over the systematic development of standard mathematical techniques. Because of the availability of calculators that can solve equations, the introduction to the series explains that CPM puts low emphasis on symbol manipulation and that CPM differs from traditional mathematics courses both in the mathematics that is taught and how it is taught. In one section, students watch a candle burn down for an hour while measuring its length versus the time and then plotting the results. In a related activity, students spend a whole class period on the athletic field making human coordinate graphs. These activities are typical of the time sacrificed to simple ideas that can be understood more efficiently through direct explanation. But in CPM, direct instruction is systematically discouraged in favor of group work. Teachers are told that as “rules of thumb,” they should “never carry or grab a writing implement” and they should “usually respond with a question.” Algebra tiles are used frequently, and the important distributive property is poorly presented and underemphasized. Another program, Number Power–a “promising” curriculum for grades K-6–was submitted to the California State Board of Education for adoption in California. Two Stanford University mathematics professors serving on the state’s Content Review Panel wrote a report on the program that is now a public document. Number Power, they wrote, “is meant as a partial program to supplement a regular basic program. There is a strong emphasis on group projects–almost the entire program. Heavy use of calculators. Even as a supplementary program, it provides such insufficient coverage of the [California] Standards that it is unacceptable. This holds for all grade levels and all strands, including Number Sense, which is the only strand that is even partially covered.” The report goes on to note, “It is explicitly stated that the standard algorithms for addition, subtraction, and multiplication are not taught.” Like CMP and Everyday Math, Number Power was rejected for adoption by the state of California. Interactive Mathematics Program, or IMP, an “exemplary” high school curriculum, has such a weak treatment of algebra that the quadratic formula, normally an eighth- or ninth-grade topic, is postponed until the 12th grade. Even though probability and statistics receive greater emphasis in this program, the development of these topics is poor. “Expected value,” a concept of fundamental importance in probability and statistics, is never even correctly defined. The Teacher’s Guide for “The Game of Pig,” where expected value is treated, informs teachers that “expected value is one of the unit’s primary concepts,” yet teachers are instructed to tell their students that “the concept of expected value is nothing new … [but] the use of such complex terminology makes it easier to state complex ideas.” (For a correlation of lowered SAT scores with the use of IMP, see Milgram’s paper at ftp://math.stanford.edu/pub/papers/milgram.) Core-Plus Mathematics Project is another “exemplary” high school program that radically de-emphasizes algebra, with unfortunate results. Even Hyman Bass–a well-known supporter of NCTM-aligned programs and a harsh critic of the open letter to Secretary Riley–has conceded the program has problems. “I have some reservations about Core Plus, for what I consider too shallow a coverage of traditional algebra, and a focus on highly contextualized work that goes beyond my personal inclinations,” he wrote in a nationally circulated e-mail message. “These are only my personal views, and I do not know about its success with students.” Milgram analyzed the program’s effect on students in a top-performing high school in “Outcomes Analysis for Core Plus Students at Andover High School: One Year Later,” based on a statistical study by G. Bachelis of Wayne State University. According to Milgram, “…there was no measure represented in the survey, such as ACT scores, SAT Math scores, grades in college math courses, level of college math courses attempted, where the Andover Core Plus students even met, let alone surpassed the comparison group [which used a more traditional program].” And then there is MathLand, a K-6 curriculum that ED calls “promising” but that is perhaps the most heavily criticized elementary school program in the nation. Like Everyday Math, it has no textbooks for students in any of the grades. The teacher’s manual urges teachers not to teach the standard algorithms of arithmetic for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Rather, students are expected to invent their own algorithms. Numerous and detailed criticisms, including data on lowered test scores, appear at http://www.mathematicallycorrect.com. How could they be so wrong? Perhaps Galileo wondered similarly how the church of Pope Urban VIII could be so wrong. The U.S. Department of Education is not alone in endorsing watered-down, and even defective, math programs. The NCTM has also formally endorsed each of the U.S. Department of Education’s model programs (http://www.nctm.org/rileystatement.htm), and the National Science Foundation (Education and Human Resources Division) funded several of them. How could such powerful organizations be wrong? These organizations represent surprisingly narrow interests, and there is a revolving door between them. Expert panel member Steven Leinwand, whose personal connections with “exemplary” curricula have already been noted, is also a member of the NCTM board of directors. Luther Williams, who as assistant director of the NSF approved the funding of several of the recommended curricula, also served on the expert panel that evaluated these same curricula. Jack Price, a member of the expert panel is a former president of NCTM, and Glenda Lappan, the association’s current president, is a coauthor of the “exemplary” program CMP. Aside from institutional interconnections, there is a unifying ideology behind “whole math.” It is advertised as math for all students, as opposed to only white males. But the word all is a code for minority students and women (though presumably not Asians). In 1996, while he was president of NCTM, Jack Price articulated this view in direct terms on a radio show in San Diego: “What we have now is nostalgia math. It is the mathematics that we have always had, that is good for the most part for the relatively high socioeconomic anglo male, and that we have a great deal of research that has been done showing that women, for example, and minority groups do not learn the same way. They have the capability, certainly, of learning, but they don’t. The teaching strategies that you use with them are different from those that we have been able to use in the past when … we weren’t expected to graduate a lot of people, and most of those who did graduate and go on to college were the anglo males.” Price went on to say: “All of the research that has been done with gender differences or ethnic differences has been–males for example learn better deductively in a competitive environment, when–the kind of thing that we have done in the past. Where we have found with gender differences, for example, that women have a tendency to learn better in a collaborative effort when they are doing inductive reasoning.” (A transcript of the show is online at (http://mathematicallycorrect.com/roger.htm.) I reject the notion that skin color or gender determines whether students learn inductively as opposed to deductively and whether they should be taught the standard operations of arithmetic and essential components of algebra. Arithmetic is not only essential for everyday life, it is the foundation for study of higher level mathematics. Secretary Riley–and educators who select mathematics curricula–would do well to heed the advice of the open letter. —- Author, David Klein, is a professor of mathematics at California State University at Northridge. Source: http://mathematicallycorrect.com/usnoadd.htm —- Marks of a good mathematics program It is impossible to specify all of the characteristics of a sound mathematics program in only a few paragraphs, but a few highlights may be identified. The most important criterion is strong mathematical content that conforms to a set of explicit, high, grade-by-grade standards such as the California or Japanese mathematics standards. A strong mathematics program recognizes the hierarchical nature of mathematics and builds coherently from one grade to the next. It is not merely a sequence of interesting but unrelated student projects. In the earlier grades, arithmetic should be the primary focus. The standard algorithms of arithmetic for integers, decimals, fractions, and percents are of central importance. The curriculum should promote facility in calculation, an understanding of what makes the algorithms work in terms of the base 10 structure of our number system, and an understanding of the associative, commutative, and distributive properties of numbers. These properties can be illustrated by area and volume models. Students need to develop an intuitive understanding for fractions. Manipulatives or pictures can help in the beginning stages, but it is essential that students eventually be able to compute easily using mathematical notation. Word problems should be abundant. A sound program should move students toward abstraction and the eventual use of symbols to represent unknown quantities. In the upper grades, algebra courses should emphasize powerful symbolic techniques and not exploratory guessing and calculator-based graphical solutions. There should be a minimum of diversions in textbooks. Children have enough trouble concentrating without distracting pictures and irrelevant stories and projects. A mathematics program should explicitly teach skills and concepts with appropriately designed practice sets. Such programs have the best chance of success with the largest number of students. The high-performing Japanese students spend 80 percent of class time in teacher-directed whole-class instruction. Japanese math books contain clear explanations, examples with practice problems, and summaries of key points. Singapore’s elementary school math books also provide good models. Among U.S. books for elementary school, Sadlier-Oxford’s Progress in Mathematics and the Saxon series through Math 87 (adopted for grade six in California), though not without defects, have many positive features.–D.K. —- For more information Askey, Richard. “Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics.” American Educator, Fall 1999, pp. 6-13; 49. Ma, Liping. Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999. Milgram, R. James. “A Preliminary Analysis of SAT-I Mathematics Data for IMP Schools in California.” ftp://math.stanford.edu/pub/papers/milgram Milgram, R. James. “Outcomes Analysis for Core Plus Students at Andover High School: One Year Later.” ftp://math.stanford.edu/pub/papers/milgram/andover-report.htm Wu, Hung-Hsi. “Basic Skills Versus Conceptual Understanding: A Bogus Dichotomy in Mathematics Education.” American Educator, Fall 1999, pp. 14-19; 50-52. She laughed. Hard. In a really provocative way. Then came his comeback. She shut up then. And now she's SOS. She is advising him. Ha ha ha! She's mean. He's not. I think it is a good match. Elected Officials Score Lower on Civics Tests Than Average Citizens (Who Score Lower than Basic Condiments) Published November 23, 2008 American elected officials showed a shocking lack of knowledge about government, history, and basic constitutional principles. They scored a failing grade of just 44 percent on a basic test of knowledge of our nation in a quiz by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI). Average citizens scored 49 percent. Note: many of these people scored less than a random or blind selection of answers — quite an achievement.	eng	<urn:uuid:cc3e2d90-4f6d-4476-9086-beee5e912361>	http://www.thefrustratedteacher.com/2008_11_23_archive.html	CC-MAIN-2019-30
1645 painting Material used : oil paint Collection : Woburn Abbey Location : Woburn Abbey Genre : genre art Depicts : girl - door Woburn Abbey : www.woburnabbey.co.uk RKDimages Item on Reasonator crotos/?q=21856774 Also known as :The Slippers 1658 Material used : oil paint - canvas height : 103 centimetre – width : 70 centimetre Inventory number : RF 3722 Collection : Louvre - Department of Paintings of the Louvre Location : Sully Wing - Louvre Palace - Room 902 exhibition : Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting Movement : Dutch Golden Age painting Genre : genre art - still life - interior view Depicts : room - door - pavement - painting - seat - candle - broom - shoe - The Gallant Conversation, known as Paternal Admonition Louvre : louvre.fr Joconde Atlas crotos/?q=15874406 1669 Collection : private collection Location : private collection Depicts : Royal Palace of Amsterdam - woman - man - dog crotos/?q=20087977	eng	<urn:uuid:f9bb6a47-c3a5-41c2-b116-37d5d7be8d14>	http://zone47.com/crotos/?p136=1047337&p170=436797&mode=1	CC-MAIN-2019-30
ABSTRACT In June 2017, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, organized a workshop entitled “Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) for Development of Therapeutics against Bacterial Pathogens” to discuss details and critical parameters of various PK/PD methods and identify approaches for linking human pharmacokinetic (PK) data and drug efficacy analyses. The workshop participants included individuals from academia, industry, and government. This and the accompanying minireview on nonclinical PK/PD summarize the workshop discussions and recommendations. It is important to consider how information like PK/PD can support the clinical effectiveness of new antibacterial drugs, as PK/PD data have become central to antibacterial drug development programs. Key clinical considerations for antibacterial dose selection and clinical PK/PD characterization discussed in this minireview include a robust assessment of PK in the patient population of interest, critical considerations for assessing drug penetration in the lung for the treatment of pneumonia, and an emphasis on special populations, including patients with renal impairment and augmented renal function, as well as on dosing in obese and pediatric patients. Successful application of such approaches is now used to provide a more informative drug development package to support the approval of new antibiotics. INTRODUCTION Prior decades were characterized by the introduction of an abundance of novel antibacterial agents. Developers of these agents leveraged large studies yielding multiple indications. Noninferiority trials comparing a test agent to a standard of care comparator was the typical approach to registration. With the progressive emergence of antimicrobial resistance, recognized as a major threat to both the public and to medical progress, the scientific and regulatory community began to think differently about the requirements of clinical data to support new agents aimed at treating serious and life-threatening infections caused by highly resistant pathogens (1). The conduct of clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy against drug-resistant bacterial species is challenging, mainly because of the lack of sufficient patients who are infected with target bacterial species. Thus, it is important to consider how other information like pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) can support the clinical effectiveness of new antibacterial drugs. Over the past 5 years, both the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) (2) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (3, 4) issued guidance documents enabling streamlined development programs with the caveat that agents should be used only in the setting of limited therapeutic options. While some differences exist between the agency guidance documents, one area of alignment between the U.S. FDA and EMA is that robust PK/PD data are central to antibacterial drug development programs, although the exact scope of such data requirements is loosely defined. In the current antibiotic development era, many different sources of PK/PD data are integrated during the drug development process to support dose selection and to provide a measure of certainty ahead of larger clinical trials. Successful application of such approaches, together with integration of clinical PK/PD data, is now used to provide a more informative drug development package to support the approval of new antibiotics. There are now proposals to conduct more focused clinical trials and to require robust PK/PD data packages when a development program for an antibacterial agent for the treatment of infections arising from rare pathogens can be supported by only limited clinical data (1). Whether for the treatment of infections arising from pathogens with usual drug resistance or those arising from multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant pathogens, the assessment of clinical PK/PD using data from the target patient population is useful. Here, we focus on considerations for clinical PK/PD analyses and dose selection and the importance of assessing drug penetration in the lung for the treatment of pneumonia, with an emphasis on special populations, including patients with renal impairment (RI) and augmented renal function, as well as on dosing in obese and pediatric patients. Robust clinical PK/PD analyses also require an accompanying robust nonclinical PK/PD package. A robust nonclinical PK/PD package is one that provides PK/PD targets for efficacy that are informed by data from two or more experimental systems, including one-compartment in vitro and in vivo infection models. PK/PD targets should be based on data from a relevant collection of isolates for which the MIC range and resistance mechanisms encompass those expected to be encountered clinically. The sample size of such isolate collections should be sufficient to characterize variability in the magnitude of PK/PD targets for efficacy. Lastly, such data should be externally consistent and reproducible and data for selected isolates should thus be based on experiments conducted by two or more groups of investigators. Given the importance of ensuring the durability of the antibacterial dosing regimen, studies using static in vitro systems should be undertaken to characterize mutation frequency and to determine MIC values for mutant isolates. Selected dosing regimens should be pressure tested for the ability to suppress amplification of resistant bacterial subpopulations. The in vitro hollow fiber infection model, which allows studies of longer durations, is the most common infection model used to evaluate resistance amplification. Inclusion of such data increases the robustness of the nonclinical PK/PD package. In June 2017, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, organized a workshop entitled “Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) for Development of Therapeutics against Bacterial Pathogens” to discuss details and critical parameters of various PK/PD methods and to identify approaches for linking human pharmacokinetic (PK) data and drug efficacy analyses. The workshop participants included individuals from academia, industry, and government, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). This and the accompanying minireview on nonclinical PK/PD (5) summarize the workshop discussions and recommendations, which are the opinions of individual participants and are not meant to serve as regulatory guidance. LEVERAGING PHARMACOMETRICS FOR DOSE SELECTION PK/PD modeling and simulation approaches typically fall into three main categories and have been utilized to various degrees in support of recent drug approval of antibacterial small-molecule new molecular entities (NMEs) (6, 7). Table 1 shows a list of entities for which population PK (PopPK) analysis, exposure-response (E-R) analysis, and probability of target attainment (PTA) analysis have been applied to the drug development programs since 2009. PopPK analysis is a well-accepted pharmacometrics methodology to predict the PK characteristics of drugs in patients. PopPK analysis can provide the exposure information used as an input to E-R and PTA analyses. The covariate analysis within a PopPK model evaluates the impact of demographic parameters on exposure and determines the need for dose adjustment in specific populations, such as obese patients, geriatric patients, or patients with renal/hepatic impairment. The robustness of the PopPK model is dependent upon the quality and quantity of PK data included in the model together with the associated demographic data from subjects contributing PK data. PK and its variability can differ from indication to indication, as well as between healthy subjects and infected patients. Ideally, PopPK analysis used to inform E-R or PTA analyses should include sufficient PK data from patient populations with the target indication(s), with the PK/PD target determined using appropriate preclinical infection models. E-R analysis evaluates the relationship between drug exposure and outcomes. The exposure can be characterized as the dose, area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax), or minimum concentration (Cmin), while the response can represent clinical outcomes such as safety, efficacy, or a biomarker of interest. E-R analysis plays a key role in dose selection through all phases of drug development. It should be noted that the value of dose as a metric of drug exposure can be limited, as examples of clinical trials with a sufficiently broad dose range to establish such a relationship are increasingly rare due to both advances in PK/PD to support dose optimization and ethical considerations for administering suboptimal doses in this patient population. Further, the use of dose ignores the variability between patients in exposure to drug as captured in pharmacokinetic parameter values. Due to these limitations, here we focus on drug exposure measures for establishing E-R relationships. For antibacterial agents, E-R analyses for efficacy are typically conducted by utilizing the PK/PD indices (e.g., free-drug [f] area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]/MIC [fAUC/MIC], free-drug maximum concentration [fCmax/MIC], and percentage of the dosing interval during which free drug concentrations are above the MIC [%fT>MIC]) which represent measures of unbound exposure indexed to the organism susceptibility (as represented by the MIC). PK/PD indices evaluated for E-R analyses are typically those identified to most closely associate with efficacy based on nonclinical PK/PD studies. Of the 10 recent small-molecule antibacterial NME applications, 6 included an E-R analysis. E-R analysis for efficacy endpoints may not be informative for some antibacterial NMEs because phase 2 and 3 trials often do not include a wide enough range of exposures or a sufficient number of treatment failures due to optimal dose selection decisions based on the use of preclinical PK/PD data, phase 1 data, and Monte Carlo simulation. In general, lack of identification of an E-R relationship for efficacy is expected in evaluating data from patients treated with a PK/PD optimized dosing regimen. In cases where a relationship is identified, this is typically based on determination of an optimal threshold value for the PK/PD indices, which are treated as dichotomized variables. Thresholds may be determined using the first split of a classification or regression tree or a receiver operating characteristic curve or may be based on a model-predicted threshold for achieving a target response. Relationships based on dichotomized variables for PK/PD indices allow patients with both lower PK/PD indices and lower percentages of successful response to be distinguished from those with higher PK/PD indices and higher percentages of successful response (8). When PK/PD relationships based on clinical data are not found, assessments of distributions of PK/PD indices achieved relative to nonclinical PK/PD targets for efficacy represent a useful assessment to confirm the original basis for dose selection. PTA analysis is an assessment of the probability of attaining a PK/PD target in a patient population with a specific dosing regimen. The PK/PD target is determined from preclinical studies (9, 10) or may be determined from the clinical data in cases where an E-R relationship is identified, as discussed above. It is a tool to support dose selection to evaluate whether a given dose would be effective in specific patient populations or against a specific organism. PTA analysis was included in 5 of 10 antibacterial NME applications as an essential component by integrating the information from PopPK analyses in healthy volunteers and/or patients with the PK/PD target determined from in vitro microbiological studies and in vivo animal infection studies. There is also the potential to leverage physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) analyses to predict the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on drug exposure to support dosing recommendations in specific clinical situations. Although PBPK analysis has not been included in any of 10 antibacterial small-molecule NME submissions, it is increasingly used in other therapeutic areas during the assessment of drug-drug interactions and dose individualization in subpopulations. However, a key consideration for PBPK analysis for antibacterial agents is that such models rely on estimations of physiological parameters, including organ blood flow, derived from the physiology literature. Such blood flow can be significantly altered in patients with sepsis or the critically ill, which may limit the utility of the PBPK approach in the absence of robust physiological and PK data in the patient population to appropriately tune such models. A document providing FDA guidance regarding format and content of PBPK analysis became publicly available in December of 2016 to facilitate the incorporation of this analysis tool into NME submissions to support decision-making during drug development (11). For antibacterial agents, PBPK should be considered only in circumstances in which physiological parameters in the target patient population during acute infection conditions are available. CLINICAL PK/PD DATA CONSIDERATIONS Phase 2 studies can be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two or more dosing regimens. However, the value of typical phase 2 study designs, which involve the study of doses similar in magnitude, needs to be considered in the context of the current paradigm for developing antibacterial agents. As demonstrated by Fig. 1, values representing AUC from 0 to infinity (AUC0–inf) after single doses of 1, 4, and 16 g of a hypothetical antibacterial agent would have to be many folds apart in order to avoid overlap of distributions (8). Given the concerns about administering a low dose whereby a number of patients would have drug exposures that approach zero, the evaluation of dosing regimens with minimally overlapping AUC distributions is not feasible. With the increased confidence that comes from using preclinical PK/PD and phase 1 PK data to support dose selection, phase 2 dose-ranging studies to discriminate efficacy between two dosing regimens that have overlapping distributions of drug exposures may be less useful. Unless there are safety concerns or uncertainties about PK/PD predictions, it may be possible to carry out a more streamlined development program, conducting phase 1b studies or focused phase 2 or adaptive design clinical trials prior to studying a PK/PD optimized regimen in phase 3 studies. With this approach, a PK/PD-optimized regimen could be chosen for direct evaluation in a phase 3 randomized-controlled trial, streamlining the drug development process. However, for such an approach to be successful, it will be important to study PK in the target patient population through the execution of a phase 1b study and using phase 1 PK data from special populations that allow quantification of covariates of PK (e.g., healthy volunteers with renal impairment for drugs that are renally cleared). While inflation of the variance structure of the PK parameters of healthy subjects from phase 1 studies is a useful strategy to estimate the PK in infected patients, it will still be important to conduct phase 1b or 2 studies to evaluate PK in the target population and to confirm assumptions about dose selection prior to initiating phase 3 studies. If a phase 2 study is conducted, E-R analyses for both efficacy and safety endpoints should be investigated prior to the initiation of phase 3 studies and such data should later be pooled with phase 3 data to further enrich the sample size of evaluable patients. Although it is often impossible to assess the effects of various doses of a new treatment because it is not ethical to knowingly “underdose” patients, such data, when available, are informative. The value of phase 2 data to assess dosing regimens and duration and safety using a pharmacometric approach can be illustrated using the example of brilacidin-treated patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) who were enrolled from two phase 2 studies (12). Brilacidin is a defensin mimetic that disrupts cell membrane integrity and has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pooled data from the two phase 2 studies, the first of which provided active drug for 5 days and the second of which provided active drug for 1 or 3 days, allowed the formation of a rich data set that consisted of six different dose levels and three different therapy durations. The second study, which provided the benefit of increasing the sample size of the analysis population, was initiated to evaluate a loading dose and a shorter duration of therapy. E-R relationships were explored for efficacy endpoints assessed early in therapy and at traditional time points, at the end-of-therapy (EOT) or test-of-cure (TOC)/short-term follow-up (STFU) visits. Relationships between brilacidin exposure and two safety endpoints, systolic blood pressure and numbness/tingling, were assessed. E-R relationships for ≥20% reductions from baseline in lesion area on day 2 and clinical success at EOT and TOC/STFU and each of the two latter safety endpoints were identified (12). The application of these E-R relationships to simulated data generated using a PopPK model was carried out with the objective of discriminating among candidate brilacidin dosing regimens (13). As illustrated by this example, E-R relationships for efficacy and safety, when identified, can be used to assess risk versus benefit and the value proposition for further clinical development. Carried out in late-stage development, PK/PD analyses for efficacy and safety using phase 3 data produce results that can be used to support the identification of susceptibility breakpoints and patient populations with increased risk of failure and/or safety events. Such data can then be used to inform labeling and/or clinical practice guidelines. The identification of PK/PD relationships for efficacy and safety based on clinical data collected during development has the potential to inform dosing practices postapproval, especially in the landscape of shifting MIC values. In the example of daptomycin, which was studied in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with or without infective endocarditis enrolled in a phase 3 study (14), population PK and PK/PD analyses of efficacy and safety were undertaken to support the supplemental new drug application (sNDA) for this indication (15, 16). Pharmacokinetic samples were obtained from 106 patients, and a PopPK model was developed (15). This model allowed the evaluation of E-R relationships between measures of drug exposure normalized to MIC and (i) clinical outcome, (ii) toxicity (serum creatine phosphokinase [CPK] elevation), and (iii) resistance emergence during therapy with daptomycin (15, 16). While the results of these analyses were used to support the sNDA, the application of these E-R relationships was also useful to evaluate higher daily doses of daptomycin (8 or 10 mg/kg of body weight/day) relative to the approved 6 mg/kg/day dosing regimen in this patient population postapproval (16). Using the PopPK model, the three E-R relationships described above, and Monte Carlo simulation, the likelihood of a good outcome for all three endpoints was determined for each dosing regimen. The results of these analyses failed to demonstrate large increases in the percentages of simulated patients who achieved clinical success or large reductions in the percentages of patients with decreased susceptibility with dose increases in daptomycin from 6 to 10 mg/kg/day. However, percent probabilities of clinical success that had increased by 10% were demonstrated among subgroups of simulated patients defined by selected comorbidities who received 10 mg/kg/day relative those receiving 6 mg/kg/day. Although the percent probability of CPK elevation doubled over this dose range (7.3 to 15.6%), clinicians need to weigh such risks in the context of the mortality and severe morbidity associated with serious staphylococcal infections. These data served to provide guidance to clinicians with regard to the probabilities of clinical success and resistance emergence against the probability of toxicity, thereby providing data for the assessment of risk versus benefit. The examples described above demonstrate the value of data from E-R analyses of clinical trial results during clinical development and the application of such data postapproval to further assess dose. PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA In assessing the PK/PD of an antibiotic, it is critical to consider the concentrations achieved at the site of infection (17–19). While free drug concentrations in plasma are often viewed as representing an acceptable approximation for free drug concentrations at the site of infection, this is not always the case. This is of concern in the treatment of pneumonia and concentrations of drug in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF). The drug concentrations in ELF are typically measured in clinical studies from samples obtained via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), an invasive process that is generally limited to a single concentration time point per patient. Historically, analysis of ELF drug penetration data was limited to obtaining ratios of drug concentrations in the ELF to those determined simultaneously in plasma. This is a flawed approach as the plasma-to-ELF penetration ratio can change as a function of time due to system hysteresis. PopPK modeling is used to estimate area under the concentration-time curve for epithelial lining fluid (AUCELF) with limited PK samples because of its ability to estimate PopPK and their associated dispersions for subjects with minimal sampling times. Once the PopPK in ELF are established, Monte Carlo simulation can then be used to estimate the ability of a drug to penetrate the site of infection, defined as the AUCELF/AUCplasma ratio, and to characterize its ability to achieve the desired PK/PD target at that site (20, 21). Prior to conducting clinical trials, obtaining ELF penetration data in healthy volunteers is necessary to ensure appropriate dosing in terms of attaining the PK/PD target at the infection site. In these assessments, it is typically assumed that all measured drug in the ELF is unbound (free) and that protein binding in the ELF is negligible (18). However, the assumption that protein binding in ELF is negligible has not been validated and requires further assessment. In point of fact, proteins have been measured in ELF using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for decades (22). It is straightforward to correct the measured concentrations for urea dilution. Binding could be estimated for the agent of interest employing this concentration of binding protein (most often albumin). While straightforward, this has yet to be performed for any modern antibacterial agent. The preferred method for dose selection for antibacterial agents for the treatment of patients with pneumonia is to assess the probability of PK/PD target attainment using preclinical ELF PK/PD targets from neutropenic murine infection models and simulations of ELF concentration-time profiles. However, as shown in Fig. 2, alternative approaches for pneumonia dose selection have been pursued. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Leveraging the murine lung infection model for PK/PD target derivation ensures that the target comes from an in vivo system where infection is established at the same site of infection (the lung) as the intended indication in humans. Simulations of human ELF concentration-time profiles provide the most nearly proximal assessment of free-drug exposures to the infection site. But there remain questions as to how well the PK variability is captured in these data, given the limitations of current ELF sampling study designs. More specifically, variability may be overestimated in the ELF data due to BAL fluid sampling, urea correction, and other methodological sources, as opposed to being a representation of the true biological variability. To address or circumvent these issues with ELF variability and to leverage the measured patient plasma PK variability captured in phase 2 and 3 data, PTA analysis can be conducted using plasma PK from both murine lung and human subjects, with a correction made for cross-species differences in lung penetration ratios (Fig. 2). As described above, ELF data are typically collected in healthy volunteers, and levels of lung penetration may differ between healthy volunteers and patients, due to inflammation and other factors. Despite these concerns, ensuring optimal drug exposures at the infection site remains of paramount importance for antibacterial dose selection, especially for patients with pneumonia, for which drug concentrations in the lung can be assessed both in preclinical models and in clinical studies. DOSE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS It is important to recognize that overall PTA analyses provide an expectation of efficacy across all patient populations. For antibiotics where there is no clinically significant relationship between PK parameters and patient covariates, this is not an issue. When PK parameters (e.g., volume of distribution and clearance) vary as a function of well-defined patient covariates, it is important to assess the PTA profiles across all important patient populations and determine if dosage adjustments are required for them (23). The populations where these considerations are typically applied and the points to be considered are described in the following sections. Patients with renal impairment.In the United States and Europe, specific guidance and criteria for PK analyses to promote optimal dosing in patients with renal impairment are available. The Cockcroft-Gault and modification of diet in renal disease equations are considered suitable options to characterize the renal function of patients for the purpose of drug dose adjustment in adults with renal impairment (24–26). Note that each of these methods of estimating renal function was originally designed to be used in the setting of chronic kidney disease and may not be appropriate to estimate renal function in patients with acute renal impairment as they rely on a single-point estimate of serum creatinine. These equations require a fundamental expectation of homeostasis, which is often not the case in acutely ill patients (27). The phase 3 noninferiority trials focusing on complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) that compared ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) with metronidazole to meropenem (RECLAIM 1 and 2 trials) is one of the notable examples in which underdosing based on the Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance (CLCR) equation may have resulted in discordant response rates between treatment arms. In the RECLAIM trials, clinical cure rates were lower in the CAZ-AVI plus metronidazole group than in the meropenem-treated group among patients with moderate renal impairment (MRI) at baseline (28). On the basis of these observations, the CAZ-AVI prescribing information includes a warning regarding decreased efficacy in patients with moderate renal impairment (CLCR 30 to 50 ml/min) (29). Note that similar results (i.e., decreased efficacy in patients with renal impairment) were observed in phase 3 trials of other antibiotics such as telavancin and ceftolozane-tazobactam (29, 30). Monte Carlo simulations performed prior to RECLAIM 1 and 2 indicated that the CAZ-AVI dose selected for patients with moderate renal impairment had a highly favorable (>90%) joint PTA profile (50% fT>MIC for ceftazidime and 50% fT>CT [threshold concentration] of 1 mg/liter for avibactam) for patients with infections with CAZ-AVI MIC values of ≤16/4 mg/liter. While the moderate renal impairment dose regimen was found to have a favorable joint PTA profile, nearly 70% of study patients with a baseline CLCR level of <50 ml/min in RECLAIM 1 and 2 experienced an improvement of renal function to >50 ml/min within 72 h of study drug dosing initiation (31). Therefore, the potential of underdosing due to the absence of an immediate dose increase in the setting of improved renal function may have resulted in deleterious patient outcomes with CAZ-AVI due to suboptimal drug exposure in this specific subpopulation. In RECLAIM 1 and 2, patients with moderate renal impairment (MRI) (CLCR 30 to 50 ml/min) received a 66% total daily dose reduction for CAZ-AVI (2.5 g intravenous every 8 h to 1.25 g every 12 h). As shown in Fig. 3 (32), the PTA is approximately 60% for the MRI dose among patients whose renal function improves to the mild renal impairment range. Among patients whose renal function improves to the normal range, the PTA drops to less than 20% for the MRI dose. To mitigate the potential for this underdosing, the recommended dose of CAZ-AVI for patients with moderate renal impairment was increased from 1.25 g every 12 h to 1.25 g every 8 h. The PTA with 1.25 g every 8 h is greater than 95% for patients with mild renal impairment and ∼80% for patients with normal renal function. Furthermore, this updated MRI dosing scheme did not result in excess accumulation, as measured by the AUC at steady state (Table 2) (33). Rather than relying on CLCR or GFR estimation equations to determine appropriate dosing regimens in renal insufficiency, there are alternative equations that can potentially be used to more accurately characterize renal function in the setting of rapidly changing serum creatinine levels (27, 28, 34). In contrast to relying on a point estimate of the serum creatinine to estimate renal function, these equations quantify renal function by considering the magnitude with which the serum creatinine level is increased or decreased compared to its steady-state value and the rapidity of the change; however, these approaches have not been validated to guide drug dosing. Future antibiotic development should consider the evaluation and validation of these approaches to estimate renal function for determining optimal drug dosing in patients with rapidly changing renal function. Patients with augmented renal function.The need for appropriate dose modifications for patients with renal impairment also applies in the opposite direction for patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC). ARC, often defined as a CLCR level of >130 ml/min, is being increasingly described in subsets of critically ill patients. It is estimated that approximately 30% to 65% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have ARC despite the presence of a normal serum creatinine concentration (35, 36). Patient populations with the highest reported incidence of ARC include those with major trauma, sepsis, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and central nervous system infections. Critically ill trauma patients are often hypermetabolic and frequently require aggressive fluid resuscitation. This may result in increased renal clearance of drugs and higher volumes of distribution (37, 38). Published data suggest these patients often require more intensive dosing schemes for antibiotics that are eliminated mainly by the kidneys, due to their altered physiology. It is also important to note that augmented renal function can be associated with alterations in a number of other physiologic processes that may affect the antibiotic exposure profile. Compensatory nonrenal elimination via the gut or hepatic system may be stimulated, potentially resulting in enhanced drug clearance (20, 39). Furthermore, patients with sepsis or septic shock may have enhanced clearance of drugs caused by increasing cardiac output, leading to higher blood flow to all clearance organs (40). This phenomenon has been increasingly reported and indicates that dose supplementation may be required in patients with ARC (35). The relevance of these findings is underscored by a recent multicenter study by Roberts et al. (41) which found that ICU patients receiving β-lactams who failed to achieve critical PK/PD targets were more likely to experience negative outcomes than those who achieved PK/PD targets. Similar to efforts to identify patients with rapidly improving renal function, estimated CLCR or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations that rely on serum creatinine concentrations do not accurately identify patients who exhibit ARC. Collecting 8-h continuous urine is recommended in patients at high risk for ARC to assess CLCR versus empirical CLCR/GFR estimation equations. Alternatively, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) or use of GFR clearance biomarkers could be considered, although best practices for TDM merit further consideration (35). Appropriate extrapolation of dose for body size.When selecting an antibiotic dosing regimen, consideration should be given to whether dosing should be fixed or weight based (42). Antibiotic dosing based on body surface area (BSA) scaling is not frequently conducted in adult patients. For weight-based dosing, the assumptions are that key PK parameters (i.e., clearance and volume of distribution) change proportionately with weight and that weight-based dosing is necessary to achieve isometric exposure distributions across the continuum of weights. Conversely, the lack of association between weight and key PK parameters permits use of a fixed dosing regimen as it is likely to result in comparable exposures across the weight continuum (42). Early clinical studies typically included adults within a narrow range of body size, hindering the ability to fully evaluate the association between weight and key PK parameters across the current weight distribution in the United States (43). It is now estimated more than one-third of adults in the United States are obese, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2 (44). Therefore, early-phase clinical trials should enroll patients across the entire weight continuum to permit appropriate dose extrapolation for body size. As part of these evaluations, alternate body size descriptions such as BSA, BMI, ideal body weight, adjusted body weight, and lean body weight should be considered as alternative measures of body size in the PK analyses. This will help ensure that the dosing strategy (i.e., fixed versus body size descriptor base) selected will result in isometric exposures across the distribution of weights observed in clinical practice (43). Pediatric patients.Full extrapolation of efficacy data from adults to pediatrics may be appropriate if it is reasonable to assume that the two populations have (i) similar disease progressions, (ii) similar responses to intervention, and (iii) similar exposure responses. A decision tree illustrating the use of an E-R relationship for bridging efficacy data in an adult population to a pediatric population is presented in the FDA draft guidance for industry (45). Full extrapolation for efficacy is applicable for many antibacterial products. It is only when efficacy in pediatric patients can be fully extrapolated from adult studies that pediatric PK and safety studies are solely required to establish the right dose. Establishing the pediatric dose can be performed by exposure matching to adults in the case of full extrapolation, and the same occasionally applies to partial extrapolation. For antibacterial drugs, a priori standards for exposure matching include (i) identification of the target PK/PD index metric (e.g., AUC/MIC, Cmax/MIC, and/or %T>MIC); (ii) the specific target value or range of this metric; and (iii) overlapping an acceptable percentage of the adult exposure distribution. Care should be taken to characterize and understand when differences in pharmacokinetics (beyond what can be described by allometric scaling) may manifest for antibacterial agents, especially in very young patients. Enzyme and clearance organ maturation differences may have a significant impact on drug PK, and the maturation of various elimination processes can occur over a range of the first weeks to years of life. As PK data are collected in pediatric subjects below 2 years of age, analyses should specifically look for evidence of nonlinearities in drug clearance due to maturation of elimination pathways. From a PK/PD perspective, changes in drug clearance (and half-life) has also been reported to potentially result in PK/PD driver “switching,” where if the half-life is substantially extended, the PK/PD driver can switch from being time driven (%T>MIC or Cmin/MIC) to being concentration driven (AUC/MIC) (46, 47). This can be accounted for either through the examination of PK/PD relationships in an in vitro infection model where half-lives can be easily adjusted or through pharmacometric approaches where the entire time courses of both PK and PD data are modeled (46, 47). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacometrics represents an embraced set of tools that allow antibacterial agents to be developed in a streamlined and efficient manner. The assessment of dosing regimens for antibacterial agents utilizes a well-accepted paradigm that includes using robust preclinical PK/PD data and clinical PK data to select a candidate dosing regimen that has a high probability of achieving the PK/PD targets associated with outcomes of interest. Studies have shown that the use of such analyses to guide the dose selection process increases the probability of a successful NDA (48) and, more importantly, ensures that patients are adequately treated for severe and potentially fatal infections. Future challenges in this area include the need to better understand, characterize, and predict PK profiles across the populations likely to be encountered in clinical practice. At both extremes of renal function, it is critical for optimal dose selection to study drug clearance and exposure profiles prior to initiating phase 3 studies. Similarly, efforts should be made to ensure adequate dosing across the entire weight continuum for the target patient population. It is also important to conduct appropriate studies and analyses for proper dose selection in pediatric patients with minimal delay beyond introduction to adults. To accomplish the goals described above, it will be important to ensure that robust clinical PK and PK/PD data packages are assembled during early- and late-stage development (1, 8). During early-stage development, the phase 1 PK component of this package will need to include data from studies that characterize covariates describing the PK of the antibacterial agent (e.g., renal and/or hepatic impairment studies). Also, if relevant, PK studies need to be conducted to collect data about effect site exposure (i.e., evaluating ELF PK for pneumonia indications). Finally, as described here, inclusion of data from phase 1b studies will allow the characterization of PK and the associated variability of such PK in the target patient population. In late-stage development, PK data are needed from all patients enrolled in pivotal trials. Evaluation of such clinical PK/PD data will allow the confirmation of adequate drug exposure and the evaluation of potential E-R relationships for efficacy and safety endpoints. This final step will allow confirmation of dose selection decisions made during earlier stages of development and will enable patient populations with increased risk of failure and/or safety events to be identified. The conduct of appropriate studies and analyses to support dose selection in pediatric patients, with appropriate bridging to preclinical PK/PD and clinical PK and PK/PD data packages, will ensure minimal delay beyond introduction to adults for the availability of such agents for pediatric patients. As development paths for indications involving multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant pathogens evolve, it will be even more important to ensure that the preclinical PK/PD packages that were described earlier and in the companion paper by Bulitta et al. (5) and the clinical PK/PD data packages are strategically designed to account for the limited clinical data collected. In conclusion, consideration of the studies and analyses described here to support dose selection decisions for antibacterial agents will reduce the likelihood of drug development failures and, more importantly, result in approved dosing regimens associated with optimized patient outcomes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Paul Ambrose, Patricia Bradford, Ian Friedland, Sumathi Nambiar, and John Rex for their insight and contributions to the workshop. The opinions expressed in this article are ours and should not be interpreted as the position of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FOOTNOTES - Accepted manuscript posted online 4 March 2019. For a companion article on this topic, see https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02307-18. - Copyright © 2019 Rizk et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.	eng	<urn:uuid:43e627e0-da05-44bb-a252-505dff3c5a5d>	https://aac.asm.org/content/63/5/e02309-18	CC-MAIN-2019-30
I've read a lot of answers here about double-blind reviews and thesis or single articles. My problem comes from having four self-references in my article. I feel that if I include them all, could be very easy to infer that this is the fifth one (It's a 4-year granted project and I have been collaborating in a number of software components inside a bigger architecture, now it's the time to use them all to interact with other applications) . But if I ommit some of them, I could end being accused of self-plagiarism. The other articles have been published in the proceedings of conferences that didn't require double-blind reviews, this is the first submission I make to a conference that asks for it (Maybe because of being CORE A) Also not worthless to mention that I'm going to send it as a short paper, so actually it'd be very helpful to cite rather than to repeat past texts. What should I do?	eng	<urn:uuid:2581c5f7-bcc1-440e-8cb4-e6456005842c>	https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/38811/double-blind-review-with-four-references-in-a-row	CC-MAIN-2019-30
I'm trying to download an update for a program I use frequently. The program can only run on a non-case sensitive file system, so it can't run on my main partition. I partitioned a second drive that isn't case sensitive so I could download it. That partition is now completely full. I tried partitioning more space but disk utility says "This partition cannot be modified.". Below is a screen shot of disk utility. What can I do to get more space for my second partition? I tried making a third partition, that was non-case sensitive as well to try and merge them together, but disk utility says "This partition cannot be modified." Please help? Thankfully I just copied everything on my second partition to my main and deleted the second partition and resized it. Thanks a lot guys.	eng	<urn:uuid:973c75e7-9785-4c25-b80d-533118d8a4fe>	https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/245212/trouble-with-partitions	CC-MAIN-2019-30
