query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Small cuff size will lead to? | [
"a. Falsely increased BP(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2164)In older children, a mercury sphygmomanometer with a cuff that covers approximately two-thirds of the upper part of the arm or leg may be used for blood pressure measurement. A cuff that is too small results in falsely high readings, whereas a cuff that is too larg... | [
"You should know the site of absorption of the following:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Ulcer with undermined edges is seen in | [
"Tubercular ulcers typically have undermined edges. Reference: Bailey & Love&;s Sho Practices of Surgery 27th Edition, Page no. 78"
] | [
"Chronic fissure in ano will present as skin tags in posterior anal canal."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is NOT associated with elevation of prostatic specific antigen? | [
"Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia ( PIN) is a precancerous condition; not detected by rectal examination, TRUS , or MRI; does not cause rise in PSA level . It is usually identified after TURP for BPH with final histology or by prostatic biopsy.Reference: page1048 SRB&;s manual of surgery 5th edition"
] | [
"Ans. D: Prostatic carcinoma An elevated level of a tumor marker can indicate cancer; however, there can also be other causes of the elevation. Tumor markers can be produced directly by the tumor or by non-tumor cells as a response to the presence of a tumor. As used in oncology, they are as follows: - Screening fo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Muscle relaxant used in renal failure : | [
"B i.e. Atracurium"
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p127 Beta 2 agonist are useful in premature uterine contraction to delay labour and not for delayed labour. Beta blockers are used in the treatment of the angina"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Gastrinoma a/w | [
"Diarrhoea is due to hypergastrinaemia.It is associated with severe ulcers,not superficial SRB's manual of surgery,5th edition,710."
] | [
"Feature of ZES. Diarrhea non- responsive to fasting (secretory diarrhea) Epigastric pain 2nd pa of Duodenum, Multiple duodenum ulcer (Not present in stomach) Secretin study in the IOC - BAO/MAO = 0.6"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
CAGE questionnaire is used in:AP 07; MP 09; NEET 13 | [
"Ans. Alcohol dependence"
] | [
"serum uric acid male 3.1-7.0 mg/dL female 2.5-5.6 mg/dL Ref: RAM DAS NAYAK EXAM PREPARATORY MANUAL FOR UNDERGRADUATES 2nd ed. pg no: 784"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is used in exocytosis? | [
"Ans. (a) CaExocytosis is a calcium dependent process where in the cellular contents are moved out of the cell in the form of vesicles (Cell Vomiting)"
] | [
"When a carrier protein transpos two or more substances in the same direction, it constitutes a sympo e.g. Na- glucose sympo. When a carrier protein transpos two substances in opposite direction, it is known as antipo. e.g.Na+-H+ antipo in proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney or Na+-K+ ATPase pump. Exocytosis ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Therapeutic blood range of theophylline in microgram per L is: | [
"Theophylline is having a narrow margin of safety so therapeutic drug monitoring is essential If levels increase more than 20mg/L- side effects occurs ESSENTIAL OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY SEVENTH EDITION KD TRIPATHI PGNO.226"
] | [
"Refer Katzung 10/e p 530 Tolerable doses of elemental iron is 200mg per day Mass of elemental iron is more impoant in determining Daily Dose Treatment with oral iron should be continued even after reaching the desired hemoglobin level"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Lift off test is used for which of the following muscles? | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Subscapularis TestMuscle TestedLift off testSubscapularisJobe testSupraspinatusSpeed testBicepsYergason testBicepsBelly press testSubscapularis"
] | [
"Different muscles and their role in jaw movement:-"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a structural element of TMJ? | [
"Sigmoid notch (or) mandibular notch forms the sharp upper border of the ramus the condyle and coronoid process."
] | [
"Among the given options, dentition is the best method for age determination."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Prognostic stage groups in carcinoma breast include all except | [
"Prognostic stage groups include TNM plus grading, and status of biomarkers HER-2, ER, and PR Ref: AJCC 8th edition"
] | [
"It is not the size of the tumor but the invasion of the lesion into the corpora or overlying facial layers, which are prognostic indicator.\nLymph node status is the most important prognostic marker of the disease.\nHere's the TNM staging of penile cancer"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Arrange the following subtypes of schizophrenia, in order of prognosis, with the best prognosis first and the worst prognosis last, 1. Paranoid schizophrenia2. Catatonic schizophrenia3. Simple schizophrenia4. Disorganised schizophrenia | [
"The correct sequence is Catatonic schizophrenia followed by Paranoid schizophrenia followed by Disorganised schizophrenia followed by Simple Schizophrenia Please remember in both DSM-5 and ICD-11, these subtypes have been removed"
] | [
"Ans- A. Psychotic depression Psychotic depression- Depression along with psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, etc.Schizoaffective disorder-Symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disturbances occur together.Mania depressive illness - Mania depression along with psychotic symptoms.Schizophrenia includes... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Mammalian Mitochondria are involved in all of the following Except | [
"Protein synthesis is a cytoplasmic process.Fatty acid synthesis stas with the production of Acetyl Co-A within the mitochondria. b-oxidation of fatty acid oxidation also occurs in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA synthesis occurs within the mitochondria."
] | [
"Siuins They are a family of NAD-dependent protein deacetylases. There are at least 7 types They have non-redundant functions designed to adapt bodily functions to various environmental stresses, including Food deprivation and DNA damage. Functions:- These include proteins that inhibit metabolic activity Reduce apo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Cross examination of the prosecution witness is done by- | [
"In government prosecutions, cross examination is done by defense lawyer."
