[ { "video_id": "tJU3Q9nOPuc", "title": "What should you do if you accidentally cut off your finger? - Jason Hoellwarth", "description": "Dig into what circumstances allow for an accidentally amputated limb to be reattached, and what options you have when it can't be.\n\n--\n\nIn order to reattach a severed limb after an accident, a number of things need to go right— and quickly. A clean cut, properly preserving the limb, and getting it to a skilled surgeon in time are just a few of these challenges. And unfortunately, there are countless complications that come up with most accidental amputations. So, when is limb reattachment possible? Jason Hoellwarth investigates.\n\nLesson by Jason Hoellwarth, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-reattach-a-severed-limb-jason-hoellwarth\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-reattach-a-severed-limb-jason-hoellwarth/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, and Samyogita Hardikar.", "publishedAt": "2025-08-07T15:00:29Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.219, "duration": 3.179, "text": "In over 140 countries around the world, " }, { "start": 3.398, "duration": 3.551, "text": "students are discovering, developing, \nand sharing their ideas" }, { "start": 6.949, "duration": 2.081, "text": "with each other and with the world." }, { "start": 9.327, "duration": 1.791, "text": "They're asking big questions, " }, { "start": 11.118, "duration": 2.505, "text": "learning to give and receive \nmeaningful feedback," }, { "start": 13.623, "duration": 2.921, "text": "and creating their very own\nTED-style Talks." }, { "start": 16.544, "duration": 3.089, "text": "When they're done, they'll be able \nto record their Talks, " }, { "start": 19.633, "duration": 2.367, "text": "share their messages and their voices" }, { "start": 22.0, "duration": 1.871, "text": "with their peers, their community," }, { "start": 23.871, "duration": 2.327, "text": "and maybe, even from a TED stage." }, { "start": 26.564, "duration": 1.345, "text": "During their time together, " }, { "start": 27.909, "duration": 3.91, "text": "students develop skills in discussion, \ncritical thinking and listening," }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 2.575, "text": "they learn to support their ideas \nthrough research," }, { "start": 34.394, "duration": 3.606, "text": "and above all, they gain confidence\nin their presentation skills." }, { "start": 38.054, "duration": 1.762, "text": "And with each shared idea," }, { "start": 39.816, "duration": 2.874, "text": "they join a curious, passionate community" }, { "start": 42.69, "duration": 2.0, "text": "that stretches across the globe—" }, { "start": 44.69, "duration": 2.327, "text": "ready and eager to embrace them." }, { "start": 47.017, "duration": 3.223, "text": "Imagine a world where every student\nhas the opportunity" }, { "start": 50.24, "duration": 1.623, "text": "to share their best ideas," }, { "start": 51.863, "duration": 3.763, "text": "and where those ideas are heard \non a local and global level." }, { "start": 56.0, "duration": 0.988, "text": "Join us!" } ] }, { "video_id": "0a9Wuz7MvUE", "title": "5 ways to connect with people", "description": "Episode 6: Find a way to build trust, interest, and a connection with your audience so that they will be open to what you have to say.\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 6 of the animated series, “Public Speaking 101.” Ideas change everything — and since language lets us share our ideas, learning how to use it well gives speakers the power to inspire people and even change how they think. This 11-episode course will teach you how to identify, develop, and share your best ideas, while mastering essential communication skills along the way.\n\nDirected by Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nThe TED-Ed Student Talks program provides free, customizable activities for educators to support their students in identifying, developing and sharing their ideas with each other and the world. Learn more at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/5-ways-to-connect-with-your-audience\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/5-ways-to-connect-with-your-audience/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, and Akinola Emmanuel.", "publishedAt": "2025-08-05T14:58:07Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Though Oedipus would dodge death,\nvanquish the monstrous Sphinx," }, { "start": 11.632, "duration": 2.253, "text": "and whether wrathful plagues," }, { "start": 13.885, "duration": 3.461, "text": "the truth would prove\nhis greatest challenger." }, { "start": 17.597, "duration": 3.295, "text": "When Oedipus’ mother,\nQueen Jocasta of Thebes," }, { "start": 20.892, "duration": 3.879, "text": "gave birth to him,\na grim heir seized the occasion." }, { "start": 25.146, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Her husband, King Laius, had received\na prophecy from Apollo’s oracle" }, { "start": 30.276, "duration": 4.004, "text": "foretelling that he would die\nat the hands of his own son." }, { "start": 34.489, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Determined to escape this fate,\nLaius had the newborn’s ankles pierced," }, { "start": 39.535, "duration": 6.048, "text": "and Jocasta ordered a shepherd to abandon\nhim on Mount Cithaeron to perish." }, { "start": 45.708, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But divine prophecies\ncan be quite stubborn." }, { "start": 50.171, "duration": 4.338, "text": "The shepherd took pity on the baby\nand gave him to to another shepherd—" }, { "start": 54.509, "duration": 1.751, "text": "this one from Corinth." }, { "start": 56.344, "duration": 5.005, "text": "He decided to bring the baby to the\nchildless Corinthian king and queen," }, { "start": 61.349, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Polybus and Merope." }, { "start": 63.267, "duration": 4.004, "text": "They called the boy Oedipus,\nor “swollen-foot,”" }, { "start": 67.313, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and raised him as their own,\nnever revealing his true origin." }, { "start": 73.152, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Years passed, till one night," }, { "start": 75.154, "duration": 6.131, "text": "a drunken reveler told Oedipus that he was\nnot Polybus and Merope’s son by birth—" }, { "start": 81.452, "duration": 2.795, "text": "an allegation they staunchly denied." }, { "start": 84.455, "duration": 3.504, "text": "But the seeds of doubt burrowed\ninto Oedipus’ mind." }, { "start": 88.042, "duration": 4.296, "text": "He left to seek counsel\nfrom Apollo’s oracle at Delphi," }, { "start": 92.547, "duration": 3.42, "text": "who instead delivered\na deeply disturbing prophecy:" }, { "start": 96.175, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Oedipus would murder his father\nand have children with his mother." }, { "start": 101.055, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Horrified, Oedipus determined\nto stay far from Corinth" }, { "start": 104.934, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and the only parents he’d ever known." }, { "start": 107.937, "duration": 3.837, "text": "He ventured towards Thebes—\nand thus, unwittingly," }, { "start": 111.858, "duration": 3.128, "text": "towards the city where his\nbirth parents reigned." }, { "start": 115.319, "duration": 1.71, "text": "At a crossroads on the way," }, { "start": 117.029, "duration": 4.13, "text": "a fancy carriage threatened to run\nOedipus off the road," }, { "start": 121.2, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and a lethal fight ensued." }, { "start": 124.162, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Little did Oedipus know, one of the\ncasualties was King Laius of Thebes," }, { "start": 129.292, "duration": 1.668, "text": "his own birth father." }, { "start": 131.294, "duration": 5.171, "text": "In killing him, Oedipus had fulfilled\nthe first half of Apollo’s prophecy." }, { "start": 136.799, "duration": 5.005, "text": "When Oedipus reached the gates of Thebes,\nhe was met by the treacherous Sphinx." }, { "start": 141.888, "duration": 1.793, "text": "She’d ravaged the city," }, { "start": 143.681, "duration": 3.045, "text": "posing a bewildering riddle\nto those she encountered" }, { "start": 146.809, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and mercilessly devouring\nall who answered incorrectly." }, { "start": 151.314, "duration": 3.92, "text": "But when she fixed her keen,\nexpectant gaze on Oedipus," }, { "start": 155.359, "duration": 2.086, "text": "he gave the correct response." }, { "start": 158.07, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Thebes celebrated the Sphinx's defeat," }, { "start": 160.781, "duration": 4.839, "text": "and Oedipus married the city's recently\nwidowed queen, Jocasta." }, { "start": 165.87, "duration": 5.464, "text": "They had four children, neither realizing\nthey were, in fact, mother and son—" }, { "start": 171.417, "duration": 4.129, "text": "or that they’d completed the second half\nof Apollo’s prophecy." }, { "start": 175.713, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Eventually, a devastating plague\ndescended on Thebes." }, { "start": 179.55, "duration": 4.963, "text": "To save the city, Oedipus sent his\nbrother-in-law to consult Apollo’s oracle." }, { "start": 184.972, "duration": 3.545, "text": "She declared that the divine plague\nwould only relent" }, { "start": 188.517, "duration": 3.504, "text": "if the killer of Thebes’\nprevious king, Laius," }, { "start": 192.146, "duration": 4.755, "text": "was finally revealed,\nthen driven out or avenged with blood." }, { "start": 197.276, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Oedipus hastily opened an investigation." }, { "start": 200.029, "duration": 2.961, "text": "He interrogated Tiresias, a blind prophet," }, { "start": 202.99, "duration": 4.964, "text": "who stayed silent before suggesting\nthat Oedipus himself was the killer." }, { "start": 208.371, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Oedipus denied and deflected\nthe accusation." }, { "start": 211.207, "duration": 1.418, "text": "But it stuck with him." }, { "start": 212.708, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Jocasta likewise insisted that Laius’\nkiller couldn’t have been Oedipus," }, { "start": 217.588, "duration": 4.38, "text": "for she'd heard that Laius was killed\nat a crossroads by robbers." }, { "start": 222.343, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Yet, through conversations with a\nmessenger from Corinth and, finally," }, { "start": 226.43, "duration": 2.753, "text": "the shepherd who’d rescued him\nas an infant," }, { "start": 229.225, "duration": 3.128, "text": "the truth came bearing down upon Oedipus." }, { "start": 232.561, "duration": 3.838, "text": "In searching for Laius’ murderer,\nhe’d been looking for himself," }, { "start": 236.399, "duration": 5.046, "text": "and Apollo’s prophecy had come to pass,\nin all its dreadful detail." }, { "start": 241.57, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Full of fury, resentment, and shame,\nOedipus rushed to kill Jocasta—" }, { "start": 246.45, "duration": 4.213, "text": "but she too had realized the truth\nand taken her own life." }, { "start": 250.997, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Using brooches from her dress,\nOedipus blinded himself in anguish," }, { "start": 256.377, "duration": 2.836, "text": "expunging his deceitful sense of sight," }, { "start": 259.213, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which had kept him\nfrom truly seeing so much." }, { "start": 263.009, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Oedipus begged for exile," }, { "start": 264.802, "duration": 4.796, "text": "but was led back into the castle\nto await word from Apollo’s oracle." }, { "start": 270.224, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Thus ends Sophocles’ first play\ncentering Oedipus." }, { "start": 274.395, "duration": 3.545, "text": "But it wouldn’t be his final word\non the tragic hero." }, { "start": 278.441, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Decades later, a roughly 89-year-old\nSophocles wrote its sequel," }, { "start": 283.571, "duration": 2.794, "text": "set in Colonus, his own birthplace." }, { "start": 286.615, "duration": 3.17, "text": "It finds Oedipus, now aged and exiled," }, { "start": 289.785, "duration": 4.046, "text": "confronted with accusations\nof incest and patricide." }, { "start": 293.998, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Oedipus, having accepted the truth\nand released himself from its shame," }, { "start": 298.419, "duration": 5.13, "text": "proclaims his innocence and maintains\nthat he committed these deeds unwittingly—" }, { "start": 303.549, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and unwillingly." }, { "start": 306.218, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Finally, Oedipus knows it’s time to go—\nand a divine voice urges him on." }, { "start": 311.891, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Having said his loving farewells," }, { "start": 314.018, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Oedipus then transcends—\npeacefully and marvelously— into death." } ] }, { "video_id": "IfPYcfEM1Ck", "title": "The Greek tragedy of Oedipus' daughter - Stephen Esposito", "description": "Get to know the story of Antigone, daughter of Oedipus, who was determined to give her slain brother Polyneices a proper burial.\n\n--\n\nThe gods watched as Oedipus’ daughter, Antigone, stole out of the palace in Thebes the morning after a devastating battle. Antigone was on a dangerous mission to do what she felt was right, though it meant risking her life. She sought to abide by divine law and honor her late brother Polyneices through burial— but the king had other plans. Stephen Esposito shares the tragic Greek tale of Antigone.\n\nLesson by Stephen Esposito, directed by Josh Pilch, Augenblick Studios.\n\nMusic licensed under Creative Commons:\n“Devastation And Revenge”\n“Night Vigil”\n“The Pyre”\n“Unholy Knight”\nBy Kevin MacLeod: https://incompetech.com\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-greek-tragedy-of-oedipus-daughter-stephen-esposito\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-greek-tragedy-of-oedipus-daughter-stephen-esposito/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/thejoshpilchshow\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, and Adrian Rotaru.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-31T15:54:08Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.671, "text": "In 1947, India achieved independence\nfrom British rule—" }, { "start": 11.674, "duration": 2.753, "text": "but this freedom came\nat a tremendous cost." }, { "start": 14.469, "duration": 4.796, "text": "The region had been split in two,\ndisplacing over 10 million residents" }, { "start": 19.265, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and leading to riots that saw the deaths\nof roughly 1 million people." }, { "start": 23.561, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Jawaharlal Nehru, \nIndia’s first prime minister," }, { "start": 27.148, "duration": 3.921, "text": "was eager to usher his country\ntowards a brighter, united future." }, { "start": 31.152, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And one of the projects that would prove\nmost essential to realizing this vision" }, { "start": 35.573, "duration": 2.419, "text": "was the construction of Chandigarh:" }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 4.755, "text": "a modern metropolis designed to symbolize\n“the nation’s faith in the future.”" }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But the path to Nehru’s futurist city\nwas far from simple." }, { "start": 47.502, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Since money was tight\nfor the burgeoning nation," }, { "start": 50.088, "duration": 5.714, "text": "the project was only able to secure\na budget of 175 million rupees." }, { "start": 55.968, "duration": 4.296, "text": "That’s the modern equivalent\nof roughly 500 million US dollars—" }, { "start": 60.431, "duration": 3.504, "text": "which is barely enough to build\na pair of skyscrapers today." }, { "start": 64.435, "duration": 2.67, "text": "The project also had low public support" }, { "start": 67.105, "duration": 4.295, "text": "because the plans required the\nfurther displacement of local villages." }, { "start": 71.734, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The government compensated protesting\nresidents with funds to buy new homes." }, { "start": 76.239, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But their agricultural lands would\nstill be overtaken by the new city." }, { "start": 80.409, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Nehru’s plan for unity\nwas off to a rocky start." }, { "start": 83.454, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But the city’s plans were as inspiring\nas they were innovative." }, { "start": 88.417, "duration": 4.922, "text": "In 1949, Nehru commissioned\nAmerican architect Albert Mayer," }, { "start": 93.339, "duration": 4.087, "text": "whose initial designs laid out\ngreen spaces, sectioned neighborhoods," }, { "start": 97.426, "duration": 2.253, "text": "and organized traffic systems." }, { "start": 99.762, "duration": 3.545, "text": "When Mayer left the project\ndue to his business partner’s death," }, { "start": 103.432, "duration": 5.047, "text": "his plans were taken even further\nby renowned French architect Le Corbusier." }, { "start": 108.771, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Known as one of the fathers\nof modern architecture," }, { "start": 111.566, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Le Corbusier prioritized functional\ndesigns devoid of ornamentation." }, { "start": 116.195, "duration": 4.672, "text": "His style championed unornamented concrete\nfor creating efficient structures" }, { "start": 120.867, "duration": 2.961, "text": "that prioritized function over decoration." }, { "start": 124.328, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Building on Mayer’s plans," }, { "start": 126.038, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Le Corbusier introduced the metaphor\nof a human body" }, { "start": 129.458, "duration": 3.963, "text": "to describe and design\nChandigarh’s urban environment." }, { "start": 133.546, "duration": 3.962, "text": "The head of the city would comprise\nthe main administrative area." }, { "start": 137.675, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Alongside the State Secretariat,\nParliamentary Assembly and High Court," }, { "start": 142.221, "duration": 4.421, "text": "the complex included symbolic structures\nlike the Martyr’s Memorial," }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 3.879, "text": "dedicated to those who perished fighting\nfor Indian independence." }, { "start": 150.855, "duration": 4.463, "text": "From the head, residents could travel\ndown the city’s circulatory system:" }, { "start": 155.318, "duration": 4.254, "text": "a network of roads and pathways\nknown as the 7Vs." }, { "start": 159.655, "duration": 4.046, "text": "These hierarchical roads connected\nChandigarh to other cities" }, { "start": 163.701, "duration": 2.377, "text": "while seamlessly linking\nthe sectors within" }, { "start": 166.078, "duration": 3.087, "text": "for drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians." }, { "start": 169.457, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Chandigarh’s heart was Sector 17—\na commercial district housing large shops," }, { "start": 174.837, "duration": 4.588, "text": "offices, a parade ground,\nand the main interstate bus terminal." }, { "start": 179.592, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And the city’s lungs took the form\nof a continuous Leisure Valley." }, { "start": 184.138, "duration": 5.047, "text": "This series of green belts was modeled\nafter the popular garden city concept," }, { "start": 189.185, "duration": 2.169, "text": "which sought to increase green cover" }, { "start": 191.354, "duration": 4.796, "text": "and guarantee all residents access\nto fresh air and open space." }, { "start": 196.651, "duration": 5.463, "text": "Taken as a whole, these plans were\nunprecedented, daring, and expensive." }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Fortunately, Le Corbusier’s streamlined\nmodernist aesthetic helped keep costs low." }, { "start": 208.037, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Most structures were built of brick,\nwhich was left unpainted and unplastered." }, { "start": 212.875, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Even the city’s grandest concrete\nbuildings remain naked to this day." }, { "start": 217.546, "duration": 4.422, "text": "And since the budget couldn’t accommodate\nmechanical heating and cooling systems," }, { "start": 221.968, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Chandigarh was designed\nwith passive cooling and ventilation" }, { "start": 225.846, "duration": 2.128, "text": "built into every structure." }, { "start": 228.391, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Other tropical cities employed\nsimilar techniques on a smaller scale," }, { "start": 232.395, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but in Chandigarh every room\nhad direct access" }, { "start": 235.398, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to adequate sunlight and ventilation." }, { "start": 237.775, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Overhangs provided shade during the summer\nand let in heat during the winter." }, { "start": 242.405, "duration": 4.379, "text": "And today, the energy efficiency\nof Chandigarh’s many brick buildings" }, { "start": 246.784, "duration": 3.295, "text": "has made the city famous\nfor its eco-friendly design." }, { "start": 250.621, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Of course, neither Chandigarh’s\npast nor present is perfect." }, { "start": 255.167, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The hierarchy of housing types\nresulted in segregation" }, { "start": 258.379, "duration": 4.379, "text": "between affluent, large households\nand small, denser plots." }, { "start": 263.217, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And the city’s focus on residential\nand government buildings" }, { "start": 266.679, "duration": 2.419, "text": "prevented the development\nof other industries." }, { "start": 269.265, "duration": 5.255, "text": "But many other elements of Mayer and\nLe Corbusier’s plans have aged quite well." }, { "start": 275.479, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Thousands of trees and open spaces\nmake it one of India’s greenest cities." }, { "start": 280.234, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And its high quality of life continues\nto make Chandigarh" }, { "start": 283.654, "duration": 3.128, "text": "one of the most desirable cities to live\nin the nation." }, { "start": 287.033, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Over 60 years after its construction," }, { "start": 289.577, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Chandigarh remains an international\nexemplar of urban design." } ] }, { "video_id": "s-EEp5xiF6Q", "title": "How to speak with meaning", "description": "Episode 5: Learn to develop your voice and body language so that you are conveying meaning authentically, confidently, and comfortably.\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 5 of the animated series, “Public Speaking 101.” Ideas change everything — and since language lets us share our ideas, learning how to use it well gives speakers the power to inspire people and even change how they think. This 11-episode course will teach you how to identify, develop, and share your best ideas, while mastering essential communication skills along the way.\n\nDirected by Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nThe TED-Ed Student Talks program provides free, customizable activities for educators to support their students in identifying, developing and sharing their ideas with each other and the world. Learn more at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-speak-with-meaning\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-speak-with-meaning/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, and Ujjwal Dasu.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-29T15:01:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 2.545, "text": "The six-legged creature creeps\ndown the canopy," }, { "start": 9.589, "duration": 3.962, "text": "extends its slender trunk,\nand pierces the ground." }, { "start": 13.76, "duration": 1.626, "text": "Up comes blood." }, { "start": 15.845, "duration": 2.044, "text": "This is no regular forest." }, { "start": 17.889, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Living where the scalp meets the hair," }, { "start": 20.141, "duration": 5.172, "text": "these nightmarish figures are, in fact,\nsesame seed-sized insects," }, { "start": 25.48, "duration": 2.502, "text": "otherwise known as head lice." }, { "start": 28.399, "duration": 5.005, "text": "The earliest archaeological evidence of\nhumans’ close-knit relationship with lice" }, { "start": 33.404, "duration": 2.169, "text": "is a fully preserved egg," }, { "start": 35.865, "duration": 4.129, "text": "discovered in the hair of a\n10,000-year-old Brazilian mummy." }, { "start": 40.995, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And it seems that for as long\nas we’ve had lice," }, { "start": 43.79, "duration": 2.585, "text": "we’ve fought hard to get rid of them." }, { "start": 46.876, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Nit combs, the fine-tooth brushes\nused to remove lice" }, { "start": 50.171, "duration": 1.335, "text": "and their sticky eggs" }, { "start": 51.506, "duration": 4.421, "text": "have been found among the ancient\nremains of cultures across the globe." }, { "start": 56.219, "duration": 2.085, "text": "This battle continues today," }, { "start": 58.304, "duration": 5.672, "text": "as it's estimated we spend billions of\ndollars each year treating infestations." }, { "start": 64.31, "duration": 3.045, "text": "So, why are lice so difficult\nto get rid of?" }, { "start": 67.98, "duration": 3.129, "text": "There are at are at least several\nthousand louse species," }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 2.919, "text": "as nearly all mammals deal\nwith these parasites." }, { "start": 74.153, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Humans are pestered by three\ndifferent types," }, { "start": 76.823, "duration": 3.712, "text": "each specialized to roam its\nown unique bodily terrain." }, { "start": 81.077, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Pediculus humanus capitis live\nexclusively on heads" }, { "start": 84.747, "duration": 4.713, "text": "and are equipped with hook-like claws that\nare perfectly fitted to human scalp hair." }, { "start": 89.877, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Pediculus humanus humanus,\nor body lice," }, { "start": 93.464, "duration": 4.004, "text": "spend most of their lives embedded\nin clothing and bedding," }, { "start": 97.552, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and crawling onto any nearby\nbody part for their feedings." }, { "start": 101.889, "duration": 2.795, "text": "In order to thrive in these\nchanging environments," }, { "start": 104.767, "duration": 4.671, "text": "body lice are more resilient to\nfluctuations in temperatures and humidity." }, { "start": 109.605, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Meanwhile, pubic lice,\nalso known as crab lice," }, { "start": 113.067, "duration": 2.419, "text": "are an entirely different species." }, { "start": 115.736, "duration": 1.877, "text": "While they also live on hair," }, { "start": 117.655, "duration": 2.377, "text": "their claws are larger than head lice," }, { "start": 120.074, "duration": 4.838, "text": "as they’re fitted to grasp onto the\nthicker cuticles found in pubic areas." }, { "start": 125.288, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Among these three varieties,\nhead lice are the most common." }, { "start": 129.292, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In the US alone, it’s estimated\n6 to 12 million children" }, { "start": 133.004, "duration": 2.252, "text": "deal with infestation each year." }, { "start": 135.464, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Contrary to popular fears about catching\nlice from hats or hairbrushes," }, { "start": 139.719, "duration": 3.92, "text": "most cases spread through direct\nhead-to-head contact." }, { "start": 143.973, "duration": 5.505, "text": "You see, head lice can only survive\nabout 24 hours without a host to feed on." }, { "start": 149.687, "duration": 1.919, "text": "They’re wingless and they can’t jump," }, { "start": 151.731, "duration": 3.211, "text": "so the only way they can infest\na new head is to crawl." }, { "start": 155.526, "duration": 5.214, "text": "They can detect a new host by using\ntheir antenna to home in on body heat" }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and other chemical compounds that\nnaturally emanate from the scalp." }, { "start": 165.161, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Once they arrive on a new head,\nthey're ready to eat." }, { "start": 168.456, "duration": 3.837, "text": "A louse pierces the scalp with\na retractable tube-like mouth" }, { "start": 172.376, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and releases a special saliva" }, { "start": 174.086, "duration": 4.63, "text": "that contains factors that open up\nblood vessels and help prevent clotting." }, { "start": 179.091, "duration": 4.672, "text": "This chemical cocktail is also what\nmakes the scalp feel itchy." }, { "start": 184.18, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Symbiotic bacteria living in louse’s gut\ncomplement this blood meal," }, { "start": 188.851, "duration": 4.213, "text": "by providing the additional vitamins and\nminerals that the louse needs to survive." }, { "start": 193.439, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The scalp is also where lice mate." }, { "start": 196.859, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Once mated, female lice can lay\nup to 8 eggs, called nits, per day." }, { "start": 202.573, "duration": 2.503, "text": "She deposits each egg on the hair," }, { "start": 205.076, "duration": 4.462, "text": "just a few millimeters above the scalp,\nand coats it with a sticky nit sheath," }, { "start": 209.789, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which provides hydration and other\nfactors the egg needs to survive." }, { "start": 213.918, "duration": 1.626, "text": "This sheath hardens," }, { "start": 215.544, "duration": 4.588, "text": "tightly cementing the nit to the hair\nuntil it hatches 8 to 9 days later." }, { "start": 220.591, "duration": 2.252, "text": "You can’t get rid of a lice infestation" }, { "start": 222.843, "duration": 3.212, "text": "without taking care\nof this sticky egg problem." }, { "start": 226.389, "duration": 3.378, "text": "While insecticide shampoos\nkill hatched lice," }, { "start": 229.767, "duration": 2.377, "text": "they’re ineffective against eggs." }, { "start": 232.561, "duration": 4.422, "text": "And nit sheaths are strong, waterproof,\nand resistant to chemical breakdown." }, { "start": 237.566, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Scientists hope to bring some new tools\nto this old battle" }, { "start": 240.528, "duration": 3.795, "text": "by identifying treatments that can\ndismantle individual components" }, { "start": 244.323, "duration": 1.21, "text": "in the nit sheath," }, { "start": 245.533, "duration": 2.836, "text": "like those that hydrate the egg\nand keep it alive." }, { "start": 249.161, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But until then, there’s only one tool\nthat’s been shown" }, { "start": 252.081, "duration": 2.211, "text": "to effectively remove eggs," }, { "start": 254.375, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and it’s the same one that\nwas used by ancient cultures:" }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 2.044, "text": "a fine-toothed nit comb." }, { "start": 260.84, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Lice are certainly stubborn survivors," }, { "start": 263.718, "duration": 2.836, "text": "but perhaps one day,\nwith the help of science," }, { "start": 266.554, "duration": 5.38, "text": "these ancient parasites will haunt our\nnightmares— and scalps— no more." } ] }, { "video_id": "xMcOUyyk9Hk", "title": "What your poop can tell you about your health - Hannibal Person", "description": "Travel into the digestive system to see how food is turned into waste, and what causes the different colors and textures of poop.