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economics-0/extraction_0.txt | 1 Illicit Financial Flows to and from Developing Countries: 2005-2014 I. Overview of the IFF Estimates for 2005-2014 The corrosive impact illicit financial flows (IFFs) can have on economic progress and poverty alleviation efforts became part of development orthodoxy in 2015. In July of that year, the Addis Ababa Actio... | |
economics-0/extraction_1.txt | 3. “Trade misinvoicing”: the meeting point between IFFs and avoidance? Trade misinvoicing is a form of customs and/or tax fraud involving exporters and importers deliberately misreporting the value, quantity, or nature of goods or services in a commercial transaction. Estimates of trade misinvoicing are closely linked ... | |
economics-0/extraction_2.txt | Channels commonly thought of as being illicit include all forms of cross-border money laundering. This includes cash smuggling and trade-based money laundering, accomplished by obscuring the true price or quantity of goods being exported or imported. Sometimes the source and channel of an IFF are hard to disentangle. F... | |
economics-0/extraction_3.txt | Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) ======================================= Domestic tax base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) relates to tax planning strategies that multinational enterprises use to exploit loopholes in tax rules to artificially shift profits to low or no-tax locations as a way to avoid paying t... | |
economics-0/extraction_5.txt | 3.1 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Strategies In the context of taxation, some of the above commercial practices are collectively referred to as Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) strat- egies. 43 These practices are carried out in par- ticular with the aim of enabling companies and individuals to avoid paying t... | |
economics-0/extraction_6.txt | **Why it matters?** **Public debt can be vital for development. Governments use it to finance expenditures, protect and invest in their people and pave the way to a better future. However, when public debt grows excessively or its costs outweigh its benefits, it becomes a heavy burden. This is precisely what is happeni... | |
economics-0/extraction_7.txt | Net finance flows to developing countries turned negative in 2023 Developing countries are projected to become net financial contributors to the rest of the world economy. Net finance flows fell 48% in 2022 to their lowest level since the Global Financial Crisis. Economy Authors:Sara Harcourt, Jorge Rivera, David McNai... | |
economics-0/extraction_8.txt | A global UN capacity development project will start in 2023, relying on methodological support, guidance and training by UNCTAD and UNODC. It will be carried out in coordination by UNECA with all UN Regional Commissions. The project will enhance the capacity of developing countries across regions to measure and curb IF... | |
economics-0/extraction_9.txt | 2. Brief review of the literature on capital flight on economic growth In the literature, authors such as Ndikumana, (2009); Fofack & Ndikumana, (2010) and Boyce & Ndikumana, (2001) unanimously acknowledge the potentially negative effect of capital flight on economic growth through investment (other forms of channels e... | |
economics-0/extraction_10.txt | **Why it matters?** **Public debt can be vital for development. Governments use it to finance expenditures, protect and invest in their people and pave the way to a better future. However, when public debt grows excessively or its costs outweigh its benefits, it becomes a heavy burden. This is precisely what is happeni... | |
economics-0/extraction_11.txt | We have long been told a compelling story about the relationship between rich countries and poor countries. The story holds that the rich nations of the OECD give generously of their wealth to the poorer nations of the global south, to help them eradicate poverty and push them up the development ladder. Yes, during col... | |
economics-0/extraction_12.txt | **3. “Trade misinvoicing”: the meeting point between IFFs and avoidance?** Beyond these conceptual distinctions, a practical argument is often made that there is a major category of action which has been identified as both “illicit financial flows” and also as “legal avoidance,” and therefore that the two areas cannot ... | |
federal_reserve_tax/vol2035_0.txt | The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 35, No. 3, Winter, 2004, pp. 251-266
Inflation and Money Growth:
Evidence from a Multi-Country Data-Set
JOHN C. FRAIN*
Central Bank and Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ireland
and
Trinity College Dublin
Abstract: Using a multi-country data set strong correlation are found... | |
