query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypotension in acute spinal injury is due to: | [
"• High spinal cord injuries can also result in systemic hypotension because of loss of sympathetic tone.\n• The patient will usually have hypotension and relative bradycardia and will show evidence of good peripheral perfusion on physical examination.\n• The term neurogenic shock is used but is somewhat of a misno... | [
"Hemodynamic instability is seen with intrathecal injecction in Younger children and infants. Apnea is first sign of total spinal in infants and younger children."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
What overlies the lateral wall of the mastoid antrum? | [
"BOUNDARIES: SUPERIORLY-Tegmen tympani and beyond it the temporal lobe of the cerebrum INFERIORLY-Mastoid process containing the mastoid air cells ANTERIORLY-It communicates with the epitympanic recess through the aditus. The aditus is related medially to the ampullae of the superior and lateral semicircular canals... | [
"Pituitary gland lies in the hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone, which lies immediately posterior and superior to sphenoid sinus and medial to cavernous sinus. Frontal sinus lies in the frontal bone. Maxillary sinus lies in the maxilla lateral to lateral wall of nasal cavity. Ethmoid sinus (compose... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Ferruginous bodies are seen in? | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Asbestosis \"Ferruginous bodies are most commonly seen in asbestosis\". ------------Chandrasoma Taylor* Ferruginous bodies represent foreign inorganic or organic fibers coated by complexes of iron and glycoproteins.* While ferruginous bodies are most commonly seen in asbestosis they are not diagn... | [
"These rusty deposits are arrested radially in a ring ---- Earliest manifestation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which type of cattle poisoning occurs due to ingestion of LINSEED plant? | [
"Hydrocyanic acid is also used as cattle poison. Cattle poisoning has been known to occur from eating linseed plant because of the natural development of a cyanogenic glycoside which may liberate hydrocyanic acid. Ref: Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By Dr K S Narayan Reddy, 27th Edition, Pages 559-6... | [
"Abrus Botanical name: Abrus precatorius Common name: Rati, gunja, jequirity Medicolegal Impoance 1. Accidental poisoning may occur in children while exploring the seeds. 2. Homicide by sui prepared with abrin (sui is needle or spike made with crushed seed alone or mixed with onion paste. Then the needle is dried u... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 40 year old female patient complains of excessive bleeding and drowsiness. Patient gives a history of road traffic accident 5 hours ago and had a lacerated wound on lower back region. General physical examination reveals-
Blood pressure-80/60mmHg.
Juglar venous pressure- low.
Pulsus paradoxus- present.
Cardiac output... | [
"Includes anaphylactic shock, septic shock and spinal cord injury (neurogenic shock).\nInadequate organ perfusion is associated with vascular dilatation and hypotension, low systemic vascular resistance, inadequate afterload and a resulting abnormally high cardiac output.\nIn anaphylaxis, vasodilatation is due to e... | [
"Ans. D: 20 mm HgAcute pulmonary edema is defined as the sudden increase in pulmonary capillary pressure (usually more than 20 mm Hg) as a result of acute and fulminant left ventricular failure.Patient appears extremely ill, poorly perfused, restless, sweaty, with an increased work of breathing and using respirator... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following induction agent produce cardiac stability- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Etomidate Effects of Etomidate on cardiovascular systemEtomidate has minimal effects on the cardiovascular system.It causes mild reduction in peripheral vascular resistance which may cause a slight decline in arterial blood pressure.Myocardial contractility and cardiac output are usually unchange... | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p109 Hyoscine is a CNS depression and can be caused as truth to serum (to induce twilight sleep). Atropine at low dose stimulates the brain whereas inhibiting it a very high concentration"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statement regarding Septic tank is true ? | [
"SEPTIC TANK It is water-tight masonry tank into which household sewage is admitted for treatment. It is satisfactory means of disposing excreta & liquid wastes from individual dwellings, small groups of houses & institutions which have adequate water supplies but do not have access to a public sewerage system. Mai... | [
"A daily supply of 150-200 litres per capita is considered adequate to meet the needs for urban domestic purposes. But again it depends on the climate, standard of living and habits of people. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 766"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Following are adverse effects of Clofazimine except | [
"Clofazimine is a brick red, fat-soluble crystalline dye. It has weakly bactericidal action against M. leprae It has an anti-inflammatory effect, which is useful in the management of ENL reactions. High drug concentrations are found in the intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes and body fat. The most noticeable ... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenylpropanolamine Many repos associating phenylpropanolamine use for weight loss with haemorrhagic stroke among women, appeared in U.S.A."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Osteoblastic secondaries arises from: March 2003 | [
"Ans. D i.e. Prostate carcinoma Metastases to bones are usually osteolytic. Osteoblastic lesions are uncommon."
] | [
"Skeletal connective tissue syndrome including clubbing is usually not seen in small cell carcinoma. Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 250"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 52 year old male presents to his physician with a chief complaint of a substantial increase in the size of his breasts over the past few months. Three months ago he was diagnosed with hypeension, and placed on antihypeensive medication. Which of the following medications was most likely prescribed? | [
"All of the medications listed as answer choices can be effectively used in the treatment of hypeension. Spironolactone is a \"potassium-sparing\" diuretic that exes its action primarily as a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone receptors in the distal nephron. One of the repoed side effects of spironolactone is gy... | [
"The differential diagnosis for palpitations and sweating is broad, but major consideration should be given to hyperthyroidism, panic attacks, cardiac arrhythmias, malignancy, and vasomotor instability. This patient denies symptoms of malignancy such as weight loss. She does not have symptoms of clinical depression... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
True about treatment of nocturnal enuresis | [
"A i.e. Imipramine"
] | [
"All other options are commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy except hypothyroidism"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
50 year old male with positive family history of prostate cancer has come to you for a screening test. The screening test done to pickup prostate cancer is | [
"Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Digital rectal examination (DRE) Age 50 for men who are at average risk of prostate cancer and are expected to live at least 10 more years. Age 45 for men at high risk of developing prostate cancer. This includes African Americans and men who have a first-degree relative (father... | [
"DRE + PSA CSDT writes - \"Even so, the realities of clinical practice are that the combination of digital rectal examination and serum PSA monitoring is the most effective screening protocol.\" Smith's Urology writes - \"At the present time the data suggest that if screening is done, the combination of DRE & Serum... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Refsum's syndrome is associated with ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Retinitis pigmentosa Associations of retinitis pigmentosa Ocular associations : These include myopia, primary open angle glaucoma, microphthalmos, conical cornea and posterior subcapsular cataract. Systemic associations : These are in the form of following syndromes :- i) Laurence-Moon-Biedl synd... | [
"Osteopetrosis / Marbel bone disease is associated with Type IRTA"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All are synonyms for PM staining seen in dependant pas of the body during postmoem, except: PGI 13 | [
"Ans. Algor mois"
] | [
"In alveolar hemorrhage like good Pasteur syndrome DLCO increases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All viruses can be cultured in | [
"Viruses can be cultivated in living systems only."