\n\n--\n\nThe average person poops out approximately 11,030 kilograms of cumulative waste in a lifetime. That’s the equivalent of more than 6 SUVs. Oftentimes, that poop is brown. Why is that, considering all the comestibles one consumes? And what’s going on when poop appears in different colors and textures? Hannibal Person explains the colorful choreography going on inside your bowels.\n\nLesson by Hannibal Person, directed by Flávia Godoy, Lívia Serri Francoio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-your-poop-can-tell-you-about-your-health-hannibal-person\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-your-poop-can-tell-you-about-your-health-hannibal-person/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.liviaserrifrancoio.com & https://www.flaviagodoy.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, and Bev Millar.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-24T15:00:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 1.001, "text": "It’s a Monday," }, { "start": 8.046, "duration": 4.254, "text": "which means yet another party of\nadventurers has broken into your lair," }, { "start": 12.425, "duration": 3.295, "text": "here to slay your minions\nand steal your treasures." }, { "start": 15.887, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Judging by the trail of destruction," }, { "start": 17.93, "duration": 3.295, "text": "you’re up against a fighter, a rogue,\nand a cleric." }, { "start": 21.726, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The first two won’t be a problem\nfor a powerful necromancer like you," }, { "start": 26.314, "duration": 2.544, "text": "but the cleric’s spells are trouble." }, { "start": 28.983, "duration": 3.378, "text": "If they can cast even one on you,\nyou’re a goner." }, { "start": 32.57, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Which is why it's lucky that the party\nhas fallen prey to one of your traps." }, { "start": 37.867, "duration": 2.252, "text": "In order to enter your inner sanctum," }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 4.588, "text": "each adventurer had to drink\neither a truth or lying potion." }, { "start": 45.208, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Then, foolishly, one picked\nup a cursed skull" }, { "start": 49.128, "duration": 4.505, "text": "which immobilized all three adventurers’\nlimbs for 10 minutes" }, { "start": 53.633, "duration": 3.712, "text": "or until you physically interact\nwith one of them." }, { "start": 57.762, "duration": 5.672, "text": "You rush to the scene bearing a magical\nring that can render a cleric harmless" }, { "start": 63.559, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and have no idea which adventurer\nis which. " }, { "start": 67.522, "duration": 1.418, "text": "Well, that’s okay—" }, { "start": 69.107, "duration": 4.379, "text": "the potions they drank will compel each\nto answer one question " }, { "start": 73.486, "duration": 2.461, "text": "with either the truth or a lie." }, { "start": 76.697, "duration": 3.587, "text": "You demand, “which one of you\nis the cleric?”" }, { "start": 80.701, "duration": 5.881, "text": "Agan answers: Beorn is not both\na lying-potion drinker and a cleric." }, { "start": 87.041, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Beorn says, either Agan drank a\nlying-potion or I am not a cleric." }, { "start": 92.296, "duration": 3.921, "text": "And Cedar replies, the cleric drank\na lying potion." }, { "start": 96.676, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Quick! Who is the cleric?" }, { "start": 98.636, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Answer in 3" }, { "start": 100.972, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 103.516, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 105.852, "duration": 2.377, "text": "In order to find the cleric\nin this puzzle," }, { "start": 108.271, "duration": 3.712, "text": "originally crafted by master logician\nRaymond Smullyan," }, { "start": 112.066, "duration": 2.961, "text": "we’ll need to also figure out\nwho drank what." }, { "start": 115.278, "duration": 2.252, "text": "There are several paths to the solution," }, { "start": 117.697, "duration": 3.587, "text": "but Cedar’s statement is more\nstraightforward than the other two," }, { "start": 121.409, "duration": 1.46, "text": "so let’s start there." }, { "start": 123.119, "duration": 3.462, "text": "If Cedar’s telling the truth,\nshe can’t be the cleric," }, { "start": 126.581, "duration": 2.877, "text": "since then the cleric would\nalso have to be a liar." }, { "start": 129.667, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But if she’s lying,\nshe also can’t be the cleric," }, { "start": 132.837, "duration": 2.711, "text": "because then the cleric\nshould have told the truth." }, { "start": 135.756, "duration": 3.462, "text": "So the cleric must be Agan or Beorn." }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Let’s assume that Cedar\nis telling the truth," }, { "start": 142.388, "duration": 2.252, "text": "meaning the cleric is lying." }, { "start": 145.516, "duration": 2.252, "text": "If Agan is also telling the truth," }, { "start": 147.935, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Beorn must be the lying cleric\nby the process of elimination." }, { "start": 152.44, "duration": 4.045, "text": "But Agan’s statement contradicts this\nby saying that Beorn" }, { "start": 156.485, "duration": 4.338, "text": "can’t be both lying and a cleric,\nleaving no possible cleric. " }, { "start": 162.241, "duration": 2.836, "text": "If, on the other hand, Agan is lying," }, { "start": 165.244, "duration": 4.213, "text": "then her statement means Beorn\nis a lying cleric." }, { "start": 170.291, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Now we need to look at Bjorn’s sentence." }, { "start": 172.877, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And this is where things get tricky,\nbecause the way it’s structured," }, { "start": 176.547, "duration": 3.671, "text": "it can be confusing understanding\nwhat a lie would be." }, { "start": 180.843, "duration": 1.293, "text": "So let's simplify." }, { "start": 182.678, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Beorn stated two facts, and said\nthat exactly one of them is true." }, { "start": 187.767, "duration": 2.461, "text": "So if Beorn is telling the truth," }, { "start": 190.311, "duration": 6.298, "text": "it could be that 1 is true and 2 is false,\nor 1 is false and 2 is true." }, { "start": 197.151, "duration": 5.756, "text": "And if Beorn is lying, it means that\n1 and 2 are both true or both false." }, { "start": 203.157, "duration": 5.672, "text": "This is equivalent to the XOR, or\nexclusive OR, function in Boolean algebra," }, { "start": 208.913, "duration": 3.879, "text": "a branch of mathematics that deals\nwith logical operations." }, { "start": 213.292, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Boolean algebra is the underpinning\nof the electronic logic gates" }, { "start": 217.63, "duration": 1.877, "text": "that allow computers to function," }, { "start": 219.507, "duration": 3.754, "text": "using 1′s and 0′s\ninstead of true and false." }, { "start": 223.844, "duration": 4.088, "text": "So now let’s assess Beorn’s statement\nbased on what we know." }, { "start": 228.349, "duration": 5.047, "text": "We’re assuming that Agan is a liar,\nmaking 1 true and 2 false—" }, { "start": 233.396, "duration": 2.377, "text": "because Beorn would be the cleric." }, { "start": 236.065, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But in that case,\nBeorn would be telling the truth," }, { "start": 239.402, "duration": 3.295, "text": "which contradicts the idea\nthat the cleric is a liar." }, { "start": 242.905, "duration": 3.212, "text": "In other words,\nif Cedar is telling the truth," }, { "start": 246.2, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Agan can't be telling the truth or lying." }, { "start": 249.87, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Therefore, Cedar must be lying,\nso the cleric is telling the truth." }, { "start": 255.459, "duration": 3.671, "text": "So again, let’s consider\nthe possibilities for Agan." }, { "start": 259.63, "duration": 3.629, "text": "She can’t be lying, because then\nBeorn would be a lying cleric," }, { "start": 263.342, "duration": 2.044, "text": "which we know isn't possible. " }, { "start": 265.845, "duration": 2.627, "text": "So Agan must be telling the truth," }, { "start": 268.472, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and we’re back to our\ntruth table for Beorn." }, { "start": 272.101, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Statement 1 is false." }, { "start": 274.02, "duration": 3.628, "text": "And if the second were false,\nBeorn would be a lying cleric;" }, { "start": 277.648, "duration": 1.46, "text": "again, impossible." }, { "start": 279.317, "duration": 5.296, "text": "So statement 2 is true,\nmaking both Agan and Beorn truthtellers," }, { "start": 284.697, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and Agan the cleric." }, { "start": 287.408, "duration": 2.169, "text": "You slide the ring onto her finger," }, { "start": 289.577, "duration": 3.295, "text": "polymorph all three into skeletal mice—" }, { "start": 292.872, "duration": 2.294, "text": "temporarily, of course,\nyou’re not a monster—" }, { "start": 295.166, "duration": 2.043, "text": "and send them on their merry way." }, { "start": 297.418, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But in that moment,\nwas there a... connection?" } ] }, { "video_id": "JAyuHIthHco", "title": "What’s the best way to give a presentation?", "description": "Episode 4: Decide on a presentation plan that makes you feel prepared to communicate an idea to an audience confidently and passionately.\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 4 of the animated series, “Public Speaking 101.” Ideas change everything — and since language lets us share our ideas, learning how to use it well gives speakers the power to inspire people and even change how they think. This 11-episode course will teach you how to identify, develop, and share your best ideas, while mastering essential communication skills along the way.\n\nDirected by Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nThe TED-Ed Student Talks program provides free, customizable activities for educators to support their students in identifying, developing and sharing their ideas with each other and the world. Learn more at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/whats-the-best-way-to-give-a-presentation\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/whats-the-best-way-to-give-a-presentation/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, and Edla Paniguel.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-22T15:00:08Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Let's explore a hypothetical together." }, { "start": 9.213, "duration": 3.003, "text": "There are over four times as\nmany livestock as people." }, { "start": 12.341, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Farmed cattle alone weigh\nnearly ten times as much" }, { "start": 15.303, "duration": 1.877, "text": "as all wild mammals combined." }, { "start": 17.388, "duration": 3.42, "text": "So imagine if a wizard of meatless\ndining suddenly appeared" }, { "start": 20.808, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and with one wave of a wand wiped\naway all meat from our shelves—" }, { "start": 24.645, "duration": 1.836, "text": "along with any desire to eat it." }, { "start": 26.731, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Farm animals destined for food vanish—\nwhisked away to another planet." }, { "start": 31.235, "duration": 3.462, "text": "What happens in the following days,\nyears, and even millennia?" }, { "start": 35.323, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Overnight, food related greenhouse gas\nemissions drop by about 63%." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 2.503, "text": "We no longer get protein\nand key nutrients" }, { "start": 43.331, "duration": 4.713, "text": "from the approximately\n70 billion chickens, 1.5 billion pigs," }, { "start": 48.419, "duration": 4.254, "text": "300 million cattle, and 200 million tons\nof fish and shellfish" }, { "start": 52.673, "duration": 1.919, "text": "processed for consumption each year." }, { "start": 54.884, "duration": 1.919, "text": "To help fill this nutritional gap," }, { "start": 56.803, "duration": 3.545, "text": "our demand for fruits, vegetables,\nand legumes go up—" }, { "start": 60.723, "duration": 4.463, "text": "a diet that most dietitians agree contains\nall of the nutrients we need" }, { "start": 65.186, "duration": 1.126, "text": "for a healthy life." }, { "start": 66.479, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But initially there aren’t enough\nof these foods to go around." }, { "start": 70.233, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The rise in demand causes\nproduce costs to soar." }, { "start": 73.361, "duration": 1.626, "text": "In regions like Mongolia," }, { "start": 74.987, "duration": 3.254, "text": "where the harsh environment makes\nit difficult to grow vegetables," }, { "start": 78.241, "duration": 3.086, "text": "a sudden lack of meat leaves\npeople with little to eat." }, { "start": 81.994, "duration": 2.837, "text": "Cultures built around meat\nlose their foundations." }, { "start": 85.248, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Members of salmon-eating tribes in the\nPacific Northwest of the United States," }, { "start": 89.043, "duration": 3.42, "text": "for example, lose not only\nsustenance and livelihoods," }, { "start": 92.463, "duration": 2.294, "text": "but an integral component\nof their religion." }, { "start": 95.299, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Tens of millions of anglers lose work\nthat was already threatened" }, { "start": 98.594, "duration": 1.919, "text": "by dwindling fish populations." }, { "start": 100.68, "duration": 1.793, "text": "As the meat industry collapses," }, { "start": 102.473, "duration": 3.837, "text": "many households in developing countries\nare left scrambling for income" }, { "start": 106.31, "duration": 2.086, "text": "that once came from livestock farming." }, { "start": 108.813, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Some meat producers shift\nto agricultural crops," }, { "start": 111.649, "duration": 2.753, "text": "which leave workers—\nand neighboring communities—" }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 4.045, "text": "less susceptible to respiratory diseases\nassociated with livestock production." }, { "start": 118.99, "duration": 3.044, "text": "As crop agriculture expands,\nprices come down." }, { "start": 122.16, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Ultimately, vegetarianism becomes less\nexpensive than meat-eating" }, { "start": 125.955, "duration": 1.418, "text": "in most countries." }, { "start": 127.748, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Luckily, we don’t need to clear\nnew farmland to grow all this food." }, { "start": 131.46, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Without animals raised for meat," }, { "start": 133.296, "duration": 3.044, "text": "land that had been used to grow\nfeed is now available." }, { "start": 136.632, "duration": 4.046, "text": "All things considered,\nour new diets require less land and water." }, { "start": 141.387, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Millions of deaths are avoided every year," }, { "start": 143.764, "duration": 3.003, "text": "thanks in part to lower rates\nof heart disease, cancer," }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and other conditions associated\nwith red meat consumption." }, { "start": 149.937, "duration": 4.004, "text": "We no longer contract new pathogens\nfrom wild animals hunted for food," }, { "start": 153.941, "duration": 3.003, "text": "or novel influenza viruses\nfrom farmed pigs," }, { "start": 156.944, "duration": 3.504, "text": "or drug-resistant superbugs that develop\nin beef cattle" }, { "start": 160.448, "duration": 2.461, "text": "that have been preemptively\nfed antibiotics." }, { "start": 163.492, "duration": 3.379, "text": "As the years pass,\nglobal biodiversity rises" }, { "start": 166.871, "duration": 4.546, "text": "as habitat loss, pesticide use, and other\npressures from agriculture subside." }, { "start": 171.584, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Amazonian birds have more\nforest to fly over." }, { "start": 174.42, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Fewer cheetahs are shot for stalking\ntoo close to livestock." }, { "start": 177.798, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Bee, wasp, and butterfly communities\nthrive as natural areas expand." }, { "start": 183.429, "duration": 3.629, "text": "In turn, insect-pollinated crops\nproduce higher yields." }, { "start": 187.183, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Many ocean species rebound\nfrom overfishing." }, { "start": 190.394, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Throughout history,\nhumans in traditionally vegetarian regions" }, { "start": 193.564, "duration": 1.794, "text": "have evolved a genetic mutation" }, { "start": 195.358, "duration": 3.086, "text": "that helps them more efficiently\nprocess fats from plants." }, { "start": 198.569, "duration": 1.543, "text": "So over thousands of years," }, { "start": 200.112, "duration": 2.795, "text": "our bodies may evolve to make\nthe most of our veggies." }, { "start": 202.949, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Or we may lose some adaptations, like the\nability to extract iron from meat." }, { "start": 207.787, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Of course, a wizard will not\nturn our world meatless." }, { "start": 210.915, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Though many individuals are choosing\nto go vegetarian," }, { "start": 213.709, "duration": 2.545, "text": "globally, meat eating\nis still on the rise." }, { "start": 216.462, "duration": 2.336, "text": "This trend spells trouble for our climate." }, { "start": 218.798, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Even if we suddenly stopped burning\nfossil fuels," }, { "start": 221.467, "duration": 3.378, "text": "business as usual food systems paired\nwith a growing population" }, { "start": 224.845, "duration": 4.797, "text": "would push global temperatures over 1.5°C\nby the end of the century." }, { "start": 229.809, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Cattle are the biggest culprit." }, { "start": 231.519, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Beef and dairy production are responsible\nfor over 60% of all food-based emissions," }, { "start": 236.274, "duration": 3.336, "text": "while only providing around 18%\nof the world's calories." }, { "start": 239.819, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In fact, diets containing modest portions\nof meats like chicken" }, { "start": 243.614, "duration": 4.046, "text": "often produce less greenhouse gas\nthan vegetarian diets high in dairy." }, { "start": 247.785, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Reducing beef, cheese, and milk\nconsumption could go a long way" }, { "start": 251.247, "duration": 2.878, "text": "toward achieving many of the benefits\nof a meatless world—" }, { "start": 254.125, "duration": 1.626, "text": "no magic required." } ] }, { "video_id": "gkTVlYDB21g", "title": "What happens to your brain without any social contact? - Terry Kupers", "description": "Explore the effects that isolation has on your body and brain, and how a lack of interaction and activity can impact our well-being.\n\n--\n\nEveryone needs time to themselves, and peaceful solitude has stress-relieving benefits. But when being alone is forced upon you, the effects can be surprisingly extensive. And though different people experience distinct effects, symptoms tend to become more severe and persistent the longer one’s isolated. So, how exactly does isolation affect your body and brain? Terry Kupers investigates.\n\nLesson by Terry Kupers, directed by Camille Bovey.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-to-your-brain-without-any-social-contact-terry-kupers\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-to-your-brain-without-any-social-contact-terry-kupers/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://camillebovey.com\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\nSound design: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, and Aaron Torres.