] | [
"- S. 132 IEA - If a witness is forced to give an answer admitting his guilt, he cannot be arrested or prosecuted for it and it is also not taken as proof against him in any criminal proceeding - S.151 IEA - cou can forbid indecent questions - S.152 IEA - cou can disallow the questions which are insulting/offensive... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Thickness of oxygen inhibition layer in composite curing is: | [
"When composite is light cured, oxygen in the air causes an interference in the polymerization resulting in the formation of an oxygen inhibition layer on the surface of the composite.The oxygen-inhibited layer is the sticky, resin-rich uncured layer that is left on the surface.Thickness is about 50-500 micrometer.... | [
"Ans. Capillary free zone around the veins"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Hassall&;s corpuscles are present in | [
"Inderbir Singh's Human Histology Sixth edition Pg 140 The medulla of thymus contains pink staining rounded masses called the corpuscles of Hassal"
] | [
"\"Mikulicz cells\" & \"Russell bodies\" are seen in Rhinoscleroma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Triamterene causes | [
"Inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channel Include Triamterene and amiloride. Triamterene:- It is incompletely absorbed orally, paly bound to plasma proteins, largely metabolized in liver to an active metabolite and excreted in urine. Plasma t 1/2 is 4 hours, effect of a single dose lasts 6-8 hours. Side effects:-... | [
"Cimetidine"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Persistent vomiting in G.O.O. causes -a) Hyponatremic hyperchloremia occurb) Hypernatremia without ↓ed Cl- alkalosisc) Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosisd) Paradoxical aciduria | [
"Repetitive vomiting leads to hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. The urine is alkaline initially but eventually it becomes acidic (paradoxical aciduria)\n\n\n\nCause of paradoxical aciduria \n\nInitially the kidney compensate for metabolic alkalosis by reabsorbing hydrogen and chloride ions in exchange... | [
"Ans. is 'd' Hyperparathyroidism Chronic thiazide therapy causes hypercalcemia because it enhances the parathyroid mediated increase of Ca reabsorption.Note: Thiazide diuretics cause hypercalcemia where as high ceiling diuretics cause hypocalcemia.Other important side effects of Thiazide diureticsHyperuricemia *Hyp... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All are immediate causes of death in burns except | [
"Immediate causes of death in burns Shock Suffocation Injury Delayed causes of death Toxemia Inflammatory complications Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 163"
] | [
"Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are seen in physical dependence"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Mucositis is caused by: | [
"Flurouracil is used mainly for solid malignancies,i.e colon, rectum, pancreas, liver, urinary bladder, head, and neck. Genetic deficiency of dihydropyridine dehydrogenase(DPD) leads to Fluorouracil toxicity. Major toxicity is myelosuppression, mucositis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, peripheral neuropathy (hand-foot... | [
"Acidosis occurs in Electrical injury or burns due to renal failure."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Complications of therapy with radioactive iodine includes - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e. Hypothyroidism"
] | [
"The differentiated thyroid cancer and even the metastatic burden can be effectively controlled by I131 therapy."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Uterine souffle : | [
"Ans. is b i.e. Is due to increase in blood flow through the dilated uterine vessels Uterine souffle is a soft blowing systolic murmur The sound is synchronous with maternal pulse It is due to increase in blood flow through the dilated uterine vessels Heard low down at the sides of the uterus, best on the left side... | [
"D i.e. Herbe pits, pannus & follicles"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Investigation of choice in bronchiectasis is | [
"HRCT chest is more specific for bronchiectasis and is the imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis.CT findings include airway dilation(detected as parallel \"tram tracks\" or as the \"signet-ring sign\"-a cross sectional area of the airway with a diameter at least 1.5 times that of the adjacent vess... | [
"Absorption atelactasis, decreased vital capacity and endothelial damage are the side effects of the oxygen therapy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
False about hepatic adenoma- | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Older females o Hepatic adenomas are benign solid neoplasms of liver.MC seen in younger females (20-40 years of age)Usually solitaryRisk factor - Prior/current use of estrogens (OCP)o Clinical FeaturesPatients usually present with upper abdominal pain.Physical examinated is usually unrevealing,o ... | [
"It is performed in in type 4b witches only extrahepatic biliary tree dilation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
Renal threshold for serum glucose level- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., 200 mg/dl * The transport maximum for glucose is 375 mg/min whereas the filtered load of glucose is only 125 mg/min.* Therefore, in normal conditions 100% of glucose is reabsorbed in proximal tubules.* When plasma glucose concentration is 100 mg/dl the filtered load is at its normal level, 125 mg... | [
"Ans. is'a'i.e., Furosemide (Ref. KDT p. 579)Furosemide (Frusemide)It is a high ceiling (loop) diuretic which inhibits of Na+-K+-2cl- cotranspoer.The coicomedullary osmotic gradient is abolished and positive as well as negative free water clearance is blocked.K+ excretion is increased mainly due to high Na+ load re... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 9-year-old boy diagnosed as uncomplicated pulmonary tuberculosis. He is put on isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol at home after initial treatment given at hospital. Which is accurate statement for this scenario? | [
"Prophylaxis with INH is always advisable for family members and close contacts in active cases. None of the drugs prescribed is associated with nephrotoxicity. Polyahralgia is a side effect of pyrazinamide that's not given in this case. Routine LFTs should be done in younger patients if INH plus rifampin given in ... | [
"Ans. c (To reduce the possibility of drug resistance). (Ref. KDT, Pharmacology, 6th ed., p 739)PRINCIPLES OF ANTI-TB CHEMOTHERAPY# Multiple drugs used in combination will reduce the possibility of selecting drug-resistant strains and hence chances of relapse. Among the first-line drugs, pyrazinamide, being active ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
Functional unit of muscle: | [
"Functional unit of muscle is : sarcomere It is the pa of myofibril present between two succsive z lines. Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition, page number:86,87"
] | [
"D i.e. Presence of cellular calcium essential to cause muscle contraction"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
Cause of exudative retinal detachment are: | [
"Ans. All"
] | [
"EALES DISEASE -Bilateral, Idiopathic, Occlusive, Peripheral periphlebitis -also known as angiopathia retinae juvenilis, periphlebitis retinae, primary perivasculitis of the retina. -Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage in young and is the most impoant and pathognomic identifying feature -There can be subtle signs of shea... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