] | [
"The biggest advantage of HeLa S3 cells is that they can be adapted to grow paicularly well in spinner cultures, allowing propagation of more cells per volume of media and by extension, more virus. There really is no such thing as a generic or \"normal\" HeLa cell line anymore due to the extreme number of passages ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Bone marrow finding in myelofibrosis- | [
"Dry tap is usually defined as a \"failure to obtain bone marrow on attempted marrow aspiration\". The diagnosis and management of many haematological diseases depends on examination of the bone marrow, which involves two separate specimens i.e. a cytologic and a histologic preparation.Bone marrow examination refer... | [
"Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy - garland sign in sarcoidosis. Non-caseating granulomas are seen in the hea - most impoant cause of noninfectious dilated cardiomyopathy. Granulomas produce vitamin D3 leading to hypercalcemia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
40 yr old female presented with breast lump of size 4 cm with involvement of skin and mobile palpable axillary LN, FNAC of lesion showed intrductal carcinoma. What is the initial management of for this pt? | [
".Locally Advanced Carcinoma of Breast (LABC) * It means locally advanced tumour with muscle/chest wall involvement, extensive skin involvement or fixed axillary nodes. It will be T3, T4a, T4b, T4c or T4d or N2 or N3. * It is investigated by FNAC of tumor, mammography of opposite breast, chest CT, CT abdomen or who... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Simple mastectomy Treatment of cystosarcoma phyllodes ? a) T/T of small phyllodes tumour ---> It should be locally excised with an obvious lcm of normal breast tissue After excision, when the diagnosis of a phyllodes tumor with suspicious malignant elements is made, re-excision of the biopsy site... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Pott's spine is commonest at which spine: | [
"ANSWER: (A) ThoracolumbarREF: Apley 387-389, S M Tuli 3rd edition page 192Most common site of skeletal tuberculosis is spine followed by hip and knee SPINE (50%) > HIP > KNEECommonest spine involved in spine TB is Thoracolumbar/Dorsolumbar T12-L1 (Lower thoracic to be precise)LOWER THORACIC > LUMBAR > UPPER THORAC... | [
"Optimal view for visualizing (spondylolysis) defect is=X-ray spine oblique view: - Scotty dog with \"broken collar or neck\" = Spondylolysis. - Beheaded Scotty dog = Spondylolisthesis. Oblique radiograph of lumbar spine is best view for radiographic diagnosis of spondylosis. Note the description of Scottish dog ap... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A patient present with lower gastrointestinal bleed. Sigmoidoscopy shows ulcers inthe sigmoid. Biopsy from this area shows flask-shaped ulcers. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment - | [
"This may be caused by haemorrhage from the colon, anal canal or small bowel. It is useful to distinguish those patients who present with profuse, acute bleeding from those who present with chronic or subacute bleeding of lesser severity .Severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding .This presents with profuse red ... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hyperplastic polypo Polyps are nodule or mass that project above the level of the surrounding mucosa.o Gastric polyps are of following types ?Hyperplastic polypo It is the most common gastric polyp o It is non neoplastico It has no malignant potential o Most common site is antrum2. Adenomatous po... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Lalita, a female pt. presents with pigmentation of the lips and oral mucosa and intestinal polyps. Her sister also gives the same history. Most probable diagnosis is - | [
"Ans. is 'd' ie. Peutz-jeghers syndrome Peutz-Jeghers syndorme consists of: hamaomatous polyps throughout the intestine with maximum density in the jejunum* melanosis of the oral mucous membrane and the lips. The melanosis takes the form of melanin spots sometimes presents on the digits and the perianal skin, but t... | [
"This patient with complaints of headache and palpitations is suggestive of pheochromocytoma. Constipation could be due to hyercalcaemia secondary to hyperparathyroidism. This along with features of marfanoid habitus and mucosal neuromas all indicate that he is suffering from MEN 2B. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Tripod fracture is the name given for - | [
"Ans. is 'a1 i.e., Zygomatic fracture o Zygoma fracture is also known as tripoid fracture.Clinical features of zygoma fractureo Considerable swelling over zygomatic arch is common and makes clinical diagnosis more difficult.o Flattening of malar prominence.o Step-deformit of infraorbital margin.o Anaesthesia in the... | [
"D i.e. Distraction at fracture site Fracture shaft humerus is the easiest of major long bone fractures to be treated by conservative methods. And the most common cause of delayed union or nonunion is distraction at fracture siteQ due to gravity and weight of plaster."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
For diagnosis of carcinoma cervix, PAP smear screening is done to | [
"C. i.e. (Prevents progress of the disease) (721- Basic pathology 8th)* PAP smear is highly effective screening tool in the detection of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma and has reduced the incidence of cervical carcinoma* Flow cytometry is used routinely in the classification of leukemias and lymphomas* Pap smear ... | [
"Ans. is a, i.e., Colposcopic study and biopsy of suspicious lesionsPap smear is a screening test, so whenever you get LSIL or HSIL on report you have to confirm it by doing a colposcopy and biopsy. If some growth is visible then instead of colposcopy, punch biopsy should be done.* Pap smear is only a screening tes... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
SLE like reaction is caused by | [
"SLE like syndrome is caused due to S-SULPHONAMIDES H-HYDRALAZINE I-ISONIAZIDE P-PROCAINAMIDE Ref-KDT 7/e p66"
] | [
"As the condition for the patient shows to escape from the situation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The drug of choice in digitalis induced ventricular arrhythmias is: | [
"(IV Lignocaine): Ref: 463-KDT (514-KDT 6th)Treatment of digitalis induced ventricular arrhythmias* Lignocaine IV repeated as required is the drug of choice. It suppresses the excessive automaticity but does not accentuate A V block* Phenytoin is also useful but not preffered now (sudden death occurs)* Quinidine an... | [
"Sinus bradycardia is a common arrhythmia in patients with inferior or posterior acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs). The highest incidence, 40%, is observed in the first 1-2 hours after AMI. Use of atropine in patients with acute myocardial infarction and sinus bradycardia. Atropine is the drug of choice for manag... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Deformity in transient synovitis of Hip ? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Transient synovitis of Hip Transient synovitis of hip is also known as observation hip, toxic synovitis or irritable hip. Its a self-limiting, inflammatory condition of the synovium, that lasts only a sho time (therefore known as transient) It is the most common cause of hip pain... | [
"(C) Spine # Spine is the most common site of bone and joint TB especially Dorso -- lumbar spine.> Most common long bone affected by T.B -- Tibia.> Most common joint affected by T.B -- Hip joint arthritis> Most common synovium affected by T.B -- knee joint synovitis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Thin filament consists of all except: | [
"Myosin is thick filament. All others in the options are thin filaments."