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-17T15:00:56Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Ever since Albert Einstein published\nhis Special Theory of Relativity in 1905," }, { "start": 12.091, "duration": 4.546, "text": "one equation has been the bane of humans\nhoping to explore the stars:" }, { "start": 17.013, "duration": 2.294, "text": "E=mc²." }, { "start": 19.891, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In addition to informing our understanding\nof gravity, space, and time," }, { "start": 24.312, "duration": 5.922, "text": "this formula implies that traveling\nat or beyond light speed is impossible." }, { "start": 30.61, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And given how expansive the universe is," }, { "start": 33.196, "duration": 5.714, "text": "this speed limit severely restricts\nour ability to zip around the cosmos." }, { "start": 39.16, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But while most physics textbooks\ndescribe this speed limit," }, { "start": 42.497, "duration": 3.378, "text": "their explanations don’t always\ntell the whole story." }, { "start": 46.125, "duration": 1.502, "text": "In Einstein’s equation," }, { "start": 47.627, "duration": 4.88, "text": "E stands for energy, m for mass,\nand c for a constant—" }, { "start": 52.673, "duration": 3.087, "text": "specifically, the speed of light\nin a vacuum." }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 2.294, "text": "C squared is a huge number," }, { "start": 58.471, "duration": 3.42, "text": "which means it requires enormous amounts\nof energy" }, { "start": 61.891, "duration": 4.087, "text": "to move even small amounts of mass\nclose to the speed of light." }, { "start": 66.312, "duration": 4.963, "text": "This relationship is why the only\nparticles that can travel at light speed" }, { "start": 71.275, "duration": 3.921, "text": "are those with no mass at all,\nsuch as photons." }, { "start": 75.571, "duration": 3.212, "text": "That’s the short answer for why\nobjects with mass" }, { "start": 78.783, "duration": 2.294, "text": "can’t reach or exceed light speed." }, { "start": 81.244, "duration": 2.627, "text": "But to make full use\nof Einstein's equation," }, { "start": 83.955, "duration": 3.503, "text": "physicists often include\none more variable." }, { "start": 87.959, "duration": 3.42, "text": "This gamma represents the Lorentz Factor," }, { "start": 91.587, "duration": 4.797, "text": "which models how an object’s velocity\nchanges the way that object" }, { "start": 96.384, "duration": 4.421, "text": "experiences time, length,\nand other physical properties." }, { "start": 101.347, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Now, when an object’s velocity is a very\nsmall percentage of the speed of light," }, { "start": 106.769, "duration": 4.671, "text": "this variable resolves to 1,\nso it doesn’t impact the equation." }, { "start": 112.15, "duration": 3.294, "text": "However, when an object is moving\nfast enough," }, { "start": 115.528, "duration": 2.711, "text": "this denominator drops to 0." }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Since dividing by 0 is impossible,\nthis breaks the equation" }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and makes the variables\ntherein mathematically impossible—" }, { "start": 126.622, "duration": 2.294, "text": "hence the unbreakable speed limit." }, { "start": 129.25, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But what does it actually mean\nfor this math to break down?" }, { "start": 133.171, "duration": 1.001, "text": "To answer that," }, { "start": 134.172, "duration": 4.796, "text": "we need to understand the physical\nsystem its modeling: spacetime." }, { "start": 139.343, "duration": 3.379, "text": "After Einstein published\nhis theory of special relativity," }, { "start": 142.805, "duration": 5.005, "text": "his mentor Hermann Minkowski\nrealized that— if his student was right—" }, { "start": 147.81, "duration": 4.171, "text": "it would mean space and time\nwere not two separate entities," }, { "start": 152.106, "duration": 1.877, "text": "but one connected system." }, { "start": 154.317, "duration": 5.171, "text": "And everything in the universe travels\nthrough space and time simultaneously." }, { "start": 159.822, "duration": 4.671, "text": "However, traveling through one of these\nvectors limits the speed at which" }, { "start": 164.493, "duration": 1.627, "text": "we can travel through the other." }, { "start": 166.662, "duration": 3.462, "text": "To picture this, imagine\nmoving north at a fixed speed." }, { "start": 170.333, "duration": 3.003, "text": "You could turn to travel east\nat the same speed," }, { "start": 173.336, "duration": 4.963, "text": "but moving northeast would mean you move\nin both directions more slowly." }, { "start": 178.591, "duration": 3.337, "text": "The tradeoffs are the same when\nwe move through spacetime." }, { "start": 182.386, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Since our typical movement through space\nis so much slower than the speed of light," }, { "start": 186.891, "duration": 4.463, "text": "we mostly perceive moving through time\nat a relatively steady speed." }, { "start": 191.812, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But if an object managed to move\nthrough space at the speed of light," }, { "start": 196.734, "duration": 2.419, "text": "it would no longer move through time." }, { "start": 199.487, "duration": 3.962, "text": "This is the kind of time dilation\ncharted by the Lorentz Factor," }, { "start": 203.574, "duration": 3.879, "text": "which models how time slows\ndown for objects moving" }, { "start": 207.453, "duration": 2.169, "text": "at incredibly high velocities." }, { "start": 209.997, "duration": 4.797, "text": "This nuance is just one\nof several hiding in E=mc²." }, { "start": 215.002, "duration": 4.421, "text": "For example, the c in Einstein’s\nequation refers specifically" }, { "start": 219.423, "duration": 4.547, "text": "to the speed of light in a “vacuum,”\nwhich outer space approximates." }, { "start": 224.22, "duration": 4.671, "text": "But light’s speed is actually defined\nby what it’s traveling through." }, { "start": 229.225, "duration": 2.544, "text": "For example, when light\ntravels through water," }, { "start": 231.769, "duration": 3.587, "text": "its speed is reduced by about 25%." }, { "start": 235.606, "duration": 5.506, "text": "And scientists can propel low mass\nparticles like charged electrons" }, { "start": 241.237, "duration": 3.503, "text": "through water at speeds\nfaster than these photons." }, { "start": 245.283, "duration": 5.171, "text": "This means that underwater, some particles\ncan travel faster than light;" }, { "start": 250.538, "duration": 6.173, "text": "and doing so emits a ghostly blue glow\nknown as Cherenkov radiation." }, { "start": 257.086, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Despite these loopholes," }, { "start": 258.754, "duration": 4.421, "text": "the major takeaway of E=mc² remains true." }, { "start": 263.592, "duration": 4.755, "text": "As far as we know, we still can't\ntravel faster than light in a vacuum." }, { "start": 268.639, "duration": 5.422, "text": "But this hasn't stopped scientists from\ntheorizing what might happen if we did." }, { "start": 274.562, "duration": 3.086, "text": "If you were on a spacecraft\napproaching light speed," }, { "start": 277.732, "duration": 2.794, "text": "your vision would likely\nbecome kaleidoscopic." }, { "start": 280.693, "duration": 3.295, "text": "The direction your ship moved\nwould appear blue-shifted," }, { "start": 284.196, "duration": 3.754, "text": "while the things next to and behind you\nwould be red-shifted." }, { "start": 288.367, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And if you were somehow able\nto reach or exceed light speed," }, { "start": 292.913, "duration": 3.754, "text": "it might even manifest\nas some kind of time travel—" }, { "start": 296.667, "duration": 3.128, "text": "potentially letting you chat\nwith Einstein himself" }, { "start": 299.837, "duration": 3.712, "text": "to rewrite our fundamental\nunderstanding of physics." } ] }, { "video_id": "f-T0PEWRaVc", "title": "How to communicate clearly", "description": "Episode 3: Discover how to put together the throughline, or main idea that acts as a connective thread or roadmap for your presentation.\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 3 of the animated series, “Public Speaking 101.” Ideas change everything — and since language lets us share our ideas, learning how to use it well gives speakers the power to inspire people and even change how they think. This 11-episode course will teach you how to identify, develop, and share your best ideas, while mastering essential communication skills along the way.\n\nDirected by Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nThe TED-Ed Student Talks program provides free, customizable activities for educators to support their students in identifying, developing and sharing their ideas with each other and the world. Learn more at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-clearly-communicate-your-idea\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-clearly-communicate-your-idea/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, and Helen Lee.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-15T15:00:33Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.628, "text": "In 1919, American mechanic\nCharles Strite" }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 2.878, "text": "invented something humanity\nhad desired for millennia:" }, { "start": 13.551, "duration": 1.335, "text": "the automatic toaster." }, { "start": 15.386, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Various cultures had long\ntoasted their bread over fire" }, { "start": 18.264, "duration": 4.213, "text": "in a process that required constant\nattention and produced uneven results." }, { "start": 22.769, "duration": 3.753, "text": "But in 1905, toast technology evolved\nwith the invention" }, { "start": 26.522, "duration": 2.127, "text": "of a new nickel and chromium composite." }, { "start": 28.858, "duration": 2.669, "text": "When an electric current\nran through these filaments," }, { "start": 31.527, "duration": 2.67, "text": "they would overflow\nwith energy and radiate heat." }, { "start": 34.405, "duration": 3.379, "text": "And since the flexible metal could be\ncoiled to match the dimensions" }, { "start": 37.784, "duration": 3.503, "text": "of a standard slice of bread,\nthis heat could be dispersed evenly—" }, { "start": 41.454, "duration": 2.711, "text": "perfectly toasting an entire\nslice all at once." }, { "start": 44.29, "duration": 2.085, "text": "The only problem left was overcooking," }, { "start": 46.375, "duration": 2.795, "text": "which Strite’s model addressed\nwith an automatic timer" }, { "start": 49.17, "duration": 2.502, "text": "that simultaneously shut off\nthe heating element" }, { "start": 51.672, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and launched finished toast skyward." }, { "start": 54.05, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Strite’s appliance would’ve been the\nbest invention since sliced bread," }, { "start": 57.553, "duration": 4.421, "text": "except that sliced bread was actually\ninvented later to accommodate toasters." }, { "start": 62.141, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But today, there's a new contender\nfor the world's most important toaster." }, { "start": 65.812, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And instead of heating up bread,\nthis machine uses similar technology" }, { "start": 69.482, "duration": 2.878, "text": "to toast bricks, rocks, and molten salt" }, { "start": 72.36, "duration": 2.586, "text": "to solve one of Earth’s\nmost pressing concerns." }, { "start": 75.571, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Every year, industrial manufacturers\nspend a huge amount of energy" }, { "start": 79.575, "duration": 3.003, "text": "generating heat to make\neveryday materials and objects." }, { "start": 82.662, "duration": 3.086, "text": "These heat-dependent manufacturing\nprocesses for things " }, { "start": 85.748, "duration": 3.253, "text": "like cement, steel, paper, and food" }, { "start": 89.001, "duration": 4.004, "text": "currently comprise roughly 20%\nof our annual global energy consumption." }, { "start": 93.297, "duration": 3.796, "text": "And since most companies use fossil fuels\nto reach these high temperatures," }, { "start": 97.176, "duration": 4.63, "text": "industrial heat also accounts for 20%\nof our annual global carbon pollution." }, { "start": 102.348, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Thankfully, this is where\nour giant toaster comes in." }, { "start": 105.476, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This century-old technology is much\nmore efficient than fossil fuels" }, { "start": 109.063, "duration": 1.21, "text": "at generating heat." }, { "start": 110.398, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Meanwhile, the bricks, rocks, and\nmolten salt we mentioned earlier" }, { "start": 114.026, "duration": 3.254, "text": " are cheap, abundant,\nand excellent at storing heat—" }, { "start": 117.28, "duration": 1.459, "text": "if they’re heated evenly." }, { "start": 118.823, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Which, of course,\nis the toaster’s specialty." }, { "start": 121.075, "duration": 2.169, "text": "So by toasting these toasting\nthese materials," }, { "start": 123.244, "duration": 3.545, "text": "we can store heat as energy\nin what’s known as a heat battery." }, { "start": 127.081, "duration": 2.711, "text": "To see this in action,\nlet’s look at a brick heat battery." }, { "start": 129.792, "duration": 2.795, "text": "These large bricks have been threaded\nwith heating elements" }, { "start": 132.587, "duration": 1.585, "text": "like you’d find in a toaster" }, { "start": 134.172, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and molded with interlocking blocks\nthat leave channels for air and heat." }, { "start": 137.842, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Then they get placed inside a chamber\nroughly 12 by 12 meters large." }, { "start": 141.929, "duration": 3.42, "text": "When turned on, the metal in the bricks\nbakes them to temperatures" }, { "start": 145.349, "duration": 2.503, "text": "as high as 1,800°C." }, { "start": 147.935, "duration": 3.963, "text": "And since the entire giant toaster\nis encased in insulating steel," }, { "start": 152.148, "duration": 2.419, "text": "less than 1% of the heat escapes each day," }, { "start": 154.65, "duration": 3.295, "text": "enabling the brick to store hundreds\nof megawatts of energy—" }, { "start": 158.196, "duration": 2.46, "text": "enough to power hundreds\nof homes for a month." }, { "start": 161.032, "duration": 1.793, "text": "When it’s time to use this energy," }, { "start": 162.825, "duration": 3.379, "text": "air or other gases are funneled\nup through the channels," }, { "start": 166.245, "duration": 3.963, "text": "raising the gas’ temperature\nup to 1,700°C." }, { "start": 170.291, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Then the scalding air can be used\nto heat a space, turn water into steam," }, { "start": 174.962, "duration": 3.087, "text": "or run any other heat-dependent\nmanufacturing systems." }, { "start": 178.549, "duration": 3.879, "text": "These incredibly high temperatures are\nthe true innovation of heat batteries." }, { "start": 182.47, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Many industrial heating processes\nrequire temperatures over 200°C," }, { "start": 187.475, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and historically it hasn’t been\ntechnically practical" }, { "start": 190.603, "duration": 1.585, "text": "or financially feasible" }, { "start": 192.188, "duration": 2.919, "text": "to reach those temperatures without\nburning fossil fuels." }, { "start": 195.316, "duration": 3.921, "text": "But heat batteries can slowly store energy\nover a long period of time" }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and then let it all out\nin short spurts of extreme heat." }, { "start": 202.823, "duration": 3.254, "text": "And this slow storage approach\nalso helps solve another problem." }, { "start": 206.077, "duration": 3.753, "text": "While wind and solar are currently the\ncheapest form of electricity on Earth," }, { "start": 209.83, "duration": 3.421, "text": "these technologies only generate\nelectricity when the wind is blowing" }, { "start": 213.251, "duration": 1.167, "text": "and sun is shining." }, { "start": 214.794, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But by storing that energy\nin heat batteries," }, { "start": 217.296, "duration": 2.544, "text": "we can use it later regardless\nof the weather." }, { "start": 220.174, "duration": 1.877, "text": "When all these pieces are in place," }, { "start": 222.051, "duration": 4.379, "text": "heat batteries are one of our cheapest\nand most sustainable battery technologies." }, { "start": 226.555, "duration": 2.211, "text": "For generating industrial heat," }, { "start": 228.766, "duration": 3.253, "text": "they’re more than twice as efficient\nas fossil fuel combustion," }, { "start": 232.019, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and roughly half the price\nof buying power from the grid." }, { "start": 235.106, "duration": 3.128, "text": "And best of all, this technology\nis ready to go today." }, { "start": 238.567, "duration": 2.712, "text": "It’s just a matter of incentivizing\ncompanies to invest" }, { "start": 241.279, "duration": 3.545, "text": "in swapping their old technology\nfor the toasters of the future." } ] }, { "video_id": "2aEQDi2ZYCI", "title": "Why is it so hard to get rid of bed bugs? - Gale E. Ridge", "description": "Dig into how bed bugs establish a colony in your home, and find out what makes it so hard to prevent these itchy invasions.\n\n--\n\nBed bugs have tormented humans for millennia, so detested that their mere mention can make hearts race and arms itch. There are approximately 100 species of bed bugs, but thankfully only three of them feed on humans. So, why are these unwelcome houseguests so difficult to defeat? And is there any way to get rid of them for good? Gale E. Ridge investigates the tremendous staying power of bed bugs.\n\nLesson by Gale E. Ridge, directed by Devin Clark, Augenblick Studios.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-hard-to-get-rid-of-bed-bugs-gale-e-ridge\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-hard-to-get-rid-of-bed-bugs-gale-e-ridge/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-10T15:00:52Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.421, "text": "On your planet, life depends\nentirely on Nuronium." }, { "start": 11.758, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Your species is almost otherwise\nidentical to humans," }, { "start": 15.344, "duration": 4.588, "text": "except you require Nuronium\nin the atmosphere for normal cognition." }, { "start": 20.099, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Without it, people lose their capacity\nto imagine and think reflectively." }, { "start": 24.854, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Over time, they even lose their ability\nto make and retain long-term memories." }, { "start": 30.359, "duration": 2.545, "text": "While this is certainly\na delicate situation," }, { "start": 32.904, "duration": 4.671, "text": "this essential element also provides\nan infinite source of clean energy," }, { "start": 37.7, "duration": 3.462, "text": "which has allowed your people\nto thrive for millennia." }, { "start": 41.329, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But leading scientists\nhave discovered terrible news." }, { "start": 44.791, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Somehow the entire source of Nuronium\nhas been irreversibly compromised." }, { "start": 50.421, "duration": 4.588, "text": "It now emits a pollutant that lowers\nfertility in your species," }, { "start": 55.176, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and if your planet continues\nrelying on this resource," }, { "start": 58.554, "duration": 3.17, "text": "your people will go extinct\nwithin 100 years." }, { "start": 62.141, "duration": 2.795, "text": "However, in an incredible stroke of luck," }, { "start": 64.936, "duration": 4.129, "text": "your scientists have identified a passing\ncomet from which they can mine" }, { "start": 69.065, "duration": 3.837, "text": "an alternate energy source\ncalled Polixate." }, { "start": 73.319, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Polixate won’t cause infertility" }, { "start": 75.696, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and would provide the same\nrenewable energy as Nuronium." }, { "start": 79.534, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But it won’t sustain cognition\nin quite the same way." }, { "start": 83.329, "duration": 3.545, "text": "With Polixate in the atmosphere\ninstead of Nuronium," }, { "start": 86.874, "duration": 3.796, "text": "people would lose their creativity,\ntheir long-term memories," }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and eventually,\nyour entire culture would disappear." }, { "start": 94.799, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The Polixate comet will only remain\nin orbit for a few days," }, { "start": 99.178, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and after that it won't\nreturn for centuries." }, { "start": 102.64, "duration": 4.254, "text": "So your society's administrative\ncouncil must decide immediately" }, { "start": 106.894, "duration": 5.714, "text": "whether to keep using Nuronium or mount\nan expedition to harvest the Polixate." }, { "start": 112.817, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Right now, the board is split—\nwaiting for your tiebreaking vote." }, { "start": 118.322, "duration": 6.173, "text": "Dr. Taylof’s contingent argues that your\npeople must continue using Nuronium." }, { "start": 124.662, "duration": 5.547, "text": "They believe that your species’ culture—\ncenturies of literature, music, and art," }, { "start": 130.209, "duration": 4.63, "text": "as well as your achievements\nin agriculture, medicine, and technology—" }, { "start": 134.839, "duration": 2.627, "text": "is what makes life worth living." }, { "start": 137.842, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Without the memories of your\npeople’s history" }, { "start": 140.136, "duration": 2.794, "text": "or the ability to dream up new inventions," }, { "start": 142.93, "duration": 4.38, "text": "the people on your planet would\nessentially be reduced to mindless drones." }, { "start": 147.31, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Their basic needs for survival\nand reproduction would be met," }, { "start": 151.272, "duration": 3.754, "text": "but Dr. Taylof believes the lives\nof those future generations" }, { "start": 155.026, "duration": 4.379, "text": "would be meaningless without memories,\nimagination, and culture." }, { "start": 159.989, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And since Dr. Taylof’s group doesn’t\nbelieve that future generations" }, { "start": 163.993, "duration": 3.253, "text": "have any inherent right to be brought\ninto existence," }, { "start": 167.371, "duration": 4.046, "text": "if it’s not possible for them to add\nto the civilization they’ve inherited," }, { "start": 171.584, "duration": 2.377, "text": "there's no point in trying\nto preserve them." }, { "start": 174.086, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Besides, no living beings are harmed\nby continuing to rely on Nuronium—" }, { "start": 179.508, "duration": 4.964, "text": "your species should simply accept\ntheir fate and go extinct with dignity." }, { "start": 184.597, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Dr. Kahan and their colleagues\nstrongly disagree." }, { "start": 187.808, "duration": 2.628, "text": "They admit that switching to Polixate\nwould decrease" }, { "start": 190.436, "duration": 1.752, "text": "your people’s quality of life." }, { "start": 192.23, "duration": 1.626, "text": "But with their basic needs met," }, { "start": 193.856, "duration": 2.961, "text": "they could still experience a kind\nof happiness observed" }, { "start": 196.817, "duration": 3.087, "text": "in other, arguably less complex lifeforms." }, { "start": 200.154, "duration": 4.254, "text": "And even if there's no chance of your\npeople redeveloping creativity," }, { "start": 204.408, "duration": 4.88, "text": "what's most important for Dr. Kahan is\nthat we would be preserving life." }, { "start": 209.664, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Dr. Kahan’s faction believes\nthe continuation of life alone" }, { "start": 214.252, "duration": 1.584, "text": "is incomparably valuable." }, { "start": 216.003, "duration": 4.88, "text": "They also believe that, on average,\nevery member of your species contributes," }, { "start": 220.883, "duration": 4.338, "text": "in small but constant ways,\nto the betterment of your people." }, { "start": 225.471, "duration": 2.878, "text": "So by choosing to ensure\nyour people’s existence," }, { "start": 228.349, "duration": 4.546, "text": "you would ultimately be improving\nthe total happiness of your species." }, { "start": 233.479, "duration": 3.921, "text": "But Dr. Taylof rejects the idea\nthat maximizing happiness" }, { "start": 237.4, "duration": 1.835, "text": "is the ultimate goal of living." }, { "start": 239.402, "duration": 4.296, "text": "They believe that a valuable life\nconsists not only of happiness" }, { "start": 243.698, "duration": 2.085, "text": "but also meaningfulness." }, { "start": 245.908, "duration": 3.045, "text": "And that acting as links\nin the chain of tradition" }, { "start": 248.953, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and preserving cultural artifacts" }, { "start": 250.955, "duration": 4.421, "text": "are some of the most fundamental sources\nof meaning a species can have." }, { "start": 255.543, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Merely continuing to exist,\nin lives like those of contented pets," }, { "start": 260.715, "duration": 1.334, "text": "would not be valuable." }, { "start": 262.383, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Meanwhile, the advocates for Polixate\nbelieve there’s something" }, { "start": 266.22, "duration": 3.504, "text": "fundamentally unethical\nabout choosing extinction." }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Dr. Kahan argues there’s no moral\ndifference between what we do" }, { "start": 273.978, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and what we allow to happen\nwhen we could have acted differently." }, { "start": 277.648, "duration": 4.755, "text": "So while it would be tragic if your people\nceased to exist due to chance," }, { "start": 282.403, "duration": 3.42, "text": "to knowingly make a decision\nthat results in extinction" }, { "start": 285.823, "duration": 2.377, "text": "is tantamount to mass murder." }, { "start": 288.617, "duration": 5.548, "text": "Both sides have much more to say,\nbut the council needs your vote now." }, { "start": 294.373, "duration": 4.505, "text": "So what shall it be: Nuronium for a while,\nor Polixate forever?" } ] }, { "video_id": "myo3SmpIUvM", "title": "How to uncover your best ideas", "description": "Episode 2: Uncover your best ideas by exploring your unique experiences, interests, and perspective.\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 2 of the animated series, “Public Speaking 101.” Ideas change everything — and since language lets us share our ideas, learning how to use it well gives speakers the power to inspire people and even change how they think. This 11-episode course will teach you how to identify, develop, and share your best ideas, while mastering essential communication skills along the way.\n\nDirected by Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nThe TED-Ed Student Talks program provides free, customizable activities for educators to support their students in identifying, developing and sharing their ideas with each other and the world. Learn more at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-uncover-your-best-ideas\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-uncover-your-best-ideas/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, and Eddy.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-08T15:00:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.589, "text": "The mystical city of Ockham is famous\nfor its college of magic." }, { "start": 13.134, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Here, genius spellcasters\ninvent incantations" }, { "start": 18.222, "duration": 5.047, "text": "and publish them in enchanted scrolls\nthat others can purchase." }, { "start": 23.77, "duration": 5.714, "text": "As an aspiring wizard, you study\nthese scrolls to learn from the best." }, { "start": 29.984, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Specifically, you’re interested in making\nmathematical magic—" }, { "start": 34.864, "duration": 3.253, "text": "like spells that conjure complex shapes—" }, { "start": 38.117, "duration": 2.044, "text": "for researchers to study." }, { "start": 40.787, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Often, you can’t afford the latest scrolls\nin your field." }, { "start": 45.583, "duration": 5.547, "text": "But one day, a friend tells you he's been\nusing an illegal duplication spell" }, { "start": 51.13, "duration": 1.752, "text": "to copy scrolls," }, { "start": 52.882, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and, if you’re interested," }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 3.712, "text": "you’re welcome to read his collection\nfree of charge." }, { "start": 59.43, "duration": 5.422, "text": "So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls\nto further your own research?" }, { "start": 65.603, "duration": 1.293, "text": "As a wizard," }, { "start": 66.896, "duration": 6.59, "text": "you know designing spells requires a lot\nof intellectual labor and creativity," }, { "start": 73.694, "duration": 5.047, "text": "which is why it’s widely agreed that mages\nshould be able to make a living" }, { "start": 78.741, "duration": 1.377, "text": "selling their work." }, { "start": 80.368, "duration": 4.671, "text": "And since this system is also\nhow wizards build their reputation," }, { "start": 85.289, "duration": 2.711, "text": "most believe it elevates good work" }, { "start": 88.0, "duration": 3.629, "text": "and makes high quality magic\nreasonably accessible." }, { "start": 92.004, "duration": 2.545, "text": "But this system has its problems." }, { "start": 94.841, "duration": 6.256, "text": "In fact, researchers on our less\nmagical world are facing similar issues" }, { "start": 101.097, "duration": 2.169, "text": "with how science is published." }, { "start": 103.683, "duration": 4.629, "text": "That system's issues are far\nmore complex than Ockham's," }, { "start": 108.646, "duration": 3.962, "text": "but both share a core\nphilosophical concern:" }, { "start": 113.192, "duration": 2.628, "text": "intellectual property rights." }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 1.919, "text": "While many philosophers agree " }, { "start": 118.531, "duration": 3.795, "text": "that some version of intellectual\nproperty rights make sense," }, { "start": 122.326, "duration": 2.67, "text": "their justifications vary widely." }, { "start": 125.288, "duration": 5.046, "text": "For example, some thinkers draw\non English philosopher John Locke," }, { "start": 130.501, "duration": 5.172, "text": "who argues that if you “mix your labor”\nwith a plot of wild land," }, { "start": 135.756, "duration": 3.796, "text": "any crops it produces,\nas well as the land itself," }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 1.836, "text": "should be under your control." }, { "start": 142.221, "duration": 3.295, "text": "This makes a certain kind of sense\nfor farmers," }, { "start": 145.516, "duration": 5.714, "text": "but are spells, songs, or stories\nreally like farmland?" }, { "start": 152.106, "duration": 2.252, "text": "For one thing, land is limited—" }, { "start": 154.692, "duration": 5.339, "text": "if one person uses it for farming,\nsomeone else can’t use it for building." }, { "start": 160.907, "duration": 4.337, "text": "This kind of all or nothing resource\nis what some philosophers call" }, { "start": 165.244, "duration": 1.669, "text": "a rivalrous good." }, { "start": 167.163, "duration": 5.088, "text": "But there’s no limit on how many people\ncan be inspired by a sunset." }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 3.921, "text": "And people can even arrive\nat the same idea independently," }, { "start": 176.756, "duration": 