economics-100/extraction_2.txt | Money creation is one potential source of revenue for a government. Seigniorage — gov- ernment revenue received through creating money — is a relatively inexpensive means of raising funds. Take the United States as an example. It costs just a few pennies to print a $100 bill. The resource costs to the U.S. Treasury are... | |
economics-100/extraction_6.txt | But in the case of a government that issues its own sovereign currency without a promise to convert at a fixed value to gold or foreign currency (that is, the government “floats” its currency), we need to think about the role of taxes in an entirely different way. Taxes are not needed to “pay for” government spending. ... | |
economics-100/extraction_7.txt | Modern Monetary Theory or Modern Money Theory (MMT) is a heterodox macroeconomic theory that describes the nature of money within a fiat, floating exchange rate system. MMT synthesizes ideas from the _state theory of money_ of Georg Friedrich Knapp (also known as chartalism) and the _credit theory of money_ of Alfred M... | |
economics-100/extraction_9.txt | **Fed independence and the role of institutions** ------------------------------------------------- The case for central bank independence largely stems from monetary policy's unique role in providing price stability. Since a central bank can also play a role in financing government expenditures, the potential for conf... | |
globalization_developing/s11356019073724_20.txt | This paper focuses on long-term evidence on economic growth, international
tourism, globalization, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
emissions in OECD countries for the period of 1994–2014. The empirical
analysis reveals that climate change is magnified by energy use, tourism and
economic growth. An inver... | |
economics-101/extraction_0.txt | # VI.C. Import Prices and Welfare We are now ready to use the elasticities of substitution to evaluate the price effects of changes in varieties. Aggregating together our ratios according to equation (12) yields estimates of the impact of variety growth on the exact aggregate import price index. The results from this e... | |
economics-101/extraction_1.txt | A vigorous political debate is in progress over the impact of globalization on the economies of the developed world. China looms large in these discussions, as her exports have grown by over $1 5 %$ per year over the last two decades. One major benefit of Chinese trade had been lower prices for consumers in the develop... | |
economics-101/extraction_3.txt | # The Outsize Role of Immigrants in US Innovation 03/01/2023 Summary of working paper\\ 30797 Featured in print _Digest_ Immigrant Share of US Inventors and Innovative Output The figure is a column chart titled “Immigrant Share of US Inventors and Innovative Output.” 16.5 percent of US inventors are immigrants. 25.2 pe... | |
economics-101/extraction_4.txt | 5 (Re)Assessing the Gains from Trade China's economic growth has lifted hundreds of millions of individuals out of poverty. The resulting positive impacts on the material well-being of Chinese citizens are abundantly evident. Beijing's seven ring roads, Shanghai's sparkling skyline, and Guangzhou's multitude of export ... | |
economics-101/extraction_5.txt | The wave of globalisation that occurred in the 1990s and 2000s brought significant benefits to rich countries by lowering the costs of final consumer products and manufacturing inputs. But the rising tide did not lift all boats. Studies of workers and local labour markets from many high-income countries indicate that e... | |
economics-101/extraction_6.txt | **4.1 Chinese Import Competition and the Organizing Decision** Does this framework help explain the empirical results in Section 3? Viewed through the lens of our framework, we propose that greater industry exposure to Chinese import competition constituted a negative shock to the union wage premium. Greater local labo... | |
economics-101/extraction_7.txt | # Economic Slack, Interest Rates, and Inflation By reducing investment, rising markups can generate economic slack that may offset their immediate inflationary effect and may also imply a trade-off for monetary policy. These issues are explored through an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of the eu... | |
economics-101/extraction_8.txt | ### V.C. Worker Power and the Rise in Concentration There has been much recent discussion of whether the declining labor share reflects falling worker power (Krueger 2018). Declining union power would be a potential mechanism contributing to the decrease in the labor share, although the broad decline of labor shares in... | |
economics-101/extraction_9.txt | # Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Domestic tax base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) relates to tax planning strategies that multinational enterprises use to exploit loopholes in tax rules to artificially shift profits to low or no-tax locations as a way to avoid paying tax. The OECD/G20 BEPS Project equips g... | |