] | [
"ANSWER: (A) ActinREF: Guyton's physiology 22nd edition page 72-76, Textbook Of Medical Physiology by Khurana page 90Indirect repeat from December 2009Repeat (**)CONTRACTILE APPARATUS:The contractile apparatus of the striated muscle are made up of three types of proteins:I Contractile proteins are actin and myosin ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 1-year-old boy presents with a delay in motor development. Progressive muscle weakness and blindness ensue, and the patient dies within a year. The brain at autopsy shows swollen neurons that contain numerous lysosomes filled with lipid. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | [
"Tay-Sachs disease is a lethal, autosomal recessive disorder caused by an inborn deficiency of hexosaminidase A, which permits the accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in CNS neurons. The disease is fatal in infancy and early childhood. Retinal involvement increases macular transparency and is responsible for a cherry-r... | [
"Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease associated with the synthesis of abnormal myelin. The term leukodystrophy refers to the abnormality in myelin synthesis. Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by an arylsulfatase. A deficiency, leading to the accumul... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of neonatal meningitis- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., E. coli o E. coli & streptococcus agalactie (group B streptococci) are the two most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis."
] | [
"Ans. (a) Meningitis Strains of Hemophilus which lacks polysaccharide capsule are referred as Non-typable Strains Non-typable H. influenza is the commonest bacterial cause of exacerbations of COPD. They also cause community acquired pneumonia, otitis media (3rd most common cause after pneumococci, and Moraxella cat... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
R-factor in bacteria is transferred by | [
"Conjugation\n\nBacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell to cell contact or through a bridge- like the connection between two cells.\nConjugation is a process whereby a donor (male) bacterium makes physical contact with a recipient (female) bacterium.\nDonor sta... | [
"A i.e. Fracture mobility is a risk factor"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
CO2 is primarily transpoed in the aerial blood as | [
"D i.e. Bicarbonate Transpo of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ions accounts for approximately 70% of transpoed carbon dioxide from the tissues to lungs Q. So CO2 is transpoed as plasma HCO3 - > RBC > HCO3- > Carbamino compound > dissolved CO2 Q &Transpo of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is transpoed in the blood as:... | [
"Free fatty acids are transpoed in the blood bound to albumin, a serum protein secreted by the liver. Most other lipids are transpoed in the blood as pa of complex paicles called lipoproteins.They are transpoed across mitochondrial membrane by carnitine system."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
What is the sequence of development of pubey in girls ? | [
"The sequence of SPECIFIC events of Pubeal events in girls is thelarche, pubarche, linear growth spu, menarche. Please note: This is not to confuse with accelarated general physical growth which is the first event in pubey Pubey Specific events in girls Events in boys 1st Thelarche Testicular enlargement 2nd Pubarc... | [
"Ans. More common in adults than in children"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 70 - year- old man was administered penicilline intravenously. Within 5 minutes, he developed genralised urticaria, swelling of lips, hypotension and bronchospasm. The first choice of treatment is to administer: | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e. epinephrine injection Urticaria, swelling of lips, hypotension and bronchospasm within 5 minutes of i.v penicillin suggests anaphylactic reaction. It's a major problem with the use of penicillin.The t/t of choice for anaphylaxis is i.v epinephrine."
] | [
"Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed pg no:173 Adrenaline is the DOC for anaphylactic shock, which occurs due to release of histamine causing bronchoconstriction, laryngeal edema- resp failure and death adrenaline is the physiological antagonist for histamine"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Daily water requirement in child weighing 30 kgs, height 123 m and BSA of 1 m2 is- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., 1700 ml Fluid requirment in a child o It depends on the weight of a child :- Weight Water requirments < 10 kg o 100 ml/kg/day 10-20 kg o 100 ml / kg / day for first 10 kg (i.e. 1000 ml) + 50 ml / kg / d for every kg above 10 kg. >20 kg o 100 ml/kg/day for first 10 kg (i.e. 1000 ml) + 50 ml / kg /... | [
"Average bih weight in India: 2.8 kg. (2.7-2.9 kg) Bih weight doubles at 5 months, triples by 1 year and quadruples by 2 years of age. Minimum expected weight gain per month: 500 grams. Height- average bih length in India- 50 cm Height at the end of infancy- 75 cm height doubles by 4 years"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Drug of choice for ADHD is | [
"."
