README.md

---
annotations_creators:
- human-annotated
language:
- amh
- arq
- ary
- gaz
- hau
- ibo
- kin
- pcm
- som
- swh
- tir
- twi
- xho
- yor
- zul
license: cc-by-4.0
multilinguality: multilingual
source_datasets:
- afrihate/afrihate
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- sentiment-analysis
- sentiment-scoring
- sentiment-classification
- hate-speech-detection
dataset_info:
- config_name: amh
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  - name: label
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  - name: label
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- config_name: swa
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- config_name: tir
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    num_examples: 759
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    num_examples: 765
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  dataset_size: 1095325
- config_name: twi
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  - name: validation
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  - name: test
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    num_examples: 690
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- config_name: xho
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  - name: label
    dtype: int64
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- config_name: yor
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- config_name: zul
  features:
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  - name: label
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    num_examples: 410
  - name: test
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  download_size: 198240
  dataset_size: 306883
configs:
- config_name: amh
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: amh/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: amh/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: amh/test-*
- config_name: arq
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: arq/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: arq/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: arq/test-*
- config_name: ary
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: ary/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: ary/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: ary/test-*
- config_name: hau
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: hau/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: hau/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: hau/test-*
- config_name: ibo
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: ibo/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: ibo/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: ibo/test-*
- config_name: kin
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: kin/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: kin/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: kin/test-*
- config_name: orm
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: orm/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: orm/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: orm/test-*
- config_name: pcm
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: pcm/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: pcm/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: pcm/test-*
- config_name: som
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: som/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: som/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: som/test-*
- config_name: swa
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: swa/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: swa/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: swa/test-*
- config_name: tir
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: tir/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: tir/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: tir/test-*
- config_name: twi
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: twi/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: twi/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: twi/test-*
- config_name: xho
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: xho/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: xho/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: xho/test-*
- config_name: yor
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: yor/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: yor/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: yor/test-*
- config_name: zul
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: zul/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: zul/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: zul/test-*
tags:
- mteb
- text
---
<!-- adapted from https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface_hub/blob/v0.30.2/src/huggingface_hub/templates/datasetcard_template.md -->

<div align="center" style="padding: 40px 20px; background-color: white; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;">
  <h1 style="font-size: 3.5rem; color: #1a1a1a; margin: 0 0 20px 0; letter-spacing: 2px; font-weight: 700;">AfriHateClassification</h1>
  <div style="font-size: 1.5rem; color: #4a4a4a; margin-bottom: 5px; font-weight: 300;">An <a href="https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb" style="color: #2c5282; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none;" onmouseover="this.style.textDecoration='underline'" onmouseout="this.style.textDecoration='none'">MTEB</a> dataset</div>
  <div style="font-size: 0.9rem; color: #2c5282; margin-top: 10px;">Massive Text Embedding Benchmark</div>
</div>

AfriHate is a multilingual collection of hate speech and abusive language datasets covering 15 African languages. Each example is a tweet annotated by native speakers with sociocultural understanding of the context and language, addressing the crucial need for localized and community-driven moderation resources.

|               |                                             |
|---------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Task category | t2c                              |
| Domains       | Social, Written                               |
| Reference     | https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.92/ |

Source datasets:
- [afrihate/afrihate](https://huggingface.co/datasets/afrihate/afrihate)


## Dataset Preparation in MTEB

This repository is a staging copy of `afrihate/afrihate` for the `AfriHateClassification` task. The intended long-term canonical benchmark copy is `mteb/AfriHateClassification`.

### Transformations
- Renamed `tweet` to `text`
- Mapped labels to integers: `Normal -> 0`, `Abuse -> 1`, `Hate -> 2`
- Applied dataset cleaning before upload to reduce duplicates and train-test leakage in the benchmark copy

### Label Schema
- `0`: Normal
- `1`: Abuse
- `2`: Hate

### Splits and subsets
The multilingual subset structure from the source dataset is preserved. The uploaded copy contains the cleaned train/eval splits used by MTEB.

## How to evaluate on this task

You can evaluate an embedding model on this dataset using the following code:

```python
import mteb

task = mteb.get_task("AfriHateClassification")
evaluator = mteb.MTEB([task])

model = mteb.get_model(YOUR_MODEL)
evaluator.run(model)
```

<!-- Datasets want link to arxiv in readme to autolink dataset with paper -->
To learn more about how to run models on `mteb` task check out the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb).

## Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the dataset as well as [mteb](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb), as this dataset likely includes additional processing as a part of the [MMTEB Contribution](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb/tree/main/docs/mmteb).

```bibtex
@inproceedings{muhammad-etal-2025-afrihate,
  address = {Albuquerque, New Mexico},
  author = {Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan  and
Abdulmumin, Idris  and
Ayele, Abinew Ali  and
Adelani, David Ifeoluwa  and
Ahmad, Ibrahim Said  and
Aliyu, Saminu Mohammad  and
R{\"o}ttger, Paul  and
Oppong, Abigail  and
Bukula, Andiswa  and
Chukwuneke, Chiamaka Ijeoma  and
Jibril, Ebrahim Chekol  and
Ismail, Elyas Abdi  and
Alemneh, Esubalew  and
Gebremichael, Hagos Tesfahun  and
Aliyu, Lukman Jibril  and
Beloucif, Meriem  and
Hourrane, Oumaima  and
Mabuya, Rooweither  and
Osei, Salomey  and
Rutunda, Samuel  and
Belay, Tadesse Destaw  and
Guge, Tadesse Kebede  and
Asfaw, Tesfa Tegegne  and
Wanzare, Lilian Diana Awuor  and
Onyango, Nelson Odhiambo  and
Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
Ousidhoum, Nedjma},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  editor = {Chiruzzo, Luis  and
Ritter, Alan  and
Wang, Lu},
  isbn = {979-8-89176-189-6},
  month = apr,
  pages = {1854--1871},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  title = {{A}fri{H}ate: A Multilingual Collection of Hate Speech and Abusive Language Datasets for {A}frican Languages},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.92/},
  year = {2025},
}


@article{enevoldsen2025mmtebmassivemultilingualtext,
  title={MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark},
  author={Kenneth Enevoldsen and Isaac Chung and Imene Kerboua and Márton Kardos and Ashwin Mathur and David Stap and Jay Gala and Wissam Siblini and Dominik Krzemiński and Genta Indra Winata and Saba Sturua and Saiteja Utpala and Mathieu Ciancone and Marion Schaeffer and Gabriel Sequeira and Diganta Misra and Shreeya Dhakal and Jonathan Rystrøm and Roman Solomatin and Ömer Çağatan and Akash Kundu and Martin Bernstorff and Shitao Xiao and Akshita Sukhlecha and Bhavish Pahwa and Rafał Poświata and Kranthi Kiran GV and Shawon Ashraf and Daniel Auras and Björn Plüster and Jan Philipp Harries and Loïc Magne and Isabelle Mohr and Mariya Hendriksen and Dawei Zhu and Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Tom Aarsen and Jan Kostkan and Konrad Wojtasik and Taemin Lee and Marek Šuppa and Crystina Zhang and Roberta Rocca and Mohammed Hamdy and Andrianos Michail and John Yang and Manuel Faysse and Aleksei Vatolin and Nandan Thakur and Manan Dey and Dipam Vasani and Pranjal Chitale and Simone Tedeschi and Nguyen Tai and Artem Snegirev and Michael Günther and Mengzhou Xia and Weijia Shi and Xing Han Lù and Jordan Clive and Gayatri Krishnakumar and Anna Maksimova and Silvan Wehrli and Maria Tikhonova and Henil Panchal and Aleksandr Abramov and Malte Ostendorff and Zheng Liu and Simon Clematide and Lester James Miranda and Alena Fenogenova and Guangyu Song and Ruqiya Bin Safi and Wen-Ding Li and Alessia Borghini and Federico Cassano and Hongjin Su and Jimmy Lin and Howard Yen and Lasse Hansen and Sara Hooker and Chenghao Xiao and Vaibhav Adlakha and Orion Weller and Siva Reddy and Niklas Muennighoff},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13595},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13595},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.13595},
}

@article{muennighoff2022mteb,
  author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Loïc and Reimers, Nils},
  title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316},
  year = {2022}
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316},
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.07316},
}
```

# Dataset Statistics
<details>
  <summary> Dataset Statistics</summary>

The following code contains the descriptive statistics from the task. These can also be obtained using:

```python
import mteb

task = mteb.get_task("AfriHateClassification")

desc_stats = task.metadata.descriptive_stats
```

```json
{
    "test": {
        "num_samples": 14250,
        "number_texts_intersect_with_train": 1026,
        "text_statistics": {
            "total_text_length": 1532087,
            "min_text_length": 8,
            "average_text_length": 107.51487719298245,
            "max_text_length": 617,
            "unique_texts": 14129
        },
        "image_statistics": null,
        "audio_statistics": null,
        "label_statistics": {
            "min_labels_per_text": 1,
            "average_label_per_text": 1.0,
            "max_labels_per_text": 1,
            "unique_labels": 3,
            "labels": {
                "2": {
                    "count": 3017
                },
                "0": {
                    "count": 5699
                },
                "1": {
                    "count": 5534
                }
            }
        }
    },
    "train": {
        "num_samples": 62466,
        "number_texts_intersect_with_train": null,
        "text_statistics": {
            "total_text_length": 6707920,
            "min_text_length": 4,
            "average_text_length": 107.38513751480805,
            "max_text_length": 764,
            "unique_texts": 60182
        },
        "image_statistics": null,
        "audio_statistics": null,
        "label_statistics": {
            "min_labels_per_text": 1,
            "average_label_per_text": 1.0,
            "max_labels_per_text": 1,
            "unique_labels": 3,
            "labels": {
                "0": {
                    "count": 25703
                },
                "1": {
                    "count": 25750
                },
                "2": {
                    "count": 11013
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```

</details>

---
*This dataset card was automatically generated using [MTEB](https://github.com/embeddings-benchmark/mteb)*