query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
All of the following structures passes through the Alcock canal, EXCEPT: | [
"Alcock canal or pudendal canal stas from the lesser sciatic notch and runs forward on the medial surface of the ischial tuberosity up to the pubic arch where it is continuous with the deep perineal pouch. Contents of the pudendal canal are:Pudendal nervePudendal aery and veinWithin the canal pudendal nerve give ri... | [
"Ans. (a) Upper poleRef: Schwartz principles of surgery, 10th edition, Page 1531* At the level of insertion of superior thyroid artery due to increased blood flow the Bruit is heard at upper pole"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Marfans Syndrome affecting eyes, skeletal system, and the cardiovascular system is caued by the mutation in the gene | [
"Marfan Syndrome Is Caused by Mutations in the Gene for Fibrillin-1. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It affects the eyes (eg, causing dislocation of the lens, known as ectopia lentis), the skeletal system (most patients are tall and exhibit long digits and hyperextensibility of the joints), and the ... | [
"Diabetes can increase the incidence of anomalies in the fetus if sugars are high in the first trimester (Period of Organogenesis). However, genetic make up of the fetus cannot be altered and hence increased incidence of cystic fibrosis is not a possibility Maternal Complications like Pre eclampsia and eclampsia, I... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
RNA primer is synthesized by - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., DNA primase ProteinFunctionDNA polymerasesDeoxynucleotide polymerizationHelicasesProcessive unwinding of DNATopoisomerasesRelieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced unwindingDNA primaseInitiates synthesis of RNA primersSingle-strand binding proteinsPrevent premature reannealling ... | [
"Terminaldeoxynucleotidyltransferase catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3' termini of DNA. ... By use of a tailing method, which adds homopolymerdeoxynucleotide tails to denatured DNA, any double-stranded DNA fragment can be joined to a cloning vehicle Ref biochemistry satyanarayana 4e p255"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Biochemical analytes measured in the triple test are all the following Except | [
"Second-Trimester ScreeningPregnancies with fetal Down syndrome are characterized by lower maternal serum AFP levels--approximately 0.7 MoM, higher hCG levels--approximately 2.0 MoM, and lower unconjugated estriol levels--approximately 0.8 MoM. This triple test can detect 61 to 70 percent of Down syndrome.Levels of... | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p34 TDM is done for drugs (with narrow therapeutic index) whose response cannot be monitored by clinical examination. Antihypeensive effect can be easily measured, therefore TDM is not required"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A preterm baby is born with synchronised upper chest movement, minimal nasal flare, expiratory grunting heard by the stethoscope, but has no chest or xiphoid retractions. The Silverman score is: | [
"The Silverman Anderson retraction score of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): Upper chest Lower chest Xiphoid retraction Nares dilatation Expiratory grunt Grade 0 Synchronised No retraction None None None Grade 1 Lag on inspiration Just visible Just visible Minimal By stethoscope Grade 2 See-saw Marked Marked Ma... | [
"Transient tachypnea of the newborn * The clinical case given above indicates the likely diagnosis of transient tachynea of the newborn, which is otherwise called Respiratory distress syndrome type II. * It is characterized by the early onset of dyspnea with chest retractions, expiratory grunting and cyanosis. Neon... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Yoke muscle pair is | [
"Right lateral rectus and left medial rectus.\nYolk muscles are pair of muscles one from eye which contracts simultaneously during version movement."
] | [
"Ans. Bilateral beating on ears"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy are - | [
"Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterised by a primary decrease in ventricular compliance , resulting in impaired ventricular filling during diastole. Restrictive cardiomyopathy can be idiopathic or associated with systemic disease that also happen to affect the myocardium for example radiation fibrosis, amyloid... | [
"Ref: Harrison's 19th E pg 1573 Table 288-2. Thickened pericardium seen in constrictive pericarditis. Because constrictive pericarditis can be corrected surgically, it is impoant to distinguish chronic constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy, which has a similar physiologic abnormality (i.e., rest... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
3-year-old child comes in ER with Hv'o vomiting, loose watery motion for 3 days, on examination, the child was drowsy, sunken eye. Hypothermia and skin pinch take time to revert back, diagnosis | [
"on A child with severe dehydration will have at least two of the following four signs: sensorium is abnormally sleepy or lethargic, sunken eyes, drinking poorly or not at all, and a very slow skin pinch.\nA child with some signs of dehydraon will have two of the following: restlessness or irritability, sunken eye... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Severe dehydrationo A child with severe dehydration will have at least two of the following four signs : sensorium is abnormally sleepy or lethargic, sunken eyes, drinking poorly or not at all, and a very slow skin pinch.o A child with some signs of dehydration will have two of the following : re... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 50 years old lady presented with lump in the left breast, which has developed suddenly in weeks. Perimenstrual symptoms are present. No associated family history. On examination, the lump is well circumscribed, fluctuant, 1.5 cm oval in shape. Most likely diagnosis: | [
"Fibroadenoma - it occurs in 2nd to 3rd decade of life Galactocele - it occurs in 3rd to 4th decade of life. Breast cancer - there is no associated family history and lump has developed suddenly hence breast cancer is ruled out. Breast cyst - it occurs in 5th to 6th decade of life. Examination revealed fluctuant le... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Fibroadenoma * Fibroadenomas are benign solid tumors composed of stromal and epithelial elements.* It is the second most common tumor in the breast (after carcinoma) and is the most common tumor in women younger than 30 years.* Fibroadenomas most often arise in the late teens and in women during ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
HIV can - | [
"it can cross blood brain barrier and cause cns infection REF:ANANTHANARAYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.576"
] | [
"D i.e. 10 may not summon"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Heamorrhagic external otitis media is caused by | [
"Otitis externa haemorrhagica It is characterized by for mation of haemorrhagic bullae on the tympanic membrane and deep meatus. It is probably viral in origin and may be seen in influenza epidemics. The condition causes severe pain in the ear and blood-stained discharge when the bullae rupture. Treatment: with ana... | [