] | [
"As the condition for the patient shows to escape from the situation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Double bubble sign is seen in - | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above o Double bubble sign is seen in duodenal atresia, duodenal web, deudenal stenosis, Ladd's band, Annular pancreas, Malrotation of gut, preduodenal vein.Single Bubble signCongenita] hypertrophic pyloric stenosisDouble Bubble signDuodenal atresiaDuodenal webDuodena] stenosisLadd's b... | [
"Ans. Air bronchogram is seen within the opacity"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 16 year old boy does not attend school because of the fear of being harmed by school mates. He thinks that his classmates laugh at him and talk about him. He is even scared of going out of the market. He is most likely suffering from: | [
"The history is suggestive of delusion of persecution (fear that schoolmates may \"harm\" him) and delusion of reference (belief that classmates laugh at him and talk about him). Had they not used the term \"harm\" and \"scared\" a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder could have been enteained."
] | [
"There are many beliefs which are false and are shared by whole communities e.g. black magic, witches, etc. These beliefs are considered as superstitions. In comparison, delusions are not shared by members of the same sociocultural background. For example, if a villager stas claiming that he is lord Hanuman, no one... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Bad trip is seen with which of the following drugs? | [
"LSD is a type of hallicinogen LSD means lysergic acid diethylamide LSD was introduced and first used by ALBE HOFFMANNBad trip is seen with LSD and cannabis but common with LSD Ref: Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry By JN Vyas 1st ed Pg 330-336"
] | [
"Unstable relationships suicidal attempts & mood swings are suggestive of Borderline personality disorder."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Chromosome involved in Wilm's tumor is | [
"WTl is the best characterized Wilms tumor gene. It is located at chromosome llp13 and encodes for a transcription factor that is critical for normal development of kidneys and gonads. WT2 is localized to a cluster of genes at llpl5. Reference: Essential paediatrics; O.P.Ghai; Childhood Malignancies; Page no: 617"
... | [
"WAGR syndrome, Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome are conditions associated with Wilm's tumor. Polycystic kidney disease is not associated with Wilm's tumor."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Groove sign is seen in- | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., LGV * 'Groove sign of Greenblatt' is pathognomonic of LGV (secondary stage) - when inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged, they are separated by Poupart's ligment, producing a groove.Lymphogranuloma venerum (lymphogranuloma inguinale)* LGV is caused by chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes LI, L2, L3. Sero... | [
"Ans. Comes from single egg"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Hyperchloremic acidosis is seen in- | [
"The combination of hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is often present, even at earlier stages of CKD (stages 1-3).In patients with diabetic nephropathy or in those with predominant tubulointerstitial disease or obstructive uropathy; this is a non-anion-gap metabolic acidosis."
] | [
"Isotonic dehydration with acidosis is the most common finding in children with severe viral enteritis. In Diarrhoea- loss of bicarbonate in stools- causes normal anion gap metabolic acidosis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A patient with cervix cancer is missed by a screening test and later diagnosed with advanced disease. This time interval is called ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e. Lead time"
] | [
"In Ca Endometrium, the involvement of the cervix is stage II, But in Ca cervix, involvement of the uterus does not change the staging. It's considered natural progression of the cancer. Here since a radical surgery has already been done, the patient only requires observation and follow up"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The internal pudendal aery arises from which of the following aeries? | [
"The internal iliac aery divides into an anterior and a posterior trunk near the greater sciatic foramen.Branches of ANTERIOR TRUNKUmbilical aeryObturator aeryUterine aeryInferior vesical and vaginal aery (females)Middle rectal aeryInternal pudendal aeryInferior gluteal aeryBranches of POSTERIOR TRUNKIliolumbar aer... | [
"Within the dural sheath, the ophthalmic aery gives off the central aery of the retina. after piercing the dura mater it gives off a large lacrimal branch that runs along the lateral wall of the orbit. the main aery runs towards the medial wall of the orbit giving off a number of branches. Notes: the central aery o... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Increased Ig A levels are seen in | [
"Serum IgA increased in - Alcoholic cirrhosis Serum IgM increased in -Primary biliary cirrhosis (Ref: Clin Exp Immunol.2009 Oct; 158(1): 115-124, Liver.1984 Jun;4(3): 214-8)"
] | [
"HbsAg may be present in saliva"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used for treatment of:- | [
"Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody against CD20. It is used for treatment of: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Chronic lymphoid leukemia Rheumatoid ahritis SLE Auto-immune hemolytic anemia Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura"
] | [
"Interferon-gamma 1b (recombinant form) is used in chronic granulomatous disease to decrease infection liability because it increases the formation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody to TNF used in rheumatoid arthritis, and its use may lead to an increased infection rate. Aldesleukin... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The least common type of intussusceptions is: | [
"Types of Intussusceptions (in decreasing order) Ileocolic (77%) Ileo-ileo-colic (12%) Ilioileal (5%) Colocolic (2%): MC in adults Multiple (1%) Retrograde (0.2%)"
] | [
"Bailey writes - \"The condition is encountered most commonly in children, in whom it occurs in an idiopathic form, with a peak incidence at 3-9 months. Between 70% and 90% of cases are classed as idiopathic, and an associated illness such as gastroenteritis or urinary tract infection is found in 30%. It is believe... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most definitive diagnosis of sinusitis is by | [
"Sinuscopy is a method of Endoscopic sinus observation or surgery using Nose telescope. It involves the evaluation of nasal and sinus passages using the endoscope called Sinuscope. The Sinuscope has a narrow tube with a built-in camera so that the physician can see the internal details of the sinuses. By observing ... | [
"CT scan is the idol method to come to diagnosis of SPN"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
An 18 year old male patient presented to the clinic with pain and swelling in the lower jaw. Intraoral examination
revealed localized gingival bleeding in the right posterior region. On palpation, pulsations can be appreciated. Lesions are also appreciated on the frontal bone on a radiograph. Which condition is present... | [
"Vascular malformation (VM) in bone occurs more frequently than the central hemangioma (CH) of bone. Some 35% of VMs occur in bone, whereas CHs of bone are rare. The CH of bone is a benign tumor that rarely occurs in the jaws; it occurs more frequently in the skull and vertebrae. It may be congenital or traumatic i... | [
"Nasolabial cyst - Nasolabial cyst is a rare nonodontogenic developmental cyst. - It is believed to be derived from remnants of the nasolacrirnal duct. - Seen most often in adults in the 4th to 6th decades of life. - It has strong female predilection. 3:1 female-to-male ratio - It is usually unilateral. Bilateral i... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most common anterior mediastinal tumor? | [
"Ref: Bailey and Love, 26th edition, P 868Most common anterior mediastinum tumor is thymoma. Choice B is seen in posterior mediastinum. Choice C and D are found in middle mediastinum."