2.711, "text": "whether or not they share an inspiration." }, { "start": 180.051, "duration": 5.422, "text": "So if we can all have ideas\nwithout interfering with one another," }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 2.795, "text": "why assign rights over them at all?" }, { "start": 188.851, "duration": 4.963, "text": "One answer comes from 19th-century\nphilosopher G.W.F. Hegel." }, { "start": 194.106, "duration": 3.754, "text": "He argues that control over our\nintellectual creations" }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 3.712, "text": "is crucial to the quest\nfor personal fulfillment." }, { "start": 201.906, "duration": 5.047, "text": "For example, musicians making a new\nsong aren't just mixing their labor" }, { "start": 206.953, "duration": 1.126, "text": "with the world—" }, { "start": 208.079, "duration": 2.169, "text": "they’re expressing themselves." }, { "start": 210.456, "duration": 4.546, "text": "And Hegel believes creators should\nhave the right to control" }, { "start": 215.002, "duration": 3.504, "text": "these creative extensions\nof their personalities." }, { "start": 218.673, "duration": 3.628, "text": "By using these ideas without permission\nor credit," }, { "start": 222.301, "duration": 4.338, "text": "we’re reducing a creator’s control\nover their life and legacy." }, { "start": 227.265, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Alternatively, thinkers like\nElizabeth Anderson and Michael Sandel" }, { "start": 232.019, "duration": 4.588, "text": "have argued that commodifying\ncertain things can debase them." }, { "start": 237.149, "duration": 4.338, "text": "For example, while you might think it’s\nfine to treat a luxury car" }, { "start": 241.487, "duration": 2.211, "text": "as something to be bought and sold," }, { "start": 243.698, "duration": 4.379, "text": "it feels strange to say the same thing\nabout a library card." }, { "start": 248.619, "duration": 4.755, "text": "That attitude feels somehow disrespectful\nto the pursuit of knowledge." }, { "start": 253.666, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And taken to the extreme," }, { "start": 256.085, "duration": 4.338, "text": "one might conclude that all knowledge\nshould be completely free." }, { "start": 261.048, "duration": 2.086, "text": "But even without compensation," }, { "start": 263.134, "duration": 3.378, "text": "how would you feel if\nsomeone copied your work" }, { "start": 266.512, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and took credit for it as their own?" }, { "start": 269.515, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Outside a world where everyone\nabandons ownership over their ideas," }, { "start": 274.645, "duration": 4.546, "text": "it’s hard not to feel like some injustice\nwould still be taking place." }, { "start": 280.192, "duration": 2.628, "text": "That said, it also feels extreme" }, { "start": 282.82, "duration": 4.213, "text": "to say intellectual property\nrights should always be respected." }, { "start": 287.742, "duration": 5.88, "text": "Scottish philosopher David Hume\nfamously argued that, in times of famine," }, { "start": 293.622, "duration": 5.172, "text": "the government is justified in forcing\nwealthy citizens to open their granaries" }, { "start": 298.794, "duration": 1.043, "text": "to the public." }, { "start": 300.129, "duration": 2.294, "text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic," }, { "start": 302.423, "duration": 5.339, "text": "similar reasoning led publishing companies\nto temporarily give free access" }, { "start": 307.762, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to journal articles related\nto the deadly virus." }, { "start": 311.474, "duration": 5.255, "text": "In such an emergency,\nmost agreed it was in everyone’s interest" }, { "start": 316.771, "duration": 3.878, "text": "to prioritize saving lives\nover compensation." }, { "start": 321.233, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But do circumstances need\nto be this extreme" }, { "start": 325.071, "duration": 3.336, "text": "to justify ignoring\nintellectual property rights?" }, { "start": 328.574, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Or is your pursuit of knowledge enough\nfor you to deny these mages" }, { "start": 333.537, "duration": 2.169, "text": "their hard-earned coin?" }, { "start": 336.082, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Your friend’s archive is waiting..." } ] }, { "video_id": "G4VKiq9NEvM", "title": "Are there really dead wasps in figs? - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Dig into the close relationship between figs and wasps, and find out if it's normal and safe for bugs to be in our food.\n\n--\n\nIn 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000 cases of broccoli-cheddar soup over concerns they contained too much of an unintended ingredient. That ingredient? Bugs. We know insects regularly come into contact with our food— but how many are you actually eating? And is it okay? Carolyn Beans takes a look at figs and their conspicuously close bond with wasps.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-really-dead-wasps-in-figs-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-really-dead-wasps-in-figs-carolyn-beans/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, and Yvette Mocete.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-03T15:47:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.421, "text": "In the late 1600s, Isaac Newton conducted\na series of experiments" }, { "start": 11.424, "duration": 4.755, "text": "that broke the two most fundamental\nrules of eye safety—" }, { "start": 16.387, "duration": 2.336, "text": "in one, he stared at the sun," }, { "start": 18.931, "duration": 5.381, "text": "and in the other he stuck a needle\nunder his eyeball." }, { "start": 24.604, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Newton was hoping to better\nunderstand the lights and colors" }, { "start": 28.149, "duration": 3.42, "text": "that sometimes appear\nwhen your eyes are closed." }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 3.921, "text": "If you've ever sat around an evening\ncampfire or, unlike Newton," }, { "start": 35.782, "duration": 3.003, "text": "unintentionally glanced at the sun," }, { "start": 38.785, "duration": 4.754, "text": "you may have noticed illuminated patterns\nbriefly dance along your vision" }, { "start": 43.539, "duration": 2.211, "text": "before fading into darkness. " }, { "start": 46.042, "duration": 4.546, "text": "So how do these visual illusions,\nknown as afterimages, form?" }, { "start": 50.922, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Inside the retina, specialized cells\ncalled photoreceptors" }, { "start": 55.051, "duration": 4.087, "text": "take in light and turn it into a signal\nthe brain can understand." }, { "start": 59.597, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Photoreceptors contain thousands\nof molecules called photopigments," }, { "start": 64.31, "duration": 2.127, "text": " which are sensitive\nto particular colors." }, { "start": 66.437, "duration": 3.962, "text": "When a light-photon strikes a pigment,\npart of the photopigment’s structure," }, { "start": 70.399, "duration": 1.127, "text": "known as chromophore," }, { "start": 71.526, "duration": 4.045, "text": "absorbs the energy by temporarily altering\nits molecular structure" }, { "start": 75.571, "duration": 2.253, "text": "in a process called bleaching." }, { "start": 77.865, "duration": 4.088, "text": "This reconfiguration induces a cascade\nof chemical reactions" }, { "start": 81.953, "duration": 2.794, "text": "that route an electrical pulse\nto the brain." }, { "start": 84.956, "duration": 2.502, "text": "And once your brain assembles the signals" }, { "start": 87.458, "duration": 4.588, "text": "from approximately 200 million\nphotoreceptor cells," }, { "start": 92.13, "duration": 1.584, "text": "you see an image. " }, { "start": 93.923, "duration": 2.544, "text": "So how does this lead to an afterimage?" }, { "start": 96.634, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Scientists aren't quite sure," }, { "start": 98.469, "duration": 5.214, "text": "but a leading theory suggests that\nphotoreceptors may be to blame." }, { "start": 104.058, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Looking at something bright causes many\npigments in a photoreceptor to bleach." }, { "start": 109.272, "duration": 4.88, "text": "In this state, photopigments can't absorb\nlight well and need to regenerate." }, { "start": 114.485, "duration": 6.674, "text": "However, it's believed that photoreceptor\ncells momentarily continue to fire" }, { "start": 121.284, "duration": 2.46, "text": "and to send signals to the brain," }, { "start": 123.87, "duration": 5.13, "text": "transforming the blazing campfire to a\nbright pattern as you close your eyes." }, { "start": 129.292, "duration": 2.794, "text": "This is known as a positive afterimage." }, { "start": 132.42, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Positive afterimages normally\nfade within a few seconds," }, { "start": 135.965, "duration": 1.627, "text": "and, under certain conditions," }, { "start": 137.592, "duration": 3.92, "text": "can be replaced by what is known\nas a negative afterimage." }, { "start": 141.721, "duration": 5.172, "text": "The original colors appear to be swapped\nfor their approximate complement:" }, { "start": 147.018, "duration": 5.005, "text": "blue with yellow, red with cyan,\ngreen with magenta." }, { "start": 152.273, "duration": 5.589, "text": "If you fixate on a bright image of a\ngreen flower on a yellow background," }, { "start": 158.07, "duration": 2.92, "text": "then glance at a white screen,\nor close your eyes," }, { "start": 160.99, "duration": 5.923, "text": "you will see a negative afterimage of a\nmagenta flower on a blue background." }, { "start": 167.58, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Scientists are still working to understand\nthe origins of negative afterimages," }, { "start": 172.793, "duration": 1.836, "text": "and there are multiple theories." }, { "start": 174.921, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Some evidence suggests the source\nlies in the layers of neuronal cells" }, { "start": 179.008, "duration": 2.461, "text": "in the retina called ganglion cells," }, { "start": 181.469, "duration": 3.545, "text": "while other research implicates\ndeeper processing in the brain." }, { "start": 185.139, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Another theory suggests the source\nlies, again, in the photoreceptors." }, { "start": 190.269, "duration": 3.379, "text": "The idea is that certain cells\nare activated if one color—" }, { "start": 193.648, "duration": 1.71, "text": "such as green— is viewed." }, { "start": 195.358, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Meanwhile, other cells that are normally\nactivated by viewing red—" }, { "start": 199.028, "duration": 3.378, "text": "green’s complement—\nare then left deactivated." }, { "start": 202.573, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But if you stare at a green image\nfor an extended period of time," }, { "start": 206.994, "duration": 4.088, "text": "it's thought that while the activated\ngreen cells become fatigued," }, { "start": 211.082, "duration": 3.336, "text": "the red cells are still sensitive\nto input." }, { "start": 214.543, "duration": 3.295, "text": "As a result, when you look\naway or close your eyes," }, { "start": 217.838, "duration": 6.59, "text": "the opposing red cells are momentarily\nmore active than the tired green cells," }, { "start": 224.512, "duration": 4.629, "text": "creating the perception of a color that is\nclose to the original color’s complement." }, { "start": 229.433, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But scientists still don’t know for sure." }, { "start": 232.27, "duration": 5.38, "text": "And yet another puzzling visual illusion\ninvolves no light or staring at all." }, { "start": 237.775, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Simply rubbing, or like Newton,\ninadvisably stabbing behind your eye" }, { "start": 242.863, "duration": 3.796, "text": "can generate the brief appearance\nof lights and colors." }, { "start": 246.784, "duration": 2.794, "text": "These are known as pressure phosphenes." }, { "start": 249.87, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Newton hypothesized that the\ncolorful circles of light" }, { "start": 253.457, "duration": 3.462, "text": "were caused by the physical bending\nof his retina." }, { "start": 257.211, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Today, some scientists believe\nthat pressure phosphenes" }, { "start": 260.089, "duration": 2.294, "text": "are indeed the result of distortion—" }, { "start": 262.383, "duration": 4.838, "text": "that rubbing or poking your eyes\nphysically stretches neurons," }, { "start": 267.221, "duration": 4.088, "text": "bending the photoreceptors out of shape\nand causing them to fire." }, { "start": 271.517, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But again, the science of phosphenes\nis far from settled," }, { "start": 275.313, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and there are other ways they can form." }, { "start": 278.107, "duration": 4.046, "text": "For example, during procedures where\nmagnetic pulses are sent" }, { "start": 282.153, "duration": 1.918, "text": "into specific parts of the brain," }, { "start": 284.071, "duration": 3.17, "text": "some people, including those\nwith certain types of blindness," }, { "start": 287.241, "duration": 2.544, "text": "report seeing flashes of light." }, { "start": 289.952, "duration": 3.379, "text": "And astronauts, traveling where few others\nhave gone before," }, { "start": 293.331, "duration": 4.629, "text": "often describe seeing similar effects\nwhen exposed to cosmic radiation" }, { "start": 297.96, "duration": 2.795, "text": "from the Sun and other stars." } ] }, { "video_id": "GqZvqVfa1Zo", "title": "What happens when you share an idea?", "description": "Episode 1: Learn how to identify the qualities that make an idea worth sharing with an audience.\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 1 of the animated series, “Public Speaking 101.” Ideas change everything — and since language lets us share our ideas, learning how to use it well gives speakers the power to inspire people and even change how they think. This 11-episode course will teach you how to identify, develop, and share your best ideas, while mastering essential communication skills along the way.\n\nDirected by Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nThe TED-Ed Student Talks program provides free, customizable activities for educators to support their students in identifying, developing and sharing their ideas with each other and the world. Learn more at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-you-share-an-idea\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-you-share-an-idea/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, and Olha Bahatiuk.", "publishedAt": "2025-07-01T14:58:50Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Welcome to another event\nin the Myth Olympics—" }, { "start": 10.84, "duration": 2.377, "text": "the eternal arena in which \ncreatures and deities" }, { "start": 13.217, "duration": 3.671, "text": "from global mythologies\ncompete for glory." }, { "start": 17.013, "duration": 3.503, "text": "I’m Shamash, the Mesopotamian\ngod of judgment," }, { "start": 20.767, "duration": 4.462, "text": "and today we’re gathered to witness \nthis year’s clash of stunning speed." }, { "start": 25.438, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Keeping track of our racers with me\nis last year’s champion, Hermes—" }, { "start": 29.776, "duration": 2.794, "text": "the swift-footed messenger\nof the Greek gods." }, { "start": 33.029, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Oh, I'm delighted to hang up my\nwinged sandals today, Shamash." }, { "start": 36.282, "duration": 5.714, "text": "But I am keeping my helmet on because\nwe are in for a wild ride!" }, { "start": 43.498, "duration": 4.588, "text": "It’s true! Almost every mythical tradition\nclaims one creature" }, { "start": 48.086, "duration": 1.918, "text": "as the fastest of them all." }, { "start": 50.088, "duration": 4.713, "text": "From goddesses who run like the wind\nto creatures who outstrip every captor," }, { "start": 54.801, "duration": 4.379, "text": "mortals of all cultures are fascinated\nby superhuman swiftness." }, { "start": 59.263, "duration": 3.045, "text": "So, Hermes, who are \nthis year’s contestants?" }, { "start": 62.308, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Well, the Norse gods have sent Sleipnir—" }, { "start": 64.852, "duration": 3.545, "text": "son of Loki and the greatest\nof Asgard’s steeds." }, { "start": 68.564, "duration": 3.754, "text": "He’s usually spotted gallivanting\nbetween the realms with Odin." }, { "start": 72.443, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But today, Sleipnir is riding solo." }, { "start": 75.446, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Also competing is Raiju, the Japanese\nbeast of thunder and lightning." }, { "start": 80.409, "duration": 3.546, "text": "When the weather’s nice, they like\nto nap in mortals’ belly buttons." }, { "start": 83.955, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But when clouds darken, Raiju leaps\ninto action alongside Raijin," }, { "start": 88.835, "duration": 1.918, "text": "the Shinto god of storms." }, { "start": 90.92, "duration": 4.213, "text": "With this fearsome competitor,\nlightning can strike at any time." }, { "start": 95.508, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But storms don’t scare Idaten." }, { "start": 97.844, "duration": 4.045, "text": "This Buddhist deity has a record\nof outrunning the weather—" }, { "start": 101.931, "duration": 5.464, "text": "his name is even part of the Japanese\nexpression for “run like the wind.”" }, { "start": 107.52, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Idaten’s definitely got some tricks\nup those steel sleeves." }, { "start": 112.066, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Perhaps, but our last competitor\nhas tricks of his own." }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Savitar is the Hindu deity\nthat sets everything in motion," }, { "start": 120.533, "duration": 3.587, "text": "from moving the Sun\nto chasing away sorrow and sickness." }, { "start": 124.203, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Yes, today’s roster contains many\nmythic interpretations of speed." }, { "start": 129.083, "duration": 2.92, "text": "From personifications \nof the unpredictable elements" }, { "start": 132.003, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to creatures capable of outrunning\nreality itself." }, { "start": 135.798, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But perhaps the myth of speed\nis really about the elusive nature" }, { "start": 139.969, "duration": 2.419, "text": "of all supernatural beings." }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Those are some, uh, neat ideas, Shamash—\nbut this race is the real deal!" }, { "start": 148.311, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Our noble competitors will run\nthe equivalent of 100 marathons" }, { "start": 153.524, "duration": 3.42, "text": "through a hazardous\nnatural obstacle course." }, { "start": 157.403, "duration": 3.545, "text": "And our racers are taking \ntheir first steps right now!" }, { "start": 161.532, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Idaten takes the lead, but don’t let\nthat calm exterior fool you—" }, { "start": 165.161, "duration": 3.128, "text": "his determination is legendary." }, { "start": 168.289, "duration": 3.462, "text": "When a literal speed demon stole\none of Buddha's teeth," }, { "start": 171.751, "duration": 3.67, "text": "he raced over mountains and rivers\nto capture the culprit." }, { "start": 176.214, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Don’t forget Sleipnir— \nhe’s cleared hurdles in his time, too." }, { "start": 180.843, "duration": 3.295, "text": "I’ll say! On his mission to retrieve\nBaldur the Bright" }, { "start": 184.138, "duration": 3.253, "text": "from the fortress of Hel,\nhe rode for nine days straight—" }, { "start": 187.391, "duration": 2.92, "text": "clearing the gates of the underworld\nwithout breaking a sweat." }, { "start": 190.353, "duration": 2.46, "text": "They don’t call him\nthe sliding one for nothing—" }, { "start": 192.813, "duration": 3.212, "text": "he appears to slide on the wind itself!" }, { "start": 196.192, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Of course, wind is often personified\nas a sacred being that—" }, { "start": 200.071, "duration": 2.627, "text": "No time for a history lesson!\nThat wind is picking up!" }, { "start": 202.698, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Like the force of nature they are, Raiju\nbrews a storm to scorch the competition." }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 1.668, "text": "It’s certainly possible." }, { "start": 210.289, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Raiju is known\nfor their destructive storms." }, { "start": 213.167, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But they’re also our most chaotic racer," }, { "start": 215.962, "duration": 3.962, "text": "frequently crashing to earth and \ngetting tangled in flimsy mortal nets." }, { "start": 220.007, "duration": 1.835, "text": "They’re unpredictable!" }, { "start": 221.842, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Chaos is often associated\nwith mythology’s fastest creatures," }, { "start": 225.888, "duration": 3.796, "text": "from the shapeshifting Flemish Kludde\nwho preys on travelers" }, { "start": 229.684, "duration": 4.337, "text": "to the smelly Japanese spirit Nuppeppō\nwho moves too fast to be caught." }, { "start": 234.188, "duration": 3.337, "text": "True, but there are also steady agents\nof speed." }, { "start": 237.525, "duration": 1.626, "text": "Here comes one now!" }, { "start": 239.485, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Lending his boundless energy to the Sun,\nSavitar breaks through Raiju’s storm!" }, { "start": 244.865, "duration": 4.213, "text": "This golden-handed protector of the\nuniverse can manipulate the elements—" }, { "start": 249.078, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and all moving things for that matter!" }, { "start": 251.497, "duration": 5.547, "text": "A valiant effort to redirect the wind\nby Idaten... but not valiant enough." }, { "start": 257.044, "duration": 1.877, "text": "The path seems clear for Savitar." }, { "start": 258.921, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But is that the gallop of hooves I hear?" }, { "start": 261.59, "duration": 2.211, "text": "What beautiful blindside!" }, { "start": 263.801, "duration": 2.711, "text": "It’s Sleipnir hurtling \nout of another dimension!" }, { "start": 266.512, "duration": 5.339, "text": "it seems the shamanic steed shares Odin’s\nability to travel between the realms." }, { "start": 271.851, "duration": 2.794, "text": "This racer might not have to play\nby Savitar’s rules." }, { "start": 274.645, "duration": 3.671, "text": "But... wait a second,\nam I watching this in slow motion?" }, { "start": 278.733, "duration": 4.087, "text": "No! It appears the god of motion is\nslowing the speed of his opponent," }, { "start": 282.82, "duration": 3.253, "text": "suspending him centimeters\nfrom the course’s conclusion." }, { "start": 286.198, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Sleipnir’s stampede slows\nto a snail’s pace" }, { "start": 289.285, "duration": 3.837, "text": "as Savitar leisurely glides\nover the finish line!" }, { "start": 293.122, "duration": 2.377, "text": "What a finale!" }, { "start": 295.541, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Savitar’s mastery of motion\nimmobilized his fastest foe!" }, { "start": 301.213, "duration": 4.13, "text": "It seems Sleipnir’s not too happy\nwith this controversial result," }, { "start": 305.343, "duration": 2.419, "text": "but hey, there’s always next year." }, { "start": 308.054, "duration": 4.754, "text": "And one might say that we’re all winners\nfor witnessing the mind-bending speed" }, { "start": 312.808, "duration": 2.962, "text": "of so many myths and legends." } ] }, { "video_id": "4dPV9UnDEFY", "title": "How close can we actually get to the Sun?", "description": "Explore the challenges of Parker Solar Probe’s mission to touch the Sun, and what we could learn about the star as we get closer.\n\n--\n\nIn 2021, the Parker Solar Probe achieved its mission to touch the Sun, skimming through its outermost atmosphere. Since then, it’s carved closer and closer paths, but probing deeper into the corona— without melting, exploding, or falling into the Sun— is a monumental engineering challenge. Is it possible? Explore the obstacles of the mission and how it could unlock the mysteries of our star.\n\nDirected by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nA special thanks to Doug Willard and Christina Cohen who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-close-can-we-actually-get-to-the-sun\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-close-can-we-actually-get-to-the-sun/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, and Bethany Connor.