"Erysipelas being a cutaneous condition can spread to ear lobule = Milian's ear sign."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 7 year old male patient presents to the clinic for routine dental examination and has history of frequent snacking and sugary beverages. Intraoral examination shows multiple pit and fissure caries and subsurface enamel porosity manifesting as milky white opacity. Tactile probing should not be used in this case becaus... | [
"Traditionally, dentists have relied upon a visual-tactile radiographic procedure for the detection of dental caries. This procedure involves the visual identification of demineralized areas (typically white spots) or suspicious pits or fissures and the use of the dental explorer to determine the presen... | [
"Oral manifestations of hypothyroidism : Childhood hypothyroidism known as cretinisim is characterized by thick lips, large protruding tongue (macroglossia), malocclusion and delayed eruption of teeth. Thickening of the lips and macroglossia is due to increased accumulation of subcutaneous mucopolysaccharides i.e.,... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most dangerous paicles causing pneumoconiosis are of size | [
"In pneumoconiosis, the most dangerous paicles range from 1-5 micron in diameter, because they may reach the terminal small airway and settle in there lining notes The solubility and cytotoxicity of paicles ,modify the nature of pulmonary response"
] | [
"Diffuse alveolar damage is a characteristic feature of ARDS. As explained in the test asbestosis inhalation associated with pleural plaques, interstial fibrosis bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma Refer robbins 9/e"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Calculate the deficit for a 60 kg person,with Hb - 5 g/dl add 1000 mg for iron stores. | [
"Iron deficit = Bodyweight(kg) x 2.3 x (15 - Hb) + 1000\n = 60 x 2.3 x (15 - 5) + 1000\n = 2380 (close to 2500)"
] | [
"(A) 85% > An average value is 3500 mL (5% of the body weight of a 70 kg man, assuming unit density)approx.70%-80%."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a cause of glomerular proteinuria? | [
"Multiple myeloma is characterized by tubular proteinuria. The Bence Jones proteins induce tubular damage Increased beta-2-microglobulin levels in urine is an prognostic indicator of Multiple myeloma Diabetes Mellitus and amyloidosis lead to damage to basement membrane of the kidney leading to glomerular proteinuri... | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Diabetic nephropathy The manifestation of chronic diabetes on kidneys is a result of the increased levels of blood glucose levels and are not immune mediated."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following does not cause Insulin release- | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Rosiglitazone o Oral hypoglycemic drugs may be divided into two groups. 1. Group 1 These drugs reduce plasma glucose by stimulating insulin production, therefore called insulin secretogogues. Hypoglycemia is a well known side effect. Examples are: i) Sulfonylureas: first generation (chlorpropamid... | [
"Insulin shows anti insulin effect and stimulate production of insulin like growth factor Anti insulin effect: increased lipolysis, hyperglycemia Effects mediated by insulin like growth factor: increased cailage and bone formation, increased protein synthesis and growth factor secretion, Ref:Guyton and Hall textboo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following endocrine tumors is most commonly seen in MEN I ? | [
"In MEN 1 : * Gastrinoma (>50%) * Insulinoma (10-30%) * Glucagonoma (<3%) * Somatotrophinoma (25%) Reference : page 2336 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th edition"
] | [
"Mucosal neuromas are made up of nerve cells, often with thickened perineurium, intewined with one another in a plexiform pattern. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B is a genetic disease that causes multiple tumors on the mouth, eyes, and endocrine glands. It is the most severe type of multiple endocrine neoplasi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The following is the least useful investigation in multiple myeloma : | [
"Answer is C (Bone scan) Bone scans are least useful for diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma. Cytokines secreted by myeloma cells suppress osteoblastic activity therefore typically no increased uptake is observed. In multiple myeloma the osteohlastic response to bone destruction is negligible. The bone scan therefore is ... | [
"All of the above is most appropriate answer although with regard to threatened abortion it is controversial."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 2-week-old baby is irritable and feeding poorly. On physical examination, the infant is irritable, diaphoretic, tachypneic and tachycardic. There is circumoral cyanosis, which is not alleted by nasal oxygen. A systolic thrill and holosystolic murmur are heard along the left sternal border. An echocardiogram reveals a... | [
"Truncus aeriosus refers to a common trunk for the origin of the aoa, pulmonary aeries and coronary aeries. It results from absent or incomplete paitioning of the truncus aeriosus by the spiral septum during development. Most infants with persistent truncus aeriosus have torrential pulmonary blood flow, which leads... | [
"Continuous murmurs begin in systole, peak near the second hea sound, and continue into all or pa of diastole. Their presence throughout the cardiac cycle implies a pressure gradient between two chambers or vessels during both systole and diastole. The continuous murmur associated with a patent ductus aeriosus is b... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii is indicated in HIV positive patents When CD4 count is- | [
"Low CD4 count correlated with risk of PCP (p < 0.0001); 79% had CD4 counts less than 100/microl and 95% had CD4 counts less than 200/microl. Bacterial pneumonia has been linked to several HIV-related factors, including CD4 counts, having an uncontrolled viral load, and not being on antiretroviral therapy. HIV-posi... | [
"Pneumocystis jirovecii causes infection Primarily in Rats. Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously P. carinii) is the causative organism of Pneumocystis pneumonia paicularly among immunocompromised hosts. P. jiroveci causes PCP in human with HIV if, their CD4+ cells count below 200/uL."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
index finger infection spreads to - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Thenar space o Thenar space communicates w'ith the index finger while the mid palmar space communicates with the middle, ring and little fingers.o Thus infection of index finger leads to thenar space infection while the infection of middle, ring or little finger leads to mid palmar space infectio... | [
"Through batson plexus cancer spreads through bone."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All are clinical features of chalcosis except | [
"Dalen - fuch's nodules are formed due to proliferation of the pigment epithelium ----- sympathetic ophthalmitis."