] | [
"- MC neoplasm of salivary gland: Pleomorphic adenoma - MC malignant tumor of salivary gland: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - MC Neoplasm of salivary gland in children: Hemangioma - MC malignant tumor of salivary gland in children: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - MC Malignant tumor of minor salivary glands:Adenoid cystic car... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Functional unit of Liver is | [
"Anatomical unit of liver - Hepatic Lobule Functional unit of liver- Liver Acinus"
] | [
"A i.e. Organic brain disease"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Grievous hurt is defined under: | [
"Ans: a (320 IPC) Ref: Reddy, 21st ed, p. 244Grievous hurt is defined under IPC 320Some important IPC'sIPC 375 - definition of rapeIPC 376 - punishment of rapeIPC 320 - definition of grievous heartIPC 84 - deals with the criminal responsibility of insaneIPC304A - deals with criminal negligenceIPC 304B - dowry death... | [
"IPC section 46 denotes the death of the human being unless the contrary appears from the context. In the simple words, the word denotes the death of human being unless the contest suggests otherwise Other options *IPC44 :Denotes the Section on injury.The word injury denotes the death of a human being unless the co... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Glaucoma is caused by - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Raised intraocular pressure The most common risk factor known is increased intraocular pressure (lOP)o Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases causing optic nerve damage i.e., glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy caused by a group of ocular conditions which lead to damage of optic nerv... | [
"D i.e. Open angle glaucoma Conditions associated with altered refraction Feature Found in Frequent change of presbyopic glasses Open angle glaucoma Q Second sight/ Myopic Shift/Improvement in near vision Senile immature nuclear cataract Fluctuation of refractory error Diabetic cataract Frequent change of glasses C... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Best indicator for nutritional status for a child is - | [
"Rate of increase of height and weight is the best measure for nutritional status of a child. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. 500,501"
] | [
"Holiday sgar formula is not used to calculate fluid replacement in burns patient."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Amplification of DNA uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Cation used in PCR is: | [
"PCR is an in vitro method for the polymerase-directed amplification of specific DNA sequences using two oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to opposite strands and flank the region of interest in the target DNA. The specificity and yield in amplifying a paicular DNA fragment by PCR reaction is affected by the p... | [
"Polymerase Chain Reaction The number of copies of the paicle after 'n' cycles of Polymerase Chain Reaction is given by the formula 2n times the original copies. So, the number of copies after 3 cycles would be 23 =8 times the original copies. PCR is used to amplify DNA but - PCR (reverse transcriptase PCR) can be ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statements about mycosis fungoides is not true? | [
"C i.e. It has indolent course and good prognosis"
] | [
"A patient with meningitis exhibits a positive and not a negative Kernig’s sign. Choices A, B, and C are symptoms of bacterial meningitis."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Babesiosis is transmitted by - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Tick Babesiao Babesiosis is a protozoan disease caused by two species of Babesia : Babesia microti and Babesia divergens.o It is transmitted by loxdid tick.o Babesia infects the RBCs and resides inside the RBCs ( intraerythrocytic). Intraery throcytic infection of Babesiosis is characterised by m... | [
"Ans is 'c' i.e., Kyanasur Forest disease KFD is a febrile disease associated with haemorrhages caused by an arbovirus flavivirus and is transmitted to man by bile of infective hard ticks."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Manifestation of Acute Dissection include all of the following, Except: | [
"Answer is C (MR) Mitral Regurgitation is not a feature of Aoic dissection Aoic Regurgitation and Pericardial Tamponade may be seen in proximal dissection Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade may complicate a dissection involving the ascending aoa (type A lesion with retrograde dissection): Acute Aoic Regurgitatio... | [
"Ans. :D.)Appendicitis. The most common medical cause of Acute abdominal pain in children is gastroenteritis, and the most common surgical cause is appendicitis Differential Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain by Predominant Age:"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Pancytopenia is most common after: | [
"Hepatitis is the most common preceding infection, and post hepatitis marrow failure accounts for about 5% of etiologies in most series. Patients are usually young men who have recovered from a bout of liver inflammation 1 to 2 months earlier; the subsequent pancytopenia is very severe. The hepatitis is seronegativ... | [
"Answer is B (Hereditary spherocytosis) Splenectomy is curative in hereditary spherocytosis. Splenectomy is carried out in all symptomatic patients Q because of the potential for gall stones and stones and episodes of bone marrow hyperplasia or hemolytic crisis Q It reliably corrects the anemia and RBC survival oft... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which is NOT a third generation Cephalosporin | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Cefuroxime Third generation cephalosporins include Parenteral OralCefotaxime - CefiximeCeftizoxime - Cefpodoxime proxetilCeftriaxone - CefdinirCeftazidime - Ceftibuten Cefoperazone Also knowFourth generation cephalosporinsCefepimeCefaparole"
] | [
"Refer KDT 6/e p708 Aztreonan is the only beta lactam anti6 that can be used in patients having severe allergy to Pencillin or cephalosporin"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Rigor moritis devolops ..... after death : | [
"B i.e. 1 - 2 hours"
] | [
"A i.e. Hea beat USG of umbilical aery is done to know about hea beatQ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following murmurs may be heard in patients with aoic regurgitation except: | [
"Answer is D (Pansystolic murmur)"
] | [