economics-101/extraction_10.txt | ## Abstract CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are the primary cause of global warming. Much attention has been focused on the CO2 directly emitted by each country, but relatively little attention has been paid to the amount of emissions associated with the consumption of goods and services in each country.... | |
economics-101/extraction_11.txt | ## 1\. Introduction Two competing narratives about carbon emission trends in developed countries are found in the literature. One is optimistic, highlighting that several developed nations have reduced domestic carbon emissions significantly while maintaining substantial economic growth. This is considered proof that e... | |
economics-101/extraction_12.txt | How do trade barriers affect living standards? Let’s zoom out for a second to explain. Consider a country that imposes an import tariff on semiconductors. First, for consumers who buy computers, a tariff immediately increases the price they pay. Of course, domestic firms can try to introduce competing models or expand ... | |
economics-101/extraction_13.txt | Supply-chain disruptions and rising geopolitical tensions have brought the risks and potential benefits and costs of geoeconomic fragmentation to the center of the policy debate. This chapter studies how such fragmentation can reshape the geography of foreign direct investment (FDI) and, in turn, how FDI fragmentation ... | |
economics-101/extraction_14.txt | Global factors can play important roles in driving sovereign, currency, balance of payments, and sudden stop crises. A variety of global factors are often reported to trigger crises, including deterioration in the terms of trade and shocks to world interest rates and commodity prices. For example, the sharp rise in U.S... | |
economics-101/extraction_15.txt | ## Global Financial Stability Report The Global Financial Stability Report provides an assessment of the global financial system and markets, and addresses emerging market financing in a global context. It focuses on current market conditions, highlighting systemic issues that could pose a risk to financial stability a... | |
country_firm/granular_6.txt | N
i=1
Sit
Yt
2
1/2
(5)
For simplicity, h will be referred to as the herfindahl of the economy.
This paper works first with the basic model (1)–(2). The arguments apply if
general equilibrium mechanisms are added.
GRANULAR ORIGINS OF AGGREGATE FLUCTUATIONS 739
2.2. The 1/
√N Argument for the Irrelevance of Idiosync... | |
economics-102/extraction_0.txt | 5 Estimating Correct Standard Errors The small sample covariance matrix of ̂ β OLS is underCL3candCL4 V\[ ̂ β OLS |X\] =σ 2 (X ′ X) −1 \[X ′ ΩX\] (X ′ X) −1 and differs from usual OLS whereV( ̂ β OLS |X) =σ 2 (X ′ X) −1 . Conse- quently, the usual estimator ̂ V( ̂ β OLS |X) =̂σ 2 (X ′ X) −1 is incorrect. Usual small sa... | |
economics-102/extraction_1.txt | A Önal comment on this Monte Carlo investigation concerns the sample size. Labor economists like us are used to working with tens of thousands of observations or more. But sometimes we donít. In a study of the e§ects of busing on public school students, Angrist and Lang (2004) work with samples of about 3000 students g... | |
economics-102/extraction_2.txt | II. Cluster-Robust Inference In this section we present the fundamentals of cluster-robust inference. For these basic results we assume that the model does not include cluster-specific fixed effects, that it is clear how to form the clusters, and that there are many clusters. We relax these conditions in subsequent sec... | |
economics-102/extraction_3.txt | The independence assumption is often violated in panel data and is the focus of the paper. In relaxing the assumption of independent errors, I initially assume that the data have an unobserved firm effect that is fixed. Thus the residuals consist of a firm-specific component (γ i ) and an idiosyncratic component that i... | |
economics-102/extraction_4.txt | VI. Few Clusters We return to one-way clustering, and focus on the Wald “t-statistic” 푤= 훽 ̂ −훽 0 푠 훽 � , (23) where 훽 is one element in the parameter vector 휷, and the standard error 푠 훽 � is the square root of the appropriate diagonal entry in V � clu \[휷 � \]. If 퐺 →∞ then 푤 ∼푁\[0,1\] under 퐻 0 :훽=훽 0 . For finite 퐺... | |
economics-102/extraction_5.txt | ### 16.2.3 Random Effects Copy link As a research design, fixed effects is all about isolating _within variation_. We think that there are some back doors floating around in that between variation, so we get rid of it and focus on the within variation. But as a _statistical method_, fixed effects can really be thought ... | |