] | [
"Ref Robbins 8/e p276; 9/e p279 Ceain non neoplastic disorders _ the chronic atrophic gastric of pernicious Anemia, solar keratosis of skin, chronic ulcerative colitis and leukoplakia of the oral cavity, vulva and penis, have such a well defined association with cancer that they have been termed precancerous condit... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Bidextrous grip is seen at what age? | [
"Ans. A. 4 monthsFINE MOTOR MILESTONES: AgeMilestone4 monthsBidextrous reach6 monthsUnidextrous reach9 monthsImmature pincer grasp12monthsMature pincer grasp15monthsImitates scribbling, tower of 2 blocks18monthsScribbles, tower of 3 blocks2 yearsTower of 6 blocks, veical & circular stroke3 yearsTower of 9 blocks, c... | [
"It has a cutting tip unlike routine protaper system."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A victim of Tsunami has difficulty in overcoming the experience. She still recollects the happening in dreams and thoughts. The most likely diagnosis is | [
"PTSD is characterised by recurrent and intrusive recollections of the stressful event, either in flashbacks (images, thoughts, or perceptions) and/or in dreams. There is an associated sense of re-experiencing of the stressful event. There is marked avoidance of the events or situations that arouse recollections of... | [
"The answer here is debatable. First of all, lets review some facts. There is no clear cut duration in which grief should get resolved. The most accepted duration for grief is 6-12 months. In this case the history is that the man repoed that wife asked him to join her. The question has not mentioned if it was an au... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A tumor has the following characteristic retrobulbar location within the muscle cone, well defined capsule, presents with slowly progressive proptosis, easily resectable, occurs most commonly in the 2nd to 4th decade. Most likely diagnosis is - | [
"Ref: Clinical ophthalmology 5th/e p.670 *Cavernous hemangioma is the most common benign, intraconal tumor in adults. *Hemangiopericytoma is also retrobulbar intraconal lesion found in adults but is a rare tumor. Moreover owing to its tendency to invade the adjacent tissues, its margins are less distinct than caver... | [
"(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 417) Epidermal dermoid cyst (dermoid) is the most common orbital cystic lesion in children, accounting for over 40% of all orbital lesions of childhood and for 89% of all orbital cystic lesions of childhood that come to biopsy or surgical removal.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
For Status epilepticus, treatment of choice is: September 2012 | [
"Ans. D i.e. Lorazepam"
] | [
"(Ref: Katzung, 14th ed. pg. 426; KDT 6th ed. pg. 407-408)* Given the choices the answer will be Na+ Valproate* According to Harrisons 19th ed. the current recommendable drug of choice for GTCS is LAMOTRIGINE > Na+ Valproate."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All are subjective tests for audiometry except: | [
"(b) Impedance audiometry(Ref. Scott Brown, 6th ed., Vol 2; 2/12/1)Impedance audiometry is an objective test. It does not require the cooperation of patient.Other objective audiometry tests are; OAEs, Electrocochleography and BERA"
] | [
"Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition. *Specificity is the most difficult criterion to establish not only in chronic disease but also in acute diseases and conditions."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Tonic neck relfex is lost in lesion of - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Medulla"
] | [
"Eye down and out - III nerve lesion - III nerve located in mid brain Left pyramid weakness - so lesion in contralateral side (right) -Medial lesion"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
More than 90% patients of CREST syndrome with the limited cutaneous form of this disorder make which of the following autoantibodies? | [
"All forms of scleroderma are thought to have a strong autoimmune component, and glucocoicoids and azathioprine are used to suppress the inflammatory complications of scleroderma. (Other drugs that can be used in therapy include penicillamine, which inhibits collagen cross-linking, NSAIDS for pain, and ACE inhibito... | [
"Hydralazine can cause drug-induced lupus (defined by positive ANA and anti-histone antibodies). About 25-30 % of patients treated chronically with hydralazine will develop ANA positivity and about 10-20% of patients with ANA positivity will develop systemic symptoms compatible with lupus, particularly arthralgias.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Name of mumps vaccine is | [
"Widely used live attenuated mumps vaccine include the jeryl Lynn, RIT 4385, Leningrad-3, L-Zagreb and Urable strains. The current mumps strain (jeryl Lynn) has the lowest associated incidence of post-vaccine aseptic meningitis."
] | [
"Nakayama strain and beijing strain are strains of JE vaccine."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Sacro-Iliac joint involvement is common in which condition? | [
"(A) Ankylosing spondylitis # ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS, from Greek ankylos, crooked; spondylos, vertebrae; -itis, inflammation), previously known as Bekhterev's disease, Bekhterev syndrome, and Marie-Strumpell disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton with variable involvement of peripheral... | [
"Extra aicular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis Up to 40% of patients also have peripheral musculoskeletal lesions (asymmetrical, affecting entheses of large joints, such as the hips, knees, ankles and shoulders).Fatigue is a major complaint and is common to all SpAs, but its cause is unknown. Acute anterio... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Infertility issues with leiomyoma can be addressed by | [
"GnRH agonist treatment is approved for treating infertility associated with fibroid uterus."