"Midsystolic murmurs -- also known as systolic ejection murmurs, or SEM -- include the murmurs of aoic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, hyperophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defects Innocent hea murmurs are heah murmurs that occur in patients with a normal hea structure. Iron-deficiency anaemia often ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Best investigation to see calcification is: | [
"Ans: A (CT ?) Ref: Harrison !v Principles of internal medicine.18th edition.Explanation:CT is the best technique to detect pericardial calcification; however, overpenetrated films, conventional tomography, fluoroscopy, and MRI may be helpful.Plain radiographs have poor sensitivity for detection of coronary calcifi... | [
"Goodsall rule is to know internal opening of fistula in ano."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Maximum FiO2 which can be given through a nasal oxygen catheter:- | [
"A nasal cannula is generally used wherever small amounts of supplemental oxygen are required, without rigid control of respiration, such as in oxygen therapy. Most cannulae can only provide oxygen at low flow rates--up to 5 litres per minute (L/min)--delivering an oxygen concentration of 28-44%. Rates above 5 L/mi... | [
"Ventimask (venturi mask) is a fixed performance (high flow) oxygen delivery device.\nNasal cannula, non-rebreathing mask (Hudson mask) and simple mask are variable performance (low flow) devices."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
True about neuropraxia | [
"Neuropraxia is due to compression of the nerve,the nerve conduction velocity is increased. It has good prognosis Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:74,75,76"
] | [
"Ans. Neuro-paralytic symptoms"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Agonistic action at which of the following adrenergic receptor result in the reduction of excess secretion | [
"Ref-KDT 6/e p146 Stimulation of Alpha 2 receptors located on ciliary epithelium reduces secretion of aqueous humor."
] | [
"a-receptors are present on the radial muscles of the iris. Stimulation of a-receptors cause contraction of the radial muscles and will cause mydriasis Whereas tachycardia and vasodilation are due to activation of b-adrenergic receptors."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following features are seen in the viral pneumonia except: | [
"Typical Pneumonia Atypical pneumonia -Bacterial etiology -Alveolar exudate + neutrophilic infilitration -C/F - High grade fever productive Cough Pleuritis Signs of consolidation -Non - bacterial etiology (e.g. Virus) -Interstitial tissue inflammation -C/F- Low grade fever Dry cough Malaise no signs of consolidatio... | [
"Hematogenous spread is most common among given option"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following causes BOTH superior and inferior rib-notching in a chest radiograph? | [
"Superior rib notching -Polio -Restrictive lung disease -Neurofibromatosis -Connective tissue disease -Osteogenesis imperfecta Inferior rib notching -Thrombosis of aoa -Coarctation of aoa -Blalock Taussig shunt -Occlusion of subclan aery -Pulmonary AV malformation Both Superior and inferior rib notching -NF-1 -Hype... | [
"Lateral decubitus view is the best view to detect minimal pleural effusion."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The most accurate diagnostic test for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is | [
"-All patients with gastrinoma have an elevated gastrin level, and hypergastrinemia in the presence of elevated basal acid output (BAO) strongly suggests gastrinoma. -Patients with gastrinoma usually have a BAO >15 mEq/h or >5 mEq/h if they have had a previous procedure for peptic ulcer. -Acid secretory medications... | [
"There is increased basal acid hypersecretion\nZollinger-ellison syndrome is associated with severe peptic ulcer disease"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
What is the average number of fleas of each species per rodent called - | [
"<p> It is the average number of each species per rat/rodent. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:294. <\\p>"
] | [
"Ref: Parks 23rd edition pg 58 it is a propoion. It represents killing power of a disease. It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Periosteal reaction in a case of acute osteomyelitis can be seen earliest at: March 2012 | [
"Ans: B i.e. 10 days The earliest sign to appear on the X-ray is a periosteal new bone deposition (periosteal reaction) at the metaphysis. It takes about 7-10 days to appear Osteomyelitis Earliest site of involvement: Metaphysis Diagnosis of acute OM: Blood culture (positive in 65% cases) Periosteal reaction seen i... | [
"Osteosarcoma is the second most common, and a highly malignant primary bone tumour. Sun-ray appearance: In X-ray, as the periosteum is unable to contain the tumour, the tumour grows into the overlying soft tissues. New bone is laid down along the blood vessels within the tumour growing centrifugally, giving rise t... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not associated with zinc deficiency: March 2005 | [
"Ans. C: Pigmentation Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare inherited form of zinc deficiency, characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea. Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency Poor Immune system Weight loss Intercurrent infections Hypogonadism in males Lack of sexual development in females ... | [
"Causes sensory polyneuropathy when pyridoxine is taken for several months Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 78"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Preimplantataion genetic diagnosis is used for | [
"Pre implantation genetic diagnosis is used for daignosis of single gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis, β - thalassemia and hemophilia."
] | [
"Non-invasive prenatal screening tests: Used for Prenatal detection of chromosome abnormalities and reduce incidences of aneuploidies in high risk pregnancies. Pregnant woman's blood is evaluated prenatal screening. Screening test is done usually after 10 weeks of gestation. Because it has high negative predictive ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following about phenytoin is true ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., It follows zero order kinetics Phenytoin is metabolized in liver by hydroxylation and glucuranide conjugation (option 'c' is incorrect) o This drug follows saturation kinetics (kinetics changes from first order to zero order within therapeutic concentrations) Phenytoin is an enzyme inducer and in... | [
"K.D Tripathy essentials of medical pharmacology 7th edition . Valproic acid is the drug of choice for absence seizure."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
False about stagardt's disease | [
"Stagardt's disease is autosomal recessive."
