id stringlengths 20 149 | text stringlengths 1 31.1k | title stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
biology-0/extraction_0.txt | Abstract -------- Explanations of why nocturnal insects fly erratically around fires and lamps have included theories of “lunar navigation” and “escape to the light”. However, without three-dimensional flight data to test them rigorously, the cause for this odd behaviour has remained unsolved. We employed high-resoluti... | |
biology-0/extraction_1.txt | The ecological effects of ALAN depend on both its intensity and its spectral composition (as well as its flicker rate; see Inger, Bennie, Davies, & Gaston, [2014] for a review). Historically, ALAN sources have mainly comprised low‐ and high‐pressure sodium lamps, which emit characteristic emission spectra concentrated ... | |
biology-0/extraction_5.txt | Our findings agree with those of previous studies that have reported that LED lights did not cause attraction to moths (Lepidoptera) [14,15] and attract less insects than mercury vapor light sources [17] or incandescent technology [32]. Our results are also consistent with those from other authors [29] who found higher... | |
biology-0/extraction_7.txt | **Chemical and physical cues attractive to the main mosquito vectors** Physical cues, such as heat and humidity, are also perceived by female mosquitoes, playing important roles in short-range attraction \[1 \]. Upon activation by CO2, female _Ae. aegypti_ mosquitoes are attracted to heat \[2 ,28 \], without any eviden... | |
plant_light_pho/Chlorophyll_0.txt | Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός, khloros ("pale green") and φύλλον, phyllon ("leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy from light.
Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in... | |
biology-100/extraction_0.txt | ### Introduction Photons above 700 nm have minimal photosynthetic activity when applied alone (Emerson and Lewis, 1943; McCree, 1971) and have thus been excluded from the definition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400 to 700 nm). However, those longer-wavelength photons have synergistic activity with photo... | |
biology-100/extraction_2.txt | The misconception that red and blue light are used more efficiently by plants than green light still occasionally appears (Singh et al., 2015), often citing McCree’s action spectrum or the poor absorption of green light by chlorophyll extracts. The limitations of McCree’s action spectrum were explained in his original ... | |
eyes_tired/Computer_vision_syndrome_0.txt | Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer or other display device for protracted, uninterrupted periods of time and the eye's muscles being unable to recover from the constant tension required to maintain focus on a close object. | |
biology-101/extraction_0.txt | ## Discussion The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of different reading conditions on the blink rate and ocular discomfort during performance of different reading tasks using hard copy and electronically presented text. Both the blink rate and the ocular discomfort were monitored during 15 min of reading ... | |
biology-101/extraction_1.txt | # Management ## **Ergonomics** The workplace should be ergonomically designed. A detailed checklist is available from the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), USA at [https://www.osha.gov/etools/computer-workstations/checklists/evaluation] Improved ergonomics reduces discomfort and increases productivity... | |
biology-101/extraction_2.txt | Our eyes need tears to stay healthy and comfortable. If your eyes do not produce enough tears, it is called dry eye. Dry eye is also when your eyes do not make the right type of tears or when your tears dry out too quickly. In this article: - How do tears work? - Dry eye video - Dry eye symptoms - Dry eye causes - Dry ... | |
biology-101/extraction_3.txt | External symptoms of burning, irritation and tearing and dryness were noted to be closely related to dry eye, while internal symptoms of strain, ache and headache behind the eyes were linked to accommodative and/or binocular vision stress. Similarly, Portello _et al_ [12] also identified a clear split of computer-relat... | |
biology-101/extraction_4.txt | ## At a glance: Convergence Insufficiency - **Symptoms:** Blurry or double vision when looking at things up close - **Diagnosis:** Eye exam - **Treatment:** Vision therapy ## What is convergence insufficiency? Convergence insufficiency is an eye condition that affects how your eyes work together when you look at nearby... | |
biology-101/extraction_5.txt | Convergence Insufficiency Convergence Insufficiency (CI) is a syndrome characterized by a decreased ability to converge the eyes and maintain binocular fusion while focusing on a near target. CI is usually accompanied by a reduced near point of convergence (NPC), decreased convergence amplitudes or an exodeviation (usu... | |