economics-102/extraction_7.txt | Given this data structure (Equations (1), (4), and (5)), the true standard error of the OLS coefficient can be determined. Since the residuals are no longer independent within a cluster, the square of the summed residuals is not equal to the sum of the squared residuals. The same statement can be made about the indepen... | |
economics-10/extraction_0.txt | INTRODUCTION 1 P opulation change is important to track. Policymakers and planners monitor population growth and decline to make well-informed decisions about where to allocate resources. The causes of population change, however, are commonly misunderstood. Many conceptualize population change as the result of fertilit... | |
economics-10/extraction_1.txt | In 1965, the total fertility rate was five, globally. 50 years later this metric has fallen below 2.5. It has halved. The first panel in the chart shows this fundamental change. The total fertility rate at which a population replaces itself from one generation to the next is called the “replacement fertility rate”. If ... | |
economics-10/extraction_2.txt | ``` Methods The projections were produced using a cohort-component method beginning with an estimated base population for July 1, 2016. 1 In this method, the components of population change are projected separately for each birth cohort (persons born in a given year) based on past trends. For each year, 2017 to 2060, t... | |
economics-10/extraction_3.txt | Population growth can be attributed to four demographic components: fertility, mortality, migration and the age structure of a given population, each of which can have a positive or negative impact on popula- tion growth. The contribution of each demographic component to future population growth was assessed in the pre... | |
economics-10/extraction_4.txt | The slowing growth in the U.S. population comes from the confluence of three fac- tors: an aging population, falling 19 In terms of annual percent change, these numbers correspond to popula- tion growth of about 0.7 percent per year until 2030, 0.5 percent per year between 2030 and 2040, and 0.4 percent per year betwee... | |
economics-10/extraction_5.txt | November 09, 2023 **Press Release Number:** CB23-189 **NOV. 9, 2023** — The U.S. population is projected to reach a high of nearly 370 million in 2080 before edging downward to 366 million in 2100. By 2100, the total U.S. resident population is projected to increase by only 9.7% from 2022, according to the latest U.S. ... | |
economics-10/extraction_6.txt | 2023 National Population Projections Tables: Main Series ======================================================== Skip Navigation Within Data 2023 National Population Projections Tables: Main Series ======================================================== #### Projections for the United States: 2023 to 2100 The 2023 Na... | |
economics-11/extraction_0.txt | We present here a different perspective on economic development, one that has more room for the Latin American and Asian “anomalies” noted above. Our focus is on a particular type of learning that we believe has not received enough attention in the literature on economic development: learning what one is good at produc... | |
economics-11/extraction_1.txt | We present here a different perspective on economic development, one that has more room for the Latin American and Asian “anomalies” noted above. Our focus is on a particular type of learning that we believe has not received enough attention in the literature on economic development: learning what one is good at produc... | |
economics-11/extraction_2.txt | Markets are not necessarily good at facilitating the kind of structural transformation that El Salvador needs. New activities often require complementary and lumpy investments to be made simultaneously (a coordination externality). Regardless of whether they are successful, they generate valuable information for other ... | |
economics-11/extraction_3.txt | ### Information externalities Diversification of the productive structure requires “discovery” of an economy’s cost structure—i.e., discovery of which new activities can be produced at low enough cost to be profitable. Entrepreneurs must experiment with new product lines. They must tinker with technologies from establi... | |
economics-11/extraction_4.txt | The concepts of appropriability and innovation have been intertwined since the publication of the work of Schumpeter (1950). Economic units are interested in innovation only if it generates opportunities to appropriate returns ( Arrow, 1962; Harabi, 1995; Teece, 1986; Winter, 2006). Reflecting the relevance of this iss... | |
economics-11/extraction_5.txt | # 2\. INNOVATION AND APPROPRIABILITY: A BRIEF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK There is widespread agreement that in a perfect competition setting, that is, a situation in which, among other assumptions, no producer has market power, there is no product differentiation and all firms have immediate and perfect access to the same te... | |