] | [
"A i.e. Toerance develops for all except miosis & constipation"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are killed vaccines, EXCEPT: | [
"17-D vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine used to control yellow fever. Killed vaccines are used to control typhoid, cholera, peusis, plague, rabies, salk (polio), influenza, hepatitis A, B, japanese encephaltis and KFD. Ref: Park's Textbook Of Preventive and Social Medicine 20th edition page 98."
] | [
"BUCCAL COITUS OR COITUS PER OS OR SIN OF GOMORRAH: The male organ is introduced into the mouth of another male or female usually children. Rarely faint teeth marks and abrasions may be present on the penis. Death may occur due to aspiration of semen, or impaction of the penis in the respiratory tract or stomach. B... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Kerley B line are seen at | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Pleural surface Kerley's line Kerley's line is a linear opacity which, depending on its locaton, extent and orientation, may be be fuher classified as :? Kerley's A lines o These are thin, non-branching lines radiating from hilum. These lines are 2-6 cm in length. These lines are found in the mid... | [
"Iris bombe is seen in ring synechiae."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are true about BCG vaccine except. | [
"Site of injection should be cleaned with soap but not with disinfectant or spirit."
] | [
"Specific protection for HBV, comes under primary prevention."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Commonest etiology of erythema multiforme is - | [
"A. i.e. Viral"
] | [
"Erythema marginatum is a non-pruritic, pink eruption that is present in cases of acute rheumatic fever. It is a consequence of pharyngeal infection with group A streptococcus, usually in childhood. In some cases, rheumatic fever can lead to valvular damage, often mitral stenosis. The characteristic murmur of MS is... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Apex national institute of ophthalmology is | [
"Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi has been designated as the apex national institute of ophthalmology."
] | [
"Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere was founded in Noh america.Its world largest independent ,non-profit ,non secretarian international relief and devolopment organization.CARE provides emergency aid and long term devolopment assistance. CARE India focused its food suppo in the ICDS programme and in d... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which laser is used in the management of after cataracts: | [
"Ans. Nd-YAG"
] | [
"There is no such indication to remove IOL after 10 years unless any complication like dislocation of IOL occurs. At the time of cataract surgery , the majority of patients are presbyopic. Presbyopia by itself is not an indication to remove IOL. After development of secondary cataract- just treat it by laser / surg... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statements about Kaposi sarcoma is not true? | [
"Ans. A. The most common site is scalpKaposi sarcoma is mostly seen in extremities: most commonly on feet and occasionally on hands, ears, and nose.* Lesions are usually dark blue or purple and they may blanchewhen tumid (swollen).* Locally aggressive lesions can ulcerate, fungate or leave pigmented scars.* Lesions... | [
"Ans. A: Kaposi sarcoma The neoplastic diseases clearly seen with an increased frequency in patients with HIV infection are Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following veins lack valves except | [
"Veins which do not have valves are:IVCSVCHepatic, ovarian, uterine, renal, emissary, cerebral, pulmonary, and umbilical veinsPoal venous system is a valveless system"
] | [
"Vena comitans are the Veins accompanying aeries. Vena comitans is a vein that is usually paired, with both veins lying on the sides of an aery. They are found in close proximity to aeries so that the pulsations of the aery aid venous return."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Risk factor for melanoma are all of the following EXCEPT: March 2013 | [
"Ans. B i.e. Black people Melanoma is commoner in fair complexion Malignant melanoma/ MM Mode of spread of MM: Lymphatic channels or hematogenous Cutaneous melanoma arises from: Epidermal melanocytes MC site involved in lentigo maligna (least common): Face MC type of MM: Superficial spreading Most malignant type of... | [
"The incidence of ovarian cancer is reduced by 40% and uterine malignancy by 50% if taken for 1 year, and this effect lasts as long as 10 years after stoppage. The risk decreases with duration of its use. Reference : Shaw's Texbook of Gynaecology 16th edition page no 274"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Preferred fluoroquinolone against m. leprae is - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ofloxacin Drugs acting on M. leprae* Established agents used to treat leprosy include dapsone (50-100 mg/d), clofazimine (50-100 mg/d, 100 mg three times weekly, or 300 mg monthly), and rifampin (600 mg daily or monthly. Of these drugs, only rifampin is bactericidal.* The sulfones (folate antagon... | [
"TIGECYCLINE : Its a glycycline compound similar to tetracycline uses : plague,mycoplasma,ricketessia,borellia, vrsa it is resistent to efflux excreated by bile so reno safe drug ref : kd tripathi 8th ed"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
When the patient fails to understand normal speech but can understand shouted or amplified speech the hearing loss is termed as | [
"DEGREES OF HEARING LOSS 0-25dB-Not significant impairment- no significant difficulty with faint speech 26-40dB-Mild impairment-Difficult with faint speech 41-55dB-Moderate impairment -Frequently difficult with normal speech 56-70dB-Moderately severe impairment-Frequently difficult with loud sound 71-91dB-Severe im... | [
"Lombard&;s test: This test is based on \"Lombard&;s principle\". This principle says that one raises his / her voice when speaking in the noisy environment. While performing this test, the patient is allowed to read a book. Noise is introduced into the ear. The noise is gradually increased till the patient raises ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A child with three days history of upper respiratory tract infection presents with stridor, which decreases on lying down postion. What is the most probable diagnosis - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Laryngotracheobronchitis This child has : - i) 3 days history of upper respiratory tract infection. ii) Followed by stridor These features suggest the diagnosis of croup. Clinical manifestations of Croup Most patients have an upper respiratory tract infection with some combination of - Rhinorrhea... | [
"Ans. C. Croup\"Steeple sign\" on X ray chest is indicative of subglottic narrowing of the airways. It is commonly seen in children with laryngotracheobronchitis - also commonly referred to as croup. The condition presents in children, often between 3 months - 5 years of age, and is characterized by hoarseness, ins... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most common movemnet force involved in fractures of the spine is which of the following? | [
"Flexion injury is the commonest spinal injury. Ref: Essential ohopedics by Maheshwari 3rd Edition, Page 144,259,260."