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-26T15:01:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Deep inside the Sumatran rainforest,\na carrion fly descends," }, { "start": 12.175, "duration": 3.545, "text": "guided by the scent\nof its favorite place to lay eggs:" }, { "start": 15.72, "duration": 2.836, "text": "dead and rotting animal carcasses." }, { "start": 18.681, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But when it lands,\nit isn’t on liquefying flesh," }, { "start": 22.518, "duration": 4.838, "text": "but instead on the world’s biggest,\nand perhaps strangest, flower—" }, { "start": 27.482, "duration": 2.168, "text": "Rafflesia arnoldii." }, { "start": 30.276, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Rafflesia is a genus of over 30 species" }, { "start": 33.988, "duration": 3.504, "text": "found across the tropical forests\nof Southeast Asia." }, { "start": 37.658, "duration": 4.505, "text": "While its smallest representative has\na flower only a few centimeters wide," }, { "start": 42.163, "duration": 5.255, "text": "its biggest weighs seven kilograms\nand spans over a meter wide." }, { "start": 47.627, "duration": 4.754, "text": "And its putrid aroma isn’t the only thing\nthat sets these plants apart—" }, { "start": 52.381, "duration": 2.837, "text": "all Rafflesia are parasites." }, { "start": 55.635, "duration": 4.337, "text": "For most of its life, the Rafflesia plant\nexists as an endophyte," }, { "start": 59.972, "duration": 5.923, "text": "a single thin strand of almost uniform\ncells beneath the bark of its host." }, { "start": 66.062, "duration": 2.878, "text": "It strictly infects Tetrastigma," }, { "start": 68.94, "duration": 3.336, "text": "a genus of large vines\nrelated to the grape." }, { "start": 72.652, "duration": 6.381, "text": "Like typical leafy plants, the host\nTetrastigma’s cells contain chloroplasts." }, { "start": 79.325, "duration": 3.42, "text": "These organelles convert\nsunlight into energy" }, { "start": 82.745, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and are each equipped with their own DNA." }, { "start": 85.54, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Rafflesia’s plastids, on the other hand,\nappear to have lost their DNA," }, { "start": 91.045, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and with it the ability\nto photosynthesize." }, { "start": 94.048, "duration": 3.003, "text": "This sort of loss is incredibly rare." }, { "start": 97.176, "duration": 4.213, "text": "With no roots and no ability\nto produce its own food," }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Rafflesia is completely dependent\non its host," }, { "start": 105.101, "duration": 5.213, "text": "siphoning the Tetrastigma’s water\nand nutrients to fuel its own growth." }, { "start": 110.523, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And Rafflesia’s propensity for theft\ndoesn’t end there." }, { "start": 114.527, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Using a process known\nas horizontal gene transfer, or HGT," }, { "start": 119.782, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Rafflesia has stolen quite a bit\nof genetic material from its host" }, { "start": 124.704, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and other plants in its habitat." }, { "start": 127.498, "duration": 3.295, "text": "While HGT is well known in bacteria," }, { "start": 130.793, "duration": 4.171, "text": "it has only recently been documented\nin parasitic plants." }, { "start": 134.964, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And scientists are still\ntrying to understand" }, { "start": 137.967, "duration": 3.17, "text": "exactly how this DNA transfer happens." }, { "start": 141.345, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Rafflesia appears to utilize several\nof these stolen sequences" }, { "start": 146.058, "duration": 1.544, "text": "as if they were their own," }, { "start": 147.602, "duration": 5.463, "text": "transcribing the DNA into RNA\nand then translating it into proteins," }, { "start": 153.065, "duration": 3.087, "text": "which are used in key cellular processes." }, { "start": 156.36, "duration": 3.587, "text": "After living some time embedded\nin the host vine," }, { "start": 159.947, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Rafflesia emerges as a single bud," }, { "start": 163.117, "duration": 4.797, "text": "which then takes several months,\nor even a year, to reach full size." }, { "start": 168.039, "duration": 3.461, "text": "When it opens, its fleshy maroon petals" }, { "start": 171.5, "duration": 4.046, "text": "emit several foul-smelling\nsulfur-containing compounds." }, { "start": 175.963, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The evolutionary reason for this odor\nis relatively straightforward:" }, { "start": 180.343, "duration": 1.793, "text": "to attract pollinators." }, { "start": 182.261, "duration": 6.09, "text": "For most species of Rafflesia,\nsingle flowers are either male or female." }, { "start": 188.726, "duration": 1.752, "text": "So, to produce a seed," }, { "start": 190.478, "duration": 3.462, "text": "pollen must be transferred\nfrom one flower to the next." }, { "start": 194.273, "duration": 5.047, "text": "The rotten stench is ideal for attracting\ncorpse-loving carrion flies," }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and the massive size of the flower\nmay help broadcast it" }, { "start": 203.032, "duration": 2.419, "text": "through the stagnant rainforest air." }, { "start": 205.66, "duration": 3.712, "text": "A deceived fly will explore\nthe flower’s interior," }, { "start": 209.372, "duration": 2.919, "text": "laying thousands of ill-fated eggs." }, { "start": 212.5, "duration": 1.668, "text": "But during the fly’s visit," }, { "start": 214.168, "duration": 5.881, "text": "the male Rafflesia’s liquid pollen may\nend up on the fly’s back where it dries." }, { "start": 220.424, "duration": 3.921, "text": "If the fly encounters\nan open female Rafflesia flower," }, { "start": 224.345, "duration": 4.588, "text": "the pollen will rehydrate when rubbed\nagainst the flower’s damp stigma," }, { "start": 228.933, "duration": 1.877, "text": "completing cross-pollination." }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 4.879, "text": "A pollinated Rafflesia flower\ngradually withers and turns black," }, { "start": 235.856, "duration": 1.919, "text": "but this doesn't mean it's dead." }, { "start": 238.067, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Over several months, a fruit forms\nwhich contains thousands of tiny seeds." }, { "start": 243.864, "duration": 3.421, "text": "But what disperses these seeds\nis still debated," }, { "start": 247.285, "duration": 4.337, "text": "with hypotheses ranging\nfrom elephants to rodents to ants." }, { "start": 251.747, "duration": 5.214, "text": "We do know that the seeds have\nan oily appendage called an elaiosome," }, { "start": 256.961, "duration": 3.337, "text": "a structure ants often\nfeed to their larvae." }, { "start": 260.84, "duration": 4.838, "text": "And scientists have even observed\nants carrying Rafflesia seeds." }, { "start": 265.886, "duration": 5.673, "text": "But what happens to the Rafflesia seeds\nonce inside the ant nest remains unclear." }, { "start": 271.642, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In any case, nobody has seen\nRafflesia seeds germinate," }, { "start": 275.98, "duration": 3.503, "text": "or attach to and infect a host root." }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Because this crucial step of their\ndevelopment is still not fully understood," }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 2.753, "text": "cultivation of Rafflesia is difficult." }, { "start": 287.199, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Despite many attempts,\nbotanists from around the globe" }, { "start": 291.412, "duration": 3.17, "text": "have been largely unsuccessful\nat growing Rafflesia" }, { "start": 294.582, "duration": 2.961, "text": "from seeds outside its natural habitat." }, { "start": 298.127, "duration": 2.669, "text": "As these tropical forests\nare under threat," }, { "start": 300.796, "duration": 2.336, "text": "we’re at risk of losing Rafflesia," }, { "start": 303.132, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and our ability to unravel\nsome of its many remaining secrets." } ] }, { "video_id": "aa2Fmr7sKIA", "title": "The physics behind Einstein’s most famous equation - Lindsay DeMarchi and Fabio Pacucci", "description": "Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nEver since Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity, one equation has been the bane of humans hoping to explore the stars: E=mc². In addition to informing our understanding of gravity, space, and time, this formula implies that traveling at or beyond light speed is impossible. Why is that? Lindsay DeMarchi and Fabio Pacucci explain the physics behind this unbreakable speed limit.\n\nLesson by Lindsay DeMarchi and Fabio Pacucci, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-physics-behind-einsteins-most-famous-equation-lindsay-demarchi-and-fabio-pacucci\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-physics-behind-einsteins-most-famous-equation-lindsay-demarchi-and-fabio-pacucci/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, and Aleksandar Donev.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-24T15:01:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.379, "text": "You’ve spent months creating\na basketball-playing robot," }, { "start": 10.465, "duration": 1.293, "text": "the Dunk-O-Matic," }, { "start": 11.758, "duration": 4.754, "text": "and you’re excited to demonstrate it\nat the prestigious Sportecha Conference." }, { "start": 16.679, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Until you read an advertisement:" }, { "start": 18.89, "duration": 5.172, "text": "“See the Dunk-O-Matic face human players\nand automatically adjust its skill" }, { "start": 24.062, "duration": 3.42, "text": "to create a fair game for every opponent!”" }, { "start": 27.607, "duration": 2.586, "text": "That's not what you were told to create." }, { "start": 30.318, "duration": 2.502, "text": "You designed a robot that shoots baskets," }, { "start": 32.904, "duration": 5.213, "text": "sometimes successfully and sometimes not,\ntaking turns with a human opponent." }, { "start": 38.493, "duration": 3.712, "text": "No one said anything about teaching it\nto adjust its performance." }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Maybe the CEO skimmed an article\nabout AI and overpromised," }, { "start": 46.626, "duration": 2.544, "text": "setting you up for public embarrassment." }, { "start": 49.629, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Luckily, you installed a feature\nwhere given any probability q," }, { "start": 54.383, "duration": 5.089, "text": "you can adjust the robot to have that\nprobability of success on each attempt." }, { "start": 59.68, "duration": 3.379, "text": "You swiftly gather information,\nand jackpot:" }, { "start": 63.059, "duration": 4.88, "text": "your team has a dossier on all\npotential demo participants," }, { "start": 67.98, "duration": 3.796, "text": "including the probability each has\nof making baskets." }, { "start": 72.235, "duration": 4.921, "text": "In each match, the human shoots first,\nthen the robot, then the human again," }, { "start": 77.156, "duration": 4.672, "text": "and so on until someone makes\nthe first successful basket and wins." }, { "start": 82.078, "duration": 4.629, "text": "You can remotely adjust the Dunk-O-Matic’s\nprobability between opponents." }, { "start": 86.916, "duration": 3.212, "text": "What should that probability\nbe for each opponent," }, { "start": 90.128, "duration": 4.295, "text": "so that the human has a 50% chance\nof winning each match?" }, { "start": 94.423, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 96.717, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 99.011, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 101.556, "duration": 2.919, "text": "You might guess that q\nshould be equal to p." }, { "start": 104.684, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But that ignores the advantage\nof going first." }, { "start": 107.854, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Suppose p and q are both 100%." }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Even though the competitors\nare equally skilled," }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 2.419, "text": "the first player always wins." }, { "start": 116.904, "duration": 2.544, "text": "So a deeper analysis is required." }, { "start": 119.991, "duration": 5.255, "text": "One approach involves adding up every\nchance the human has to win," }, { "start": 125.246, "duration": 2.21, "text": "using geometric series." }, { "start": 127.748, "duration": 3.379, "text": "A geometric series is an infinite\nsum of numbers," }, { "start": 131.127, "duration": 4.629, "text": "where each number is the previous number\nmultiplied by a common ratio." }, { "start": 136.174, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Two facts about geometric series\nare useful here." }, { "start": 140.136, "duration": 3.962, "text": "First, if the common ratio r\nof a geometric series" }, { "start": 144.098, "duration": 2.669, "text": "has absolute value less than 1," }, { "start": 146.934, "duration": 2.169, "text": "the series has a finite total." }, { "start": 149.478, "duration": 3.713, "text": "And second, if the first number\nin the series is a," }, { "start": 153.274, "duration": 3.921, "text": "that total is: a divided by 1-minus-r." }, { "start": 157.862, "duration": 2.961, "text": "How does this help us calibrate our robot?" }, { "start": 160.907, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Remember that the human has probability p\nof making a basket." }, { "start": 165.828, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Since they go first, they have probability\np of winning on the first try." }, { "start": 171.042, "duration": 3.003, "text": "What’s the probability that they win\non the second try?" }, { "start": 174.253, "duration": 3.587, "text": "That attempt only happens\nif both players miss." }, { "start": 178.09, "duration": 4.922, "text": "The probability of a miss is 1 minus\nthe probability of a success," }, { "start": 183.179, "duration": 4.755, "text": "so the miss probabilities are\n1-minus-p and 1-minus-q." }, { "start": 188.1, "duration": 4.13, "text": "The chance of both happening\nis the product of those values." }, { "start": 192.313, "duration": 4.004, "text": "So the probability of two failures\nand then a human success" }, { "start": 196.4, "duration": 3.921, "text": "is p times (1-minus-p) times (1-minus-q)." }, { "start": 200.696, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Winning on the third try requires\nanother round of misses," }, { "start": 204.867, "duration": 5.339, "text": "so that chance is p multiplied\nby the double-miss probability twice." }, { "start": 210.414, "duration": 3.712, "text": "If we add all the possible probabilities\nof a human win," }, { "start": 214.126, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the total is the sum\nof a geometric series." }, { "start": 217.755, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Since the first number in the series is p," }, { "start": 220.383, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and the ratio is this product\nthat’s less than 1," }, { "start": 224.053, "duration": 4.463, "text": "the sum will be\n(p divided by 1) minus the ratio." }, { "start": 228.766, "duration": 2.628, "text": "We want this sum to be 1/2." }, { "start": 231.519, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Using some algebra to solve for q," }, { "start": 234.188, "duration": 4.505, "text": "we find that q should equal p\ndivided by 1-minus-p." }, { "start": 238.943, "duration": 4.713, "text": "If p is greater than 50%,\nq would need to be bigger than 1," }, { "start": 243.656, "duration": 1.418, "text": "which can’t happen." }, { "start": 245.324, "duration": 3.087, "text": "In that case, a fair game is impossible," }, { "start": 248.411, "duration": 4.379, "text": "because the human has a better-than-50%\nchance of winning immediately." }, { "start": 253.249, "duration": 4.755, "text": "The robot's total probability is also\nthe total of a geometric series." }, { "start": 258.129, "duration": 2.46, "text": "How does this series compare\nto the human’s?" }, { "start": 260.84, "duration": 3.712, "text": "To win, the robot needs some number\nof double misses," }, { "start": 264.677, "duration": 4.087, "text": "then a human failure\nfollowed by a robot success." }, { "start": 269.432, "duration": 3.42, "text": "If q equals p over 1-minus-p," }, { "start": 272.852, "duration": 2.961, "text": "(1-minus-p) times q is p." }, { "start": 276.355, "duration": 4.088, "text": "For our choice of q, not only do these\nseries have the same sum," }, { "start": 280.443, "duration": 1.877, "text": "but they’re the same series!" }, { "start": 283.195, "duration": 4.088, "text": "We could bypass geometric series\nby starting with this reasoning." }, { "start": 287.533, "duration": 5.214, "text": "The robot’s chances of winning in the\nfirst round is (1-minus-p) times q," }, { "start": 292.913, "duration": 4.422, "text": "and so if we want that chance to match\nthe human’s first-round chance," }, { "start": 297.418, "duration": 5.005, "text": "we want it to equal p,\nmaking q: p over 1-minus-p." }, { "start": 302.84, "duration": 3.003, "text": "More rounds may occur,\nbut before each round," }, { "start": 305.843, "duration": 4.63, "text": "the competitors are tied,\nso everything effectively restarts." }, { "start": 310.556, "duration": 2.961, "text": "If they have the same odds of winning\nin the first round," }, { "start": 313.642, "duration": 3.003, "text": "they also will in the second round,\nand so on." }, { "start": 316.854, "duration": 2.085, "text": "The demonstration goes perfectly," }, { "start": 318.939, "duration": 2.42, "text": "but while you didn't want\nto embarrass yourself," }, { "start": 321.359, "duration": 2.627, "text": "you also didn’t want\nto deceive the public." }, { "start": 324.111, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Taking the stage, you explain\nyour company’s false promises" }, { "start": 327.948, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and your hastily ad-libbed solution." }, { "start": 331.327, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Thankfully, the ensuing bad press\nis directed at your employers," }, { "start": 335.915, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and it turns out the\npresentation volunteers" }, { "start": 338.459, "duration": 3.17, "text": "own a more employee-friendly\nrobotics company." }, { "start": 341.962, "duration": 3.17, "text": "After some tedious intellectual\nproperty litigation," }, { "start": 345.132, "duration": 2.544, "text": "you find yourself at a healthier workplace" }, { "start": 347.676, "duration": 3.212, "text": "with a regular spot on a\npickup basketball team." } ] }, { "video_id": "Cdfc9PuXdD0", "title": "Ethical dilemma: Should knowledge be free? - Michael Vazquez and Will Kanwischer", "description": "Puzzle through the ethical dilemma of intellectual property rights, and decide: how should we determine ownership of work?\n\n--\n\nIn the city of Ockham, spellcasters invent incantations and publish them in scrolls that others can purchase. Unfortunately, you can’t always afford them. But one day, a friend tells you he uses an illegal duplication spell to copy scrolls. So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls to further your own research? Michael Vazquez and Will Kanwischer explore the ethics of intellectual property rights.\n\nLesson by Michael Vazquez and Will Kanwischer, directed by Patrick Smith.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ethical-dilemma-should-knowledge-be-free-michael-vazquez-and-will-kanwischer\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ethical-dilemma-should-knowledge-be-free-michael-vazquez-and-will-kanwischer/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/patrick_smith_animator\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, and Wes Winn.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-18T15:00:48Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 6.756, "text": "In 1841, German anatomist Jacob Henle\nwas examining earwax under a microscope" }, { "start": 13.634, "duration": 2.169, "text": "when, much to his surprise," }, { "start": 15.803, "duration": 3.545, "text": "tiny, worm-like creatures came into view." }, { "start": 19.64, "duration": 6.34, "text": "Soon after, scientists realized that these\nanimals were, in fact, tiny arachnids." }, { "start": 26.481, "duration": 2.919, "text": "And now we know they belong\nto a group of mites," }, { "start": 29.4, "duration": 2.961, "text": "which scientists named Demodex," }, { "start": 32.653, "duration": 3.087, "text": "that contains more than\n100 different species" }, { "start": 35.74, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that live in and around mammals’\nhair follicles." }, { "start": 39.619, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Two of these species—\nDemodex folliculorum and brevis—" }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 3.254, "text": "specifically inhabit human follicles." }, { "start": 47.585, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And not just some people’s." }, { "start": 50.254, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Nearly everyone is thought to host mites" }, { "start": 53.591, "duration": 3.128, "text": "from at least one of these two\nDemodex species." }, { "start": 56.844, "duration": 5.547, "text": "One person’s face might harbor hundreds\nor even thousands of individual mites." }, { "start": 62.809, "duration": 2.877, "text": "So, yes: on any given day," }, { "start": 65.686, "duration": 3.462, "text": "microscopic arachnids are\nprobably eating, mating," }, { "start": 69.148, "duration": 3.963, "text": "and laying eggs inside your pores." }, { "start": 73.611, "duration": 3.545, "text": "So, is this... okay?" }, { "start": 77.615, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Many might mysteries remain—" }, { "start": 80.368, "duration": 3.628, "text": "in part because of how difficult\nit is to keep Demodex alive" }, { "start": 83.996, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and investigate them off our skin—" }, { "start": 87.208, "duration": 3.337, "text": "but scientists have begun\nteasing out the truth." }, { "start": 90.711, "duration": 5.589, "text": "And it turns out that our entanglement\nis probably just about as old as we are." }, { "start": 96.509, "duration": 3.962, "text": "It seems that the mites’ ancestors\ndeveloped and diversified" }, { "start": 100.471, "duration": 1.627, "text": "alongside mammals," }, { "start": 102.181, "duration": 3.587, "text": "moving into their pores and feeding\noff the oily secretions" }, { "start": 105.768, "duration": 1.919, "text": "in their host’s follicles." }, { "start": 107.687, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Then, we humans eventually came about," }, { "start": 110.481, "duration": 3.379, "text": "with our very own follicular mites\nto accompany us," }, { "start": 114.193, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and we’ve been inseparable ever since." }, { "start": 117.697, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Babies seem to inherit Demodex mites\nthrough direct contact," }, { "start": 121.576, "duration": 2.335, "text": "like during birth and breastfeeding." }, { "start": 124.12, "duration": 4.046, "text": "And a person’s mite population\ntends to grow after puberty," }, { "start": 128.416, "duration": 5.797, "text": "probably in response to changes in our\nhormones, oiliness, and immune responses." }, { "start": 134.714, "duration": 5.172, "text": "The mites mostly reside on our faces,\nespecially our noses," }, { "start": 140.178, "duration": 3.294, "text": "where our pores and oil glands are larger." }, { "start": 143.848, "duration": 3.17, "text": "They take approximately one week\nto reach adulthood" }, { "start": 147.018, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and spend the remainder of their lives—\nabout another week—" }, { "start": 150.438, "duration": 5.297, "text": "either face-down in our pores\nor traversing the expanse of our faces." }, { "start": 156.194, "duration": 1.167, "text": "As you might expect," }, { "start": 157.361, "duration": 3.921, "text": "based on the fact that they are\nusually embedded within our skin," }, { "start": 161.407, "duration": 3.712, "text": "our daily routines are pretty\ntightly synced." }, { "start": 165.286, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Around dusk, our bodies secrete\nthe hormone melatonin," }, { "start": 169.832, "duration": 2.086, "text": "which helps prime us for sleep." }, { "start": 172.21, "duration": 3.336, "text": "For Demodex, however, melatonin\nis thought to serve" }, { "start": 175.546, "duration": 3.128, "text": "as their stimulating nocturnal cue." }, { "start": 178.883, "duration": 3.712, "text": "So as night falls and we become\nless active," }, { "start": 182.762, "duration": 3.003, "text": "our resident Demodex mites liven up." }, { "start": 186.265, "duration": 3.629, "text": "In fact, because they're regularly\ntucked away in our pores" }, { "start": 189.894, "duration": 1.918, "text": "or out exploring in the dark," }, { "start": 191.979, "duration": 4.421, "text": "they've lost the genes that give\nthem UV protection altogether." }, { "start": 196.567, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Over the course of an evening," }, { "start": 198.194, "duration": 3.879, "text": "some adults shimmy out of our pores\nin search of mates," }, { "start": 202.198, "duration": 5.464, "text": "moving at speeds of around one centimeter\nan hour across our facial terrain." }, { "start": 208.079, "duration": 4.546, "text": "And then they pop back into our pores\nto lay their eggs." }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 5.964, "text": "Scientists estimate that one pore can\nhold a family of around 14 mites." }, { "start": 219.173, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Demodex are on virtually everyone’s faces—" }, { "start": 222.551, "duration": 4.171, "text": "including those with healthy skin\nand little inflammation." }, { "start": 227.056, "duration": 4.755, "text": "It seems that Demodex mites are only\nassociated with skin issues in cases" }, { "start": 231.811, "duration": 3.712, "text": "where some kind of immune\ndysfunction is at play—" }, { "start": 235.773, "duration": 3.879, "text": "like when someone’s immune system reacts\nstrongly to the mites’ presence" }, { "start": 239.777, "duration": 3.003, "text": "or doesn't adequately suppress\ntheir populations," }, { "start": 242.863, "duration": 2.461, "text": "all of which can cause inflammation." }, { "start": 245.574, "duration": 4.13, "text": "For most people, however,\nfollicular mites are harmless." }, { "start": 249.954, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And most people maintain\ntheir original mite lineages," }, { "start": 253.916, "duration": 3.462, "text": "even as they travel or move\nto new parts of the world." }, { "start": 257.878, "duration": 3.129, "text": "What’s more, it seems that different\nlineages of mites" }, { "start": 261.007, "duration": 3.545, "text": "evolved alongside different populations\nof people," }, { "start": 264.552, "duration": 3.67, "text": "so scientists may be able to tell\nyour ancestry" }, { "start": 268.222, "duration": 3.754, "text": "by merely studying the mites\nthat colonize your face." }, { "start": 272.101, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Because mite populations stick\nwith one person, however," }, { "start": 275.771, "duration": 2.378, "text": "they have limited breeding opportunities," }, { "start": 278.19, "duration": 3.337, "text": "which reduces their overall\ngenetic diversity." }, { "start": 281.777, "duration": 4.046, "text": "This might have set our follicular\nmites on a path for extinction," }, { "start": 285.948, "duration": 2.252, "text": "but that would be a long ways off." }, { "start": 288.492, "duration": 2.878, "text": "In the meantime, you can look\nat yourself in the mirror" }, { "start": 291.37, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and rest assured that your face is,\nin fact," }, { "start": 294.707, "duration": 3.086, "text": "teeming with a multitude of mites." }, { "start": 298.002, "duration": 4.504, "text": "And with that, nighty night\nand sleep tight." } ] }, { "video_id": "VElc-9Xa1f0", "title": "The ancient medical practice that persisted for too long - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Trace the history of bloodletting, a medical practice dating back to ancient Greece and its continued use into the 19th century.\n\n--\n\nBloodletting was a pervasive medical practice that dates as far back as ancient Greece and continued well into the 19th century. Physicians like Hippocrates believed bad health could be attributed to a fluid imbalance, and recommended bloodletting to help reset the body's balance. So, why did bloodletting stick around so long? Stephanie Honchell Smith digs into its popularity and shortcomings.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-doctors-used-to-bleed-their-patients-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-doctors-used-to-bleed-their-patients-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.behance.net/denysspolitak/info\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, and Victor E Karhel.