biology-101/extraction_6.txt | You may have heard that looking at a computer, smartphone, or other digital screen for long periods of time will permanently damage your eyes. Thankfully, this is not true. Neither are the old adages about “ruining your eyes” from watching too much television or sitting too close to the TV. However, it is true that you... | |
biology-101/extraction_7.txt | # Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome, also referred to as digital eye strain, describes a group of eye- and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. !Computer Vision Syndrome Many individuals experience eye discomfort and vision problems when viewi... | |
biology-101/extraction_9.txt | ### Abstract Digital device usage has increased substantially in recent years across all age groups, so that extensive daily use for both social and professional purposes is now normal. Digital eye strain (DES), also known as computer vision syndrome, encompasses a range of ocular and visual symptoms, and estimates sug... | |
yeast_dissolve_in_sugar/Osmosis_0.txt |
Osmosis (/ɒzˈmoʊsɪs/, US also /ɒs-/) is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the direction that ... | |
biology-102/extraction_0.txt | Water activity is defined as the chemical potential of free water in solution. Low water activity limits yeast growth, a fact that has been used for centuries for the preservation of fruits in dry form or with very high sugar levels, such as in marmalades ( 486). In the yeast's natural environment, the water activity c... | |
biology-102/extraction_1.txt | Macerated strawberries demonstrate osmosis at work. Sprinkle sugar on the cut strawberries, and watch how a puddle of syrup collects on the surface. The high amount of sugar outside the strawberry’s cells, combined with sugar’s ability to attract water, causes the water to leach out of the fruit. The same thing happens... | |
biology-102/extraction_2.txt | ## Types of Yeast There are several types of yeast. ### Wild Yeast Wild yeast spores are found floating on dust particles in the air, in flour, on the outside of fruits, etc. Wild yeasts form spores faster than cultivated yeasts, but they are inconsistent and are not satisfactory for controlled fermentation purposes. #... | |
brain_no_pain_receptors_headache/Headache_0.txt | Headache, also known as cephalalgia, is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches.
Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions. There are a number of different cla... | |
brain_no_pain_receptors_headache/Headache_2.txt | Pathophysiology[edit]
The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, because it lacks pain receptors. However, several areas of the head and neck do have pain receptors and can thus sense pain. These include the extracranial arteries, middle meningeal artery, large veins, venous sinuses, cranial and spinal nerves, head and... | |
biology-10/extraction_0.txt | For most major surgical operations, patients receive anesthesia and drift out of consciousness so they don’t feel any pain during the operation. But, as the name suggests, awake brain surgery works differently. Patients are sedated while the skull is being removed and later reattached but are awakened in between. This ... | |
biology-10/extraction_1.txt | ## Definition Headache consists of pain or discomfort arising from pain-sensitive structures in the head. These include extracranial structures such as the skin, muscles, and blood vessels in the head and neck; mucosa of the sinuses and dental structures; and intracranial structures including the regions of the large a... | |
biology-10/extraction_2.txt | ### Introduction Considering that the classification of headache disorders (ICHD-3) contains almost 300 different types of headaches and facial pains [1], it is quite surprising that a large part of pathophysiological mechanisms rely on the same anatomical basis. Since the early work by _Harold Wolff_ and his contempor... | |
biology-10/extraction_3.txt | ### Abstract Migraine is a complex neurovascular pain disorder linked to the meninges, a border tissue innervated by neuropeptide-containing primary afferent fibers chiefly from the trigeminal nerve. Electrical or mechanical stimulation of this nerve surrounding large blood vessels evokes headache patterns as in migrai... | |
biology-10/extraction_9.txt | The brain is known to be largely insensate, but a rich plexus of nociceptive nerve fibers that originate in the trigeminal ganglion innervate the pial, arachnoid, and dural blood vessels, including the superior sagittal sinus and middle meningeal artery, as well as large cerebral arteries (594, 658, 679). Activation of... | |
coconut_three_holes/Coconut_2.txt | Description
Coconut palm leaves
Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 centimetres (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per... | |