A 47-year-old man suddenly develops high fever and hypotension. He has a generalized erythematous macular rash, and over the next day, develops gangrene of his left leg. Which of the following is the most likely organism? | [
"Streptococcus group A can cause a toxic shock-like syndrome, and has been increasing in frequency in North America. Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome was so named because of its similarity to staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. The illness includes fever, hypotension, renal impairment, and the respiratory d... | [
"(b) Source: (Braunwald, 15/e, pp 337-339.) Erythema multiforme is often caused by drugs. It is most important to identify the offending agent. Phenytoin can induce erythema multiforme, so this information is critical. Sulfa drugs, barbiturates, and penicillin can also be causes. The rash, with its target lesions, ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Which of the following is the most common cause of emergency depament visit related to LSD and its related substances? | [
"The most frequent acute medical emergency associated with LSD use is a panic episode (the \"bad trip\"), which may persist up to 24 h.A trip is a period of intoxication from a hallucinogenic drug, such as lysergic acid (LSD) or magic mushrooms (psilocybin). It is called a trip because perceptions of the world chan... | [
"Bradycardia, shallow breathing, constricted pupil and hypotension, in a person with history of heroin abuse, suggest the diagnosis of heroin poisoning.\nDrug of choice for opioid poisoning (intoxication) is IV naloxone."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Bilateral destruction of auditory cortex in man causes | [
"(C) Deficiency in interpretation of sounds # Lesion of auditory cortex leads to loss of recognition of total patterns with loss of analysis of properties of sound and sound localisation.> Thus lesion of auditory cortex leads to defect in interpretation of sounds."
] | [
"No noticable deficit at all as there is overlap of coex REF: Integrative functions in the mammalian auditory pathway by Donata Oeel, Richard R. Fay, Ahur N. Popper page 32 Unilateral lesions to auditory coex result in deficits in localization of sounds presented in contralateral hemisphere. However gray's anatomy ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
The following infection resembles malignancy - | [
"Ans. is 4b' i.e., E. multilocularis o The chief character of E. multilocularis cyst is its tendency to proliferate, thereby resembling a neoplasm.Hydatid disease of liver is caused byo Echinococcus granulosuso Echinococcus multiloculariso Echinococcus vogeli- Unilocular cystic lesions- Multi locular alveolar hydat... | [
"Virus can be isolated up to 12 months after bih. Tired of CRS is cardiac defects, cataract and sensory neural defects. Infection is not serious after 5 months of pregnancy Blueberry muffin rash is seen in congenital rubella syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
A 1 year old child is brought to you with delayed milestones. On examination you note that the child is very fair with hypopigmented hair and blue eye. He has also got eczemas. The child was also very irritable. What is your diagnosis? | [
"This child is suffering from Phenylketonuria. Here there is inability to conve phenylalanine to tyrosine due to phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. The decreased pigmentation in this condition is due to reduced melanin formation. The treatment is a diet low in phenylalanine with tyrosine supplementation. Delay i... | [
"The clinical findings of congenital hypothyroidism are subtle, and may not be present at all at birth; this is thought to be a result of passage of some maternal T4 transplacentally. Infants with examination findings will usually have an umbilical hernia and a distended abdomen. The head may be large, and the font... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Incomplete closure of palpebral apeure is called: March 2004 | [
"Ans. A i.e. Lagophthalmos"
] | [
"Cobblestone appearance is severe papillary hyperplasia in upper palpebral conjunctiva Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 73"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Galactokinesis means : | [
"Ejection of milk"
] | [
"C i.e. Inhibit cellular respiration"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Serological testing of patient shows HBsAg, IgM Anti-HBc and HBeAg positive . The patient has- | [
"HBs Ag is the first marker appear in the blood after infection. Anti HBc is the earliest antibody seen in blood. HBeAg indicates infectivity REF:MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.546&547"
] | [
"Ans. (b) IgM anti-HBcAg Marker of chronic active hepatitis: HBsAg+, IgG anti-HBcAg, HBV DNA+, HBeAg+ There is confusion in option d (Anti-HbsAg) also: Harrison 17/e, p 1943 writes: - 10-20% of person with chronic HBV infection may harbor low level Anti-HBs. This antibody is"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
All of the following are seen in GH deficiency except? | [
"From late in the first year until mid-teens, poor growth and/ or shoness is the hallmark of childhood GH deficiency. It tends to be accompanied by delayed physical maturation so that bone maturation and pubey may be delayed by several years. Severe GH deficiency in early childhood also results in slower muscular d... | [
"Among the given options, peripheral neuropathy is least common, and occurs in less than 10% of cases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Hydatidiform - mole, characterized histologically by | [
"(Hydropic degeneration of the villous storma): Ref: 193-97, 201-DHYDATIDIFORM MOLE (Vesicular mole) - It is an abnormal condition of placenta where there are partly degenerative and partly proliferative changes in the young chorionic villi.* It is best regarded as a benign neoplasm of the chorion with malignant po... | [
"Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which non - ble feilized egg implants in the uterus and will fill to come to term a molar pregnancy. It Is a gestational trophoblastic disease which grow into a mass in the uterus that has swollen villi on ultrasound mole resemble a bunch of grapes or snow - stor... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
The nerve impulse which leads to initiation of smooth muscle contraction | [
"Ans. (a) Cause opening of the calcium channel which leads to increase in Ca2+ contraction(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.116)The never impulse which leads to initiation of smooth muscle contraction Cause opening of the calcium channel which leads to increase in Ca2+ contraction"
] | [
"Auxotonic contraction: is the one in which the strength of contraction goes increasing, as the contraction proceeds. This phenomenon is about a single contraction. As the contraction proceeds, more and more motor units may be recruited in the contraction, thus increasing the strength of contraction.This is in skel... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
In a family, the father has widely spaced eyes, increased facial hair and deafness. One of the three children has deafness with similar facial features. The mother is normal. Which one of the following is most likely pattern of inheritance in this case? | [
"A i.e. Autosomal dominant (most likely) Waardenburg's Syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by pigmentary disturbances (skin, hair, iris), sensorineural hearing loss, and other developmental anomalies such as dystopia canthorum (widely spaced eyes) and blepharophimosis. The syndrome tha... | [