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-17T15:00:56Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The world is always abuzz with sounds," }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 2.919, "text": "many of which human ears\nsimply can't hear." }, { "start": 13.301, "duration": 3.628, "text": "However, other species\nhave extraordinary adaptations" }, { "start": 16.929, "duration": 4.088, "text": "that grant them access\nto realms of sonic extremes." }, { "start": 21.017, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And some of them don’t even have ears—\nat least, not like we typically imagine." }, { "start": 27.315, "duration": 3.962, "text": "To understand how the animal kingdom’s\nbest listeners do it," }, { "start": 31.277, "duration": 2.961, "text": "we need to know the rules of their game." }, { "start": 34.447, "duration": 4.212, "text": "When an object in a medium\nlike air or water moves," }, { "start": 38.659, "duration": 2.586, "text": "it sends out physical waves." }, { "start": 41.454, "duration": 4.671, "text": "The basics of hearing involve structures\nthat vibrate in response to these waves" }, { "start": 46.125, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and excite sensory cells," }, { "start": 48.127, "duration": 3.671, "text": "generating signals that nerves transmit\nto the brain," }, { "start": 51.798, "duration": 1.334, "text": "where they’re processed." }, { "start": 53.257, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But despite the assemblage\nof sound-absorbing and -amplifying" }, { "start": 57.053, "duration": 2.127, "text": "structures in our ears," }, { "start": 59.18, "duration": 3.545, "text": "many noises are too quiet\nfor us to detect." }, { "start": 62.892, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Owls, however, have some workarounds." }, { "start": 66.27, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Our external ears funnel sounds inward—" }, { "start": 69.565, "duration": 3.754, "text": "but many owls use their whole faces\nto do this." }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Their ears,\nhidden beneath a flap of feathers," }, { "start": 76.114, "duration": 4.671, "text": "have eardrums proportionally much larger\nand more sensitive than humans’." }, { "start": 80.868, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And because many owls ears\nare positioned asymmetrically," }, { "start": 84.372, "duration": 2.669, "text": "sound waves reach them at different times." }, { "start": 87.25, "duration": 3.503, "text": "This slight delay helps their brains\ndetermine the direction" }, { "start": 90.753, "duration": 1.627, "text": "of the sound’s source." }, { "start": 92.505, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And great grey owl wings have\nespecially thick velvety coatings" }, { "start": 96.926, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and long feather combs and fringes," }, { "start": 99.428, "duration": 2.837, "text": "which are thought to help reduce\ntheir flight sounds." }, { "start": 102.473, "duration": 3.712, "text": "So, while hovering,\nthey can go undetected" }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and concentrate on the subtle sounds\nof their prey." }, { "start": 110.064, "duration": 4.546, "text": "All these adaptations enable\na great grey owl to hear a vole" }, { "start": 114.61, "duration": 2.586, "text": "tunneling under 18 inches of snow—" }, { "start": 117.196, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and make a fatal strike." }, { "start": 119.782, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Other animals are almost all ears," }, { "start": 122.493, "duration": 3.087, "text": "like the aptly named long-eared jerboa," }, { "start": 125.58, "duration": 4.004, "text": "which is the animal kingdom’s largest ears\nin proportion to body length." }, { "start": 129.792, "duration": 4.922, "text": "These sizable sound-collectors help\nthe jerboas sense low frequency noises—" }, { "start": 134.714, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and keep cool by radiating heat." }, { "start": 137.717, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Fennec foxes use\ntheir large, swiveling ears" }, { "start": 140.636, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to rapidly home in on activity\nbeneath Sahara sands," }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 3.087, "text": "while bat-eared foxes can\npick up savanna sounds" }, { "start": 147.31, "duration": 3.837, "text": "as slight as termites crawling\nand munching on grasses." }, { "start": 151.439, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Ogre-faced spiders, meanwhile," }, { "start": 153.774, "duration": 3.087, "text": "might not have ears in the traditional\nvertebrate sense," }, { "start": 156.861, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but their legs are covered by receptors\nsensitive to sound waves" }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 3.42, "text": "as soft as those generated\nby mosquito flight." }, { "start": 164.452, "duration": 2.669, "text": "This allows them to catch airborne prey—" }, { "start": 167.121, "duration": 3.545, "text": "even after being blindfolded\nby scientists." }, { "start": 170.833, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Lots of different features also help\nanimal ears hit especially high notes," }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 4.129, "text": "like the extra hard, stiff middle ear\nbones of toothed whales;" }, { "start": 179.926, "duration": 2.002, "text": "like dolphins and sperm whales," }, { "start": 181.928, "duration": 3.67, "text": "which efficiently propagate\nhigh-frequency vibrations." }, { "start": 185.806, "duration": 6.298, "text": "Indeed, some toothed whales and bats\nemit sound pulses around 200,000 hertz" }, { "start": 192.104, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and listen for the reflections." }, { "start": 194.357, "duration": 1.918, "text": "These high-frequency wavelengths—" }, { "start": 196.275, "duration": 2.753, "text": "more than 10 times higher\nthan what we can hear—" }, { "start": 199.028, "duration": 3.42, "text": "are small enough to generate\nstrong reflections from objects" }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 3.462, "text": "as tiny as the insects\nmany bats are after," }, { "start": 205.993, "duration": 2.795, "text": "which would be missed altogether\nby lower ones." }, { "start": 209.121, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But many insects are also\nin on the conversation—" }, { "start": 212.291, "duration": 2.92, "text": "and vigilant to ultrasonic onslaughts." }, { "start": 215.419, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The greater wax moth can register\nthe highest frequencies" }, { "start": 218.631, "duration": 4.379, "text": "of any animal recorded—\nup to 300,000 hertz," }, { "start": 223.177, "duration": 5.422, "text": "thanks to thin, vibration-sensitive,\neardrum-like membranes on their abdomens." }, { "start": 228.724, "duration": 3.462, "text": "In fact, hearing organs have\nevolved independently" }, { "start": 232.186, "duration": 2.961, "text": "more than 20 times among insects." }, { "start": 235.523, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Katydids sense ultrasonic sounds\nwith their front legs;" }, { "start": 239.652, "duration": 3.17, "text": "certain hawkmoths can hear\nwith their mouthparts;" }, { "start": 242.947, "duration": 4.546, "text": "a parasitic fly registers cricket chirps\nfrom organs behind its head;" }, { "start": 247.493, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and the praying mantis has just one\nhearing organ," }, { "start": 250.538, "duration": 3.378, "text": "which sits smack in the midline\nof its thorax." }, { "start": 254.375, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But how low can animals go?" }, { "start": 257.461, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Well, baleen whales emit sounds\naround 14 hertz," }, { "start": 262.008, "duration": 2.085, "text": "the deepest among mammals." }, { "start": 264.218, "duration": 3.462, "text": "These vibrations can travel\nthousands of kilometers." }, { "start": 267.68, "duration": 2.919, "text": "And they get picked up by other\nbaleen whales—" }, { "start": 270.599, "duration": 2.002, "text": "possibly via their skulls," }, { "start": 272.601, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which conduct the vibrations\nalong to their ear bones." }, { "start": 275.896, "duration": 3.838, "text": "Snakes pick up ground vibrations\nby way of their jawbones," }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 2.836, "text": "which connect directly\nto their middle ear bones." }, { "start": 282.57, "duration": 5.422, "text": "And Namib Desert golden moles regularly\nstick their heads into the sand," }, { "start": 288.075, "duration": 4.088, "text": "which likely helps them use their large,\nclub-like middle ear bones" }, { "start": 292.163, "duration": 4.838, "text": "to sense low frequency activity\nin mounds more than 20 meters away." }, { "start": 297.293, "duration": 6.214, "text": "So, odds are: if a tree falls in a forest,\nsomeone’s bound to hear it." } ] }, { "video_id": "I15FmhjEbQ0", "title": "The dark history of Graham crackers - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Trace the strange history of Graham crackers, invented by minister Sylvester Graham in order to curb the vices of Americans.\n\n--\n\nIn the 1800s, minister Sylvester Graham believed Americans had a big problem— not just with their bodies, but their souls. He argued that overindulgence was fueling their baser desires, making them immoral and oversexed. To curb this corruption, puritanical reformers advocated for foods they thought curbed a variety of appetites. Stephanie Honchell Smith details the invention of Graham crackers.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-were-graham-crackers-designed-to-taste-bad-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-were-graham-crackers-designed-to-taste-bad-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, and Abhishek Goel.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-12T15:01:22Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.836, "duration": 3.253, "text": "On December 14th, 1799," }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 5.338, "text": "former US President George Washington\nwoke struggling for breath," }, { "start": 15.553, "duration": 2.377, "text": "his throat searing with pain." }, { "start": 18.598, "duration": 1.71, "text": "He died later that day," }, { "start": 20.308, "duration": 4.254, "text": "from what’s suspected to have been\na badly infected epiglottis," }, { "start": 24.729, "duration": 4.838, "text": "but not before he was prescribed an enema,\nsteam therapy," }, { "start": 29.567, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and rigorous bloodletting." }, { "start": 32.987, "duration": 5.506, "text": "During four bleeding sessions,\nWashington lost approximately two liters—" }, { "start": 38.534, "duration": 3.712, "text": "roughly 40%— of his body’s blood supply." }, { "start": 42.371, "duration": 4.255, "text": "And yet this wasn’t totally\nout of the ordinary for the time." }, { "start": 46.959, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Bloodletting was a pervasive\nmedical practice" }, { "start": 49.962, "duration": 3.796, "text": "that dated at least as far back\nas ancient Greece." }, { "start": 54.217, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Physicians like Hippocrates believed\ngood health came from balance" }, { "start": 59.472, "duration": 3.92, "text": "among what they called\nthe body’s four humors:" }, { "start": 63.684, "duration": 4.964, "text": "yellow bile, black bile, phlegm,\nand blood." }, { "start": 69.148, "duration": 4.296, "text": "They attributed bad health\nto humoral imbalance," }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 5.798, "text": "so treatments included purging,\npeeing, enemas, and bloodletting." }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 4.547, "text": "How people were bled varied with time,\nplace, and practitioner." }, { "start": 85.373, "duration": 6.339, "text": "Sometimes it was with sharp tools like\nquills, animal teeth, and metal blades;" }, { "start": 92.088, "duration": 3.795, "text": "others, using leeches;\nor through wet cupping," }, { "start": 96.05, "duration": 2.211, "text": "which involved scraping the skin" }, { "start": 98.302, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and drawing blood out\nwith heated glass containers." }, { "start": 102.807, "duration": 1.293, "text": "In the 2nd century," }, { "start": 104.1, "duration": 6.089, "text": "the prolific Greco-Roman physician Galen\ndeclared blood the most dominant humor" }, { "start": 110.273, "duration": 5.213, "text": "and recommended bloodletting for just\nabout every ailment imaginable." }, { "start": 115.695, "duration": 4.629, "text": "The practice flowed into the medieval\nIslamic and European world," }, { "start": 120.408, "duration": 4.337, "text": "with physicians discussing\nits do’s and don’ts extensively." }, { "start": 125.079, "duration": 2.503, "text": "It was to be avoided during cold weather," }, { "start": 127.665, "duration": 4.463, "text": "and certain body parts were to be used\nor bypassed" }, { "start": 132.128, "duration": 5.464, "text": "based on the lunar cycle, zodiac calendar,\nand location of the ailment." }, { "start": 138.467, "duration": 2.878, "text": "While on Crusade in the late 12th century," }, { "start": 141.345, "duration": 4.755, "text": "King Richard the Lionheart of England\npostponed negotiations" }, { "start": 146.142, "duration": 2.377, "text": "with Sultan Saladin’s envoy" }, { "start": 148.519, "duration": 4.88, "text": "to recover from one of his regular,\npreventative bloodletting sessions." }, { "start": 153.816, "duration": 5.714, "text": "In 1685, after King Charles II of England\nbegan convulsing," }, { "start": 159.78, "duration": 6.715, "text": "he was bled from multiple veins, barraged\nby enemas, emetics, and purgatives," }, { "start": 166.579, "duration": 4.546, "text": "and fed an elixir\ncontaining powdered human skulls." }, { "start": 171.5, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Despite bloodletting’s ubiquity,\nnot everyone was enthusiastic." }, { "start": 176.672, "duration": 5.839, "text": "In the feverish days preceding the poet\nLord Byron’s death in 1824," }, { "start": 182.637, "duration": 3.628, "text": "he called his physicians\na “set of butchers,”" }, { "start": 186.349, "duration": 5.547, "text": "as they went about draining\nsome 2.5 liters of his blood." }, { "start": 193.522, "duration": 4.338, "text": "So, why did bloodletting stick\naround so long?" }, { "start": 198.361, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Well, simply receiving care might\nhave led to perceived benefits" }, { "start": 203.407, "duration": 2.127, "text": "by way of the placebo effect." }, { "start": 205.868, "duration": 4.129, "text": "And although some bloodletters\nwere dangerously overzealous," }, { "start": 210.122, "duration": 3.587, "text": "modest bloodletting may\nnot have been all bad." }, { "start": 214.126, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Blood donors today give about\nhalf a liter of blood at a time," }, { "start": 218.673, "duration": 3.169, "text": "and some studies suggest\nthat regular donors" }, { "start": 221.968, "duration": 3.586, "text": "do see long-term cardiovascular benefits." }, { "start": 225.638, "duration": 5.547, "text": "It’s also theoretically possible that,\nwhen done sparingly and early on," }, { "start": 231.352, "duration": 5.672, "text": "bloodletting could help fight some\ninfections by reducing levels of iron," }, { "start": 237.108, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which infecting microbes use for energy." }, { "start": 240.653, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But back then, no one even knew\nthat pathogenic microbes existed yet," }, { "start": 245.616, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and bloodletting also caused infections." }, { "start": 249.578, "duration": 4.255, "text": "This problem became\nespecially pronounced in the 1700s," }, { "start": 253.958, "duration": 5.922, "text": "when the spring lancet was invented,\nwith its tough-to-clean retractable blade." }, { "start": 260.298, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Bloodletting gained popularity\nthroughout the 1700s." }, { "start": 264.719, "duration": 2.168, "text": "To supply the booming industry," }, { "start": 266.887, "duration": 2.92, "text": "leech catchers waded through boglands," }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 5.005, "text": "using themselves as well\nas animal meat and organs as bait." }, { "start": 275.229, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But bloodletting’s shortcomings\nbegan to show." }, { "start": 278.774, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Philadelphia physician and Declaration of\nIndependence signatory Benjamin Rush" }, { "start": 284.196, "duration": 2.92, "text": "was one of bloodletting’s biggest backers." }, { "start": 287.325, "duration": 4.045, "text": "He advocated for taking 80%\nof a patient's blood." }, { "start": 291.871, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Rush also tended to over\n100 patients daily," }, { "start": 296.042, "duration": 3.878, "text": "and his front yard became fetid\nand fly-infested" }, { "start": 299.92, "duration": 2.002, "text": "from all the tossed-out blood." }, { "start": 302.214, "duration": 3.838, "text": "In the 1790s, English journalist\nWilliam Cobbett" }, { "start": 306.052, "duration": 5.714, "text": "accused Rush of dramatically increasing\nPhiladelphia’s daily mortality rates," }, { "start": 311.891, "duration": 3.712, "text": "but Rush successfully sued Cobbett\nfor libel." }, { "start": 316.103, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Still, as late as 1836," }, { "start": 319.148, "duration": 5.756, "text": "the largest London leech suppliers\nwere importing around 600,000 leeches" }, { "start": 324.904, "duration": 2.21, "text": "for bloodletting every month." }, { "start": 327.49, "duration": 3.545, "text": "But as Cobbett and others\ndug into the data," }, { "start": 331.118, "duration": 4.505, "text": "bloodletting’s supposed benefits\nbecame all the more dubious." }, { "start": 335.706, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And by the 20th century,\nits use slowed to a trickle," }, { "start": 339.919, "duration": 4.546, "text": "when humoral theory was finally\nreplaced by germ theory," }, { "start": 344.548, "duration": 5.756, "text": "which demonstrated that many illnesses\nwere actually caused by microorganisms." }, { "start": 351.347, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Today, bloodletting is used to treat\ncertain blood disorders" }, { "start": 355.81, "duration": 1.626, "text": "like hemochromatosis," }, { "start": 357.52, "duration": 4.254, "text": "which causes dangerous levels of iron\nto build up in the bloodstream." }, { "start": 362.233, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But generally, bloodletting has\nbeen relegated" }, { "start": 365.236, "duration": 3.879, "text": "to the ranks of outdated,\nmisguided medical treatments," }, { "start": 369.115, "duration": 2.419, "text": "bled dry by progress." } ] }, { "video_id": "q5WEuoxYIac", "title": "How much do you really know about Ancient Rome? - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Explore 4 common misconceptions about Ancient Rome, and find out what living in this time period was actually like.\n\n--\n\nMinerva, the esteemed Roman goddess of reason, wisdom, handicrafts, and war, is judging a contest: duo vera et mendacium. Three brave contestants will put their knowledge about ancient Rome to the test. How much of what they know about the time period is actually true? And which contestant will come out on top? Stephanie Honchell Smith debunks four common misconceptions about Ancient Rome.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Raghav Arumugam.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-do-you-really-know-about-ancient-rome-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-do-you-really-know-about-ancient-rome-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, and Phyllis Dubrow.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-10T15:01:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The kingdom of Achinpur was on the\nprecipice of demonic takeover." }, { "start": 11.424, "duration": 4.755, "text": "A mysterious woman beguiled the king\nand infiltrated the royal family." }, { "start": 16.304, "duration": 2.043, "text": "But she wasn’t human;" }, { "start": 18.473, "duration": 4.087, "text": "she was the daughter of the matriarch\nof all rakkhoshes," }, { "start": 22.602, "duration": 3.003, "text": "a dreadful class of demons." }, { "start": 25.73, "duration": 6.34, "text": "And under her beautiful facade lurked\nan insatiable appetite for flesh." }, { "start": 32.403, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The king’s human queen\nbore him a son—" }, { "start": 35.448, "duration": 4.296, "text": "as did the demon queen,\npassing her powers on to him." }, { "start": 40.036, "duration": 4.796, "text": "The two princes came to be known\nas Neelkamal and Lalkamal." }, { "start": 44.957, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Their bewitched father was distant," }, { "start": 47.043, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and their mothers couldn’t have\nbeen more different—" }, { "start": 49.504, "duration": 2.377, "text": "but they were inseparable." }, { "start": 52.256, "duration": 2.837, "text": "Neelkamal fiercely protected Lalkamal." }, { "start": 55.384, "duration": 1.127, "text": "As the brothers grew, " }, { "start": 56.511, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the rakkhoshi queen secretly devoured\nthe palace’s elephants and horses" }, { "start": 61.307, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and drained Lalkamal’s mother of life." }, { "start": 64.685, "duration": 5.005, "text": "But it was only when Neelkamal found his\nbrother in a demon’s clutches one night," }, { "start": 69.732, "duration": 5.047, "text": "the king paralyzed nearby, that he\nrealized his mother’s true nature—" }, { "start": 75.154, "duration": 3.879, "text": "just before she managed\nto devour the brothers." }, { "start": 79.2, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But soon she regurgitated a pair\nof metal eggs" }, { "start": 82.87, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and hid them in the remote bamboo grove\nof a distant kingdom." }, { "start": 86.833, "duration": 4.462, "text": "She didn’t realize that Neelkamal\nand Lalkamal had evaded death" }, { "start": 91.42, "duration": 2.503, "text": "encapsulated in the eggs." }, { "start": 94.132, "duration": 5.505, "text": "With Achinpur under her full control,\nrakkhoshes hunted humans freely." }, { "start": 102.265, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Finally, one day, the princes\nburst from the eggs," }, { "start": 105.268, "duration": 5.589, "text": "determined to defeat the rakkhoshi queen\nand end the scourge of demons." }, { "start": 111.44, "duration": 5.715, "text": "First, they came upon a land terrorized\nby lesser monsters called khokkoshes," }, { "start": 117.155, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and staked out an area they frequented—" }, { "start": 120.241, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Lalkamal standing guard\nas Neelkamal slept." }, { "start": 125.329, "duration": 5.422, "text": "That night, the khokkoshes approached\nand asked who was within." }, { "start": 130.835, "duration": 1.543, "text": "As the brothers had agreed," }, { "start": 132.378, "duration": 4.546, "text": "the first word Lalkamal uttered\nwas Neelkamal’s name." }, { "start": 137.175, "duration": 3.211, "text": "It made the monsters quake with fear," }, { "start": 140.386, "duration": 4.838, "text": "for they knew Neelkamal was the son\nof a powerful rakkhoshi." }, { "start": 145.6, "duration": 2.294, "text": "To make the ruse more convincing," }, { "start": 147.935, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Lalkamal stuck the tip of Neelkamal’s\ncrown through a small crack" }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 1.669, "text": "and said it was his fingernail," }, { "start": 154.108, "duration": 4.588, "text": "sprayed scalding oil from a lamp\nand called it Neelkamal’s spit," }, { "start": 158.779, "duration": 3.337, "text": " and presented a sword he said\nwas Neelkamal’s tongue." }, { "start": 162.241, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Pricked by the crown, burned by the oil,\nand cut by the sword," }, { "start": 166.287, "duration": 1.877, "text": "the khokkoshes retreated." }, { "start": 168.456, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But when they returned and again asked\nwho was inside," }, { "start": 172.21, "duration": 5.839, "text": "Lalkamal, half asleep, accidentally\nuttered his name first." }, { "start": 178.841, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The khokkoshes burst in, waking Neelkamal," }, { "start": 182.094, "duration": 2.878, "text": "whose sword soon slayed them all." }, { "start": 187.141, "duration": 2.461, "text": "The rakkhoshi queen heard the news" }, { "start": 189.685, "duration": 4.255, "text": "and sent an anonymous message to the\nkingdom of the princes’ victory." }, { "start": 194.315, "duration": 4.963, "text": "It said Achinpur’s king was ill\nand the only cure" }, { "start": 199.278, "duration": 3.879, "text": "was oil from a rakkhoshi head." }, { "start": 205.034, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In order to destroy the demon’s source\nof life— and save their father’s—" }, { "start": 209.08, "duration": 4.421, "text": "the princes sharpen their swords\nand journeyed to Rakkhosher desh," }, { "start": 213.501, "duration": 1.835, "text": "the rakkhoshi homeland." }, { "start": 216.879, "duration": 2.753, "text": "When they arrived,\nthey weren’t slaughtered," }, { "start": 219.632, "duration": 2.002, "text": "as the rakkhoshi queen had hoped." }, { "start": 221.842, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Instead, they remained inconspicuous\nas Neelkamal called for his grandmother," }, { "start": 226.43, "duration": 1.377, "text": "the monster matriarch." }, { "start": 228.057, "duration": 5.214, "text": "She asked them to prove they were\nher grandchildren by eating iron peas," }, { "start": 233.312, "duration": 1.919, "text": "which Neelkamal did effortlessly" }, { "start": 235.231, "duration": 4.629, "text": "as Lalkamal munched on secretly\nsubstituted chickpeas." }, { "start": 240.736, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Successfully fooled, the rakkhoshi\nmatriarch welcomed the brothers." }, { "start": 245.032, "duration": 3.921, "text": "They feigned fear that the rakkhoshes\nwould eat them if she went away." }, { "start": 248.953, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But she reassured them that nothing\nwould happen to her," }, { "start": 252.248, "duration": 4.629, "text": "for at the bottom of a deep well\nwas a box holding two hornets—" }, { "start": 256.877, "duration": 3.754, "text": "one containing her daughter,\nthe rakkhoshi queen’s life;" }, { "start": 260.631, "duration": 5.005, "text": "the other containing all remaining\nrakkhoshi lifeforce." }, { "start": 265.761, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Once the rakkhoshes went hunting," }, { "start": 267.722, "duration": 3.044, "text": "the brothers took the opportunity\nto find the well," }, { "start": 270.766, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and Neelkamal plunged\nin to retrieve the box." }, { "start": 275.479, "duration": 4.713, "text": "The rakkhoshes sensed danger as soon\nas the hornets touched open air." }, { "start": 280.192, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But they couldn’t reach the princes before\nNeelkamal killed the first hornet," }, { "start": 284.238, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and the rakkhoshes fell, lifeless." }, { "start": 287.491, "duration": 5.172, "text": "The princes finally returned to Achinpur\non the backs of divine birds." }, { "start": 292.913, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Following the message’s instructions,\nthey carried a rakkhoshi head with them—" }, { "start": 297.626, "duration": 1.585, "text": "the matriarch’s." }, { "start": 301.63, "duration": 4.63, "text": "When she saw, the rakkhoshi queen\nnearly fainted in shock—" }, { "start": 306.26, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and Neelkamal swiftly killed\nthe second hornet." }, { "start": 316.145, "duration": 4.922, "text": "At last, Achinpur’s king resurfaced\nfrom the demon’s spell" }, { "start": 321.067, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and the kingdom was free\nof invading evils." } ] }, { "video_id": "nLgt4Z5L8XI", "title": "How do drugs make you hallucinate? - Anees Bahji", "description": "Dig into the science of how psychedelic drugs affect your brain, and how they could be used for psychiatric treatment.\n\n--\n\nIn 1943, chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally exposed himself to a drug he derived from ergot fungus and recorded its unexpected, mind-altering effects. The drug, lysergic acid diethylamide— or LSD— was soon heralded for its psychiatric potential. But how do LSD and other psychedelic drugs affect the body? And can they actually be medicinal? Anees Bahji explores the science of psychedelics.\n\nLesson by Anees Bahji, directed by Rowena Sheehan.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-psychedelics-treat-mental-health-disorders-anees-bahji\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-psychedelics-treat-mental-health-disorders-anees-bahji/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.rowenasheehan.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, and Geoffrey Bultitude.