coconut_three_holes/Gynoecium_3.txt | Carpels[edit]
The pistils of a flower are considered to be composed of one or more carpels. A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower—usually composed of the style, and stigma (sometimes having its individual ovary, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary) —and usually interpreted as modified leav... | |
biology-11/extraction_0.txt | Most palm fruits are fleshy drupes and vary significantly in size, shape, surface texture, and color. Fleshy fruits contain high amounts sugar or fat, providing a rich energy source for both humans and animal dispersers (Blombery and Rodd 1982). Very little is actually known about methods of dispersal in palms. Most fr... | |
biology-11/extraction_1.txt | ## 2\. Morpho-Anatomical Characterization of the Coconut Fruit #### 2.1. Morpho-Anatomy Coconut palms produce a large, single seeded fruit \ [21\] ( Figure 1), referred to as a drupe \ [27\]. The fruit consists of a thin outermost layer (the exocarp or epidermis, 0.1 mm thick), a thick layer of fibrous tissues referred... | |
biology-11/extraction_2.txt | ### 1. Introduction The hierarchical architecture of plant materials is well known and can evoke remarkable mechanical properties that are also useful for technical materials \ [1, 2, 3, 4\]. An important element for understanding the mechanics of woody tissue is the cell wall, which is essentially made up of only four... | |
biology-11/extraction_5.txt | ### 1. Introduction The hierarchical architecture of plant materials is well known and can evoke remarkable mechanical properties that are also useful for technical materials \ [1, 2, 3, 4\]. An important element for understanding the mechanics of woody tissue is the cell wall, which is essentially made up of only four... | |
biology-11/extraction_6.txt | ## 2\. Morpho-Anatomical Characterization of the Coconut Fruit #### 2.1. Morpho-Anatomy Coconut palms produce a large, single seeded fruit \ [21\] ( Figure 1), referred to as a drupe \ [27\]. The fruit consists of a thin outermost layer (the exocarp or epidermis, 0.1 mm thick), a thick layer of fibrous tissues referred... | |
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Treeshrew_6.txt | Taxonomy[edit]
They make up the entire order Scandentia, split into the families Tupaiidae, the treeshrews, and Ptilocercidae, the pen-tailed treeshrew. The 20 species are placed in five genera.
Treeshrews were moved from the order Insectivora into the order Primates because of certain internal similarities to primates... | |
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Colugo_0.txt |
Colugos (/kəˈluːɡoʊ/) are arboreal gliding mammals that are native to Southeast Asia. Their closest evolutionary relatives are primates. There are just two living species of colugos: the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) and the Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans). These two species make up the ent... | |
biology-12/extraction_0.txt | # Genomic analysis reveals hidden biodiversity within colugos, the sister group to primates Victor C Mason 1, Gang Li 1, Patrick Minx 2, Jürgen Schmitz 3, Gennady Churakov 3,4, Liliya Doronina 3, Amanda D Melin 5, Nathaniel J Dominy 6, Norman T-L Lim 7,8, Mark S Springer 9, Richard K Wilson 2, Wesley C Warren 2, Kristo... | |
biology-12/extraction_1.txt | ## The broader relationships of Primates in Mammalia Although there are continuing disagreements about where to draw the primate/non-primate line in the fossil record, more consensus exists about the identity of the closest living relatives of primates. Molecular analyses of mammalian relationships have fairly consiste... | |
biology-12/extraction_2.txt | ## The broader relationships of Primates in Mammalia Although there are continuing disagreements about where to draw the primate/non-primate line in the fossil record, more consensus exists about the identity of the closest living relatives of primates. Molecular analyses of mammalian relationships have fairly consiste... | |
biology-12/extraction_3.txt | ### Abstract Euarchontoglires, once described as Supraprimates, comprise primates, colugos, tree shrews, rodents, and lagomorphs in a clade that evolved about 90 million years ago (mya) from a shared ancestor with Laurasiatheria. The rapid speciation of groups within Euarchontoglires, and the subsequent inherent incomp... | |
biology-12/extraction_4.txt | A full understanding of primate morphological and genomic evolution requires the identification of their closest living relative. In order to resolve the ancestral relationships among primates and their closest relatives, we searched multispecies genome alignments for phylogenetically informative rare genomic changes w... | |
trees_grow_directions/Auxin_4.txt | Effects[edit]
A healthy Arabidopsis thaliana plant (left) next to an auxin signal-transduction mutant with a repressed response to auxin.