] | [
"Shaw's textbook of Gynaecology- 16th edn- pg no 253. A hysteroscopy must be combined with laparoscopy for cornual pathology. Mucus plug, polyps and synechiae can be managed. Dense adhesions can not be dealt with this way."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
An adult male sustained accidental burns and died 1 hour later. Which of the following enzymes will be increased in the burn area? | [
"Answer: a) ATPase (KS NARAYAN REDDY 33rd ED P-327)In antemortem burns, skin adjacent to the burnt area will show increase in the following enzymes after certain time intervalEnzymeAge of wounds (hour)ATPases1Esterases1Aminopeptidases2Acid phosphatase4Alkaline phosphatase8"
] | [
"Tissues contain characteristic isozymes or mixtures of isozymes. Enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase (CK), differ from one tissue to another. Lactate dehydrogenase contains four subunits. Each subunit may be either of the heart (H) or the muscle (M) type. Five isozymes exist (HHHH, HHHM, HHM... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Recommended daily dietary requirment of folate (folic acid) in children ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., 80-120 mg Recommended daily allowances of folic acid are:- Healthy adults - 200 micro gm.(mcg) Pregnancy - 500 mcg Lactation - 300 mcg Children - 80-120 mcg"
] | [
"Ans. C. Pyridoxine(Ref: Harper 31/e page 533-540)The RDA of Pyridoxine is dependent on Protein intake.The RDA of Thiamine is dependent of Carbohydrate intake."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Alcohol dependence is seen which of the following phase | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e. Oral PhasePsychiatric disorders resulting from fixation of regression to this phase* Oral phase (Birth 1 Vx year)* Alcohol dependence or drug dependence* Severe mood disorder* Dependent personality traits and disorders* Schizophrenia* Ana! phase* Obsessive compulsive traits* Obsessive compulsive d... | [
"Low resting pulse rate is the constant predictor of conduct and antisocial behavior."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
CAMP acts through: | [
"A i.e., Activation of protein kinase"
] | [
"USG is the investigation of choice for CHPS"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A four-fold increase in the titre obtained in Weil- Felix reaction is diagnostic of - | [
"In weil-felix test, host antibodies to various rickettsial species cause agglutination of Proteus bacteria because they cross-react with bacterial cell surface antigens. Reference: Harrison20th edition pg 1011"
] | [
"Answer- A. Anti- MCV antibodyThe newly developed antimutateil citruIlinated vimenti (Anti MCV assay) have been tasted for the diagnosis of P.A.Their main advantage is early appearance making early detection of R.A.Anti MCV antibodies show strong conehtion with the disease activity, disease severity aqd the success... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The diameter of Tricuspid orifice is | [
"ValveDiameter of OrificePulmonary2.5cmAoic2.5cmMitral3cmTricuspid4cmRef: BD Chaurasia; Volume 1; 6th edition; Table 18.1"
] | [
"Refer Apleys 9th e p 372 Cubitus varus develops which is reduced carrying angle and Cubitus valgus is increased carrying angle"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of hirsutism in a teenage girl: | [
"As explained earlier PCOD is the most common cause of hirsutism.\nPCOD most common affects teenage girls (15–25 years). Therefore, In teenage girls most common cause of hirsutism is PCOD."
] | [
"Serum testosterone should be first test to be done in females with hirsutism to rule out androgen producing tumors."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
CSF is stored at:Kerala 11 | [
"Ans. 4degC"
] | [
"C i.e. 304 A"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Gastrosplenic ligament is derived from? | [
"ANSWER: (C) Dorsal mesogastriumREF: Langman's Medical Embryology 9th edition 293The gastrosplenic ligament (ligamentum gastrosplenicum or gastrolienal ligament) is part of the greater omentum. Embryonically the gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the dorsal mesogastrium. The gastrosplenic ligament is made of pe... | [
"CT shows a subcapsular hematoma with a splenic laceration extending from the capsule to the hilum with an intraparenchymal hematoma Leinorenal ligament, also known as the Splenorenal ligament contains: tail of the pancreas splenic aery splenic vein Hence it is needed to be manipulated carefully to prevent bleeding... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 59-year-old male is found to have a 3.5-cm mass in the right upper lobe of his lung. A biopsy of this mass is diagnosed as a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Workup reveals that no bone metastases are present, but laboratory examination reveals that the man's serum calcium levels are 11.5 mg/dL. Thi... | [
"Symptoms not caused by either local or metastatic effects of tumors are called paraneoplastic syndromes. Bronchogenic carcinomas are associated with the development of many different types of paraneoplastic syndromes. These syndromes are usually associated with the secretion of ceain substances by the tumor cells.... | [
"Syndrome of inappropriate of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a disorder of impaired water excretion due to excessive secretion of ADH hormone, often by neoplastic cells. Antidiuretic hormone makes the urine concentrated, thereby preventing free water excretion. This leads to water retention and hyponatremia. As to... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Crossing over, true is; | [
"Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occuring during pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis.Recombination of genes in the same chromosome is brought about by crossing over. Ref: PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS, By Eldon John Gardner, Michael J. Simmons,... | [
"Convent girl appearance seen in CLL College girl appearance also called garden pay appearance seen in CML"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Bloom Richardson grading - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Carcinoma breasto Bloom Richardson Grading and its variants are used to grade breast cancers."