] | [
"Ans. b. X-ray The pain in right thigh in a 70 years old female, who is on treatment with alendronate for 7 years for osteoporosis might be due to femoral shaft fracture. Plain X-rays showed a characteristic picture consisting of a transverse or sho oblique fracture line, lateral coical thickening, and medial spiki... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which arm of tRNA binds it to vibosomal surface | [
"Pseudoridine arm of tRNA is involved in binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomal surface."
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Binding to 30S Subunit and inhibits binding of aminoacyl tRNA o Tetracycline interact with small ribosomal subunits, blocking access of aminoacyl- tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. o Tetracyclines bind to 30 S subunit of ribosome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Benefits of LNG lUCD are all except : | [
"Mirena now used as first line of treatment of menorrhagia, in addition to the contraceptive effect. Another use is in providing progestogens component of hormone replacement therapy after menopause. THE TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN SECOND EDITION PAGE NO 379"
] | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., IV o Long-term adverse effects on large number of patients -f Phase IV clinical trial."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most common drug induced Extra Pyramidal Syndrome includes | [
"(A) Dystonia # Drug Induced & Tardive Movement Disorders> Movement disorders secondary to pharmacological agents represent a large number of extrapyramidal disorders seen by neurologists and psychiatrists in the outpatient setting.> Involuntary movements, including tremor, chorea, athetosis, dyskinesias, dystonia,... | [
"Ans: A i.e. Lithium Drugs for Schizophrenia and side-effects Dose related side effects of lithium includes polyuria/polydypsia, weight gain, tremor etc. Common side effects of clozapine are anticholinergic, antiadrenergic etc. Potentially life threatening side effects includes fatal agranulocytosis, fatal myocardi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The earliest manifestation of increased intracranial pressure following head injury is: | [
"Early signs of elevated iCP include drowsiness and a diminished level of consciousness (altered mental status). Coma and unilateral papillary changes are late signs and require immediate intervention. Ref: Harrison's Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, Page 1633; Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepato... | [
"Extradural hematoma (EDH), also known as an epidural hematoma, is a collection of blood that forms between the inner surface of the skull and outer layer of the dura, which is called the endosteal layer. They are usually associated with a history of head trauma and frequently associated skull fracture. The source ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Function of external oblique muscle: | [
"External oblique: Most superficial muscle which originates from the outer pa of the 5th to 12th ribs on each side of the rib cage. This muscle then runs diagonally down each side and connects to the iliac crest, linea alba, and the pubis. Function: External oblique contributes to the maintenance of abdominal tone,... | [
"Infrahyoid ribbon muscles are the chief contents of muscular triangle."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
P wave is absent in- | [
"Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate: Fine atrial fibrillation Sinoatrial arrest (with a secondary escape rhythm ) in ventricular fibrilation ,ventriculat tachycardia and atrial asystole,a waves are present Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1423"
] | [
"Complete Hea block. HR=30/minute As Bundle of his fire on rate of <40/min. P-P & R-R intervals are unequal. So atrial rate & ventricular rate are not equal. -Canon A wave in JVP seen on complete hea block"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A Poly A base sequence would be most likely found at the | [
"The addition of a poly A tail to the 3' end is one of the post-transcriptional modifications that occurs in the processing of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). A cap consisting of a guanosine derivative is attached to the 5' end. Intervening sequences (introns) are removed by splicing. All of these processing event... | [
"A i.e. N formyl Met is the first - RNA to come into action"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Type I RPGN is seen in | [
"Type I RPGN is anti - GBM mediated and it is seen in Goodpasture's syndrome."
] | [
"Medullary ca is least common and it is associated with SCD"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Bradycardia is seen with: | [
"Ans: C (Succinyl choline) Ref: Ajay Yadav, Short textbook of Pediatrics, 1st editionExplanation:Cardiac Sideeffects of Anesthetic DrugsDrugsCardiac Side effectsMidazolamMinimal reduction in Heart rate, Blood pressure and cardiac outputEpinephrineProduces tachycardia, hypertension and ventricular arrhythmiasSucciny... | [
"Ans. Answer is D (MI) Pulsus alternans indicates severe impairment in LV function and may be seen in conditions causing severe LV dysfunction such as Myocardial Infarction Pulsus Alternans Pulsus alterans is charachterized by regular alteration of the pressure pulse amplitude despite a regular rhythm It is defined... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Failure of migration of neural crest cells is seen in: | [
"Ans: b (Congenital megacolon)Ref: Bailey & Love, 24th ed, p.l 153 & 23rd ed, p. 1027"
] | [
"Maximum incidence of developmental defects is seen in permanent incisors."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The signs of malignant transformation in osteochondroma are all except | [
"Ans. b. Weight loss"
] | [
"Fibrous dysphasia stas in early childhood. Lesion is usually small and asymptomatic and often diagnosed accidentally during radiological examination. Lesions are small and-asymptomatic and progress slowly. Majority of fractures heal by conservative management Sarcomatous changes occur by irradiation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Drugs known to cause Steven Johnson syndrome include the following except: | [
"Drugs that most commonly cause SJS/TEN Antibiotics Antifungals Antivirals Sulfonamides, e.g., cotrimoxizole; beta-lactams i.e. penicillins, cephalosporins Imidazole antifungals Nevirapine (non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor) Allopurinol Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (oxicam type mainly) ... | [
"(Ref: KDT 6/e p684) Rash is the most common adverse effect seen with the use of sulfonamides."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Best prognosis in nerve injury | [
"Neurapraxia is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system in which there is a temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction, usually lasting an average of six to eight weeks before full recovery.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition"
] | [
"Ref-Katzung 11/842 The diagnosis of tinea capitis and terbinafine is used for the treatment of male pattern baldness stas from anterior poion and scalp and are non pruritic will family history.the treatment of latter is finasteride"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Bedside test for mental status- | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., MMSE o The most w idely used test for bedside evaluation of the mental status is folstein's mini mental state examination (MMSE)."
] | [
"Conscious level determined on Glasgow coma scale."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.