Crown galls are caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria; they produce and secrete auxin and cytokinin, which interfere with normal cell division and cause tumors.
Auxin particip... | |
trees_grow_directions/Phototropism_0.txt | In biology, phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus. Phototropism is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light contain a hormone called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This cau... | |
trees_grow_directions/Auxin_3.txt | Hormonal activity[edit]
Auxins help
development at all levels in plants, from the cellular level, through organs, and ultimately to the whole plant.
Molecular mechanisms[edit]
When a plant cell comes into contact with auxin, it causes dramatic changes in gene expression, with many genes up- or down-regulated. The prec... | |
trees_grow_directions/Gravitropism_2.txt | In shoots[edit]
Gravitropism is an integral part of plant growth, orienting its position to maximize contact with sunlight, as well as ensuring that the roots are growing in the correct direction. Growth due to gravitropism is mediated by changes in concentration of the plant hormone auxin within plant cells.
As plant... | |
trees_grow_directions/Gravitropism_4.txt | Gravity-sensing mechanisms[edit]
Statoliths[edit]
Banana fruit exhibiting negative geotropism.
Plants possess the ability to sense gravity in several ways, one of which is through statoliths. Statoliths are dense amyloplasts, organelles that synthesize and store starch involved in the perception of gravity by the plant... | |
biology-13/extraction_1.txt | ### 3. Unravelling the influence of gravitropic, phototropic and proprioceptive sensing Plant axes are endowed with two major tropisms: gravitropism and phototropism. Gravitropism requires a specific sensing apparatus involving gravitropically sensitive cells called statocytes, found all along the stem (Fig. 5a-1; Mori... | |
biology-13/extraction_2.txt | Gravitropism and phototropism, the orientation of growth as a function of gravity and light, respectively, are two major processes implicated in the regulation of plant shape [1, 2]. Their combination allows aerial organs to forage for light without losing mechanical stability [3]. This requirement is important for ere... | |
biology-13/extraction_3.txt | # I. Introduction The large size and complex architectures of trees were made possible in part by two key evolutionary innovations – the ability of stems to perceive gravity, and the ability to produce specialized woods capable of reinforcing or reorienting woody stems. In many, if not all, forest trees, reinforcement ... | |
biology-13/extraction_4.txt | Growth stress performs essential functions for the tree; it maintains its huge body for a long period against the gravitational force [1]. Reaction wood formation participates in this function, especially when a drastic response is needed. Growth stress becomes extremely high in reaction wood, whereas it is reduced in ... | |
biology-13/extraction_5.txt | ### Abstract Trees control their posture by generating asymmetric mechanical stress around the periphery of the trunk or branches. This stress is produced in wood during the maturation of the cell wall. When the need for reaction is high, it is accompanied by strong changes in cell organization and composition called r... | |
biology-13/extraction_6.txt | ## Summary and Conclusions Thigmomorphogenesis is one of several plant responses to touch requiring a cellular-level mechanosensing mechanism involving the cytoskeleton connected to the plasma membrane and cell wall. The plasma membrane contains mechanosensitive ion channels, which facilitate signaling via the movement... | |
biology-13/extraction_7.txt | High winds have long been regarded as a factor of forest damage (Ennos 1997 Wind as an ecological factor. Trends Ecol Evol 12:108–111"); Schelhaas et al. 2003 Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Glob Chang Biol 9:1620–1633. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00684.x ")); G... | |
biology-13/extraction_8.txt | # 2.2 Axiom of uniform stress Trees are characterized by a homogeneous stress distribution on the tree surface. They grow such that local high stresses (potential points of rupture) as well as locally small stresses (excessive use of material) are avoided. This was demonstrated by Metzger [3] in 1893 already, based on ... | |
biology-13/extraction_9.txt | ## ROOT ARCHITECTURE AND STABILITY Listen Tree stability depends heavily on both root system architecture and the anchorage of roots in the soil. Root/soil resistance gives rise to the characteristic mass of roots and soil seen on uprooted trees, known as the root plate. The anchorage strength of a tree root system has... | |
biology-13/extraction_10.txt | ``` Fig. 2. The partially exposed root system of a sugar maple (Acer saccharum) (A and B) and the appearance of three roots (I–III) experiencing different loading conditions (C–E) as a result of the drag forces (F) created by prevailing winds and eccentric self-loading. (C and D) Schematics of a polar and a lateral vie... | |
see_when_eyes_closed/Phosphene_0.txt | A phosphene is the phenomenon of seeing light without light entering the eye. The word phosphene comes from the Greek words phos (light) and phainein (to show). Phosphenes that are induced by movement or sound may be associated with optic neuritis.