] | [
"A i.e. Rickets"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which among the following is FALSE about congenital toxoplasmosis? | [
"Negative IgM with positive IgG indicates past infection. The presence of IgM antibody (which does not cross placenta) in the infant's circulation will diagnose congenital toxoplasmosis. The double sandwich IgA-ELISA is more sensitive than the IgM-ELISA for detecting congenital infection in the fetus and newborn. T... | [
"Ans. B: Onchocerciasis Chorioretinitis (CR) is an inflammatory process that involves the uveal tract of the eye. Inflammation is usually caused by congenital viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections in neonates. Congenital toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus infection are the most common etiologies in this age group. ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Superior suprarenal aery originates from: | [
"Inferior phrenic aery"
] | [
"Abdominal aoa branches- - Gonadal aeries ( testicular aery) Superior supra renal aery is a branch of inferior phrenic aeries. All other branches of abdominal aoa are given in treasure attached."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of Papillary necrosis is | [
"Major causes of Papillary Necrosis1. Analgesic nephropathy2. Sickle cell nephropathy3. Diabetes with UTI4. Prolonged NSAID use Reference: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 340; Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney"
] | [
"Ans. is a, b and c i.e. Cervical involvement; Lymph node involvement; and Papillary serous tumour"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Alzheimer's disease is associated with: September 2012 | [
"Ans. C i.e. Dementia Alzheimer's dementia Coical (NOT subcoical) dementia, Progressive, Associated with Apo E gene, Neurofibrillary tangles are seen and Donepezil is used in management"
] | [
"Generalised lymphadenopathy is one of the minor signs . Weight loss greater than or equal to 10% of body weight is needed Prolonged fever for more than 1 month is needed Ref; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 366"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Essential amino acids are all except: | [
"10 amino acid are essential - T - Threonine V -VALINE P- Phenylalanine A- Arginine T- Tryptophan M- Methionine I -Isoleucine L -Leucine L - Lysine 2 amino acid are semi essential -Arginine and histidine can be synthesized by adults and not by growing children"
] | [
"Threonine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Methionine, Isolcucine & Leucine, Tryptophan, Valine > Histidine >> Arginine are nutritionally essential amino acids. Among these last two (histidine & arginine) are semi- essential, and arginine is more essential than histidine."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
What is tuberculoma? | [
"Tuberculosis may also involve the bone of the maxilla or mandible. One common mode of entry for the microorganisms is into an area of periapical inflammation by way of the blood stream; an anachoretic effect.\nIt is conceivable also that these microorganisms may enter the periapical tissues by direct immigration t... | [
"Answer is B (Tuberculosis) : Most common cause of necrotic lymph nodes with peripheral rim enhancement is Tuberculosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Clinical features of rheumatic fever are all except- | [
"Ref: R Alagappan - Manual of Practical Medicine 4th Edition.pg no:146-147 Rheumatic Fever Acute, recurrent, inflammatory disease, mainly of children (aged 5-15 years), typically occurring 1-5 weeks after group A streptococcal infection. Pathophysiology 1. Cross reactivity of host antistreptococcal antibodies to ca... | [
"Juvenile idiopathic ahritis (Still's disease) It causes spindle-shaped swelling of finger joints and can involve joints such as the sternoclavicular joint. Presentation of JIA occurs as either polyahritis (five or more joints, systemic symptoms not so severe or persistent), oligoaicular (four or fewer joints, lowe... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A dense persistent nephrogram may be seen in all of the following except: | [
"B i.e. Systemic hypeension"
] | [
"Ans AFace of giant panda or Midbrain Panda sign refers to the typical appearance of midbrain when the red nucleus and substantia nigra are surrounded by high signal on T2W. Often seen in Wilson's disease (best answer) but can also be seen in Japanese encephalitis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Most common type of mesentric cyst is | [
"Chelolymphalic cyst :\n\nIt is commonest type of mesentric cyst.\nIt has congenital misplaced lymphatic tissue."
] | [
"B i.e. Neurogenic tumor Neurogenic tumors (arising in posterior nerve structues) are the most common posterior mediastinal tumor but these do not occur in anterior mediastinumQ. And posterior mediastinum is the most common location for neurogenic tumors."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
According to WHO, membranous glomerulonephritis seen in SLE, is - | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Class V"
] | [
"Nephrotic syndrome is an unusual presentation ground glass appearance of lungs, pleural effusion are of IgA nephropathy. Patients mainly present with hematuria, impoant features. after pharyngeal or gastrointestinal infection, vaccination or Pulmonary fthrosis leads to restrictive ventilatory defect and strenuous ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All the following can be used to grow human viruses except? | [
"The virus needs cellular components for there growth"
] | [
"Ans. D i.e. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 can be found in large quantities in animal products, including meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, and dairy products; and the consumption of these products is the most longstanding method by which human beings have taken vitamin Buinto their systems."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
When a child is not able to perform the following motor functions such as skipping, walking on heels, hopping in place or going forwards in tandem gati, his motor development is considered to be below ? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., 4 years o A child hops on one foot by 4 years and skips by 5 years. o As this child can not hop, the age of this child is less than 4 years."
] | [
"Four- and five-year-old children should be able to copy a square and a cross; children younger than this age have difficulty with this task. By 4 years of age, their language should be fully understandable by the examiner. Children begin to be able to name four colors, define five words, and know three adjectives.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The alveoli are filled with exudate. The air is displaced, converting the lung into a solid organ. This description suggests- | [
"• ‘Bacterial invasion of the lung parenchyma causes the alveoli to be filled with an inflammatory exudate, thus causing consolidation (“solidification”) of the pulmonary tissue’…..Robbins definition of pneumonia"
] | [
"Emphysema occurs at the site of acinus, the anatomical site for the rest of them is the bronchus."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Antoni A & Antoni B Pattern's are seen in | [
"Schwannoma *Distinctive histologic patterns seen within the peripheral nerve sheath tumor Schwan noma include the Antoni A and Antoni B regions oThese are the classic microscopic appearances of a schwannoma, which is benign. oNote the more cellular \"Antoni A\" pattern on the left with palisading nuclei surroundin... | [
"A i.e. Toes & fingers"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Incised wound which is not a feature ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Margins are inveed Margins are eveed, clear, and clean cut."