"Incomplete penetrance applies to a normal individual who is known from the pedigree to have allele responsible for an autosomal dominant trait. Variable expressivity refers to family members who exhibit signs of the autosomal dominant disorder that vary in severity. When this severity seems to worsen with progress... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
All of the following statements about Heparin are true, except: | [
"Heparin inhibits the production of aldosterone. It thus lead to severe Hyperkalemia and not hypokalemia as mentioned in the choice above. Ref: Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, Page 1261; K D Tripathi Textbook of Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Pages 561-63"
] | [
"There will be more false positive cases in a community where prevalence is low, because the predictive accuracy of the test is decreased. This predictive value however depends on the prevalence of a disease (besides its sensitivity and specificity). The more prevalent a disease in a given population, the more is t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Tigroid white matter on MRI is seen in? | [
"The tigroid pattern/ leopard skin sign occurs on MRI head is seen in Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease, due to creation of islands of perivascular myelin due patchy myelin deficiency. It is a rare hypomyelination syndrome caused by mutation in proteolipid protein, PLP 1 gene at chromosome Xq22. Child will show slow psy... | [
"Periventricular calcification is seen in CMV infection."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is the Nysten's law | [
"In rigor mois, all muscles of body, both voluntary and involuntary are involved. Externally it first appears in the eye lids, then lower jaw, muscles of the face, neck upper limbs and lastly lower limbs. This descending pattern or proximodistal progression is called Nysten's law. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOL... | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., It is a diagnostic test"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
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If a drug is active against the pre-erythrocytic stage of the malarial parasite it will be useful as a: | [
"If a drug is active against the pre-erythrocytic stage of the malarial parasite it will be useful as a Causal prophylactic. Stage killed Clinical Use Pre-erythrocytic Causal Prophylaxis Erythrocytic Clinical cure Suppressive Prophylaxis Exo-erythrocytic Radical cure Gametocytic Prevention of transmission"
] | [
"Ref: Goodman & Gillman's 13th ed. P 974* Pyronaridine is an antimalarial structurally related to amodiaquine.* This drug is potent against both P. falciparum and P. vivax and is very well tolerated.* It leads to fever resolution in 1-2 days and parasite clearance in 2-3 days.* It is tested in clinical trials as an... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All are true statement about tracheostomy and larynx in children except: | [
"Infant's larynx differs from adult in:It is situated high up (C2 - C4).Q (in adults = C3 - C6)Of equal size in both sixes (in adults it is larger in males)Larynx is funnel shapedThe narrowest pa of the infantile larynx is the junction of subglottic larynx with trachea and this is because cricoid cailage is very sm... | [
"Indications for tracheostomy are Flail chest, Head injury, Foreign body, Tetanus etc. Cardiac tamponade is not an indication for tracheostomy."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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Drug NOT used in pulmonary hypeension is? | [
"alpha blockers Pulmonary hypeension General management Diuretic therapy may be useful as it relieves pulmonary edema. Anticoagulant therapy is advocated for all patients. Specific management Calcium channel blockers Patients who have substantial reductions in pulmonary aerial pressure in response to sho acting vas... | [
"The Drug of choice used in congestive hea failure with reduced ejection fraction is ACE inhibitors + diuretics. Once euvolumic status is achieved, ACE inhibitors+beta blockers are drugs of choice."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Which of the following is a good prognostic factor in ALL: | [
"Answer is D (Hyperdiploidy): Hyperdiploidy is associated with a good prognosis Hyperdiploidy is associated with a good prognosis Patients with hyperdiploidy (>50 chromosomes) or DNA index > 0.16 have a ourable prognosis - Age < 2 years has a poor prognosis Patients who are very young (< 2 years) and older patients... | [
"MCHC is the most important absolute value in the diagnosis of anaemia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
A 28 year old labourer, 3 yrs back presented with penile ulcer which was not treated. Later he presented with neurological symptoms for which he got treated. Which is the test to monitor response to treatment? | [
"This is a case of neurosyphilis. A positive nontreponemal CSF serologic test result (CSF VDRL) establishes the diagnosis of neurosyphilis (and an increased cell count in response to the spirochete documents the presence of active disease). In VDRL test, the inactivated serum is mixed with cardiolipin antigen on a ... | [
"On examination of vitals where BP is low and pulse is increased, CVA is ruled out as stroke presents with cushing reflex (Bradycardia and hypeension). Pulmonary embolism develops in setting of hypercoagulable state which is unlikely as he is taking aspirin for long time Since patient is taking aspirin, it cuts the... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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70 year old man has abdominal pain with mass inabdomen. Angiography reveals aneurysm of aoa. Mostlikely cause is: | [
". Atherosclerosis"
] | [
"Superior Aery Aneurysms MC site of Intra-abdominal aneurysm : Aoa > Splenic aery MC causes: Aeriosclerosis Usually saccular, multiple aneurysm is 20% Calcification is present in one-third, and mostly situated in the distal third of the splenic aery Four times more common in women (possible factors include multipay... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is false regarding neonatal resuscitation? | [
"1. T - tube delivers free flow oxygen - TRUE 2. Self - inflating bag should not be used without reservoir - FALSE - can be used but FiO2 will be less. 3. Self - inflating bag can deliver free flow oxygen - TRUE 4. Flow inflating bag delivers free flow oxygen - TRUE"
] | [
"Among the given options, dentition is the best method for age determination."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
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} |
The most impoant prognostic factor of Wilms tumor- | [
"Robbins basic pathology 10th edition page no 290. Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma is the most common primary tumor of the kidney in children. On microscopic examination, Wilms tumors are characterized by recognizable attempts to recapitulate different stages of nephrogenesis. The pattern of anaplastic cells within t... | [
"No effect on Prognosis: Tumor size and duration of symptoms.\nTumor size and configuration (endophytic, exophytic, annular) do not carry any prognostic significance in colorectal carcinoma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
The relationship of mean height of two group of children is best studied by- | [
"."