economics-11/extraction_7.txt | # FIRST-MOVER DISADVANTAGES The mechanisms that benefit the first-mover may be counterbalanced by various disadvantages. These first-mover disadvantages are, in effect, advantages enjoyed by late-mover firms. Latemovers may benefit from: (1) the ability to 'freeride' on first-mover investments, (2) resolution of techno... | |
cpi_shift/consumerpriceindex_4.txt | Base shift
Base year The CPI reflects the price level of a basket of goods compared with
the average price in a given year, the so-called base year. From 2003 this
base year will be 2000. Household spending patterns may change in the course
of the years, for example because new products are introduced and because of... | |
economics-12/extraction_0.txt | ## Rebasing an index It is sometimes necessary to use index values on a reference base that is not published. Common examples include adjusting a contract which was written to use an index with a discontinued historical base period or making a graph which shows the index values of series which have different base perio... | |
economics-12/extraction_1.txt | # Index aggregation, rates of change, and contributions The HICP is a chain-linked Laspeyres-type index (European Union 2016). The (unchained) price indices in each calendar year refer to December of the previous year, which is the _price reference period_. These price indices are chain-linked to the existing index usi... | |
economics-12/extraction_2.txt | ###### 15.1. Comparability - geographical HICPs across Member States aim to be comparable. Any differences at all levels of detail should only reflect differences in price changes or expenditure patterns. To this end, concepts and methods have been harmonised by means of legislation. HICPs that deviate from these conce... | |
economics-12/extraction_3.txt | ## Rebasing an index It is sometimes necessary to use index values on a reference base that is not published. Common examples include adjusting a contract which was written to use an index with a discontinued historical base period or making a graph which shows the index values of series which have different base perio... | |
economics-12/extraction_4.txt | The country-group indices for the euro area, EU and EEA, as well as special aggregates are calculated by Eurostat using the HICP data provided by the countries. The computation consists of three main steps: 1. Price changes since December of the previous year are derived from the reported HICP index values; 2. The weig... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_3.txt | Researchers often adopt the arcsinh transformation to approximate a logarithm and interpret coefficients as they would for a logarithmic equation. In
this case, one can approximate semi-elasticities as shown by Halvorsen and
Palmquist (1980), Kennedy (1981), and Giles (1982) by exponentiating both
sides of Eq. 8 and no... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_6.txt | application, the difference in P¯ and P˜ before the small-sample adjustment is
trivial, suggesting the simpler logarithmic approximation performs well.
Finally, in columns (5) and (6), we repeat the previous analysis but substitute the ln(x+ 1) transformation for the arcsinh transformation. Our results
for ξ(Earnings78... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_1.txt | x +
√
x
2 + 1
. (1)
The arcsinh transformation is easy to implement, yet there is no formal
guidance on how to compute elasticities when using it, or on how it compares
to alternative transformations.2
In this article, we first fill this gap. We
then provide an empirical illustration that relies on a widely known and
... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_4.txt | x
y
= βˆ ·
p
y
2 + 1
y
·
x
√
x
2 + 1
. (16)
Because limx→∞ √ x
x2+1 = 1 and limy→∞
√
y
2+1
y = 1, for large values of x and
y, ξbyx ≈ βˆ.
2.5 Caveats
In the literature, the elasticities just derived are interpreted as the elasticities
one would obtain from equivalent specifications with logarithmic transformations, but... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_0.txt | Elasticities and the
Inverse Hyperbolic Sine Transformation∗
Marc F. Bellemare†
Casey J. Wichman‡
February 24, 2019
Abstract
Applied econometricians frequently apply the inverse hyperbolic
sine (or arcsinh) transformation to a variable because it approximates
the natural logarithm of that variable and allows retaining ... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_5.txt | i=1 yi
, one workaround when y = 0 is to multiply
by x¯
y¯
instead of by x
y
, i.e., to report the elasticity at the means of x and y
instead of one of the mean elasticities we derive above.