Phosphenes can be induced by mechanical, electrical, or magnetic stimu... | |
see_when_eyes_closed/Phosphene_2.txt | Mechanism[edit]
Most vision researchers believe that phosphenes result from the normal activity of the visual system after stimulation of one of its parts from some stimulus other than light. For example, Grüsser et al. showed that pressure on the eye results in activation of retinal ganglion cells in a similar way to ... | |
see_when_eyes_closed/Closed-eye_hallucination_0.txt | Closed-eye hallucinations and closed-eye visualizations (CEV) are hallucinations that occur when one's eyes are closed or when one is in a darkened room. They should not be confused with phosphenes, perceived light and shapes when pressure is applied to the eye's retina, or some other non-visual external cause stimulat... | |
see_when_eyes_closed/Phosphene_1.txt | Causes[edit]
Mechanical stimulation[edit]
The most common phosphenes are pressure phosphenes, caused by rubbing or applying pressure on or near the closed eyes. They have been known since antiquity, and described by the Greeks. The pressure mechanically stimulates the cells of the retina. Experiences include a darkenin... | |
see_when_eyes_closed/Closed-eye_hallucination_2.txt | What is not a CEV[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Afterimage (palinopsia)[edit]
Image burn-in occurs when very b... | |
see_when_eyes_closed/Closed-eye_hallucination_1.txt | Levels of CEV perception[edit]
See also: Creative visualization
There are five known levels of CEV perception which can be achieved either through chemical stimuli or through meditative relaxation techniques. Level 1 and 2 are very common and often happen every day. It is still normal to experience level 3, and even l... | |
bacterium_infect_another/Bdellovibrio_1.txt | Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus[edit]
The most well studied of these is Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, which is found almost exclusively in host dependent growth in nature. In this free swimming attack form after searching for prey using its pili, it burrows through the host outer membrane/ peptidoglycan cell wall and enters t... | |
bacterium_infect_another/Bdellovibrio_4.txt | Life cycle and parasitism[edit]
Bdellovibrio life cycle. The Bdellovibrio attaches to a Gram-negative bacterium after contact, and penetrates into the prey's periplasmic space. Once inside, elongation occurs and progeny cells are released within 4 hours.
Bdellovibrio cells can swim as fast as 160 µm/s, or over 100 time... | |
biology-15/extraction_0.txt | Predator–prey relationships are some of the oldest and most important interactions in nature and occur at every level, from the smallest virus infecting a bacterium, to lions attacking wildebeest. Predators are often keystone species in natural ecosystems ( 1). Investigations into predator–prey dynamics in natural sett... | |
biology-15/extraction_1.txt | Predatory bacteria use other bacteria or yeasts as a food source; hence, they are able to actively hunt and kill their neighbors to later consume their macromolecules as nutrients. Various studies have shown that these predators are widely distributed in many natural and artificial environments (such as artificial micr... | |
biology-15/extraction_2.txt | In a recent study, we developed a new oral culture medium (SHI medium) that supported the growth of many uncultivated bacteria within a multispecies community, including several phylotypes of TM7 ( 21, 22). In this work, by using targeted enrichment approaches on SHI medium-cultivated saliva samples, we were able to ob... | |
biology-15/extraction_5.txt | #### 2.3.1. Saccharibacteria (TM7) The first pure strain of CPR bacteria, TM7x, was isolated from a human oral cavity [[12]](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9698310/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#B12-microorganisms-10-02232). By serial sub-cultivation with the addition of streptomycin (given the resistance of TM7x to... | |
electrical_shock_freeze_up_muscles/Tetanic_contraction_0.txt | A tetanic contraction (also called tetanized state, tetanus, or physiologic tetanus, the latter to differentiate from the disease called tetanus) is a sustained muscle contraction evoked when the motor nerve that innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate. During this state, a motor unit h... | |
biology-16/extraction_0.txt | Electrical stimulation of neuronal tissue is a promising strategy to treat a variety of neurological disorders. The mechanism of neuronal activation by external electrical stimulation is governed by voltage-gated ion channels. This stimulus, typically brief in nature, leads to membrane potential depolarization, which i... | |
biology-16/extraction_1.txt | The type of current refers to either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). AC is commonly used in household electrical outlets (generally 50-60 Hz, low frequency), and it changes direction rhythmically. In contrast, DC is found in most batteries and flows continuously in one direction. Most cardioverters and... | |