] | [
"Ans. 'a' Marjolin's ulcer Marjolin's ulcer is the name given to a malignancy (usually sq cell ca) which arises in a: - any long standing wound or - a scar: eg scar of an old burn It presents the following characteristics It grows slowly as the scar is relatively avascular It is painless as scar tissue contains no ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which one of the following is a malignant bone tumour? | [
"(C) Chondrosarcoma # MALIGNANT PRIMARY BONE TUMORS include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma, and other sarcoma types. Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer which also frequently presents as one or more bone tumors.# CLASSIFICATION of BONE TUMOURS:> Cart... | [
"SCC is the commonest malignancy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
New born term baby born by vaginal delivers' had respiratory' distress, grunt, with scaphoid abdomen -Most probable diagnosis is - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Diaphragmatic hernia o Diaphragmatic Hernia is defined as a communication between abdominal & thoracic cavities with or without abdominalContents in thorax.MC Bochdalek type.More common on left (85%)30% of CDH have associated anomalesCardiac anomalis is MC anomalis.In cardiac (Hypoplastic left he... | [
"1. 190 cm man- Marfan syndrome 2. Devoid of lung margin, absent breath sounds- Pneumothorax 3. Aoic dissection- typical interscapular severe pain 4. Acute Cor pulmonary ruled out there is no history of ohopedic implant surgery, long flight"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Confirmatory test for syphilis is-rpt qun | [
"rpt qun"
] | [
"A i.e. VDRL of mother & child Vescobullous lesion with periostitisQ indicate congenital syphilis; so VDRL shoud be done."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The placenta secretes a hormone that is utilized in the early detection of pregnancy. This hormone is: | [
"The synthesis and secretion of hCG begins about day 6 of pregnancy, presumably from the trophoblast cells. Pregnancy tests utilize the measurement of hCG for detection of the embryo. Endothelial growth factor (EGF) is synthesized by the cytotrophoblast cells in the early placenta, then is synthesized by the syncyt... | [
"Ans. D: Decreased AFP level Alpha-fetoprotein is made in the pa of the womb called the yolk sac and in the fetal liver, and some amount of AFP gets into the mother's blood. In neural tube defects, the skin of the fetus is not intact and so larger amounts of AFP is measured in the mother's blood. In Down syndrome, ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Ulceration of the vulva is commonly seen in all except | [
"Ans. is a, i.e. Bacterial vaginosisRef: Dutta Gynae 6th/ed, p262Vulval ulcersVulval ulcers are predominantly due to sexually transmitted diseases. Rarely, it may be due to non-specific causes.Malignant ulcer is also rare. The various etiological factors related to vulval ulcers are given in the below Table.Ulcers ... | [
"Cushing’s ulcer is associated with head injury. Curling ulcer is associated with burns."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Thalidomide can be used in all of the followingconditions except? | [
"HIV associated peripheral neuropathy"
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p823 Folic acid is used to reverse the adverse effect of methotrexate. Folic acid is ineffective. All of the statements are true as discussed earlier"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In children with classical galactosemia all are true except: | [
"E. coli sepsis is common and the onset often precedes the diagnosis of galactosemia Elimination of galactose reverse growth failure, cataract, renal and hepatic dysfunction Galactokinase deficiency -> accumulation of galactose and galactitol Duae variant- a single amino acid substitution, has 50% of normal enzyme ... | [
"Maple syrup urine disease Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare (1:185,000), autosomal recessive disorder in which there is a paial or complete deficiency in BCKD, a mitochondrial enzyme complex that oxidatively decarboxylates leucine, isoleucine, and valine (see Figure 20.10). These BCAAs and their correspon... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
When a person changes position from standing to lying down, following change is seen: | [
"B i.e. Venous return to hea increases immediately In standing posture, 300- 500m1 of blood pools in venous capacitance vessels of lower extremities, which is immediately returned towards heaQ on assuming lying down posture. Cardiovascular system Onlying On standing - Stroke volume - Cardiac output - Venous return ... | [
"The inferior vena cava quite likely undergoes compression by the growing fetus when the mother is in the supine position. In this case the compression led to reduced blood flow through the heart, with a resultant drop in blood pressure. The other structures listed as answers are not likely to be compressed by the ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Metrorrhagia is | [
"The term intermenstrual bleeding is updated nomenclature for metrorrhagia."
] | [
"Polymenorrhea"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Effective red cell diameter | [
"Answer: (C) Thalassemia minor anemia may present with normal RBC diameter (265-68-Hrshmohon 7th) (630= Rabbins- basis disease)Red blood cell distribution width (RDW or RCDW) is a measure of the variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood c... | [
"Secondary attack rate"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The most impoant indication for surgical repair of a Bicornuate Uterus is - | [
"The most impoant indication for surgical repair of a Bicornuate Uterus is Recurrent aboions Recurrent aboions occur due to - Decreased space for embryo to grow and Relatively less blood supply"
] | [
"Septate Uterus Paial lack of resorption of the midline septum between the two mullerian ducts results in fibromuscular defects which range from a slight midline septum to a significant midline division of endometrial cavity Defect is not a cause of infeility, but once pregnant, greater the septum - greater the ris... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Maternal moality rate is - | [
"Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition. * Maternal moality rate is the no of maternal deaths in a given period per 100,000 women of reproductive age during the same time period."
] | [
"A i.e. Fracture mobility is a risk factor"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Colour of crystals in positive Florence test is - | [
"Ref:The essential of forensic medicine and toxicology Dr.K.S NARAYAN REDDY 32nd edition pg no 415 the stain is estracted by 10% HCL and a drop is placed on a glass slide and allow to dry a cover slip is place dover this , and a drop of florence solution(KI,iodide and water) this allowed to run under the cover slip... | [
"B i.e. Presence of water in the middle ear"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Factor Xa is necessary for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin | [
"Ans. (c) As part of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 118-119; 8th/pg 119)Activated factor IX along with factor VIIIa (Intrinsic pathway) & factor VIIa (extrinsic pathway), converge to activate Factor X to Xa is necessary for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin (common pathway)"
] | [
"X-linked recessive disorder of blood clotting that results in spontaneous bleeding, particularly into joints, muscles and internal organs and easy brusing.\nClassic hemophilia results from mutations in the gene encoding factor VIII\nIntrinsic pathway affected.\nFactor VIII a complex is the most important activator... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
True about Rotameter – | [
"As the gas flows through the rotameter, bobbin rises and the upper end of bobbin determines the flow rate.\nRotameter works on variable area (variable orifice) and constant pressure principle (not variable pressure).\nCauses of inaccurate reading in rotameter are :- Static electricity, Dirt inside the tube, Non-ve... | [
"A i.e. Normal Sensorium"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
What is an ideal method to prevent aspiration pneumonia? | [
"Ans: A (Cuffed endotracheal tube) Ref: Bailey, 24th ed, p. 46; Ajay Yadav, p. 101A cuffed endotracheal tube is used to:1. Facilitate artificial airway ventilation or surgery around face or airway.2. Protection of lung if there is a risk of pulmonary aspiration.Predisposing factors for aspiration:1. Full stomach-- ... | [
"Old age and post operative period are risk factor for deep vein thrombosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A mutation that results in a value replacement for glutamic acid at position 6 of the B chain of hemoglobin 5 hinders normal hemoglobin function and results in sickle-cell anemia when the patient is homozygous for this mutation. This is an example of which of the following types of mutation? | [
"Missense mutations are those in which a single base change (point mutation) results in a codon that encodes for a different amino acid residue. The effects of these types of mutations can range from very minor or even undetectable to major, depending on the impoance of the altered residue to protein folding and fu... | [
"Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder due to the deficiency of enzyme Hexosaminidase A. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of cell membrane components known as gangliosides accumulate in the brain&;s nerve cells, eventually leading to the premature death of the cells. symptoms: mental retardation, blindn... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following vessel does not cross the midline of the body: | [
"The left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein which crosses the midline to join inferior vena cava. All the other options (Left renal vein, left brachiocephalic vein and hemiazygous vein) cross the midline.Ref: Human Anatomy, B D Chaurasia, 4th Edition, Volume 2, Chapter 24, Page 297, 307, 316; Clinical An... | [
"Most common site is middle of the lateral border or the ventral aspect of the tongue."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Daily maintenance fluid for a child weighing 24 kg is: | [
"Fluid requirement in a child in this child weighing 24 kg is:1540 mL. For first 10 kg: 100ml/kg For next 10 kg : 50ml/kg For each kg. above 20 : 20 ml/kg (1-10 kg) 100 x 10 = 1000 mL (11-20 kg) 50 x 10 = 500 mL; For next 4 kg (21-24 kg) 20 x 4= 80 mL"
] | [
"Size of LMA used for a 25 kg child is 2.5 LMA size 6 is used in adults weighing over 100 kg"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
OCP protects against all EXCEPT: September2012 | [
"Ans. A i.e. Hepatic adenoma OCP's administration may result in hepatic adenoma. Oral contraceptive pills Protects against: - Uterine Ca, - Ovarian Ca, - RA, - Endometriosis etc."