3 Empirical illustration
We illustrate common uses of the inverse-hyperbolic sine transformation using data from Dehejia and Wahb... | |
hyperbolicsine/BellemareWichmanIHSFebruary2019pdf_7.txt | 6. As with other elasticity estimates that rely on nonlinear combinations
of coefficients and data, standard errors should be obtained using the
delta method.
7. In Appendix B, we present Stata code that calculates elasticities in the
cases presented in sections 2.1 to 2.4.
Overall, the inverse hyperbolic sine function... | |
economics-13/extraction_0.txt | I periodically find myself having long conversations with consultees about 0’s. Why? Well, the basic suite of statistical tools many of us learn first involves the normal distribution (for the errors). The log transformation tends to feature prominently for working with right-skewed data. Since `log(0)` returns `-Infin... | |
economics-13/extraction_1.txt | Abstract Transformations that could be used to reduce the influence of extreme observations of dependent variables, which can assume either sign, on regression coefficient estimates are studied in this article. Two that seem reasonable on a priori grounds--the extended Box-Cox (BC) and the inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS)... | |
economics-13/extraction_2.txt | I’m currently working with a hydrologist and he raised a question that occurs quite frequently with real data — what do you do when the data look like they need a log transformation, but there are zero values? I asked the question on stats.stackexchange.com and received some useful suggestions. What follows is a summar... | |
economics-13/extraction_3.txt | ## Analysis methods you might consider Below is a list of some analysis methods you may have encountered. Some of the methods listed are quite reasonable, while others have either fallen out of favor or have limitations. - Poisson regression – Poisson regression is often used for modeling count data. Poisson regression... | |
economics-13/extraction_4.txt | Zero-inflated Poisson regression is used to model count data that has an excess of zero counts. Further, theory suggests that the excess zeros are generated by a separate process from the count values and that the excess zeros can be modeled independently. Thus, the **zip** model has two parts, a Poisson count model an... | |
economics-13/extraction_5.txt | ``` # Regression Models for Count Data in R Achim Zeileis Universität Innsbruck Christian Kleiber Universität Basel Simon Jackman Stanford University # Abstract The classical Poisson, geometric and negative binomial regression models for count data belong to the family of generalized linear models and are available at ... | |
economics-13/extraction_6.txt | ## Hurdle Models for Count Data Regression ### Description Fit hurdle regression models for count data via maximum likelihood. ### Usage ```R hurdle(formula, data, subset, na.action, weights, offset, dist = c("poisson", "negbin", "geometric"), zero.dist = c("binomial", "poisson", "negbin", "geometric"), link = c("logit... | |
economics-13/extraction_7.txt | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Statistical concept [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anscombe_stabilized_stdev.svg) Standard deviation of the transformed Poisson random variable as a function of the mean m{\\displaystyle m}!{\displaystyle m}. In statistics, the **Anscombe transform**, named after Francis Ans... | |
economics-13/extraction_8.txt | # Why is the square root transformation recommended for count data? Asked12 years, 8 months ago Modified 1 year, 1 month ago Viewed 32k times This question shows research effort; it is useful and clear 71 Save this question. Timeline Show activity on this post. It is often recommended to take the square root when you h... | |
economics-14/extraction_0.txt | 지난해 5대 그룹 매출이 국내총생산(GDP)의 40%를 차지하는 등 대기업 집단의 매출이 우리나라 경제 규모의 80% 수준에 육박한 것으로 분석됐습니다. 공정거래위원회에 따르면 최근 지정된 자산 5조 원 이상 공시대상기업집단(이하 대기업) 92곳이 지난해 올린 매출은 2,007조 7,000억 원으로 집계됐습니다. 한국은행이 발표한 지난해 명목 GDP(2,549조 1,000억 원)의 78.8%에 달하는 규모입니다. 이 가운데 '상위 대기업'이라고 불리는 상호출자제한기업집단(자산 11조 6,000억 원 이상) 46곳이 올린 매출액은 1,833조 1,000억 원으로 GDP... | |