ARK Survival Evolved Wiki:Admin noticeboard/Archive 1 This is an archive page of ARK Survival Evolved Wiki:Admin noticeboard. Do not edit this page. New sections can be added at the current talk page. Contents - 1 Naming Conventions - 2 Date Format - 3 YouTube Spammers - 4 YouTube Spam Crua9 (talk • contribs • logs • block log) - 5 YouTube Videos Removed - 6 Videos on leveling and taming pages - 7 Dino Bytes Videos - 8 Mass Vandalism 22.214.171.124 (talk • contribs • logs • block log) - 9 Recipes page - 10 Crafting experience - 11 Badly translated and possibly copyrighted text - 12 About the broken 'new section' link - 13 CCCP tribe blocking - 14 Official Server 27 - 15 126.96.36.199 needs a break - 16 Argentavis glitched through the map and is stuck above the map - 17 ARK Survival of the Fittest Comepetition Naming Conventions I'm seeing a lot of back and forth on the pages. Should we use the Dino Dossier common name or the scientific for page names? Example: Dilophosaurus vs Dilophosaur or Tyrannosaurus vs Rex or T. rex --Doctor Arson (talk) 09:27, 24 June 2015 (UTC) - I'd go with the Dino Dossier names since those seem to be the most official in game. I'd say once we have one, redirect the other naming conventions to it and it's pretty simple there out. Anyone searching for it will automatically go to the correct page, rather than deleting and someone recreating the page all over again. --Z3ther (talk) 15:28, 24 June 2015 (UTC) Date Format I have a question regarding the date format to use - Devs on Steam are using DMY so I would have gone with that, but some people are changing them to MDY - which can be confusing, as 90% of the world are using DMY (sorry America, you are nearly the only one to use MDY) Alternatively I would suggest YMD as it's the international standard for dates or write out the month to reduce confusion. This is an international game, so in my opinion it would be best to use a more international version. Amkorra (talk) 08:14, 2 July 2015 (UTC) - In this regard we'd keep the same standards as the devs, so DMY. You can always put D M (spelled out) and Y to make things less confusing, as the four tildes shows up the same. --Z3ther (talk) 01:37, 3 July 2015 (UTC) YouTube Spammers There are a few users modifying pages only to post their YouTube videos, this is a blatant attempt to get free views. Should these users be banned? The videos are always on unnecessary crafting guides that add nothing to the wiki. --Doctor Arson (talk) 20:28, 7 July 2015 (UTC) - Can you link to one so we can see. --SharpShot gif (talk) 20:54, 7 July 2015 (UTC) - This is becoming a pretty big problem as of late. If you see it, please revert any youtube additions from any anonymous editors. Only those people who are really adding to the community and the wiki have any sort of permission, unless they work for gamepedia. --Z3ther (talk) 22:55, 7 July 2015 (UTC) - Didn't realise this was a taboo practice. There's a few in my edits, which should suffice as a list if you want to revert them. Not my youtube account so no skin off my nose; I just thought they were helpful. I'll remove them if that is what's wished. That being said, if people are watching them does that truly make the "unnecessary"? T1G0FF (talk) 22:58, 7 July 2015 (UTC) - I'm curious as to why someone linking a YouTube video for crafting dyes (for example) on the wiki page for "Dyes" would be considered "unnecessary", "spam", or just "a blatant attempt to get free views"? Perhaps the person producing the video realizes that a lot of people learn visually and feel that making a textual guide won't be as effective as making a visual one? A crafting guide in a game such as this is absolutely relevant, and adds plenty to the wiki, I feel. To suggest banning someone for choosing a specific medium (video) on a specific topic (crafting) as their contribution to a wiki seems a bit biased and heavy-handed. Perhaps I'm reading into the original complaint too much, but (as someone already suggested) sharing a link to an example of "unnecessary crafting guides" would probably enlighten me to some extent; otherwise it just sounds like there's someone on a witch-hunt against wiki contributors with YouTube accounts. --Asphyxiate (talk) 07:13, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - 188.8.131.52 is who I was specifically talking about. Look at the Recipes page, there are two different videos for recipes even though they are made in essentially the same way. The crafting in this game is ridiculously simple (light the fire or click craft) and there is no reason to add video guides to every single item, dyes included. You're being very hostile about an issue that admin Z3ther already resolved. --Doctor Arson (talk) 08:46, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - There's a difference between driveby youtubing anonymously and being part of the community wanting to help everyone out and you can really pretty quickly if you watch the video. Most often people that add the spam videos are doing it from an account that has no other contributions except adding videos to get views. T1G0FF you're someone that's been adding stuff outside of the videos, so typically if the community finds it acceptable content then those videos are ok, imo. I'm also a huge visual learner so I understand that seeing something is quite a bit more helpful. You just have to understand that with close to a million pageviews a day, this wiki is going to get people wanting to get views on their videos and will spam them anonymously regardless. --Z3ther (talk) 11:57, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - Just so myself and everyone are on the same page: it's not so much the videos, it's the way in which they are added; anonymously, by people with nothing else to contribute and occasionally no regard for the layout of the page. The issue makes perfect sense now, apologies for "kicking the hornet's nest." T1G0FF (talk) 19:40, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - There are now even two videos at Lazarus Chowder - Top one is the newer one added by the mentioned IP. While the second one might not have the best quality, it still does have all needed information, without any kind of advertisement, while the upper one freely advertises his server at the end. That's a big difference for me. If it was up to me, I would say Videos are fine if they present the information, but don't advertise/ask for likes. Or at least keep it to a minimum --Amkorra (talk) 09:06, 9 July 2015 (UTC) - Thanks for the clarification on this, as I can clearly tell (now) that the aforementioned IP only seems to post videos which inevitably advertise his server, and he seems to edit the positioning on the page so that his video is the first to appear on each page; whether or not another user's video was posted first. Now I can understand why this type of behavior from this person needs some type of disciplinary action, as it completely lacks any type of etiquette or any type of respect. This is really unfair to the users that really are trying to add something to the Community, and it taints their contributions as well. --Asphyxiate (talk) 04:24, 13 July 2015 (UTC) - There are now even two videos at Lazarus Chowder - Top one is the newer one added by the mentioned IP. While the second one might not have the best quality, it still does have all needed information, without any kind of advertisement, while the upper one freely advertises his server at the end. That's a big difference for me. If it was up to me, I would say Videos are fine if they present the information, but don't advertise/ask for likes. Or at least keep it to a minimum --Amkorra (talk) 09:06, 9 July 2015 (UTC) - Just so myself and everyone are on the same page: it's not so much the videos, it's the way in which they are added; anonymously, by people with nothing else to contribute and occasionally no regard for the layout of the page. The issue makes perfect sense now, apologies for "kicking the hornet's nest." T1G0FF (talk) 19:40, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - I'm curious as to why someone linking a YouTube video for crafting dyes (for example) on the wiki page for "Dyes" would be considered "unnecessary", "spam", or just "a blatant attempt to get free views"? Perhaps the person producing the video realizes that a lot of people learn visually and feel that making a textual guide won't be as effective as making a visual one? A crafting guide in a game such as this is absolutely relevant, and adds plenty to the wiki, I feel. To suggest banning someone for choosing a specific medium (video) on a specific topic (crafting) as their contribution to a wiki seems a bit biased and heavy-handed. Perhaps I'm reading into the original complaint too much, but (as someone already suggested) sharing a link to an example of "unnecessary crafting guides" would probably enlighten me to some extent; otherwise it just sounds like there's someone on a witch-hunt against wiki contributors with YouTube accounts. --Asphyxiate (talk) 07:13, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - Didn't realise this was a taboo practice. There's a few in my edits, which should suffice as a list if you want to revert them. Not my youtube account so no skin off my nose; I just thought they were helpful. I'll remove them if that is what's wished. That being said, if people are watching them does that truly make the "unnecessary"? T1G0FF (talk) 22:58, 7 July 2015 (UTC) - This is becoming a pretty big problem as of late. If you see it, please revert any youtube additions from any anonymous editors. Only those people who are really adding to the community and the wiki have any sort of permission, unless they work for gamepedia. --Z3ther (talk) 22:55, 7 July 2015 (UTC) - ┌───────────────────┘ The "the aforementioned IP" that "only seems to post videos which inevitably advertise his server" would be mine(mrcookiejunkie). I would like to say that this is all very stupid and if you want to take any "disciplinary action" out on my account then go ahead. Now if however you would like to sort this out properly then read on. Firstly with regards video placement, I'll happily admit that I posted mine above someone elses, and yeah bad move but if you go check I've moved them all now and I agree this is a fair and valid point. This however is the only item on your complaints list against me that I agree with and have resolved. To start with I spend time creating videos to help people, not everyone including myself is happy to sit there and stare at loads of text much like Asphyxiate so rightly said. I wanted to contribute to the community in the only way I knew how, by making a way in which people could easily see what it was they had to do in game. Now if you go look at the views and likes I'm sure you wouldn't be naive enough to think that people didn't respond well to this. Oh and before you ask I aren't signed into my account on my laptop hence why its just the IP - Secondly "aforementioned IP only seems to post videos which inevitably advertise his server" is wrong seen as I started doing these videos before I made a server, additionally I do say to people they can come down and ask for help should they need to talk with someone and that's it. I was unaware that the community was so against people having servers. Also I would like to ask what the difference between adding images and videos are? I mean come on if you dont like using videos then fair enough no one is forcing you too watch them, but if it helps some people why not just leave it there? - I am glad that the issue I have resolved was brought up as that's my bad completely. However I am annoyed that I put a load of time into creating more content for this wiki just to be had a go at on a forum page. Why can people only contribute via writing? If thats all you can do you may as well remove all the images on the wiki. If a picture is worth 1000 words whats a video worth? I will happily admit my mistakes but not sit here and get attacked by some people for simply trying to help Mrcookiejunkie (talk) 02:13, 15 July 2015 (UTC) - mrcookiejunkie, just a head's up. I do not represent the wiki nor the administration behind it. I am an A.R.K. player that felt that the original posting seemed unfair to people creating video content for the wiki and felt like I should comment on it. After stating my piece, I realized what the OP was actually saying when I read his/her response. "Yes", your IP was mentioned, and "Yes" I noticed your edits after looking into it more thoroughly, and "Yes" I completely agreed with the fact that you were being disrespectful to other users which are trying to provide video content as well. Your edits were blatantly done to garner more subs to your YouTube channel and your Server. I am glad that you are mature enough to realize (and admit) that what you had done lacked couth, and that you've made attempts to redeem yourself. I do realize that making videos takes time and takes effort, and I believe that anyone contributing to this wiki (or any wiki) should be appreciated to an extent; just not at the expense of other contributors. --Asphyxiate (talk) 07:02, 15 July 2015 (UTC) - Asphyxiate, whilst I will admit to my wrongs if you think I post just to gain subscribers then you severely mislead-ed . I do not appreciate being talked down to like a child. Additionally if your not an administrator why the heck are you getting involved in all this, don't get me wrong I'm glad that this issue was brought up and hopefully resolved however you act as though your sat in an ivory tower, so instead of wasting time listing off the stuff that I'm apparently doing wrong and acting like the chief of this community why not be constructive toward people instead of just badgering on at them the same old stuff. I am actually annoyed that I tried to make things right only to be insulted further by you. I know exactly what was said and do not need it explaining by you, for god sake I can read the post above your name. -_- Mrcookiejunkie (talk) 13:04, 17 July 2015 (UTC) - mrcookiejunkie, just a head's up. I do not represent the wiki nor the administration behind it. I am an A.R.K. player that felt that the original posting seemed unfair to people creating video content for the wiki and felt like I should comment on it. After stating my piece, I realized what the OP was actually saying when I read his/her response. "Yes", your IP was mentioned, and "Yes" I noticed your edits after looking into it more thoroughly, and "Yes" I completely agreed with the fact that you were being disrespectful to other users which are trying to provide video content as well. Your edits were blatantly done to garner more subs to your YouTube channel and your Server. I am glad that you are mature enough to realize (and admit) that what you had done lacked couth, and that you've made attempts to redeem yourself. I do realize that making videos takes time and takes effort, and I believe that anyone contributing to this wiki (or any wiki) should be appreciated to an extent; just not at the expense of other contributors. --Asphyxiate (talk) 07:02, 15 July 2015 (UTC) I have just attempted to remove YouTube spam by Crua9, but he is reverting (some of) my edits. He is asking for donations and advertising in his videos and has not contributed anything of value to the wiki, which is why I removed the videos in the first place. (They are also placed on the pages with total disregard for the existing layout.) -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 20:42, 19 July 2015 (UTC) - Looks like @SharpShot gif beat me to a block. Def the thing that should be removed, thanks. --Z3ther (talk) 20:57, 19 July 2015 (UTC) - I'm not sure if this is a place to defend your stuff. Anyways, IllegalOpcode marked several of my videos as spam when I was clearly showing how stuff works, what it looks like, and how to make or get something. For example, the crappy wiki page for the lamp post saying it doesn't look like the picture doesn't mean nothing. I show how the thing looks, and I even show some light tricks what you can teach someone with text. - I have a video on oil and pearls, and it shows exactly what it looks like, how to get it, and how to turn it into gas. I've gotten 237 of e-mails thanking me for making that because the wiki is crap when it comes to telling people how to get it. Sure you can write it, but it's better to show how to get something. - To me it sounds like you don't want anyone to use anything other than the hardest method to teach someone something. Way to go old school -- Crua9 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crua9 (talk • contribs) at 08:35, 28 July 2015 (UTC). Please sign your posts with ~~~~ - Hey @Crua9, I've reverted your edits because of the way we've currently decided to include videos and video links. You're welcome to let your voice be heard here, but please keep things civil in your discussions. --Z3ther (talk) 08:54, 28 July 2015 (UTC) YouTube Videos Removed Youtube vidoes on pages has been a bit of an issue as of late as often they can become the subject of edit wars (since people want their videos higher or don't want to compete) as well as an overall slow to the pagetime load, thus I've removed nearly all videos as most seem unnecessary. If you have a problem, please don't hesitate to contact me directly. In the future we'll be looking for authoritarian and high quality videos to keep the wiki at the highest quality possible that we can. --Z3ther (talk) 19:16, 20 July 2015 (UTC) - I agree. Can we get an official rules page like on the Minecraft wiki? This would help clear up any confusion or etiquette. http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki:Wiki_rules --Doctor Arson (talk) 19:23, 20 July 2015 (UTC) - Great Idea! I think having a Rules Page will be highly helpful for confusion or etiquette. I'd highly welcome input on the discussion page there and we can build it together there as a community. What do you think? --Z3ther (talk) 19:42, 20 July 2015 (UTC) - Can I suggest a move (without redirect) from Rules to Wiki Rules? I think it is likely that there will be a Rules page covering game-related rules later. Apart from that, I think this is a fantastic idea! -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 21:33, 20 July 2015 (UTC) - Great Idea! I think having a Rules Page will be highly helpful for confusion or etiquette. I'd highly welcome input on the discussion page there and we can build it together there as a community. What do you think? --Z3ther (talk) 19:42, 20 July 2015 (UTC) Videos on leveling and taming pages Why is there videos in the leveling and taming sections if there shouldn't be any youtube videos? Is it because it's showing a bias if you're leaving those alone. The video is still a video that is meant to inform. All videos, and that includes videos from Curse, should be edited out. Unless you change the rules on what videos can go in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk • contribs) at 16:40, 22 July 2015 (UTC) - Videos ARE allowed as long as they are meaningful placed on the page to follow the layout to look nice without removing or placing higher than other videos. All videos should not advertise any servers or ask for donations - anyone adding content to gamepedia is doing it for free why should video users get money. We also ask that videos are of high standard and quality - script it don't just make it up as you go. I believe we should have videos but not if the poster is doing it to get credit for it (youtube hits, donations, players to server) --SharpShot gif (talk) 15:56, 22 July 2015 (UTC) - Curse are free to do whatever they want (within the confines of the wiki's license) when it comes to videos. Their videos are also a great example of high-quality videos. Also, please sign your comments using -- ~~~~ so we can tell who made the comment without looking at the page history. Thanks. -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 16:04, 22 July 2015 (UTC) Dino Bytes Videos Hello, I have sent Z3ther a message on FB, please respond. I want to establish that I am the author of Dino Bytes, one of the people who, until recently was providing video content to the community of Ark albeit not always via this site. IllegalOpcode, I would like a chance to address your last statement, for clarification. If you feel I am being unjust in my opinions please point this out to me. I agree that videos on the wiki should be of a professional nature. You justify removing the content because the other videos not put out by Curse were all unscripted videos, which sole purpose is to garner revenue, YouTube hits, donations and players to their server. In addition they were also removed because of edit wars and spamming. I am a gamer, I have watched many tutorials that were poorly edited, sloppy in execution, and while I do not think my videos are graphically (they have a professional staff that's sole focus is graphics and marketing) on par with Curse, I am still learning, and I have attempted to put out content which is scripted, to the point, and informative. I would like to also take issue with several points that you guys have been operating under. I have never posted a video to this wiki (someone else did), the money I have made from my view counts is a whopping $6.48, of which I won't ever see unless it reaches $100, I have not participated in editing wars, viewers have thanked me because of how well they thought the videos were laid out (go look at the comments yourself, all but two are positive and those two were someone trolling), my information in the videos isn't just coming from the wiki, it is also research I do myself, and I think that, whoever posted my videos did a nice job keeping them at the bottom of the page, which shows that they were not attempting to do anything but add a visual guide to the page for information. I would also like you to actually watch the taming video curse has put out, do you play this game? I honestly don't, think she plays this game, nacroberries? Not only did she say it wrong, it is spelled wrong on the bar, taming a dino by punching it isn't most effective way of taming and nothing has been said about tranq arrows (However, her mic quality is better than mine). I am speaking out about this because I think that my videos did add something valuable to the wiki. This is not only my opinion, but users of this wiki as well. I would be stupid to not try and take advantage of this situation, my view counts have gone up since I have been posted on the wiki and I am more than willing to meet the criteria you would like to see in video tutorials, but more importantly, the videos I have made are helpful, people do watch them, and it is to the deficit to the community for them having been removed. If someone could lay out exactly what authoritarian and high quality videos is and how I have not met this standard, other than my initial mic quality, I would be grateful. -- Thelyzardiam (talk) 01:46, 23 July 2015 (UTC) - Hello there! I'm sorry you got caught up in this. I have never personally had an issue with your videos, but we have had some pretty bad YouTube spam in the span of a few days and needed to put the foot down. We have starting working on a set of wiki rules to govern stuff like this, you--and anyone else, for that matter--are welcome to join the discussion over on the Wiki Rules talk page. Oh, and next time, leave out the code and nowiki tags when you sign, or it won't work the way it's supposed to. :] -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 02:06, 23 July 2015 (UTC) - Thanks for the reply also it was I who made them statements but I feel he answered them well for me. About Youtubers getting paid for hits was not the point I was trying to make but Youtubers adding videos just to get hits. I didn't see your videos personally but by the sounds of it they were of high quality and acceptable they just happened to be removed alone side all videos. If you like to re-add the videos am sure it would be ok along as they are placed on the page nicely. --SharpShot gif (talk) 12:35, 23 July 2015 (UTC) Mass Vandalism 220.127.116.11 (talk • contribs • logs • block log) This user has removed information from 3 pages can we block him. It might be a good Idea to make it so that only registered users can only edit on this pedia we are getting a lot of good edits from non-users but also bad ones. Blocking by ip is limited as most people are on a ipv6 so they can come back but if they have to make an account it will slow them down and make it harder. --SharpShot gif (talk) 13:56, 8 July 2015 (UTC) - I blocked him right after I saw his edits and I'm going to go ahead and make you a moderator, as a thank you for your exceptional work. --Z3ther (talk) 03:34, 9 July 2015 (UTC) Recipes page Would it not make sense for the Recipes page to contain just a list of available recipes with links? Would anyone have any complaints if I did the same thing to the recipes page as I did to the cooking page? I doubt anyone had a problem with the cooking page edit considering it's "non-uniform appearance", but the Recipes page is quite well formatted and I don't really want to cull someone's hard work without asking first. T1G0FF (talk) 09:50, 9 July 2015 (UTC) - I'd say knock yourself out. If you want to change some stuff around go for it. Both pages really do need quite a bit of clean up. I think the Cooking page really has potential for a cool page, but the layout and the content somewhat Sucks, like 200 different people put in a sentence,so it's a mess. If you want to tackle it, be my guest. --Z3ther (talk) 15:29, 9 July 2015 (UTC) Crafting experience I hope that all the infoboxes for craftable items can contain information on how much XP it gives to craft. I'd be happy to contribute the content, but i don't know how to edit all the infobox templates and whether i'd do anything wrong --Terrorbillen (talk) 11:18, 17 July 2015 (UTC) - I have added an experience parameter to the ResourceInfobox template. I also added the experience per craft to Narcotic. If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know. :] -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 12:53, 19 July 2015 (UTC) Badly translated and possibly copyrighted text I (and a few others) have reverted a number of edits from 18.104.22.168 (talk • contribs • logs • block log) that seem to be badly translated text attributed to Ark-Pedia by DGZ DurchGeZockt. Without knowing exactly where the text came from, we cannot be sure that it is compatible with this wiki's license CC BY-NC-SA 3.0, and I therefore advise that we revert any such edits. (I am not a lawyer, but as a software engineer I know a thing or two about licenses.) Oh, and the 'Please post new topics at the bottom of the page by clicking this link to add a new section.' link at the top seems to be broken, it shows a redirect page instead of posting the topic. -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 21:08, 19 July 2015 (UTC) I figured out what is wrong. The link is made using {{fullurle:{{SITENAME}}:Admin noticeboard\|action=edit§ion=new}} , but because the SITENAME is 'ARK: Survival Evolved Wiki' and not 'ARK Survival Evolved Wiki', it breaks. I am confident that replacing {{SITENAME}} with ARK Survival Evolved Wiki will fix it, like so: {{fullurle:ARK Survival Evolved Wiki:Admin noticeboard\|action=edit§ion=new}} - Sorry already beat you to it I fixed it before you posted this lol --SharpShot gif (talk) 21:34, 19 July 2015 (UTC) - That's actually pretty funny to me, since I made the redirect and was trying to figure out how and why people were editing that page, since it was changed when we renamed the wiki from arksurvivalevolved.gamepedia.com to ark.gamepedia.com I thought I fixed any loops, but people were still editing it and adding their issues on that page. I couldn't understand, and now it totally makes sense. Thanks both of you for fixing it. The reason it still comes up is because the mainpage is ARK: Survival Evolved with the hyphen, and the Admin noticeboard doesn't have a hyphen. Hyphens really mess with wikimedia in all sorts of different ways :/ --Z3ther (talk) 22:46, 19 July 2015 (UTC) CCCP tribe blocking A tribe called CCCP are blocking the caves and mountain sites to stop people getting resources they have blocked frozen fang and the underwater cave at 10.4 / 39.5 the server is The-EU-PVE-officialServer126 i believe on a PVE Server this is very unfair play - Sorry, but this is the Wiki to the Game, not a place to get help from the devs. Please use the Steam forums linked on the right under "Game Support" for it, or email them at firstname.lastname@example.org. On another Note, it actually shouldn't be possible to build in Caves on PVE Servers. So if that's the case, the Devs definitely will want to know about this. ---Amkorra (talk) 18:04, 20 July 2015 (UTC) Official Server 27 On the wonderful public server of the Officialarkserver27 I am part of a good tribe ranked third place in best tribe on the server. Recently our tribe and every other tribe on the server whom we are allied with most of them have experienced a old tribe that has returned by the name of yy and continued to raid multiple big tribes including us and wrecking small bases for fun. This has become very unfunny on the server and many tribes have had to start over. We have come to a stage in recovering where we are back to normal although a new problem has risen between the server and the yy tribe. This tribe has started hacking. They have on multiple occasions shot through mountains with bows and guns and have become invincible making the gameplay even more frustrating. This tribe has terrorized the same server before, but never in this manner of hacking. It has become likely for many people to leave the server due to this. If we can have this solved, the whole server would be grateful for the admins and other helpers to get rid of the people in the yy tribe to make the gameplay better for the server and to rid hacking between the tribe and people who play legitimately. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk • contribs) at 03:51, 25 July 2015 (UTC) - Unfortunately here on the game wiki we don't have any rights to change servers or help you fix issues with other tribes. The best options currently are to visit the Steam forums and write your problem there, or contact the devs: email@example.com. --Z3ther (talk) 09:36, 25 July 2015 (UTC) 126.96.36.199 needs a break - Ban hammer deployed. 188.8.131.52 (talk • contribs • logs • block log) now in orbit for 1 month. -- IllegalOpcode (talk) 13:10, 25 July 2015 (UTC) Argentavis glitched through the map and is stuck above the map I am on Official Server 47 and was riding an Argentavis named Rand' Al Thor and was coasting along the beach near the 70 Long 25 Lat, I then ran into a stone building while it was raining and misty and it glitched me through the map. I saw the entire map, literally from a bird's eye view. We were way above the map and I couldn't move the bird. I was trying everything and finally jumped off of it where I went through the "ceiling" and proceeded to fall into the water after about a full 2 minutes of falling. Is there any way of getting the Argentavis back? I understand losing it to another dino but to lose it in a game glitch is a little ridiculous. - Unfortunately for you, this is the game wiki, and since we are not developers and pretty much have nothing to do with the game servers can't help you. Please use the Steam forums or email the devs at firstname.lastname@example.org. Also, please sign your comments using -- ~~~~ , this will add a link to your user page and the current date, making it easier to follow the discussion. Thanks! --Z3ther (talk) 11:12, 30 July 2015 (UTC) ARK Survival of the Fittest Comepetition Hello, admins! Will any of you be watching the Survival of the Fittest competition live this weekend? If so, I have a favor to ask! Please contact me via my userpage or email@example.com if you'll be watching! Best, BriannaMCR (talk) 20:52, 30 July 2015 (UTC)	eng	<urn:uuid:b3e3c0cf-aea8-48cf-8687-102e4f575961>	https://ark.gamepedia.com/ARK_Survival_Evolved_Wiki:Admin_noticeboard/Archive_1	CC-MAIN-2019-30
If right-libertarians have a “comparative advantage,” it’s in writing by-the-numbers puff pieces on “free trade” that borrow the language of Ricardo and Cobden to defend what amounts to a totalitarian corporate lockdown on the world economy. This time it’s Richard Ebeling of the Future of Freedom Foundation (“Free Trade Versus Political Fallacies,” June 15) doing the honors. Ebeling objects to the negative tone of both American political parties on international trade this election year. Listening to Clinton and Trump, he says, “the average voter would think that international trade and investment is a zero sum game in which there is a ‘winner’ and a ‘loser’. Their economic policy assumption is that other countries are gaining at the international trade game at the expense of the United States.” At least Ebeling, unlike most right-libertarian apologists for corporate globalization, doesn’t explicitly equate the predominant form of “trade” in the real world with “free trade.” He repeatedly defends the benefits of “international trade” and the like, without ever coming right out and calling it “free trade.” The problem is, all the stuff he has to say about the positive-sum benefits of trade are true only of actual free trade. But the transnational corporate economy we actually live in has very little to do with free trade. And the global corporate economy is very much a zero-sum game. The actual nature of the global economy is aptly described by this passage from “Labour Defended Against the Claims of Capital,” by Thomas Hodgskin — an English writer of the 1820s and 1830s who was second to none in his support for genuine free trade. Betwixt him who produces food and him who produces clothing, betwixt him who makes instruments and him who uses them, in steps the capitalist, who neither makes nor uses them, and appropriates to himself the produce of both. With as niggard a hand as possible he transfers to each a part of the produce of the other, keeping to himself the large share. Gradually and successively has he insinuated himself betwixt them, expanding in bulk as he has been nourished by their increasingly productive labours, and separating them so widely from each other that neither can see whence that supply is drawn which each receives through the capitalist. While he despoils both, so completely does he exclude one from the view of the other that both believe they are indebted him for subsistence. In one thing Ebeling is right: his criticism of Clinton and Trump for suggesting it’s other countries that benefit at the expense of Americans. In actual fact it’s transnational corporations that are gaining at the expense of working people and consumers in both the United States and other countries. But substitute the global corporation for “other countries” and actually existing international trade is exactly the kind of zero-sum relationship Hodgskin described. Most “international trade” is not what we think of when we hear the term — that is, companies in America producing for export to other countries, and companies in foreign countries producing goods that are imported for consumption in the United States. Rather, most trade is actually transfers of unfinished goods between national subsidiaries of global corporations, or the importation for domestic sale of finished goods produced under contract by foreign factories, with the trademarks of American corporations. In other words it isn’t really “trade” at all, but an administrative transaction within a global corporate bureaucracy. And to repeat, it’s very much zero-sum. A global corporation uses its patents and trademarks to contract out actual production to independent firms, but retains a legal monopoly on disposal of the product. As a result it can bargain unilaterally with foreign sweatshops on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, and sell the finished goods in Western domestic markets at a markup many times the actual cost of production. And it can use the same “intellectual property” to prevent indigenous Third World producers from manufacturing identical goods for their own domestic market at a price near actual production cost. That is a ZERO-SUM game in which the corporations benefit at the expense of both Third World workers and American consumers. Under the neoliberal regime enforced by the World Bank, IMF, and assorted “Free Trade Agreements,” the “property rights” of extractive industries like oil, minerals and agribusiness in the resources they’ve looted under centuries of colonialism and neocolonialism are protected against reclamation by the Third World peoples they looted them from. That’s ZERO-SUM. Under neoliberalism, multilateral institutions lend Third World countries the money to build roads and utility infrastructures whose primary purpose is to make the export of Western capital artificially profitable. Then those same institutions use that debt as leverage to blackmail those same Third World countries into crony capitalist “structural adjustment” programs by which they “privatize” those same infrastructures to the very corporations they were built at public expense to subsidize — and privatize them on terms unilaterally favorable to the acquiring corporations. ZERO-SUM. Under neoliberalism, the cumulative effect of “intellectual property,” massive subsidies to long-distance transportation, and the U.S. Navy keeping the sea lanes open for container ships entirely at taxpayer expense, is to make global supply and distribution chains much longer than would be optimally efficient in a genuine free market. This means that the international “specialization” Ebeling thinks so much of is likewise artificially promoted beyond optimal levels. “Trade,” as such, is not an unlimited good. Neither is “specialization” or “division of labor.” If they were, Earth would devote its entire economy to producing a particular kind of widget for the rest of the galaxy. They’re all things that reach a level of diminishing returns. And since the primary role of the state under capitalism is to socialize the operating costs of business and enforce monopoly profits, the point of diminishing returns for all those things is artificially raised much higher than its normal value in a free market. Under genuine free trade, no “intellectual property” would enable corporations to control production and monopolize the distribution of goods while relegating the people of Third World countries to supplying sweatshop labor. Under genuine free trade, the expropriated and enclosed land from which peasants have been evicted under colonialism and neo-colonialism, which is used to produce cash crops or simply held out of use altogether, would be reoccupied by the cultivators who rightfully own it and force sweatshop employers to compete with the possibility of self-employment and subsistence production. In such a global economy, a much larger share of the goods we consume would be produced in small-scale facilities for local consumption, in integrated local economies — in both the United States and the Third World. The goods produced would be much cheaper absent the embedded rents on patents, trademarks and copyrights, and the enormous overhead from the kind of supply-push distribution entailed in global distribution chains. Workers would have much greater say over the conditions under which this production took place — both here and abroad — absent state interventions on behalf of employers to suppress alternatives to the wage system. But that’s under free trade — which is a far cry from the capitalist “international trade” Ebeling defends.	eng	<urn:uuid:30f8fe2a-77ab-4527-9a87-351d168de129>	https://c4ss.org/content/45463	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Blog Post Presentation: Introducing SQL Server 2012 Security and Auditing Improvements Play Presentation: Introducing SQL Server 2012 Security and Auditing Improvements Description In this presentation we'll cover SQL Server 2012 improvements that impact security and auditing, including new support for default schema for groups, user-defined server roles and various auditing improvements. Joe Sack Principal Consultant, SQLskills	eng	<urn:uuid:3f88a452-c72b-456a-932e-65e1c7b01e91>	https://channel9.msdn.com/posts/SQL11UPD02-REC-05	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Aldo, Here's a comparative photo of the dress I received and the advertised photo from the site. I must say it's very accurate. The length of my dress is a little longer because I chose it to be that way. I have a bigger "behind" and if I choose shorter ones, I might flash you guys with ungodly scenes. LOL! edressy.com is an online bridal shop, specializing in selling wedding dresses, bridesmaid dresses, flower girl dresses, prom dresses and other special occasion dresses. Since their goal is to make all of us customers and shoppers alike to be happy and satisfied, they are committed to offering high quality dresses with competitive price.The shop has then grown from providing just wedding dresses and entourage clothing to parties - prom, homecoming, among other styles. In my country, I mentioned wearing glam dresses may not be as common since the parties we have are not as big as those in other countries. It's getting more costly nowadays. But luckily, there are shops that offer budget-friendly dresses at online shopping convenience like http://www.simplydresses.co.nz/ Go check after the cut to find out more about my views on this shop ... \| Click to Blogsvertise \| Got Ad? Go click! \| #phchurpchurp is the newest social media community! --- Edressy.com offers a range of beautiful dresses, matching shoes, exquisite accessories for brides and fashion ladies. The dress collections are updated every season according to the fashion trend, in order to provide us shoppers with the latest styles. Moreover, we can also have our dresses or gowns custom made if you can’t find a right size. Before I even got the dress, I already envisioned this look. The materials of the dress gives me this romantic or somehow Victorian-style dress - organza + lace + black & white + see-through material + sexy + backless ... it has that sexy formula! And so, as soon as I got it, this was the result! The shop offers good quality product with keen attention to details. I am very keen on details too and I was observing how accurate this is with the product advertised on the website. I must say, very little difference on the lace patterns on the skirt. Other than that, it still look pretty much the same. Simplydresses.co.nz aims to be budget-friendly dress provider, the moment they've established this online shopping haven, edressy.com. No matter where you are, or who you are, edressy.com offers the same low price to you. Whether you’re a retailer or a simple fashionista customer desiring to catch the latest fashion and style and trend, you can get an unbeatable low price from the site. This dress I chose, I must say; even though it's customized, the value did not change for me. It costs $125.94 USD (roughly Php5,037.60 in my local currency) when this was sent to me (please note price may change depending on the provider). Customized dresses would normally cost as much, I believe; and even more. But this one didn't change even price for my size. I styled the look with some "blings" to add to the glamorous effect of the outfit. I believe I achieved a romantic glam look with it, don't you think? Most of my accessories are just reused from some of my past outfits hehe. I don't have an endless closet and accessories drawer anyway. I just mix and match. I can say I'm satisfied with this look. I was able to play around with the lovely outfit and the "love" I wanted to showcase in the mood, staying true to its "romantic" vibe. You can see I also used a fascinator as my hair accessory. Pink's song has been stuck in my mind for months ... and I think it suits this look ... Just Give Me A Reason By Pink This outfit is as close to the song as I can see - romantic, lovely ... what more can you ask for? Learn to love again these dresses ... feel the romantic vibe ... edressy.com offers such styles and a safe and easy online purchasing experience. Their payment processes guarantee a safe and secure purchasing environment with worldwide recognized safe methods. They've taken out the hassle of international trade —from product sourcing, secure payment and shipping. Behind edressy.com is an amazing team of real, live specialists who are happy to handle any issue you may have. The customer service is always ready to solve the problems you may come up, so feel free to turn to our customer service when you need help or have any question. I can vouch for this since for me, when I was still choosing my color, style, and sizing and how-to questions on measurements (yeah it's self-explanatory but given mine is customized, I wanted to make sure) ... their staff has been friendly enough. The one handling me as a fashion blogger was also very helpful. The shop promises to know and believe in every fashionistas' mindset - that the dresses do mean a lot to us, so they ensure that each dress is handled with care and arrives from their warehouse to our own homes in style! Additionally, they offer fast delivery to make us get the dress in time for our big event - whether it's sooner already or if it can still take some time. I can attest to this! Their staff kept on following up with me if I already received the dress after their targeted timeframe. It was a bit delayed for me due to customs handling - there was miscommunication on the address, etc. But nevertheless; I got it as I expected it! As I mentioned, I really got mt size much-customized than the advertised photo. I really can't go with such a very short length. My behind is really bigger - not in proportion with my whole body. LOL. And, my chest area is also ... uhmm ... bigger. So I my dress is really longer than the photo on the site. And the tube dress top itself is really bigger too to accommodate my ... erm ... my humps! The materials are of good quality as you can see on the photo. I chose this because it's not too-shiny and not too-bland as well so it's perfect for my personality and the events I'll go to. Not too grand, not too plain! And choosing it in black & white makes it a "safe" choice for any event! I am really grateful for this opportunity to get this dress from edressy shop and write about how wonderful this dress is; and the experience in getting outfits and styles from the site. I also enjoyed the photoshoot with my sister for this look! Not so grand as well but all lovely and fun! (^_^) What do you think? Where to find this look? To summarize my thoughts on this as well ... PRODUCT REVIEW PRODUCT CODE: JPHOMED056 Buy now!!! http://www.simplydresses.co.nz Chai Outfit Post: ♥♥ Learn to Love ❤ Again with Edressy ✻✻✻ As promised, I'll write about the dress I got from my new sponsor, Edressy.com and I must say, I really chose the one I could wear in local parties and events. This post is then an "outfit post" and a "product review post" at the same time! Woot! You've seen a preview of this on my last post - Save Budget and Be a Party Belle with SimplyDresses.co.nz and now you'll see it full! And when it comes to party dressing, you'll see I really put effort in my expressions, makeup, style, and show my creativity in it. My love for cosplay would mostly be reflected in the looks I create. Of course, from time to time, we show our individuality.Here's a comparative photo of the dress I received and the advertised photo from the site. I must say it's very accurate. The length of my dress is a little longer because I chose it to be that way. I have a bigger "behind" and if I choose shorter ones, I might flash you guys with ungodly scenes. LOL! A-line Strapless Organza Short / Mini Homecoming Dress With Ruffled Skirt Me vs. Site Model ... LOL http://www.edressy.com http://www.simplydresses.co.nz \| In my country, I mentioned wearing glam dresses may not be as common since the parties we have are not as big as those in other countries. It's getting more costly nowadays. But luckily, there are shops that offer budget-friendly dresses at online shopping convenience like http://www.simplydresses.co.nz/ Go check after the cut to find out more about my views on this shop ... \| Click to Blogsvertise \| Got Ad? Go click! \| #phchurpchurp is the newest social media community! --- Edressy.com offers a range of beautiful dresses, matching shoes, exquisite accessories for brides and fashion ladies. The dress collections are updated every season according to the fashion trend, in order to provide us shoppers with the latest styles. Moreover, we can also have our dresses or gowns custom made if you can’t find a right size. Before I even got the dress, I already envisioned this look. The materials of the dress gives me this romantic or somehow Victorian-style dress - organza + lace + black & white + see-through material + sexy + backless ... it has that sexy formula! And so, as soon as I got it, this was the result! The shop offers good quality product with keen attention to details. I am very keen on details too and I was observing how accurate this is with the product advertised on the website. I must say, very little difference on the lace patterns on the skirt. Other than that, it still look pretty much the same. Simplydresses.co.nz aims to be budget-friendly dress provider, the moment they've established this online shopping haven, edressy.com. No matter where you are, or who you are, edressy.com offers the same low price to you. Whether you’re a retailer or a simple fashionista customer desiring to catch the latest fashion and style and trend, you can get an unbeatable low price from the site. This dress I chose, I must say; even though it's customized, the value did not change for me. It costs $125.94 USD (roughly Php5,037.60 in my local currency) when this was sent to me (please note price may change depending on the provider). Customized dresses would normally cost as much, I believe; and even more. But this one didn't change even price for my size. I styled the look with some "blings" to add to the glamorous effect of the outfit. I believe I achieved a romantic glam look with it, don't you think? Most of my accessories are just reused from some of my past outfits hehe. I don't have an endless closet and accessories drawer anyway. I just mix and match. I can say I'm satisfied with this look. I was able to play around with the lovely outfit and the "love" I wanted to showcase in the mood, staying true to its "romantic" vibe. You can see I also used a fascinator as my hair accessory. Pink's song has been stuck in my mind for months ... and I think it suits this look ... Just Give Me A Reason By Pink Just give me a reason Just a little bit's enough Just a second we're not broken just bent And we can learn to love again It's in the stars It's been written in the scars on our hearts That we're not broken just bent And we can learn to love again This outfit is as close to the song as I can see - romantic, lovely ... what more can you ask for? Learn to love again these dresses ... feel the romantic vibe ... edressy.com offers such styles and a safe and easy online purchasing experience. Their payment processes guarantee a safe and secure purchasing environment with worldwide recognized safe methods. They've taken out the hassle of international trade —from product sourcing, secure payment and shipping. Behind edressy.com is an amazing team of real, live specialists who are happy to handle any issue you may have. The customer service is always ready to solve the problems you may come up, so feel free to turn to our customer service when you need help or have any question. I can vouch for this since for me, when I was still choosing my color, style, and sizing and how-to questions on measurements (yeah it's self-explanatory but given mine is customized, I wanted to make sure) ... their staff has been friendly enough. The one handling me as a fashion blogger was also very helpful. The shop promises to know and believe in every fashionistas' mindset - that the dresses do mean a lot to us, so they ensure that each dress is handled with care and arrives from their warehouse to our own homes in style! Additionally, they offer fast delivery to make us get the dress in time for our big event - whether it's sooner already or if it can still take some time. I can attest to this! Their staff kept on following up with me if I already received the dress after their targeted timeframe. It was a bit delayed for me due to customs handling - there was miscommunication on the address, etc. But nevertheless; I got it as I expected it! As I mentioned, I really got mt size much-customized than the advertised photo. I really can't go with such a very short length. My behind is really bigger - not in proportion with my whole body. LOL. And, my chest area is also ... uhmm ... bigger. So I my dress is really longer than the photo on the site. And the tube dress top itself is really bigger too to accommodate my ... erm ... my humps! The materials are of good quality as you can see on the photo. I chose this because it's not too-shiny and not too-bland as well so it's perfect for my personality and the events I'll go to. Not too grand, not too plain! And choosing it in black & white makes it a "safe" choice for any event! I am really grateful for this opportunity to get this dress from edressy shop and write about how wonderful this dress is; and the experience in getting outfits and styles from the site. I also enjoyed the photoshoot with my sister for this look! Not so grand as well but all lovely and fun! (^_^) What do you think? - Black & White Edressy Mini Homecoming Dress with Ruffled Skirt, Edressy.com - Zara Trafaluc Black Slingback Chain Court Shoes TRF, ZARA - F21 Black Glittered Diamong Handbag Clutch, Forever 21 Philippines - Black Fascinator Hair Accessory, ACCESSORIZE - F21 Black and Silver Teardrop Earrings, Forever 21 - F21 Black & Silver Rhinestone Collar Necklace, Forever 21 - F21 Stretched Silver Beaded Bracelet, Forever 21 - Silver Star Ring, Itsy Bitsy http://www.facebook.com/ itsitsybitsy - GEO Super Nudy Blue Contact Lenses, GEO LENSES GWYSHOP - False Eyelashes, Shawill Makeup - Aldo Accessories Black & Silver Rosette Ring, ALDO Shoes - Philippines - LOVE Silver Connector Rings, Love FIVEbyFIVE - Rei Miyamoto (宮本麗, Miyamoto Rei) Highschool of the Dead Cosplay Wig, My Little Prince! Shop - Lash Genius Clear Waterproof Topcoat Mascara, Anastasia Beverly Hills Where to find this look? To summarize my thoughts on this as well ... PRODUCT REVIEW - Quality matches the Price of the actual product - No false advertising. - Actual Product appears really close to the product photo on the site - Minimal difference on the lacey cloth used as accent but not much - Shipment seems acceptable enough. - I put my blogger order on Feb. 4. - Item was dispatched sometime Feb. 11-15 week following my customized sizing. - Item arrived Mar. 18 (but our customs and courier service had issues initially) - I was on a business trip away from home so it was only my dad who received the item and it reached us come April 1 instead after courier attempted to re-deliver - I got to shoot the item last April 16 - The dress is very much up to trend and keeps up with my style - Friendly customer service experience PRODUCT CODE: JPHOMED056 Buy now!!! http://www.simplydresses.co.nz - Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/Edressy - Website (SimplyDresses NZ): http://www.simplydresses.co.nz/ - Website (Edressy.com): http://www.edressy.com/ - Twitter: http://twitter.com/edressy PS: I'll be uploading a video of this outfit. Hope you'll watch out for it too from my Youtube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/chenmeicai Subscribe and let me know! I'll subscribe back. (^_^) And ... As you see, Romwe leggings are creative and unique, So many people like them;) Now we prepare a big sale for the leggings, only 19.99$ for 300+ CRAZY LEGGINGS from 2013.5.15 to 5.17 \| Chai	eng	<urn:uuid:f662e6de-6652-4591-9940-0e83fd77acb6>	https://chenmeicai.blogspot.com/2013/05/outfit-post-learn-to-love-again-with.html?showComment=1368639598246	CC-MAIN-2019-30
#ChaiChenGiveaways, Contrary to popular belief that along side the shutdown of Google Reader, GFC is also shutting down - it's not! Those are 2 different platforms and by now; I can still see the feeds of the blogs I follow via GFC on my GFC Blog Reading List. Nevertheless, I already imported these to my Bloglovin ... hope you all can follow me back there too. (^_^) If I haven't followed you yet ... just let me know. Follow me and I'll follow back. (^_^) And now allow me to bring you this new giveaway; YET ANOTHER ONE RIGHT AFTER THE PREVIOUS ... Persunmall.com; is a global website; an online shopping store offering fashion-forward clothing (tops&bottoms), jewelries, accessories and shoes, bags for high street fashion, and many more. Women Clothing Online They focus on the field of women's fashion, by concentrating on the more fashionable close friend choices, collections, superstar picks, popular searching, from a different perspective. They embark on a different side to promote beauty, spread fashion trends, to provide us with the most IN the season kinds of styles offered at affordable prices and satisfactory services. Currently, they are collaborating with many fashion bloggers to offer this Summer Style International Giveaway (July 2013 Series) and I am one of those, pleased to offer this great event! I have offered various giveaways here already and collaborated with various brands for my readers. This is my first time to collaborate with Persunmall.com and I wish this one to be successful too. Check out after the cut to find out what prizes you can win and follow the very easy mechanics to win your choice of product! NOTE: Giveaway clipart background from http://www.hinhnenblog.net. \| Click to Blogsvertise \| Got Ad? Go click! \| #phchurpchurp is the newest social media community! --- Easy-peasy mechanics made much easier! No hassle for you! Simple steps even made simpler! Woot! All entries must be done via the Rafflecopter Tool ok? This makes it easier for all of us to keep track of your entries! ICE GODDHEZ x PERSUNMALL SUMMER STYLE INTERNATIONAL GIVEAWAY Required Steps for 20 Entries! Here's what you can get from this giveaway. Pick one from these nine (9) styles as your prize! Enter via Rafflecopter Tool here: a Rafflecopter giveaway Go and get more entries too for this giveaway! Check out the following links to start your shopping right now! (^_^) Can't wait for the giveaway to end? Shop these products now: There is also a special "Lucky Prize" For all participants (out of all the entries for July - from this blog; and the other blog partners of Persunmall so there's a chance you can win two (2) prizes!!! Ain't that amazing? Enjoy these coupon codes now for your shopping convenience: Good luck guys! Thanks for your constant support! (^_^) Chai Ice Goddhez x Persunmall July Summer Style International Giveaway #ChaiChenGiveaways Before I proceed with the main topic of this blog post and giveaway; allow me to invite you to follow me this time via Bloglovin.Contrary to popular belief that along side the shutdown of Google Reader, GFC is also shutting down - it's not! Those are 2 different platforms and by now; I can still see the feeds of the blogs I follow via GFC on my GFC Blog Reading List. Nevertheless, I already imported these to my Bloglovin ... hope you all can follow me back there too. (^_^) If I haven't followed you yet ... just let me know. Follow me and I'll follow back. (^_^) And now allow me to bring you this new giveaway; YET ANOTHER ONE RIGHT AFTER THE PREVIOUS ... Persunmall.com; is a global website; an online shopping store offering fashion-forward clothing (tops&bottoms), jewelries, accessories and shoes, bags for high street fashion, and many more. Women Clothing Online They focus on the field of women's fashion, by concentrating on the more fashionable close friend choices, collections, superstar picks, popular searching, from a different perspective. They embark on a different side to promote beauty, spread fashion trends, to provide us with the most IN the season kinds of styles offered at affordable prices and satisfactory services. Currently, they are collaborating with many fashion bloggers to offer this Summer Style International Giveaway (July 2013 Series) and I am one of those, pleased to offer this great event! I have offered various giveaways here already and collaborated with various brands for my readers. This is my first time to collaborate with Persunmall.com and I wish this one to be successful too. Check out after the cut to find out what prizes you can win and follow the very easy mechanics to win your choice of product! NOTE: Giveaway clipart background from http://www.hinhnenblog.net. \| Click to Blogsvertise \| Got Ad? Go click! \| #phchurpchurp is the newest social media community! --- Easy-peasy mechanics made much easier! No hassle for you! Simple steps even made simpler! Woot! All entries must be done via the Rafflecopter Tool ok? This makes it easier for all of us to keep track of your entries! ICE GODDHEZ x PERSUNMALL SUMMER STYLE INTERNATIONAL GIVEAWAY Required Steps for 20 Entries! - REGISTER on PERSUNMALL Website: Register Here (5 pts) - LIKE on Facebook: Persunmall Facebook (5 pts); Chai Chen Cosplay, Fashion, Blog (3 pts) - Follow this blog on Google Friend Connect - hit Follow This Site on the GFC column here or click this link - Follow Blog via GFC (3 pts) - Follow my blog on Bloglovin' - if you don't have one, it's easy to create it dears! (2 points) - Leave a Blog Post Comment: Needed infos appear in the Rafflecopter Tool (2 pts) Here's what you can get from this giveaway. Pick one from these nine (9) styles as your prize! Enter via Rafflecopter Tool here: Go and get more entries too for this giveaway! Extra Points / Entries - TOTAL OF 40 MORE POINTS!!! - FOLLOW PERSUNMALL on the following ... - SHARE Giveaway on Facebook (3 pts) - check rafflecopter tool how - TWEET about this Givaway on Twitter (3 pts) - check rafflecopter tool how - Follow me on Twitter (1 point) - Become a FAN on Lookbook (1 point) - Follow me on Google Plus : +Chai Chen (1 point) - Give +1 for this entry on Google+ by hitting the icon below using the tools (1 point) - Follow me on Tumblr (1 point) - Follow me on Fashiolista (1 point) - Follow me on instagram @chenmeicai (1 point) - Follow me on NuffnangX (1 point) - Follow me on Polyvore (1 point) - Become my watcher on Deviantart - if you have an account there (1 point) - LIKE this post on Facebook using the LIKE tool on this blog post below (1 point) - Follow me on NetworkedBlogs via Facebook - you can see that tool on the lower right section of this blog and you can login there via Facebook (3 points) - Blog About this Post / Add in Blogroll / Giveaway Link / Banner in your Roll - check Rafflecopter Instructions (5 points) - Reblog on Tumblr / Any Other Way You Can Promote - check Rafflecopter Instructions (5 points) Giveaway starts TODAY; JULY 2 - 15, 2013 !!! Winners will be announced on this page on a blog post the week after the contest period. PERSUNMALL will be the one to decide who will win the contest. Please make sure all your entries are done via the RAFFLECOPTER tool. Giveaway is open Internationally - but limited to PERSUNMALL Registered Users - So make sure you signed up!!! Winners will be contacted by me and/or the PERSUNMALL team for their winnings. Official winners will be announced on July 19 at the Persunmall Official Activity Page. Winners will be determined only once this giveaway has a minimum of of sixty (60) participants. 1 winner per 60 participants. So if we reach 120; there will be 2 winners; and so on ... ONLINE SHOP: http://www.persunmall.com BLOG: http://persunmall.blogspot.com/ TWITTER: https://twitter.com/Persunmall FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Persunmall/ YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/Persunmall PINTEREST: http://pinterest.com/persunmall POLYVORE: http://persunmall.polyvore.com/ Can't wait for the giveaway to end? Shop these products now: 1. Wings Heart Cotton Vest SKU: FCBI00155 ($28.99) 2. Marilyn Tassels Cotton T-shirt SKU: FCBI00179 ($24.99) 3. High Low Chiffon Skirt SKU: FMCC0079 ($24.99) 4. Irregular Neck Chiffon Shirt SKU: FDBI00189 ($42.99) 5. Stylish Color Contrast Two-Piece Suit SKU: FIBI0042 ($32.99) 6. Cow Color Cotton Shorts SKU: FJCE0040 ($31.99) 7. Irregular Sleeveless Printed Slim Dress SKU: FXBI00206 ($25.99) 8. Irregular Net Chiffon Dress SKU: FXBI00209 ($33.99) 9. Stylish Color Block Chiffon Shirt SKU: FDBI00168 ($35.99) Enjoy these coupon codes now for your shopping convenience: - Get $10 off your first order with PersunMall.com Use this voucher code: INVITE3320PM - Ger 20% off for 1 order valid until July 30 User this voucher code: PERSUN20%OFF Good luck guys! Thanks for your constant support! (^_^) Chai	eng	<urn:uuid:6bd063a2-5497-40f5-acdf-f30f8fda1511>	https://chenmeicai.blogspot.com/2013/07/ice-goddhez-x-persunmall-july-summer.html?showComment=1372838209673	CC-MAIN-2019-30
[TRAVEL] The Beauty That Was Bolinao! Visit Pangasinan, Philippines! I did say I ain't a "beach person" right? But when I do go out for a swim, I make sure I stay fashionable like my recent summer-y posts Trendy Summer Korean Swimwear Pieces from Korean Rose Shop and OPPO F1s: Summer #OOTD. I mean, don't we all? LOL. Don't we all want to stay cute and fashionable this time of the year? And these outfits are best strutted on beautiful beaches like this one here ... you've seen me and my bestie at the Bolinao Falls in one of the OOTD photos ... and now, lemme bring you more of the beauty that is Bolinao!Me at Treasures of Bolinao Beach Resort Bolinao \| Patar, Pangasinan, Philippines (Travel) \| It's the time of the year again where we look for affordable travel packages or search about things we can do at beautiful beach resorts like this one. Or if you're already familiar with some beaches in the Philippines, surely you'd surely have heard about Bolinao Beach Resorts in Patar, Pangasinan. Check after the cut to see more of this wonderful beauty in the Philippines! ---	eng	<urn:uuid:76f8ea71-570c-4d6d-899c-d0b361a7e304>	https://chenmeicai.blogspot.com/2017/04/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stone Daggers Stone Daggers \| \| ---\|---\| A pair of primitive stone-bladed knives \| \| Type \| Weapon \| Grade \| Low \| Weapon Type \| TwoHanded Dagger \| Damage \| 11 \| Armor Penetration \| 14.4% \| Durability \| 120 \| Weight \| 1.76 \| ID \| 51951 \| Skirmisher \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\| ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| Recipe \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\| Level \| 6 \| Cost \| 2 \| \|\|\|\| Teaches \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\| Description[edit \| edit source] “ \| Conan went with it, bruised, battered, invincible, hanging on like a bulldog to the hilt of his saber which he could not withdraw, tearing and ripping at the shuddering bulk with the poniard in his left hand, goring it to ribbons. \| „ \| ~ The Slithering Shadow \| Sharpened stones serving as primitive daggers with limited ranged for fast, stabbing attacks. Daggers and poniards are often coated in venom to increase their effectiveness. Even the most primitive weapons can mean the difference between life and death for an Exile. Source[edit \| edit source] Hand crafted \| \|\|\| ---\|---\|---\|---\| Ingredients \| Outcome \| Craft time \| Experience gained \| 5 Branch 20 Stone 5 Twine \| 1 Stone Daggers \| 10 s \| 60 \| Repair[edit \| edit source] Repairing Stone Daggers requires up to: - 15 Stone	eng	<urn:uuid:5db8402d-e423-46d3-842c-cf6116635cb0>	https://conanexiles.gamepedia.com/index.php?title=Stone_Daggers&amp%3Bmobileaction=toggle_view_mobile&printable=yes	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Kitchen-inspection reports for day cares and schools are available – if you look Wednesday, May 15, 2019 PHOENIX – Squeals of joy fill a colorfully decorated schoolroom before breakfast on a Thursday morning. As the children wash their hands one-by-one, cook Mariela Alejos pushes plastic carts loaded with freshly prepared beans, tortillas and watermelon to each classroom. Alejos feeds schoolkids every day at Arizona Migrant Head Start in Surprise. The smell of fresh cut cilantro fills her kitchen, mixing with the aroma of beef slowly simmering on the stove for lunch. Alejos does everything with purpose. In between each task, she cleans any dishes, washes her hands and pulls on a fresh pair of gloves. She makes sure her kitchen stays pristine. Maricopa County restaurant inspectors include day cares and school kitchens in their regular inspections, and there’s a wide range of performance levels for the 1,509 permitted schools and day cares. Violations from kitchen inspections pertain to food prep, storage and kitchen cleanliness. “You want to get your letter A,” Alejos said. After 19 inspections in the past six years, Arizona Migrant Head Start has received just one violation. “If everything is good in the kitchen, the kids … they’re healthy,” Alejos said. But not every kitchen is as diligent. Based on Maricopa County inspection data from 2013 through 2018, 51 day cares or schools received more than 20 violations in that time. Magali Bustillos, an environmental health specialist for the county, said day cares and schools are not obligated to notify parents when they are consistently underperforming on inspections. The information is available on the Maricopa County website, so it is up to the parents to check that the food their children are being served is prepared properly. Carleigh Dillman’s 2-year-old daughter attends Little Scholars Academy in Peoria. Dillman chose the private preschool and kindergarten because of its outstanding online reviews, but she didn’t know its kitchen had been flagged for 30 violations since 2013. The violations range from personal cleanliness of the staff to the way hot and cold food are held. “Temperature control, that’s a big one,” she said. “Because you don’t want to serve somebody that’s – I mean, if the temperature is incorrect, they can get sick from the food they eat.” County health inspections are meant to prevent these violations through oversight and education. “When you let someone in the kitchen know that … you are serving a highly susceptible (group) … and you provide them with training and resources that we have, they’re usually pretty receptive,” Bustillos said. “I think it’s based on education.” Maricopa County has conducted more than 21,000 inspections of day care and school kitchens since 2013. Although these inspections are informative, they aren’t the only inspections schools and day cares receive to legally operate. “You put your faith into (them) with your kids and their lives every day, and it’s hard enough to drop them off,” Dillman said. “And then not knowing what’s going on while they’re there.” Follow us on Instagram.	eng	<urn:uuid:28f80b04-72ed-42c0-adeb-50cfae7f8bde>	https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2019/05/15/school-kitchen-inspection-reports/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Callprint (CLOSED), 310 High Street Business premises on the High Street, vacant as of May 2019. It was previously a branch of Callprint printing, scanning, reprographics, and document management service, but this closed down some time between June 2018 and May 2019, after the sale of the Callprint Group to Hobs Repro photo of sign in the window.	eng	<urn:uuid:5445dbdf-2f5b-411f-8b2a-f2e9a65e0049>	https://croydon.randomness.org.uk/wiki.cgi?Callprint_%28CLOSED%29,_310_High_Street	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stack Exchange log in help Stack Exchange Data Explorer Home Queries Users Compose Query SELECT TOP 10 * FROM [Tags] 0 Please login or register to vote for this query. (click on this box to dismiss) Q&A for serious players and enthusiasts of poker SELECT TOP 10 * FROM [Tags] fork query edited jun 19 created jun 19 anonymous Enter Parameters Run Query Cancel Options: Text-only results Include execution plan Switch sites: Hold tight while we fetch your results Results [:current/:total] Messages Graph Execution Plan Download CSV Download XML :records returned in :time ms:cached help sites blog chat data legal contact us feedback site design / logo © 2019 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa 3.0 with attribution required rev 2018.4.24.63 Data Explorer works best with JavaScript enabled	eng	<urn:uuid:838be195-6ad8-417d-8db7-17a147d90f2e>	https://data.stackexchange.com/meta.poker/revision/1067815/1319515	CC-MAIN-2019-30