biology-16/extraction_2.txt | ## Pathophysiology of Electrical Injuries Traditional teaching is that the severity of electrical injury depends on characteristics of the exposure, which are referred to as Kouwenhoven’s factors: - Type of current (direct [DC] or alternating [AC]) - Voltage and amperage (measures of current strength) - Duration of exp... | |
biology-16/extraction_3.txt | 5 Effects of sinusoidal alternating current in the range of 15 Hz to 150 Hz This Clause 5 describes the effects of sinusoidal alternating current passing through the human body within the frequency range 15 Hz to 150 Hz. NOTE Unless otherwise specified, the current values defined herein after are r.m.s. values. Example... | |
biology-16/extraction_4.txt | # Effects Of Electric Shock As we have learned earlier, a closed circuit is essential for the safety of anyone that comes in contact with electricity. Contact with electric voltage can cause the current to flow through the body, which can then result in electric shock, burns and even death. This can happen in different... | |
biology-16/extraction_5.txt | ## Pathophysiology of Electrical Injuries Traditional teaching is that the severity of electrical injury depends on characteristics of the exposure, which are referred to as Kouwenhoven’s factors: - Type of current (direct [DC] or alternating [AC]) - Voltage and amperage (measures of current strength) - Duration of exp... | |
biology-16/extraction_6.txt | PHYSICS AND MECHANISM OF ELECTRICAL INJURY Terminology of electricity — Electricity is the flow of electrons between points of high concentration to points of lower concentration (or potential). For typical electrical injuries, the factor we most often know is voltage, and we therefore use this to classify injuries and... | |
biology-16/extraction_7.txt | Mr. Robert Felix of the National Arborist Association further argued that CPR was of dubious value with respect to injuries caused by electric shock. In NAA's post-hearing brief, he stated: a study of the precise issue by medical experts (Cardiologist F. Gravino, M.D., F.A.C.C., et al.) commissioned by NAA and submitte... | |
protein_in_food/Protein_(nutrient)_0.txt |
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram. The most important aspect and ... | |
protein_in_food/Protein_(nutrient)_4.txt | Digestion[edit]
Most proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.
Before the absorption in ... | |
protein_in_food/Protein_10.txt | Nutrition
Further information: Protein (nutrient) and Protein quality
Most microorganisms and plants can biosynthesize all 20 standard amino acids, while animals (including humans) must obtain some of the amino acids from the diet. The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize on its own are referred to as essent... | |
genetic_sequence_of_SARS-CoV-2/Polyadenylation_0.txt |
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature mRNA f... | |
genetic_sequence_of_SARS-CoV-2/Polyadenylation_7.txt | Evolution[edit]
Although polyadenylation is seen in almost all organisms, it is not universal. However, the wide distribution of this modification and the fact that it is present in organisms from all three domains of life implies that the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms, it is presumed, had some... | |
biology-18/extraction_0.txt | ## Introduction The devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an extraordinary expansion of research focused on the causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus has been classified within the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, which b... | |
biology-18/extraction_1.txt | ### SARS-CoV-2 genome structure and expression Like other hCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA (+RNA) genome of 29,882 [[31]](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8287290/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#CR31), 29,891 [[4]](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8287290/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#CR4) ... | |
biology-18/extraction_2.txt | # Lessons Learned from the Genome Equivalent to a thousandth of the diameter of a human hair, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV)-2 is an average size for an enveloped virus. Its structural proteins Spike, Envelope, and Membrane, embedded in a host-derived lipid edifice, enclose a nucleocapsid, h... | |
biology-18/extraction_3.txt | # The Genetic Codes Compiled by Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. Last update of the Genetic Codes: Sep. 23, 2024 NCBI takes great care to ensure that the translation for each coding sequence (CDS) present in GenBank records is ... | |
kissing_natural_human_activity/Kiss_8.txt | Biology and evolution[edit]
Black-tailed prairie dogs "kissing." Prairie dogs use a nuzzle of this variety to greet their relatives.