] | [
"ANSWER: (D) FTA-ABSREF: Harrison 17th ed chapter 162 table 162-1Repeat Medicine Post diploma June 2012"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In a chronic alcoholic, all the following may be seen in the liver except - | [
"Alcoholic liver disease\nThere are three distinct forms of liver disease -\n1. Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)\n2. Alcoholic hepatitis\n(a) Acute alcoholic hepatitis\n Focal necrosis\n Cholestasis\n Mallory hyaline bodies\n(b) Chronic hepatitis\n3. Alcoholic cirrhosis"
] | [
"Impaired memory may be seen in chronic alcoholics with vitamin deficiency. Decreased consciousness and vomiting may be a feature of head injury and raised ICT. Organic mental disorder often involves some aspects of the intelligence being affected."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Ring sideroblasts, with iron laden occurs in | [
"i.e. (Mitochondria) : (301-Harsh Mohan 6th ) (625-Robbins & Cotran-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Ringed sideroblasts is characteristic of sideroblastic anemia /Myelodysplastic SyndromeRinged sideroblast in which haem synthesis is disturbed as occurs in sideroblastic anaemiasRinged sideroblasts containing numerou... | [
"Intracellular accumulation of immunoglobulins that can occur in plasma cells or RER forms large rounded , eosinophilic Russell bodies. Multiple aggregates of Russell bodies forms Mott cells. Dutcher bodies- single and usually large pale staining nuclear inclusions that are common in IgA myeloma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Signal from Baroreceptors goes to - | [
"Ans. is C Nucleus of tractus solitarius o Baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors that are located in the adventia of carotid artery and aorta, at specialized locations called sinuses. Carotid sinus is a little bulge at the root of internal carotid artery, located just above the bifurcation of the common carotid artery... | [
"Peripheral chemoreceptor in the carotid and aoic bodies can produce variable effects on hea rate- Direct Effect: Vagal stimulation- Bradycardia Indirect effect : Hypoxia- Peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation - Hyperventilation and increased catecholamine secretion - Tachycardia and increased cardiac output Chemore... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Intrinsic factor of castle is secreted by which of the following cells in gastric glands | [
"The stomach also adds a significant volume of digestive juices to the meal. Like salivary secretion, the stomach actually readies itself to receive the meal before it is actually taken in, during the so-called cephalic phase that can be influenced by food preferences. The gastric secretions arise from glands in th... | [
"GLUT 5is membrane channel for the facilitated diffusion of glucose It is seen in testis,gastrointestinal tract"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which is not echogenic while doing ultrasonography- | [
"Bile and urine are least echogenic.\nBone, gas, and organ boundaries are most echogenic."
] | [
"Ans-DUltrasound (Ref Williams Obstetrics, 21st,p. 1119-1120).The best method for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus prenatally is ultrasound.On ultrasound, the excess fluid is reflected by ventriculomegaly."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Features of mycotic aneurysm are all except | [
"Mycotic aneursm is commonly saccular."