- Namespace - https://www.google.com/apis/ads/publisher/v201808 Enumeration \| Description \| ---\|---\| TOO_LONG TOO_SHORT UNKNOWN The value returned if the actual value is not exposed by the requested API version. \|	eng	<urn:uuid:24838a29-4711-4879-ad31-62a6a8e15fee>	https://developers.google.com/ad-manager/api/reference/v201808/LineItemCreativeAssociationService.StringLengthError.Reason	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Builder for MessagesOptions . Public Constructor Summary Public Method Summary MessagesOptions \| build() MessagesOptions.Builder \| Inherited Method Summary Public Constructors public MessagesOptions.Builder () Public Methods public MessagesOptions build () public MessagesOptions.Builder setPermissions (int permissions) Sets which NearbyPermissions are requested for Nearby. By setting a more restrictive scope of permissions, Nearby will shrink its opt in dialog appropriately. However, ensure that all the publish and subscribe calls are limited to the provided scope. Otherwise, api calls will fail with error MISSING_PERMISSIONS .	eng	<urn:uuid:c307799a-83b1-48ce-b4e8-8fb74df27a31>	https://developers.google.com/android/reference/com/google/android/gms/nearby/messages/MessagesOptions.Builder?hl=ko	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Ontology defining concepts for Business Registries, including the jurisdictions served. This is based on the Registration Authority Code List (RAL) used for Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF) registration, but is more broadly applicable. @en	eng	<urn:uuid:2ce68f4b-be73-4e69-b3ff-9739704e42b6>	https://lov.linkeddata.es/dataset/lov/vocabs/gleif-ra	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Open main menu Bulbapedia β Redirecting to editor... Mobile editing is not currently available on your browser. Please try a different browser. Return to Indingo Plateau. Retrieved from " https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Special:MobileEditor/Indingo_Plateau "	eng	<urn:uuid:c048b8fb-2fc5-4c09-83cb-00dcd462ed7c>	https://m.bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileEditor/Indingo_Plateau&redlink=1	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Let $ c_0 = \{ x = \{x_n\}_{n \in \mathbb N} \in l^\infty : lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} x_n = 0\}$. Show that $c_0$ is a Banach space with the norm $\rVert \cdot \lVert_\infty$ I am capable of showing the space where the limit of $x_n$ exists is normed linear space but am having trouble with showing that the limit of Cauchy sequences must converge to 0. Let $(x^{(n)})_{n \in \mathbb N}$ be a Cauchy sequence in $c_0$ such that $x^{n} = (x^n_1, x^n_2,...)$. Fix $k \in \mathbb N$ consider the sequence $(x^n_k)_{n \in \mathbb N}$ in $\mathbb F$. For any $n,m \in \mathbb N$ $\lvert x^n_k - x^m_k \rvert \le sup_{k \in \mathbb N} \lvert x^n_k - x^m_k \rvert = \lVert x^n - x^m \rVert_\infty \lt \epsilon $ (1) Thus $x^n_k$ is Cauchy in $\mathbb F$ and so has limit $y_k$ such that $y = (y_1,y_2,...)$ and y is the limit of $x^n$ To show that such a y exists we look at the value of $\lvert y_n - y_m \rvert \le \lvert y_n - x^N_n \rvert + \lvert x^N_n - x^N_m \rvert + \lvert x^N_m - y_m \rvert \lt \epsilon$ for all $n,m \ge N$ (2) The middle expression on RHS of (2) is $\lt \epsilon/3$ by (1) The other two are also $\lt \epsilon/3$ follow from $x^N_k$ being Cauchy and converging to $y_k$ This shows that $lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} y_n$ exists but we still have not shown that $y \in c_0$. I know that to show y tends to 0 i should show that $\lvert y_k \rvert \lt \epsilon$ for $k \ge N$ This is where I am stuck. Perhaps $\lvert y_k \rvert = \lvert lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} x^n_k \rvert$ and then we can take the limit function outside the absolute value sign by continuity? Then we might say due to it being a Cauchy sequence $x^n_k \lt \epsilon$. I know this last bit isn't at all convincing so I could do with some help.	eng	<urn:uuid:8d325af2-3235-460e-aa51-ef3ad36280ec>	https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1275810/show-that-c-0-is-a-banach-space-with-the-norm-rvert-cdot-lvert-infty	CC-MAIN-2019-30
The trace of a matrix is the sum of the entries on its main diagonal. Prove that if $A$ is a $2 \times 2$ matrix, then the characteristic polynomial of $A$ is $x^2 − {c_1}x + c_2$ where $c_1$ is the trace of $A$ and $c_2$ is the determinant of $A$. Can anyone explain this to me? So far, I only know that $C_a (x) = \operatorname{det}(A-xI)$, that the product of eigenvalues (counting multiplicity) is the $\operatorname{det}{A}$, and the sum of eigenvalues (counting multiplicity) equals the trace of $A$. I am just lost as to how to apply these.	eng	<urn:uuid:60dc2efb-3617-4abe-9e90-f4fe09ba2a94>	https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2226816/characteristic-polynomial-proof/2226821	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Find an ideal $I \subset \mathbb{Z}$ such that $I\otimes \mathbb{Z}/2 \not\cong I\mathbb{Z}/2$. We know that $\mathbb{Z}/2$ is not a flat $\mathbb{Z}$-module since the injection $\mathbb{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathbb{Q}$ will no longer be injective after the tensor as $\mathbb{Z}\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Z}/2 \cong \mathbb{Z}/2$ and $\mathbb{Q}\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Z}/2 = 0$. We have the general statement that an $R$-module $M$ is flat if and only if for any ideal $I\subset R$, we have $I\otimes M \cong IM$. Now what would be an ideal $I\subset \mathbb{Z}$ such that $$I \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Z}/2 \not\cong I\mathbb{Z}/2.$$ Since we know $\mathbb{Z} \otimes \mathbb{Z}/2 \cong \mathbb{Z}/2$ given by the map $a\otimes b \mapsto ab$, so we know the image of $I \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} \mathbb{Z}/2 $ would be $ I\mathbb{Z}/2$ and this map needs to fail to be injective. I believe $I = (2)$ will work since $(2)\mathbb{Z}/2 = 0$, and $(2)\otimes \mathbb{Z}/2 \neq 0$, since $$2\cdot 1 \otimes 1 \neq 1\otimes 2\cdot 1 = 0$$ since $1 \not\in (2)$. I am not so sure about the last part showing $(2)\otimes \mathbb{Z}/2 \neq 0$, can we also construct a bilinear map on $(2)\times \mathbb{Z}/2$?	eng	<urn:uuid:f6bc4cf0-efb6-479a-9131-474b74d7a024>	https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2592616/find-an-ideal-i-subset-mathbbz-such-that-i-otimes-mathbbz-2-not-cong	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Given a triangle $ABC$, whose (one of the) longest side is $AC$, consider the two circles with centers in $A$ and $C$ passing by $B$. (The part in italic is edited after clever observations pointed out buy some users: see below for details). EDIT: You may be interested also in this other question Another conjecture about a circle intrinsically bound to any triangle. The two circles determine two points $D$ end $E$, where they intersect the side $AC$. We draw two additional circles: one with center in $A$ and passing by $D$, and the other one with center in $C$ and passing by $E$. The new circles determines two points $F$ and $G$ where they intersect the sides $AB$ and $BC$, respectively. My conjecture is that the points $BGEDF$ always determine a circle, whose center coincides with the incenter of the triangle. Is there an elementary proof for such conjecture? Since I am not an expert in the field, this can be a very well known theorem. I apologize in that case. Thanks for your help.	eng	<urn:uuid:28e35b5d-ed77-40a6-9a43-feb1715d3add>	https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2840491/a-conjecture-related-to-a-circle-intrinsically-bound-to-any-triangle	CC-MAIN-2019-30
In [CWM, Ch. XI, §1], Mac Lane prove the coherence theorem for symmetric monoidal categories by assuming the strictness. Thus we have a $n-$ary tensor functor $T$, and the theorem states that any two chains of braiding isomorphisms connecting two permutations of $T$ must be equal. Mac Lane claims that any closed chain corresponds to a relation of the generators of the $n$th symmetric group. But how? It seems that the corresponding is given by sent a braiding isomorphism to a transposition. For example, let $12\cdots n$ denote the functor $X_1,X_2,\cdots,X_n\mapsto X_1\otimes X_2\otimes\cdots\otimes X_n$ and others likewise. Then the braiding isomorphism $12\cdots n\to21\cdots n$ should be corresponded to $(12)$. But, for example, $23145\cdots n\to32145\cdots n$ should also be corresponded to $(12)$. Note that every functor can be obtained by applying a permutation on $12\cdots n$, thus we can corresponding them to the permutation. So a braiding isomorphism should correspond to the quotient of the permutations corresponded to its domain and codomain. But then every closed chain would produce the trivial relation, which is not as desired. So, what's wrong?	eng	<urn:uuid:cf071631-7fd6-411a-8498-77390a2074c7>	https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/956831/mac-lane-s-proof-of-coherence-theorem-for-symmetric-monoidal-categories	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Questions tagged [problem-solving] Use this tag when you want to determine the thinking that is needed to solve a certain type of problem, as opposed to looking for a specific answer to a question. I am given this problem: let $a\ge0$,$b\ge0$, and the sequences $a_n$ and $b_n$ are defined in this way: $a_0:=a$, $b_0:=b$ and $a_{n+1}:= \sqrt{a_nb_n}$ and $b_{n+1}:=\frac{1}{2}(a_n+b_n)$ for all $n\... In a computer application, I need to solve trillions of times an equation which can be reduced to $$f(x)=\sin(x)-a x=0$$ Newton methods (quadratic and higher orders) are used for the solution. ... This was Problem 3 (first day) of the 1990 IMO. A full solution can be found here. How many rationals of the form $\large \frac{2^n+1}{n^2},$ $(n \in \mathbb{N} )$ are integers? The possible ... In how many different ways can we place $8$ identical rooks on a chess board so that no two of them attack each other? I tried to draw diagrams onto a $8\times8$ square but I'm only getting $16$ ways.... I am given this equation: $f^{-1}(B_1 \cap B_2) = f^{-1}(B_1) \cap f^{-1}(B_2)$ I want to prove it: what i did is I take any $a \in f^{-1}(B_1 \cap B_2)$, then there is $b \in (B_1 \cap B_2)$ so ... The following problem was on a math competition that I participated in at my school about a month ago: Prove that the equation $\cos(\sin x)=\sin(\cos x)$ has no real solutions. I will outline my ... I am trying to prove that $n^2 \leq 2^n$ for all natural $n$ with $n \ne 3$. My steps are: induction base case: $n=0:$ $0² \leq 2⁰$ which is okay. inductive step: $n \rightarrow n+1:$ $(n+1)²\... I am struggling to prove this map statement on sets. The statement is: Let $f:X \rightarrow Y$ be a map. i) $\forall_{A,B \subset X}: f(A \cup B)=f(A) \cup f(B)$ ii) $\forall_{A,B \subset X}: f(... This is a question appeared in a competitive exam. The question is: Find the unknown term in $165,195,255,285,345,x$ 1)375 $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $ 2)420 3)435 $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ $... I found this question somewhere and have been unable to solve it. It is a modification of a very common algebra question. $\text{Let }y=\sqrt{5+\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5+\sqrt{5-...}}}} $, what is the ... The Fibonacci sequence $F_0, F_1, F_2, \ldots$ is defined recursively by $F_{0}:=0, F_{1}:=1 $ and $F_{n}:=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$. Prove that $$\sum_{i=0}^{n} F_{i}=F_{n+2}-1 \qquad \text{for all } n ... A similar question to mine was answered here on stackexchange: Probability of winning the game "1-2-3" However, I am unable to follow the formulas so perhaps someone could show the ... I'm a sophomore in university and seriously feel that I'm bad at solving mathematical and algorithmic problems (be it discrete math, calculus or just puzzles). I noticed that I'm only good at solving ... Especially (but not only) in the case of induction proofs, it happens that a stronger claim $B$ is easier to prove than the intended claim $A$ (e.g. since the induction hypothesis gives you more ... If you flip a coin until you decide to stop and you want to maximize the ratio of heads to total flips, what is that expected ratio? Assuming that you want to maximize the ratio, meaning whether ... Is $\{\sin n^m \mid n \in \mathbb{N}\}$ dense in $[-1,1]$ for every natural number $m$? Progress For $m=1$, I can prove this using the fact that $\sin$ is continuous and $a+b\pi$ is dense in the ... You probably have heard about the following brainteaser : Consider a $8\times 8$ chessboard. Remove two extreme squares (top-left and bottom-right e.g.). Can you fill the remaining chessboard with $... I'm trying to solve these induction exercises proposed by the department of mathematics of Oxford University. I don't know how to give a valid proof for the third one which says the following: ... This sounds silly but I saw this and I couldn't figure it out so I thought you could help. The below is what I saw. You see a top you want to buy for $\$97$, but you don't have any money so you ... Somebody explained me this problem, but I am not sure to understand what is wrong. ... I have a collection of typewritten pages that formed the basis of a third year problem solving course offered about 25 years ago at U. Waterloo. I've been slowly working through the problems and have ... I'm dealing with the following problem in computational programming. I'm trying to find a way to build an algorithm that can quickly resolve the following problem statement without forcing me to do it ... I am a big fan of the oldschool games and I once noticed that there is a sort parity associated to one and only one Tetris piece, the $\color{purple}{\text{T}}$ piece. This parity is found with no ... I am trying to understand the following problem from Erdős and Surányi's Topics in the theory of numbers (Springer), chapter 1 ("Divisibility, the Fundamental Theorem of Number Theory"): We can ... When solving a problem, we often look at some special cases first, then try to work our way up to the general case. It would be interesting to see some counterexamples to this mental process, i.e. ... At high school, the solution method to almost all mathematical exercises is to apply some technique or algorithm you have learned before. At the university, the situation is fundamentally different. ... Is it possible to find the value of $$\sqrt{1+2\sqrt{2+3\sqrt{3+4\sqrt{4+5\sqrt{5+\dots}}}}}$$ Does it help if I set it equal to $x$? Or I mean what can I possibly do? $$x=\sqrt{1+2\sqrt{2+3\sqrt{3+4\... Problem: Describe all polynomials $\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ with coefficients in $\mathbb C$ which send rational numbers to rational numbers and irrational numbers to irrational numbers. I just wanted to directly calculate the value of the number $2^{3.1}$ as I was wondering how a computer would do it. I've done some higher mathematics, but I'm very unsure of what I would do to solve ... I've seen in several different places* that one can use normal mathematical induction to prove the truth of a statement that relies not on just one variable (say, $x$,) but multiple variables (for ... In The Fibonacci sequence which is defined as $$ F_n=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}, $$ lets say we have the number $p$ which is an odd prime. Prove that: $F_{p-1} + F_{p+1} -1$ Is divisible by $p$. Prove that ... The following is a problem proposed in Pólya and Szegő's book "Problems and Theorems in Analysis" Assume that $0<f(x)<x$ and $$f(x)=x-ax^k+bx^\ell+x^\ell \varepsilon(x),\,\;\;\;\lim_{x\to 0}\... Evaluate the integral, $$ \int_{0}^{1} \ln(x)\ln(1-x)\,dx$$ I solved this problem, by writing power series and then calculating the series and found the answer to be $ 2 -\zeta(2) $, but I don't ... Where do I start to solve a equation for x like the one below? $$\sqrt{7x-4}-\sqrt{7x-5}=\sqrt{4x-1}-\sqrt{4x-2}$$ After squaring it, it's too complicated; but there's nothing to factor or to expand?... My work is having it's annual Christmas raffle today. 1600 tickets have been sold, and there are 40 prizes to win. I have bought ten tickets. What are the odds I will win a prize? While an initial ... Let $f$ be an entire function such that $f\circ f$ has no fixed points. Prove that $f$ is a translation $$z\mapsto f(z)=z+b \qquad (b\neq 0)$$ Firstly, we prove that there exists a constant $c\in \... I've been looking into the Toeplitz' Conjecture and became very interested, so I began to study it. Here is the conjecture: For any Jordan curve $\space \gamma \space$, there exist four distinct ... So I came across the unsolvable quintic polynomial noticing that solutions can be found by connections with ellipses and such here. But more importantly, I was considering methods we use (or at least ... There are $k$ penguins, $k\ge 3$. They are all different heights. How many ways are there to order the penguins in a line, left to right, so that we cannot find any three that are arranged tallest to ... i am trying to prove this statement for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ with the help of induction: $4 \sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^kk=(-1)^n(2n+1)-1$ base case: n=1 $4 \sum_{k=1}^{1} (-1)^11=-4=(-1)^1(2*1+1)-1$ .. ... i am pulling my hair out in solving this problem. i know, it is a stupid question but i am not that good at maths, and many thanks for any help $\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{2^{n+1}+3^{n+1}}{2^n+3^n}$ ... I would like to know some good problem books in various branches of undergraduate and graduate mathematics like group theory, galois theory, commutative algebra, real analysis, complex analysis, ... Edit (June. 2015) This question has been moved to MathOverflow, where a recent write-up finds a similar approximation as leonbloy's post below; see here. Randomly break a stick in five places. ... I am wondering whether or not there is a reasonable characterization of differentiable functions $f: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ such that $f'(f(x))=f(f'(x))$ for each $x\in\mathbb{R}$. (Or, if you like ... I have just started this book and arrived at the point where the students are trying to find the diagonal of a parallelipepid (Page 11). My question is, what exactly should I be trying to remember or ... While reading about linear algebra for math olympiads in these notes, I came across the following assertion: Remark. The set of invertible matrices form a Zariski (dense) open subset, and hence to ... I'm having trouble with the exercise in the title, even with part (a), which asks to prove that if $X$ is a closed subset of $\mathbb{P}^n_k$ of dimension at least 1 and $H$ is a non-empty ... I'm trying to guess a method for getting the values that work on this irrational equation: $$\sqrt[4]{x+27}+\sqrt[4]{55-x}=4, x\in\mathbb C$$ After using the formula $a^4+b^4=(a+b)(a^3-a^2b+ab^2+b^3)$... Prove that for a strictly increasing natural sequence $(n_k) $ satisfying $\lim_{n \to \infty} n_k^{1/2^k}=\infty$, $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} 1/n_k$ is irrational. This is another problem "problems in ... A set $M = \{1,2,\ldots,100\}$ is divided into seven subsets with no number in $2$ or more subsets. How do you prove that one subset either contains four numbers $a$, $b$, $c$, and $d$ such that $$a + ...	eng	<urn:uuid:b35e5684-dc83-42d0-933d-69016857c653>	https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/problem-solving?sort=frequent	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service.	eng	<urn:uuid:93ad02f0-c01e-489b-8a8e-674977bca50e>	https://math.stackexchange.com/users/274944/rob-bland?tab=tags	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service.	eng	<urn:uuid:99918800-ca57-442f-b05d-cbd2a1583d8b>	https://math.stackexchange.com/users/28889/jiapei-huang?tab=questions	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. Apparently, this user prefers to keep an air of mystery about them.	eng	<urn:uuid:8eaaad84-3fdf-437c-acd9-892a769603ff>	https://math.stackexchange.com/users/545449/karma	CC-MAIN-2019-30
MDMarra I'm a Senior Solutions Architect at a Philadelphia area IT consulting firm. I currently focus on Microsoft technologies, but I have a background in vSphere, Cisco 802.11, and OS X deployment and management as well. I occasionally blog about work related things that interest me. Click on the website link to the left if you're interested. Get in touch: @mdmarra profiles.google.com/markmarra markmarra (at) gmail (dot) com - Philadelphia, PA - Member for 9 years, 11 months - 20 profile views - Last seen Jun 29 '15 at 3:26 Communities (26) - Server Fault 93.3k 93.3k 2828 gold badges178178 silver badges314314 bronze badges - Super User 19.3k 19.3k 33 gold badges3737 silver badges5252 bronze badges - Meta Stack Exchange 4.1k 4.1k 22 gold badges2323 silver badges4141 bronze badges - Ask Different 685 685 44 gold badges77 silver badges2222 bronze badges - Sports 563 563 55 silver badges1212 bronze badges - View network profile → Top network posts - 180 What are the different widely used RAID levels and when should I consider them? - 152 What is Active Directory Domain Services and how does it work? - 145 What is the difference between an Intel i7 and a Xeon quad core processor? - 143 What is Active Directory Domain Services and how does it work? - 87 Windows Active Directory naming best practices? - 85 Networking Units: Not getting expected performance from 100Mb Ethernet - 83 Let me opt out of viewing chat flags - View more network posts →	eng	<urn:uuid:68424cfb-528e-4bfc-9710-a7f5d6e3abbe>	https://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/140853/mdmarra	CC-MAIN-2019-30
This page contains links to past years of MILI. The course was housed on a Wiki, previously and updated for each new session of MILI. The previous sessions were archived. All those archives are found here. The presentation link will take you to last year’s presentations. Previous year’s presentations can be found under the archived pages. Presentations from 2018-2019 (Elk River) Annie Allen Bethany Kauffman Lori Yerbich Andrea Weimer Holly Dragisich Megan Bateman Stephanie Harding Janelle McCollins Angela Yanke Maranda Cameron Susan Nelson Molly Evavold Scott Eskro Kristen Schrader Presentations from 2018-2019 (Minneapolis) Kristi Main Jill Laven Spencer Stacey Maupin Sean Casey Nicole Voss Sarah Genosky Kari Hansen Susan Alfson Brian Harney Matthew Pelzer Carol Sanecki Marie Louiselle Kim Pickens Sharon Rush Elizabeth Johnson Yina Ha Presentations from 2016-2017 Sean Pajak Presentations from 2015-2016 Alison Rahman	eng	<urn:uuid:1e3e4ce6-d57d-446b-a7ef-4a3ef1f27aa9>	https://metronetmili.wordpress.com/home/minneapolis-mili/archives/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
ഫലകം:രാജസ്ഥാനിലെ ജില്ലകൾ Initial visibility: currently defaults to autocollapse ഈ ഫലകത്തിന്റെ initial visibility സജ്ജമാക്കുവാൻ \|state= parameter ഉപയോഗിക്കാം: \|state=collapsed : {{രാജസ്ഥാനിലെ ജില്ലകൾ\|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar\|state=expanded : {{രാജസ്ഥാനിലെ ജില്ലകൾ\|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible\|state=autocollapse : {{രാജസ്ഥാനിലെ ജില്ലകൾ\|state=autocollapse}}- shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a {{navbar}}, a {{sidebar}}, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute - shows the template in its expanded state if there are no other collapsible items on the page If the \|state= parameter in the template on this page is not set, the template's initial visibility is taken from the \|default= parameter in the Collapsible option template. For the template on this page, that currently evaluates to autocollapse .	eng	<urn:uuid:03b4036d-cee8-460d-b15e-0e695425b220>	https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE	CC-MAIN-2019-30
It's great that you have gotten the itch to learn about the stock market. There are a couple of fundamentals to understand first though. - The number of shares you own is meaningless. Company A has strong, growing, net earnings and minimal debt, it's trading for $100 per share. Company B has good revenue but high costs of goods and total liabilities well in excess of total assets, it's trading for $0.10 per share. There is no benefit to getting 10,000 shares or 10 shares for your $1,000. Your goal is to invest in companies that have valuable products and services run by competent management teams. Sure, the number of shares you own will dictate what percentage of the company you own, and in a number of cases, your voting power. But even a penny stock will have a market capitalization of several million dollars so voting power isn't really a concern for your $1,000 investment. - Enterprise valuation is an extremely complex art There is a lot more in the three basic financial statements (Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flows) than revenue. Seasoned accountants can have a hard time parsing out where money is coming from and where it's going. In general there are obvious red flags, like a fast declining cash balance against a fast growing liabilities balance or expenses exceeding revenue. While some of these things are common among new and high growth companies, it's not the place for a new investor with a small bankroll. - Financing rounds are complex A micro-cap company (penny stocks are in this group) will receive rounds of financing via issuing preferred convertible shares which may include options on more shares. For a company worth $20mm a $5mm financing round can materially change the finances of a company, and will likely dilute your holdings in common stock. Small growth companies need new financing frequently to fund their growth strategies. - Pretty much everything in valuation is relative Revenue went up, great... why? Did you open another store? Did you open another sales office? Did the revenue increase this quarter based on substantially the same operation that existed last quarter or have you increased the capacity of your operation? If you increased the capacity of your operation what was the cost of the increase and did revenue increase as expected? Can you expect revenue to continue to grow at this rate or was it a one time windfall from an unusual order? - The first goal of investing is "Don't lose money" Sure, there are spectacular gains to be had in penny stocks. XYZ Pharma Research (or whatever) goes from $0.05 to $0.60 and you've turned your $1,000 in to $12,000. This is a really unlikely event... Buying penny stocks is akin to buying lottery tickets. Unless you are a high ranking employee at the company capable of making decisions, or one of the investors buying the preferred shares mentioned in point 3, or are one of the insiders of a pump and dump scam on the stock, penny common stocks are not a place to invest. One could argue that even a company insider should probably avoid buying common stock. Just to illustrate the points above, you mention: Doing some really heavy research into this stock has made me question the whole penny stock market. Based on your research what is the enterprise value of the company? What were the gross proceeds of the last financing round, how many shares were issued and were there any warrants attached? What do you perceive to be heavy research? What background do you have in finance/accounting to give weight to your ability to perform such research? Crawl. Walk. Then run. Don't kid yourself in to thinking that since you have some level of education you understand the contracts involved in enterprise finance.	eng	<urn:uuid:523c9059-d418-45f5-8e20-bb1cdb0c7fd9>	https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/81958/company-revenue-increased-however-stock-price-did-not	CC-MAIN-2019-30
BY ELIZABETH HERITAGE Thomasin’s work at Digital NZ to open up Aotearoa’s cultural treasures for sharing and reuse has informed her decision to license her own work under CC. “Publishing Ad Lib under a Creative Commons licence was very much an ideological decision. I am an advocate for unlocking cultural resources and, even though my book is published in paper format at the moment, and so is relatively difficult to copy compared to an ebook, I wanted to contribute to the creative commons.” Thomasin has chosen a licence that gives people advance permission to use her work in their own creations, as long as they attribute her and don’t make money from it. “Because I don’t write fiction for a living, I have the freedom to release my work in a way that might be more difficult for professional novelists.” She is also concerned with future-proofing. “The media landscape is only going to change, and keep changing ever more rapidly. I don’t want there to be any confusion in the future about how my work is to be treated.” Fundamentally, Thomasin sees potential reuse as a compliment, not a threat: “if anyone wanted to use or copy from Ad Lib, I would be genuinely flattered.” Publishing a paper book under a CC licence is relatively unusual, and Thomasin was lucky to be published by Lawrence and Gibson, a Wellington-based publishing collective that is open to new and experimental ways of doing things. The cover for Ad Lib was designed by Berlin-based illustrator Judith Carnaby, who licenses her work under CC BY-SA. The printing for Ad Lib was done by hand at Rebel Press, an anarchist publishing collective that also offers printing services. Thomasin says that the print irregularities resulting from this handmade process are “love letters from me to the reader”. If Ad Lib were to be published as an ebook in the future, Thomasin says she would definitely license it BY-NC-SA as well. As well as opening up her own work, Thomasin’s licensing decision has exposed publishers at Lawrence and Gibson to the possibilities of book publishing with Creative Commons, so watch this space. Thomasin is the Community Manager at Digital NZ, a search and data service, which seeks to make Aotearoa’s digital treasures easy to find, share, and use. On the international stage, Thomasin is a member of the OpenGLAM Working Group, a global network of people who work to open up cultural data and content in the GLAM sector (galleries, libraries, archives and museums). Thomasin has an MA in art history and a background in writing contemporary art criticism.	eng	<urn:uuid:2e9cf9f0-e070-45b7-a03a-0a9b53f6bf1d>	https://nzcommons.tohatoha.org.nz/ad-lib-novel-published-cc/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Home Events Calendar General Assembly GA Agendas GA Proposals GA Resolutions Committees All Committee Posts Anti-Repression Brooms Collective Children’s Village Environmental Justice Events Committee Facilitation Cmte Finance Committee Foreclosure Defense Garden Committee Info Tent Committee Kitchen Committee Labor Solidarity Cmte Library Committee Local Business Media Committee Medics Committee Move-in Assembly Nonviolent Caucus Outreach Committee Re-imagine the GA Research Working Group Safer Spaces Cmte Sanitation Sound Committee Supply Committee Tactical Action Cmte Web Committee News Solidarity Statements In Other Media Media Photos Livestream Forum Announcements Discussion Reflections Poetry Open Mic En Español Archive Press Releases 2011 OO Journal 2011 OO Report 2011 OG Plaza Gazette General Strike 11/2/11 Port Shutdown 12/12/11 Photos 2011 Videos 2011 News Links 2011 POC Caucus 2011 GA Statements 2011 GA Minutes 2011 CITY CONTACT About Encampments Legal Support Website Contact Search for: Username Password Remember Me Calendar 9896 Categories Action Event Meeting Protest Related Event Workshop Tags #ftp #iamoccupyoakland #oo #SaveTheBulb 1st Amendment alan blueford Albany anniversary Antonio antonio guzman antonio guzman lopez awesome barbeque basm BBQ Black Friday bulb California campaign research climate COINTELPRO community defense Community Solidarity concert cool nerds cpuc DAC data viz Diane Diane Fujimo dog Einstein EinsteinForMayor EinsteinforOakland emma goldman esposo father focus group freedom FTP Fujimo fun Gerald Gerald Sanders gun hackathon HOLDOUT husband ILWU Interfaith international women's day jean quan kpfa Labor larping latino lopez man may day mayor meme Mesh metameme mexican mexicano morning mix music nuclear Oakland occupy data occupy oakland occupy research OPD opposition research Oscar Lopez Rivera Outreach padre people of color pg&e police brutality police killing police murder political prisoner port of oakland pot luck privacy protest Puerto Rico queer people of color racism Rally renegade occupy oakland research working group san jose Sanders skillshare smart meters speakout stop patriarchy streetmedic toxic training undocumented vigil violence Walmart wireless women young organizers Month Agenda Day Month Week 2018 Jun July 2019 Aug 2020 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2018 Jun July 2019 Aug 2020 Subscribe to filtered calendar Add to Timely Calendar Add to Google Add to Outlook Add to Apple Calendar Add to other calendar Export to XML	eng	<urn:uuid:ea79c29c-c844-4727-98f8-ac82d39b855c>	https://occupyoakland.org/calendar/action~month/cat_ids~3569,23,20/tag_ids~1617,2821,3355,3534/request_format~html/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Difference between revisions of "ED5 PVH" Line 15: \| Line 15: \| \|\| \|FinalEA-EISDate=2011/08/09 \| \|FinalEA-EISDate=2011/08/09 \| \|\| \|DecisionDocumentDate=2011/08/09 \| \|DecisionDocumentDate=2011/08/09 \| \|\| − \| \|AddReportBy=Link to URL \| + \| \|AddReportBy=Upload File, Link to URL \| − \| \|NEPA_EA_EIS_Report= \| + \| \|NEPA_EA_EIS_Report=ED5-PVH Final EA.pdf, \| \|NEPA_EA_EIS_Report_Url_Name=Final EA \| \|NEPA_EA_EIS_Report_Url_Name=Final EA \| \|\| \|NEPA_EA_EIS_Report_Url=http://www.wapa.gov/dsw/environment/Files/EA/ED5-PVH_Final_EA.pdf \| \|NEPA_EA_EIS_Report_Url=http://www.wapa.gov/dsw/environment/Files/EA/ED5-PVH_Final_EA.pdf \| \|\| − \| \|NEPA_FONSI=EA-1864-FONSI-2011 1.pdf, \| + \| \|NEPA_FONSI=EA-1864-FONSI-2011 1.pdf, \| \|CompletionNotes=Project website: http://ww2.wapa.gov/sites/Western/transmission/tip/project/Pages/ED5PVH.aspx \| \|CompletionNotes=Project website: http://ww2.wapa.gov/sites/Western/transmission/tip/project/Pages/ED5PVH.aspx \| \|\| \|ProposedAction=Western’s Electrical District 5 – Palo Verde Hub project is an about 109-mile transmission project in Arizona, starting at the Palo Verde market hub near Wintersburg in Maricopa County, Ariz., and running southeast to the Electrical District 5 substation south of Casa Grande and near Picacho Peak in Pinal County, Ariz. \| \|ProposedAction=Western’s Electrical District 5 – Palo Verde Hub project is an about 109-mile transmission project in Arizona, starting at the Palo Verde market hub near Wintersburg in Maricopa County, Ariz., and running southeast to the Electrical District 5 substation south of Casa Grande and near Picacho Peak in Pinal County, Ariz. \| Revision as of 16:31, 25 February 2015 NEPA Document Collection for: ED5 PVH EIS Environmental Assessment Electrical District 5-Palo Verde Hub Project Proposed Action Western’s Electrical District 5 – Palo Verde Hub project is an about 109-mile transmission project in Arizona, starting at the Palo Verde market hub near Wintersburg in Maricopa County, Ariz., and running southeast to the Electrical District 5 substation south of Casa Grande and near Picacho Peak in Pinal County, Ariz. Under the Transmission Infrastructure Program, Western is financing the project, borrowing up to $91 million from the U.S. Treasury. Developed in coordination with the Southwest Public Power Resource group, a collection of public power companies that include several Western firm electric and transmission service customers of the Parker-Davis Project, ED5-PVH will add up to 410 megawatts of bi-directional capacity, primarily renewable energy, to the electric grid, which includes 254 MWs connecting to the vital Palo Verde market hub that serves consumers in Arizona and southern California and Nevada. ED5-PVH includes portions of two other existing projects plus adding new 230-kilovolt circuits to existing and planned transmission lines. To complete the ED5-PVH project, Western will: -Purchase transmission capacity rights on the 500-kilovolt Southeast Valley Project transmission line between Western’s Test Track substation and the Palo Verde market, a distance of 64 miles. -Add 45 miles of new 230-kV transmission line from the Test Track substation to Western’s Electrical District No. 5 substation south of Phoenix. This part consists of: -Adding a new 230-kV circuit to an existing Western 115-kV transmission line running from ED5 to Casa Grande substation, which is already scheduled for an upgrade -Attaching a 230-kV circuit to a planned SEV Project 500-kV line from Western’s Test Track substation to where it intersects with the existing line Conditions of Approval Project applicant will implement resource protection measures as identified in EA. Data Completion Notes Documents EA/EIS Report: FONSI:	eng	<urn:uuid:c89245f7-2fdd-4c70-a8a9-4234e79d2e4f>	https://openei.org/w/index.php?title=ED5_PVH&diff=814086&oldid=813031	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service.	eng	<urn:uuid:f5f13347-1464-4d43-9f58-895da522ed34>	https://psychology.stackexchange.com/users/19459/celine?tab=favorites	CC-MAIN-2019-30
By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service.	eng	<urn:uuid:ad2dc8be-0008-4287-ad66-d44c29f17113>	https://pt.stackoverflow.com/users/60495/carol-m?tab=topactivity	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Those artificial folk with ovine dreams, under attack by some fighting machines, there is no try, or whatever that means.What are we ? Icelandic suffix denoting one's kin, addressing the priest while confessing one's sin, a bottle of vodka or whisky or gin.What are we? 2, 4 and 8, 16 and 32, XCI (wait, that should be 92), something between the two O's in O2.What are we? What am I?	eng	<urn:uuid:9cd9209d-3046-4354-aa80-2e052cfa89e8>	https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/73648/artificial-folk-with-ovine-dreams	CC-MAIN-2019-30
1. Studies of Beauty Suppression via Nonprompt Mesons in Pb-Pb Collisions at / Sirunyan, A. M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al The transverse momentum spectra of mesons from hadron decays are measured at midrapidity () in and Pb-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy of 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. [...] Published in Physical Review Letters 123 (2019) 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.022001 External links: pdf; xml 2. Search for supersymmetry in final states with photons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV / Sirunyan, A. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al Results are reported of a search for supersymmetry in final states with photons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. [...] Published in JHEP 1906 (2019) 143 10.1007/JHEP06(2019)143 arXiv:1903.07070 Fulltext: XML PDF (PDFA); 3. Measurement of electroweak WZ boson production and search for new physics in WZ + two jets events in pp collisions at s=13TeV / Sirunyan, A.M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al A measurement of WZ electroweak (EW) vector boson scattering is presented. [...] Published in Physics letters B 795 (2019) 281-307 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.05.042 Fulltext: PDF XML; 4. Search for the associated production of the Higgs boson and a vector boson in proton-proton collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV via Higgs boson decays to τ leptons / Sirunyan, A. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al A search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with a W or a Z boson and decaying to a pair of τ leptons is performed. [...] Published in JHEP 1906 (2019) 093 10.1007/JHEP06(2019)093 arXiv:1809.03590 Fulltext: XML PDF (PDFA); 5. Search for an exotic decay of the Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars in the final state with two muons and two b quarks in pp collisions at 13 TeV / Sirunyan, A.M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al A search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalar particles a1 is performed under the hypothesis that one of the pseudoscalars decays to a pair of opposite sign muons and the other decays to bb‾ . [...] Published in Physics letters B 795 (2019) 398-423 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.06.021 Fulltext: PDF XML; 6. Search for dark matter in events with a leptoquark and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV / Sirunyan, A.M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al A search is presented for dark matter in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=13 TeV using events with at least one high transverse momentum ( pT ) muon, at least one high- pT jet, and large missing transverse momentum. [...] Published in Physics letters B 795 (2019) 76-99 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.05.046 Fulltext: PDF XML; 7. Search for a low-mass τ − τ + resonance in association with a bottom quark in proton-proton collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV / Sirunyan, A. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al A general search is presented for a low-mass τ − τ + resonance produced in association with a bottom quark. [...] Published in JHEP 1905 (2019) 210 10.1007/JHEP05(2019)210 arXiv:1903.10228 Fulltext: XML PDF (PDFA); 8. Measurements of the Higgs boson width and anomalous couplings from on-shell and off-shell production in the four-lepton final state / Sirunyan, A. M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al Studies of on-shell and off-shell Higgs boson production in the four-lepton final state are presented, using data from the CMS experiment at the LHC that correspond to an integrated luminosity of at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. [...] Published in Physical Review D 99 (2019) 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.112003 External links: pdf; xml 9. Search for associated production of a Higgs boson and a single top quark in proton-proton collisions at / Sirunyan, A. M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; Ambrogi, F. ; et al A search is presented for the production of a Higgs boson in association with a single top quark, based on data collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of . [...] Published in Physical Review D 99 (2019) 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.092005 arXiv:1811.09696 External links: pdf; xml 10. Combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements and \| f LV V tb \| determinations at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments / Aaboud, M. ; Aad, G. ; Abbott, B. ; Abbott, D. ; et al This paper presents the combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, using data from LHC proton-proton collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 7 and 8 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.17 to 5.1 fb −1 at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 7 TeV and 12.2 to 20.3 fb −1 at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 8 TeV. [...] Published in JHEP 1905 (2019) 088 10.1007/JHEP05(2019)088 arXiv:1902.07158 Fulltext: XML PDF (PDFA);	eng	<urn:uuid:b0c11a73-5911-4f3d-99cf-e51bed2045c0>	https://repo.scoap3.org/search?f=author&p=Clare%2C%20R.&ln=en	CC-MAIN-2019-30
I'm trying to find any way to get around the whole "you can only choose an animal up to 1 size category different than yourself" rule for Lycanthropes, Shifters who are going Weretouched Master, and characters entering the Primeval prestige class from Frostburn. So far, the closest thing I have come up with is being a Goliath (or using the Old Blood feat from Bastards & Bloodlines and choosing Goliath), then going Barbarian 1st level and choosing the racial substitution Mountain Rage. My logic is that Mountain Rage makes me large while raging, therefore the size limitation can now be applied to large size rather than medium, so I can choose a Huge animal. But that would tie the shapeshifting specifically to rage, which I suppose I can live with, especially if I can convince the DM to houserule that shifting can work as a substitute for rage in this instance due to the reading on the Shifter racial entry for that ability. Any idea how I could break that size restriction another way? Any idea how I could stay a medium size character and use the listed template or race and class ability to transform into something larger than huge? (I don't want to play a Druid because they have no real connection to the animals they turn into and are able to just turn into any animal they come across, so the feel isn't really the same. It's fluff reasoning I know but the whole reason I'm going with the stated races and classes is that the character is connected to/related to/a part of that particular animal.)	eng	<urn:uuid:74915df5-ad60-468b-bab9-191754e00704>	https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/67394/breaking-size-limitation-for-lycanthropy	CC-MAIN-2019-30
selected publications academic article QCD studies using a cone-based jet finding algorithm for e+e- collisons at LEP. Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields. 63:197-211. 1994	eng	<urn:uuid:ca4ca45a-7d6c-4048-8813-5679a8646fad>	https://scholars.bgu.ac.il/display/n5496583	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Macrophages are the first line of defense (innate immunity). Depending on anatomical location tissue resident macrophages differentiate into specialized macrophages. Majority of tissue resident macrophages are established before birth and maintain their populations by self-renewal. Studies have shown that bone derived monocytes are able to infiltrate tissue and differentiate in to specialized tissue macrophages. Macrophage disappearance reaction is the depletion of macrophages due inflammation, this provides a niche for infiltration monocytes to replenish the compartment. Necroptosis is a type of macrophage depletion reaction that is mediated by bacterial infection. Infection mediated necroptosis has not been characterized in response to non-bacterial infection. Study by Lai et al., aimed to determine the impact of non-bacterial (malaria) infection on tissue resident macrophage disappearance. Lai et al., utilized a murine model of blood stage malaria, where mice are infected with non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii which self resolves. Blood stage malaria causes a systemic infection and affects multiple organs such as lungs, spleen and liver. Additionally, CD169+ macrophages play a crucial role in anti-malarial responses limiting infection-induced inflammation, however they also contribute to severe pathology. This makes using such a model ideal to test macrophage disappearance reaction due to a parasite. Kupffer cells (liver resident macrophages) are well positioned to be first line responders to the liver stage of malaria infection. By 3 days post malaria infection, in the presence of low level parasitemia researchers observed a significant disappearance of Kupffer cells, as well as a significant recruitment of inflammatory monocytes which differentiated to activated macrophages. After parasite clearance these bone-marrow derived macrophages adopted phenotypic and functional characteristics of Kupffer cells, with a similar turnover rate. They observed similar kinetics of red pulp macrophages (spleen resident macrophages). Interestingly, they also observed a decrease of alveolar (lung) macrophages during parasitemia, followed by a steady increase of these macrophages post parasite clearance. This increase in the macrophage population was due to self-renewal of the remaining alveolar macrophage and not due to recently infiltrated monocytes. This demonstrates that unlike in the liver and spleen, the alveolar macrophage compartment is a closed system with no contribution from bone marrow derived monocytes. In summary, this study shows the dynamic and tissue specific nature of tissue resident macrophages during a plasmodium infection. Illustrating that some tissue resident macrophage compartment but not all are maintained by a contribution of bone derived monocyte during infection. Journal Article: Lai et al., 2018. Organ-Specific Fate, Recruitment, and Refilling Dynamics of Tissue-Resident Macrophages during Blood-Stage Malaria. Cell Reports Article by Cheleka AM Mpande	eng	<urn:uuid:7b375157-65ae-422c-a1b9-44481d348dc1>	https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/breaking-news/2018-articles/organ-specific-replenishment-of-tissue-resident-macrophages/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
In 2004 I had articles published that presented ideas about supervision for coaches (Hay, 2004a) and for trainers (Hay, 2004b); a few years later Open University Press published my book entitled Reflective Practice and Supervision for Coaches (Hay, 2007). This blog and those following it are based on those articles and that book, with further updates now so that the material will be useful for any ‘helping practitioner’, whether coach, trainer, educator, consultant, psychotherapist, counsellor. . . I know my thoughts When I began my professional training in transactional analysis (TA), I had already been an organisational trainer for some years. I had been trained in various approaches to people skills, leadership, teambuilding and so on, but had never experienced the type of supervision that was, and still is, routinely practised within the TA community. In my two articles during 2004 I explained that, for me, the word ‘supervision’ is really super-vision, as in someone who can see more than or at a different level to that at which others see. Because TA began life as a psychotherapy approach, supervision was engaged in as a matter of course. As TA extended into other fields of application, the potency of supervision readily became apparent to those of us in the developmental fields. The requirement, and hence opportunity, to review our professional work through a process of self, peer and supervisor analysis leads to significant increases in self-awareness, ability to analyse ‘in the moment’, understanding of the process with clients, skills at identifying more options, and all of the extra competence this leads to. Supervision is an extremely effective form of continuous professional development! Defining Supervision We can define the nature of supervision based on an idea by Brigid Proctor (1986): Choosing a Supervisor As a founding director of the European Mentoring & Coaching Council (EMCC), I was aware at that time that coach/mentoring (so called by EMCC because so often the terms are used interchangeably) had become somewhat of a growth industry, with coaches being drawn not only from organisational trainers but also from a range of other occupations, including: retired managers and business people, occupational psychologists, and therapists and counsellors. The latter were likely to have had experience of supervision only with a therapeutic bias, and the former often believed that supervision was something junior managers did when they oversaw the work of their subordinates. In response to requests from members for advice on how to meet the EMCC Code of Ethics requirement to engage in regular supervision, I drafted an interim guidance statement (Hay, 2004a) that contained some criteria to help members evaluate potential supervisors. I recognised at that time that qualified supervisors were available in various fields (such as TA, where there is an international qualification) but there was a lack of supervisors who had been trained and accredited within specific professional frameworks such as coaching. The guidelines reflected the fact that many qualified supervisors would have little experience of coaching, albeit they were experienced therapists. Supervisees needed to consider how much they needed their supervisor to understand the nature of coaching, and how competent the supervisee would be at ‘converting’ the supervisor’s contribution across to a different setting. Since then I have updated the suggested criteria to apply to a range of helping practitioners – trainers, educators, coaches, psychotherapists, counsellors, consultants . . . anyone whose professional practice will benefit from super-vision. Keeping in mind that the ‘perfect’ supervisor does not exist for anyone, the ‘good enough’ supervisor will meet as many of the following as possible but not necessarily all of them: References Hay, Julie (2004a) Supervision for Coaches Self & Society 32:3 Aug/Sept 34-40 Hay, Julie (2004b) Supervision Train the Trainer, 11 Hay, Julie (2007) Reflective Practice and Supervision for Coaches Maidenhead: Open University Press Proctor, Brigid (1986) ‘Supervision: A co-operative exercise in accountability’ in A. Marken & M Payne (eds) Enabling and Ensuring: Supervision in Practice Leicester National Youth Bureau/Council for Education and Training in Youth and Community Work. 21-23 © 2019 Julie Hay Julie is a fan of open access publishing so feel free to reproduce any of these blogs as long as you still attribute it to her. In my last blog I summarised some of the content from an article I wrote about making meaning (Hay, 2010). This blog is based on the last part of that article, where I wrote about how we need to pay attention to how we make meaning ourselves, if we are not inadvertently to cocreate in a negative way by having our own meaning-making ‘leak’ into our clients’ minds. Hence, we need to develop our skill at reflection and we need prompting by others who are outside our frame of reference (i.e. in their own frame that differs from ours – so not our best friend who is likely to share a similar outlook to ours). We can achieve this by reflecting at three levels: To finish, an example to illustrate how a DTA practitioner used the 3 levels to check the impact within their work of their meaning making processes. In teaching a class (of managers or schoolchildren!) Pat (the unisex teacher), noticed (reflection-in-action) that Chris (the unisex student) was nodding and smiling a lot. Pat recognised feeling encouraged by this, of wishing that more students behaved like Chris, and of stroking Chris for being so engaged in class discussions. Afterwards, Pat thought about the lesson (reflection-in-action) and realised that two other students had not contributed at all to the class discussions, that some of Chris’s comments had contained questionable elements (e.g. incorrect explanations), and that Pat had an unpleasantly familiar feeling of ‘here I go again’. In reflection-in-supervision, Lee (the unisex supervisor) helped Pat to recognise the discounting involved, because of Pat’s need for strokes, how a different stroking pattern was needed outside the classroom to eliminate ‘stoke-dependency on students’, and how the ‘here I go again’ feeling might well be a premonition of a game switch to come (such as Chris or another student becoming Persecutor and Pat ending up as Victim). References Hay, Julie (2010) Making Meaning. IDTA Newsletter 5:2 7-9 Schon, D (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books von Foerster, H. (1995). The Cybernetics of Cybernetics (2nd edition). Minneapolis: FutureSystems Inc. © 2019 Julie Hay Julie is a fan of open access publishing so feel free to reproduce any of these blogs as long as you still attribute it to her. From 2010 onwards I began to write articles for the Institute of Developmental Transactional Analysis (IDTA) Newsletter. Those newsletters are readily available for anyone to see on the IDTA website – www.instdta.org or if you want to go straight to the newsletters click on http://bit.ly/2rYizZS. The following is therefore an updated summary of what I wrote in an article about Making Meaning (Hay, 2010). At the time, I had recently compiled a reflective enquiry project as part of my studies for an MSc in TA Psychotherapy. This got me thinking about how we do make meaning, and how our own versions of meaning-making may impact on our clients, whether these be in therapy, organisational or educational settings. I was prompted to the choice of topic because I was moving from many years steeped in classical TA, where Berne told us to share the theory with the client, into relational TA, where the focus is on how we can work with the process that occurs when clients unknowingly seek to recreate their early scenes so they can reach a different conclusion. Although this sounds like it would only apply to psychotherapy, my organisational background meant that I could easily see how really listening to someone in an organisation could often make a huge difference to their perspective – hence the increasing demand for coaching – and how in an educational setting a teacher might easily have a therapeutic impact on a pupil just by listening to them. When I had been told years ago that I was a post-modernist, I had to ask what that word meant! I came to understand that it means that I am someone who believes that there are many ways to understand our world – as opposed to modernism where the belief is that there is only one truth. I realised that this explained my reluctance to apply diagnostic labels – not just because Berne cautioned against it but because it imposes on an individual the way in which the world is constructed by others. I knew, for example that there were many culturally based problems with the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder) and that diagnoses changed when the DSM was reissued, rather like the ways in which fashions change over time and between cultures. In a special issue of the Transactional Analysis Journal (TAJ), Allen & Allen (1997) suggested that the constructionist therapist (constructivism being similar to post-modernism) would aim to help clients conceptualise themselves differently. They wrote of the 'last permission' which they described as being allowed to make meaning for ourselves rather than in the way that we were taught to do so as we were growing up. I add to this that it is also about enabling individuals to make meaning in their own way – it is not just that they make a different meaning but that they are able to change the way they approach the task of meaning-making. It was many years later that Summers & Tudor (2000) extended Allen & Allen’s ideas into cocreativity – we help clients re-conceptualise through the creation of something new that comes into existence as we interact. This means, of course, that something new comes into existence in the practitioner’s head as well as in the client’s head. In the original article, I went on to comment about the impact of culture and how our culture as practitioners might match or differ from the client’s culture, pointing out that we need to bring such differences into conscious awareness lest we over-identify with some clients or misinterpret the meaning-making processes of others. I suggested that we asked ourselves the following questions: We need to pay attention to our own meaning-making lest it ‘leak’ into our clients minds as we cocreate. In my next blog I will present the rest of the article, with my suggestions for how we need to develop our skills of reflection and how some of this needs to be done in supervision. Reference Allen J & Allen B (1997) A new Type of Transactional Analysis and One Version of Script work with a Constructionist Sensibility Transactional Analysis Journal 27 (2) 89-98 Hay, Julie (2010) Making Meaning. IDTA Newsletter 5:2 7-9 Summers, G &Tudor, K (2000) Cocreative Transactional Analysis Transactional Analysis Journal 30 (1) 23-40 © 2019 Julie Hay Julie is a fan of open access publishing so feel free to reproduce any of these blogs as long as you still attribute it to her. The final part of my blog about what I wrote in INTAND newsletter (Hay, 2003). Organisations spend a lot of time and money on training and development activities that are designed to encourage employees to show initiative, or to prompt managers to empower their staff. Transference and counter transference processes undermine these activities, yet they are rarely mentioned as part of the training. There are several ways in which we can help people (including ourselves) to become aware of these processes so they can be eliminated: Using Transference It may seem strange to suggest we could use transference but therapists do this routinely to enhance their work with clients. For example, a client who thinks the therapist is a good parent will be more likely to act on the therapist’s advice; a client who thinks the therapist is ‘bad’ can be allowed to work through their issues without being punished by the therapist. Other helping professionals, and managers, can also use the transference process in a positive way, provided they are aware of it. This awareness is the key – once transference and/or countertransference are recognised, the professional uses this knowledge to plan more effective ways of interacting, as outlined in Table 3. Examples might be: Reference Hay, Julie (2003) Transference INTAND Newsletter 11:1 1-8 © 2019 Julie Hay Julie is a fan of open access publishing so feel free to reproduce any of these blogs as long as you still attribute it to her. \| CategoriesArchives June 2019 This work is licensed under a .	