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-05T15:01:23Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 9.338, "duration": 2.753, "text": "It’s daybreak in the city of Chan Chan," }, { "start": 12.091, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and Maxo, a former soldier,\nhas been up all night fretting." }, { "start": 17.472, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Last night, a friend stopped by and\ninstructed Maxo to go to the plaza" }, { "start": 22.018, "duration": 3.628, "text": "in the artisan neighborhood at noon\nfor an important message." }, { "start": 25.813, "duration": 2.169, "text": "But with the recent political turmoil," }, { "start": 27.982, "duration": 2.961, "text": "answering this mysterious summons\nwill be dangerous." }, { "start": 32.779, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Situated on the north coast\nof modern-day Peru," }, { "start": 35.656, "duration": 1.377, "text": "for hundreds of years," }, { "start": 37.033, "duration": 4.421, "text": "this adobe brick metropolis was\nthe seat of the Chimú Empire," }, { "start": 41.454, "duration": 3.712, "text": "the most powerful empire ever seen\non this continent—" }, { "start": 45.166, "duration": 1.335, "text": "until now." }, { "start": 47.46, "duration": 4.212, "text": "This morning, the sleeping city looks,\nin many ways, the same as ever." }, { "start": 52.131, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Its ten palaces have decorative walls that\nkeep ordinary people like Maxo out," }, { "start": 57.595, "duration": 3.337, "text": "but he doesn’t need to enter\nto know that the rulers inside" }, { "start": 60.932, "duration": 2.627, "text": "no longer truly represent his people." }, { "start": 63.851, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Instead, the Incas rule here now," }, { "start": 66.854, "duration": 2.378, "text": "after defeating the Chimú army." }, { "start": 69.649, "duration": 5.38, "text": "They took the Chimú king, Minchancaman,\nto the Inca capital of Cusco" }, { "start": 75.029, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and married him to an Inca princess." }, { "start": 77.74, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Now, though one of Minchancaman’s sons\nstill sits on the throne," }, { "start": 81.994, "duration": 4.338, "text": "he must do as the Incas wish\nbecause his father is their hostage." }, { "start": 88.459, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Maxo hurries past the palaces,\nfollowing a canal to his destination." }, { "start": 93.548, "duration": 3.92, "text": "An elaborate network of canals\nbring water from the Andean highlands" }, { "start": 97.468, "duration": 1.293, "text": "to this desert city." }, { "start": 99.47, "duration": 5.214, "text": "The plaza is bustling, but to Maxo’s eyes,\nit’s a shadow of what it used to be." }, { "start": 105.017, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Before the conquest,\nChan Chan was a trade hub," }, { "start": 108.563, "duration": 2.168, "text": "with llamas bringing goods\nfrom the highlands," }, { "start": 110.731, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and thousands of artisans—\nincluding expert goldsmiths" }, { "start": 114.819, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and artists who turned the feathers\nof macaws and exotic birds" }, { "start": 118.865, "duration": 1.543, "text": "into beautiful clothing." }, { "start": 120.992, "duration": 1.585, "text": "All this is gone now:" }, { "start": 122.577, "duration": 2.877, "text": "the Incas took the artisans away to Cusco." }, { "start": 126.038, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Inca spies could be anywhere," }, { "start": 127.999, "duration": 4.171, "text": "so to blend in, Maxo approaches a man\npeddling seafood." }, { "start": 132.17, "duration": 3.503, "text": "As he barters for fresh fish,\na priest taps his shoulder." }, { "start": 135.798, "duration": 2.795, "text": "He silently beckons Maxo to follow him." }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 3.045, "text": "As they wind through the empty\nartisan’s homes," }, { "start": 142.805, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Maxo fears a trap." }, { "start": 144.891, "duration": 2.585, "text": "When the priest leads him\nthrough a dark doorway," }, { "start": 147.476, "duration": 1.794, "text": "he even draws his knife." }, { "start": 149.478, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But when he sees what’s on the other side,\nhe drops it." }, { "start": 153.399, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Gathered in front of him are influential\npeople from all over the city and beyond:" }, { "start": 158.362, "duration": 3.003, "text": "nobility, local political\nand religious leaders," }, { "start": 161.365, "duration": 3.546, "text": "even a few familiar faces from the army—\nwhat’s left of it." }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 3.753, "text": "They've been secretly working on a plan\nthat could change everything." }, { "start": 169.165, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Leaders from all over the\nformer Chimú Empire" }, { "start": 172.376, "duration": 3.045, "text": "are waiting to see what happens here,\nin Chan Chan." }, { "start": 175.588, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Tonight, they will rebel\nagainst the Incas," }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 4.129, "text": "attacking the Inca soldiers posted\nat the old fortress down the road," }, { "start": 182.261, "duration": 2.294, "text": "site of the final battle in the war." }, { "start": 185.64, "duration": 1.835, "text": "They want Maxo to join them." }, { "start": 187.475, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Actually, they need Maxo to join them." }, { "start": 189.852, "duration": 4.755, "text": "As the only survivor of the last battle,\nhe alone knows the layout of the site." }, { "start": 195.65, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Maxo isn't sure he can face the place\nwhere so many of his friends died." }, { "start": 200.196, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And what about their king,\nhostage in Cusco?" }, { "start": 202.907, "duration": 2.336, "text": "If they rebel,\nwon’t the Incas kill him?" }, { "start": 205.826, "duration": 2.837, "text": "In response, a young man steps\nout of the shadows:" }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 1.836, "text": "King Minchancaman’s son." }, { "start": 210.915, "duration": 2.919, "text": "He explained that a rumor has arrived\nfrom Cusco," }, { "start": 213.834, "duration": 2.169, "text": "that the king is already dead." }, { "start": 216.003, "duration": 4.38, "text": "So the time for rebellion is now,\nand the young prince will lead it." }, { "start": 221.384, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The prince’s speech is enough\nto convince Maxo." }, { "start": 225.221, "duration": 2.419, "text": "As he follows the canals home to prepare," }, { "start": 227.64, "duration": 3.086, "text": "he remembers how the Incas\ncut off the water supply," }, { "start": 230.726, "duration": 3.921, "text": "but Chan Chan survived on its\ndeep, independent wells." }, { "start": 235.356, "duration": 4.129, "text": "He hopes his city has one more reserve\nof strength to draw from." }, { "start": 240.361, "duration": 4.338, "text": "In 2016, the mummified remains of a man\nfrom this period" }, { "start": 244.699, "duration": 2.46, "text": "were discovered just outside Chan Chan." }, { "start": 247.285, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Many details of the rebellion\nand who was behind it" }, { "start": 250.037, "duration": 2.086, "text": "remain mysteries and best guesses." }, { "start": 252.29, "duration": 3.878, "text": "What we do know is that afterward,\nthe Incas burned Chan Chan," }, { "start": 256.252, "duration": 1.501, "text": "killing many of its residents" }, { "start": 257.753, "duration": 2.92, "text": "and scattering others\nthroughout the Inca Empire." }, { "start": 260.881, "duration": 3.129, "text": "Just decades later,\nthe Inca Empire itself fell," }, { "start": 264.01, "duration": 1.96, "text": "conquered by Spanish forces." }, { "start": 267.221, "duration": 3.462, "text": "As for our mummy, after surviving\nmany battle wounds," }, { "start": 270.808, "duration": 3.837, "text": "he likely lived to an old age\nand died of natural causes." } ] }, { "video_id": "4-ZjscuQCX0", "title": "Why do so many cultures have dragon legends? - Timothy J. Burbery", "description": "Discover the origins of dragon legends, and find out how geological events could have inspired these stories in ancient civilizations.\n\n--\n\nFrom the Chinese Loong to the Filipino Bakunawa, the Scottish Beithir and the Greek Hydra, dragons have inflamed imaginations for millennia. Their ubiquity across world mythology has led many scholars to ponder their possible origins. Could it be that tales of dragons were crafted to make sense of violent weather events? Timothy J. Burbery shares what geomythology has uncovered about dragons.\n\nLesson by Timothy J. Burbery, directed by Sailesh Gopalan, Lanlan Studios.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-so-many-cultures-have-dragon-legends-timothy-j-burbery\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-so-many-cultures-have-dragon-legends-timothy-j-burbery/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.lanlan.in\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, and Talia Sari.", "publishedAt": "2025-06-03T15:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 9.422, "duration": 3.128, "text": "After snatching the sea dragon’s\nmystical weapon," }, { "start": 12.55, "duration": 5.047, "text": "outsmarting the lords of death and\nsecuring immortality for his followers," }, { "start": 17.68, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Sun Wukong had truly earned\nhis title as the Monkey King." }, { "start": 22.602, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But while his disciples loved\ntheir roguish leader," }, { "start": 25.897, "duration": 3.587, "text": "his misadventures had spread\nchaos throughout the land." }, { "start": 29.692, "duration": 3.462, "text": "The Jade Emperor, watching\nfrom his throne in Heaven," }, { "start": 33.154, "duration": 2.461, "text": "decided he would no longer stand by" }, { "start": 35.74, "duration": 3.628, "text": "as this monkey wreaked havoc\nacross his domain." }, { "start": 39.744, "duration": 2.002, "text": "After consulting with his aide, " }, { "start": 41.788, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the Emperor decided the best way\nto maintain order" }, { "start": 45.083, "duration": 3.128, "text": "was to keep a close eye on Sun Wukong." }, { "start": 48.586, "duration": 5.714, "text": "So, he invited the Monkey King to serve\nas supervisor of the imperial stables." }, { "start": 54.759, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Sun Wukong jumped at what he thought\nwas a prestigious job in Heaven." }, { "start": 59.68, "duration": 3.462, "text": "He began working diligently\nto care for Heaven’s horses," }, { "start": 63.142, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and for a time, the Emperor’s plan\nappeared to be working." }, { "start": 67.772, "duration": 6.131, "text": "But eventually, Sun Wukong realized\nhis job was the lowest rank imaginable." }, { "start": 74.237, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Deeply offended, he whipped\nout his shapeshifting staff" }, { "start": 77.824, "duration": 2.752, "text": "and transformed it into an iron cudgel." }, { "start": 80.743, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Blasting his way back to Earth," }, { "start": 82.912, "duration": 5.172, "text": "he erected a great banner proclaiming\nthe job title he felt entitled to." }, { "start": 88.501, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Furious, the Emperor dispatched\nhis heavenly troops" }, { "start": 91.838, "duration": 2.711, "text": "to bring the Monkey King\nback under control." }, { "start": 94.715, "duration": 5.214, "text": "But even his army’s shapeshifting general\nwas no match for Sun Wukong." }, { "start": 100.346, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Using his guile, the Monkey King\nbested his opponents," }, { "start": 104.183, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and the Jade Emperor was forced\nto offer him the post he desired." }, { "start": 108.688, "duration": 5.589, "text": "He reinstated Sun Wukong in Heaven,\nthis time in an opulent mansion." }, { "start": 114.777, "duration": 4.838, "text": "From his new home, the Monkey King\nthrew himself into a life of leisure—" }, { "start": 119.74, "duration": 4.13, "text": "exploring the realms and socializing\nwith various deities." }, { "start": 124.036, "duration": 4.713, "text": "But the Jade Emperor was still concerned\nabout his guest’s chaotic nature." }, { "start": 129.041, "duration": 3.379, "text": "To keep him busy, he asked\nSun Wukong to protect" }, { "start": 132.42, "duration": 3.086, "text": "the sacred Garden of Immortal Peaches." }, { "start": 135.798, "duration": 4.463, "text": "At this task, the Monkey King\nfailed spectacularly." }, { "start": 140.803, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But gorging on fruit did\nkeep him occupied..." }, { "start": 144.348, "duration": 4.463, "text": "until he spotted fairies collecting\nthe peaches for a Grand Festival." }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Despite his official role, Sun Wukong\nhadn’t been invited to the celebration," }, { "start": 153.983, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and he quickly hatched a plan\nto get his revenge." }, { "start": 157.57, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Transforming a few of his hairs\ninto sleep-inducing insects," }, { "start": 162.241, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the Monkey King incapacitated\nthe Emperor’s servants" }, { "start": 165.536, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and consumed the entire feast himself." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Bloated with food and wine,\nSun Wukong stumbled towards his mansion." }, { "start": 174.378, "duration": 6.048, "text": "But in his drunken stupor, he ended up\nat the palace of the Daoist leader Laozi." }, { "start": 181.302, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Sun Wukong giddily explored\nLaozi’s deserted home," }, { "start": 185.348, "duration": 4.713, "text": "and in the alchemical room,\nhe found a particularly tempting treasure:" }, { "start": 190.519, "duration": 3.838, "text": "five gourds filled with golden elixir." }, { "start": 194.941, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Sensing the medicine was sacred,\nhe vowed only to sneak a taste—" }, { "start": 199.528, "duration": 3.504, "text": "but soon he was surrounded\nby empty vessels." }, { "start": 203.491, "duration": 2.502, "text": "The elixir instantly sobered him up," }, { "start": 205.993, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and suddenly Sun Wukong knew\nhe’d gone too far." }, { "start": 209.747, "duration": 5.756, "text": "To avoid Laozi’s legendary wrath, he\ncaught the nearest cloud back to Earth." }, { "start": 215.544, "duration": 4.547, "text": "But it didn’t take long for the Emperor\nto uncover his trail of chaos." }, { "start": 220.216, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Vowing to subdue Sun Wukong\nonce and for all," }, { "start": 223.386, "duration": 3.545, "text": "he called on his nephew Erlang Shen." }, { "start": 227.306, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Erlang Shen was known throughout\nthe realms for his heroic feats" }, { "start": 231.519, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and ability to see through any illusion." }, { "start": 234.73, "duration": 3.254, "text": "He and Sun Wukong began a great battle," }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 4.587, "text": "transforming into all manner of beasts\nin their attempts to best one another." }, { "start": 242.989, "duration": 5.255, "text": "The fight was fearsome, but Sun Wukong’s\nquick wits kept him one step ahead—" }, { "start": 248.411, "duration": 3.837, "text": "until Laozi’s bracelet struck him\nfrom the heavens." }, { "start": 252.873, "duration": 4.296, "text": "This stumble was all Erlang Shen needed\nto capture the Monkey King" }, { "start": 257.169, "duration": 1.877, "text": "and deliver him to Laozi." }, { "start": 259.964, "duration": 5.255, "text": "The religious leader imprisoned Sun Wukong\nin a white-hot brazier," }, { "start": 265.428, "duration": 2.878, "text": "cooking him for 49 days." }, { "start": 268.681, "duration": 5.839, "text": "But when Laozi opened the lid,\na pair of burning eyes stared back at him." }, { "start": 275.021, "duration": 4.963, "text": "The golden elixir had made\nSun Wukong’s body indestructible," }, { "start": 280.234, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and he rose from the pot\nstronger than ever." }, { "start": 283.946, "duration": 4.421, "text": "At this terrifying triumph,\nthe Jade Emperor despaired." }, { "start": 288.534, "duration": 4.588, "text": "He’d tried tricking, appeasing,\nand battling Sun Wukong—" }, { "start": 293.289, "duration": 2.586, "text": "but it had only led to more chaos." }, { "start": 296.876, "duration": 5.38, "text": "It seemed that only the greatest power\nin the world could defeat the Monkey King—" }, { "start": 302.798, "duration": 3.921, "text": "it was time for Buddha himself\nto intervene." } ] }, { "video_id": "MNw9x53Ybos", "title": "Would you eat a ghost pepper for a prize? - Dan Kwartler", "description": "Dig into how your age can affect your decision making, and explore the psychology of how we weigh risks against rewards.\n\n--\n\nWelcome to Risky Business, the game where we find out how far people will go to win a prize! Today’s contestants are a 21 year-old, a 16 year-old, and a 12 year-old. They'll compete in a series of three challenges: eating ghost pepper cookies, swimming in honey, and crossing a balance beam over poison ivy. Who will win? Dan Kwartler takes a look at how people at different ages make decisions.\n\nLesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by Michalis Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-eat-this-painfully-hot-pepper-to-win-a-prize-dan-kwartler\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-eat-this-painfully-hot-pepper-to-win-a-prize-dan-kwartler/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, and Nathan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-29T15:00:51Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 11.966, "duration": 3.378, "text": "“A candle is made to become\nentirely flame." }, { "start": 15.47, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In that annihilating moment\nit has no shadow.”" }, { "start": 20.058, "duration": 5.046, "text": "According to legend, the renowned scholar,\nJalaluddin Muhammad Rumi," }, { "start": 25.104, "duration": 4.296, "text": "was giving a lecture when an older,\ndisheveled man approached" }, { "start": 29.4, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and asked him the meaning\nof his academic books." }, { "start": 32.403, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Rumi didn’t know it yet,\nbut this question and this man" }, { "start": 36.365, "duration": 1.46, "text": "would change his life." }, { "start": 38.618, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Annoyed at the interruption, Rumi snapped," }, { "start": 41.913, "duration": 2.627, "text": "“They are something that\nyou do not understand!”" }, { "start": 45.041, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Suddenly, the books caught fire." }, { "start": 47.627, "duration": 4.171, "text": "The man looked back at the astounded Rumi\nand simply replied:" }, { "start": 51.964, "duration": 2.378, "text": "“You couldn’t possibly understand.”" }, { "start": 54.675, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The mysterious figure was Shams of Tabriz," }, { "start": 57.845, "duration": 4.63, "text": "a charismatic Sufi mystic who would\ntransform Rumi's worldview." }, { "start": 62.767, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Rumi, inspired by Shams’ teachings," }, { "start": 65.77, "duration": 3.795, "text": "would go on to become one of the world’s\nmost celebrated poets" }, { "start": 69.565, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and mystical philosophers," }, { "start": 71.4, "duration": 5.297, "text": "whose cultural legacy looms large across\nTürkiye and the Persian-speaking world." }, { "start": 77.198, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Rumi was born in 1207\nnear the Afghan city of Balkh," }, { "start": 82.161, "duration": 5.673, "text": "and as a child emigrated to Anatolia,\nwhere his father— a preacher and mystic—" }, { "start": 87.875, "duration": 2.753, "text": "hoped to secure a more\nprestigious position." }, { "start": 91.003, "duration": 2.128, "text": "By the time of Shams’ arrival," }, { "start": 93.172, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Rumi was a well-respected scholar\nof Islamic law in the town of Konya." }, { "start": 97.969, "duration": 2.544, "text": "While he had been exposed to Sufism—" }, { "start": 100.513, "duration": 4.838, "text": "the mystical path within Islam,\nwhich focuses on experiencing God’s love—" }, { "start": 105.685, "duration": 1.877, "text": "he’d shown little interest in it." }, { "start": 107.687, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But this changed in his late thirties,\nwhen Shams came into his life." }, { "start": 112.316, "duration": 5.214, "text": "The academic study of law and theology\nwas no longer Rumi's central focus." }, { "start": 117.738, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Rather, he saw them as candles guiding\nthe way towards his ultimate goal:" }, { "start": 122.827, "duration": 5.13, "text": "the reunification of his soul with God\nthrough the experience of divine love." }, { "start": 128.374, "duration": 2.795, "text": "He wrote of this tension\nin his native Persian," }, { "start": 131.502, "duration": 6.507, "text": "“Love resides not in learning,\nnot in knowledge, not in pages and books." }, { "start": 138.217, "duration": 5.214, "text": "Wherever the debates of men may lead,\nthat is not the lover’s path.”" }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 3.879, "text": "While Sufism had been part\nof Islamic observance for centuries," }, { "start": 148.227, "duration": 5.005, "text": "the practices of some Sufis—\nfrom ecstatic dancing to composing poetry—" }, { "start": 153.274, "duration": 3.295, "text": "were looked down upon by conservative\nreligious elites." }, { "start": 156.903, "duration": 4.254, "text": "As Rumi increasingly embraced Sufism\nunder Shams’ influence," }, { "start": 161.157, "duration": 2.586, "text": "many of his earlier followers disapproved." }, { "start": 164.243, "duration": 4.63, "text": "When Shams suddenly disappeared,\nsuspicions arose that he'd been murdered." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Rumi expressed his devastation\nthrough poetry:" }, { "start": 172.251, "duration": 5.798, "text": "“He bathed us like a candle in his light;\nin thin air vanished, left us!”" }, { "start": 178.591, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Rather than turning away from Sufism,\nRumi became more devoted," }, { "start": 183.137, "duration": 4.171, "text": "participating in ritualized dancing\nand preaching the religion of love" }, { "start": 187.391, "duration": 3.17, "text": "through lectures, poetry, and prose." }, { "start": 190.811, "duration": 4.797, "text": "And while Shams would never return,\nRumi continued to share his teachings," }, { "start": 195.816, "duration": 4.463, "text": "seeing himself as the moon\nreflecting the light of Shams’ sun." }, { "start": 200.821, "duration": 4.463, "text": "While in his mystical states,\nhe composed the “Divan-i-Shams,”" }, { "start": 205.409, "duration": 2.795, "text": "a sprawling collection of lyrical poems" }, { "start": 208.287, "duration": 4.254, "text": "that included many of the sayings\nfor which he is famous today." }, { "start": 212.875, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The work expresses intense feelings\nof love and longing," }, { "start": 216.796, "duration": 4.421, "text": "not only for his vanished mentor,\nbut for the divine creator." }, { "start": 221.842, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Over time, Rumi's poetry matured." }, { "start": 225.221, "duration": 3.17, "text": "He no longer saw himself\nas a reflection of Shams," }, { "start": 228.516, "duration": 2.461, "text": "but as a beacon of light on his own." }, { "start": 231.31, "duration": 3.462, "text": "In his early fifties,\nRumi wrote “Masnavi,”" }, { "start": 234.855, "duration": 3.254, "text": "which shifts from ecstatic expressions\nof divine love" }, { "start": 238.15, "duration": 3.504, "text": "to verses that guide others\nto discover it for themselves." }, { "start": 241.821, "duration": 2.335, "text": "The poems are complex and layered," }, { "start": 244.282, "duration": 5.922, "text": "incorporating ideas, stories, and quotes\nfrom Islamic religious texts," }, { "start": 250.371, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Arabic and Persian literature,\nand earlier Sufi writings and poetry." }, { "start": 255.543, "duration": 4.463, "text": "In one story, he invokes the well-known\ncharacters of Layla" }, { "start": 260.006, "duration": 1.793, "text": "and the love-crazed Majnun." }, { "start": 262.425, "duration": 2.252, "text": "In Rumi’s version, the king," }, { "start": 264.677, "duration": 3.67, "text": "hearing Majnun’s musings\non Layla’s unsurpassed beauty," }, { "start": 268.347, "duration": 1.502, "text": "demands to see her." }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But when Layla arrives, he’s confused," }, { "start": 272.977, "duration": 3.628, "text": "as her beauty pales in comparison\nto Majnun's praises." }, { "start": 276.689, "duration": 6.34, "text": "To this, Layla replies, “I am Layla.\nThe problem is you are not Majnun.”" }, { "start": 283.654, "duration": 5.756, "text": "For Rumi, experiencing love meant opening\nhis heart to all of God’s creation—" }, { "start": 289.535, "duration": 4.838, "text": "looking at everything and everyone\nlike Majnun gazing upon Layla." }, { "start": 294.457, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In this way, he saw romantic love\nas an expression—" }, { "start": 298.377, "duration": 2.628, "text": "on a smaller scale— of divine love." }, { "start": 301.464, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Following Rumi’s death, the Mevlevi Sufi\norder was established around his teachings" }, { "start": 307.136, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and still exists in Türkiye today." }, { "start": 310.181, "duration": 4.796, "text": "His poems and other writings were copied\nand dispersed across the Islamic world," }, { "start": 315.144, "duration": 2.669, "text": "inspiring and shaping Persian poetry," }, { "start": 317.855, "duration": 3.754, "text": "before being introduced to the West\nin the 19th century." }, { "start": 321.817, "duration": 3.754, "text": "For generations, his works have been\nread and reread," }, { "start": 325.78, "duration": 5.046, "text": "translated and reinterpreted,\ndrawing admirers from around the world." }, { "start": 331.118, "duration": 5.631, "text": "While Rumi's words reflect his specific\nhistorical context and Islamic worldview," }, { "start": 336.749, "duration": 3.003, "text": "for many, his message feels universal:" }, { "start": 339.877, "duration": 3.295, "text": "“If you have lost heart\nin the Path of Love," }, { "start": 343.631, "duration": 2.169, "text": "flee to me without delay:" }, { "start": 346.092, "duration": 2.794, "text": "I am a fortress invincible.”" } ] }, { "video_id": "rkXMdJY1SXQ", "title": "The trillion dollar paradox - George Zaidan", "description": "Explore the possibility of transitioning to a green economy, and if the trillion-dollar up-front cost is worth the investment.\n\n--\n\nGlobal warming is very, very expensive: extreme weather, rising sea levels, crop failures, health issues, and industry disruptions all cost money. So, what’s the best way forward? Is the estimated trillion-dollar price tag that comes with transitioning the world to clean energy worth the cost of investment? George Zaidan explores what it would take to become a green economy.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan, directed by Sofia Pashaei.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Michael Grubb who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-trillion-dollar-paradox-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-trillion-dollar-paradox-george-zaidan/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, and Cristóbal Moenne.