] | [
"Single umbilical aery is a/w an increased risk for an occult renal anomaly. Cardiovascular system involvement is the next. Also know - Single umbilical aery is the most common umbilical anomaly."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Microvesicular fatty liver is caused by - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Valproate Steatosiso Accumulation of triglyceride fat droplets within the heaptocytes is known as steatosis or fatty liver. It may be of two types -1. Microvesicular steatosis - Multiple tiny droplets accumulate that do not displace the nucleus.2. Macrovasicular steatosis - A single large droplet... | [
"Hemasiderin containing macrophages in the alveoli are indicators of pulmonary edema is cases of left heart failure. Hence, they are called Heart failure cells."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Child protection scheme is under which ministry - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ministry of women and child developmento In 2006 the Ministry' of Women and Child Development (MWCD) proposed adoption of Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS).o In 2009 the central government take the scheme its approval and has begun the extensive task of providing children with a protectiv... | [
"Socialized medicine - Free medical care by govt. regulated by professional groups or bodies. Concept given by Russia State medicine -free medical care by govt. Finger printing first given by - India Blindness control first staed by - India Compulsory sickness insurance given by- Germany"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Indication for surgery in a case of adrenal incidentaloma | [
"Ref: Bailey&;s 26thE pg: 780. Treatment of Incidentaloma: Any non-functioning adrenal tumour greater than 4 cm in diameter and smaller tumours that increase in size over time should undergo surgical resection. Non-functioning tumours smaller than 4 cm should be followed-up after 6, 12 and 24 months by MRI and horm... | [
"Proptosia, bony metastasis and sutural separation (due to skull metastasis) suggest the diagnosis of neuroblastoma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In case control study of buccal carcinoma- | [
"Case control studies often retrospective studies are a common first approach to test causal hypothesis. In recent years case control study has emerged as a permanent method of epidemiological investigation. Both exposure and outcome has occurred before the study. Study proceeds backwards from effect to cause. It u... | [
"Refer Robbins page no 758-759 External beam irradiation but not mediastainal fibrosis is a risk factor for esophagal cancer *HPV DNA is found frequently in esophagal squamous cell carcinoma in high incidence"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Proteinuria; 'b' i.e., Hyperlpidemia; 'c' i.e., Oedema Pathophvsiologv of nephrotic syndrome Proteinuria o The most impoant feature of nephrotic syndrome is massive proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day) o Proteinuria results from altered permeability of glomerular filtration barrier for protein. o The larges... | [
"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis It is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Sclerosis is seen in only segment of glomerulus. It is associated with HIV infection, reflux nephropathy & definitive association with sickle cell disease. The patient presents with nephrotic range proteinuria too."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All the following are the risk factors for cervical cancer except | [
"There are numerous risk factors for cervical cancer: Young age at first intercourse (younger than 16 years), Multiple sexual paners, Cigarette smoking, race, High parity, Low socioeconomic status, and Chronic immune suppression. Reference: Novak's gynaecology; 14th edition; Chapter 35; Uterine cancer"
] | [
"There does not appear to be a casual link between cigarette smoking and cancer endometrium. Smoking DOES NOT cause primary brain cancer. Kidney, oral cancer and bladder cancer are associated with smoking."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Person preoccupied by worries about ill health is : | [
"A i.e. Hypochondriasis"
] | [
"Recollection of the happening in dreams & thought after a life threatening event suggests the diagnosis of PTSD."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Terminal branches of facial nerve are all, EXCEPT: | [
"The facial nerve crosses lateral to the styloid process and penetrates the parotid gland. In the parotid gland, the nerve divides at the pes anserinus into 2 major divisions; ie, the superiorly directed temporal-facial and the inferiorly directed cervicofacial branches. After the main point of division, 5 major br... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Above the vocal cords the sensory innervation of larynx is internal laryngeal nerve (a branch of superior laryngeal nerve). Below vocal cords it is by way of branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve. The vocal cord itself receives dual innervation from both nerves\"_en.wikipedia Ner... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is orexigenic? | [
"Ghrelin: Anorexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach Akio Inui1 About the author top of page Abstract Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is synthesized principally in the stomach and is released in response to fasting. Ghrelin is structurally related to motilin a... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., None of the above All of them are associated with oral as well as skin pigmentation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Metformin is NOT effective in lowering of blood sugar level in which of the following patients? | [
"(Ref:KDT 6/e p269) Metformin is the drug of choice for the treatment of obese diabetic patients, as it causes weight loss. It does not cause release of insulin, therefore less chances of hypoglycemia."
] | [
"Nifedipine is calcium channel blocker, used in treatment of Hypertension. It is used widely in treatment of severe peripartum hypertension. All the statements are true in the given question."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
You are conducting a survey in your village and the person you are interviewing is a 32 year old post graduate working as a clerk. His total family income is 20,000 Rs per month. According to Kuppuswamy's socio economic status scale, he belongs to: | [
"Kuppuswamy's socio economic status scale takes into account education, occupation and monthly family income. Since he is a post graduate he gets 6 points for education. His job as a clerk gives him 5 points and a monthly family income of 20000 Rs gives him 12 points which gives him a total of 23 points and so he b... | [
"Ans. d (2400 kcal) (Ref. Text book of PSM by Park 22nd/651).POVERTY LINE# Poverty line is defined as expenditure required for a daily calorie intake of 2100 per person in urban area and 2400 per person in rural area.# In terms of Rs. it comes to Rs. 228.9 per capita per month in rural area and Rs. 264.1 per capita... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
True regarding the development of ear: | [
"A i.e. Eustachian tube opens at the level of inferior turbinate; B i.e. Pinna develops from the cleft of arch; C i.e. Growth of inner ear completed by 4th monthEustachian tube connects tympanic cavity with nasopharynx. It is about 36cm long in adults and runs downwards, forwards & medially at an angle of 45deg wit... | [
"Ans. Crown and progresses towards root"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Gastric irritation is least with following NSA1D: (PGI June 2008) | [
"Ans. B (Acetaminophen) \"Gastric mucosal damageQ: Gastric pain, mucosal erosion/ ulceration and blood loss are produced by all MSAIDs to varying extents: relative gastric toxicity is a major consideration in the choice of MSAIDs. Paracetamol\", a very weak inhibitor of COX is practically free of gastric toxicity a... | [
"Table 276-3 Verapamil 5-10 mg ,over 3-5 min , maintenance: 2.5-10 mg/h ,SVT, AF rate control Ref Davidson 20th edition pg 1532"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The concetration of potassium in microgram in ORS is- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., 20 meq"
] | [
"A i.e. 100 mgThe amount of protein in urine is normally less than 100ing/ dayQ. Most of this is not filtered and comes from shed tubular cells."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Abnormal mousy/mushy odour of urine is associated with | [
"Ans. a (Phenylketonuria) (Ref. Harrison's Internal Medicine 17th/Ch. 358)Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism associated with abnormal odourInborn error of metabolismUrine odorGlutaric acidemia (type II)Sweaty feet, acridHawkinsinuriaSwimming poolIsovaleric acidemiaSweaty feet, acridMaple syrup urine diseaseMapl... | [
"Blue green (or purple-green) pigmentation of hair, skin, mucosa and perspiration, purple (blue) green line on gums and bluish green frothy discharge from mouth and nostrils is seen in chronic poisoning of copper salt."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.