eng	<urn:uuid:ff18fe2a-7b9c-4f59-b84e-2d7b4e31dd4a>	https://www.juliehay.org/blog/archives/01-2019	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Allan’s recap of the ZFS User conference, first impressions of OmniOS by a BSD user, Nextcloud 13 setup on FreeBSD, OpenBSD on a fanless desktop computer, an intro to HardenedBSD, and DragonFlyBSD getting some SMP improvements. Headlines ZFS User Conference Recap - Attendees met for breakfast on the fourth floor, in a lunchroom type area just outside of the theatre. One entire wall was made of lego base plates, and there were buckets of different coloured lego embedded in the wall. - The talks started with Matt Ahrens discussing how the 2nd most requested feature of ZFS, Device Removal, has now landed, then pivoting into the MOST requested feature, RAID-Z expansion, and his work on that so far, which included the first functional prototype, on FreeBSD. - Then our friend Calvin Hendryx-Parker presented how he solves all of his backup headaches with ZFS. I provided him some helpful hints to optimize his setup and improve the throughput of his backups - Then Steven Umbehocker of OSNEXUS talked about their products, and how they manage large numbers of ZFS nodes - After a very nice lunch, Orlando Pichardo of Micron talked about the future of flash, and their new 7.5TB SATA SSDs. Discussion of these devices after the talk may lead to enhancements to ZFS to better support these new larger flash devices that use larger logical sector sizes. - Alek Pinchuk of Datto talked about Pool Layout Considerations - then Tony Hutter of LLNL talked about the release process for ZFS on Linux - Then Tom Caputi of Datto presented: Helping Developers Help You, guidance for users submitting bug reports, with some good and bad examples - Then we had a nice cocktail party and dinner, and stayed late into the night talked about ZFS - The next day, Jervin Real of Percona, presented: ZFS and MySQL on Linux, the Sweet Spots. Mostly outlining some benchmark they had done, some of the results were curious and some additional digging may turn up enhancements that can be made to ZFS, or just better tuning advice for high traffic MySQL servers. - Then I presented my ZSTD compression work, which had been referenced in 2 of the previous talks, as people are anxious to get their hands on this code. - Lastly, Eric Sproul of Circonus, gave his talk: Thank You, ZFS. It thanked ZFS and its Community for making their companies product possible, and then provided an update to his presentation from last year, where they were having problems with extremely high levels of ZFS fragmentation. This also sparked a longer conversation after the talk was over. - Then we had a BBQ lunch, and after some more talking, the conference broke up. I had been using FreeBSD as my main web server OS since 2012 and I liked it so much that I even contributed money and code to it. However, since the FreeBSD guys (and gals) decided to install anti-tech feminism, I have been considering to move away from it for quite some time now. As my growing needs require stronger hardware, it was finally time to rent a new server. I do not intend to run FreeBSD on it. Although the most obvious choice would be OpenBSD (I run it on another server and it works just fine), I plan to have a couple of databases running on the new machine, and database throughput has never been one of OpenBSD’s strong points. This is my chance to give illumos another try. As neither WiFi nor desktop environments are relevant on a no-X11 server, the server-focused OmniOS seemed to fit my needs. My current (to be phased out) setup on FreeBSD is: - apache24 with SSL support, running five websites on six domains (both HTTP and HTTPS) - a (somewhat large) Tiny Tiny RSS installation from git, updated via cronjob - sbcl running a daily cronjob of my Web-to-RSS parser - an FTP server where I share stuff with friends - an IRC bouncer - MariaDB and PostgreSQL for some of the hosted services I would not consider anything of that too esoteric for a modern operating system. Since I was not really using anything mod_rewrite-related, I was perfectly ready to replace apache24 by nginx, remembering that the prepackaged apache24 on FreeBSD did not support HTTPS out of the box and I had ended up installing it from the ports. That is the only change in my setup which I am actively planning. So here’s what I noticed. - First impressions: Hooray, a BSD boot loader! Finally an operating system without grub – I made my experiences with that and I don’t want to repeat them too often. It is weird that the installer won’t accept “mydomain.org” as a hostname but sendmail complains that “mydomain” is not a valid hostname right from the start, OmniOS sent me into Maintenance Mode to fix that. A good start, right? So the first completely new thing I had to find out on my new shiny toy was how to change the hostname. There is no /etc/rc.conf in it and hostname mydomain.org was only valid for one login session. I found out that the hostname has to be changed in three different files under /etc on Solaris – the third one did not even exist for me. Changing the other two files seems to have solved this problem for me. - Random findings: ~ I was wondering how many resources my (mostly idle) new web server was using – I always thought Solaris was rather fat, but it still felt fast to me. Ah, right – we’re in Unixland and we need to think outside of the box. This table was really helpful: although a number of things are different between OmniOS and SmartOS, I found out that the *stat tools do what top does. I could probably just install top from one of the package managers, but I failed to find a reason to do so. I had 99% idle CPU and RAM – that’s all I wanted to know. ~ Trying to set up twtxt informed me that Python 3.6 (from pkgin) expects LANG and LC_ALL to be set. Weird – did FreeBSD do that for me? It’s been a while … at least that was easy to fix. ~ SMF – Solaris’s version of init – confuses me. It has “levels” similar to Gentoo’s OpenRC, but it mostly shuts up during the boot process. Stuff from pkgsrc, e.g. nginx, comes with a description how to set up the particular service, but I should probably read more about it. What if, one day, I install a package which is not made ready for OmniOS? I’ll have to find out how to write SMF scripts. But that should not be my highest priority. ~ The OmniOS documentation talks a lot about “zones” which, if I understand that correctly, mostly equal FreeBSD’s “jails”. This could be my chance to try to respect a better separation between my various services – if my lazyness won’t take over again. (It probably will.) ~ OmniOS’s default shell – rather un-unixy – seems to be the bash. Update: I was informed about a mistake here: the default shell is ksh93, there are bogus .bashrc files lying around though. ~ Somewhere in between, my sshd had a hiccup or, at least, logging into it took longer than usual. If that happens again, I should investigate. - Conclusion: By the time of me writing this, I have a basic web server with an awesome performance and a lot of applications ready to be configured only one click away. The more I play with it, the more I have the feeling that I have missed a lot while wasting my time with FreeBSD. For a system that is said to be “dying”, OmniOS feels well-thought and, when equipped with a reasonable package management, comes with everything I need to reproduce my FreeBSD setup without losing functionality. I’m looking forward to what will happen with it. DigitalOcean http://do.co/bsdnow [Open Source Hardware Camp 2018 — Sat 30/06 & Sun 01/07, Lincoln, UK (includes ‘Open-source RISC-V core quickstart’ and ‘An introductory workshop to NetBSD on embedded platforms’)](http://oshug.org/pipermail/oshug/2018-April/000635.html) “` Hi All, I’m pleased to announce that we have 10 talks and 7 workshops confirmed for Open Source Hardware Camp 2018, with the possibility of one or two more. Registration is now open! For the first time ever we will be hosting OSHCamp in Lincoln and a huge thanks to Sarah Markall for helping to make this happen. As in previous years, there will be a social event on the Saturday evening and we have a room booked at the Wig and Mitre. Food will be available. There will likely be a few of us meeting up for pre-conference drinks on the Friday evening also. Details of the programme can be found below and, as ever, we have an excellent mix of topics being covered. Cheers, Andrew “` - Open Source Hardware Camp 2018 On the 30th June 2018, 09:00 Saturday morning – 16:00 on the Sunday afternoon at The Blue Room, The Lawn, Union Rd, Lincoln, LN1 3BU. - Registration: http://oshug.org/event/oshcamp2018 - Open Source Hardware Camp 2018 will be hosted in the historic county town of Lincoln — home to, amongst others, noted engine builders Ruston & Hornsby (now Siemens, via GEC and English Electric). - Lincoln is well served by rail, reachable from Leeds and London within 2-2.5 hours, and 4-5 hours from Edinburgh and Southampton. - There will be a social at the Wig and Mitre on the Saturday evening. - For travel and accommodation information information please see the event page on oshug.org. News Roundup Today I would like to share a setup of Nextcloud 13 running on a FreeBSD system. To make things more interesting it would be running inside a FreeBSD Jail. I will not describe the Nextcloud setup itself here as its large enough for several blog posts. Official Nextcloud 13 documentation recommends following setup: - MySQL/MariaDB - PHP 7.0 (or newer) - Apache 2.4 (with mod_php) I prefer PostgreSQL database to MySQL/MariaDB and I prefer fast and lean Nginx web server to Apache, so my setup is based on these components: - PostgreSQL 10.3 - PHP 7.2.4 - Nginx 1.12.2 (with php-fpm) - Memcached 1.5.7 The Memcached subsystem is least important, it can be easily changed into something more modern like Redis for example. I prefer not to use any third party tools for FreeBSD Jails management. Not because they are bad or something like that. There are just many choices for good FreeBSD Jails management and I want to provide a GENERIC example for Nextcloud 13 in a Jail, not for a specific management tool. - Host Lets start with preparing the FreeBSD Host with needed settings. We need to allow using raw sockets in Jails. For the future optional upgrades of the Jail we will also allow using chflags(1) in Jails. You asked me about my setup. Here you go. I’ve been using OpenBSD on servers for years as a web developer, but never had a chance to dive in to system administration before. If you appreciate the simplicity of OpenBSD and you have to give it a try on your desktop. Bear in mind, this is a relatively cheap ergonomic setup, because all I need is xterm(1) with Vim and Firefox, I don’t care about CPU/GPU performance or mobility too much, but I want a large screen and a good keyboard. Item Price, USD Zotac CI527 NANO-BE $371 16GB RAM Crucial DDR4-2133 $127 250GB SSD Samsung 850 EVO $104 Asus VZ249HE 23.8" IPS Full HD $129 ErgoDox EZ V3, Cherry MX Brown, blank DCS $325 Kensington Orbit Trackball $33 Total $1,107 - OpenBSD I tried few times to install OpenBSD on my MacBooks—I heard some models are compatible with it,—but in my case it was a bit of a fiasco (thanks to Nvidia and Broadcom). That’s why I bought a new computer, just to be able to run this wonderful operating system. Now I run -stable on my desktop and servers. Servers are supposed to be reliable, that’s obvious, why not run -current on a desktop? Because -stable is shipped every six months and I that’s is often enough for me. I prefer slow fashion. iXsystems iX Ad Spot NAB 2018 – Michael Dexter’s Recap HardenedBSD is a security enhanced fork of FreeBSD which happened in 2014. HardenedBSD is implementing many exploit mitigation and security technologies on top of FreeBSD which all started with implementation of Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). The fork has been created for ease of development. To cite the https://hardenedbsd.org/content/about page – “HardenedBSD aims to implement innovative exploit mitigation and security solutions for the FreeBSD community. (…) HardenedBSD takes a holistic approach to security by hardening the system and implementing exploit mitigation technologies.” Most FreeBSD enthusiasts know mfsBSD project by Martin Matuska – http://mfsbsd.vx.sk/ – FreeBSD system loaded completely into memory. The mfsBSD synonym for the HardenedBSD world is SoloBSD – http://www.solobsd.org/ – which is based on HardenedBSD sources. One may ask how HardenedBSD project compared to more well know for its security OpenBSD system and it is very important question. The OpenBSD developers try to write ‘good’ code without dirty hacks for performance or other reasons. Clean and secure code is most important in OpenBSD world. The OpenBSD project even made security audit of all OpenBSD code available, line by line. This was easier to achieve in FreeBSD or HardenedBSD because OpenBSD code base its about ten times smaller. This has also other implications, possibilities. While FreeBSD (and HardenedBSD) offer many new features like mature SMP subsystem even with some NUMA support, ZFS filesystem, GEOM storage framework, Bhyve virtualization, Virtualbox option and many other new modern features the OpenBSD remains classic UNIX system with UFS filesystem and with very ‘theoretical’ SMP support. The vmm project tried to implement new hypervisor in OpenBSD world, but because of lack of support for graphics its for OpenBSD, Illumos and Linux currently, You will not virtualize Windows or Mac OS X there. This is also only virtualization option for OpenBSD as there are no Jails on OpenBSD. Current Bhyve implementation allows one even to boot latest Windows 2019 Technology Preview. A HardenedBSD project is FreeBSD system code base with LOTS of security mechanisms and mitigations that are not available on FreeBSD system. For example entire lib32 tree has been disabled by default on HardenedBSD to make it more secure. Also LibreSSL is the default SSL library on HardenedBSD, same as OpenBSD while FreeBSD uses OpenSSL for compatibility reasons. Comparison between LibreSSL and OpenSSL vulnerabilities. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreSSL#Security - https://wiki.freebsd.org/LibreSSL#LibreSSL.28andOpenSSL.29SecurityVulnerabilities One may see HardenedBSD as FreeBSD being successfully pulled up to the OpenBSD level (at least that is the goal), but as FreeBSD has tons more code and features it will be harder and longer process to achieve the goal. As I do not have that much competence on the security field I will just repost the comparison from the HardenedBSD project versus other BSD systems. The comparison is also available here – https://hardenedbsd.org/content/easy-feature-comparison – on the HardenedBSD website. Note: This article is predominantly based on work by Hiltjo Posthuma who you should read because I would have spent far too much time failing to set things up if it wasn’t for their post. Not only have they written lots of very interesting posts, they write some really brilliant programs Since I started university 3 years ago, I started using lots of services from lots of different companies. The “cloud” trend led me to believe that I wanted other people to look after my data for me. I was wrong. Since finding myself loving the ethos of OpenBSD, I found myself wanting to apply this ethos to the services I use as well. Not only is it important to me because of the security benefits, but also because I like the minimalist style OpenBSD portrays. This is the first in a mini-series documenting my move from bloated, hosted, sometimes proprietary services to minimal, well-written, free, self-hosted services. - Tools & applications These are the programs I am going to be using to get my git server up and running: httpd(8) acme-client(1) git(1) cgit(1) slowcgi(8) - Setting up httpd Ensure you have the necessary flags enabled in your /etc/rc.conf.local: - Configuring cgit When using the OpenBSD httpd(8), it will serve it’s content in a chrooted environment,which defaults to the home directory of the user it runs as, which is www in this case. This means that the chroot is limited to the directory /var/www and it’s contents. In order to configure cgit, there must be a cgitrc file available to cgit. This is found at the location stored in $CGIT_CONFIG, which defaults to /conf/cgitrc. Because of the chroot, this file is actually stored at /var/www/conf/cgitrc. Beastie Bits - My Penguicon 2018 Schedule - sigaction: see who killed you (and more) - Takeshi steps down from NetBSD core team after 13 years - DragonFlyBSD Kernel Gets Some SMP Improvements – Phoronix - Writing FreeBSD Malware Tarsnap ad Feedback/Questions - Troels – Question regarding ZFS xattr - Mike – Sharing your screen - Wilyarti – Adlocking on FreeBSD - Brad – Recommendations for snapshot strategy - Send questions, comments, show ideas/topics, or stories you want mentioned on the show to firstname.lastname@example.org	eng	<urn:uuid:f0b912ac-bdc7-4f05-a280-638c7c69c3d3>	https://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/124766/zfs-user-conf-2018-bsd-now-245/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Angelika Hannell Resumo da Biografia \| I'm Angelika and I live with my husband and our 3 children in Thyboron, in the REGION MIDTJYLLAND south part. My hobbies are Squash, Mountain biking and Videophilia (Home theater). \| Resumo da Biografia \| I'm Angelika and I live with my husband and our 3 children in Thyboron, in the REGION MIDTJYLLAND south part. My hobbies are Squash, Mountain biking and Videophilia (Home theater). \|	eng	<urn:uuid:e463a1b3-8eac-4bb1-b961-0fbbb5140a0e>	https://www.metodista.br/revistas/revistas-metodista/index.php/OC/user/viewPublicProfile/55328	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Bridgett Whitt Resumo da Biografia \| I'm Bridgett and I live with my husband and our three children in Denain, in the CENTRE south part. My hobbies are Association football, Magic and Vintage car. \| Resumo da Biografia \| I'm Bridgett and I live with my husband and our three children in Denain, in the CENTRE south part. My hobbies are Association football, Magic and Vintage car. \|	eng	<urn:uuid:66a88ae7-905c-4027-9ebd-7f85b4cdd351>	https://www.metodista.br/revistas/revistas-metodista/index.php/OC/user/viewPublicProfile/725742	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Sometimes life is likened to walking through a dark tunnel in order to get to the light at the other end. I was walking through the Arab shuk (market) after davening neitz (Sunrise prayer) and this scene reminded me of that saying. It is an interesting metaphor in that most of us do not see this world as being dark, and few of us understand what the light at the other end is supposed to be. Some Jewish mystical writings call Hashem the "Ohr Ein Sof" (Light without end). More accurately He is called the "M'ohr Ein Sof," (the Giver of the light without end). Hashem creates the Universe out of light, but this light is somewhat hidden so it can be formed into the objects that we see. If the light wasn't at least somewhat hidden we would not be able to see the objects that are being formed of it. So actually, this world is not dark, but is filled with hidden light. Then we are told that at the end of this life our souls go before the Judge. The Judge is not light. The Judge is the Maker of the light. So instead of calling this world a dark tunnel, maybe we should call it the passageway made of hidden light…a gorgeous opportunity when we use it right. And instead of calling it the light at the end of the tunnel we should call it the Glory that emanates from the Source of all light. So the description of this world should be; the passageway made of hidden light that leads to the Glory that will draw our souls back up to where they originally came from. Well, maybe the light at the end of the dark tunnel is not such a bad way of saying it after all.	eng	<urn:uuid:2ac7cc48-493b-465a-b548-f5e208b36062>	https://www.mpaths.com/2016/05/the-light-at-end-of-tunnel.html	CC-MAIN-2019-30
POSTPONED Effective Lobbying and Campaigning Primary tabs - Understanding what lobbying is - Structures of government and their remits - Decision making processes and mechanisms for lobbying - Putting together a lobbying campaign Cancellation Policy Please be aware that you may be charged if you don't attend an event you have registered for - even in the case of free to access events. Full details on our cancellation policy: NICVA cancellation policy	eng	<urn:uuid:f01f5c29-9ffc-44b6-bcf5-e76627472028>	https://www.nicva.org/event/postponed-effective-lobbying-and-campaigning	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Disclaimer All photographs on the Website, unless expressly credited otherwise, are the sole property of the OSCE and are subject to copyright. For photographs on the Website that are credited to the OSCE, the OSCE hereby grants you permission to reproduce and/or distribute them without charge under the term and conditions of a Creative Commons Attribution - No Derivative Works license. When reproducing and/or distributing such photo(s), you must credit both the OSCE and the photographer in the following manner: OSCE/photographer's name. For photographs on the Website that are not credited to the OSCE, you must seek permission to reproduce them from the original photographer or agency, as shown in the photograph credits.	eng	<urn:uuid:855c015c-c496-4af1-8e40-424f1395e94a>	https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/415730	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Join hundreds of InfoSec professionals at our upcoming [ Global AppSec DC, September 9-13 ] and [ Global AppSec Amsterdam, September 23-27 ] Help Pages that link to "Tunisia" ← Tunisia Jump to: navigation , search What links here Page: Namespace: all (Main) Talk User User talk OWASP OWASP talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Widget Widget talk Invert selection Filters Hide transclusions \| Hide links \| Hide redirects The following pages link to Tunisia : View (previous 50 \| next 50) ( 20 50 100 250 500 ) Category:Africa ( ← links ) OWASP Local Chapters ( ← links ) OWASP Chapter ( ← links ) View (previous 50 \| next 50) ( 20 50 100 250 500 ) Retrieved from " https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tunisia " Navigation menu Personal tools Log in Request account Namespaces Page Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Home About OWASP Acknowledgements Advertising Books Brand Resources Careers Chapters Donate to OWASP Downloads Events Funding Governance Initiatives Mailing Lists Membership Merchandise Presentations Press Projects Supporting Partners Video Reference Activities Attacks Code Snippets Controls Glossary How To... Java Project .NET Project Principles Technologies Threat Agents Vulnerabilities Tools Special pages Printable version Privacy policy About OWASP Disclaimers Open Web Application Security Project, OWASP, Global AppSec, AppSec Days, AppSec California, SnowFROC, LASCON, and the OWASP logo are trademarks of the OWASP Foundation.	eng	<urn:uuid:a8525507-96ae-4f6a-aabc-694bb90e2702>	https://www.owasp.org/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Tunisia&hidetrans=1&limit=20&printable=yes	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stay in the know Sign up for your daily Today's Special Value email and discover something new every day Created for QVC, Diamonique's simulated gemstones offer you the chance to own beautiful jewellery at a fraction of the cost of real gems. From timeless classics to glittering showstoppers, every piece incorporate the Six Cs of Diamonique, which sit at the heart of every design: The single teardrop is symbolic of not just the tears we cry when times are sad, but also of those tears we cry when things improve, life turns a corner, we're given another chance... there is something fundamental we all share – we never give up hope.	eng	<urn:uuid:4785f39e-f567-4546-babf-0d7af7eab1c1>	https://www.qvcuk.com/Alison-Keenan-Diamonique-Breast-Cancer-Care-I-Hope-Pendant-Sterling-Silver.product.317349.html	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stay in the know Sign up for your daily Today's Special Value email and discover something new every day Items recently on air Elemis Pro-Collagen Overnight Matrix & Cleansing Balm 20g Duo Pay in 3 instalments £52.50 £65.00 Items recently on air Elemis 3 Step Skin Perfection Collection Pay in 3 instalments £55.50 £85.00 Items recently on air Elemis Pro-Collagen Marine Cream 100ml Limited Edition Supersize Pay in 3 instalments £105.00 QVC is not responsible for the availability, content, security, policies, or practices of the above referenced third-party linked sites, nor liable for statements, claims, opinions, or representations contained therein. QVC's Privacy Statement does not apply to these third-party websites. © 1998-2019 QVC UK, Inc. All rights reserved QVC uses cookies and similar technologies, including 3rd party cookies, to enhance your browsing experience, display personalised ads in line with your preferences, and for other purposes described in our Privacy Statement. Learn more, and change your preferences here. By continuing to use this website, closing this banner, or clicking the OK button below, you consent to our use of cookies.	eng	<urn:uuid:17d5bdc5-5c92-4357-a95b-ddc470b468e1>	https://www.qvcuk.com/dr-dennis-gross/elemis/prai/beauty/_/N-1z13xwyZ1z13y3iZ1z141urZlfm0Zlhct/c.html?limit=96&ro=1z13xwyZlfm0Z1z13y3iZlhctZ1z141ur&navSrc=REFINE	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Stay in the know Sign up for your daily Today's Special Value email and discover something new every day QVC is not responsible for the availability, content, security, policies, or practices of the above referenced third-party linked sites, nor liable for statements, claims, opinions, or representations contained therein. QVC's Privacy Statement does not apply to these third-party websites. © 1998-2019 QVC UK, Inc. All rights reserved QVC uses cookies and similar technologies, including 3rd party cookies, to enhance your browsing experience, display personalised ads in line with your preferences, and for other purposes described in our Privacy Statement. Learn more, and change your preferences here. By continuing to use this website, closing this banner, or clicking the OK button below, you consent to our use of cookies.	eng	<urn:uuid:7a1f8991-87b8-46ef-9473-fab104f2bf4c>	https://www.qvcuk.com/lola-rose/home-&-kitchen/_/N-1z141o6ZlfnuZ5n/c.html?limit=96&ro=1z141o6ZlfnuZ5n	CC-MAIN-2019-30
All public logs Combined display of all available logs of Open Access Directory. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive). (newest \| oldest) View (newer 50 \| older 50) (20 \| 50 \| 100 \| 250 \| 500)- 08:42, 28 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2019 of page 2008 patrolled - 19:42, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2018 of page Disciplinary repositories patrolled - 19:40, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2017 of page Disciplinary repositories patrolled - 19:36, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2016 of page Lists maintained by others patrolled - 09:58, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2014 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 09:57, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2013 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 09:56, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2012 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 09:55, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2011 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 09:35, 27 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 2010 of page Wikis about OA patrolled - 20:06, 25 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1998 of page Research in progress patrolled - 20:05, 25 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1997 of page Research in progress patrolled - 17:15, 24 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1972 of page 2007 patrolled - 17:14, 24 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1971 of page 2009 patrolled - 17:13, 24 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1970 of page 2008 patrolled - 17:08, 24 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1969 of page Open Access Journals patrolled - 16:16, 24 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1962 of page Bibliography of open access patrolled - 16:15, 24 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1961 of page Bibliography of open access patrolled - 15:16, 23 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1914 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 15:16, 23 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1913 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 09:35, 23 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1907 of page 2008 patrolled - 12:19, 22 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1904 of page 2008 patrolled - 12:48, 21 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1899 of page 2008 patrolled - 12:48, 21 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1898 of page 2008 patrolled - 12:47, 21 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1897 of page 2008 patrolled - 14:25, 19 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1890 of page Disciplinary repositories patrolled - 10:03, 19 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1888 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 09:29, 19 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1887 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 08:26, 19 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1886 of page Blogs about OA patrolled - 08:21, 19 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1885 of page Calls for papers patrolled - 08:19, 19 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1884 of page Proposed lists patrolled - 15:30, 18 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1882 of page 2008 patrolled - 15:28, 18 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1881 of page 2008 patrolled - 09:23, 18 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1880 of page About OAD patrolled - 09:18, 18 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1879 of page About OAD patrolled - 09:08, 18 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1878 of page Calls for proposals patrolled - 08:50, 18 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1877 of page Main Page patrolled - 23:31, 17 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1876 of page Main Page patrolled - 08:56, 17 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1875 of page Services to support repository managers patrolled - 08:54, 17 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1874 of page Calls for papers patrolled - 21:41, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1872 of page Main Page patrolled - 21:40, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1871 of page Wikis about OA patrolled - 21:35, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1870 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 21:34, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1869 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 20:50, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1868 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 20:43, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1867 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 20:34, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1866 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 18:06, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1865 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 18:04, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1864 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 18:02, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1863 of page FAQs about OA patrolled - 18:01, 16 June 2008 Peters automatically marked revision 1862 of page FAQs about OA patrolled	eng	<urn:uuid:3f92ae2b-7838-4919-adcb-efa98e48500d>	http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/index.php?title=Special:Log/Peters&type=&user=Peters&hide_tag_log=0	CC-MAIN-2019-30
A Peek into the Future of Giving- to Support Community Justice in Liberia In Liberia, land disputes, crime, domestic abuse, and a lack of basic services, among other issues, are pervasive. When citizens face legal challenges, the lack of legitimacy, affordability and accessibility of the formal justice system is a huge problem. Moreover, the judiciary and police were recently ranked as the most corrupt set of institutions in the country by the government itself – which not only undermines any sense that wrong-doing will be punished but has hollowed out trust in public processes more broadly. As one citizen pointed out to the team recently: “There is simply no justice for the poor." The Lab has helped Thomas Tweh, a community leader in the West Point neighborhood (a one mile patch of land with over 75,000 residents), develop an innovative idea to build justice at the local level. He trains volunteer mediators to resolve disputes as part of Community Justice Teams (CJTs); and collaborates with the courts to refer cases back to the community (saving time and money, and reducing the burden on the formal system). You can read more about the design thinking approach used for the project in the Stanford Social Innovation Review here. Since the Accountability Lab’s initial US$3,000 investment, the first CJT has helped resolve almost 80 disputes, saving citizens over LD$ 500,000 (almost US$7,000) in fees, and over 350 days of time. It has been a huge success (watch the video here). In keeping with a spirit of innovation around issues of accountability, the Lab is joining tinyGive at the forefront of innovation in giving. tinyGive is a micro-philanthropy platform that empowers donors to give to the causes and organizations they care about via Twitter. Their Tweet-to-donate tool makes it simple to both give and tell others about our work, all with one Tweet. It helps multiply the impact! How does it work? It’s simple, just Tweet the Accountability Lab (@accountlab), include any dollar amount, and the hashtag #tinyGive(e.g., “I’m giving $8 to @accountlab to support community justice in #Liberia! Join me! bit.ly/CJTtG #tinyGive”). You’ll get a link sent back to you asking you to complete your donation. Just click it, connect your payment information, and you’re done! If you are not on Twitter- no worries, you can still give! Check out the campaign page on tinyGive to learn more about the teams, and to kick in a few dollars to help the Lab reach its goal this week! Remember- @accountlab and #tinyGive with a $ amount!	eng	<urn:uuid:2e23e4fd-c694-46b7-b45c-07338265a733>	http://opengovhub.org/blog/5/2014/a-peek-into-the-future-of-giving-to-support-community-justice-in-liberia	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0) Home Search Taxa Key Help Wiki species Chorthippus ( Glyptobothrus ) reissingeri Harz, 1972 male, dorsal view Source: © Sigfrid Ingrisch, DORSA Explain Show all images for this taxon Show all images for this specimen Show specimen data Home Search Taxa Key Help Wiki Top of page Copyright © 2019. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.	eng	<urn:uuid:abda5be8-9647-45c6-8a32-fcf48ea8babe>	http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/ShowImage.aspx?TaxonNameID=1105965&ImageID=163641	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Log in Jump to: navigation , search Username Password Forgot your password? Keep me logged in Help with logging in Retrieved from " http://palea.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/paw/index.php/Special:UserLogin " Navigation menu Personal tools 18.104.22.168 Talk for this IP address Log in Namespaces Special page Variants Views Actions Search Navigation Main page Recent changes Help Tools Special pages Printable version Privacy policy About Planteome Annotation Wiki - Test Disclaimers	eng	<urn:uuid:035117c2-47f2-45d6-951f-3923d6c07452>	http://palea.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/paw/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Special%3AWhatLinksHere%2FAnnotation%3A2170	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Revision history of "User:FrankBurnside574" Diff selection: Mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom. Legend: (cur) = difference with latest revision, (prev) = difference with preceding revision, m = minor edit.	eng	<urn:uuid:f8096bc3-0d72-4e95-b182-fcb6b673ff1a>	http://palea.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/paw/index.php?title=User:FrankBurnside574&curid=168932&action=history	CC-MAIN-2019-30
So far no PCI devices are known to work with RTLSDR. A potential candidate is the quad PCI tuner card from Digital Now in Australia. It has 4 RTL2382U demodulators with what are suspected to be E4000 tuners. It is essentially 4 USB sticks and a USB hub on a PCI card.	eng	<urn:uuid:032a4929-1428-4e6f-847f-1d44f0beeea0>	http://rtlsdr.org/hardware-pci	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Log in From S23Wiki Jump to: navigation , search Username Use secure connection Password Keep me logged in Help with logging in Retrieved from " https://s23.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin " Navigation menu Views Special page Personal tools 22.214.171.124 Talk for this IP address Log in Navigation Main Page Recent changes Current events Forum Calendar Wiki Node Wikinet changes Help Donate Guestbook Categories All Categories Top Categories Uncategorized Specials Page of the Day Random page Wanted pages Popular pages Interwiki Broken links Edit sidebar Statistics Wikistats Blacklisted domains ToDo Tasks (To Do) To Do Search Tools Special pages Privacy policy About S23Wiki Disclaimers	eng	<urn:uuid:9e72586b-64a7-4c60-b8e8-7185227390ba>	http://s23.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pineapple&printable=yes	CC-MAIN-2019-30
News for June 2011 30.06.2011 29 June protesters stand trials This afternoon Minsk courts have considered the administrative cases of persons detained yesterday during so called “silent protest” in the city center. 30.06.2011 FIDH presents its report on the restrictions to the political and civil rights of citizens of Belarus after the 2010 presidential elections at press conference in Minsk Today, in Minsk, FIDH representatives hold a press conference to present the fact-finding mission report on the situation in Belarus. Participants in the Mission collected dozens of witness testimonies from candidates for the presidency of Belarus and representatives from campaign headquarters for presidential candidates, who had been freed from detention by that time, relatives of those arrested, attorneys, members of human rights organizations, journalists, and representatives of European diplomatic missions. 30.06.2011 HR defenders release documentary on death penalty (video) On 29 June, Minsk “Ў” gallery hosted the presentation of a documentary entitled “The cause of death is -------”, created as part of the “Human Rights Defenders against the Death Penalty” civil campaign. 30.06.2011 250 protesters detained on 29 June Some 250 people were detained during the so called “silent protests” across Belarus yesterday. Minsk police detained over 160 protesters, including a number of journalists. Some of the detainees were reportedly beaten. 29.06.2011 Former presidential hopeful Ryzhou questioned by police Former presidential hopeful Siarhei Ryzhou has been interrogated by Vitsebsk police after a number of Internet resources published appeals for a nation-wide strike allegedly signed by Mr. Ryzhou, the BelaPAN news agency reports. 29.06.2011 Freedom House: No progress in Belarus’ democracy ratings The US-based Freedom House international NGO has released its annual report “Nations in Transit 2011”, providing a comparative study of democratic development in 29 countries, including Belarus. 29.06.2011 BCD Brest activist sentenced to 7 days of arrest Zmitser Shurkhai, Brest regional coordinator of the Belarusian Christian Democracy organizing committee, has been convicted of disorderly conduct (Art. 17.1) by Brest Maskouski District Court this morning. 29.06.2011 Civil activist from Rahachou summoned to police on June 29 Dzianis Dashkevich thinks this is connected with his participation in the silent protest action. 28.06.2011 Front Line releases Annual Report on human rights defenders On 25 March 2011, Front Line launched its second Annual Report on Human Rights Defenders, which highlights global trends and developments in the situation of human rights defenders in 2010 and analyses the situation in each region of the world. 28.06.2011 Special certification of lawyers begins in Belarus Certification commissions will access lawyers’ work. 28.06.2011 European Parliament MP campaigns for release of Bandarenka Member of the European Parliament dr Marek Migalski has launched today Freedom for Bandarenka website (www.bandarenka.pl). On the website you may sign the petition on behalf of Mr. Bandarenka and urge Aleksandr Lukashenka and the governor of prison in which Bandarenka is being detained to stop persecutions against him and other political prisoners. 28.06.2011 Verdict in Pachobut’s trial due on 5 July Hrodna Leninski District Court continues hearing the criminal case of “Gazeta Wyborcza” journalist Andrei Pachobut. The verdict is expected to be pronounced on 5 July. 27.06.2011 Authorities intimidate pro-active social network users Belarusian law enforcement agencies keep harassing Internet users, expressing their alternative views in social networks services. 27.06.2011 CE Conference of INGOs condemns poor exercise of freedom of association in Belarus The Conference of International NGOs of the Council of Europe has adopted a resolution on the freedom of association in Belarus, reiterating its demand to the Belarusian authorities to ensure the full observance of the international standards on the freedom of association in the country. 27.06.2011 Bresters warned for participation in "silent revolution" Brest regional public prosecution took interest in the silent protest action's organizers.	eng	<urn:uuid:6715b3e3-d4ee-4064-942b-a5cf35db91e9>	http://spring96.org/en/archive/2011/06	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Last week we were having dinner with friends, and they asked me why I hadn’t said anything about Mark Driscoll’s ill-advised comment about pastors” wives “letting themselves go” in the wake of the Ted Haggard scandal. I had a couple of different responses to this… the first being that I didn’t really want to talk about Ted Haggard (this is the first time I’ve mentioned it, now see what I’ve gone and done?). The second was an off-the-cuff quip that Mark Driscoll is a young man with a young wife, and I’d be curious to see what he says in 10 or 15 years’ time. Really, the best response would have been something different, and might have had to do with my “Mark Driscoll grid.” You see, I’ve always figured that prior to reacting to something that anyone says, you should pause and pass it through the personal “grid” that you’ve created for that person. Everything you know about someone, about what they’ve said and done and what they stand for act like points on grid, together with the observations you can make about the person. If the new information can’t pass through your grid because it’s incongruous with the rest of what you know about the person, you have to question it. If it’s proved to be accurate, you’ll have to fit it into your grid, which may realign or displace previous points, but it must be an informed process. Now, truth be told, I don’t have a very well-developed “Mark Driscoll grid” yet. I don’t know him personally, only by reputation, and I haven’t read his work or listened to him preaching that extensively. I do know he’s not a wing-nut, even though I might not disagree with him on every point. I also know that his theology is considerably more reformed than most of the emerging church set, which means that on some level, Mark and I need to stick together… so I have to like him at least a little bit. Suffice to say that something didn’t add up with the comment, which sounded over-simplistic. I think the comment itself was jumped on a bit harshly — we needed public clarification on it before coming down too strongly, and the blogosphere didn’t have it before responding. Loudly. Some people needed to push Mark for a public clarification, but I don’t know him and did not do so. Maybe I should have. Thankfully, whether resulting from public or private urging on the matter, Mark Driscoll has now responded with a clarification of his intent with his comment. The response is gracious, thoughtful, and a touch McLarenesque, humbly thanking his critics. There you have it. If one of my favorite proverbs is true, “wisdom is proved right by all her children,” which means I’m glad I said nothing until now. And now I’ve got a good bit of new information to add to my “Mark Driscoll grid,” and his stock just went up in my view. Thanks, Mark.	eng	<urn:uuid:7d119401-f27d-4ef2-9c23-797affc74c4f>	http://subversiveinfluence.com/2006/11/thanks-mark/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
On Friday May 31st, the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania hosted Daniel Kreiss and Joseph Turow’s Data-Crunched Democracy Conference on the growing use of data analysis and voter modeling to inform campaigning. The conference brought together practitioners, journalists and academics interested in this burgeoning but still under-examined field. Rasmus Kleis Nielson, author of the book Ground Wars on the renewed importance of (data-informed) campaign volunteerism, posted an extended recap of the event on his blog, and #datapolitics provides another look at the lively discussion and debate inspired by the conference. A conference on data-driven campaigning would appear to be the last place to find insights on opening government, considering how much of the discussion revolved around journalists’ and academics’ frustration with campaigns’ lack of transparency regarding the practice, despite the fact that, as Yale’s Eitan Hersh noted, voter targeting is largely a function of public record availability. However, putting this lack of transparency somewhat to the side, campaigns’ embrace of data, both in the form of modeling and evidence-driven decision making, can teach us a number of valuable big data lessons as we try to make government more effective. Below are five key points made by conference participants regarding political data-mining and voter-modeling that can help guide efforts to re-imagine governance: Data Can Be a Source of Empowerment, Through Protection or Availability A number of participants, notably Personal Democracy Media’s Micah Sifry and Ohio State law professor Peter Swire, characterized personal or institutional control over data as a means for gaining or retaining power. Sifry’s argument largely revolved around the control of data granting power to campaigns and removing it from citizens; Swire, on the other hand, discussed the tension between “data empowerment” and “data protection.” As it becomes more and more evident that greater access to data results in greater empowerment, entities that control data are, not surprisingly, finding more and more reasons to protect that data and fight against relinquishing control over it. Campaigns could be reluctant to ease their grip on data due to privacy concerns and the fear of losing their competitive advantage, among other reasons. Government, on the other hand, runs the risk of being overly protective of public data—and, in the process, stunting the empowerment of the populous—due to the fear of disrupting the status quo or releasing information that portrays the government in an unfavorable light, among other concerns. While there is certainly cause for vetting data and ensuring that potentially harmful information isn’t opened to the public, government needs to recognize when it is being overly protective of public data, and, in effect, lessening the empowerment of its citizens, who, when given that power, can create a wealth of public value. Incomplete Data Can Still Yield Results Rayid Ghani, former Obama for America Chief Data Scientist and current advisor to the University of Chicago’s Data Science for Social Good fellowship program, noted that voter modeling is particularly difficult for campaigns because voting is an action people don’t take very often, and there’s a drastic change in context between times they take that action. Ghani and other practitioners consistently referenced the challenge of gaining actionable insights with such inconsistent data. Despite this challenge, Obama for America was successful in the, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, stated goal of achieving insights that were “better than random.” While Ghani and others at the conference downplayed the role of data in winning President Obama the election—despite popular belief, and the continued success of members of the campaign’s data analytics team, like Chief Analytics Officer Dan Wagner—it is clear that the intelligent use of incomplete data still produced results. Unlike campaigns, in some areas, government can already boast full access to exhaustive, actionable datasets. As government continues to work toward developing systematic processes for data collection, aggregation and storage, resulting in the continued improvement of the availability and usability of public information, we are likely to witness even greater impacts. If Obama for America could win an election by modeling actions taken every four years and leveraging inconsistently produced data, what could government achieve through the intelligent leveraging of the wealth of constantly produced, multi-faceted public data that is currently, or will soon be, at its disposal? Data Analysis Can Disrupt Inertia and Guide the Smarter Allocation of Resources While most of the attention paid to the use of data in the 2012 election revolved around voter modeling and microtargeting, data also played an essential role in guiding the allocation of resources. Carol Davidsen, Obama for America’s Director of Integration & Media Targeting, told the audience that, “using data to model how much things cost is also really important.” In particular, rejecting the inertia of traditional television advertising buys, and, instead, taking a close, evidence-based look at how campaign money could be more intelligently distributed led to a more effective—and cost-effective—television advertising strategy for the campaign. Like Obama for America, government could take great steps toward improved efficiency by rejecting inertia and pre-conceived notions of what works, and, instead, using evidence to guide decision making. Just as Davidsen and her team found that potential voters could be reached more efficiently and inexpensively in previously unexpected areas of the TV universe, government could use data and experimentation to discover surprisingly cost-effective replacements for entrenched practices. Big Data Doesn’t Overrule Human Common Sense Davidsen made another important point when an audience member asked if Obama for America truly ignored the content of the television programs during which they advertised, and instead focused solely on the results of data analysis. While Davidsen’s efforts clearly demonstrated an attempt to move beyond content bias—like, for instance, holding to the assumption that the best time to reach potentially valuable voters is during a local news broadcast, not during Seinfeld reruns, when advertising is cheaper—she was quick to respond that despite data overtaking content as the central arbiter of where to spend television advertising dollars, big data did not overrule human common sense. Data analysis did not make advertising decisions; it guided decisions made by humans. Davidsen assured the audience that while the campaign rejected traditional advertising practices that lacked evidence of efficiency, there was never any risk of an Obama for America ad appearing on a TV program that would reflect poorly on the campaign. As government works to become more evidence-driven and embrace the capabilities engendered by data analysis, it will be important for systems to be put in place that ensure common sense and human intervention still play a role in decision making. Especially considering the belief that an increased focus on data-driven decision making can help mitigate the effect of shrinking budgets, it will be important for governments not to lose sight of the human element that is absolutely essential for the effective leveraging of big data. “It’s not the data; it’s the data science” Closely related to the importance of human intervention and common sense in the big data space, Peter Pasi, the vice president of big data advertising firm Collective’s political arm, reminded the audience that, no matter the extensiveness, “it’s not the data; it’s the data science” that yields results. In the midst of extended debates regarding the types of data available to current campaigns, and whether the sheer expansiveness of available data rendered modern targeting efforts qualitatively different from data-driven direct-mail and telephone targeting projects of the past, Pasi made it clear that the most essential need for any big data project is a collection of practitioners capable of operationalizing that unprocessed information. The Obama campaign, for one, was able to make the most of the data available to it because of employees like Rayid Ghani and Dan Wagner who could mine raw data to find actionable insights for the campaign. A government commitment to collect, aggregate and store data will have little effect if the personnel tasked with acting on that data lacks the skills necessary to create value. While open data looks beyond the walls of government to engage people in other sectors with the skills necessary to use public data to benefit society, as more internal government big data projects are undertaken, departments and agencies need to focus on staffing accordingly.	eng	<urn:uuid:066d7fe6-1ab3-4466-b786-4b858d120f16>	http://thegovlab.org/data-crunched-democracy/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Today, the GovLab at NYU Tandon School of Engineering announced the launch of The Living Library – a new resource that seeks to inform those interested in and working at the intersection of technology, innovation, and governance. Specifically, the site includes thousands of curated pieces of content – ranging from journal articles and research papers, to thought pieces and book summaries – all of which can be searched or filtered by an array of categories such as geography, topic, governance level, or sector. Developed with support from the MacArthur Foundation and Luminate, The Living Library builds on the success of the GovLab Digest – a weekly curated email with thousands of readers – to provide actionable knowledge on governance innovation in a searchable and navigable platform. “At a time of information overload and misinformation, decision-makers have a hard time identifying the signal in the often noisy coverage of civic tech, big data, open innovation, and other buzz terms,” said Stefaan G. Verhulst, Curator of the Living Library and Co-Founder of the GovLab. “The Living Library seeks to not only make the field more evidence-based, it also tries to signal important views, trends, and practices worth noting.” Content on The Living Library spans topic areas ranging from artificial intelligence, open data, and blockchain, to citizen science, open innovation, crowdsourcing, and civic technology. With an international purview, The Living Library draws on global research and insights from a vast array of sectors. With an ever-growing agglomeration of information continuing to occupy physical and digital space around the world, The Living Library – as the Digest did previously – attempts to extract and deliver the most useful and insightful pieces of knowledge to innovators around the world, and is intended to inform and inspire policymakers, practitioners, technologists, and researchers alike. The Living Library provides users with five key offerings: - The Collection – a compilation of more than 5,000 pieces of curated content – articles, reports, case studies, opinion pieces, and more – that are updated daily and cataloged according to content topic, sector area, governance level, geography and region; - The Digest – a weekly newsletter highlighting 20 new pieces of actionable knowledge on governance innovation (see below what readers say about the Digest, and subscribe to the Digest here); - The Index – a collection of statistics and data sources relevant to governance innovation; - Selected Readings – an annotated and curated collection of recommended works on key open governance topics; - 21st Century Vocabulary – a descriptive collection of emerging concepts and terms related to current efforts to improve governance. Visit the new website at http://thelivinglib.org/. For more information or suggestions, please contact Stefaan Verhulst (stefaan at thegovlab.org). “The Digest has an uncanny ability to uncover the most informative literature about the digitalization of the economy and government…It keeps me informed and I recommend it to others who don’t have or want to spend the time to stay abreast of technological innovation and policy impacts. I eagerly devour each Digest message.” – Paul Wormeli, Innovation Strategist at Wormeli Consulting LLC “The Digest is my personal clearinghouse for open governance and governance innovation issues. It helps me to navigate through the comprehensive and always growing body of knowledge. There’s no better way to stay updated with what is coming up from research’s state of the art or practice frontier.” – Silverio Zebral Filho, Head of Government Innovation at the Organization of American States “I love how The Digest provides a quick and comprehensive view on the most interesting ideas and publications out there in the world of government innovation and effectiveness. I’d warmly recommend The Digest to anyone who wants to stay on top of what’s happening in the community.” – Danny Buerkli, Programme Director, Centre for Public Impact	eng	<urn:uuid:5074fe42-5f00-45fb-9454-229647c9d421>	http://thegovlab.org/the-govlab-launches-the-living-library-a-new-resource-on-technology-innovation-and-governance/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Municipawities and communities of Cwark County, Nevada, United States \| \|\| ---\|---\|---\| Cities \| \|\| CDPs \| \|\| Unincorporated communities \| \|\| Township \| \|\| Ghost towns \| \|\| Indian reservations \| \|\| Footnotes \| ‡This popuwated pwace awso has portions in an adjacent county or counties \| This Nevada state wocation articwe is a stub. You can hewp Wikipedia by expanding it. \|	eng	<urn:uuid:49432632-63b9-4b54-89e0-86f7514a202e>	http://wikien4.appspot.com/wiki/Lower_Kyle_Canyon,_Nevada	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Does something like "we are all on equal terms" make sense or does it require verbs like "play" or "compete"? "We all compete on equal terms." In school we should write about the advantages of introducing school uniforms and I wrote that "it would contribute to all students being on equal terms" but I dont know if this is optimal or even correct. Tricky. It is very clear what you mean, and your use doesn't jump out as wrong -- you have chosen "be" as your verb. However, as you note, it is normal to have a specific verb, so this is vague in a way that weakens the writing. What do the students do equally? I suspect that you mean something more specific than "exist" on equal terms. If, for example, you mean that the students will have equal social status, and that this will be reflected through equal social interaction, then you might try something like: it would contribute to all students interacting on equal terms. Other options: - participating - socializing - attending - studying, etc.... Your sentence We are all on equal terms. is correct and understandable as a stand alone statement of egalitarianism. As alternatives to your uniform sentence, possible are School uniforms would help contribute to having all students on more equal terms. School uniforms would help all students to be on more equal terms.	eng	<urn:uuid:a086fd3e-4ea3-4af8-992e-b4488ca69a85>	https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/110724/can-you-be-on-equal-terms-with-something/110729	CC-MAIN-2019-30