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e. Student t test for independent variables The variable measured is serum cholesterol which is normally distributed in the population .The two groups are independent of each other"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
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Advantage of brachytherapy – a) Non-invasiveb) Less radiation hazard to normal tissuec) Max.radiation to diseased tissued) Can be given in all malignanciese) Doesn't require trained personnel | [
"As the radiotherapy source is placed directly in contact with tumor, maximum radiation exposure occurs to tumor tissue with relative sparing of adjacent normal tissue.\nBrachytherapy is invasive and requires trained personnel.\nBrachytherapy can be used in most (not all) of the malignancies where radiotherapy is t... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e. Iridium-192 * There are three main types of radiotherapy depending upon the position of the source of radiation1) External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or Teletherapy# In teletherapy the source of radiation is distant from the patient. Teletherapy may be given by the following.i) X-rays beams (Linear ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
Acyl carnitine functions in: | [
"Ans: a (Transport of long....) Ref: Vasudevan, 4th ed, p. 129The long chain fatty acyl CoA cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane. There fore a transporter, carnitine is involved in transfer of fatty acids.Beta oxidation:Beta oxidation is absent in brain and erythrocytes (because erythrocytes lack mi... | [
"RL Shunt, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, alpha oxidation of fatty acids do not produce any ATP."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Fatal period in sulphuric acid poisoning is : | [
"C i.e. 12 -16 hours"
] | [
"Cadaveric rigidity is delayed and therefore appears for long in arsenic poisoning."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Most common method of anterior capsulotomy in phacoemulsification | [
"Answer- C. CapsulorhexisThe most commonly used technique for anterior capsulotomy during phacoemulsification is continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC)."
] | [
"Goniotomy is the clone for glaucoma.\nExtracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) by phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL is the procedure of choice for cataract.\nLensectomy is done in congenital cataract."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
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A 26 year old female patients presents to emegency with history of consuming hair dye paraphenylenediamine . What shall be the expected outcome in such patient ? | [
"Hair dye poisoning(Paraphenylenediamine ): Cost-effective alternative to Organophosphate poisoning Readily available to masses. Clinical manifestations are Angioedema leading to dysphasia and respiratory distress, Rhabdomyolysis, Intravascular hemolysis, Acute renal failure and hepatic necrosis. Myocarditis or fat... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Check blood counts o The most common side effect of carbimazole is maculopapular pruritic rash, while most serious adverse effect is agranulocytosis which is reversible.o Patient in the given question presents writh sudden onset fever, rigors and sore throat. Infection of any site which is sudden... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Generally, radiotherapy should not be used for treating benign conditions. The only possible exception being: | [
"Ans. B. Extensive pigmented villonodular synovitisPVNS is commonly seen around knee. Synovial inflammation occurs due to cholesterol and pigment deposition. Radiotherapy may alleviate this disease. Else one has to go with synovectomy. Malignant transformation is reported but very rare.SYNOVIAL SARCOMA is a soft ti... | [
"Amongst the given options, carcinoma kidney, carcinoma colon, and cervical carcinoma are relatively radioresistant.\nHowever, amongst these three, the best choice is cervical carcinoma because radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for any stage beyond stage II B."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
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} |
Blockade of nerve conduction by a local anaesthetic is characterized by - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Need to cross the cell membrane to produce the block Penetration of axonal membrane by L.A. o Local anaesthetics are weak bases and are used in the form of acid salts (usually HCL). o They penetrate the axoplasmic membrane in unionized form (unionize molecules are lipid soluble and diffusible). o... | [
"Refer Miller 7/ep781 Truncal rigidity caused by highly lipid soluble opioids like Fentanyl is supraspinal in origin. It is mainly caused by stimulation of mu receptors whereas kappa and delta receptors tend to reduce the rigidity"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Presence of spiral grooves in the barrel of weapon is referred to as: | [
"Ans. (A). RiflingShotgunRifled gunCHOKING:* The terminal few cms (7-10) is constricted in shot guns.* Reduces the pelletsdispersionQ* Increases the explosive forces of the pellets.* Increases the velocity of the pellets.RIFLING:* Interior of bore has spiral grooves which run parallel to each other, but twisted spi... | [
"These rusty deposits are arrested radially in a ring ---- Earliest manifestation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Duhamel procedure is done for - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hirschsprung's disease * Surgery in Hirschsprung's disease aims to remove the aganglionic segment and 'pull-through' ganglionic bowel to the anus (e.g. Swenson, Duhamel, Soave and transanal procedures) and can be done in a single stage or in several stages after first establishing a proximal stom... | [
"Mac fee incision & Modified schobinger incision are the incisions used for MRND."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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} |
Post coital test showing non motile sperms in the cervical smear and Motile sperms from the posterior fornix suggests : | [
"Ans. is a i.e. Immunological defect Post coital test is a test for evaluation of the potential role of cervical factor in infeility. The couple is advised intercourse close to ovulation time, in the early hours of morning (preferably) The woman presents herself at the clinic within 2 hours after the intercourse. T... | [
"Post coital test or sims huhner test- examine interaction between sperm and mucus of the cervix . Check the presence of active sperms in the cervical mucus. To test the sperm survival and behavior many hours after intercourse. Check antisperm antibody, sperm motility, sperm count. 6 to 10 hours post coital, is the... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is a first-generation Cephalosporin used for surgical prophylaxis? | [
"First-Generation Cephalosporins: include - Cefazolin, Cephalexin, Cephradine, Cefadroxil, Cephalothin and Cephapirin Cefazolin is good for skin preparation as it is active against skin infections from S.pyogenes and MRSA. It is administered Intramuscular or Intravenous (i.e Parenteral drug).It is a drug of choice ... | [
"Ans. B: Drug of choice for pseudomembranous enterocolitis Vancomycin is used in Proven methicillin-resistant (MR) Staph. aureus (S.A.) or coagulase-negative Staphylococcal infections Serious infections where coagulase-negative Staphylococci is highly suspected (e.g., central line, prosthesis, sternotomy, etc). End... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
"Birbeck granules" are seen in | [
"\"Tennis racket\" shaped Birbeck granules are seen in Langerhan cells, which are antigen presenting cells present in epidermis."