Within the natural world of other animals, there are numerous analogies to kissing, notes Crawley, such as "the billing of birds, the cataglottism of pigeons and the antennal play of some... | |
biology-19/extraction_0.txt | # The Half of the World That Doesn’t Make Out Surprisingly few societies have romantic kissing in their repertoire. By William Jankowiak, Justin R. Garcia, and Shelly Volsche 10 Feb 2016 !This detail from “Sode no maki” (“Handscroll for the Sleeve”), a woodblock print created by the artist Torii Kiyonaga around 1785, r... | |
biology-19/extraction_1.txt | For generations, passionate kisses immortalized in movies, songs and the arts have served as a thermometer of romantic affection. But current research has found that not only is romantic kissing not the norm in most cultures, some find it uncomfortable and even flat-out repulsive. Justin Garcia, research scientist at K... | |
biology-19/extraction_2.txt | MY OWN INTEREST in bonobos came not from an inherent fascination with their charms but from research on aggressive behavior in primates. I was particularly intrigued with the aftermath of conflict. After two chimpanzees have fought, for instance, they may come together for a hug and mouth-to-mouth kiss. Assuming that s... | |
biology-19/extraction_3.txt | # INTRODUCTION The prevalence of various human courtship and mating behaviors around the world is thought to signify their usefulness in the process of assessing potential mating partners, in mediating pair-bond attachments or in initiating sexual relations (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1972; Fisher, 1982; Miller, 2001). Mouth-to-... | |
biology-19/extraction_4.txt | ## Introduction Selecting an appropriate mate is arguably one of the most important decisions that any sexually reproducing animal must make in order to ensure the successful propagation of their genes. In recent years, it has been found that humans display distinct aptitudes when it comes to evaluating the suitability... | |
biology-19/extraction_5.txt | In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of a short-term embrace on the physiological stress response. To this end, we invited romantic couples and subjected them to the SECPT in a joint testing environment. One group was additionally instructed to embrace each other prior to the stress procedure. We hypothes... | |
biology-19/extraction_6.txt | ## Background Mouth-to-mouth contact has been observed in a wide variety of animals, including fish, birds, and primates and serves a range of functions, including the assessment of physical abilities and the acquirement of food. However, intimate kissing involving full tongue contact and saliva exchange appears to be ... | |
biology-19/extraction_7.txt | ## Key points - EBV is one of the most common human viruses in the world and spreads through bodily fluids, primarily saliva. - EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis and other illnesses. - There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection. !Young boy laying down with his hand over his forehead. ## What it is Epstei... | |
biology-19/extraction_8.txt | ## Overview Herpes simplex virus (HSV), known as herpes, is a common infection that can cause painful blisters or ulcers. It primarily spreads by skin-to-skin contact. It is treatable but not curable. There are two types of herpes simplex virus. Type 1 (HSV-1) mostly spreads by oral contact and causes infections in or ... | |
biology-19/extraction_9.txt | ### Abstract A kiss has been a signal of special affection across continents and cultures for millennia. Between times and peoples, social norms invariably prescribe kissing to specific affiliations and contexts, implying deeper biological bases. Why the protruding of the lips and slight suction when touching another? ... | |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nasal_cycle_3.txt | Benefits for olfaction[edit]
Some odor chemicals bind with olfactory receptors easily, even under conditions of high airflow, and other odors need more time, under low airflow conditions, to bind with receptors. With high airflow on one side and low airflow on the other side, the olfactory center detects a greater rang... | |
breathe_out_of_one_nostril/Nasal_cycle_0.txt | The nasal cycle is the unconscious alternating partial congestion and decongestion of the nasal cavities in humans and other animals. This results in greater airflow through one nostril with periodic alternation between the nostrils. It is a physiological congestion of the nasal conchae, also called the nasal turbinate... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.