63rd Academy Awards The 63rd Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 25, 1991, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, Academy Awards (commonly referred to as the Oscars) were presented in 23 categories. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States on ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis.[2] Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the second consecutive year.[3] Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on March 2, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Geena Davis.[4] 63rd Academy Awards \| \| ---\|---\| Official poster \| \| Date \| March 25, 1991 \| Site \| Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles, California, U.S. \| Hosted by \| Billy Crystal \| Produced by \| Gil Cates \| Directed by \| Jeff Margolis \| Highlights \| \| Best Picture \| Dances with Wolves \| Most awards \| Dances with Wolves (7) \| Most nominations \| Dances with Wolves (12) \| TV in the United States \| \| Network \| ABC \| Duration \| 3 hours, 30 minutes[1] \| Ratings \| 42.7 million 28.4% (Nielsen ratings) \| Dances with Wolves won seven awards including Best Picture.[5] Other winners included Dick Tracy with three awards, Ghost with two awards, and American Dream, Creature Comforts, Cyrano de Bergerac, Days of Waiting, Goodfellas, The Hunt for Red October, Journey of Hope, The Lunch Date, Misery, Reversal of Fortune, and Total Recall with one. The telecast garnered nearly 43 million viewers in the United States. Contents Winners and nomineesEdit The nominees for the 63rd Academy Awards were announced on February 13, 1991, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and actor Denzel Washington.[6] Dances with Wolves led the nominations with twelve total; Dick Tracy and The Godfather Part III tied for second with seven each.[7][8] The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 1991.[9] Kevin Costner became the fifth person to earn the Best Director Award for his directorial debut and to earn nominations for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film.[10][11] Best Supporting Actress winner Whoopi Goldberg was the second African American woman to win an award. Hattie McDaniel previously won in the same aforementioned category for Gone With the Wind.[12][13] AwardsEdit Winners[14] are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double-dagger ( ). - Academy Honorary Awards - Sophia Loren - "One of the genuine treasures of world cinema who, in a career rich with memorable performances, has added permanent luster to our art form."[15] - Myrna Loy - "In recognition of her extraordinary qualities both on screen and off, with appreciation for a lifetime's worth of indelible performances."[15] - Sophia Loren - Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award - Academy Special Achievement Award Multiple nominations and awardsEdit The following 15 films had multiple nominations: \| The following three films received multiple awards. Presenters and performersEdit PresentersEdit Name(s) \| Role \| ---\|---\| Charlie O'Donnell \| Announcer for the 63rd annual Academy Awards \| Karl Malden (AMPAS President) \| Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony \| Michael Caine \| Presenter of the opening number \| Denzel Washington \| Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress \| Dianne Wiest \| Presenter of the award for Best Sound \| Jack Lemmon \| Presenter of the film Ghost on the Best Picture segment \| Anne Archer \| Presenter of the award for Best Makeup \| Brenda Fricker \| Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor \| Chevy Chase Martin Short \| Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film \| Woody Woodpecker \| Presenter of the award for Best Animated Short Film \| Anjelica Huston \| Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Myrna Loy \| Joe Pesci \| Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Somewhere in My Memory" \| Annette Bening \| Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design \| Geena Davis \| Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award \| Danny Aiello \| Presenter of the film Goodfellas on the Best Picture segment \| Jack Valenti \| Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects \| Michael Douglas \| Presenter of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Awards to David Brown and Richard D. Zanuck \| Alec Baldwin Kim Basinger \| Introducers of the special dance number to the tune of the Best Original Score nominees and presenters of the award for Best Original Score \| Danny Glover Kevin Kline \| Presenters of the award for Best Film Editing \| Richard Gere Susan Sarandon \| Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction \| Bob Hope \| Presenter of the "My First Movie" montage \| Phoebe Cates Ron Silver \| Presenters of the awards for Best Documentary Short Subject and Best Documentary Feature \| Robert De Niro \| Presenter of the film Dances with Wolves on the Best Picture segment \| Andy García Whoopi Goldberg \| Presenters of the awards for Best Sound Effects Editing \| Christian Slater \| Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Blaze of Glory" \| Glenn Close \| Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography \| Dustin Hoffman \| Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film \| Jodie Foster Anthony Hopkins \| Presenters of the awards for Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen and Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium \| Debra Winger \| Presenter of the film Awakenings on the Best Picture segment \| Gregory Peck \| Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Sophia Loren \| Ann-Margret Gregory Hines \| Presenters of the award for Best Original Song \| Daniel Day-Lewis \| Presenter of the award for Best Actress \| Jessica Tandy \| Presenter of the award for Best Actor \| Jeff Bridges \| Presenter of the film The Godfather Part III on the Best Picture segment \| Tom Cruise \| Presenter of the award for Best Director \| Barbra Streisand \| Presenter of the award for Best Picture \| PerformersEdit Name(s) \| Role \| Performed \| ---\|---\|---\| Bill Conti \| Musical arranger and conductor \| Orchestral \| Jasmine Guy Steve LaChance \| Performers \| Opening number \| Billy Crystal \| Performer \| Opening number: Goodfellas (to the tune of "Goody Goody"), Dances With Wolves (to the tune of "Dancing in the Dark" from The Band Wagon), Ghost (to the tune of "L-O-V-E"), The Godfather Part III (to the tune of "Speak Softly Love" from The Godfather) and Awakenings (to the tune of "All the Way")[20] \| Madonna \| Performer \| "Sooner or Later" from Dick Tracy \| Children's choir \| Performers \| "Somewhere in My Memory" from Home Alone \| Reba McEntire \| Performer \| "I'm Checkin' Out" from Postcards from the Edge \| Bon Jovi \| Performers \| "Blaze of Glory" from Young Guns II \| Harry Connick Jr. \| Performer \| "Promise Me You'll Remember (Love Theme from The Godfather Part III)" from The Godfather Part III \| Ceremony informationEdit Riding on the critical praise from last year's ceremony, the Academy rehired former film producer and former Directors Guild of America president Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the Oscar ceremony for the second straight time.[21] Two months before the awards gala, Cates selected actor and comedian Billy Crystal to host the show for the second consecutive year.[22] In a statement released by AMPAS, Crystal joked, "It's a great honor, and I hope to bring the show in under nine hours."[22] As with the last year's theme of "Around the World in 3 1/2 Hours," Cates centered the show around a theme. He christened the ceremony with the theme "100 Years of Film" in celebration to the centennial of the development of both the kinetoscope by Thomas Edison and celluloid film by Eastman Kodak.[23] In tandem with the theme, the show featured an ambitious opening segment. Actor Michael Caine introduced the segment live via satellite from the Salon Indien du Grand Café in Paris, where the short film L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat made its debut in 1895.[24] After a brief clip of the film, the show cut back to the Shrine Auditorium stage where actress Jasmine Guy and other dancers performed whilst a montage of film clips were projected in the background.[25] Filmmaker Chuck Workman filmed a vignettes featuring actors such as Sally Field, Andy García, and Anjelica Huston discussing the first movie he or she watched.[26] Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony. Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as musical director for the ceremony.[27] Dancer Debbie Allen choreographed a dancer number showcasing the Best Original Score nominees.[28] Despite losing eight members of her band in a plane crash, a visibly emotional Reba McEntire performed the Best Original Song nominee "I'm Checkin' Out" from the film Postcards from the Edge.[29] At the beginning of the ceremony, wrangler Lisa Brown escorted host Crystal, and Beechnut, a horse that was prominently featured in the upcoming film City Slickers.[30] Box office performance of nomineesEdit At the time of the nominations announcement on February 12, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $458.2 million with an average of $41 million per film.[31] Ghost was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $213.5 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Dances with Wolves ($104.3 million), The Godfather Part III ($62.5 million), Goodfellas ($41 million), and finally Awakenings ($36.7 million).[31] Of the top 50 highest-grossing films of the year, 51 nominations went to 12 films on the list. Only Ghost (2nd), Pretty Woman (3rd), Dances with Wolves (8th), Dick Tracy (9th), The Godfather Part III (17th), Goodfellas (30th), and Awakenings (34th) were nominated for Best Picture, directing, acting or screenwriting. The other top 50 box office hits that earned the nominations were Home Alone (1st), The Hunt for Red October (5th), Total Recall (6th), Days of Thunder (12th), and Edward Scissorhands (22nd).[32] Critical reviewsEdit The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Rick DuBrow of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It was a long day's journey into night for Oscar, one of the most effective sleeping pills of the year." He also added that while host Crystal started out strong, his jokes fell flat as the night progressed.[33] The Washington Post television critic Tom Shales noted that Crystal, "followed many gags by instantly rating the reaction of the audience, as if it were up to them to please him instead of the other way around." In addition, he commented, "The Oscars seemed more of a fizzle than usual this year."[34] Columnist Dan Craft of The Pantagraph remarked, "The Oscar show has become innocuously hip and yuppified. Kitsch and nostalgia have given way to efficiency and upward mobility. Everyone is tiresomely well-behaved and, worse, well-dressed." He also commented that host Crystal's insider showbiz jokes fell flat and were confusing to television audiences.[35] Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Columnist Harold Schindler of The Salt Lake Tribune wrote, "Billy Crystal kept things moving Monday night in such a manner that the extra quarter-hour was scarcely noticeable." He also said of the telecast's theme of film history, "The Academy used its film library to excellent advantage."[36] Film critic Leonard Maltin remarked, "Emotions ran high and they gave us all a chance to feel vicariously what it might be like to win this kind of award...good guys finishing first and the part of Hollywood we like best, a happy ending."[25] Orlando Sentinel film critic Jay Boyar complimented Crystal for invigorating the gala noting that his "clever remarks at the academy's 63rd annual awards presentation struck an entertaining balance between inside-Hollywood quips and general-audience jests."[37] Ratings and receptionEdit The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 42.7 million people over its length, which was a 6% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[38] An estimated 76 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.[39] The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 28.4% of households watching over a 48 share.[40] It was the most watched Oscars telecast since the 56th ceremony held in 1984.[41] In July 1991, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 43rd Primetime Emmys.[42] The following month, the ceremony won three of those nominations for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Gil Cates), Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (Billy Crystal), and Outstanding Writing for a Variety or Music Program (Hal Kanter, Buz Kohan, Billy Crystal, David Steinberg, Bruce Vilanch, and Robert Wuhl).[43] See alsoEdit ReferencesEdit - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 809 - "Credits". Jeff Margolis Productions. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. - Kleid, Beth (January 24, 1991). "Awards Update". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2010. - "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2013. - Rother, Larry (March 26, 1991). "Kevin Costner and 'Dances With Wolves' Win Top Oscar Prizes". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 795 - Fox, David J, (February 14, 1991). "Oscar Dances With 'Wolves' : Costner Film Leads Pack With 12 Nominations". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. - Ryan, Desmond (February 14, 1991). "Oscar's Choices In The Academy Award Nominations, Kevin Costner's Epic, "Dances With Wolves," Did What No Movie Had Done Since "Reds" - Get A Dozen Nods". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015. - Rickey, Carrie (March 26, 1991). "Kevin Costner's Night To Howl "Dances With Wolves" Takes Home Seven Oscars From 12 Nominations, While Kathy Bates And Jeremy Irons Take Top Acting Awards". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015. - Lyttelton, Oliver (February 20, 2013). "Oscar Trivia: 50 Fun Facts To Prepare You For The 85th Academy Awards". IndieWire. Snagfilms. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013. - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1166 - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 798 - Lewis, Claude (March 27, 1991). "Whopee for Whoopi Goldberg". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. - "The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2011. - Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 269 - Puig, Claudia (January 28, 1991). "Movies". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2010. - Silver, Edward (March 25, 1991). "The Highs and Lows of Future Special Effects : Movies: Character-driven stories are dominating due to a recession mentality. But summer releases will pack plenty of visual ingenuity". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014. - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 800 - "Prelude to the Oscars : Awards: The nominees and other party-goers had another race to contend with--going from a publicists' luncheon to a Scorsese tribute to the independent filmmakers awards". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. March 25, 1991. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014. - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 802 - "Short Takes: Dates for '91 Oscars Scheduled". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. September 21, 1990. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2011. - "Crystal Will Again Be Host Of Academy Awards Show". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. January 25, 1991. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014. - Sloan, Eugene (March 25, 1991). "Movies Are the Star of the Show". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 5D. - Scott, Jay (March 26, 1991). "Oscar awards". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail Inc. p. C1. - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 812 - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 806 - "Events". Bill Conti. Bill Conti. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2014. - Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 805 - MacCambridge, Michael (March 26, 1991). "Wolves' leads the pack with seven awards". Austin American-Statesman. Cox Enterprises. p. D1. - Wilson 2007, p. 150 - "1990 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014. - "1990 Box Office Grosses (as of February 12, 1991)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014. - DuBrow, Rick (March 26, 1991). "Oscar Endures Another Hard Day's Night". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. - Shales, Tom (March 27, 1991). "The Show Doesn't Make A Spectacle of Itself". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. p. B1. - "New Academy Awards version isn't much fun". The Pantagraph. Lee Enterprises. March 29, 1991. p. C2. - Schindler, Harold (March 27, 1991). "Academy Gives Its Best Performance As Crystal Sparkles on Oscar Night". The Salt Lake Tribune. MediaNew Group. p. A5. - Boyar, Jay (March 29, 1991). "Oscar Night's Improvements Are Crystal-clear". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014. - Johnson, Greg (March 18, 1999). "Call It the Glamour Bowl". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013. - Margulies, Lee (April 3, 1991). "TV Ratings: The Ratings Award Goes to Oscar". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014. - DuBrow, Rick (March 27, 1991). "Ratings Up Slightly for ABC's Oscar Telecast". Los Angelese Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. - Gorman, Bill (February 26, 2011). "1-Featured With No 'Avatar' Expect 'Academy Awards' Viewership To Fall; Ratings History + Your Guess For This Year (Poll)". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014. - "Primetime Emmy Award database". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. ATAS. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. - "Emmy Awards: The Other Winners". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. August 26, 1991. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. BibliographyEdit - Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002), The Academy Awards: The Complete Unofficial History, New York, United States: Workman Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1579123963 - Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996), Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.), New York, United States: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-40053-4, OCLC 779680732 - Wilson, Staci Lynne (2007), Animal Movies Guide, Running Free Press, ISBN 0-967518-539, OCLC 779680732 Official websites - Academy Awards Official website - The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website - Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences) Analysis Other resources	eng	<urn:uuid:0c068a0b-c39c-40d4-917c-9567c8d162e9>	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Academy_Awards	CC-MAIN-2019-30
First transcontinental telegraph The first transcontinental telegraph (completed October 24, 1861) was a line that connected the existing network in the eastern United States to a small network in California, by means of a link between Omaha, Nebraska and Carson City, Nevada, via Salt Lake City. It was a milestone in electrical engineering and in the formation of the United States of America.[1] It served as the only method of near-instantaneous communication between the east and west coasts during the 1860s. In 1841, it had taken 110 days for the news of the death of President William Henry Harrison to reach Los Angeles.[2] Contents BackgroundEdit This section does not any . () () \| After the development of efficient telegraph systems in the 1830s, their use saw almost explosive growth in the 1840s. Samuel Morse's first experimental line between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore – the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line – was demonstrated on May 24, 1844. By 1850 there were lines covering most of the eastern states, and a separate network of lines was soon constructed in the booming economy of California. California was admitted to the United States in 1850, the first state on the Pacific coast. Major efforts ensued to integrate California with the other states, including sea, overland mail pioneered by George Chorpenning, the Pony Express, and passenger services such as Butterfield Overland Mail. Proposals for the subsidy of a telegraph line to California were made in Congress throughout the 1850s, and in 1860 the U.S. Post Office was authorized to spend $40,000 per year to build and maintain an overland line. The year before, the California State Legislature had authorized a similar subsidy of $6,000 per year. ConstructionEdit Construction of the first transcontinental telegraph was the work of Western Union, which Hiram Sibley and Ezra Cornell had established in 1856 by merging companies operating east of the Mississippi River.[3] A second significant step was the passing of the Telegraph Act by the Congress in 1860, which authorized the government to open bids for the construction of a telegraph line between Missouri and California and regulated the service to be provided. Eventually, the only bidder would be Sibley, because all competitors—Theodore Adams, Benjamin Ficklin and John Harmon—withdrew at the last minute. Later they joined Sibley in his effort.[4] Similar to the First Transcontinental Railroad, elimination of the gap in the telegraph service between Fort Kearny in Nebraska and Fort Churchill in Nevada was planned to be divided between teams that would be advancing the construction in opposite directions. The Pacific Telegraph Company would build west from Nebraska and the Overland Telegraph Company would build east from Nevada's connection to the California system.[5] James Gamble, an experienced telegraph builder in California, was put in charge of the western crew, and Edward Creighton was responsible for the eastern crew. From Salt Lake City, a crew in charge of James Street advanced westward, and W.H. Stebbins’s grew eastward toward Fort Kearny. Creighton’s crew erected its first pole on 4 July 1861. When the project was completed in October 1861, they had planted 27,500 poles holding 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of single-strand iron wire over a terrain that was not always inviting.[6] California Chief Justice Stephen Field sent one of the first messages from San Francisco to Abraham Lincoln, using the occasion to assure the president of California's allegiance to the Union.[7] Note that the construction took place while Civil War fighting was taking place to the southeast. The entire cost of the system was half a million dollars.[8] OperationEdit Difficulties did not stop with the completion of the project. Keeping it in operation faced multiple problems: (a) inclement weather in the form of lightning bolts, strong winds and heavy snow damaged both poles and the wire; (b) rubbing on the poles by bison from time to time sent down sections of the telegraph, eventually contributing to their demise; (c) the system had to be rerouted through Chicago to avoid Confederate attempts to cut the line in Missouri to disrupt communications among Union forces; (d) Native Americans soon started to do the same further west as part of their hostilities with the Army.[9] Financially, the First Transcontinental Telegraph was a big success from the beginning. The charge during the first week of operation was a dollar a word, which was higher than the 30 cents specified by the Telegraph Act of 1860.[8] The telegraph line immediately made the Pony Express obsolete, which officially ceased operations two days later. The overland telegraph line was operated until 1869, when it was replaced by a multi-line telegraph that had been constructed alongside the route of the First Transcontinental Railroad. See alsoEdit - Australian Overland Telegraph Line, a north-south Australian telegraph line completed in 1872 ReferencesEdit - "Milestones:Transcontinental Telegraph, 1861". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 27 July 2011. - Peters 1996, pp. 173. - Peters 1996, pp. 178−179. - Peters 1996, pp. 180. - Murphy, Miriam B. (October 1995). "The Telegraph was the Information Highway of the 1860s". Utah History to Go. Utah State Historical Society/Utah State History. Retrieved July 7, 2018. - Peters 1996, pp. 182−186. - Peters 1996, pp. 190. - Peters 1996, pp. 192. - Peters 1996, pp. 187−189.	eng	<urn:uuid:c927f25f-6a8c-4e51-9a07-ce206ef8edcf>	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Telegraph	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Lana Del Rey Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985),[1] known professionally as Lana Del Rey, is an American singer, songwriter, poet, model, and music video director. Her music has been noted by critics for its stylized cinematic quality; its preoccupation with themes of tragic romance, glamour, and melancholia; and its references to pop culture, particularly 1950s and 1960s Americana.[2][3] Lana Del Rey \| \| ---\|---\| Del Rey performing at the 2017 edition of KROQ Weenie Roast \| \| Born \| Elizabeth Woolridge Grant June 21, 1985 \| Residence \| Venice Beach, Los Angeles, California, U.S. \| Alma mater \| Fordham University \| Occupation \| Home town \| Lake Placid, New York, U.S. \| Awards \| List \| Musical career \| \| Also known as \| Genres \| \| Instruments \| Vocals \| Years active \| 2005–present \| Labels \| \| Associated acts \| \| Website \| lanadelrey \| Signature \| \| Raised in Upstate New York, Del Rey moved to New York City in 2005 to embark on her music career. Following numerous projects including her debut studio album and the unreleased Sirens, Del Rey's breakthrough came after the viral success of her debut single "Video Games" in 2011.[4] She then signed with Interscope and Polydor later that year. Her major label debut Born to Die (2012) proved an international success and spawned her first top-ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 with the Cedric Gervais remix of "Summertime Sadness".[5] Del Rey released the Grammy-nominated EP, Paradise (2012), to further positive reviews. In 2013, Del Rey ventured into film as she wrote and starred in the short film, Tropico (2013), and released "Young and Beautiful", the theme for The Great Gatsby (2013). Del Rey subsequently issued her sophomore major label effort, Ultraviolence (2014), to similar success as it topped the charts and spawned the hit single, "West Coast". That same year, Del Rey recorded the eponymous theme for Big Eyes (2014), which garnered her both a Grammy and Golden Globe nomination. Since then, Del Rey has released Honeymoon (2015) and Lust for Life (2017), the latter of which topped the charts in the U.S. and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. In 2018, Del Rey announced her forthcoming record, Norman Fucking Rockwell, slated for an August release. In 2019, Del Rey contributed to the soundtracks for Sublime and Charlie's Angels. She has also announced her first poetry collection, Violet Bent Backwards Over the Grass, will be independently released sometime in 2019. Contents Life and career 1985–2004: Early life Elizabeth Woolridge Grant was born in New York City on June 21, 1985,[1][6] to Robert England Grant, Jr., a Grey Group copywriter turned entrepreneur, and Patricia Ann "Pat" (née Hill), a former Grey account executive turned high school teacher.[7][8][9][10] She has one younger sister, Caroline Grant,[11] and one brother, Charlie.[12][13] Her paternal grandfather, Robert England Grant, Sr. was a Kidder, Peabody & Co. investment banker, a vice president for Plough, Inc and Textron, and venture capitalist.[14] She has Scottish ancestry from both her mother and father. Grant grew up in Lake Placid, New York,[15] and was raised Roman Catholic.[16] She attended a Catholic elementary school[13] and for one year, a high school where her mother taught.[17] She began singing in her church choir when she was a child, where she was the cantor.[13][18] At age 15,[6][17][19] she was sent to Kent School by her parents[19] to resolve a budding drinking problem.[20] Her uncle, an admissions officer at the boarding school, secured her financial aid to attend.[a] After graduating, Del Rey was accepted to the State University of New York at Geneseo, but she decided not to attend and instead spent a year living on Long Island with her aunt and uncle while working as a waitress.[7] During this time, Del Rey's uncle taught her how to play guitar, and she "realized [that she] could probably write a million songs with those six chords."[24] Shortly after, she began writing songs and performing in nightclubs around the city under various names such as "Sparkle Jump Rope Queen" and "Lizzy Grant and the Phenomena".[24] "I was always singing, but didn't plan on pursuing it seriously", Del Rey said. "When I got to New York City when I was eighteen, I started playing in clubs in Brooklyn—I have good friends and devoted fans on the underground scene, but we were playing for each other at that point—and that was it."[6] The following fall, at age 19, she enrolled at Fordham University where she majored in philosophy, with an emphasis on metaphysics.[6] She has said she chose to study the subject because it "bridged the gap between God and science... I was interested in God and how technology could bring us closer to finding out where we came from and why."[6] According to Del Rey, she had trouble making friends in both boarding school and college.[25][26] She lived in The Bronx[27] while attending Fordham. Before graduating in 2008, she moved to North Bergen, New Jersey. She was also a Brooklyn resident for four years.[19] In college, Del Rey volunteered work at homeless youth and drug and alcohol outreach programs, as well as helping paint and rebuild houses on an Indian reservation in Utah.[13] She would cite this trip as integral in her decision to become a songwriter: "I remember exactly when I decided that I wanted to be a singer. I was in college, [and] we went to the Indian reservation. That day I realized that I had only two options: either making music or volunteering for a good cause. I chose the first option. If it [had] not [worked], I would [have] probably [done] social work in any small town."[28] 2005–2010: Career beginnings —Del Rey explaining why she went into the music industry.[26] On April 25, 2005, a seven-track extended play was registered under Elizabeth Woolridge Grant with the United States Copyright Office. The application title was Rock Me Stable with another title Young Like Me also listed.[29] A second extended play, titled From the End, was also recorded under Del Rey's stage name at the time, May Jailer.[30] Between 2005 and 2006, she recorded an acoustic album titled Sirens under the May Jailer project,[30] which later leaked on the internet in mid-2012.[b] At her first performance in 2006 for the Williamsburg Live Songwriting Competition, Del Rey met Van Wilson, an A&R representative for 5 Points Records,[36][37] an independent label owned by David Nichtern.[37] In 2007, while a senior at Fordham, Del Rey submitted a demo tape of acoustic tracks titled No Kung Fu to 5 Points Records,[30] who subsequently offered her a recording contract for $10,000.[30] Del Rey used the money to relocate to Manhattan Mobile Home Park, a trailer park in North Bergen, New Jersey,[6][19] and subsequently began working with producer David Kahne,[37] with whom she released a three-track EP titled Kill Kill in October 2008 as Lizzy Grant.[38] She explained that "David asked to work with me only a day after he got my demo. He is known as a producer with a lot of integrity and who had an interest in making music that wasn't just pop."[39] The album, however, was shelved, causing her to shift her focus: She began to work in community service. "Homeless outreach, drug, and alcohol rehabilitation—that's been my life for the past five years", she told Vogue UK in 2012.[6] Her debut full-length album, titled Lana Del Ray, was released in January 2010.[40] Her father, Robert Grant, helped with the marketing of the album,[40] which was available for purchase on iTunes for a brief period before being withdrawn. David Kahne, who produced Grant, and previous label owner David Nichtern have both stated that Grant bought the rights back from her label, 5 Points, as she wanted it out of circulation to "stifle future opportunities to distribute it—an echo of rumors that the action was part of a calculated strategy.[41][42] Del Rey met her current managers, Ben Mawson and Ed Millett, three months after Lana Del Ray and they helped her to get out of her contract with 5 Points Records, where, in her opinion, "nothing was happening". Shortly after, she moved to London, and moved in with Mawson "for a few years".[13] When choosing her stage name, she said: "I wanted a name I could shape the music towards. I was going to Miami quite a lot at the time, speaking a lot of Spanish with my friends from Cuba – Lana Del Rey reminded us of the glamour of the seaside. It sounded gorgeous coming off the tip of the tongue."[43] The name was based on a compound of actress Lana Turner and the Ford Del Rey sedan.[44][45][additional citation(s) needed] On September 1, 2010, Del Rey was featured by Mando Diao in their MTV Unplugged concert at Union Film-Studios in Berlin.[46] 2011–2013: Breakthrough with Born to Die and Paradise After uploading them to her YouTube channel in 2011, Del Rey's videos for the songs "Video Games" and "Blue Jeans" became viral internet sensations,[2] and she was signed by Stranger Records to release "Video Games" as her debut single.[48] She told The Observer, "I just put that song online a few months ago because it was my favorite. To be honest, it wasn't going to be the single but people have really responded to it."[6] The song earned her a Q award for "Next Big Thing" in October 2011[49] and an Ivor Novello for "Best Contemporary Song" in 2012.[50] The same month, she signed a joint deal with Interscope Records and Polydor to work on her second studio album Born to Die.[24][51][52][53] Del Rey built anticipation to the album by doing a number of live appearances, such as promotional concerts at the Bowery Ballroom and at the Chateau Marmont, and with performances at television shows such as De Wereld Draait Door, and Later... with Jools Holland.[56][57][58][59] Del Rey also performed two songs from the album on Saturday Night Live on January 14, 2012, and received a negative response from critics and the general public. Del Rey's performance was defended by the evening program's guest host, actor Daniel Radcliffe, despite not having seen her performance.[60] She had earlier defended her spot on the program, saying: "I'm a good musician [...] I have been singing for a long time, and I think that [SNL creator] Lorne Michaels knows that [...] it's not a fluke decision."[61] The following week on SNL, Kristen Wiig impersonated Del Rey where she humorously defended herself during Weekend Update.[62] Born to Die was officially released on January 31, 2012, worldwide, and reached number one in 11 countries, though critical reaction was divided.[63][64] The same week, she announced she had bought back the rights to her 2010 debut album, and had plans to re-release it in the summer of 2012 under Interscope Records and Polydor.[65] Contrary to Del Rey's press statement, her previous record label and producer David Kahne have both stated that she bought the rights to the album when she and the label parted company, due to the offer of a new deal, in April 2010.[51][66] Born to Die sold 3.4 million copies in 2012, making it the fifth-best-selling album of 2012.[67][68][69] In the United States, Born to Die charted on the Billboard 200 album chart well into 2012, lingering at number 76, after 36 weeks on the chart.[70] In an interview with RTVE on June 15, 2012, she announced her new album would be out in November.[71] Mid-September saw the official announcement of Paradise's lead single, "Ride".[72][73] On January 4, 2012, it was reported she had signed a deal with Next Model Management agency.[74] H&M confirmed that Del Rey would be modeling and recording a cover version of the popular 1950s prom anthem "Blue Velvet" for their 2012 Autumn Campaign.[75] H&M's 2012 Winter campaign, featuring Lana Del Rey, was released on October 12. This is the second H&M campaign Lana Del Rey is featured in.[76][77] On September 19, 2012, the music video for "Blue Velvet" was released through H&M.[78] One day later, on September 20, "Blue Velvet" became available for purchase as a promotional single. "Ride" became available for purchase on September 25, 2012. The music video for "Ride" was premiered at the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, California on October 10, 2012.[79][80] Some critics panned the video as pro-prostitution[80][81] and antifeminist, the latter being a word attributed to Del Rey's work since "Video Games".[82][83] In May 2012, British fashion house Mulberry released the "Del Rey" bag, inspired by its namesake's signature style.[84] On August 22, 2012, executives announced that Del Rey would endorse their new Jaguar F-Type which was unveiled by Del Rey at the Paris Motor Show in September 2012. Adrian Hallmark, Jaguar's global brand director, explained their choice, saying Del Rey had "a unique blend of authenticity and modernity".[85] The song "Burning Desire", which was initially available for immediate digital download upon pre-ordering Del Rey's third EP, Paradise, was later made available for purchase on Amazon.com and 7digital as a stand-alone download on March 19, 2013, one month after its music video hit YouTube. The song serves as the title track to a 13-minute promotional short film for the Jaguar F-Type, called Desire. The film, directed by Adam Smith, was produced by Ridley Scott and stars Damian Lewis.[86][87] Del Rey's Paradise Edition of Born to Die was set to be released on November 12. With the release of her third EP, Paradise, Del Rey spawned her second top 10 album in the United States, debuting at number 10 on the Billboard 200 with 67,000 copies sold in its first week.[88] At the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards, Del Rey received nominations in the categories Best Alternative, Best Push, and Best New Act. Winning Best Alternative, Del Rey presented the award for Best Female to Taylor Swift.[89] At the 2013 BRIT Awards, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist, making it her second BRIT Award to date.[90] Her win surprised critics who highly anticipated Taylor Swift to win the award.[90] In March 2013, she recited Walt Whitman's poem "Song of Myself" for the French fashion magazine, L'Officiel Paris.[91] Del Rey's seventh single, "Dark Paradise", was released as a single in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland on March 1, 2013. Del Rey won the ECHO Awards for Best International Newcomer and Best International Pop/Rock Artist on March 21, 2013. A music video for Del Rey's cover of Leonard Cohen's "Chelsea Hotel #2" was released on March 27, 2013.[92] The following month, in April 2013, another self-produced video was released; it showed Del Rey and her boyfriend, Barrie-James O'Neil, covering "Summer Wine", by Lee Hazlewood. "Burning Desire" became available for purchase as a stand-alone download on March 19, 2013, as the second promotional single from Paradise; its music video was premiered the previous month on Valentine's Day of 2013.[93] After the release of Paradise, Del Rey penned the original song "Young and Beautiful" for the soundtrack of the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby with director, co-writer, and co-producer Baz Luhrmann.[94] Following the song's release, it peaked at 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Del Rey's highest peak on the chart.[95] However, shortly after its release to contemporary hit radio, the label prematurely pulled it and decided to send a different song to that format; on July 2, 2013, a Cedric Gervais remix of Del Rey's "Summertime Sadness" was sent there; a sleeper hit, the song proved to be a success, surpassing "Young and Beautiful", reaching number 6 and becoming her first American top ten hit.[96] The remix won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical in 2013.[97] On November 22, 2013, an official trailer for Tropico was released; at the end of the trailer, it was announced that the film would be uploaded to Del Rey's official VEVO account on December 5, 2013.[100] The short film premiered on December 4 at Cinerama Dome in Hollywood. Before showing the film, Del Rey told the audience "I really just wanted us all to be together so I could try and visually close out my chapter before I release the new record, Ultraviolence".[101][102] Journalists identified the phrase from the Anthony Burgess' dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), but reports were conflicting as to whether or not the title was stylized as one or two words.[102][103] On December 6, 2013, an EP, also titled Tropico, was made available for purchase via iTunes; it includes the film itself along with the three aforementioned songs.[104][105] 2014–2015: Ultraviolence and Honeymoon On January 23, 2014, it was announced that Del Rey would be covering the song "Once Upon a Dream" (from the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty) for the 2014 dark fantasy film Maleficent. The single was released on January 26.[106] On May 23, Del Rey performed three songs at Kim Kardashian and Kanye West's pre-wedding celebration at the Palace of Versailles.[109] West had previously played Del Rey's "Young & Beautiful" during his proposal to Kardashian in October 2013.[110] "Shades of Cool", the second single, was released on May 26, 2014.[111] The third single and title track, "Ultraviolence", was released on June 4.[112] June 8 saw the release of the fourth single, "Brooklyn Baby".[113] Ultraviolence was released on June 13, 2014, and debuted at number one in 12 countries, including the United States and United Kingdom. The album sold 880,000 copies in its first week, worldwide.[114] She described her third studio album as being "more stripped down but still cinematic and dark".[115] A Rolling Stone article revealed that Del Rey would be a guest on Brian Wilson's forthcoming studio album No Pier Pressure.[116] Two new songs by Del Rey, "Big Eyes" and "I Can Fly", featured in Tim Burton's 2014 biographical film Big Eyes, which focused on the American artist Margaret Keane. "Big Eyes" was co-written by Daniel Heath, while "I Can Fly" was co-written by Rick Nowels.[117] In December 2014, Del Rey announced she would be headlining a tour in Summer 2015, deemed "The Endless Summer Tour". Eight of the shows featured Courtney Love,[118] and ten of the shows featured Grimes. Also in December 2014, in an interview with Galore Magazine, Del Rey revealed she began working on a new album, which she said would be released sometime in 2015.[119] She told Grazia Magazine about how she wanted to introduce orchestrations with monumental choruses with a touch of subdued grunge for the album, "I played Mark Ronson ten songs that I have composed for this next album. It explores a sound close to the golden age of jazz", she said.[120] Earlier that month, Del Rey also mentioned to Galore Magazine that she is already at the recording stage for the album and that "[she's] also always writing small pieces for independent films etc. Dan Heath and Rick Nowels are two of my dearest friends and producers and we are always up to something."[121] In January 2015, Del Rey stated in an interview with the LA Times that a song on her new record would be titled "Music to Watch Boys To".[122] The same month, a song she recorded for Emile Haynie's album titled Wait for Life was released.[123] She also recorded "Life is Beautiful", a song featured in the trailer for the movie The Age of Adaline. In June 2014, she said "I have this idea for this record called Music to Watch Boys To, so I'm just kind of thinking about that and what that would mean."[124] Del Rey later confirmed in an interview with Billboard that her new record would be entitled Honeymoon.[125] In 2014, James Franco announced his plans to release Flip-Side: Real and Imaginary Conversations with Lana Del Rey, which was slated for release in February 2015, but left unreleased for unknown reasons.[126] On July 14, 2015, Del Rey released "Honeymoon", the first and title track from the album.[128][129] She revealed that the album would contain fourteen tracks, describing the songs with "a muddy trap energy and some inspired by late-night Miles Davis drives".[130] On August 4, 2015, Del Rey revealed the first single "High by the Beach", which was released on August 10, 2015.[131] On August 4, 2015, The Weeknd also revealed the track listing for his upcoming second studio album Beauty Behind the Madness which features a collaboration with Del Rey, entitled "Prisoner".[132] On August 21, 2015, she released "Terrence Loves You" as a promotional single, available instantly with the pre-order of the album.[133] The title track was later released as a promotional single on September 7, 2015.[134] Honeymoon was released on September 18, 2015[135] to general acclaim from music critics,[136] who praised the music and Del Rey's sophistication and vocal performance. In 2015, Del Rey donated funds to help produce Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?, a short documentary on singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston.[137] Upon attending the film's premiere with Johnston and director Gabe Sunday, she said: "The one thing I hoped is that he [Johnston] understood that while he's home alone doing his art still – he says he writes every day – that he knows that he really did make a difference in people's lives. He made a difference in mine."[137] In November 2015, Del Rey executive produced a short film Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston, documenting the life of Daniel Johnston. For the film, she also covered one of Johnston's songs, called "Some Things Last a Long Time", from his album 1990. For the cover, she collaborated with producer Justin Parker.[138] Also in November 2015, Del Rey received the Trailblazer Award at the Billboard Women in Music ceremony[139] and won the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Alternative.[140] 2016–2017: Lust for Life and collaborations In October 2015, Del Rey announced that she planned writing material for her new record.[141][142] In January 2016, Del Rey was nominated with the "Favorite Female Artist" award at the People's Choice Awards, and she also received a Brit Award nomination for International Female Solo Artist, her third nomination in the category and fourth overall.[143][144] In February and March 2016, Del Rey and her managers, respectively, officially revealed that she began working on her fifth studio album, just months after releasing her fourth.[145][146] On February 9, 2016, Del Rey hosted a premiere for the music video of her song "Freak". It was located at The Wiltern, in Los Angeles. The video debuted via Del Rey's VEVO on the same date. In December 2015, Del Rey started announcing festival dates for Europe and North America to promote Honeymoon.[147] She performed at these festivals from June 2016 to November 2016. In 2016, Del Rey was featured on The Weeknd's third studio album Starboy,[148] providing backing vocals on "Party Monster" and lead vocals on "Stargirl Interlude".[149] "Party Monster", which Del Rey also co-wrote, was given single treatment[150] and subsequently reached the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum in the US.[151] On March 29, 2017, Del Rey released a trailer online announcing her new record, Lust for Life.[152] About the album, Del Rey stated "I made my first 4 albums for me, but this one is for my fans and about where I hope we are all headed."[153] During a livestream in February, Del Rey described the aesthetic of the album as having a "retro sensibility with a futuristic flair". She released the official cover art for Lust for Life on April 11, 2017. "Love", the lead single, preceded the album's announcement when its[152][154][155][156] Rich Lee-directed video was released in February on Vevo.[157] "Lust for Life", the eponymous single featuring The Weeknd, was released on April 19, 2017.[158] Del Rey released the digital single "Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind" on May 15, 2017.[159] On July 12, BBC Radio 1 aired "Summer Bummer", which features ASAP Rocky and Playboi Carti, and "Groupie Love", which features Rocky as well.[160] Lust for Life was officially released on July 21, 2017. The record featured the aforementioned collaborations with Playboi Carti, ASAP Rocky, and The Weeknd, as well as ones with Stevie Nicks and Sean Ono Lennon,[161][162][163] marking the first time she has featured other artists on her own release. The album received generally favorable reviews and became Del Rey's third number-one album in the United Kingdom, and second number-one album in the United States.[164][165] Lust for Life was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album for the 60th Grammy Awards, it was Del Rey's second nomination in the category.[166] On September 27, 2017, Del Rey announced the LA to the Moon Tour, an official concert tour with Jhené Aiko and Kali Uchis to further promote the album. The tour began in North America during January 2018[167] and concluded in August. 2018–present: Norman Fucking Rockwell and poetry book Del Rey was featured on Jonathan Wilson's album Rare Birds (2018) on the track "Living with Myself".[168] Subsequently, Del Rey collaborated with synthpop artist Børns on his sophomore album Blue Madonna (2018), appearing on the single "God Save Our Young Blood" and "Blue Madonna".[169] On March 5, 2018, Del Rey's cover of Andrew Lloyd Webber's "You Must Love Me" was released as a promotional single for his compilation album, Unmasked: The Platinum Collection.[170] Del Rey's previously unreleased song "Elvis" appeared on the soundtrack for the Elvis Presley documentary The King (2018).[171] In August, Del Rey was featured on Cat Power's song "Woman" from her album Wanderer, which was released in October.[172] In August 2018, Del Rey received criticism after announcing her debut performance in Israel at the Meteor Festival due to controversy surrounding Palestinian-Israeli conflicts. Del Rey defended her then-upcoming performance by tweeting "I believe music is universal and should be used to bring us together … Performing in Tel Aviv is not a political statement or a commitment to the politics there, just like singing here in California doesn’t mean my views are in alignment w[ith] my current government’s opinions or sometimes inhuman actions.”[173] Although Del Rey references Tel Aviv, the Meteor festival was scheduled to take place at Kibbutz Lehavot Habashan in the Upper Galilee region.[174][175] Del Rey cancelled her performance due to not being able to schedule an accompanying stop in the Palestinian territory.[176] After Harvey Weinstein's sexual harassment and assault allegations gained widespread public notoriety in 2017, Del Rey announced she was retiring her 2012 track "Cola" from live shows. Del Rey publicly admitted how she did have "a Harvey Weinstein/Harry Winston-type of character in mind" when she wrote the song,[177][178] hence the lyric "Harvey's in the sky with diamonds and he's making me crazy", an apparent reference to Weinstein's alleged illicit sexual activities involving female stars.[citation needed] In an interview for L'Officiel's first American edition in early 2018, when asked about Del Rey's interest in making a movie she responded that she had been approached to write a Broadway musical and had recently begun work on it. When asked how long it would be until completion of the work, Del Rey coyly replied, "I may finish in two or three years."[179][180] On November 3, 2018, Del Rey was announced to be the face for Gucci's Guilty Fragrances, alongside Jared Leto.[181] The duo starred in a print-and-television campaign, which debuted in January 2019.[182][183] On September 12, 2018, Del Rey released a new single titled "Mariners Apartment Complex".[184] On September 18, she released the song "Venice Bitch", and announced the title of her sixth album to be Norman Fucking Rockwell, expected to be released sometime in 2019.[185][186][187] Del Rey premiered the track "How to Disappear", expected to feature on the album, at an Apple Music event on October 30, 2018.[188] On January 9, 2019, "Hope Is a Dangerous Thing for a Woman like Me to Have – but I Have It" was released as the third single from the album.[189] Upon debuting "Venice Bitch" on September 18, 2018, Del Rey announced her plans to self-publish a book of poetry, tentatively titled Violet Bent Backwards Over the Grass.[190][191] She shared the first poem from the book to her Instagram account in February 2019.[192] On May 17, 2019, Del Rey released a cover of the Sublime song, "Doin' Time", as part of their documentary shown at the Tribeca Film Festival.[193] On June 22, 2019 Del Rey announced in a concert in Ireland that Norman Fucking Rockwell will be released in August.[194] On June 27, Del Rey announced a collaboration with Ariana Grande and Miley Cyrus which is slated to be released as the lead single off the soundtrack for Charlie's Angels (2019).[195] Artistry Musical style Del Rey's musical sound has been dubbed "Hollywood sadcore" by music critics.[196][197] Her music has been repeatedly noted for its cinematic sound and its references to various aspects of pop culture, particularly that of 1950s and 1960s Americana.[c] Del Rey elaborated on this in an interview with Artistdirect, saying "I wasn't even born in the '50s but I feel like I was there."[204] Associated with several styles, Del Rey's music has been tagged broadly as dream pop[205][206] or baroque pop[207][208][209] linked to various forms of rock,[210][211] indie music,[212] and trip hop,[213][214][215] and often touching on styles such as hip hop,[216] lo-fi,[217] trap music,[218] and psychedelic rock on particular releases.[219] Of Born to Die, indie music journal Drowned in Sound wrote, "She likes that whole hip hop thing though, has this whole swagger thing going that not many girls like her got", adding that it sounded like a poppier Bond soundtrack.[220] Del Rey's subsequent releases would introduce variant styles, particularly Ultraviolence, which employed a guitar-based sound akin to psychedelic and desert rock.[221] Kenneth Partridge of Billboard noted this shift in style, writing: "She sings about drugs, cars, money, and the bad boys she's always falling for, and while there remains a sepia-toned mid-century flavor to many of these songs, [Del Rey] is no longer fronting like a thugged-out Bette Davis."[222] Upon the release of Honeymoon, one reviewer characterized Del Rey's body of work as being "about music as a time warp, with her languorous croons over molasses-like arrangements meant to make clock hands seem to move so slowly that it feels possible, at times, they might go backwards."[223] Prior to coming to prominence under the stage name Lana Del Rey, she performed under the names Lizzy Grant, Lana Rey Del Mar,[225] Sparkle Jump Rope Queen,[226] and May Jailer.[227] Under the stage name Lizzy Grant, she referred to her music as "Hawaiian glam metal",[228] while the work of her May Jailer project was acoustic.[227][229][230] Influences Del Rey cites a wide array of musical artists as influences, including numerous performers from the mid-twentieth century, including Andrew Lloyd Webber,[231] Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Cat Power, Fiona Apple, Hope Sandoval, Father John Misty, Antony and the Johnsons, Nina Simone, Billie Holiday, Julie London,[232] Bobby Vinton, The Crystals, Miles Davis, The Shangri-Las, Janis Joplin, Axl Rose, The Eagles, Lou Reed, Bob Seger, and Bruce Springsteen.[233] "[I really] just like the masters of every genre", she told BBC radio presenter Jo Whiley.[234] Her favorite artists include Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Jeff Buckley, Joan Baez, Leonard Cohen, and Eminem.[235] She covered Cohen's "Chelsea Hotel #2" in 2013.[92] Janis Joplin's live version of "Summertime" from the Cheap Thrills album is one of Del Rey's favorite songs. Del Rey has also cited "Time of the Season" by The Zombies and "Hotel California" by The Eagles as favorites and inspirations.[236] Her favorite films, The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and American Beauty have also inspired her musical style.[237] Inspired by poetry, Del Rey cites Walt Whitman and Allen Ginsberg as instrumental to her songwriting; specifically, she named Leaves of Grass by Whitman and "Howl" by Ginsberg. Her song, "Body Electric" from her third EP, Paradise, alludes to Whitman in the lyric, "Whitman is my daddy". The song's chorus of "I sing the body electric" is a direct reference to Whitman's poem "I Sing The Body Electric".[236][238] She recited Whitman's poem "Song of Myself" for the French fashion magazine, L'Officiel Paris.[91] Del Rey has also cited the surrealist film directors David Lynch and Federico Fellini and the surrealist painters Mark Ryden and Pablo Picasso as influences.[204][239] Voice and timbre Del Rey possesses an expansive contralto vocal range, which spans three-plus octaves and has been described as captivating and highly emotive, ranging from high notes in a girlish timbre to jazzy ornaments in her lower gesture with great ease.[240][241][242][243] Following the release of Ultraviolence, which was recorded live in single takes and lacking Pro Tools vocal editing, critics fell into favor with Del Rey's vocal ability, praising her large range, increased vocal confidence, and uniquely emotive delivery.[244][245][246] When recording in the studio Del Rey is known for vocal multi-layering, which, as it has been noted, is difficult for her to replicate within a live setting, especially with the lack of backing singers to fill out the original vocal style.[240] Stage fright has also been noted as a major contribution to Del Rey's struggles with live performances.[247] However, journalists noted in 2014 that her live performances had increased exponentially in confidence. Billboard deemed the Coachella debut of "West Coast" to be a "star-making performance" and lauded the singer's vocal abilities.[248][249] Contemporary music critics have called her voice "smoky",[250] "gravelly",[228] and reminiscent of Marilyn Monroe.[228] Upon the 2015 release of Honeymoon, her voice was compared by Los Angeles Times critic Mikael Wood to those of Julee Cruise and Eartha Kitt.[251] Del Rey started the use of her lower vocals on the tracks from Born to Die, claiming that "people weren't taking me very seriously, so I lowered my voice, believing that it would help me stand out. Now I sing quite low... well, for a female anyway".[252][253][254] "I sing low now, but my voice used to be a lot higher. Because of the way I look, I needed something to ground the entire project. Otherwise I think people would assume I was some airhead singer. Well, I don't think... I know. I've sung one way, and sung another, and I've seen what people are drawn to", she said on the topic.[18] Videos and stage With her music often being noted for its cinematic score-like qualities, Del Rey's videos are also often characterized for their usually cinematic quality with a retro flare. Since her career beginnings as an independent artist, Del Rey has recorded clips of herself singing along to her songs on webcams and juxtaposed them alongside vintage home videos and films to serve as "homemade music videos", a style which helped gained her early recognition. Following her early success, Del Rey had a series of high budget music videos including the videos for "Born To Die" and "National Anthem" (both 2012) and "Young and Beautiful" (2013), both of which incorporated elements of 90s cult films while paying tribute to aspects of Americana and New York hip-hop cultures. Her following videos for tracks such as "Summer Wine", "Carmen", and "Summertime Sadness" were all produced off of significantly lower budgets and retained more elements of Del Rey's earlier style. The Ultraviolence era incorporated an admixture of high budget videos and self-made ones, while the Honeymoon era was almost strictly film noir-influenced professionally-shot visuals. Both eras saw some of Del Rey's homemade videos for tracks such as "Pretty When You Cry" and "Honeymoon" going unreleased due to Del Rey stating they were "too boring" with "nothing happening" in them. The Lust For Life era was widely characterized for its futuristic flare in its mildly filtered vintage-inspired look. Critics have noted Del Rey for her typically simple, but authentic live performances.[255] A September 2017 concert review published in The New York Times noted: "For more than an hour, Ms. Del Rey was eerily casual, singing and smiling with the ease of someone performing at singer-songwriter night at the local coffee shop."[255] Another review by Roy Train published in The Hollywood Reporter in 2014 noted "a distance in her bonhomie, obvious even from my perch at the opposite end of the stage high above the fray, the chill still palpable."[256] Public image Prior to the release of her debut major label album Born to Die in 2012, Del Rey was the subject of several articles discussing her image and career trajectory.[d] One article by Paul Harris published by The Guardian just a week before the album's release noted the differences between Del Rey's perceived persona in 2008, when she performed as Lizzy Grant, and in the present, as Lana Del Rey.[258] Harris wrote: The internet has allowed figures like [Del Rey] to come rapidly to the fore of the cultural landscape, whether or not their emergence is planned by a record executive or happens spontaneously from someone's bedroom. It has speeded up the fame cycle. It is worth noting that the huge backlash to Del Rey is happening before her first album has even been released. This reveals a cultural obsession with the "authenticity" that fans, artists and corporations all prize above all else.[258] Tony Simon, a producer who had worked with Del Rey in 2009, defended her against the public claims of inauthenticity and allegations that she was a product of her record label: "To be clear, all the detractors saying she's some made-up-by-the-machine pop star are full of shit. While it's impossible to keep the businesses' hands out the pop when creating a pop star, the roots of where this all comes from are firmly inside of Lizzy Grant."[30] Del Rey would later respond to this in a 2017 interview, stating: "I didn't edit myself [on Born to Die] when I could have, because a lot of it's just the way it was. I mean, because I've changed a lot and a lot of those songs, it's not that I don't relate but… A lot of it too is I was just kinda nervous. I came off sort of nervously, and there was just a lot of dualities, a lot of juxtapositions going on that maybe just felt like something was a little off. Maybe the thing that was off was that I needed a little more time or something, and also my path was just so windy just to get to having a first record. I feel like I had to figure it out all by myself. Every move was just guesswork."[260] Del Rey has been labeled a "sad girl" through her music and image.[261][262] Having been labeled as antifeminist multiple times in the past,[80][82][83] Del Rey dismissed feminism in June 2014, telling The Fader: "For me, the issue of feminism is just not an interesting concept. I'm more interested in, you know, SpaceX and Tesla, what's going to happen with our intergalactic possibilities. Whenever people bring up feminism, I'm like, God. I'm just not really that interested."[263] She also defended herself against the accusations of antifeminism, saying "For me, a true feminist is someone who is a woman who does exactly what she wants. If my choice is to, I don't know, be with a lot of men, or if I enjoy a really physical relationship, I don't think that's necessarily being anti-feminist. For me the argument of feminism never really should have come into the picture. Because I don't know too much about the history of feminism, and so I'm not really a relevant person to bring into the conversation. Everything I was writing was so autobiographical, it could really only be a personal analysis."[264] Impact Since her debut, Del Rey has been credited as popularizing the sadcore genre for mainstream audiences.[265] Del Rey has been credited as an influence by a number of artists including Billie Eilish,[266] Finneas, Kevin Abstract,[267][268] Au/Ra,[269] Fifth Harmony,[270] Lauren Jauregui,[271] Lauren Aquilina, FLETCHER, Grace Mitchell, Colours,[272] Jacquie Lee, Áine Cahill, Donika Nuhiu, Maggie Lindemann, and Colours. Accolades Del Rey's work has earned her numerous awards and nominations; she has won the Q Award for "Best New Thing", a GQ Award for "Woman of the Year",[273] two BRIT Awards for "International Breakthrough Act" and "International Female Solo Artist",[274] and an EMA for "Best Alternative Act". In 2013, she received her first Grammy nominations at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. These nominations include Best Pop Vocal Album for Paradise and Best Song Written for Visual Media for "Young and Beautiful".[275] Discography - Studio albums - Lana Del Ray (2010) - Born to Die (2012) - Ultraviolence (2014) - Honeymoon (2015) - Lust for Life (2017) - Norman Fucking Rockwell (2019) - Extended plays - See also - Sirens (2006) Tours - Headlining Notes - It was noted in articles published in Rolling Stone[7] the Irish Independent,[21] Clash,[22] and Yahoo[23] that Del Rey attended the Kent School on financial aid. - In mid-2012, Spinner[31] and NME[32] published articles regarding the leak of an album titled Sirens, recorded circa 2005 and attributed to Del Rey, who had recorded the songs under the stage name May Jailer.[33][34][35] - Both critics and Del Rey herself have noted a persistent theme of Americana in her music. Articles published in The Huffington Post[198] The New Yorker,[199] Idolator,[200][201] Art+Action,[202] and Vulture[203] have noted this. - Several articles were published prior to the release of Born to Die that noted critical and public perceptions regarding the evolution of Del Rey's image. The presence of such thinkpieces circulating was noted in a 2011 Pitchfork article,[257] and would later be written on extensively in articles published in The Guardian[258] and Spin.[259] References - Hiatt, Brian (July 18, 2014). "Lana Del Rey – The Saddest, Baddest Diva in Rock". Rolling Stone (1212): 44. Del Rey is four days away from her 29th birthday (for reasons she can't explain, she's usually reported to be a year younger), but looks, at the moment, like a college junior home for the summer. ; Jackson, Ron (July 4, 2008). "July 4, 2008 Post". Domain Name Journal. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.; "Girl, Interrupted: Lizzy Grant Becomes Lana Del Rey". Blurt. 2009. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014. - Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Lana Del Rey \| Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - "A Tragedy Wanting to Happen: Death and Lana Del Rey". PopMatters.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - Harris, Paul (January 21, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: The strange story of the star who rewrote her past". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 26, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - "Why Did Lana Del Rey Make a 30-Minute Video About God, and What Does It Mean for Me?". December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2017. - Sowray, Bibby (February 10, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Biography, Quotes and Facts". Vogue. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012. - Hiatt, Brian (January 9, 2014). "Lana Del Rey: Vamp of Constant Sorrow". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2014. - Jackson, Ron (April 2008). "The Domain Giant You Didn't Know: Rob Grant's Roundabout Route to Real Estate Riches (Online and Off!)". DN Journal. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2013. - "Robert England Grant Jr. Marries Patricia Ann Hill". The New York Times. June 13, 1982. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. - Bock, Melvin Lynn; E. Dale Hooper; Carole J. Skelly (1998). Joseph and Mary Dale and their descendants. Windmill Publications. p. 113. - Zupkus, Lauren (October 8, 2014). "Meet Chuck Grant, Lana Del Rey's Equally Gorgeous And Talented Sister". The Huffington Post. AOL. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2017. - Rüth, Steffen (June 5, 2014). "Lana Del Rey". Grazia (in German). Hamburg, Germany: G+J/Klambt-Style-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG (24/2012): 36. ISSN 2192-3965. - Giannini, Melissa (November 28, 2013). "National Anthem". Nylon. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2014. - "Obituaries: Mr. Robert England Grant Sr". Lake Placid News. October 31, 2014. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015. - Dombal, Ryan (August 30, 2011). "Rising: Lana Del Rey". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012. - Staff (April 10, 2016). "Celebrities who are practicing Catholics or were raised in the church". Newsday. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2017. - Tranter, Kirsten (May 10, 2014). "Lolita in the 'hood". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015. - "Lana Del Rey Interview". Clash. Clash Music. November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013. - Banning, Lisa (June 19, 2013). "Paradise Lost: An interview with Lana Del Rey". Electronic Beats. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013. - a "Yeah, I grew up in Lake Placid, New York until I was fifteen, and then I went to boarding school for three years in Connecticut. Then I moved to the Bronx when I was almost eighteen". - "Lana Del Rey Goes Nude in GQ's Men of the Year Issue". The Blemish. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014. - Hiatt, Brian (January 9, 2014). "Dark places: summertime sadness with Lana Del Ray". Irish Independent. Retrieved March 7, 2015. - Zadeh, Joe (December 6, 2014). "American Dreamer: Lana Del Rey Interviewed". Clash. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015. - "Lana Del Rey: Happiness is a process". Cover Media/Yahoo. July 4, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015. - Savage, Mark (January 27, 2012). "Love, the law, and Lana Del Rey". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012. - Fennessey, Sean (October 6, 2011). "Ice Breaker: Lana Del Rey". GQ. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015. - Simpson, Leah (January 29, 2012). "Lana Del Rey hoped music industry would make her more friends". Digital Spy. Digital Spy Ltd. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. - Studeman, Kristen Tice (March 12, 2014). "Lana Del Rey on Higher Powers, 24-Hour Diners, and Lil Kim". Style.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015. - Hug, Dominik (July 16, 2016). "Exklusiv-Interview mit Superstar Lana Del Rey". Blick (in German). Retrieved July 22, 2017. - "Registration Number / Date: PAu002950687 / April 25, 2005". Digital Spy. 2005. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2012. - Hellyer, Isabelle (April 18, 2017). "The Greatest Lana Del Rey Songs That Never Made an (Official) Album". I-D. Vice. Retrieved August 13, 2017. - "Spinner: Lana Del Rey, May Jailer: Did Singer Have ANOTHER Alter Ego?". spinner.com. 2012. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2012. - "Another early album from Lana Del Rey leaks online?". NME. 2012. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012. - "LISTEN: Unheard Lana Del Rey Album Leaks Online". entertainmentwise.com. 2012. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey's May Jailer 'Sirens' album leaks in full". Digital Spy. 2012. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey's first album 'Sirens' leaks". strut.com. 2012. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012. - "Williamsburg Live Songwriter Competition 2006 (WLSC 2006): Prizes". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2014. - "Why Lana Del Rey's First Album Disappeared \| MTV Hive". mtvhive.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014. - C. Sullivan, Felicia (February 20, 2009). "Interview: Singer/Songwriter Lizzy Grant on Cheap Thrills, Elvis, The Flamingos, Trailer Parks, and Coney Island". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016. - "Original Sin: An Interview With Lana Del Rey". The Quietus. October 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2011. - "Jessica Collier,: Interview: Lizzy Grant aka. Lana Del Rey releases album". adirondack daily enterprise.com. January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2011. - Ayers, Mike (January 30, 2012). "Why Lana Del Rey's First Album Disappeared". MTV. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. - Horowitz, Steven J. (January 14, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. - "Lana Del Rey Interview". Vogue UK. October 20, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012. - Petrusich, Amanda (September 29, 2015). "Lana Del Rey Is Exhausted". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. - Varga, George (February 14, 2018). "Lana Del Rey has legs, a stalker, four Grammy nominations and a possible Broadway musical". The San Diego Union Tribune. San Diego, California. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2018. - "INTERVIEW MIT MANDO DIAO". Hitparade.ch. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012. - "Poolside (2012)". Film Web. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey signs to Stranger!". Stranger Records. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. - Larsen, luke (October 25, 2011). "Lana Del Rey Wins Q Award, Says Album Due Out January". Paste. Wolfgang's Vault. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012. - Corner, Lewis. "Adele, Lana Del Rey, Take That win at Ivor Novellos 2012". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012. - Horowitz, Stephen. "Lana Del Rey: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2012. - Halperin, Shirley (December 5, 2011). "Lana Del Rey to Release Interscope Debut January 2012". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2011. - Swash, Rosie (September 4, 2011). "One to watch: Lana Del Rey". The Observer. London, UK. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2011. - Buckingham, Olivia. "Interview: Lana del Rey". hk.asiatatler.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012. - Fischer, Martin. "Ich fühlte mich nicht mehr frei". 20 Minuten (in German). Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014. - Phillips, Amy (October 11, 2011). "Watch Lana Del Rey Perform 'Video Games' on "Later With Jools Holland"". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011. - "Lana Del Rey explains significance of 'Video Games' location Chateau Marmont". NME. December 13, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2011. - Glazer, Eliot (December 6, 2011). "Watch Lana Del Rey Perform 'Video Games' Live at Bowery Ballroom". New York. New York Media, LLC. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011. - "Lana Del Rey Sings 'Video Games' On Amsterdam's 'DWDD'". Idolator. November 12, 2011. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011. - "Daniel Radcliffe: 'I didn't actually see Lana Del Rey's 'Saturday Night Live' performance'". NME. February 11, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012. - Montgomery, James. "Lana Del Rey's 'SNL' Performance Has Critics Howling – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV Networks. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012. - Couch, Aaron (February 5, 2012). "SNL Recap: Kristen Wiig's Lana Del Rey Addresses Backlash (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2013. - Jones, Alan (February 6, 2012). "Official Chart Analysis: Lana Del Rey album sells 117k, 43% digital". Music Week. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey – Born to Die". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey to release 'secret album'". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012. - Ayers, Mike (January 30, 2012). "Why Lana Del Rey's First Album Disappeared". MTV Networks. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012. - "Adele's 21 Is Biggest-Selling Album in World... Again". MTV. February 26, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013. - "Lana Del Rey Breaks into The Top 10 – San Francisco Business Times". The Business Journals. September 3, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013. - "IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 (Page 11)" (PDF). San Francisco Business Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013. - Lipshutz, Jason. "Lana Del Rey Unveils 10-Minute 'Ride' Video: Watch". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2012. - "Lana del Rey, eléctrica y Amon Tobincalentando motores para su espectacular show en Sónar" (in Spanish). RTVE. June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. - "Listen: Lana Del Rey – 'Ride'". Clixie. September 27, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2012. - Clarke, Norm (September 13, 2012). "'High Roller' star loving limelight". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Stephens Media LLC. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey signs deal with Next Model Management agency". NME. January 4, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012. - Alexander, Ella (July 17, 2012). "H&M Confirms Lana". Vogue UK. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey for H&M winter campaign". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved October 16, 2012. - Misener, Jessica (October 15, 2012). "Lana Del Rey For H&M Photoshop Disaster (PHOTO)". The Huffington Post. AOL. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012. - Rowley, Allison. "Lana Del Rey's H&M TV advert revealed – watch". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey premieres her new Ride music video in Santa Monica". Glamour. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012. - [dead link]Jones, Lucy. "Lana Del Rey Channels Blanche DuBois in Music Video For 'Ride'". NME. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey plays a prostitute in new 'Ride' video, has some old truckers for customers". OK!. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012. - Savage, Mark (January 27, 2012). "Love, the law, and Lana Del Rey". BBC. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012. - Rice, Paul. "Lana Del Rey's Feminist Problem". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012. - "Del Rey bag madness". Vogue.co.uk. May 22, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2018. - Elliott, Hannah (August 22, 2012). "Jaguar Taps Lana Del Rey For F-Type". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012. - "Jaguar Releases Dramatic Trailer For Short Feature Film 'DESIRE' with Ridley Scott Associates". Jaguar.com. March 4, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2017. - George, Anita (April 25, 2013). "Watch Ridley Scott Associates and Jaguar's Short Film, Desire". Paste Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 10 on Billboard 200 With 'Paradise' EP (Interscope/Polydor)". Santa Monica, California. PR Newswire. November 21, 2012. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2012. - Rubenstein, Jenna Hally (November 11, 2012). "Lana Del Rey And Taylor Swift Make SUCH Cute Besties at the 2012 MTV EMA! (PHOTOS)". MTV Buzzworthy. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012. - Smirke, Richard. "Brit Awards 2013: Emeli Sande, Mumford & Sons, Adele Win Big". Billboard. London, UK. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013. - "Lana Del Rey : Icône glamour et poétesse, pour L'Officiel Paris". Pure People (in French). March 22, 2013. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013. - Sia, Nicole (March 27, 2013). "Lana Del Rey Enters Her '70s Folk Period in 'Chelsea Hotel No. 2' Video". Spin. Buzzmedia. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013. - Sia, Nicole (April 18, 2013). "Watch Lana Del Rey's Video Selfie With Her Boyfriend 'Summer Wine'". Spin. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013. - Brown, August (April 4, 2013). "'Gatsby' soundtrack to feature Jay-Z, Lana del Rey, The xx and more". Los Angeles Times. Eddy Hartenstein. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013. - Trust, Gary (May 5, 2013). "Weekly Chart Notes: Steve Martin, Edie Brickell Blast Back; Lana Del Rey Debuts; Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj Get Hot (100)-Headed". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013. - "Robin Thicke Leads Hot 100, Katy Perry Holds at No. 2". Billboard. August 28, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013. - "56th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey, as the Virgin Mother, Hints 'Tropico' Film Will Send Her Career to Heaven". Spin. August 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013. - "Lana Del Rey confuses fans by tweeting about 'the farewell project'". NME. August 18, 2013. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013. - Video on YouTube - Boardman, Madeline (December 5, 2013). "Lana Del Rey's 'Ultra-Violence' Album Announced at 'Tropico' Premiere". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey announces new album title: Ultraviolence". The Guardian. London, UK. December 5, 2013. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014. - Hogan, Marc (December 5, 2013). "Lana Del Rey Titles 2014 Album: Ready for a Bit of the Old 'Ultraviolence'?". New York. ISSN 0886-3032. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014. - Boardman, Madeline (December 5, 2013). "Lana Del Rey's 'Ultra-Violence' Album Announced At 'Tropico' Premiere". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey Announces New Album 'Ultra-Violence'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014. - "'Maleficent' to Feature 'Once Upon a Dream' by Lana Del Rey". Stitch Kingdom. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey on Twitter: "Me and Dan Auerbach are excited to present you Ultraviolence"". Twitter. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - Gibsone, Harriet (April 14, 2014). "Lana Del Rey – West Coast: New Music". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. - Nessif, Bruna (May 23, 2014). "Kanye West Surprises Kim Kardashian With Lana Del Rey Performance During Pre-Wedding Celebration: "Everyone Was Crying!"". E!. Retrieved June 7, 2014. - Hogan, Marc (October 22, 2013). "Kim Kardashian and Kanye West Get Engaged in San Francisco". Spin. Archived from the original on June 4, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014. - "Listen To Lana Del Rey's New Single, 'Shades of Cool'". MTV. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014. - Frydenlund, Zach. "Listen to Lana Del Rey's "Ultraviolence"". Complex. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014. - Pollard, Alexandra. "Lana Del Rey reveals 'Brooklyn Baby', 10 other tracks leak online". Gigwise. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey's 'ULTRAVIOLENCE' (Interscope/Polydor UK) Debuts At No. 1 in Twelve Countries Including U.S. & U.K., Plus Top 5 in Eight Other Countries". PR Newswire. June 25, 2014. Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey says her second album will be 'spiritual'". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013. - "Rolling Stone Reveals Guest Artists For Brian's Upcoming Album". brianwilson.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014. - Willman, Chris (November 18, 2014). "'Big Eyes': The Story Behind Lana Del Rey's Stunning Secret Songs". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014. - Mansfield, Brian (December 1, 2014). "Lana Del Rey to tour with Courtney Love". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014. - "Galore Presents: Lana Del Rey Mania". Galore. December 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey Coming Out With New Album For 2015?". The Inquisitr News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. - "Lana Del Rey is Working with Mark Ronson On New 'Honeymoon' Album". Fuse. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. - Los Angeles Times (January 2, 2015). "Lana Del Rey talks about her Globe-nominated 'Big Eyes' title track". latimes.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. - "Emile Haynie – Wait For Life (Audio) ft. Lana Del Rey". YouTube. January 19, 2015. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015. - "Music To Watch Boys To (Announcement)". SoundCloud. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey Q&A: On 'Big Eyes' & Her Upcoming 'Honeymoon' Album". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. - https://www.amazon.com/Flip-Side-Real-Imaginary-Conversations-Lana/dp/157687799X - "BRIT Awards 2015: The nominations revealed in full". officialcharts.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015. - "Lana Del Rey – Honeymoon". YouTube. July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016. - "Honeymoon on Instagram: "Here it is, the first and title track off my record – Honeymoon. In some ways I feel it's where the record begins and ends... there are so..."". Instagram. Archived from the original on August 18, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. - "Listen To Lana Del Rey's New Single 'Honeymoon'". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015. - "Instagram". Instagram. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016. - ""Beauty Behind the Madness – Tracklist – August 28th"". Twitter.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016. - Reed, Ryan (August 21, 2015). "Hear Lana Del Rey's Hypnotic New Song, 'Terrence Loves You'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016. - https://nz.7digital.com/artist/lana-del-rey/release/honeymoon. Retrieved September 8, 2015. Missing or empty \|title= (help)[dead link] - "Instagram". Instagram. Archived from the original on December 16, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015. - "Reviews for Honeymoon". Metacritic. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015. - Stutz, Colin (November 9, 2015). "When Lana Del Rey Met Daniel Johnston: Inside 'Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?' L.A. Premiere". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2018. - Stutz, Colin (November 6, 2015). "Lana Del Rey Covers Daniel Johnston's 'Some Things Last a Long Time': Listen". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015. - "Lana Del Rey to Be Honored as 'Trailblazer' at Billboard's Women in Music". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017. - Hosken, Patrick. "2015 MTV EMA: See The Full Winners List". MTV News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey says she is already planning her next album". NME. December 14, 2015. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - Horner, Al (December 11, 2015). "A Letter From Lana Del Rey – The Full NME Cover Interview". Nme.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - Daley, Megan (November 3, 2015). "People's Choice Awards 2016 nominations: Full list". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 12, 2017. - Prakash, Neha (February 25, 2016). "Adele very relatably lost her mind when seeing Lana Del Rey at the Brit Awards". Mashable.com. Retrieved July 12, 2017. - "LANA DEL REY IS BACK AT WORK IN THE STUDIO". Gigwise. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - "LANA DEL REY IS BACK IN THE STUDIO". DIY. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - "Lana Del Rey 'Tapped' For 2016 Lollapalooza, On Spin Wishlist For DJ Joe Jonas". The Inquisitr. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - "The Weeknd Details Starboy Tracklist Feat. Lana Del Rey, Kendrick Lamar, Future, Daft Punk". pitchfork.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016. - "Starboy album credits" (PDF). Universal Music Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. - Mench, Chris (November 18, 2016). "The Weeknd Drops Two New Songs, "Party Monster" and "I Feel It Coming" f/ Daft Punk". Complex. Complex Media. Retrieved January 18, 2017. - "Gold & Platinum". RIAA. Retrieved April 8, 2019. - Gaca, Anna (March 29, 2017). "Lana Del Rey Releases Trailer for New Album Lust for Life, Which Is "Coming Soon"". Spin. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017. - Kreps, Daniel (February 20, 2017). "Watch Lana Del Rey's Dreamy 'Love' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey to release new single 'Young & In Love'?". Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. - "Lana Del Ray Cinematic 'Love' Posters Around L.A. Stir New Album Speculation". Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. - "Love - Single by Lana Del Rey on Apple Music". Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey teasing new music with mysterious posters". Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017. - Xander, Zellner. "Lana Del Rey's 'Lust for Life' Feat". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017. - Reed, Ryan. "Hear Lana Del Rey's Somber New Song 'Coachella - Woodstock In My Mind'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017. - Camp, Alexa (July 21, 2017). "Lana Del Rey Drops Two New Songs: "Summer Bummer" and "Groupie Love"". Slant Magazine. Retrieved July 21, 2017. - Sodomsky, Sam (June 21, 2017). "Lana Del Rey Invites You to "Her Fucking Birthday" Party". Pitchfork. - "Inside Lana Del Rey's Lust For Life: A Chat With the New Video's Director". Pitchfork. March 30, 2017. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017. - Willman, Chris (July 21, 2017). "Album Review: Lana Del Rey's 'Lust for Life'". Variety. Retrieved July 22, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey's Lust For Life earns her a third Number 1 album". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved October 26, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart, Tyler, The Creator and Meek Mill Bow at Nos. 2 & 3". Billboard.com. Retrieved October 26, 2017. - Lynch, Joe (November 28, 2017). "Grammys 2018 Nominees: The Complete List". Billboard. Retrieved November 28, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey Announces Tour". Pitchfork. September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017. - "Jonathan Wilson's New Album Features Lana Del Rey & Father John Misty; Hear "Over The Midnight"". Stereogum. December 5, 2017. - "God Save Our Foolish Blood". Blue Madonna - BØRNS. Retrieved December 30, 2017. - Leight, Elias. "Hear Lana Del Rey's Aching Cover of Madonna's 'You Must Love Me'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 11, 2018. - Daly, Rhian (June 30, 2018). "Listen to a song Lana Del Rey wrote for a new Elvis documentary - NME". NME. Retrieved July 30, 2018. - Renshaw, David. "Cat Power announces new album Wanderer, collaboration with Lana Del Rey". The FADER. Retrieved July 30, 2018. - "Lana Del Rey on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved August 21, 2018. - Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (August 20, 2018). "Lana Del Rey defends decision to perform in Israel: 'Music is universal'". the Guardian. Retrieved August 21, 2018. - "Lana Del Rey: Israel gig 'not political'". BBC News. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018. - Halperin, Shirley (August 31, 2018). "Lana Del Rey Cancels Israel Performance a Week Out From Concert". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2018. - "Lana Del Rey says Harvey Weinstein-inspired track 'Cola' to be retired". Fox News. November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. - "Today in Entertainment: Dustin Hoffman accused of inappropriate behavior by a second woman; Tyrese Gibson says he's OK after emotional video". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved November 2, 2017. - Defebaugh, William (February 7, 2018). "Groupie Love: Lana Del Rey by Kim K, Stevie Nicks, Courtney Love, & More". L'Officiel. Retrieved April 7, 2018. - Sodomsky, Sam (February 7, 2018). "Lana Del Rey Says She's Working on a Musical". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 7, 2018. - "Gucci Celebrates the Gucci Guilty Campaign at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery". Vogue. Retrieved April 8, 2019. - "Exciting Things Are Coming From Jared Leto, Lana Del Rey and Gucci". usmagazine.com. November 2, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2019. - Reitman, Shelby. "Lana Del Rey Stars in Gucci Guilty Campaign With Jared Leto & Courtney Love". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2019. - Sacher, Andrew. "Lana Del Rey shares "Mariners Apartment Complex," planning new LP for 2019". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved September 12, 2018. - Beaumont, Mark (May 7, 2019). "Lana Del Rey's new 2019 album – everything we know so far". NME. Retrieved May 16, 2019. - Gray, Julia. "Lana Del Rey announces new album 'Norman Fucking Rockwell': Hear "Venice Bitch"". Stereogum. Retrieved September 18, 2018. - Helman, Peter (March 23, 2019). "Watch Lana Del Rey Perform "Mariners Apartment Complex" Live For The First Time". Stereogum. Retrieved April 1, 2019. - Blistein, Jon (October 30, 2018). "Watch Lana Del Rey, Jack Antonoff Debut New Song 'How to Disappear'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 1, 2018. - Reed, Ryan (January 9, 2019). "Hear Lana Del Rey's Mournful New Song 'Hope Is a Dangerous Thing…'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 28, 2019. - Daly, Rhian (September 18, 2018). "Lana Del Rey says she wants to publish a book of poetry". NME. Retrieved April 8, 2019. - "Lana Del Rey Says Her New Album and Book of Poetry Are Done". spin.com. January 2, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019. - "Lana Del Rey (@lanadelrey) • Instagram photos and videos". www.instagram.com. Retrieved April 1, 2019. - Daw, Stephen. "Lana Del Rey Covers 'Doin' Time' in New Sublime Documentary Clip: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2019. - Gataveckaite, Gabija. "Lana Del Rey at Malahide Castle: 'I really love the storytelling in Irish songs'". Independent.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2019. - Breihan, Tom (June 27, 2019). "Miley Cyrus, Ariana Grande, Lana Del Rey's "Don't Call Me Angel": Watch The Trailer". Stereogum. Retrieved June 28, 2019. - James, Nicole. "New Video: Lana Del Rey, 'Blue Jeans'". MTV. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey – Biography". MTV. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Sullivan, Felicia C. (January 20, 2009). "Interview: Singer/Songwriter Lizzy Grant on Cheap Thrills, Elvis, The Flamingos, Trailer Parks, and Coney Island". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012. - Frere-Jones, Sasha (February 6, 2012). "Lana Del Rey's Image on "Born to Die"". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012. - Lansky, Sam. "Lana Del Rey's "Ride": Listen to the Dreamy Single". Idolator. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Williot, Carl. "Lana Del Rey's Dreary "Blue Velvet" Cover: Hear It In Full". Idolator. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Freeman, Nate. "Lana Del Rey to Channel David Lynch's "Blue Velvet" as the Face of H&M's New Global Campaign". Art+Auction. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Abebe, Nitsuh. "Lana Del Rey: Lurching Toward Vegas". New York. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Sciarretto, Amy (January 20, 2015). "Lana Del Rey Is Working on New Music and Shared Some Hints About It". Artistdirect. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016. - "Lana Del Rey 'Honeymoon' album review". Time Out London. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. - "Ultraviolence". ABC News. June 16, 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey Drops 'West Coast': Listen". Billboard. April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - Pettifer, Amy. "Madonna's Rebel Heart: A Track By Track Review". The Quietus. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2017. - Rosebury, Will. "Is Lana Del Rey About to Drop New Music?". Pigeons & Planes. Complex. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey Is Rock's Saddest, Baddest Diva: Inside the New Issue". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - "Sex, Lies, and Lana Del Rey". Maxim. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - Pannacione, Maggie (June 3, 2013). "Watch Lana Del Rey Get Emotional While Performing 'Video Games' in Ireland". Artistdirect. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013. - Sheffield, Rob (January 30, 2012). "Born To Die – Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013. - Abebe, Nitsuh (January 25, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: Lurching Toward Vegas". Vulture. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013. - Rytlewski, Evan (January 31, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: Born To Die: Music Review". A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013. - Rice, Paul (February 8, 2012). "Lana Del Rey's Feminist Problem". Slant. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013. - Williams, Mike (July 21, 2017). "Lana Del Rey: Music and witchcraft – read the exclusive NME interview". NME. Retrieved June 25, 2019. - "Lana Del Rey talks 'hip-hop' and 'trap' influences on new single 'High By The Beach'". Nme.com. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. - "Cover Story: Lana Del Rey Is Anyone She Wants to Be". The Fader. Archived from the original on December 7, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2014. - Nellis, Krystina (January 30, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Born to Die Review". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. - Trakin, Roy (June 17, 2014). "Lana Del Rey's 'Ultraviolence': What the Critics Are Saying". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 23, 2017. - Partridge, Kenneth (June 16, 2014). "Lana Del Rey, 'Ultraviolence': Track-by-Track Album Review". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2017. - Kornhaber, Spencer (September 19, 2015). "The Saddest Honeymoon". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 8, 2017. - Wolk, Douglas (February 6, 2012). "Not So Fast: Pop Fame Strikes Lana Del Rey". Time. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012. - Bates, Andy (November 4, 2008). "What you see vs. what you get". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey – pass notes No 3,256". The Guardian. London, UK. September 30, 2012. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey's May Jailer 'Sirens' album leaks in full". Digital Spy. 2012. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012. - Tremblay, Brea. "Lizzy Grant, 2008". Index Magazine. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012. - "Spinner: Lana Del Rey, May Jailer: Did Singer Have ANOTHER Alter Ego?". Spinner. May 31, 2012. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2012. - "Another early album from Lana Del Rey leaks online?". NME. June 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012. - Renshaw, David (March 5, 2018). "Listen to Lana Del Rey's "You Must Love Me" cover". The Fader. Retrieved March 14, 2018. - Dodero, Camille (December 3, 2015). "Billboard Women in Music 'Trailblazer' Lana Del Rey: 'There's Not Such a Narrow Lane for 'Pop". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2018. - Del Rey has cited numerous musical influences in published interviews and profiles, cited below: - "Lana Del Rey praises Winehouse". May 13, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey: 'I was inspired by Nirvana's Kurt Cobain'". NME. December 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014. - Anitai, Tamar (January 11, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Visits MTV, Talks Britney and Bruce, We All Collectively Fall in Love Even Harder (PHOTO)". MTV. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012. - "Shades of Cool: 12 of Lana Del Rey's Biggest Influences". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014. - "18 Things You Learn After Two Long Days With Lana Del Rey". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016. - Michelson, Noah (August 8, 2011). "Look: Lana Del Rey's "Video Games"". Out. Joe Landry. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011. - "Lana Del Rey is inspired by Courtney Love". Virgin Media. June 23, 2014. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2014. - Shobiz, Bang (July 15, 2015). "Lana Del Rey Inspired by Miles Davis". Contactmusic. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017. - Whiley, Jo (February 2, 2012). "Interview with Lana Del Rey". BBC Radio 2. BBC. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2012. - "Shades of Cool: 12 of Lana Del Rey's Biggest Influences". Rolling Stone. - "Lana Del Rey hates personal critics". STV. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Rosen, Christopher (September 4, 2012). "Lana Del Rey's Movie Dreams: 'Hopefully I Will Branch Into Film Work And Stay There'". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012. - Moore, Alex. "Here's Lana Del Rey's new Walt Whitman-referencing track, 'The Body Electric'". Death and Taxes. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - "Lana Del Rey open to David Lynch collaboration: 'I would love to do anything with him'". NME. December 11, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016. - "Lana Del Rey Redeems Herself By Performing Entire LP Live". That Grape Juice. April 22, 2012. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012. - Oei, Melody (February 23, 2012). "Lana Del Rey – Born To Die, Review". MSN. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012. - Cinquemani, Sal (January 25, 2012). "Lana Del Rey Born To Die Review". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012. - Da Silva, Tom (February 18, 2012). "Born to Try, but Sometimes Trying isn't Good Enough". Read the Mike. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2012. - "How Lana Del Rey Fought to Get Her Radical 'Ultraviolence' Released – Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 6, 2015. - Alexis Petridis. "Lana Del Rey: Ultraviolence review – great songs about awful, boring people". the Guardian. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey – Ultraviolence – Album Reviews – Consequence of Sound". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. - Bang Showbiz. "Lana Del Rey – Lana Del Rey Gets Terrible Stage Fright – Contactmusic.com". Contactmusic.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. - "Coachella 2014: Lana Del Rey Debuts 'West Coast' Single In Star-Making Performance". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. - "Lana Del Rey". PopMatters. Archived from the original on July 9, 2014. - Matthews, Cameron. "Joey Ramone's 'New York City,' New Neil Young Song & More". Spinner. AOL. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012. - Wood, Mikael (September 18, 2015). "With 'Honeymoon,' Lana Del Rey further tightens control of her image". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 19, 2017. - Copsey, Robert (November 23, 2011). "Lana Del Rey: 'People didn't take me seriously with a high voice'". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011. - "Home Guitars Acoustic Bass Drums Tech DJ Tech News Reviews Tuition Video Forum Samples iPad/iPhone Apps Magazines How to create drowsy Lana Del Rey-style vocals". MusicRadar. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012. - Firth, Holly. "Lana Del Rey: People Didn't Take Me Seriously". Gigwise. Giant Digital. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2012. - Caramanica, Jon (September 6, 2017). "Review: Lana Del Rey, a Character No More". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2017. - Trakin, Roy (June 2, 2014). "Lana Del Rey Will be Your Mirror: Concert Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 30, 2017. - Abebe, Nitsuh (September 30, 2011). "The Imagination of Lana Del Rey". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 31, 2017. - Harris, Paul (January 21, 2012). "Lana Del Rey: The strange story of the star who rewrote her past". The Guardian. Retrieved July 30, 2017. - Hopper, Jessica (January 30, 2012). "Deconstructing Lana Del Rey". Spin. Retrieved July 30, 2017. - Callahan-Bever, Noah (July 26, 2017). "Lana Del Rey Talks "Lust for Life," Avoiding Cultural Appropriation, and Getting Political". Complex. Retrieved July 31, 2017. - Sahagian, Jacqueline (June 29, 2014). "8 things Lana Del Rey is very sad about". Cheat Sheet. Retrieved May 31, 2018. - Williams, Hannah (August 24, 2017). "The reign of the internet sad girl is over - and that's a good thing". The Establishment. Retrieved May 31, 2018. - Luke Morgan Britton (September 3, 2015). "Lana Del Rey clarifies feminism comments in interview with James Franco". NME. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2018. - Pareles, Jon (June 12, 2014). "Finding Her Future Looking to the Past". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. - Cho, Stephan. "How Lana Del Rey Beat the Internet Backlash and Became Pop's Most Enigmatic Auteur". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved June 30, 2019. - Cite error: The named reference Steph was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Kevin Abstract [@kevinabstract] (April 20, 2019). "thankulana dey rey for making venice bitch and inspiring my album we used live instruments for almost every song fucking nuts jack is a wizard and thank u jaden walker for showing me Venice. Bitch and thank u Romil Hemnani for laying down the early sonic landscape for these songs" (Tweet). Retrieved April 21, 2019 – via Twitter. - Kevin Abstract [@kevinabstract] (April 20, 2019). "If I didn't hear this when we were on tour I probably never woulda wanted to make ARIZONA baby I love this song so much" (Tweet). Retrieved April 21, 2019 – via Twitter. - "Au/Ra - Similar Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved June 30, 2019. - "TeenNick Top 10: An Interview With Fifth Harmony". Teen Nick. August 22, 2013. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2016. - "Lauren Jauregui: I've been inspired by Lana Del Rey". The List. October 28, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018. - Kaplan, Ilana. "Social Media Star Turned Singer Maggie Lindemann Talks Outsider Pop and Overcoming Cyberbullying - Noisey". noisey. Retrieved September 22, 2016. - Heaf, Jonathan. "Woman Of The Year: Lana Del Rey". British GQ. Retrieved May 20, 2019. - "BRIT Awards 2013: Lana Del Rey Wins International Female Solo Act". Capital. Retrieved May 20, 2019. - "Grammy Awards 2014: Full Nominations List \| Billboard". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2014. - Macpherson, Rachel (August 21, 2017). "YOUNG AND BEAUTIFUL When is Lana Del Rey coming to Glasgow, how can I get tickets for the SSE Hydro gig? Everything you need to know about the singer's Scottish tour date". The Scottish Sun. Retrieved October 10, 2018. - "Lana Del Rey Wins 'Best Female Artist Of The Year' ELLE Style Awards 2016". Elle UK. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. - "60th Annual GRAMMY Awards". GRAMMY.com. November 28, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017. - "Lana Del Rey". bandsintown.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.	eng	<urn:uuid:f93eaf55-6225-4011-abb2-b2979a4a0ee4>	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Letter case This article needs additional citations for . () () \| Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also uppercase, capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (also lowercase, small letters, or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages. The writing systems that distinguish between the upper and lower case have two parallel sets of letters, with each letter in one set usually having an equivalent in the other set. The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and pronunciation and are treated identically when sorting in alphabetical order. Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper- and lower-case letters appearing in a given piece of text. The choice of case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the upper case is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lower case the more common variant in regular text. In some contexts, it is conventional to use one case only. For example, engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than the lower case, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small. In mathematics, on the other hand, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects, with upper-case letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Contents TerminologyEdit The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case – particularly if they pre-modify another noun[1]), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that was located above the case that held the small letters.[2][3] Majuscule (/ / or / /), for palaeographers, is technically any script in which the letters have very few or very short ascenders and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, or the Book of Kells). By virtue of their visual impact, this made the term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters. Minuscule refers to lower-case letters. The word is often spelled miniscule, by association with the unrelated word miniature and the prefix mini-. This has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since minuscule is derived from the word minus[4]), but is now so common that some dictionaries tend to accept it as a nonstandard or variant spelling.[5] Miniscule is still less likely, however, to be used in reference to lower-case letters. Typographical considerationsEdit The glyphs of lower-case letters can resemble smaller forms of the upper-case glyphs restricted to the base band (e.g. "C/c" and "S/s", cf. small caps) or can look hardly related (e.g. "D/d" and "G/g"). Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case variants of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the typeface and font used): Upper case \| A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| P \| Q \| R \| S \| T \| U \| V \| W \| X \| Y \| Z \| ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| Lower case \| a \| b \| c \| d \| e \| f \| g \| h \| i \| j \| k \| l \| m \| n \| o \| p \| q \| r \| s \| t \| u \| v \| w \| x \| y \| z \| Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height (although, depending on the typeface, there may be some exceptions, particularly with Q and sometimes J having a descending element; also, various diacritics can add to the normal height of a letter). There is more variation in the height of the minuscules, as some of them have parts higher (ascenders) or lower (descenders) than the typical size. Normally, b, d, f, h, k, l, t [a] are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. In addition, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts, 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set. Bicameral scriptEdit This section possibly contains . () () \| Writing systems using two separate cases are bicameral scripts. Languages that use the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, Armenian, Adlam, Warang Citi, Cherokee, and Osage scripts use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Other bicameral scripts, which are not used for any modern languages, are Old Hungarian, Glagolitic, and Deseret. The Georgian alphabet has several variants, and there were attempts to use them as different cases, but the modern written Georgian language does not distinguish case.[6] In scripts with a case distinction, lower case is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and emphasis. Acronyms (and particularly initialisms) are often written in all-caps, depending on various factors. CapitalisationEdit Capitalisation is the writing of a word with its first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. Capitalisation rules vary by language and are often quite complex, but in most modern languages that have capitalisation, the first word of every sentence is capitalised, as are all proper nouns.[citation needed] Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardised for formal writing. Capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I"[7] and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. Honorifics and personal titles showing rank or prestige are capitalised when used together with the name of the person (for example, "Mr. Smith", "Bishop O'Brien", "Professor Moore") or as a direct address, but normally not when used alone and in a more general sense.[8][9] It can also be seen as customary to capitalise any word – in some contexts even a pronoun[10] – referring to the deity of a monotheistic religion. Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and publication titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. Other languages vary in their use of capitals. For example, in German all nouns are capitalised (this was previously common in English as well, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries), while in Romance and most other European languages the names of the days of the week, the names of the months, and adjectives of nationality, religion and so on normally begin with a lower-case letter.[11] On the other hand, in some languages it is customary to capitalise formal polite pronouns, for example De, Dem (Danish), Sie, Ihnen (German), and Vd or Ud (short for usted in Spanish). Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother to follow the conventions concerning capitalisation, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.[7] Exceptional letters and digraphsEdit - The German letter "ß" only used to exist in lower case. The orthographical capitalisation does not concern "ß", which never occurs at the beginning of a word, and in the all-caps style it has traditionally been replaced by the digraph "SS". Since June 2017, however, capital ẞ is accepted as an alternative in the all-caps style.[12] - The Greek upper-case letter "Σ" has two different lower-case forms: "ς" in word-final position and "σ" elsewhere. In a similar manner, the Latin upper-case letter "S" used to have two different lower-case forms: "s" in word-final position and " ſ " elsewhere. The latter form, called the long s, fell out of general use before the middle of the 19th century, except for the countries that continued to use Blackletter typefaces such as Fraktur. When Blackletter type fell out of general use in the mid-20th century, even those countries dropped the long s.[citation needed] - Unlike most Latin-script languages, which link the dotless upper-case "I" with the dotted lower-case "i", Turkish has both a dotted and dotless I, each in both upper and lower case. Each of the two pairs ("İ/i" and "I/ı") represents a distinctive phoneme. - In some languages, specific digraphs may be regarded as single letters, and in Dutch, the digraph "IJ/ij" is even capitalised with both components written in uppercase (for example, "IJsland" rather than "Ijsland").[13] In other languages, such as Welsh and Hungarian, various digraphs are regarded as single letters for collation purposes, but the second component of the digraph will still be written in lower case even if the first component is capitalised. Similarly, in South Slavic languages whose orthography is coordinated between the Cyrillic and Latin scripts, the Latin digraphs "ǈ/ǉ", "ǋ/ǌ" and "ǅ/ǆ" are each regarded as a single letter (like their Cyrillic equivalents "Љ/љ", "Њ/њ" and "Џ/џ", respectively), but only in all-caps style should both components be in upper case (e.g. ǈiǉan–ǇIǇAN, ǋoǌa–ǊOǊA, ǅiǆa–ǄIǄA).[citation needed] Unicode designates a single character for each case variant (i.e., upper case, title case and lower case) of the three digraphs.[14] - In the Hawaiian orthography, the ʻokina is a phonemic symbol that visually resembles a left single quotation mark. Representing the glottal stop, the ʻokina can either be characterized as a letter[15] or a diacritic.[16] As a unicase letter, the ʻokina is unaffected by capitalisation; it is the following letter that is capitalised instead. According to the Unicode standard, the ʻokina is formally encoded as U+02BB ʻ MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA,[17] but it is not uncommon to substitute this with a similar punctuation character, such as the left single quotation mark or an apostrophe.[18] Related phenomenaEdit Similar orthographic and graphostylistic conventions are used for emphasis or following language-specific or other rules, including: - Font effects such as italic type or oblique type, boldface, and choice of serif vs. sans-serif. - Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae include the use of Greek letters and the use of Latin letters with special formatting such as blackboard bold and blackletter. - Letters of the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets (some final forms only), and some jamo of the Korean hangul have different forms for initial or final placement, but these rules are strict and the different forms cannot be used for emphasis. - In Georgian, some authors use isolated letters from the ancient Asomtavruli alphabet within a text otherwise written in the modern Mkhedruli in a fashion that is reminiscent of the usage of upper-case letters in the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets. - In the Japanese writing system, an author has the option of switching between kanji, hiragana, katakana, and rōmaji. In particular, every hiragana character has an equivalent katakana character, and vice versa. Romanised Japanese sometimes uses lowercase letters to represent words that would be written in hiragana, and uppercase letters to represent words that would be written in katakana. Some kana characters are written in smaller type when they modify or combine with the preceding sign (yōon) or the following sign (sokuon). Stylistic or specialised usageEdit The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the English-speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \| Case stylesEdit In English, a variety of case styles are used in various circumstances: - Sentence case - "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" A mixed-case style in which the first word of the sentence is capitalised, as well as proper nouns and other words as required by a more specific rule. This is generally equivalent to the baseline universal standard of formal English orthography. - Title case (capital case, headline style) - "The Quick Brown Fox Jumps over the Lazy Dog" A mixed-case style with all words capitalised, except for certain subsets (particularly articles and short prepositions and conjunctions) defined by rules that are not universally standardised. The standardisation is only at the level of house styles and individual style manuals. In text processing, title case usually involves the capitalisation of all words irrespective of their part of speech. This simplified variant of title case is also known as start case or initial caps. - All caps (all uppercase) - "THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG" A unicase style with capital letters only. This can be used in headings and special situations, such as for typographical emphasis in text made on a typewriter. With the advent of the Internet, the all-caps style is more often used for emphasis; however, it is considered poor netiquette by some to type in all capitals, and said to be tantamount to shouting.[19] Long spans of Latin-alphabet text in all upper-case are harder to read because of the absence of the ascenders and descenders found in lower-case letters, which can aid recognition. In some cultures it is common to write family names in all caps to distinguish them from the given names, especially in identity documents such as passports. - Small caps - "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" Similar in form to capital letters but roughly the size of a lower-case "x", small caps can be used instead of lower-case letters and combined with regular caps in a mixed-case fashion. This is a feature of certain fonts such as Copperplate Gothic. According to various typographical traditions, the height of small caps can be equal to or slightly larger than the x-height of the typeface (the smaller variant is sometimes called petite caps and may also be mixed with the larger variant).[20] Small caps can be used for acronyms, names, mathematical entities, computer commands in printed text, business or personal printed stationery letterheads, and other situations where a given phrase needs to be distinguished from the main text. - All lowercase - "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" A unicase style with no capital letters. This is sometimes used for artistic effect, such as in poetry. Also commonly seen in computer languages, and in informal electronic communications such as SMS language and instant messaging (avoiding the shift key, to type more quickly). Case style \| Example \| Description \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\| All-caps \| THE \| VITAMINS \| ARE \| IN \| MY \| FRESH \| CALIFORNIA \| RAISINS \| All letters uppercase \| Start case \| The \| Vitamins \| Are \| In \| My \| Fresh \| California \| Raisins \| All words capitalised regardless of function \| Title case \| The \| Vitamins \| Are \| in \| My \| Fresh \| California \| Raisins \| The first word and all other words capitalised except for articles and short prepositions and conjunctions \| The \| Vitamins \| are \| in \| My \| Fresh \| California \| Raisins \| As above but also excepting copulae (forms of "to be") \| \| The \| Vitamins \| are \| in \| my \| Fresh \| California \| Raisins \| As above but excepting all closed-class words \| \| German-style sentence case \| The \| Vitamins \| are \| in \| my \| fresh \| California \| Raisins \| The first word and all nouns capitalised \| Sentence case \| The \| vitamins \| are \| in \| my \| fresh \| California \| raisins \| The first word, proper nouns and some specified words capitalised \| All-lowercase \| the \| vitamins \| are \| in \| my \| fresh \| california \| raisins \| All letters lowercase (unconventional in English) \| Headings and publication titlesEdit In English-language publications, various conventions are used for the capitalisation of words in publication titles and headlines, including chapter and section headings. The rules differ substantially between individual house styles. The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and also U.S. newspapers, is sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, i.e. capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. An example of a global publisher whose English-language house style prescribes sentence-case titles and headings is the International Organization for Standardization. For publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British[21] and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions".[22] This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules which prescribe which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardised; they differ between style guides, although most style guides tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: - Most styles capitalise all words except for short closed-class words (certain parts of speech, namely, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions); but the first word (always) and last word (in many styles) are also capitalised, regardless of their part of speech. Many styles capitalise longer prepositions such as "between" and "throughout", but not shorter ones such as "for" and "with".[23] Typically, a preposition is considered short if it has up to three or four letters. - A few styles capitalise all words in title case (the so-called start case), which has the advantage of being easy to implement and hard to get "wrong" (that is, "not edited to style"). Because of this rule's simplicity, software case-folding routines can handle 95% or more of the editing, especially if they are programmed for desired exceptions (such as "FBI" rather than "Fbi"). - As for whether hyphenated words are capitalised not only at the beginning but also after the hyphen, there is no universal standard; variation occurs in the wild and among house styles (e.g., "The Letter-Case Rule in My Book"; "Short-term Follow-up Care for Burns"). Traditional copyediting makes a distinction between temporary compounds (such as many nonce [novel instance] compound modifiers), in which every part of the hyphenated word is capitalised (e.g. "How This Particular Author Chose to Style His Autumn-Apple-Picking Heading"), and permanent compounds, which are terms that, although compound and hyphenated, are so well established that dictionaries enter them as headwords (e.g., "Short-term Follow-up Care for Burns"). Title case is widely used in many English-language publications, especially in the United States. However, its conventions are sometimes not followed strictly – especially in informal writing. In creative typography, such as music record covers and other artistic material, all styles are commonly encountered, including all-lowercase letters and special case styles, such as studly caps (see below). For example, in the wordmarks of video games it is not uncommon to use stylised upper-case letters at the beginning and end of a title, with the intermediate letters in small caps or lower case (e.g., ArcaniA, ArmA, and DmC). Multi-word proper nounsEdit Multi-word proper nouns include names of organisations, publications, and people. Often the rules for "title case" (described in the previous section) are applied to these names, so that non-initial articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are lowercase, and all other words are uppercase. For example, the short preposition "of" and the article "the" are lowercase in "Steering Committee of the Finance Department". Usually only capitalised words are used to form an acronym variant of the name, though there is some variation in this. With personal names, this practice can vary (sometimes all words are capitalised, regardless of length or function), but is not limited to English names. Examples include the English names Tamar of Georgia and Catherine the Great, "van" and "der" in Dutch names, "von" and "zu" in German, "de", "los", and "y" in Spanish names, "de" or "d'" in French names, and "ibn" in Arabic names. Some surname prefixes also affect the capitalisation of the following internal letter or word, for example "Mac" in Celtic names and "Al" in Arabic names. Special case stylesEdit - Camel case - "theQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" or "TheQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" Spaces and punctuation are removed and the first letter of each word is capitalised. If this includes the first letter of the first word ("CamelCase", "PowerPoint", "TheQuick...", etc.), the case is sometimes called upper camel case (or, illustratively, CamelCase), Pascal case,[24] or bumpy case. When the first letter of the first word is lowercase ("iPod", "eBay", "theQuickBrownFox..."), the case is usually known as lower camel case (illustratively: camelCase). This format has become popular in the branding of information technology products and services. - Snake case - "the_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" Punctuation is removed and spaces are replaced by single underscores. Normally the letters share the same case (e.g. "UPPER_CASE_EMBEDDED_UNDERSCORE" or "lower_case_embedded_underscore") but the case can be mixed, as in OCaml modules.[25]. The style may also be called pothole case, especially in Python programming, in which this convention is often used for naming variables. Illustratively, it may be rendered snake_case, pothole_case, etc. When all-upper-case, it may be referred to as screaming snake case (or SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE).[26] - Kebab case[27] - "the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy-dog" Similar to snake case, above, except hyphens rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It is also known as spinal case, param case, Lisp case, and dash case (or illustratively as kebab-case) If every word is capitalised, the style is known as train case (TRAIN-CASE).[citation needed] Perl6 supports kebab case style. - Studly caps - e.g. "tHeqUicKBrOWnFoXJUmpsoVeRThElAzydOG" Mixed case with no semantic or syntactic significance to the use of the capitals. Sometimes only vowels are upper case, at other times upper and lower case are alternated, but often it is simply random. The name comes from the sarcastic or ironic implication that it was used in an attempt by the writer to convey their own coolness. It is also used to mock the violation of standard English case conventions by marketers in the naming of computer software packages, even when there is no technical requirement to do so – e.g., Sun Microsystems' naming of a windowing system NeWS. Illustrative naming of the style is, naturally, random: stUdlY cAps, StUdLy CaPs, etc. Unit symbols in the metric systemEdit In the International System of Units (SI), a letter usually has different meanings in upper and lower case when used as a unit symbol. Generally, unit symbols are written in lower case, but if the name of the unit is derived from a proper noun, the first letter of the symbol is capitalised (nevertheless, the name of the unit, if spelled out, is always considered a common noun and written accordingly):[28] - 1 s (one second) when used for the base unit of time. - 1 S (one siemens) when used for the unit of electric conductance and admittance (named after Werner von Siemens). - 1 Sv (one sievert), used for the unit of ionising radiation dose (named after Rolf Maximilian Sievert). - 1 l, the original form, for typefaces in which "digit one" ⟨1⟩, "lower-case ell" ⟨l⟩, and "upper-case eye" ⟨I⟩ look different. - 1 L, an alternative form, for typefaces in which these characters are difficult to distinguish, or the typeface the reader will be using is unknown. A "script l" in various typefaces (e.g.: 1 l) has traditionally been used in some countries to prevent confusion; however, the separate Unicode character which represents this, U+2113 ℓ SCRIPT SMALL L, is deprecated by the SI.[29] Another solution sometimes seen in Web typography is to use a serif font for "lower-case ell" in otherwise sans-serif material (1 l). The letter case of a prefix symbol is determined independently of the unit symbol to which it is attached. Lower case is used for all submultiple prefix symbols and the small multiple prefix symbols up to "k" (for kilo, meaning 103 = 1000 multiplier), whereas upper case is used for larger multipliers:[28] - 1 ms, a small measure of time ("m" for milli, meaning 10−3 = 1/1000 multiplier). - 1 Ms, a large measure of time ("M" for mega, meaning 106 = 1 000 000 multiplier). - 1 mS, a small measure of electric conductance. - 1 MS, a large measure of electric conductance. - 1 mm, a small measure of length (the latter "m" for metre). - 1 Mm, a large measure of length. Case folding and case conversionEdit In the character sets developed for computing, each upper- and lower-case letter is encoded as a separate character. In order to enable case folding and case conversion, the software needs to link together the two characters representing the case variants of a letter. (Some old character-encoding systems, such as the Baudot code, are restricted to one set of letters, usually represented by the upper-case variants.) Case-insensitive operations can be said to fold case, from the idea of folding the character code table so that upper- and lower-case letters coincide. The conversion of letter case in a string is common practice in computer applications, for instance to make case-insensitive comparisons. Many high-level programming languages provide simple methods for case conversion, at least for the ASCII character set. Whether or not the case variants are treated as equivalent to each other varies depending on the computer system and context. For example, user passwords are generally case sensitive in order to allow more diversity and make them more difficult to break. On the other hand, when performing a keyword search, differentiating between the upper and lower case might narrow down the search result too much. Unicode case folding and script identificationEdit Unicode defines case folding through the three case-mapping properties of each character: upper case, lower case, and title case (in this context, "title case" relates to ligatures and digraphs encoded as mixed-case single characters, in which the first component is in upper case and the second component in lower case[30]). These properties relate all characters in scripts with differing cases to the other case variants of the character. As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26,[31] "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single code point for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, the Latin b (U+0062), Greek β (U+03B2) or Cyrillic в (U+0432). Therefore, the corresponding Latin, Greek and Cyrillic upper-case letters (U+0042, U+0392 and U+0412, respectively) are also encoded as separate characters, despite their appearance being basically identical. Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols. Methods in word processingEdit Most modern word processors provide automated case conversion with a simple click or keystroke. For example, in Microsoft Office Word, there is a dialog box for toggling the selected text through UPPERCASE, then lowercase, then Title Case (actually start caps; exception words must be lowercased individually). The keystroke ⇧ Shift+F3 does the same thing. Methods in programmingEdit In some forms of BASIC there are two methods for case conversion: UpperA$ = UCASE$("a") LowerA$ = LCASE$("A") char upperA = toupper('a'); char lowerA = tolower('A'); #define toupper(c) (islower(c) ? (c) – 'a' + 'A' : (c)) #define tolower(c) (isupper(c) ? (c) – 'A' + 'a' : (c)) This only works because the letters of upper and lower cases are spaced out equally. In ASCII they are consecutive, whereas with EBCDIC they are not; nonetheless the upper-case letters are arranged in the same pattern and with the same gaps as are the lower-case letters, so the technique still works. Some computer programming languages offer facilities for converting text to a form in which all words are capitalised. Visual Basic calls this "proper case"; Python calls it "title case". This differs from usual title casing conventions, such as the English convention in which minor words are not capitalised. HistoryEdit Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines.[32] These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed] In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 CE (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong."[33] Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed] The timeline of writing in Western Europe can be divided into four eras:[citation needed] - Greek majuscule (9th–3rd century BCE) in contrast to the Greek uncial script (3rd century BCE – 12th century CE) and the later Greek minuscule - Roman majuscule (7th century BCE – 4th century CE) in contrast to the Roman uncial (4th–8th century CE), Roman Half Uncial, and minuscule - Carolingian majuscule (4th–8th century CE) in contrast to the Carolingian minuscule (around 780 – 12th century) - Gothic majuscule (13th and 14th century), in contrast to the early Gothic (end of 11th to 13th century), Gothic (14th century), and late Gothic (16th century) minuscules. Traditionally, certain letters were rendered differently according to a set of rules. In particular, those letters that began sentences or nouns were made larger and often written in a distinct script. There was no fixed capitalisation system until the early 18th century. The English language eventually dropped the rule for nouns, while the German language keeps it. Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form (that is, characterized by ascenders and descenders[34]) in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[35] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).[citation needed] Type casesEdit The individual type blocks used in hand typesetting are stored in shallow wooden or metal drawers known as "type cases". Each is subdivided into a number of compartments ("boxes") for the storage of different individual letters.[citation needed] The Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Advanced Proportional Principles (reprinted 1952) indicates that case in this sense (referring to the box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade) was first used in English in 1588. Originally one large case was used for each typeface, then "divided cases", pairs of cases for majuscules and minuscules, were introduced in the region of today's Belgium by 1563, England by 1588, and France before 1723. The terms upper and lower case originate from this division. By convention, when the two cases were taken out of the storage rack, and placed on a rack on the compositor's desk, the case containing the capitals and small capitals stood at a steeper angle at the back of the desk, with the case for the small letters, punctuation and spaces being more easily reached at a shallower angle below it to the front of the desk, hence upper and lower case.[36] Though pairs of cases were used in English-speaking countries and many European countries in the seventeenth century, in Germany and Scandinavia the single case continued in use.[36] Various patterns of cases are available, often with the compartments for lower-case letters varying in size according to the frequency of use of letters, so that the commonest letters are grouped together in larger boxes at the centre of the case.[36] The compositor takes the letter blocks from the compartments and places them in a composing stick, working from left to right and placing the letters upside down with the nick to the top, then sets the assembled type in a galley.[36] See alsoEdit FootnotesEdit - In Roman Antiqua or other vertical fonts, the defunct Initial or Medial Long-s, ſ, would have been an ascender; however, in italics, it would have been one of only two letters in the English or Expanded Latin Alphabet with both an ascender and a descender, the other being f. Alexander Nesbitt (1957). The History and Technique of Lettering (1st ed.). New York City: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20427-8. ReferencesEdit - "The School's Manual of Style". Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved 9 November 2018. - Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing. pp. 408, 4806. Retrieved 12 August 2015. - Marc Drogin (1980). Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique. Courier Corporation. p. 37. - Charlton T. Lewis (1890). "Minusculus". An Elementary Latin Dictionary. New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago: American Book Company. - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 978-0-395-82517-4. - Březina, David (2012). "Challenges in multilingual type design": 14 – via University of Reading Department of Typography and Design. - Dennis Oliver. "Using Capital Letters (#1)". Dave's ESL Cafe. Retrieved 19 February 2017. - Nancy Edmonds Hanson (25 August 2008). "AP Style: Courtesy and Professional Titles". Minnesota State University. Retrieved 19 February 2017. - "Capitalizing Titles of People". English Plus. 1997–2006. Retrieved 19 February 2017. - "Capitalization". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Retrieved 19 February 2017. - "Citing Sources: Capitalization and Personal Names in Foreign Languages". Waidner-Spahr Library. Dickinson. Retrieved 30 March 2017. - Cf. Güthert, Kerstin (2017), PRESSEMITTEILUNG 29.6.2017 Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung aktualisiert (PDF), Council for German Orthography, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-29. - "Ijsland / IJsland". Taalunie. Retrieved 9 March 2014. - "Latin Extended-B" (PDF). Unicode. U+01C4, U+01C5, U+01C6, U+01C7, U+01C8, U+01C9, U+01CA, U+01CB, U+01CC. Retrieved 5 February 2017. - "Why I Spell it Hawai'i and not Hawaii, and Why You Should, Too". Blond Voyage. Retrieved 6 August 2017. - "Hawaiian Language Online". The University of Hawai‘i. Retrieved 6 August 2017. - "Spacing Modifier Letters" (PDF). Unicode. U+02BB. Retrieved 6 August 2017. - "'Ōlelo Hawai'i on the WWW: A.K.A., How To Give Good 'Okina". KeolaDonaghy.com. Retrieved 6 August 2017. - RFC 1855 "Netiquette Guidelines" - "Registered features – definitions and implementations". OpenType Layout tag registry. Microsoft. Tag:'pcap', Tag: 'smcp'. Retrieved 24 March 2017. - "The Guardian and Observer Style Guide". Retrieved 10 June 2014. - R. M. Ritter, ed. (2002). Oxford Manual of Style. Oxford University Press. - Currin Berdine. "What to Capitalize in a Title". AdminSecret. Retrieved 23 February 2014. - "History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing". - "Caml programming guidelines". caml.inria.fr. Retrieved 2017-03-31. - "Ruby Style Guide". Retrieved 11 November 2013. - "jQuery 3.0 and jQuery Compat 3.0 Alpha Versions Released". - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). "The International System of Units" (PDF). Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. pp. 121, 130–131. Retrieved 12 January 2014. - "Letterlike symbols". Charts (Beta). Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 28 July 2017. - "Character Properties, Case Mappings & Names FAQ". Unicode. Retrieved 19 February 2017. - "Unicode Technical Note #26: On the Encoding of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Han". Retrieved 23 April 2007. - David Harris (2003). The Calligrapher's Bible. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-5615-2. - Knut Kleve (1994). "The Latin Papyri in Herculaneum". Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen, 23–29 August 1992. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. - "Roman Writing Systems – Medieval Manuscripts". Retrieved 2019-07-03. - The earliest known biblical manuscript is a palimpsest of Isajah in Syriac, written in 459/460. Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament (Oxford University Press: 2005), p. 92. - David Bolton (1997). "Type Cases". The Alembic Press. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007. Look up capital letter or Appendix:Capital letter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. \| Look up minuscule or lowercase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. \| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capital letters. \| - Title Capitalization Tool - Capitalize My Title., automatic title capitalization tool for APA, MLA, Chicago, AP, title case, and sentence case - Hamilton, Frederick W. (1918). Capitals: A Primer of Information About Capitalization with Some Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals – via Project Gutenberg. - Greer, Sarah; Sowden, Elizabeth; Scharff, Lauren (2003). "Effects of Email Format and Instructions on Reading Times, Content Retention, and Reader Preference". Stephen F. Austin State University. – One of this paper's conclusions: all-caps is harder to read. - Automated Text Convert Case Tool that makes it easy to adjust text cases in your documents. - Online Text Case Converter: Convert to Title Case, Sentence Case, Uppercase & Lowercase. - "Lower Case and the Unix Philosophy". LInfo.org. Linux Information Project. December 30, 2004.	eng	<urn:uuid:9a6a723f-3a1e-43fa-b32b-684ca52c35b6>	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Mid Glamorgan Mid Glamorgan Welsh: Morgannwg Ganol \| \| ---\|---\| Mid Glamorgan shown within Wales as a preserved county \| \| Area \| \| • 2003 \| 781 km² Ranked 7th \| Population \| \| • 2007 \| 423,200 (est; 2003 borders)[1] Ranked 4th \| History \| \| • Created \| 1974 \| • Abolished \| 1996 \| • Succeeded by \| Bridgend Merthyr Tydfil Rhondda Cynon Taff Caerphilly Preserved county of Mid Glamorgan \| Status \| Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–) \| Government \| Mid Glamorgan County Council \| • HQ \| Cardiff (extraterritorial)[2] \| Coat of arms of Mid Glamorgan County Council \| \| Subdivisions \| \| • Type \| Non-metropolitan districts \| • Units \| 1. Cynon Valley 2. Ogwr 3. Merthyr Tydfil 4. Rhondda 5. Rhymney Valley 6. Taff-Ely \| Mid Glamorgan was formed in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It consisted of part of the former administrative county of Glamorgan and the county borough of Merthyr Tydfil, along with the parishes of Penderyn and Vaynor from Brecknockshire and the urban districts of Bedwas and Machen, Rhymney and part of Bedwellty, from Monmouthshire. It was divided into six districts: Mid Glamorgan and its component districts were abolished in 1996 and the area split into the unitary authorities of Bridgend, Merthyr Tydfil, Rhondda Cynon Taf and part of Caerphilly as a result of the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994. The communities of Wick, St Brides Major, Ewenny (from the Ogwr district) became part of the Vale of Glamorgan county borough, while Pentyrch (from the Taff-Ely district) was added to the Cardiff unitary authority area. Because of this, they became part of the preserved county of South Glamorgan. In 2003 the ceremonial borders were further adjusted, placing the entire Caerphilly county borough in the ceremonial county of Gwent.[3] The county council's coat of arms was very similar to that of the previous council of Glamorganshire : Or, three chevronels gules between two clarions of the last in chief, and in base a Tudor rose barbed and seeded proper. The crest, as with Glamorganshire, was the same Welsh dragon rising from flames, only this time supporting a flag bearing three chevronels from the arms of Iestyn ap Gwrgant, the last ruler of the old Kingdom of Morgannwg. The coalminer and steel worker were retained as the supporters of the arms, but with their positions reversed. The motto A Ddioddefws A Orfu or "He Who suffered, conquered" was also retained from Glamorganshire. See alsoEdit ReferencesEdit - 2007 population estimate, calculated using 2003 borders for Bridgend, Merthyr Tydfil, Rhondda Cynon Taff. Source: "Table 10: Mid-2006 to Mid-2007 Population Estimates, Components of population change for local authorities in the United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-09-11. - Blishen, Edward, ed. (1989) Junior Pears Encyclopaedia, 29th ed., Pelham Books, London. - "The Preserved Counties (Amendment to Boundaries) (Wales) Order 2003". Office of Public Sector Information. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2010-09-11.	eng	<urn:uuid:c9ab1651-f900-42fe-b536-485852db8716>	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Glamorgan	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Vikidia currently has 2,416 articles. Improve it! \| Join Vikidia: create your account now and improve it! \| Vikidia:Talk/2018/22 Admin ?[edit \| edit source] Hello ! Often I see a lot of vandalism who is resolved after several weeks. It even happened that a pornographic image remains several days on Vikidia ! I'm a french administrator and I'm volonteer for participate with administrator tool at vikidia maintenance : delete pages, block vandals... What do you think of entrusting me with the administrator tools? Magasin3 (talk) 22:35, 31 May 2018 (CEST)	eng	<urn:uuid:91d01faa-02cf-48eb-9c56-d98f4f17118c>	https://en.vikidia.org/wiki/Vikidia:Talk/2018/22	CC-MAIN-2019-30
.ht Jump to navigation Jump to search Introduced \| 1997 \| ---\|---\| TLD type \| Country code top-level domain \| Status \| Active \| Registry \| Réseau de Développement Durable d'Haïti \| Sponsor \| Consortium FDS/RDDH \| Intended use \| Entities connected with Haiti \| Actual use \| Gets some use in Haiti \| Registration restrictions \| None \| Structure \| Registrations are available directly at second level \| Documents \| Documents (in French) \| Registry Website \| nic \| The second-level domains that are officially open to third-level registrations are: - com.ht: Commercial entities and registered trademarks - edu.ht: Educational institutions - net.ht: Internet-related services (ISPs, web hosting, portal sites, etc.) - org.ht: Non-profit organizations References[edit] See also[edit] [edit] This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. \| This Haiti-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. \|	eng	<urn:uuid:536ef18e-ab28-417e-a5f4-52a08736d655>	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ht	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Hukou system Hukou system \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Chinese name \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| Traditional Chinese \| 戶口 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Simplified Chinese \| 户口 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Alternative Chinese name \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Traditional Chinese \| 戶籍 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Simplified Chinese \| 户籍 \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Tibetan name \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Tibetan \| ཐེམཐོ \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Uyghur name \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Uyghur \| نوپۇس \| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of China \| ---\| Hukou is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called "huji", and has origins in ancient China; hukou is the registration of an individual in the system. A household registration record officially identifies a person as a resident of an area and includes identifying information such as name, parents, spouse, and date of birth. A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household registration record (simplified Chinese: 户口簿; traditional Chinese: 戶口簿; pinyin: hùkǒu bù) is issued per family, and usually includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family. The system descends in part from ancient Chinese household registration systems. The hukou system also influenced similar systems in neighboring East Asian countries—such as one within the public administration structures of Japan (koseki) and Korea (hoju), as well as Vietnam (hộ khẩu).[1][2][3] In South Korea, the hoju system was abolished in January 2008.[4] While unrelated in origin, propiska in the Soviet Union and resident registration in Russia had a similar purpose and served as a model for modern China's hukou system.[5][6] Due to its connection to social programs provided by the government, which assigns benefits based on agricultural and non-agricultural residency status (often referred to as rural and urban), the hukou system is sometimes likened to a form of caste system.[7][8][9] It has been the source of much inequality over the decades since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, as urban residents received benefits that ranged from retirement pension to education to health care, while rural citizens were often left to fend for themselves. In recent years, the central government has begun to reform the system in response to protests and a changing economic system, but experts speculate as to whether or not these changes have been of substance.[10][11] Contents - 1 Nomenclature - 2 History - 3 Household registration in mainland China - 3.1 Rationale and function - 3.2 Evolution - 3.3 Effect on rural population - 3.4 Reform - 3.5 Hukou conversion today - 4 Special administrative regions of China - 5 Cross-Strait relations - 6 See also - 7 References - 8 Further reading - 9 External links Nomenclature[edit] The formal name for the system is "huji". Within the huji system, a "hukou" is the registered residency status of a particular individual in this system. However, the term "hukou" is used colloquially to refer to the entire system, and it has been adopted by English-language audiences to refer to both the huji system and an individual's hukou. History[edit] According to the Examination of Hukou in Wenxian Tongkao published in 1317, there was a minister for population management during the Zhou Dynasty named Simin (Chinese: 司民), who was responsible for recording births, deaths, emigrations and immigrations. The Rites of Zhou notes that three copies of documents were kept in different places. The administrative divisions in Zhou Dynasty were a function of the distance to the state capital. The top division nearest the capital was named Dubi (Chinese: 都鄙), top division in more distant areas were named Xiang (Chinese: 鄉) and Sui (Chinese: 遂). Families were organized under the Baojia system.[12][13] Guan Zhong, Prime Minister of the Qi state 7th century BCE, imposed different taxation and conscription policies on different areas.[14] In addition, Guan Zhong also banned immigration, emigration, and separation of families without permission.[15] In the Book of Lord Shang, Shang Yang also described his policy restricting immigrations and emigrations.[16] Xiao He, the first Chancellor of the Han Dynasty, added the chapter of Hu (Chinese: 户律, "Households Code") as one of the nine basic law codes of Han (Chinese: 九章律), and established the hukou system as the basis of tax revenue and conscription. Household registration in mainland China[edit] The hukou system has origins in China that date back to ancient times, but the system in its current form came into being with the 1958 People’s Republic of China Hukou Registration Regulation.[17] Until very recently, each citizen was classified in an agricultural or non-agricultural hukou (commonly referred to as rural or urban) and further categorized by location of origin.[17] This two-fold organization structure was linked to social policy, and those residents who held non-agricultural (i.e. urban) hukou status received benefits not available to their rural counterparts.[18] Internal migration was also tightly controlled by the central government, and only in the past few decades have these restrictions been loosened. While this system has played a major role in China's fast economic growth, hukou has also promoted and aggravated social stratification and contributed significantly to the deprivation of many of China's rural workers.[17] In recent years, steps have been taken to alleviate the inequalities promulgated by the hukou system, with the most recent major reforms announced in March and July 2014, which included a provision that eliminated the division between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou status.[18] Rationale and function[edit] In its original legislation, the hukou system was justified as created to “...maintain social order, protect the rights and interests of citizens and to be of service to the establishment of socialism.”[17] The central government asserted that because rural areas had greater capacity to absorb and use excess labor, the majority of the population should be concentrated in these regions.[17] Furthermore, free movement of people was considered dangerous, as it would lead to overpopulation of cities and could threaten agricultural production.[17] Under the hukou system, the rural population was structured to serve as support for urban industrialization, both in agricultural production[17] and workers for state owned businesses.[19] In reality, the hukou system served other motives as well. After establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party enacted policies based on the notions of stability and rapid modernization, and the hukou system was no exception.[20] Urban areas have historically been where authoritarian regimes are most vulnerable: to combat this, the central government gave preferential treatment to city residents, hoping to prevent uprisings against the state, particularly in the early years when it was especially susceptible to rebellion.[20] The structure of the hukou system also bolstered the power of the central government over its urban citizens: by making city residents dependent upon the government for all aspects of daily life, the central government could force obedience from problematic individuals.[17] The central government's efforts to contain migration has been a major factor in the rapid development of the Chinese economy. Their tight check on migration into urban areas has helped prevent the emergence of a number of problems faced by many other developing countries.[21] For example, the appearance of slums outside of urban areas due to a massive influx of individuals searching for work has not been an issue, nor have poor health conditions due to high population density.[21] And regardless of its other imperfections, the hukou system's ability to maintain stability has contributed to China's economic rise.[20] Evolution[edit] Pre-1949: Origins of the Hukou System[edit] The legacy of the Chinese hukou system may be traced back to the pre-dynastic era, as early as the 21st century BC.[17] In its early forms, the household registration system was used primarily for the purposes of taxation and conscription, as well as regulating migration.[17] Two early models of the hukou system were the xiangsui and baojia systems. The xiangsui system, established under the Western Zhou Dynasty (circa 11th-8th centuries BC) was used as a method of organizing and categorizing urban and rural land.[17] The function of the baojia system, propagated by Lord Shang Yang of the 4th century BC, was to create a system of accountability within groups of citizens: if one person within the group violated the strict rules in place, everyone in the group suffered.[17] This structure was later utilized and expanded upon during the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BCE)[22] for the purposes of taxation, population control, and conscription.[17] The first formal codification of the hukou system arose at the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)[23] with the 1911 Huji Law.[17] Although movement was nominally free under this statute, registration of individuals with the government was required, and it was used by the government to pursue communist forces and as a basis for taxation for the funding of wars.[17] The law also expanded upon the baojia system, and was intended to establish a sense of stability.[17] In the period following the fall of the Qing Dynasty, China was ruled by various actors, each of which employed some system of household or personal identification.[20] During the Japanese occupation, the Japanese employed a system used to identify those under their rule and to fund their war effort.[20] Similarly, the Kuomintang utilized the system to monitor the activities of their opponents, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Chinese Communist Party in turn used a system called lianbao, which bundled families into groups of five to aid tracking and impede counterrevolutionaries.[20] 1949-1978: Maoist Era[edit] At the time of its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China was a highly agricultural nation. About 89% of its citizens lived in rural areas – about 484 million resided in the countryside, versus about 58 million in the city.[24] However, as efforts to industrialize increased, more and more rural residents flocked to the cities in search of better economic opportunities: between 1957 and 1960, there was a 90.9% increase in the urban labor force.[24] A major objective of the hukou system implemented by the central government was thus to control the stream of resources moving away from the agricultural sector.[17] The instability and high rates of movement that characterized the years following the establishment of the nation impeded the central government's plan for society and the economy.[17] Although the hukou system in its current form was not officially brought into being until 1958, the years preceding its establishment were characterized by growing efforts by the Chinese Communist Party to assert control over its populace.[17] In 1950, the Minister of Public Security, Luo Reiqing, published a statement detailing his vision for the implementation of the hukou system in the new era.[17] By 1954, rural and urban citizens had been registered with the state, and rigorous regulations on the conversion of hukou status had already been implemented.[17] These required that applicants have paperwork that documented employment, acceptance to a university, or immediate family relations in the city to be eligible.[17] In March of the same year, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Labor issued the Joint Directive to Control Blind Influx of Peasants into Cities, which proclaimed that henceforth, all employment of rural workers in city firms would be controlled entirely by local labor bureaus.[20] On 9 January 1958, the People's Republic of China Hukou Registration Regulation was signed into law.[17] This divided the populace into nongmin, with an agricultural hukou, and shimin, with a non-agricultural hukou, and grouped all citizens by locality.[17] The key difference, however, lay in the distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou status.[17] Because the central government prioritized industrialization, state welfare programs, which were tied to hukou status, heavily favored urban residents; holders of agricultural hukous were unable to access these benefits and were saddled with inferior welfare policies.[17] Furthermore, transfer of hukou status was highly restricted, with official quotas at 0.15-0.2% per year and actual conversion rates at about 1.5%.[18] In the following years, government oversight over the movement of people was expanded. In 1964, greater limits were imposed on migration to big cities, particularly major ones like Beijing and Shanghai, and in 1977 these regulations were furthered.[17] Throughout this era, the hukou system was used as an instrument of the command economy, helping the central government implement its plan for industrializing the nation.[17] 1978-Present: Post-Mao[edit] From the establishment of the People's Republic of China until Chairman Mao’s death in 1976, the central government tightened its control over migration, and by 1978, intranational movement was controlled entirely by the government.[17] Because living “outside the system” was virtually impossible, nearly all movement of people was state-sponsored.[17] However, with Deng Xiaoping's rise to power in 1978 came the initiation of reforms that steadily began to alleviate some of the disparity between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou holders.[20] Restrictions have been loosened on movement from rural areas to smaller cities, although migration to large cities such as Beijing and Tianjin are still heavily regulated.[18] Greater autonomy has also been ceded to local governments in deciding quotas and eligibility criteria for converting hukou status.[18] Legislation has been enacted that allow migrant workers to obtain temporary residency permits, although these permits do not allow them access to the same benefits as possessed by urban residents.[17] However, with living outside the system now much more practical than it used to be, a number of migrant workers don't acquire the temporary residency permits – primarily because they don't have the resources or concrete employment offers to do so – and as such live in danger of being forced to return to the countryside.[17] And in 2014, the central government announced reform that among other things eliminated the division between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou status.[18] Effect on rural population[edit] Under the hukou system implemented by the central government in 1958, while holders of the non-agricultural hukou status were given ration cards for everyday necessities, including food and textiles, rural residents were forced to produce everything themselves.[17] Whereas the state provided housing in the city, individuals had to construct their own homes.[17] The state invested in education, arranged employment, and provided retirement benefits for city residents, and provided none of these services for their rural citizens.[17] These disparities have left the rural populace highly disadvantaged, and tragedies such as the famine of the Great Leap Forward primarily ravaged rural Chinese citizens.[20] During the Great Leap Forward's famine[edit] During the mass famine of the Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1962, having an urban versus a rural hukou could mean the difference between life and death.[25] During this period, nearly all of the approximately 600 million rural hukou residents were collectivized into village communal farms, where their agricultural output - after state taxes - would be their only source of food. With institutionalized exaggeration of output figures by local Communist leaders and massive declines in production, state taxes during those years confiscated nearly all food in many rural communes, leading to mass starvation and the deaths of more than 30 million Chinese.[26] The 100 million urban hukou residents, however, were fed by fixed food rations established by the central government, which declined to an average of 1500 calories per day at times but still allowed survival for almost all during the famine. An estimated 95% or higher of all deaths occurred among rural hukou holders. With the suppression of news internally, many city residents were not aware that mass deaths were occurring in the countryside at all, which was essential to preventing organized opposition to Mao's policies.[27] Post-1978[edit] During China's transition from state socialism to market socialism (1978-2001), migrants, most of whom were women, worked in newly created export-processing zones in city suburbs under sub-standard working conditions.[28][29] There were restrictions upon the mobility of migrant workers that forced them to live precarious lives in company dormitories or shanty towns where they were exposed to abusive treatment.[30] The impact of the hukou system upon migrant labourers became onerous in the 1980s after hundreds of millions were ejected from state corporations and cooperatives.[28] Since the 1980s, an estimated 200 million Chinese live outside their officially registered areas and under far less eligibility to education and government services, living therefore in a condition similar in many ways to that of illegal immigrants[19] or to black people living in "white" regions under Apartheid. The millions of peasants who have left their land remain trapped at the margins of the urban society. They are often blamed for rising crime and unemployment and under pressure from their citizens, the city governments have imposed discriminatory rules.[31] For example, the children of farm workers (Chinese: 农民工; pinyin: nóngmín gōng) are not allowed to enroll in the city schools, and even now must live with their grandparents or other relatives to attend school in their hometowns. They are commonly referred to as the home-staying children. There are around 130 million such home-staying children, living without their parents, as reported by Chinese researchers.[32] As rural workers provide their workforce in the urban areas, which also profit from the respective taxes, while their families use public services in the rural areas (e.g. schools for their children, health care for the elderly), the system leads to a wealth transfer to the wealthier urban regions from the poorer regions on the public sector level. Intra-family payments from the working-age members to their relatives in the rural areas counteract that to some extent. Challenges faced by migrant workers in the market[edit] With the loosening of restrictions on migration in the 1980s came a large influx of rural residents seeking better opportunities in the cities.[33] However, these migrant workers have had to confront a number of challenges in their pursuit of financial security. Urban residents received priority over migrants when it came to employment opportunities, and when migrant workers did find jobs, they tend to be positions with little potential for growth.[34] While urban workers were supported by employment benefits and laws that favored them over their employers in case of disputes, rural hukou holders were not privy to such substantial protections.[33] And because city officials’ performance was evaluated based on the prosperity of local residents and the local economy, they had little incentive to improve the quality of life of migrant workers.[33] In 2008, the central government passed the Labor Contract Law, which guaranteed equal access to jobs, established a minimum wage, and required employers to provide contracts to full-time employees that included employment benefits.[33] However, a 2010 study revealed that rural workers earned 40% less than urban workers, and only 16% receive employment benefits.[33] Migrant workers’ labor rights are also frequently violated – they work excessively long hours in poor conditions, and face physical and psychological harassment.[35] Migrant workers are also disproportionately affected by wage arrears, which occurs when employers either fail to pay employees on time or in full.[35] Although such incidences are technically illegal and punishable by seven years’ jail time, wage arrears still occur, and labor contracts and pensions may be disregarded.[35] In a study conducted at the end of the 1990s, 46% of migrant workers were missing three or more months of pay, and some workers hadn't been paid in a decade.[35] Fortunately, over the past couple of decades the prevalence of wage arrears have decreased, and in a study conducted from 2006-2009, it was found that 8% of migrant workers had experienced wage arrears.[35] Children of migrant workers[edit] Following Mao's death in 1976 came economic reforms that caused a surge in demand in the labor market.[36] Rural residents rushed to fill this void, but without the support of hukou status-based government social programs, many of them were forced to leave their families behind.[36] Economic growth throughout the years has maintained a high demand for labor in the cities that continues to be filled by migrant workers, and in 2000, the Fifth National Population Census revealed that 22.9 million children between the ages of 0-14 were living without either one or both of their parents.[36] In 2010, that number had gone up to 61 million, equal to 37.7% of rural children and 21.88% of all Chinese children.[37] These children are usually cared for by their remaining parent and/or their grandparents, and although there is a 96% school enrollment rate among left behind children, they are susceptible to a number of developmental challenges.[36] Left behind children are more likely to resist authority and experience problems interacting with their peers;[36] they are more likely to exhibit unhealthy behaviors such as foregoing breakfast and smoking, and have an increased likelihood of developing mental health issues, including loneliness and depression.[37] And although left behind children may have greater academic opportunities due to their parents’ expanded financial capacity, they are also often under greater pressure to perform academically and thus are more vulnerable to school-related stress.[36] Children of rural workers who do migrate with their parents also face challenges. Without a local, non-agricultural hukou, migrant children have limited access to public social infrastructure. For example, urban students’ educational opportunities are far superior to that of their migrant student counterparts.[38] The central government reformed the education system in 1986 and then again in 1993, yielding greater autonomy to local governments in the regulation of their education system.[38] Limited space and the desire to protect local interests in turn induced local governments to avoid enrolling migrant children in their public schools.[38] Furthermore, because the central government subsidized public schools based on enrollment rates of children with local hukous, migrant children were required to pay higher fees if they wanted to attend.[38] Consequentially, many migrant families elect instead to send their children to private schools that specifically cater to migrants.[38] However, to lower enrollment and attendance fees, these institutions must cut spending in other areas, resulting in a lower quality of education.[38] School facilities are often in poor condition, and many teachers are unqualified.[38] In subsequent years, the central government has enacted a number of reforms, with limited impact. In 2001, it asserted that public schools should be the primary form of education for the nation's children, but didn't specify how it would financially support schools in enrolling more migrant children, resulting in little change.[38] Similarly, in 2003, the government called for lower fees for migrant children, but again failed to detail how it would help schools pay for this.[38] And in 2006, the government created the New Compulsory Education Act with asserted equal rights to education and ceded responsibility for enrolling migrant children to provincial governments.[38] However, this too failed to improve the lot of migrant children. Students with non-local hukou had to pay inflated admission fees of 3,000 – 5,000 yuan – out of an average annual household income of 10,000 yuan – and are required to take The National College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) at their hukou locality, where it is often harder to get into college.[38] Since 2012, some regions began to relax the requirements and allow some children of migrants to take College Entrance Exam in the regions. By 2016 Guangdong's policies are the most relaxed. A child of migrants can take Entrance Exam in Guangdong if he or she has attended 3 years of highschool in the province, and if the parent(s) have legal jobs and have paid for 3 years of social insurance in the province. [39] The difficulties faced by migrant children cause many to drop out, and this is particularly common in the middle school years: in 2010, only 30% of migrant children were enrolled in secondary education.[38] Migrant children also disproportionately deal with mental health issues – 36% versus 22% among their local hukou counterparts – and 70% experience academic anxiety.[38] They frequently face stigmatization and discrimination based off differences in how they dress and speak, and have difficulty interacting with other students.[38] Impact on rural elderly[edit] Not only has the mass exodus of rural residents from the countryside in search of work impacted the children of migrant workers, it has also affected the elderly left behind. With the institution of the one-child policy in the 1970s,[40] the average age in China has undergone an upward shift: 82% of migrant workers were between the ages of 15-44 in 2000.[41] This has called into question the traditional custom of filial piety, and while retired urban workers are supported by government retirement programs, rural workers must rely on themselves and their families.[41] It appears that the effects of migration on left behind elderly is ambiguous: while parents of migrant children are often better off financially and are happy with their economic situation, they also tend to report lower life satisfaction than do elderly without migrant children.[41] Like the children of migrant workers, parents are known to experience psychological issues such as depression and loneliness,[41] and those who take care of their grandchildren may feel burdened by this responsibility.[36] Reform[edit] Over the past few decades since the economic reform in 1978, the state of the People's Republic of China has taken steps toward reforming the hukou system by implementing a variety of reform policies. 1979-1991 can be identified as the first reform period.[42] Specifically, in October 1984, the state issued a document called “A Document on the Issue of Peasants Settling Down in Cities,” which required local governments to integrate rural migrants as part of their urban population and to enable rural migrants to register in their migrant cities.[42] In 1985, the state also implemented a policy called “Interim Provisions on the Management of Transient Population in Cities,” which allowed rural migrants to stay in their migrant cities even if they had neither changed their hukou status nor returned to their original rural residency.[42] In the same year, the state also published a document called “The Regulations on Resident Identity Card,” which enabled rural migrants to work in cities even if they did not carry an identity card of urban status.[42] However, what followed these policies was not only a 30 million rural-to-urban migration, but also a phenomenon in which many false urban identity cards were sold to rural migrants for gaining urban benefits.[42] It hence stimulated the state to implement another policy, “A Notice on Strictly Controlling Excessive Growth of ‘Urbanization,’” in 1989 for regulating rural-to-urban migration.[42] Under this policy, rural migrants were monitored again. 1992-2013 can be identified as the second hukou reform period.[43] There were various kinds of reform implemented by the state. Beginning in the late 1980s, one was to offer a “lan yin,” or “blue stamp,” hukou to those who possessed professional skills and/or ability to make some sort of investments (at least 100 million Renminbi yuan) in specific cities (usually the big cities such as Shanghai), allowing them to live in cities and enjoy urban welfare entitlements.[43][44] This “blue stamp hukou” was then been conducted by many other big cities (including Nanjing, Tianjin, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen) in 1999.[43] The second kind was not applied to big cities but to certain selected towns and small cities. In 1997, the state implemented a policy that granted urban hukou to the rural migrants who had a stable job in their newly resided towns and small cities.[44] Meanwhile, according to two 1997 government documents, the “Pilot Scheme for Reform of the Hukou System in Small Towns” and “Instructions on Improving the Management of Rural Hukou System,” rural migrant workers could register as permanent residents with equal access to urban privileges in certain small towns.[43] These policies were then made official in 2012 with the state document “Notice on Actively Yet Prudently Pushing Forward the Reform of Hukou System Management."[43] Moreover, in 1999, the state also allowed more groups of people to gain urban hukou, including children whose parent(s) had urban hukou, and the elderly whose child(ren) had been granted urban hukou.[44] The third kind was applied to the special economic zones and districts that were established particularly for economic growth (such as Shenzhen). Specifically, in 1992, the state allowed all people living in the special economic zones and districts to carry two hukous: Their original hukou and another hukou related to their job in the special zones and districts.[43] This policy hence made it easier for rural migrants to gain access to different urban opportunities in the special zones and districts.[43] However, in 2003, state published the “Administrative Permit Laws,” which sent rural migrants back to their original residency in rural areas.[43] Under this policy, rural migrants’ life chances were once again determined by their hukou status. The third reform period began in 2014, in which the state published and implemented the “National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)” in March to tackle various problems derived from China's fast urbanization process.[45] For instance, the plan aims to shorten the 17.3% gap between urban residents who live in cities but do not carry urban hukou and urban residents with urban hukou in 2012 by 2% by 2020.[45] Meanwhile, the plan also intends to offer welfare entitlements to people who have rural hukou (from rural migrants to urban residents who carry rural hukou), including education, welfare housing, and health care to at least 90% (about 100 million) of migrants by 2020.[45][46][47] In fact, with this plan, the state has been putting effort into achieving their goals. For instance, the state has granted many left-behind children the right to attend urban schools so that they can reunite with their rural migrant parents; it has also offered many rural migrants job training.[48] Moreover, in July of the same year, the government also published “Opinions on Further Promoting the Reform of the Hukou System" to abolish the hukou restrictions in towns and small cities, to gradually remove the restrictions middle-sized cities, to relax the restrictions in big cities---but to maintain the restrictions in the very large cities.[47] As a result, according to an announcement of the Ministry of Public Security, by 2016, the state has already issued urban hukou to about 28.9 million rural migrants.[46] Furthermore, in 2016, the local government of Beijing announced that they would abolish the official distinction between urban hukou and non-urban hukou within Beijing, meaning that all residents living in Beijing would be identified as Beijing residents regardless of their original hukou status.[49] Having said that, in November 2017, the government of Beijing implemented a “clean-up” campaign that intended to send millions of rural migrants back to their original rural areas.[50] Although this campaign was claimed by the local government as a way of getting rid of the unsafe structures in Beijing, where many rural migrants (at least 8.2 million in total) living in, some considered it as a way of “cleaning up,” as it happened shortly after the fire of an unsafe building in Beijing.[50] The state's effort in improving the hukou system is not deniable; and it is also undeniable that those reforms alone cannot solve all problems arising from the hukou system. However, some questions are still worth mentioning; for instance, can the reforms mentioned above apply to the majority of rural-to-urban migrants? This question can be raised regarding the policies in all three reform periods mentioned above. Specifically, it seems obvious that many reform policies, especially those during the first and second periods, require rural migrants to possess some sorts of capital, either human capitals (such as professional skills and titles) or property capitals (such as the ability to become an urban homeowner) or both. Some scholars hence also call some reform policies as ways of "selling" hukou.[44] Meanwhile, many migrants have claimed that their lack of social networks (part of what is called “guan xi”)—which in some sense is also accumulated with wealth—also has made it harder for them to find a stable job, let alone a lucrative job.[46] Hence, if wealth is a precondition to change from rural hukou to urban hukou, many rural migrants indeed are unable to gain that access, as many are “unskilled” (because many's skills, such as farming, are not categorized as professional skills) and poor. However, in some large cities, even if a rural migrant does carry certain professional skills, it is not a guarantee that one will be granted with urban hukou. This situation is particularly revealed from many highly educated migrants. Despite of their education background, many would not be granted with urban hukou unless they become a homeowner.[51] However, given the high price of real estate in many large cities (such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou), many are unable to do so even if some cities do offer housing subsidies to migrants.[46] Given their lack of urban hukou, many not only face the difficulty of purchasing an apartment—let alone purchasing a house—but also the disadvantage of being a renter. Because of the lack of rent control in many large cities, even if one rents a room—or rarely, an apartment—one can face the possibility of being asked to leave.[51] Many those educated migrant youths hence are also called “yi zu,” or literally “a group of ants,” as many do not have their own room and have to live in a tiny room with many others.[52] It hence is worth asking the question whether or not the hukou system has been sufficiently improved to a more people-centered system. In fact, many large cities are still strict about granting rural migrants with urban hukou and about using the hukou system to determine whether or not one should be granted with welfare entitlements. Even if the “National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)” and the “Opinions on Further Promoting the Reform of the Hukou System” implemented in the third reform period intend to create a more people-centered system, they claim that larger cities should have different hukou registration systems from the smaller cities and towns; and that the hukou regulation will continue to be stricter in larger cities.[45] However, the very large cities (such as Beijing) are usually the ones that attract rural migrants the most, given their extensive job opportunities. In this case, although the state has actively implemented many reform policies, the hukou rural/urban division still functions and represents a division system of life chances. Some scholars hence have argued that the hukou reforms indeed have not fundamentally changed the hukou system but have only decentralized the powers of hukou to local governments; and it still remains active and continues to contribute to China's rural and urban disparity.[53] Meanwhile, others have also argued that by concentrating on cities, the hukou reforms have failed to target the poorer regions, where social welfares such as education and medical care are often not offered to the residents.[54] Still, others seem excited, remarking that some cities have been offering a condition that encourages more migrant parents to bring their children along.[55] In short, the majority of rural migrants thus are still largely overlooked due to their lack to urban hukou, which is often seen as starting point for gaining access to life well-beings.[56] Hukou conversion today[edit] The Floating Population Dynamic Monitoring Surveys, which have been conducted every year since 2010 by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, have reported that a significant number of migrant workers are in fact not interested in converting their hukou status.[57] While hukou policy reform has been gradual over the years, barriers to conversion have been lowered.[57] However, many rural residents are hesitant to give up their agricultural hukou status.[57] As rural hukou holders, they have property rights not afforded to their urban counterparts, which allow them to use land both for agricultural production and for personal use.[57] And with the steady expansion of cities, property values of land near cities have significantly increased.[57] Owners of these tracts of land may elect to give up agriculture in favor of renting out their homes to migrant workers.[57] Furthermore, with the continued process of urbanization, land owners near cities can expect the central government to buy their land for a handsome sum sometime in the future.[57] These benefits combined with the overall improvement in rural social welfare relative to that in cities have caused many rural residents to hesitate in converting their hukou status.[57] Special administrative regions of China[edit] Hukou is not employed in the Special administrative regions of China, e.g. Hong Kong and Macau, though identification cards are mandatory for residents there.[58] Instead, both SARs grant right of abode to certain persons who are allowed to reside permanently in the regions. When a person with a household registration in mainland China is settling in the Hong Kong or the Macau by means of a one-way permit, they must relinquish their household registration, therefore losing citizen rights in mainland China. However, they can settle in the SAR for seven years to be eligible for permanent resident status (which is associated with citizen rights) in the SAR. Therefore, in the period before they get permanent resident status, though still a Chinese citizen, they can't exercise citizen rights anywhere (like voting in elections, getting a passport) and are considered second-class citizens. Cross-Strait relations[edit] Because both People's Republic of China and Republic of China governments claim the territories under the other's control as part of their respective nation, therefore, legally, both treat the people on the other side's territory as their national. However, citizenship rights are only available to the people under their own control respectively - this is legally defined by law as holding household registration in Taiwan Area (in the Republic of China) / Mainland Area (in the People's Republic of China). The Republic of China considers overseas ethnic Chinese as its nationals, and issues Republic of China passports to them. However, this does not grant them the right of abode or any other citizen rights in Taiwan; they require the existence of household registration in Taiwan. Those without household registration are subject to immigration control in Taiwan, but after they settle in Taiwan they can establish a household registration there to become a full citizen. See also[edit] References[edit] Citations[edit] - Liu, Laura Blythe (2016). Teacher Educator International Professional Development as Ren. Springer. p. 37. ISBN 978-3662516485. - Miller, Tom (2012). China's Urban Billion: The Story behind the Biggest Migration in Human History. ISBN 978-1780321417. - Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know?. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0190239039. - Koh, Eunkang (2008). "Gender issues and Confucian scriptures: Is Confucianism incompatible with gender equality in South Korea?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 71 (2): 345–362. doi:10.1017/s0041977x08000578. JSTOR 40378774. - Liu, Li; Kuang, Lei (2012). Denson, Tom (ed.). "Discrimination against Rural-to-Urban Migrants: The Role of the Hukou System in China". PLOS ONE. PLOS (published 5 November 2012). 7 (11): e46932. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...746932K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046932. PMC 3489849. PMID 23144794. - Guo, Zhonghua; Guo, Sujian (2015). Theorizing Chinese Citizenship. Lexington Books (published 15 October 2015). p. 104. ISBN 978-1498516693. - "Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance", by Elizabeth J. Perry, Mark Selden, page 90 - "China's New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society", p. 86, by Daniel A. Bell - "Trust and Distrust: Sociocultural Perspectives", p. 63, by Ivana Marková, Alex Gillespie - Lu, Rachel (31 July 2014). "China Is Ending Its 'Apartheid.' Here's Why No One Is Happy About It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 August 2018. - Sheehan, Spencer (22 February 2017). "China's Hukou Reforms and the Urbanization Challenge". The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 August 2018. - Jason Young. China's Hukou System: Markets, Migrants and Institutional Change. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 30. - Fan Zhang. China's Urbanization and the World Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 29. - Guanzi:国门内外，都鄙井田，山泽川隰 - Guanzi:禁迁徙、止流民、圉分异 - Guanzi: 禁迁徙、止流民、圉分异 chapter 2:使民无得擅徙 - 1976-, Young, Jason (3 June 2013). "2". China's hukou system : markets, migrants and institutional change. Basingstoke. ISBN 9781137277305. OCLC 847140377. - Chan, K. W. (2015). Five Decades of the Chinese Hukou System. In Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing (pp. 23-47). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. - Luard, Tim. "China rethinks peasant 'apartheid'", BBC News, 10 November 2005. - L., Wallace, Jeremy (2014). Cities and stability : urbanization, redistribution, & regime survival in China. New York. ISBN 9780199378982. OCLC 871534491. - Wang, Xin-Rui; Hui, Eddie Chi-Man; Choguill, Charles; Jia, Sheng-Hua (2015). "The new urbanization policy in China: Which way forward?". Habitat Internatioinal. 47: 279–284. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.02.001. - "Qin dynasty \| China [221-207 BC]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 November 2017. - "Qing dynasty \| Chinese history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 November 2017. - Duan, C., Gao, S., & Zhu, Y. (n.d.). The Phenomenon of Internal Migration in China. In Chinese Migration and Families-at-Risk (pp. 14-36). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. - Becker, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. New York: Holt, 1998. 220-232. - Becker, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. New York: Holt, 1998. 270. - Becker, Jasper. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. New York: Holt, 1998. 220. - "Chinese apartheid: Migrant labourers, numbering in hundreds of millions, who have been ejected from state concerns and co-operatives since the 1980s as China instituted market capitalism, have to have six passes before they are allowed to work in provinces other than their own. In many cities, private schools for migrant labourers are routinely closed down to discourage migration." "From politics to health policies: why they're in trouble", The Star, 6 February 2007. - Whitehouse, David. "Chinese workers and peasants in three phases of accumulation" Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Paper delivered at the Colloquium on Economy, Society and Nature, sponsored by the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2 March 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2007. - Chan, Anita. China's Workers Under Assault: The Exploitation of Labor in a Globalizing Economy, M.E. Sharpe, 2001, p. 9. - Macleod, Calum. "China reviews `apartheid' for 900m peasants", The Independent, 10 June 2001. - "从1000万到1.3亿:农村留守儿童到底有多少", http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD2005-QLTS200502000.htm - Maurer-Fazio, M., Connelly, R., & Tran, N. T. (2015). Negative native-place stereotypes and discriminatory wage penalties in China's migrant labour markets. In Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing (pp. 71-104). No, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. - Li, C. (2013). Institutional and non-institutional paths: Migrants and non-migrants' different processes of socioeconomic status attainment in China. In China's Internal and International Migration (pp. 29-39). New York, New York: Routledge. - Cheng, Z., Nielsen, I., & Smyth, R. (n.d.). Determinants of Wage Arrears and Implications for the Socioeconomic Wellbeing of China's Migrant Workers: Evidence from Guangdong Province. In Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing (pp. 105-125). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. - Chen, M., & Sun, X. (n.d.). Parenting and Grandparenting of Left-Behind Children in Rural China. In Chinese Migration and Families-at-Risk (pp. 37-51). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. - Gao, S., & Xue, J. (n.d.). Future Orientation and School Bonding among Left-Behind Children in Mainland China. In Chinese Migration and Families-at-Risk (pp. 78-104). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. - Sun, X., & Chen, M. (n.d.). Inequality in Educational Opportunities of Migrant Children in China. In Chinese Migration and Families-at-Risk (pp. 52-77). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. - Hornby, Lucy; Mao, Sabrina (30 December 2012). "Chinese cities to relax school entry for rural migrants". Beijing, China. Jin, Dan (7 June 2016). "Nearly 10,000 migrant students sit for gaokao in Guangdong". - "one-child policy \| Definition & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 October 2017. - Zhuo, Y., & Liang, Z. (n.d.). Migration and Wellbeing of the Elderly in Rural China. In Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing (pp. 126-147). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. - Cui, Rong; Cohen, Jeffrey H. (January 2015). "Reform and the Hukou System in China". Article History: Received: 327–335. - Cui, Rong; Cohen, Jeffrey H. (January 2015). "Reform and the Hukou System in China". Article History: Received: 327–335. - Fan, C. Cindy (2008). "Migration, Hukou and the City". In Yusuf, Shahid; Saich, Tony (eds.). China Urbanizes: Consequences, Strategies, and Policies. Washington: The World Bank. - Wang, Xiu-Rui; Hui, Eddie Chi-Man; Choguill, Charles; Jia, Sheng-Hua. "The New Urbanization Policy in China: Which Way Forwarddoi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.02.001". Habitat International: 279–284. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.02.001. - Sheehan, Spencer (22 February 2017). "China's Hukou Reforms and the Urbanization Challenge". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 April 2018. - Chan, Kam Wing (2014). "Achieving Comprehensive Hukou Reform in China". Paulson Policy Memorandum. - Cui, Rong; Cohen, Jeffrey H. (January 2015). "Reform and the Hukou System in China". Article History: Received: 327–335. - 白, 墨 (20 September 2016). "观察：户籍改革里程碑北京取消农业户口". BBC. Retrieved 26 April 2018. - Pabon, John (4 December 2017). "Beijing's Heavy-Handed Solution to Urbanization". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 April 2018. - Suda, Kimoko (2016). "A Room of One's Own: Highly Educated Migrants' Strategies for Creating a Home in Guangzhou". Population, Space and Place. 22 (2): 146–157. doi:10.1002/psp.1898. - "蚁族：在现实中找出路". 凤凰财经. Retrieved 26 April 2018. - Chan, Kam Wing; Buckingham, Will (2008). "Is China Abolishing the Hukou System?". The China Quarterly. - Li, Bingqin. "China Going Nowhere on Hukou Reform". Asia Times. Retrieved 25 April 2018. - Fish, Eric. "How Hukou Reform is Changing the Makeup of Chinese Factory Towns". Asia Society. Retrieved 25 April 2018. - Chan, Kam Wing (2013). "China: Internal Migration". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. - Chan, Chuanbo; Fan, C. Cindy (October 2016). "China's Hukou Puzzle: Why Don't Rural Migrants Want Urban Hukou?". China Review. 16: 9–39. - "China Law Deskbook: A Legal Guide for Foreign-invested Enterprises, Volume 1", by James M. Zimmerman, p. 406, publisher = American Bar Association, year = 2010 Sources[edit] - Wang, Fei-Ling (2014). “The Hukou (Household Registration) System”. in Oxford Bibliography in Chinese Studies. Ed. Tim Wright. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. - Wang, Fei-Ling (2010). "Renovating the Great Floodgate: The Reform of China's Hukou System", in Martin King Whyte ed., One Country, Two Societies: Rural-Urban Inequality in Contemporary China, Harvard University Press, pp. 335–364. - Wang, Fei-Ling (2005), Organization through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. - Wong DFK, Chang, YL, He XS (2007). "Rural migrant workers in urban China: living a marginalised life". International Journal of Social Welfare. 