] | [
"Ig and C3 deposits are seen in RPGN"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
For each extra-articular manifestation of RA, select the most likely diagnosis.Associated with increased frequency of infections. | [
"Felty syndrome consists of chronic RA, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. The increased frequency of infections is due to both decreased number and function of neutrophils."
] | [
"Delivery should be induced at 37-38 weeks due to increased risk of fetal moality at later gestation ICP includes pruritus with a characteristic pattern of distribution, with palms and soles of the feet especially affected, together with elevation of total serum bile acids (SBA) and/or transaminases, and absence of... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Bakers cyst is a type of: | [
"Baker's cyst:- It is a pulsion diveiculum of knee joint.- It usually found in the posterior aspect of the knee joint.- It is associated with medial meniscal injury."
] | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Myxomatous degeneration Ganglion o A ganglion is a small cyst located near a joint capsule or tendon sheath. A common location is around the joints of the wrist where it appears as a firm, fluctuant, pea sized, translucent nodule. It arises as a result of cystic or myxoid degeneration of connecti... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
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Most common cranial nerve involved in ophthalmoplegic migraine is: | [
"Ans. III nerve"
] | [
"Ans: D i.e. 7th cranial nerve Exposure keratopathy is due to any cause which may produce exposure of the cornea due to incomplete closure of the eyelids (lagophthalmos), such as extreme proptosis as in exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia or orbital tumour, paralysis of the orbicularis (neuroparalytic keratopathy etc.) Ke... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Position of wrist in cast of colle's fracture is: | [
"A . i.e. Palmar detion & pronation"
] | [
"The technique of percutaneous pinning and and casts seems capable of restoring joint function for simple extra aicular and intra aicular fractures above image showed shaft of humerus fracture fixed with plate and pin fixation . not pin fixation alone ref : maheswari 9th ed"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
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Neonate triangular cord sign on USG is seen in - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Biliary atresiao Triangular cord sign is seen in biliary ateria due to fibrosis."
] | [
"Gas in great vessels and chambers of heart ( Robert's sign) is seen in maceration, which is a sign of dead born."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Surgery for elective hemicolectomy for carcinoma colon is described as - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Clean contaminated"
] | [
"Most common site of colorectal cancer is rectum, in obstructing carcinoma rectum loop colostomy or defunctioning colostomy should be done to relieve obstruction followed by neoadjuvant chemoradiation, with the plan to resect the primary lesion at a later time."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Concentration of adrenaline used with lidocaine is? | [
"(334) 1 in 200000 REF: Miller 6th ed p. 589 USES AND DOSES OF ADRENALINE: USE DOSE Anaphylaxis SC or IM injection is 0.3-0.5 mg 1:1,000 Croup Racemic adrenaline is a 1:1 mixture of the dextrototary (d) and levorotatory (1) isomers of adrenaline Local anesthetics 1 in 200000"
] | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p109 Hyoscine is a CNS depression and can be caused as truth to serum (to induce twilight sleep). Atropine at low dose stimulates the brain whereas inhibiting it a very high concentration"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
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} |
Patient on treatment on carbidopa + levodopa for 10 yrs now has weaning off effect. What should be added to restore action - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tolcapone o Both entacapone and tolcapone enhance and prolong the therapeutic effect of levodopa-carbidopa in advanced and fluctuating parkinsons disease. They may be used to smoothen off the 'wearing off', increase 'on' time and decrease loff' time, improve activities of daily living and allow l... | [
"(Ref: KDT 6/e p544) Tense personality and high resting hea rate (96/min.) makes b-blockers ideal candidate drugs to be used in this case. As blood sugar and lipid profile is normal, beta blockers can be used safely."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
A 33-year-old man has never been vaccinated for hepatitis B. Serologic tests reveal negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive antibody to surface antigen. Which of the following conditions does this serologic pattern best fit with? | [
"The antibody can be demonstrated in 80-90% of patients, usually late in convalescence, and indicates relative or absolute immunity. In contrast, HBsAg occurs very early and disappears in < 6 months. Persistence of HBsAg indicates chronic infection. The pattern in this patient is also seen postvaccination, and perh... | [
"Ans. B: Presence of IgM anti-HBc in serum Although HBsAg is the earliest virological marker in serum of patients with acute hepatitis B, it does not help in establishing the diagnosis of acute Hepatitis B infection (it may be seen in chronic cases or carrier state) It is the presence of IgM anti-HBc that confirms ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is seen in cystic fibrosis? | [
"b. Elevated sweat chloride levels(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2100)Because the function of sweat gland duct cells is to absorb rather than secrete chloride, salt is not retrieved from the isotonic primary sweat as it is transported to the skin surface; chloride and sodium levels are consequently elevated. So sweat chlori... | [
"Diabetes can increase the incidence of anomalies in the fetus if sugars are high in the first trimester (Period of Organogenesis). However, genetic make up of the fetus cannot be altered and hence increased incidence of cystic fibrosis is not a possibility Maternal Complications like Pre eclampsia and eclampsia, I... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are true for retinopathy of prematurity except: | [
"Ans. Occurs in premature infants due to late crying"
] | [
"\"Vision - threatening retinopathy is rare in type 1 diabetic patients in the first 3-5 years of diabetes or before puberty. During the next two decades, nearly all type 1 diabetic patients develop retinopathy. Up to 21% of patients with type 2 DM have retinopathy at the time of first diagnosis of diabetes and mos... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is ceain in which of the following situations? | [
"The occurrence of hyperglycemic ketoacidosis or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. Similarly, persistent fasting hyperglycemia , even if it is asymptomatic, has been recommended by the National Diabetes Data Group as a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. However, abnormal gluc... | [
"Fetal anomalies are more commonly seen in ove diabetics with poor glycemic control in first trimester, which is the time for organogenesis, and usually not with gestational diabetes where sugars are deranged later in pregnancy as a pa of new onset carbohydrate intolerance The majority of patients will be at averag... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
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} |
Features of alcohol withdrawl are all EXCEPT: March 2013 | [