economics-14/extraction_1.txt | Last year, the sales of the top five conglomerates accounted for 40% of the gross domestic product (GDP). When expanded to the entire group of large corporations, their sales were analyzed to be nearing 80% of the scale of the South Korean economy. According to Yonhap News Agency on the 6th, the Fair Trade Commission r... | |
economics-14/extraction_2.txt | 윤석열 정부 ‘친 대기업 정책’에 비중 확대 무분별한 인수·합병으로 경제력 집중 심화 전문가들 “새 정부, 일반 주주 권한 키워야” !대기업 본사가 밀집한 서울 종로구 일대. 경향신문 자료사진 대기업 본사가 밀집한 서울 종로구 일대. 경향신문 자료사진 지난해 상위 5대 그룹의 매출액이 국내총생산(GDP)에서 차지하는 비중이 40%를 웃돈 것으로 나타났다. 문재인 정부에서 30%대 중반으로 하락했던 이 비중은 코로나19를 기점으로 치솟았고, 윤석열 정부 들어서도 ‘친 대기업 정책’에 힘입어 고공행진을 이어가고 있다. 경제력 집중 현상 완화를 위해 재벌 총수, 경영진을 ... | |
economics-14/extraction_3.txt | # Samsung Electronics accounts for 20% of S. Korea's exports in H1 Published : Aug. 18, 2019 - 09:54:38 - - Link copied! Samsung Electronics Co. was responsible for 20 percent of South Korea's total exports in the first half of this year, showing its heavy influence on the national economy, its financial report showed ... | |
economics-14/extraction_4.txt | # 20% of exports come from Samsung Electronics Published: 18 Aug. 2019, 19:26 Despite the lackluster semiconductor business, sales of Samsung Electronics still accounted for almost one-fifth of Korea’s exports in the first half of this year. In its semi-annual report released Wednesday, the electronics giant’s sales fr... | |
economics-14/extraction_5.txt | # Value added by activity Value added reflects the value generated by producing goods and services, and is measured as the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption. Indicator Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn ### Definition Value added reflects the value generated by producing goods and services, and i... | |
ceopay/ExecutiveExcess1999pdf_7.txt | Of course, the biggest contributor to exorbitant CEO pay is stock options, which are
variable. Indeed, when the stock market was weak in 1994, fewer executives exercised
their options and total compensation took a dip. However, most executives still enjoy generous base pay packages and in fact in 1994 a record number e... | |
economics-15/extraction_0.txt | As Table 1 and Figure A show, using the realized measure of CEO compensation, CEOs of major U.S. companies earned 21 times as much as the typical worker in 1965. This ratio grew to 31-to-1 in 1978 and 60-to-1 by 1989. It surged in the 1990s, hitting 381-to-1 in 2000, at the end of the 1990s recovery and at the height o... | |
economics-15/extraction_2.txt | This study exploits a recent change in the reporting requirements for stock option grants to conduct refined tests of the backdating hypothesis. Effective August 29, 2002, and in response to changes to Section 16 reporting of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the SEC changed th... | |
economics-15/extraction_3.txt | For banking organizations that issue stock options to their employees, January 1, 2006, marked a watershed event. On that date, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 (Revised), _Share-Based_ _Payment_ (FAS 123(R)), took effect for entities with a calendar year fiscal year and eliminated the choice between... | |
economics-15/extraction_4.txt | Software giant Microsoft Corp. said Tuesday that it would no longer give employees stock options, abandoning a compensation system that came to symbolize the go-go economy of the 1990s -- and the excesses that critics say helped fuel the dot-com bubble and a rash of corporate financial scandals. The company said it wou... | |
economics-15/extraction_5.txt | #### Long-term trends in CEO compensation Table 1 also presents the longer-term trends in CEO compensation for selected years from 1965 to 2022. [5] Our discussion of longer-term trends focuses mostly on the realized compensation measure of CEO compensation preferred in most economic analyses. In general, CEO compensat... | |