16: 32–40. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Further reading[edit] - Chan, Kam Wing (University of Washington) "The Chinese Hukou System at 50" (Archive). Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2009, 50, No. 2, pp. 197–221. DOI: 10.2747/1539-7188.8.131.52. - Joseph, Nancy. "Despite China's Modernization, The Hukou System Remains." University of Washington. February 2010. - Armstrong, Doree. "UW geographer devises a way for China to resolve its ‘immigration’ dilemma." University of Washington. 14 August 2013. [edit] - [1] Bibliography of hukou studies, Oxford University Press, 2015. - Visa Reciprocity and Country Documents Finder - Taiwan from the United States Department of State - SOUTH KOREA: Male-Oriented Family Registry System to Change in 2008 from United Nations Public Administration Network - Hukou system in China from WangJianshuo.com - Recent Chinese Hukou Reforms from Congressional-Executive Commission on China - Getting Your Employees a Hukou – An Unavoidable HR Issue in China, a 4 May 2011 article from china-briefing.com	eng	<urn:uuid:abb26608-f1f4-4000-bca1-f692ae2f0f63>	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukou_system	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Lansdale Catholic High School This article needs additional citations for . () () \| Lansdale Catholic High School \| \| ---\|---\| Address \| \| 700 Lansdale Avenue , , 19446 United States \| \| Coordinates \| Coordinates: \| Information \| \| Type \| Private, coeducational \| Motto \| Fides Scientia (Faith, Knowledge) \| Religious affiliation(s) \| Roman Catholic \| Established \| 1949 \| Founder \| Monsignor Schade \| President \| James Casey \| Principal \| Rita McGovern \| Chaplain \| Fr. John Nordeman \| Grades \| 9-12 \| Enrollment \| 700 (2018) \| Average class size \| 30 \| Color(s) \| Green and gold \| Slogan \| A Learning Community Teaching Values for Life \| Athletics conference \| Philadelphia Catholic League \| Mascot \| The Crusader (vinny lee) \| Team name \| Crusaders \| Accreditation \| Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools [1] \| Publication \| The Catalyst (literary magazine) \| Newspaper \| The Crusader \| Yearbook \| Trail \| Tuition \| $7,300 \| Website \| www.lansdalecatholic.com \| Contents History[edit] The school opened in September 1949 as Little Flower Catholic High School, after its patron saint, Therese of Lisieux. The first year had only a freshman class in a very small building on the grounds of St. Stanislaus Church in Lansdale. That building is still functioning on the property of St. Stanislaus, and today is called Little Flower Hall. Each succeeding year, another class/year was added and in 1953, commencement exercises were held for the first graduating class of 33 students. Probably the main, if not the only, driving force to bring about the establishment of the school was Monsignor Joseph Schade, who was the Pastor of St. Stanislaus at that time. He was aided in his efforts by the willingness of the Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi of Philadelphia who initially staffed the school, with Sister Theresa Clare being the first principal (and one of the teachers). In September 1960, the present facility opened at 7th Street and Lansdale Avenue on a property that consisted of approximately 79 acres (32 ha) of land, and the first class graduated from there in 1961. Although the sports teams had long been referred to as Lansdale Catholic, it was with the opening of the new facility that the name of the school was "officially" changed to Lansdale Catholic High School. The school continued as a "parish" high school until the mid-1980s when control of the school was taken over by the Archdiocese. In 1988, there was the dedication of a major addition to the school. It was made possible primarily through the support of the Business Leaders Organized for Catholic Schools. In more recent years, other improvements were added including another on-site parking facility, baseball field, window replacements, air-conditioning in the gymnasium, reconditioning of the football and lacrosse fields. Over the Summer of 2012, the gymnasium was completely refurbished with new floors and bleachers. On January 28, 2008, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced that the school would move following the 2012 graduation pending funding. A new school, Lansdale Catholic Regional High School, in Hilltown Township, Bucks County, was to be built to replace the school in Lansdale. The name of the new school was voted by the students, parents and alumni. That project was cancelled because of financial reasons. Honors[edit] - 2016 and 2017 PIAA District XII Class AA Boys Volleyball Champions - 2017 PIAA District XII Class AA Boys Lacrosse Champions - 2010 ICLE (International Center for Leadership in Education) Model School[citation needed] - 2008 Girls' ice hockey champions[citation needed] - 2007 PIAA District 1 Class AA football champions[citation needed] - 2007 Pioneer Athletic Conference (PAC) football champions[citation needed] - 2004 Landale Catholic football team won the PIAA class AA state football championship.[2] - 2004 Lansdale Catholic's robotics team won the Regional Chairman’s Award[3] at the "FIRST Robotics Competition" held in Pittsburgh. - 1993 men's cross country team won the PIAA class AA state championship, the first state championship in school history[citation needed] - 1991 PIAA District I girls' basketball champions[citation needed] - 1990 PIAA District I Class AA soccer champions[citation needed] - 1987-1990 PAC-10 League cross country champions[citation needed] - 1981 Bicentennial League men's basketball champions - 1981 Bicentennial League men's track and field champions In the media[edit] - Jim Lynam started his coaching career coaching the boys' basketball team for the 1964 season.[4] - In 1973, Bishop Michael Joseph Bransfield was a member of the faculty. - In 1998, the Lansdale Catholic football team won an ESPN ESPY Awards for "Outrageous Play of the Year", with a "Cal-Stanford" play in a game against Upper Perkiomen.[5] - In 2005 and 2006, the Lansdale Catholic girls' ice hockey team won the championship title. They won second place in 2003, 2004 and 2007. They have reached the championship round since they were deemed a team.[citation needed] - In 2008, Lansdale Catholic left the Pioneer Athletic Conference, and joined the Philadelphia Catholic League. Notable alumni[edit] - Larry Glueck, Class of 1959[6] - professional American football player and coach - Tom Fazio, Class of 1962[7] - golf course designer - Peggy March, Class of 1966[8] - youngest female artist to have a number one single in the United States; she released "I Will Follow Him" in 1963, at the age of 15. (Born Margaret A. Battavio) - Timothy C. Senior, Class of 1977[9] - currently Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia, wrote LCHS alma mater Sources and references[edit] - MSA-CSS. "MSA-Commission on Secondary Schools". Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009. - "PIAA Class AA Football Past Champions". easternpafootball.com. Retrieved October 8, 2006. - "FIRST Awards". For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2006. - Sielski, Mike. "Lynam holds court again". Calkins Media, Inc. Retrieved November 9, 2006. - "The 2003 ESPY Awards". Retrieved November 19, 2008. - "Glueck clicked on the football field". Retrieved May 17, 2019. - "Tom Fazio Biography". Retrieved April 15, 2010. - "Peggy March (Official Website)". Retrieved November 17, 2006. - "Monsignor Timothy C. Senior Named Auxiliary Bishop of Philadelphia". Retrieved June 8, 2009.	eng	<urn:uuid:e31aea3f-afe3-4520-9b3a-af4f478ca268>	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdale_Catholic_High_School	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Shaena Lambert Born in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1959, she has lived in Toronto, New York City and the Okanagan. She currently lives in Vancouver, with her husband, political consultant Bob Penner. They have two children. Lambert's writing has appeared in many prominent periodicals and literary journals including Ploughshares, Zoetrope: All-Story, Toronto Life and The Walrus. Her stories have been chosen three times for Best Canadian Stories, published by Oberon Press, and been anthologized in The Journey Prize Anthology. Her first book, a collection of short stories titled The Falling Woman.[1] was published to widespread critical acclaim. The Hamilton Spectator wrote of The Falling Woman: "In Shaena Lambert we have a writer with the ability to layer experience so that one layer comments on another, a writer with Alice Munro's understanding of the human heart and Yann Martel's gift for inhabiting the minds of vastly different characters." The Falling Woman was a finalist for The Danuta Gleed Award and was chosen as a Globe and Mail best book for 2002.[2] Lambert's novel, Radiance, was published in 2007 by Random House Canada, and by Virago press in the U.K, again meeting with critical acclaim, and comparisons to Canadian writers Alice Munro and Carol Shields. Radiance tells the story of Hiroshima survivor named Keiko Kitigawa, who travels to the U.S. from Japan after the end of World War II, and the complex relationship she has with a Long Island housewife. Radiance was nominated for the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize in 2007; the Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize in 2008; and was a Globe and Mail Best Book.[3] Shaena Lambert's book of stories, Oh, My Darling, was published by HarperCollins Canada in 2013. References[edit] - Lambert, Shaena (2002). Radiance. Toronto, Ontario: Vintage Canada Edition. - German translation by Monika Schmalz: Die fallende Frau, Berliner Taschenbuch Verlag, 2003 - Lambert, Shaena (2007). Radiance. Toronto, Ontario: Vintage Canada Edition. [edit] This article about a Canadian writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. \|	eng	<urn:uuid:3725dbfe-c37b-42f3-8dff-b8ec885c72fe>	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaena_Lambert	CC-MAIN-2019-30
St Mary's Abbey, York Ruins of St Mary's Abbey Church \| \| Monastery information \| \| ---\|---\| Order \| Benedictine \| Established \| 1088 \| Disestablished \| 1539 \| Dedicated to \| St. Mary \| Diocese \| York \| People \| \| Founder(s) \| Stephen of Whitby, Alan Rufus, William II of England, William the Conqueror \| Site \| \| Location \| York, Yorkshire, England \| Coordinates \| Coordinates: \| Visible remains \| Hospitium, precinct walls, gatehouse, abbey church (ruins with part of the nave and crossing still standing), abbot's house (substantially altered); statues and other remains in the Yorkshire Museum. \| Public access \| yes (Museum Gardens) \| Contents History[edit] The original church on the site was founded in 1055 and dedicated to Saint Olaf II of Norway. After the Norman Conquest the church came into the possession of the Anglo-Breton magnate Alan Rufus who granted the lands to Abbot Stephen and a group of monks from Whitby. The abbey church was refounded in 1088[1][3] when the King, William Rufus, visited York in January or February of that year[4] and gave the monks additional lands. The following year he laid the foundation stone of the new Norman church and the site was rededicated to the Virgin Mary.[5][6] The foundation ceremony was attended by bishop Odo of Bayeux and Archbishop Thomas of Bayeux.[2] The monks moved to York from a site at Lastingham in Ryedale in the 1080s and are recorded there in Domesday.[2] Following a dispute and riot in 1132, a party of reform-minded monks left to establish the Cistercian monastery of Fountains Abbey.[7] In 1137 the abbey was badly damaged by a great fire.[5] The surviving ruins date from a rebuilding programme begun in 1271 and finished by 1294. Precinct[edit] The abbey occupied an extensive precinct site immediately outside the city walls, between Bootham and the River Ouse.[1][6] The original boundary included a ditch and a narrow strip of ground, but the walled circuit was constructed above this in the 1260s in the Abbacy of Simon de Warwick;[6] the walls were nearly three-quarters of a mile long. In 1318 the abbot received royal permission to raise the height of the wall and crenelate it; a stretch of this wall still runs along Bootham and Marygate to the River Ouse.[2] The gatehouse in Marygate and its lodge formed part of a range of buildings that linked to the older church of St Olave by a chapel dedicated to Mary. Though work on the chapel and gatehouse was under way 1314 and completed in 1320, the surviving structures are mostly of fifteenth-century origin.[2] Abbey Church[edit] The abbey church is aligned northeast-southwest, due to restrictions of the site.[2] The original Norman church had an apsidal liturgical east end, and its side aisles ended in apses, though they were square on the exterior. Rebuilding began in 1270, under the direction of Abbot Simon de Warwick,[6] and was swiftly completed during a single twenty-four year building campaign,[3] such was the financial strength of the abbey. The completed abbey church was 350 feet (110 m) in length, consisted of a nave with aisles, north and south trancepts with chapels in an eastern aisle, and a presbytery with aisles.[6] To the east of the cloister and on the line of the transepts were a vestibule leading to the chapter house, the scriptorium and library.[6] Beyond the church lay the kitchen, novices' building and infirmary.[6] The Abbey chronicle (which has not been fully translated from Latin) names the project officers as Simon de Warwick, a monk administrator and the master stonemason Master Simon,[3] all of whom were still alive upon the completion of the project in 1294.[3] The Abbot's House[edit] The abbot's house, built of brick in 1483, survives as the King's Manor because it became the seat of the Council of the North in 1539; the abbots of St Mary's and the abbey featured in the medieval and early modern ballads of Robin Hood, with the abbot usually as Robin Hood's nemesis.[citation needed] In August 1513 the Abbot supplied four chests for the use of Philip Tilney, treasurer of the English army before the Battle of Flodden. The Abbey seems to have become the accounting office for the army in the north, involving Thomas Magnus, Archdeacon of the East Riding, and two monks of the abbey, Richard Wode and Richard Rypon.[8] The Dissolution[edit] St Mary's, the largest and richest Benedictine establishment in the north of England and one of the largest landholders in Yorkshire, was worth over £2,000 a year, (equivalent to £1,320,000 in 2018),[9] when it was valued in 1539, during the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII; it was closed and subsequently substantially destroyed. On 26 November 1539 the Abbey surrendered £2,085 and 50 monks to the crown.[10] The Anonimalle Chronicle[edit] The Anonimalle Chronicle is an important chronicle whose scope extends from the legendary Brutus to 1381.[11] It was composed in Anglo-Norman[12] by an anonymous monk of St Mary's Abbey towards the end of the 14th century. It includes the most detailed surviving description of a medieval parliament and a well-informed account of the Peasants' Revolt; these are likely to have been written by eyewitnesses and later incorporated into the chronicle.[11] The body of the chronicle from Brutus to the year 1307 has been described as a variant of the prose Brut but there are considerable differences (e.g. the chronicler shows an interest in early ecclesiastical history which the Brut does not). From 1307 to 1333 it follows the main Brut tradition more closely though it demonstrates a marked London interest. After 1333 the chronicle is an individual account probably drawing on sources originating in London.[11] The manuscript was known to the 16th-century antiquaries Thynne and Stow; its title derives from Thynne's description of it. It afterwards passed through the hands of various owners until it was found in the possession of the Ingilby family of Ripley Castle in 1920. The section from 1333 to 1381 was edited by V. H. Galbraith and published in 1927. In 1982 it was acquired by the Brotherton Collection, at the University of Leeds.[11] Another partial edition appeared in 1991 in the form of an edition and translation of the chronicle from 1307 to 1334 by Wendy Childs and John Taylor.[13] Excavations in the Abbey precinct[edit] The Yorkshire Museum, built for the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, stands in part of the abbey cloister; parts of the east, south and west cloister walls were temporarily excavated in 1827–29 preparatory to digging the museum's foundations.[2] The relationship between the Museum and abbey is historically quite intimate as part of the richly carved chapter house vestibule (c. 1298–1307) survives incorporated into Tempest Anderson Hall lecture theatre (1911–12).[1][2] These walls and part of the warming house are retained in the Museum as part of the Medieval gallery display. Excavations of the chapter house were undertaken in 1912 by the honorary curator of Medieval archaeology, Walter Harvey-Brook [14] who, along with Edwin Ridsdale Tate designed and developed the Museum of Medieval Architecture on the site.[15] Further excavations in the abbey were undertaken in 1952–56 by the then Keeper of the Yorkshire Museum, George Willmot [16] who encountered the pre-Norman and Roman layers beneath the west wing of the nave. Excavations in 2014 and 2015 discovered an apse in the south transept, large parts of the wall foundations, and numerous residual small finds dating from the Roman to Modern periods. These investigations also encountered fragments of human remains, disturbed from burials somewhere on the site. One of the major conclusions of these excavations was the prevalence of in situ archaeological remains at a very shallow depth beneath the modern ground surface; in some cases as little as 7 cm underground.[17][18] Abbots of St. Mary's[edit] The abbots of St. Mary's were similar in prestige to the Archbishop of York, being entitled to wear a mitre and having a seat in Parliament (allowing them the style "My Lord Abbot").[10] In total there were 30 Abbots, including:[10] Abbot \| Dates of Abbacy \| Notes \| ---\|---\|---\| Stephen of Whitby \| 1088–1112 \| \| Richard \| 1112–1131 \| \| Gaufried \| 1131–1133 \| Seceded \| Severinus (or Savaricus) \| \|\| Clement \| 1161–1184 \| \| Robert de Harpham \| 1184–1189 \| \| Robery de Longo Campo \| 1189–1194 \| Deposed \| William de Roundel \| ? – 1239 \| \| Thomas de Warthill \| \|\| Simon de Warwick \| 1258–1296 \| Major rebuilding programme \| Benedict de Malton \| 1296–1303 \| \| John de Gilling \| 1303–1313 \| \| Alan de Wasse \| 1313–1331 \| \| Thomas de Malton \| 1331–1359 \| \| William de Mary's \| 1359–1382 \| \| William de Bradford \| 1382–1389 \| \| Thomas de Staynesgrave \| 1389–1398 \| \| Thomas de Pygott \| 1398–1405 \| \| Thomas de Spoffoth \| \|\| William Dalton \| ? – 1423 \| \| William Welly (or Wells) \| ? – 1436 \| Resigned \| Roger Kyrkby (or Kiby) \| \|\| John cottingham \| \|\| Thomas Bothe \| ? – 1485 \| \| William Sevyr \| Later Bishop of Durham 1502–1505 \| \| Robert Wanhope \| ? – 1507 \| \| Edmund Thornton \| \|\| Edmund Whalley \| \|\| William Thornton \| c.1530 – 1540 \| Abbot during the Dissolution of the Monasteries \| Burials[edit] Remains[edit] All that remains today are the north and west walls, plus a few other remnants: the half-timbered Pilgrims' Hospitium, the West Gate and the 14th-century timber-framed Abbot's House (now called the King's Manor). The walls include interval towers along the north and west stretches, St Mary's Tower at the northwest corner and a polygonal water tower by the river. Much stone was removed from the site in the 18th century, in 1705 for St. Olave's Church, between 1717–1720 for Beverley Minster, and in 1736 for the landing stage of Lendal Ferry.[6] The remains of the Abbey were described by Edwin Ridsdale Tate in a 1929 publication in which he asserted that: "Nowhere in England is there another spot so full of charm as York and where in York is there a more charming spot than the Gardens of the Philosophical Society, in which stand the beautiful fragments of that once powerful and noble monastery of St. Mary's. Here we must leave the venerable pile in the evening of its glory."[19] See also[edit] - History of York - Grade I listed churches in the East Riding of Yorkshire and the City of York - List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England - York City Walls - York Museum Gardens References[edit] - Historic England. "St. Mary's Abbey, York (56602)". PastScape. Retrieved 14 April 2014. - Dean, G. 2008. Medieval York. Stroud: History Press. p. 86 - Norton, C. "The St Mary's Abbey Precincts". University of York, Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past. Retrieved 14 April 2014. - Sharpe, R. "1088 – WILLIAM II AND THE REBELS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2014. - Page, William, ed. (1974). "Friaries: Friaries in York". A History of the County of York: Volume 3. British History Online. London: Victoria County History. pp. 283–296. Retrieved 2 November 2016. - Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). "The sites and remains of the religious houses". A History of the County of York: the City of York. British History Online. London: Victoria County History. pp. 357–365. Retrieved 2 November 2016. - Coppack, G. 1993. Fountains Abbey. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd / English Heritage. p. 17 - Mackie, J. (1951). The English Army at Flodden. Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, VIII. Edinburgh. pp. 57, 74, 81. - UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 27 January 2019. - Ridsdale Tate, E. 1929. The Charm of St. Mary's Abbey and the Architectural Museum, York. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society. pp. 6–12 - The Brotherton Collection, University of Leeds, its contents described with illustrations of fifty books and manuscripts. Leeds: University Library, 1986 ISBN 0-902454-07-2; pp. 4–5 - Childs, Wendy R.; Taylor, John, ed. and trans., The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334, from Brotherton Collection MS 29 (Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 147, 1991) ISBN 978-0902122598; Online Medieval Sources Bibliography - Childs, Wendy R.; Taylor, John, ed. and trans., The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334, from Brotherton Collection MS 29 (Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 147, 1991). ISBN 9780902122598 - 1913. Annual Report of the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for 1912. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society - Brook, W. H. 1921.‘Catalogue of the Museum of Medieval Architecture’, Vol. 1. preface [Unpublished catalogue held in the Yorkshire Museum] - Willmot, G. F. 1953. "Interim Report on the 1952 Excavation in St. Mary's Abbey", Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Annual Report for the year 1952. York: YPS. pp. 22–3 - Parker, Adam (2016). "Excavations in the South Transept of St. Mary's Abbey". FORUM: The Journal of the Council for British Archaeology, Yorkshire. 4: 71–76. - Parker, Adam. "Shallow Surprises: Excavations in York's St. Mary's Abbey". Medieval Archaeology. 60 (2): 377–382. - Ridsdale Tate, E. 1929. The Charm of St. Mary's Abbey and the Architectural Museum, York. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society, p. 16 [edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Mary's Abbey. \|	eng	<urn:uuid:98221fba-4bec-4441-ae24-f14f2245644a>	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Category:Umbria Jump to navigation Jump to search Articles and sub-regions of Umbria. Pages in category "Umbria" The following 24 pages are in this category, out of 24 total. Articles and sub-regions of Umbria. The following 24 pages are in this category, out of 24 total.	eng	<urn:uuid:a3a5d301-4e98-4b03-8f4b-82d0f02dd995>	https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Category:Umbria	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Understand[edit] Hurghada was once a fairly small and unimposing fishing village, next to the Red Sea. It has a number of superb beaches. Today, the resort of Hurghada is almost unrecognizable from its past life and has become a major destination in Egypt for budget tourists especially from Europe and Russia. It has more than 100 hotels, many of which line the shoreline, and numerous flights from and to smaller but cheap airports across Europe. Famous for its superb diving opportunities, Hurghada is especially appealing to those with little experience of scuba diving, who come to marvel at the underwater reefs and awesome marine life. Tourism is now a huge part of Hurghada and each year, many tourists choose to combine their holiday here with visits to other prominent locations along the Nile Valley, including the relatively nearby city of Luxor. Climate[edit] Hurghada \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| Climate chart (explanation) \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| - See also: Egypt#Climate The climate is very dry and rainfall is very rare. The weather is very hot in summer days and quite hot in summer nights. In winter the weather is generally warm by day but cool by night. Hurghada can be downright cold when the Shamal wind blows down from the northeast. Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| ---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| 22 °C (72 °F) \| 21 °C (70 °F) \| 21 °C (70 °F) \| 22 °C (72 °F) \| 24 °C (75 °F) \| 26 °C (79 °F) \| 27 °C (81 °F) \| 28 °C (82 °F) \| 27 °C (81 °F) \| 26 °C (79 °F) \| 25 °C (77 °F) \| 23 °C (73 °F) \| Orientation[edit] Miles and miles and miles of concrete, much of it abandoned developments, mar the shoreline. The oldest, most Egyptian part of the city is 1 Ad-Dahar to the north, with relatively limited tourist facilities. This is separated by a low dusty ridge from 2 Sigala 4 km south. Sigala is the main downtown strip, with western and traditional restaurants, hotels and general facilities, and has the most buzz about it. Several boat and dive operators run from the marina here. The main drag of Sheraton Road continues south along the coast for 4 km to the disused Sheraton Hotel, a circular 1970s concrete hulk. The road now enters the Village Resort strip, with another rash of hotels. The coral reefs around Hurghada are several miles offshore, unlike the Sinai resorts and Jordan where they hug the coast, so divers and snorkelers will need to take a boat trip to enjoy them. Arid islands dot the sea. The largest is Big Giftun, which has a beach club and (better still) a telecoms relay mast - so mobile reception is good out on the water, to the benefit of skippers and trippers. Modern developers have kind of given up on Hurghada, and have built glossy new resorts further away, notably El Gouna 20 km north, and Safaga 50 km south. These all use Hurghada airport as their entry point. Get in[edit] By plane[edit] Hurghada has frequent direct international flights from Europe including Russia and Istanbul, the Gulf states, and the Far East, e.g. Bangkok. Most of these travellers are on package tours of Egypt - but not all, as the operators also sell flight-only tickets, a cheap and convenient way to get in. Domestic flights link Hurghada frequently to Cairo, and daily to Alexandria, Luxor and Aswan, and Sharm el-Sheikh. These are a good way to travel as Hurghada is backed by an awful lot of desert, and road transport to other cities is lengthy, hot, dusty, bumpy and not entirely safe. The main domestic operator is Egyptair, but Nile Air and Al Masria compete on the Cairo route and keep fares low. The package operators (e.g. TUI) also fly domestic legs, but these are to move their own clients around Egypt and are not available to book point-to-point. - 1 Hurghada International Airport (HRG IATA). Egyptair flights use Terminal 2, everyone else uses Terminal 1. It's a decent airport until things go wrong - Egypt enjoys good flying weather, so the usual problem will be bad weather across Europe and long-delayed turnaround flights. The check-in hall will then become a surly scrummage of outbound passengers sitting on their luggage and the toilets overflowing. Package tourist arrivals will have their own bus awaiting, everyone else will need a taxi. The airport is about 8 km west of the resort strip and 10 km from downtown Sigala, but fares are high for this short distance. You could easily be paying LE200. Careem to Soma Bay is LE220 (Oct 2018). The regular fare towards the airport is much cheaper. Drivers pay LE35 to enter and wait within the airport: naturally they seek to recover this from both the inbound and the outbound traveller. Otherwise, just head to the highway, about 500 m out of the terminal, and catch a taxi there. There is also an LE50 toll on the highway south to Safaga (Oct 2018) that is included in dates. By bus[edit] Cairo – The trip usually takes approximately 7 hr depending on the operator. Known operators include the Super Jet (ph. 16108) and Go Bus (ph. 19567). There are a number of stations which include one behind Cairo railway station Ahmed Helmy. There are many price options starting from LE50 and rising to LE150, every hour you can find bus to Hurghada (avoid MCV Co). In Medan El Giza in northwestern Cairo often extremely crowded, or Almaza Station in the Heliopolis district in northeastern Cairo. Bus schedules often change, but if you go to the bus station without booking you'll find many options. (February 2012). The GoBus website allows you to purchase return tickets on all routes direct to your mobile phone as an e-ticket which is very convenient - you just need to set up an account to do this and foreign tourists are welcome on all services provided you are not travelling on restricted roads. Between Cairo, Luxor and Hurghada is perfectly fine. Alexandria – There are 2 buses from Alexandria to Hurghada. The first one, Upper Egypt Bus Co., leaves at 6:30PM from the new bus station, and costs LE90. It arrives at Hurghada about 4:30AM. It is not recommended because you'll find all the city in deep sleep and seems like ghost city. The second bus, Super Jet Co., leaves the new bus station at 8:30PM and costs LE95. It arrives in the morning so you can find public transport and the taxis. (February 2012) Qena and Luxor – About 4-5 hr by bus. Go Bus has two daily buses at 8:15AM and 3:30PM to and from Luxor from LE90. If you're looking at the GoBus site on a mobile device, you may not be able to find listings for Luxor—try a laptop or desktop view. Upper Egypt Bus Co. runs between Hurghada, Safagah, Luxor and Aswan. Aswan – There's one transport company to the Red Sea, Upper Egypt Bus Co. The buses are new, the ticket costs LE50 (maybe you pay extra LE5 as a foreigner). There are 2 buses: 3:30PM and 5:30PM. The trip takes 8 hours or more, which means you'll arrive in Hurghada after midnight. (February 2012) - 2 Go Bus Station (about 1 km north of High Jet). Many destinations—check their website. - 3 High Jet Bus Station (to/from Cairo). It covers travel to/from Cairo (6-7 hr). Reserving tickets is barely necessary, considering the frequency of the buses. The buses are not that comfortable, and they have loud and annoying soap operas running in the bus during the whole journey. So, it is probably not a good idea to take a night bus. From Cairo: every 2 hr between 8AM-2:30AM. To Cairo: every 2 hr between 7AM-3AM. Mostly LE110 but sometimes LE150. By taxi[edit] Long-distance "servees" taxis run from Hurghada bus station in El Hegaz Street (which you can reach by bus 4 or 7, or by local taxi). These run to all major cities in Egypt, but consider them especially for the run to Luxor, where the time saved by flying is less compelling. With 2 or 3 of you, you could negotiate a private long-distance taxi; again, the journey to Luxor works well this way. And unlike a "servees", the driver will pause at antiquities and photo opportunities on the way. By boat[edit] A fast-cat ferry runs between Safaga, 50 km south of Hurghada, to Diba (or Duba) in Saudi Arabia. As this route carries a lot of pilgrims and trucking, it's not been hit by the tourist downtown. You'll need to have sorted your Saudi visa well in advance. Get around[edit] By micro bus[edit] A swarm of white minibuses (Toyota Hiace) called micro bus serve the area, with a flat fare of LE2. They run fixed routes, mostly along the coastal strip, picking up and dropping off anywhere along the way. Ask around for your destination before getting in - if it's not this bus, it's probably the next one already pulling up. They're cramped and crowded, and young women may have to ward off pests. Slightly larger minibuses or small regular buses run frequently along the coastal highway to El Gouna and Safaga. By taxi[edit] Taxi drivers in Hurghada have astonishing talent for spotting tourists from far, far away; look at the approaching car and it will stop for you - at a price. Before stepping in, find out if driver speaks any English, and show the wanted destination on the map. There are only few streets with names, so the destination is specified with nearby places, a hotel for example. Discuss and agree the total price (not per person) with the driver: the price should be LE5-10 inside the same part of the town and LE20 when downtown to Senzo mall, for example. Do not travel with the meter on, driverd can control it. After the driver agrees on a price, jump in. Get out in front of the hotel. To avoid confrontation with the drivers ensure you have the correct amount of money you agreed at first, hand over the money on at destination, get out and walk away. If you pay with a LE5 or LE50 notes drivers may try to switch it for a 50-piastre note, and then they request the original note that you have already paid. Piastres notes are smaller than pounds. Sometimes the driver agrees on LE15 fare, and when you arrive tells you he said LE50 and his accent worsens. By ride-sharing[edit] Uber and Careem both have presences in Hurghada. They are reasonably priced and convenient, sparing you the incessant haggling required for taxi rides. However, some locations (e.g. the bus station) within Hurghada have been "blocked" on Uber. You will see a message that Uber "does not operate in this location". Simply walk about 2-3 blocks/5 minutes away from the building (avoiding the taxi touts along the way) , and you will be able to use Uber again. See[edit] Hurghada does not have many spectacular sights except for the Red Sea. However, daily one or two day trips are available into both Luxor and Cairo. The Nile at Luxor is popular, as are the Great Pyramids and the Sphinx in Giza, Cairo. Do[edit] Hurghada offers many activities not to be found anywhere else on Earth. If you were to choose to stay in your hotel complex for the duration of your break, you would miss out on much more than you bargained for. - The main reason to visit Hurghada is the Red Sea, which is excellent for diving or snorkeling. Due to the recent drop in tourists coming to Egypt, it can be enjoyed at a bargain rate like almost nowhere else around the world, except for maybe Koh Tao in Thailand. See incredible coral reefs and hundreds of varieties of tropical fish just 10 m from the beach or with boat trips. Either your hotel will have dive escorts on site, or it can arrange a scuba diving expedition with guides. The divers are locals and generally excellent in handling beginners. You don't need to know how to swim to scuba dive. In late March, the water may be a bit cold, so a wet suit might be necessary. Most budget hotels have dives tours (2 regular dives) for €20 on offer, but if you are staying at one of the more posh accommodations, you will end up paying up to US$65. So better to step out of your comfort zone (aka hotel) and ask around for prices. - Ashraf Divers (Ashraf Asheaf), ☏ , ✉ email@example.com. Reliable, relaxed and friendly dive master. His dives include everything; travel, boat, equipment, food, drinks. Though, do not rely on him for booking your accommodation—read Egypt#Cope. WhatsApp: see phone number. WeChat: ashraf diver. See also: Ashraf Abat. As inexpensive as other good deals— $25 for 2 dives (as of Sep 2018), depending on number of people and season. - Dive Red Sea, ☏ , ✉ firstname.lastname@example.org. They have one of the nicer boats in the harbour. US$31 for 2 dives on their website, but you might get a discount if you walk in. - Cruise across the Red Sea to the uninhabited island of Giftun surrounded by magical coral gardens. Enjoy a lazy day on the white sand or swim among the coral reefs. This great day trip is hard to skip when you are in Hurghada. - Quad-biking hundreds of miles into the Sahara desert for tea with a Bedoin tribe, then camel-riding across Biblical plains to see remote and ancient wonders. For a desert adventure, you can also ride motorbikes or beach buggies into the desert. - You can also ride a glass bottom boat on which you can see the amazing coral reefs and underwater scenery. - Furthermore, swimming in the warm sea, windsurfing, para sailing, jetski, good shopping, excellent and varied cuisine from around the world, etc. - Beach. It might also be windy in late March (or not). You may want to check if your beach resort hotel provides windscreens on the beach. - In the evening, you can go for a walk in the promenade area for some traditional cafes, shopping, or dining. There is a bowling and family entertainment center close by as well as a few malls and restaurants. Night life usually begins quite late, and you can find some clubs in close proximity to the promenade. - The whole Red Sea coast has superb conditions for kitesurfing. Hurghada is no exception. Here you can find a lot of kite-spots with kite-schools and kite-stations. Here some of them: - PlayKite. Located in the next bay from Nubia hotel. This kite spot has a lot of space for beginning and advanced riders - Kite4Fun. Located near AMC Azur, Hawaii Le Jardin hotels. This place has shallow lagoon with flat water. - Masters Surf School. Located in Panorama Bungalows Aqua Park Hurghada hotel. Small area of shallow water, so it is a good spot for intermediate riders - Aeros School. Located near Play Kite station. There is also a shallow lagoon where any level rider can ride. Buy[edit] - See also: Egypt#Buy You can buy many souvenirs from the shops that are spread inside the main town (Sekalla high street) and along the beach areas, also the old town (el Dahar) has a wide selection of bazaars with cheaper prices than Sigala. There is a new shopping mall now open about a 10-minute taxi ride from the town, on Senzo Mall towards the airport road. It has a large Spinneys Hypermarket and many other shops, fast food outlets and a 5-screen cinema as well as a moderate sized childrens play area. Remember to haggle, haggle and haggle everywhere except in restaurants and pharmacies. You should be able to get 75% off from the price that seller asks at first. This might vary with different products, so remember to check few shops for correct prices. There are souvenir shops that have fixed prices, mostly in New Hurghada area although these maye be higher than if you haggle in the souks. The well known "Cleopatra" shops, in Hurghada city Mamsha and Sheraton road, have a wide range of souvenirs such as shirts, woodwork and silver. For brand-names and higher quality products, go to 'New Marina' and Sheraton road for Adidas, Timberland, Dockers and Levi's. Clothes for sale in the traditional bazaar (souq in Arabic) are often fake, although the banners show the well-known brand names. About the perfume shops the milligram for LE1 that means the best perfume for LE25 because all the perfume are on oil base and rarely that you can find natural or original perfume. Be careful when they drag you inside, they will invite you to drink something often tea. If they feel you are rich they will buy cola, while they are chatting with you and let you smell some strong perfumes, it is advisable to refuse because if you drink you then have to buy. Eat[edit] Hurghada offers a variety of cuisine, including fast food, western restaurants, oriental food, and many others. KFC and McDonald's, and local fast food GAD, are present. - At "Sherry St." branches from Sheraton St. you can get chicken meal in "Brost eldik" for LE14, popular among backpackers and young people. - 1 Oriental Dish (in the northern part of the city). Arabic, grill, shawarma, falafel. Has delicious and inexpensive falafel sandwiches. Falafel sandwich LE2.50. - China Town in the central Sigala strip may be a welcome change. - 2 Al Mustafa Fish Restaurant. Delicious meals, variety of fish, low prices, welcoming host. LE30-80. - 3 Om Ammar, ☏ . Small restaurant next to the street, sitting on couches, staff speaks hardly English, many local dishes available including BBQ, very local experience and prices. LE20-60. Drink[edit] Those new to Egypt will find karkaday (a drink made from an infusion of hibiscus, served hot or cold and reputed to have many health benefits) and chi (local version of tea, usually served in a glass) offered everywhere. Both are delicious and will usually come replete with a smoke on a sheesha pipe, known in the West as a hookah. Sheeshas are used for smoking molasses tobacco in various flavours, with the smoke passing through water before inhalation through a long tube attached to the bowl. Although they may resemble a device used to smoke illicit substances in the west (a bong), sheesha is legal. Alcoholic drinks can usually be found in bars or hotels. Hurghada has a very western atmosphere so it is much easier to drink than in other areas of Egypt. Non-alcoholic drinks include canned soft drinks and fruit juice, and famous Egyptian drinks such as sahlab, karkadeh, mirinda, yansoon, gansabeel and irfa. Over the years, Hurghada has developed a bubbling reputation for its cosmopolitan nightlife scene, alongside the many bars within the new Hurghada Marina, Papas Bar has two venues (one inside the marina, the other next-door to the Shedwan Hotel in downtown Dahr). The Hed Kandi Beach Bar is still the only Kandi beach bar. There are many bars, nightclubs and discos in Hurghada. Almost every hotel comes equip with its own disco, and then you can find the only beachside Ministry of Sound venue, coupled with the world's first Hed Kandi Beach Bar, other nightlife leaders in the city include Hard Rock Cafe, Little Budha, Calypso Disco, the R&B Club, and throughout the summer months you can find the popular Voodoo parties (every Wednesday) within the Grand Hotel Resorts. Global leaders in dance music, Ministry of Sound Beach Club, operate a daily schedule ranging from disco, R&B/hip-hop and house/techno. There are also many other discos and late-night bars dotted around the city, generally speaking ask at your hotel or tour guide to recommend a venue. - The Czech pub "Praha" is at the end of Sheraton St. - 1 Dubai Cafe. Variety of non-alcoholic drinks and hookah, welcoming local atmosphere, street-side and indoor lounge area. cheap. Sleep[edit] Budget[edit] A little internet searching will throw up some private self-catering accommodation that is usually owned by Europeans as a holiday home, which gives much more independence than staying in a resort hotel and is potentially much cheaper. Budget hotels catering to Egyptians with rooms at LE50 can be found near the Upper Egypt bus station. - 1 Golden Rose Hotel, Qesm Hurghada, ☏ . Good value. Includes access to a beach (200 m) – not great but free chairs and towels. There is a dog that continuously barks and fights with other dogs or various by-passers, even during the night. Single from LE177. - 2 Snafer Hotel (in the northern part of the city), ☏ . Almost even better value than Golden Rose but without free beach access. But there is Sea Sand Resort around the corner, which charges LE50 for a whole day of beach access. However, it is in the northern part of the city, where not much is happening due to the low occupation of the local resorts. Single from LE100. Mid-range[edit] - Sonesta Pharaoh Beach Resort, Safaga Road, Hurghada Egypt, ☏ . - Sunrise Holidays Resort, Coronation Road, Hurghada Egypt. Adults only - Sunrise Crystal Bay Resort, Hurghada Egypt. - Sea Star Beau Rivage, Hurghada Egypt. - Giftun Azur Beach Resort, Hurghada Egypt. Splurge[edit] - Marriott Beach Resort (just south of disused Sheraton), ☏ . On Resort strip. Small beach but good water-sports facilities, Aquarius Diving is based here. - Oberoi Sahl Hasheesh (Sahl Hasheesh is 15 km S of downtown Hurghada), ☏ . Opulent Moorish-style hotel Cope[edit] - Hurghada Clinic – Medical clinic with doctors who can speak English and Polish. International travel insurance policies are accepted. - El Gouna Hospital – Professional medical service across the red Sea. Various departments with staff who can speak English, French Russian and German. International insurance policies are often accepted. Tel. 0122 744 5700 February 2012 Embassies[edit] - Italy, Mastaba Red Sea - Hurgada, ☏ . Stay safe[edit] In 2018, there have been complaints of guests falling ill at the Steigenberger Aqua Magic hotel due to possible food safety issues, including undercooked food and lapses in cleanliness. Two British travellers died; the BBC reports travel agency Thomas Cook has been removing its clients from that hotel and in some cases arranging to fly them home. Go next[edit] - Luxor – The obvious and popular next destination. It can be done on a day-trip, though that's a bit mad, and most of a 20-hour day. Ask around for reputable operators: a cheap tour will be overcrowded, first too cold then too hot in a poorly-sprung minibus, and you will see less of Karnak and the Valley of the Kings and a whole heap more of the driver's uncle's souvenir shop. - Aswan – Reached via Luxor but less hassle then it. Once a week there's a ferry across Lake Nasser to Wadi Halfa in Sudan, the only surface route between the two countries.	eng	<urn:uuid:191c4079-a95f-4ce5-89fa-9d7dd9134b27>	https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hurghada	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Roughly 1.7 billion people rely on the annual Indian summer monsoons for water to drink, grow crops, and raise livestock. The deluges usually fall between June and September, delivering roughly 80% of the Indian subcontinent’s yearly rainfall. But sometimes the monsoons fail to deliver, resulting in drought, or dump too much water too fast, causing devastating floods. Accurately forecasting such vagaries can be lifesaving, but predictions often fall short. Now, a new model—including improved representation of land processes, along with mountainous Himalayan topography—promises greater accuracy. One region where scientists have consistently failed to accurately predict monsoon behavior in the 21st century is over the sprawling, 860,000-square-kilometer Ganga river basin in central India. Each year, the June–September forecasts simulated by the operational model of the India Meteorological Department seem to have a “dry bias” over the Ganga basin, predicting less rain will fall than actually does. To fix this bug, Devanand et al. decided to use their models to zoom in closer to Earth’s surface. The standard models for predicting Indian monsoons don’t take into account local topographical details, such as the western Himalaya. These models often miss complex interactions between the land and atmosphere, such as how moisture evaporates from the land, then falls back down as precipitation. The team remedied this by combining a regional climate model called the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with two land-surface models that can simulate interactions between the atmosphere and north central India’s agricultural land, along with Himalayan mountainous topography. To verify their model’s accuracy, they checked it against real-world weather data from 1981 to 2015. Including this finer-grained detail largely did the trick, the authors report, correcting the dry bias of earlier models from a rainfall deficit of −4.82 millimeters per day to −1.37 millimeters per day. Global models, which smooth out local topography, allow too much cold, dry air to travel into the region, skewing predictions toward less rainfall, they concluded. Next, the team hopes to tackle another potentially important source of error in the models: irrigation. When used on a large scale, as it is in the Ganga basin, irrigation can lead to cooler local temperatures and more rain due to recycled precipitation. (Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077218, 2018) —Emily Underwood, Freelance Writer	eng	<urn:uuid:5291a856-711f-48e9-8fcc-76e74a568969>	https://eos.org/research-spotlights/a-better-way-to-predict-the-indian-monsoon	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface A low-cost, two-antenna GPS setup could enable valuable snow measurements in remote locations, improving predictions of runoff and avalanche risk. Read More » Biogeosciences A new study investigates changing water dynamics after a pest infestation in the Rocky Mountains. Read More » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface Investments in snow pay high-dollar dividends. Read More » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface A new project harnesses the power of the winter backcountry recreation community to gather data that are vital to understanding snow, from winter hazards to water resources. Read More » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface In Colorado forests, NASA scientists and a multinational team of researchers test the limits of satellite remote sensing for measuring the water content of snow. Read More » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface A new data product calculates snowfall rates from weather data beamed directly from several satellites, helping meteorologists provide fast, accurate weather reports and forecasts. Read More » Biogeosciences High-resolution radar images from Switzerland’s experimental test site show that snow temperature is a key factor in classifying avalanche behavior. Read More » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface Impacts of a Changing Cryosphere on Lakes and Streams in Mountain Regions: US-China Collaborative Workshop at Qinghai Lake; Qinghai, China, 21–27 August 2017 Read More » Geology & Geophysics Salty snow throws off satellite-based estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness by up to 25%. A new method seeks to fix that. Read More » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface As temperatures continue to rise, snow-dwelling microbes could accelerate melting and influence downstream ecosystems. Read More »	eng	<urn:uuid:b769b210-6465-45ed-ab9f-163fa8d572f4>	https://eos.org/scientific-disciplines/hydrology-cryosphere-and-earth-surface/cryosphere/snow	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Planetary Sciences Research Spotlight 7 July 2017 Where Are the Electrical Currents in the Enceladus Plume? A plume of water ice that escapes Saturn’s moon Enceladus should be coursing with electrical currents, but data are mixed. Now simulations suggest that a sticky dust cloud may shield signals. Read More » Advertisement Most Popular Education AGU News 5 July 2019 AGU Has a Story to Tell Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface Research Spotlight 12 July 2019 A More Accurate Global River Map Planetary Sciences AGU News 1 July 2019 Spacecraft 107’s Big Trip From AGU Journals Most Shared Geophysical Research LettersThe Effect of QBO Phase on the Atmospheric Response to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Early WinterZachary Labe et al. Highly Cited JGR Solid EarthCalibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi‐hydrostatic conditionsH. K. Mao et al. Hot Article Water Resources ResearchMERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography DatasetDai Yamazaki et al. View More Highlights » Advertisement Follow AGU Everywhere Current Print Magazine July 2019 Volume 100 Issue 7 View Issue » View Archives » Hydrology, Cryosphere & Earth Surface Research Spotlight 12 July 2019 A More Accurate Global River Map Geophysical Research LettersThe Effect of QBO Phase on the Atmospheric Response to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss in Early WinterZachary Labe et al. JGR Solid EarthCalibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi‐hydrostatic conditionsH. K. Mao et al. Water Resources ResearchMERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography DatasetDai Yamazaki et al.	eng	<urn:uuid:c6743a58-a346-4f3f-8e66-e21ace4a0558>	https://eos.org/scientific-disciplines/planetary-science/planetary-sciences-fluid-planets/rings-and-dust	CC-MAIN-2019-30
A rotary composter and a flow through worm bin by Kirsten Dirksen on May 31, 2009 Can-o-worms, worm factory, worm wigwam are all modern, trendy homes for the small pets that can make home composting so … Pedaler’s Express PedEx delivery: when cargo bike beats van by Kirsten Dirksen on May 30, 2009 Just because a car can go 100 miles per hour, doesn’t mean it will be able to when delivering your … Pedal-powered compost: riding the restaurant route in Eugene by Kirsten Dirksen on May 27, 2009 As landfills fill up and compost becomes more appreciated, some cities have begun organic waste pickup, or greenbin programs, such … Nueva York y el número de junio de "Wired" by Nicolás Boullosa on June 16, 2008 Desde el pasado día 9 de junio, andamos en Nueva York. Es casi de recibo para nosotros llegar a la … Tall bikes & cargo bikes: CAT’s human powered machines by Kirsten Dirksen on October 17, 2007 Voted the best invention since 1800 by BBC Radio 4 listeners (receiving 59% of the vote to the Internet’s 4%) … Viaje al noroeste (II): Eugene, Portland, Seattle by Nicolás Boullosa on July 23, 2007 Esta entrada forma parte de una serie: Viaje al noroeste (I): Sonora, Mendocino, “redwoods”, Eureka; Viaje al noroeste (II): Humboldt, …	eng	<urn:uuid:802e6c1f-d9b4-4011-97b4-31afe3145627>	https://faircompanies.com/tag/or/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
cabal-bounds alternatives and related packages Based on the "cabal" category Do you think we are missing an alternative of cabal-bounds or a related project? cabal-bounds Recommendations There are no recommendations yet. Be the first to promote cabal-bounds! Have you used cabal-bounds? Share your experience. Write a short recommendation and cabal-bounds, you and your project will be promoted on Awesome Haskell. Recommend cabal-bounds Recently added cabal-bounds resources Be the first to add one!	eng	<urn:uuid:294b30e6-9d10-4ecb-9b1f-60d15dd1bf43>	https://haskell.libhunt.com/cabal-bounds-alternatives	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Belarus from HTYP, the free directory anyone can edit if they can prove to me that they're not a spambot Jump to: navigation , search Earth : Belarus This is a seed article . You can help HTYP grow by watering it . Reference Wikipedia News 2006-03-18 'Bloodshed' texts in tense Belarus : would seem to confirm that the powers-that-be are trying to keep people away from the voting booths 2006-02-26 In Belarus, expecting to lose, then win by Steven Lee Myers, The New York Times Retrieved from " https://htyp.org/mw/index.php?title=Belarus&oldid=3670 " Categories : seeds places countries Facts ... more about " Belarus " RDF feed page status seed + Navigation menu Personal tools Log in Namespaces Page Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history More Search Navigation Main page Community portal Current events Recent changes Random page Help Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information Browse properties Sister Sites ICMS InstaGov Issuepedia This page was last edited on 18 March 2006, at 19:17. Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike unless otherwise noted. Privacy policy About HTYP Disclaimers	eng	<urn:uuid:357355e7-d861-4db9-9eeb-04b6545c46f0>	https://htyp.org/Belarus	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Or enter first few letters: Order: ascending descending Results: 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 Now showing items 6-11 of 11 idUS is a Dspace version 6.2 implementation and is managed by Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla Last update: 5 July 2019 Contact This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional License. This website uses cookies to improve your user experience. If you continue browsing, we understand that you accept our terms of use. More information.	eng	<urn:uuid:3d99b865-73ab-4a82-8e3d-414cf056eeaa>	https://idus.us.es/xmlui/handle/11441/11011/browse?rpp=20&order=ASC&sort_by=-1&etal=-1&type=author&starts_with=I	CC-MAIN-2019-30
In this edition of Thinking Out Loud, George and Joan talk about bosses. While it's easy to gripe about bosses, George and Joan take a deeper look and explore the idea that the problem isn't always just the boss - it can also be the employee and/or the workplace.	eng	<urn:uuid:88ce54ed-5e21-4dfb-9450-4831e7dfd50e>	https://infopeople.org/blog-tags/bosses	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Eileen O'SheaApr 10, 2011 In this podcast, Infopeople's Michael Cart looks at the growth in popularity of ebooks and ebook readers, and the changes this is causing on all aspects of reading. Blog Tags: ebooksInfopeople PodcastsMichael CartBlog Categories: Infopeople PodcastsMichael Cart Eileen O'Shea's blog Log in or register to post comments	eng	<urn:uuid:0599c45a-1c01-43e6-9528-c791bab5d34f>	https://infopeople.org/blogs/eileen-oshea/michael-cart-looks-strange-new-world-ebooks	CC-MAIN-2019-30
You are here Maintaining a Safe and Respectful Library: A Customized Plan An Infopeople Online Learning Course All attendees \| $ 200.00 \| Course Instructor: Catherine Hakala-Ausperk Library staff face the challenge of providing good customer service, even in the face of difficult interactions. However, feeling - and being - safe at work takes much more than just customer service training. A truly safe workplace is a welcoming workplace that reflects "kindness, mercy, tact, compassion, a desire to understand—and a generosity of spirit" for both customers and staff.1 In this four-week course, participants will complete a Workplace Audit and Action Plan that will help them explore how their library can develop a safe and respectful service environment for visitors and staff. From policies and procedures to job descriptions, performance expectations, behavior and discipline rules and safety guidelines, we can build and maintain workplaces that make everyone feel welcome. During this course participants will examine current conditions in their own libraries – including everything from signage and bathrooms to parking lots, policies, and job descriptions with the goal to honestly assess them and develop practical plans for improvement. 1Hughes, P. M., & Grace, B. (2010). Foreward. In Gracious space: Working better together (p. 42). Course Description: At the completion of this course learners will be more aware of, and accountable for, what it takes to create a safe, welcoming workplace. By completing the assignments, learners will develop a "Workplace Audit and Action Plan," for their own edification or to share with library leadership to encourage change. By the conclusion of this course, Catherine Hakala-Ausperk will help learners to consider their own contribution towards this goal from four different perspectives: themselves, their team, their facility, and their customers. Course Outline: When you log in to the Infopeople online learning site, you will see weekly modules with these topics: - Yourself (Week One) - Understand the value of a welcoming workspace, including the need for civil and respectful policies that support library operations and problem solving. - Commit to contributing in any way possible to the creation of such policies. - Identify and adopt behavior and procedures that support safe policies. - Your Team (Week Two) - Analyze, update, and enhance job descriptions effectively - Understand the importance of clear performance expectations - Appreciatively affect discipline - Encourage individual accountability - Your Facility (Week Three) - Analyze existing conditions, both inside and outside the library, that reflect a welcoming, safe environment. - Review signage and re-create, when appropriate, messages that are both civil and courteous. - Your Customers (Week Four) - Send a clear message of your commitment to safety through what all staff say and do. - Exceed customer expectations for treatment by consistently offering outstanding customer service. - Seeking, collecting, and then listening to customer suggestions for ongoing improvement. Time Required: To complete this course, you can expect to spend 2 ½ hours per week, for a total of ten course hours. Each week's module contains readings and a weekly assignment. Although you can work on each module at your own pace, at any hour of the day or night, it is recommended that you complete each week's work within that week to stay in sync with other learners. Who Should Take This Course: Library staff in any position, who desire to contribute to, and enjoy a respectful, safe workplace environment. Online Learning Details and System Requirements may be found at: infopeople.org/training/online_learning_details. After the official end date for the course, the instructor will be available for limited consultation and support for two more weeks, and the course material will stay up for an additional two weeks after that. These extra weeks give those who have fallen behind time to work independently to complete the course. Keywords: Customer service, Library facilities and construction, Library policies	eng	<urn:uuid:748c5b28-cdf6-4e85-95cd-bb9229ab27aa>	https://infopeople.org/civicrm/event/info%3Fid%3D827%26amp%3Breset%3D1	CC-MAIN-2019-30
First of all, the default in Islam is that anything that is not forbidden is allowed. I am scratching my head on this one. I am a little alarmed that you are panicking about being a sinner because your husband touches you. I am frankly perplexed by the question. Rest assured, there is nothing for you to repent from. And second, please keep in mind that God is just and fair! I don't know who gave the first experience of Islam but if he or she left you in such a state of worry over the touch of your husband, he or she has done a very negligent job. Please always keep in mind that God is not a monster. I wish you less pain in your feet (I personally recommend a hot feet bath with a pinch of salt in it. It works for me, but ask your doctor, it depends on the origin of the pain).	eng	<urn:uuid:42382c91-a190-43b3-b944-ec0b8a4fb0dc>	https://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/30855/is-it-permissible-for-a-husband-to-press-his-wifes-feet-when-her-feet-are-in-pa/30867	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Uthara Suvrathan is Assistant Professor in Liberal Arts at Narsee Monjee University, Mumbai. She has a PhD in Anthropological Archaeology from the University of Michigan. Her research draws on both archaeological and textual material to examine the organization of polities and places on the margins of large socio-political systems and empires in south Asia. Currently she is working on two projects. The first involves an examination of colonial knowledge-gathering projects and its implications for an archaeological investigation of politico-economic landscapes and issues of place-making in early modern South India. The second is a longer archaeological investigation of pre-modern political systems and networks of interaction in South India and the wider Indian Ocean world. Suvarathan is currently working on her book titled “Persistent Peripheries: Archaeological and historical landscapes of an early city in peninsular India, 3rd c. BCE- 18th c. CE.”	eng	<urn:uuid:f4cd79df-8550-445c-92a3-5df397138c99>	https://jugaad.pub/contributors/uthara-suvrathan/	CC-MAIN-2019-30
Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for:	eng	<urn:uuid:9e3af2e7-5692-4d22-8699-8e7b9d14fec6>	https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7:BookSources/9781317954934	CC-MAIN-2019-30