"Ans. D i.e. Hypersomnolence Alcohol and psychiatry Wernicke's encephalopathy involves: Mammilary bodies Korsakoff's syndrome presents as: - Profound and persistent anterograde amnesia and Confabulation Feature of alcoholic paranoia: Hallucination Questionarrie used: CAGE Alcohol withdrawl: - Visual and tactile hal... | [
"Generalised lymphadenopathy is one of the minor signs . Weight loss greater than or equal to 10% of body weight is needed Prolonged fever for more than 1 month is needed Ref; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 366"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The opercular poion of the cerebral coex that contains Broca's area is which of the following? | [
"Motor speech area of Broca (Brodmann's area 44, 45) occupies the opercular and triangular poions of the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. Broca's area is formed of two minor gyri, called pars opercularis and pars triangularis, that lie in the posterior end of the inferior frontal gyrus. This area ... | [
"A i.e. Larger brain The propoion of the various pas of the brain are similar in the brains of apes and human, but the human brain is largerQ, so the absolute size of the association area is greaterQ.* Brain size: Human >Chimpanzee > MonkeyQ.Weight of Human brain=1400 gm and Monkey brain = 100gmAssociation AreasAss... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Autopsy is known by all names except ? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Biopsy An autopsy (also known as a post-moem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that ... | [
"All of the above is most appropriate answer although with regard to threatened abortion it is controversial."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following has strongest association with osteosarcoma? | [
"Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma both can occur due to mutation in common gene i.e RB gene. Hence both have strongest association."
] | [
"Onion peel appearance is a periosteal reaction more characteristic of Ewing's sarcoma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most useful for sex determination is: Kerala 08 | [
"Ans. Pelvis"
] | [
"C i.e. At 34 weeks of gestation age"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
Features of shock | [
"In early clinical septic shock, renal function was lower, which was accompanied by renal vasoconstriction, a lower renal oxygen delivery, impaired renal oxygenation, and tubular sodium reabsorption at a high oxygen cost compared with controls decrease or decline in the GFR implies progression of underlying kidney ... | [
"A i.e. Mainly on nuclear surface"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
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} |
DOC for listeria meningitis: | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ampicillin Treatment of listeria infectiono The antibiotic of choice for listeria infection is ampicillin or penicillin G.Antibiotic regimens for listeria infection||||First line regimensPenicillin allergic patientsAlternative drugso Ampicillin or Penicillin is the drug of choiceo Trimethoprim su... | [
"A i.e. Lithium toxicity"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
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} |
All of the following statements about neuromuscular blockage produced by succinylcholine are true, except: | [
"Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. With succinylcholine no fading is observed after train of four or tetanic stimulation. All four stimulatory responses after TOF stimulation are suppressed to the same extent. REF : Smith and atkenhead 10th ed"
] | [
"Atracurium /Cisatracurium are the muscle relaxant of choice in renal diseases. Mivacurium is an alternative.\nVecuronium and Rocuronium are primarily excreted in bile, therefore are safe in renal diseases. However, they are not the muscle relaxant of choice.\nIf the question would have been framed differently, i.e... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
A man is stuck with lathi on the lateral aspect of the head of the fibula. Which of the following can occur as a result of nerve injury | [
"The common peroneal nerve is extremely vulnerable to injury as it winds around the neck of the fibula if that happens, clinical features are:Motor loss-a)The foot drop is due to paralysis of muscles of anterior compament of the leg (dorsiflexors of the foot) {dorsiflexion not possible}.b)Loss of extension of toes ... | [
"Compartment syndrome is characterized by increased pressure within a confined space by a fascial compartment, which impairs blood supply, resulting in paleness. Venous thrombosis would not cause pain but could cause death from a pulmonary embolism. Thoracic outlet syndrome affects nerves in the brachial plexus and... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Contraception with increased risk of actinomycosis - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., IUCD o Actinomycosis may occur by use of IUCD.Side effects and complications of lUDs1. Bleeding - Most common2. Pain - Second major side effect3. Pelvic infection - PID4. Uterine perforation5. Pregnancy6. Ectopic pregnancy7. Expulsion8. Mortality' - extremely rare"
] | [
"Hysterectomy is not advised for treatment of actinomyces infection."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A six year old male baby presents to a hospital with recurrent gross hematuria for 2 years. There is no h/o burning micturition or pyuria. Urine routine examination demonstrated no pus cells and urine culture was sterile. Serum C3 levels were normal. What is the most probable diagnosis- | [
"Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that is highly treatable. Most kids with Wilms tumor survive and go on to live normal, healthy lives. Also known as nephroblastoma, Wilms tumor can affect both kidneys, but usually develops in just one Wilms' Tumor; Nephroblastoma) Wilms tumor is an embryonal cancer of the kidne... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Increased frequency Urinary frequency, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, and flank or abdominal pain is common presentations. However, patients may be asymptomatic and the disease is discovered only after severe destructive lesions of the kidneys have developed. Urinalysis gives abnormal results in 9... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is done by: | [
"Answer is A (5HIAA): The diagnosis of typical carcinoid tumors is done by measurement of 5HIAA levels. Diagnosis of Carcinoid Tumors (Harrison) The diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome relies on measurement of urinary or plasma serotonin or its metabolites in the urine. Typical carcinoid syndrome (high level of seroton... | [
"Ans is option 1 HRCT The usual screening test is to measure the serum potassium level. If it is low, diagnostic tests are done including measuring blood and urinary aldosterone levels and blood renin levels. In Conn's syndrome, the aldosterone is elevated and the renin is suppressed. If these tests are diagnostic ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 6 years child has foreign body in trachea .Best initial management is | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e.Heimlich's maneuver The best option here is Heimlich's maneuver.\"Heimlich man oeuvre: stand behind the person and place your arms around his lower chest and give four abdominal thrusts. The residual air in the lungs may dislodge the foreign body providing some airway. \"Heimlich's maneuveris actua... | [
"- The most appropriate course of management in this case would be Conservative management - CECT | Depending upon the findings proceed for surgery"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Stapes develops from: | [
"Malleus and incus are derived from mesoderm of 1\" arch. Stapes develops from second arch except its footplate and annular ligament which are derived from the otic capsule."