diminish_return/Supermodularfunction_6.txt | Supermodularity in economics and game theory [ [ edit
](/w/index.php?title=Supermodular_function&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit
section: Supermodularity in economics and game theory") ]
The concept of supermodularity is used in the social sciences to analyze how
one [ agent's ](/wiki/Agent_\(economics\) "Agent \(econ... | |
diminish_return/Supermodularfunction_5.txt | * [ Printable version ](/w/index.php?title=Supermodular_function&printable=yes "Printable version of this page \[p\]")
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mathematical function class
In [ mathematics ](/wiki/Mathematics "Mathematics") , a function
f : R k → R {\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} ^{k}\to \mat... | |
diminish_return/Supermodularfunction_8.txt | Uniqueness "General equilibrium") in [
coordination games ](/wiki/Coordination_game "Coordination game") . [3]
The opposite case of supermodularity of f {\displaystyle \,f}
, called submodulari... | |
economics-16/extraction_0.txt | Supermodular optimization is a new methodology for conducting comparative statics or sensitivity analysis, that is, it determines how changes in exogenous parameters affect endogenous variables in optimizing models.' As such, the use of this methodology is pervasive in economics, and the conclusions thereby derived are... | |
economics-16/extraction_1.txt | # Abstract I propose a notion of complementarity in consumer theory, called direct complementarity, for which I provide four equivalent definitions including an axiomatization. I point out a novel critique of the leading definition of complementarity, which is based on cross-price effects: such effects are sensitive to... | |
economics-16/extraction_2.txt | ## 7.3 Long-Run Cost Minimization **Learning Objective 7.3**: Describe the solution to the cost minimization problem in the long run. The long run, by definition, is a period of time when all inputs are variable. This gives the firm much more flexibility to adjust inputs to find the optimal mix based on their relative ... | |
economics-16/extraction_3.txt | ## Definition The equimarginal principle states that to maximize utility or satisfaction, a consumer should allocate their limited budget across different goods and services such that the marginal utility per dollar spent is equal across all purchases. This ensures the consumer is deriving the maximum possible satisfac... | |
economics-16/extraction_4.txt | In economics and econometrics, the **Cobb–Douglas production function** is a particular functional form of the production function, widely used to represent the technological relationship between the amounts of two or more inputs (particularly physical capital and labor) and the amount of output that can be produced by... | |
economics-16/extraction_5.txt | Equation (7.2) says that at the cost-minimizing mix of inputs the marginal products per dollar must be equal. This conclusion makes sense if you think about what would happen if equation (\[pb\_glossay id=”752″\]7.2\[/pb\_glossary\]) did not hold. Suppose instead that the marginal product of capital per dollar was more... | |
nash_continuous/48cb7ae4210825b7de3d7fc0bcc8553fMIT6254S10lec06bpdf_10.txt | 1 ∂x1∂x2 · · ·
∂2 ⎜⎜ u2(x) . ⎝
⎟⎟ U(x) = ⎠ .. . ∂x2∂x1
.
.
.
The next proposition provides a sufficient condition for the payoff functions to be diagonally strictly concave.
Proposition 4 For all i ∈ I, assume that the strategy sets Si are given by Eq. (3), where hi
is a concave function. Assume that the symmetric matr... | |
nash_continuous/48cb7ae4210825b7de3d7fc0bcc8553fMIT6254S10lec06bpdf_7.txt | ) + λ∗
j�gj (x∗
) = 0,
j=1
λ∗
jgj (x∗
) = 0, ∀ j = 1, . . . , r.
Note that the condition that there exists some x¯ such that gj (x¯) > 0 for all j = 1, . . . , r is
a constraint qualification (referred to as the Slater’s constraint qualification) that is suitable
for convex optimization problems.
We now return to the a... |
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