] | [
"Greater horn of hyoid develop from 3rd arch."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Buerger waves (alpha waves) of EEG have the rhythm per sec of - | [
"C i.e. 8-13"
] | [
"Harrison's principles of internal medicine 17th edition. *The type of EEG in metabolic encephalopathy typically reveals generalized slowing.(Delta waves -slower than 4/s)."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Type of cataract in chalcosis is | [
"Answer- A. Sunflower cataract"
] | [
"Most common cause of diminision of vision in Peterygium is Astigmatism."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Following are more common in multipara women than primipara woman, EXCEPT: | [
"The incidence of preeclampsia in multiparas is variable but is less than that for primiparas. Risk factors associated with pre-eclampsia: Primigravida (young and elderly) Family history (Hypeension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia) Placental abnormalities Poor placentation Hyperplacentosis Placental ischemia Molar pregna... | [
"Ans. is b i.e. Asia 'Incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease varies widely with figures as high as 1 in 120 in some areas of Asia and South America, compared to 1 in 1200 in the united states.\" Incidence and Risk factors for H. molc? Incidence is maximum in Asia and South America and least in U.S. Risk is ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which category of ICD is associated with schizophrenia | [
"ICD ICD mentions International classification of mental and behavioural disorders this was given by WHO( World health Organisation) ICD is used all over the world except America latest edition of ICD is ICD11 ICD 11 was released in 2018 DSM DSM mentions Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders this wa... | [
"Third person hallucination is characteristic of schizophrenia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Terminal axillary draining lymph nodes - | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Apical o The apical group of axillary lymph node receives lymph from anterior (pectoral), posterior (subscapular), central and lateral (humeral) group of axillary lymph nodes. Hence apical group of lymph node is the terminal group of axillary lymph node.Axillary lymph nodeRelated vesselsAnterior ... | [
"Inguinal lymphnodes"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
True about gastric acid secretion: | [
"A i.e. Secretion decreases with secretin B i.e., H2 blocker prevents relapse C i.e., Total acid output indicates parietal cell mass activity"
] | [
"Rectal biopsy is defn diagnosis. Affected part has no ganglions."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the swelling moves with deglutition except: March 2012 | [
"Ans: C i.e. Branchial cyst Swellings which are adherent to the larynx and trachea moves on swallowing, e.g. thyroid swelling, thyroglossal cyst & subhyoid bursitis. Tuberculous & malignant lymph nodes when they become fixed to the larynx or trachea will also move on deglutition"
] | [
"It is seen between 3rd and 6 the week of age of an infant because it&;s the time taken by the hyperophied muscle to cause complete obstruction. SRB edition 5th page no: 821"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Shakir's tape is an example of: | [
"Norms under Appropriate technology: Technology that is scientifically sound. adaptable to local needs. acceptable to those who apply it and those for whom it is used. can be maintained using the locally available resources. - Shakir's tape used to measure mid-arm circumference of child accept all the above norms."... | [
"A i.e. Willful utterance of falsehood"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In pyogenic liver abscess commonest route of spread | [
"\"Along with cryptogenic infections, infections from the biliary tree are presently the most common identifiable cause of the hepatic abscess. Biliary obstruction results in bile stasis, with the potential for subsequent bacterial colonization, infection and ascension into the liver. This process is k/a ascending ... | [
"(Braunwald, 15/e, p 1478.) Of the organisms listed, only anaerobic infection is likely to cause a necrotizing process. Type III pneumococci have been repoed to cause cavitary disease, but this is unusual. The location of the infiltrate suggests aspiration, also making anaerobic infection most likely. The superior ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause for acute infantile gastroenteritis is? | [
"ANSWER: (D) Rota virusREF: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, J Clin Microbiol v. 26(12); Dec 1988Though none of the text books specifically mention most common causes of acute infantile gastroenteritis, most of the literature search in pubmed , cochrane and medscape and major text books of pediatrics point to: Viruses are mor... | [
"Rotavirus- MC and leading cause of watery diarrhea in children aged <5 years globally. In developing countries, 3/4th of children acquire their first episode of rotavirus diarrhea before the age of 12 months. Severe rotavirus gastroenteritis is largely limited to children aged 6-24 months. Transmit by feco-oral ro... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
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