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-27T15:00:01Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 5.046, "text": "In 1969, Dr. Donald Goodwin gathered\na group of study participants" }, { "start": 12.091, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and asked them each to recall the object\nhe'd shown them two minutes prior." }, { "start": 15.762, "duration": 1.001, "text": "The twist?" }, { "start": 16.763, "duration": 2.627, "text": "All the participants\nwere very intoxicated." }, { "start": 19.724, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Despite this, most could pay attention\nto the task" }, { "start": 22.393, "duration": 2.378, "text": "and correctly name the toy\nthey had just seen." }, { "start": 24.812, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Yet, when Donald asked them to recall\nthat object a mere 30 minutes later," }, { "start": 29.317, "duration": 2.169, "text": "half the participants drew a blank," }, { "start": 31.486, "duration": 2.961, "text": "having “blacked out” the earlier\nmoment entirely." }, { "start": 34.697, "duration": 3.504, "text": "This study illustrates the strange\nand somewhat selective effects" }, { "start": 38.201, "duration": 1.585, "text": "alcohol has on the brain." }, { "start": 39.827, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Many intoxicated people can perform\ncomplex tasks" }, { "start": 43.289, "duration": 3.462, "text": "like holding a detailed conversation\nor navigating a walk home." }, { "start": 47.085, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Yet for those experiencing what\nis known as a blackout," }, { "start": 50.755, "duration": 2.377, "text": "the memory of these events\nis quickly forgotten." }, { "start": 53.341, "duration": 2.627, "text": "So how does alcohol cause\nthese memory lapses?" }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 2.169, "text": "First, let's identify the culprit." }, { "start": 58.638, "duration": 4.296, "text": "While a single drink often contains\nhundreds of different chemical compounds," }, { "start": 62.934, "duration": 3.336, "text": "ethanol is responsible for alcohol's\neffects on the brain." }, { "start": 66.312, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Ethanol is lightweight and lipophilic," }, { "start": 68.689, "duration": 2.628, "text": "meaning its structure easily dissolves\ninto fats," }, { "start": 71.317, "duration": 3.128, "text": "like those in the membranes\nof the outer blood-brain barrier." }, { "start": 74.862, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Once inside the brain,\nethanol’s unique structure" }, { "start": 77.824, "duration": 5.088, "text": "allows it to bind to, interact, and affect\nmany different neuronal receptors," }, { "start": 82.912, "duration": 4.421, "text": "impairing pathways that allow you to make\ncareful decisions, control your impulses," }, { "start": 87.333, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and even manage your motor skills." }, { "start": 89.085, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And the networks that control memory\nseem to be especially sensitive" }, { "start": 93.047, "duration": 1.335, "text": "to alcohol’s effects." }, { "start": 94.59, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Typically, information about your\nsurroundings is taken in" }, { "start": 98.01, "duration": 2.586, "text": "by your sensory organs\nand sent to the brain." }, { "start": 100.763, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Neurons transfer this information\nto one another" }, { "start": 103.766, "duration": 2.753, "text": "via chemical messengers\ncalled neurotransmitters," }, { "start": 106.519, "duration": 4.004, "text": "which are released by one neuron\nand received by receptors at another." }, { "start": 110.773, "duration": 2.669, "text": "When a neurotransmitter\nbinds to a receptor," }, { "start": 113.442, "duration": 4.338, "text": "it unlocks an internal channel,\nallowing small ions to flow into the cell." }, { "start": 117.822, "duration": 3.337, "text": "If enough ions enter the cell,\nthe neuron fires," }, { "start": 121.159, "duration": 1.501, "text": "sending the signal forward." }, { "start": 122.994, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Through this process,\ndifferent regions of the brain" }, { "start": 125.705, "duration": 2.586, "text": "can communicate with one another\nin milliseconds," }, { "start": 128.291, "duration": 2.752, "text": "creating our moment-to-moment\nunderstanding of the world." }, { "start": 131.252, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But ethanol interacts with receptors," }, { "start": 133.754, "duration": 2.253, "text": "making it harder for neurons\nto communicate." }, { "start": 136.215, "duration": 3.671, "text": "While compromised, the brain is\nstill able to transfer information," }, { "start": 139.886, "duration": 3.169, "text": "which is why many intoxicated people\nseem somewhat capable" }, { "start": 143.055, "duration": 1.627, "text": "of performing basic tasks." }, { "start": 144.765, "duration": 2.753, "text": "In other words, brain function\nis highly impaired," }, { "start": 147.518, "duration": 1.543, "text": "but not completely broken." }, { "start": 149.103, "duration": 2.377, "text": "But memory storage is a different story." }, { "start": 151.731, "duration": 2.836, "text": "The transfer of\nmoment-to-moment understanding" }, { "start": 154.567, "duration": 3.462, "text": "to something we can remember\nis thought to depend on a process" }, { "start": 158.029, "duration": 3.503, "text": "called long-term potentiation, or LTP." }, { "start": 161.699, "duration": 2.002, "text": "LTP happens throughout the brain," }, { "start": 163.701, "duration": 2.878, "text": "but is especially important\nin learning and memory regions," }, { "start": 166.579, "duration": 2.461, "text": "like the neocortex and the hippocampus." }, { "start": 169.081, "duration": 1.252, "text": "During LTP," }, { "start": 170.333, "duration": 3.753, "text": "the firing of a neuron triggers\nphysical changes to its structure." }, { "start": 174.337, "duration": 3.545, "text": "For example, more receptors may be\nmoved to the cell's surface," }, { "start": 177.882, "duration": 3.545, "text": "making the neuron more sensitive\nto future signaling from its neighbors." }, { "start": 181.552, "duration": 2.836, "text": "These physical changes increase\nthe likelihood that a cell" }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 2.044, "text": "will fire again at that connection," }, { "start": 186.432, "duration": 2.586, "text": "strengthening the wiring between neurons." }, { "start": 189.06, "duration": 1.793, "text": "And through this stronger connection," }, { "start": 190.853, "duration": 2.336, "text": "it's thought that a stable\nmemory is formed." }, { "start": 193.731, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Yet studies suggest that ethanol has\na unique ability to disrupt LTP," }, { "start": 198.361, "duration": 2.919, "text": "blocking the physical changes\nneeded for memory formation." }, { "start": 201.489, "duration": 3.837, "text": "So, while moment-to-moment information\nis encoded and understood," }, { "start": 205.326, "duration": 2.419, "text": "the storage of that information\nis blunted," }, { "start": 207.745, "duration": 1.585, "text": "resulting in a blackout." }, { "start": 209.455, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Of course, not all levels of drinking\nresult in blackouts." }, { "start": 212.708, "duration": 3.879, "text": "They happen when the concentration\nof alcohol in the blood, or BAC," }, { "start": 216.587, "duration": 3.379, "text": "exceeds a certain level,\napproximately 0.16." }, { "start": 220.258, "duration": 1.376, "text": "But there’s no magic number." }, { "start": 221.634, "duration": 5.088, "text": "At slightly lower BACs, brownouts,\nor the spotty memory of events, can occur," }, { "start": 226.722, "duration": 3.754, "text": "as some neurons continue to function\nproperly while others fail." }, { "start": 230.601, "duration": 3.379, "text": "And drinking too much can cause\na person to pass out altogether." }, { "start": 234.397, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Other factors like dehydration level,\ngenetic differences, medications," }, { "start": 238.776, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and even how much you’ve eaten\ncan affect the likelihood of a blackout." }, { "start": 242.53, "duration": 2.627, "text": "And teenagers appear to be\nespecially vulnerable" }, { "start": 245.157, "duration": 3.337, "text": "due to the substantial changes\nin brain development during those years." }, { "start": 248.661, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Alcohol’s short-term effects\nusually don’t last longer" }, { "start": 251.58, "duration": 3.546, "text": "than the time it takes for their body\nto metabolize it, or about a day." }, { "start": 255.126, "duration": 4.671, "text": "But repeatedly over-drinking can damage\nneurons and permanently impair memory." }, { "start": 259.797, "duration": 2.711, "text": "It can also harm other organs\nlike the liver," }, { "start": 262.508, "duration": 2.669, "text": "which works overtime\nbreaking down alcohol." }, { "start": 265.511, "duration": 3.253, "text": "After all, experiencing a blackout\nor witnessing others" }, { "start": 268.764, "duration": 1.377, "text": "in this compromised state" }, { "start": 270.141, "duration": 3.211, "text": "can be a lot for your mind\nand body to process." } ] }, { "video_id": "zpOoBtFNYuw", "title": "When should you break a promise? - Sarah Stroud and Michael Vazquez", "description": "Puzzle through an ethical dilemma and decide: what responsibility do we have to honor the wishes of the dead?\n\n--\n\nFor decades, Yvonne and Zaina have been happily married and co-leading a non-profit. One day the couple is involved in a car accident, and on her deathbed, Yvonne asks Zaina to promise her two things. First, to continue financially supporting their non-profit. And second, to never remarry. Should Zaina be beholden to these promises? Sarah Stroud and Michael Vazquez explore this ethical dilemma.\n\nLesson by Sarah Stroud and Michael Vazquez, directed by Prashanti Aswani.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-ethical-dilemma-of-deathbed-wishes-sarah-stroud-and-michael-vazquez\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-ethical-dilemma-of-deathbed-wishes-sarah-stroud-and-michael-vazquez/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.prashantiaswani.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, and Aaron Henson.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-22T15:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Imagine opening a bag of chips only\nto find Santa Claus looking back at you." }, { "start": 11.924, "duration": 3.838, "text": "Or turning the corner to see\na smile as wide as a building." }, { "start": 16.345, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Humans see faces in all kinds\nof mundane objects," }, { "start": 19.724, "duration": 1.626, "text": "but these faces aren’t real—" }, { "start": 21.35, "duration": 4.588, "text": "they’re illusions due to a phenomenon\nknown as face pareidolia." }, { "start": 26.355, "duration": 4.922, "text": "So why exactly does this happen, and how\nfar can this distortion of reality go?" }, { "start": 31.986, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Humans are social animals," }, { "start": 33.821, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and reading faces is an important part\nof our ability to understand each other." }, { "start": 38.034, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Even a glimpse of someone's face can help\nyou determine if you've met them before," }, { "start": 42.08, "duration": 2.877, "text": "what mood they’re in,\nand if they’re paying attention to you." }, { "start": 45.166, "duration": 3.17, "text": "We even use facial features\nto make snap-judgments" }, { "start": 48.336, "duration": 3.462, "text": "about a person’s potential trustworthiness\nor aggression." }, { "start": 52.256, "duration": 2.169, "text": "To capture all this vital information," }, { "start": 54.425, "duration": 4.004, "text": "humans have evolved to be very sensitive\nto face-like structures." }, { "start": 58.846, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Whenever we see something," }, { "start": 60.431, "duration": 3.962, "text": "our brain immediately starts working\nto identify the new visual stimuli" }, { "start": 64.393, "duration": 2.67, "text": "based on our expectations\nand prior knowledge." }, { "start": 67.355, "duration": 2.085, "text": "And since faces are so important," }, { "start": 69.44, "duration": 2.336, "text": "humans have evolved several regions\nof the brain" }, { "start": 71.776, "duration": 3.879, "text": "that enable us to identify them\nfaster than other visual stimuli." }, { "start": 75.905, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Whereas recognizing most objects takes\nour brain around a quarter of a second," }, { "start": 80.535, "duration": 3.336, "text": "we can detect a face\nin just a tenth of a second." }, { "start": 84.58, "duration": 4.255, "text": "It makes sense that we'd prioritize\nidentifying faces over everything else." }, { "start": 88.835, "duration": 2.585, "text": "But brain imaging studies \nhave revealed that regions" }, { "start": 91.42, "duration": 2.42, "text": "may actually be too sensitive," }, { "start": 94.09, "duration": 3.086, "text": "leading them to find faces\nwhere they don’t exist." }, { "start": 97.76, "duration": 3.629, "text": "In one study, participants reported\nseeing illusory faces" }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 4.045, "text": "in over 35% of pure-noise images\nshown to them," }, { "start": 105.434, "duration": 2.42, "text": "despite the fact that nothing was there." }, { "start": 108.813, "duration": 4.212, "text": "It might seem concerning that our brains\ncan be so wrong so often," }, { "start": 113.025, "duration": 3.337, "text": "but these illusory faces\nmight actually be a byproduct" }, { "start": 116.362, "duration": 3.086, "text": "of something evolutionarily advantageous." }, { "start": 119.74, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Since processing all the visual input\nwe encounter quickly and correctly" }, { "start": 123.995, "duration": 2.878, "text": "is an enormous computational\neffort for the brain," }, { "start": 126.998, "duration": 4.337, "text": "this kind of hypersensitivity might\nact as a useful shortcut." }, { "start": 131.752, "duration": 3.754, "text": "After all, seeing illusory faces\nis usually harmless," }, { "start": 135.506, "duration": 3.921, "text": "while missing a real face can\nlead to serious issues." }, { "start": 140.136, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But for hypersensitivity to be\nmore helpful than harmful," }, { "start": 143.389, "duration": 3.67, "text": "our brains also need to be quick \nat determining when a face is real" }, { "start": 147.059, "duration": 1.335, "text": "and when it isn’t." }, { "start": 149.103, "duration": 3.045, "text": "So how fast can our brains tell\nwhen they’ve been duped?" }, { "start": 152.565, "duration": 3.837, "text": "To answer this question,\nresearchers used a form of brain imaging" }, { "start": 156.402, "duration": 2.294, "text": "known as magnetoencephalography." }, { "start": 159.155, "duration": 3.879, "text": "By measuring the magnetic fields caused\nby electric currents in the brain," }, { "start": 163.034, "duration": 3.67, "text": "this technique allows us to track\nchanges in brain activity" }, { "start": 166.704, "duration": 2.503, "text": "at the scale of milliseconds." }, { "start": 169.457, "duration": 3.712, "text": "With this tool, researchers revealed\nthat the brain generally recognizes" }, { "start": 173.169, "duration": 3.253, "text": "a face as illusory\nwithin a quarter of a second—" }, { "start": 176.756, "duration": 4.629, "text": "around the same time that we can identify\nmost non-face visual stimuli." }, { "start": 182.178, "duration": 3.211, "text": "However, even after our brain\nknows the face is fake," }, { "start": 185.389, "duration": 2.211, "text": "we can still see it in the object." }, { "start": 187.934, "duration": 2.043, "text": "And by messing with these brain areas," }, { "start": 189.977, "duration": 4.546, "text": "we can further impact our ability to\ndifferentiate between fact from fiction." }, { "start": 194.982, "duration": 4.463, "text": "In one study, researchers stimulated\na participant’s fusiform face area" }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 2.503, "text": "while they were looking \nat a non-face object." }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 4.922, "text": "As a result, the participant reported\nmomentarily seeing facial features" }, { "start": 207.37, "duration": 2.335, "text": "despite the object remaining unchanged." }, { "start": 209.997, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And while looking at a real face,\nstimulation of this same area" }, { "start": 213.751, "duration": 4.004, "text": "created perceived distortions\nof the eyes and nose." }, { "start": 218.464, "duration": 4.421, "text": "These studies suggest that certain\nfeatures are crucial to face detection." }, { "start": 223.135, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Just three dots can be enough\nto represent eyes and a mouth." }, { "start": 227.056, "duration": 4.504, "text": "People will even assign gender, age,\nand emotion to illusory faces." }, { "start": 231.894, "duration": 3.253, "text": "It’s unclear whether a person’s culture\nor individual history" }, { "start": 235.147, "duration": 1.502, "text": "impacts these perceptions," }, { "start": 236.649, "duration": 4.087, "text": "but we do know that pareidolia isn’t\nunique to the human experience." }, { "start": 241.07, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Rhesus macaque monkeys show eye movements\nsimilar to our own" }, { "start": 244.949, "duration": 3.587, "text": "when observing pareidolia-inducing objects\nand real faces," }, { "start": 248.536, "duration": 5.505, "text": "suggesting that this phenomenon is baked\ndeep into our social primate brains." }, { "start": 254.458, "duration": 4.088, "text": "So, next time you see an unexpected\nface in a coffee, car, or cabinet," }, { "start": 258.546, "duration": 2.878, "text": "remember that it’s just your brain\nworking overtime" }, { "start": 261.424, "duration": 2.711, "text": "not to miss the faces that really matter." } ] }, { "video_id": "V6rRifwIaio", "title": "Can you survive a Komodo dragon bite? - Achmad Ariefiandy", "description": "Dig into what we know about Komodo dragons, and find out what you should do if you encounter these giant lizards in the wild.\n\n--\n\nClambering through the bush on one of Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda Islands, suddenly you spy a Komodo dragon in the clearing ahead. Forked tongue flickering; sharp, saw-like teeth glimmering; and strong, scaly body stretching up to 3 meters, Komodo dragons are formidable. So, what should you do? Are you doomed? Achmad Ariefiandy shares what we know about the world's largest lizards.\n\nLesson by Achmad Ariefiandy, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-survive-a-komodo-dragon-bite-achmad-ariefiandy\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-survive-a-komodo-dragon-bite-achmad-ariefiandy/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-20T15:00:48Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Some swear they’re cursed to be hunted\nby mosquitoes" }, { "start": 10.131, "duration": 3.462, "text": "while their close-by companions\nare regularly left unscathed." }, { "start": 14.177, "duration": 1.668, "text": "But is this an illusion?" }, { "start": 16.304, "duration": 3.044, "text": "If it's not, what's going on?\nAnd what can we do about it?" }, { "start": 19.932, "duration": 3.546, "text": "It all comes down to how— and why—\nmosquitoes find us." }, { "start": 23.811, "duration": 2.878, "text": "While male mosquitoes stick\nto nectar for sustenance," }, { "start": 26.814, "duration": 4.129, "text": "females also seek out blood to provide\nthe nutrients they need for their eggs." }, { "start": 31.277, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Different mosquito species evolved\nto feed on different animals." }, { "start": 34.739, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And, probably within the last\n10,000 years," }, { "start": 37.45, "duration": 4.63, "text": "multiple mosquito lineages independently\nevolved a predilection for people." }, { "start": 42.371, "duration": 2.211, "text": "As human settlements became\nmore permanent," }, { "start": 44.582, "duration": 3.795, "text": "they provided plenty of standing water,\neven through intense dry seasons," }, { "start": 48.377, "duration": 2.503, "text": "which supported mosquito\nreproduction year-round." }, { "start": 51.589, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Female mosquitoes are equipped with\nantennae covered in hair-like appendages" }, { "start": 55.802, "duration": 2.669, "text": "that contain odor-sensing\nreceptors and neurons." }, { "start": 58.846, "duration": 2.67, "text": "These pick up on the signals\nof their preferred hosts," }, { "start": 61.641, "duration": 1.501, "text": "And over thousands of years," }, { "start": 63.142, "duration": 4.213, "text": "the mosquitoes that target humans have\ngotten extremely good at tracking us down." }, { "start": 67.939, "duration": 3.587, "text": "They also target parts of our bodies\nwhere we’re less likely to notice them." }, { "start": 71.984, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And they’re sensitive to visual\ncues and changes in airflow," }, { "start": 75.154, "duration": 3.837, "text": "so when we try to defend ourselves,\nthey can make swift escapes." }, { "start": 79.242, "duration": 3.628, "text": "They even learn to avoid particularly\ndefensive people altogether." }, { "start": 83.162, "duration": 2.211, "text": "But before these close encounters happen," }, { "start": 85.373, "duration": 2.878, "text": "several factors alert mosquitoes\nto people's presence." }, { "start": 88.709, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Female mosquitoes can pick up on the\ncarbon dioxide humans constantly exhale" }, { "start": 92.922, "duration": 1.543, "text": "from about 10 meters away." }, { "start": 94.799, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Once they’ve gotten the CO2 cue," }, { "start": 96.717, "duration": 3.712, "text": "they become especially interested\nin dark, high-contrast objects" }, { "start": 100.429, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and the hues found in human skin." }, { "start": 102.765, "duration": 2.92, "text": "As they follow the carbon dioxide plume\nto its source," }, { "start": 105.685, "duration": 2.419, "text": "they eventually sense body heat and odors." }, { "start": 108.396, "duration": 3.879, "text": "These smells are generated by the many\nmicroorganisms that live on our skin." }, { "start": 112.692, "duration": 3.753, "text": "They break down the secretions our bodies\nproduce, like sweat and sebum." }, { "start": 116.737, "duration": 3.921, "text": "In doing so, our skin microbes create\nsmaller organic compounds" }, { "start": 120.658, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that can vaporize\nand get picked up as smells—" }, { "start": 123.786, "duration": 3.629, "text": "smells that human-homing mosquitoes\nare especially attuned to." }, { "start": 127.874, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Getting extra sweaty can temporarily make\npeople more attractive to mosquitoes—" }, { "start": 132.503, "duration": 2.586, "text": "as can ingesting alcohol\nor being pregnant." }, { "start": 135.506, "duration": 2.795, "text": "And the Plasmodium parasite\nthat causes malaria" }, { "start": 138.301, "duration": 3.545, "text": "makes the people it infects more appealing\nto mosquitoes by increasing" }, { "start": 141.846, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the amounts of certain fruit-smelling\naldehyde compounds on their skin." }, { "start": 145.892, "duration": 2.127, "text": "This is extremely helpful to the parasite" }, { "start": 148.019, "duration": 3.17, "text": "because it depends on both humans\nand mosquitoes to reproduce." }, { "start": 151.772, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But in addition to these\ntemporary factors," }, { "start": 154.358, "duration": 3.629, "text": "about 20% of people are thought to be\nnaturally high attractors," }, { "start": 157.987, "duration": 1.793, "text": "or mosquito magnets," }, { "start": 159.78, "duration": 2.837, "text": "who are disproportionately targeted\nyear after year." }, { "start": 162.783, "duration": 2.503, "text": "If you’re one of them,\nyou’re probably well aware." }, { "start": 165.536, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Sorry about that." }, { "start": 167.58, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Why this is seems to come down to some\nskin-specific characteristics." }, { "start": 171.918, "duration": 4.671, "text": "While carbon dioxide exhalations and\nbody heat consistently signal the presence" }, { "start": 176.589, "duration": 1.46, "text": "of warm-blooded animals," }, { "start": 178.09, "duration": 2.002, "text": "human body odor is more distinctive." }, { "start": 180.218, "duration": 3.336, "text": "And everyone hosts different microbial\ncommunities on their skin," }, { "start": 183.554, "duration": 4.213, "text": "which contribute to unique body odors\nthat likewise vary from person to person." }, { "start": 188.392, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Researchers reveal that the receptors\nmosquitoes use to detect acidic compounds" }, { "start": 192.98, "duration": 3.254, "text": "are especially important in helping\nthem navigate towards humans." }, { "start": 196.484, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And, indeed, humans with more abundant\nskin acids" }, { "start": 199.654, "duration": 2.919, "text": "prove to be consistently more attractive\nto mosquitoes." }, { "start": 202.573, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Because it’s such a persistent trait,\ncertain genes may play a role," }, { "start": 206.118, "duration": 3.087, "text": "perhaps by helping determine\nthe skin’s microbial composition." }, { "start": 209.664, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Scientists have observed that mosquitoes\ndemonstrate similar levels of attraction" }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 4.046, "text": "among identical twins while responding\nmore variably to fraternal twins," }, { "start": 217.922, "duration": 2.836, "text": "which supports that there may be\nsome genetic basis at play." }, { "start": 221.217, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But beyond confirming that mosquitoes\nare, in fact," }, { "start": 223.678, "duration": 2.252, "text": "conspiring against some\nof us specifically," }, { "start": 226.055, "duration": 2.419, "text": "understanding what makes people\nmosquito-magnets" }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 2.252, "text": "has serious, large-scale implications." }, { "start": 231.06, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Every year, hundreds of thousands of\npeople die from mosquito-borne diseases." }, { "start": 235.273, "duration": 2.585, "text": "And resources aren’t reaching\nthose who need them most." }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 4.504, "text": "This knowledge can help inspire solutions,\nlike more effective insect repellents" }, { "start": 242.488, "duration": 2.878, "text": "that manipulate the skin's\nmicrobiome and odors." }, { "start": 245.616, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And knowing that some people are\nespecially strong mosquito attractors" }, { "start": 248.911, "duration": 2.169, "text": "could also help efforts\nto get them resources" }, { "start": 251.08, "duration": 3.962, "text": "like repellents, bed nets, vaccines,\ntests, and treatments." }, { "start": 255.543, "duration": 2.169, "text": "The results could not only be less itchy," }, { "start": 257.962, "duration": 3.42, "text": "they could break transmission cycles\nand save countless lives." } ] }, { "video_id": "JWZWb3vN76o", "title": "What inspired us to create Pandora’s Legacy? #shorts #puzzle #escaperoom #boardgames", "description": "Alex Rosenthal is the editorial director of TED-Ed, where he created TED-Ed’s acclaimed mythology and riddle series that have been watched more than *600 million* times. Here, he discusses the inspiration behind the creation of Pandora’s Legacy.\n\nGet the game on Kickstarter today: https://ed.ted.com/pandora\n\n #pandoraslegacy", "publishedAt": "2025-05-16T18:32:57Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.297, "text": "It was the early 1800s,\nand Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham" }, { "start": 12.592, "duration": 2.836, "text": "believed Americans had a big problem—" }, { "start": 15.636, "duration": 3.295, "text": "not just with their bodies,\nbut with their souls." }, { "start": 19.015, "duration": 4.796, "text": "He argued that overindulgence was\nfueling their baser desires," }, { "start": 23.978, "duration": 3.629, "text": "making them immoral and oversexed." }, { "start": 27.982, "duration": 4.755, "text": "To curb this corruption,\nGraham and fellow puritanical reformers" }, { "start": 32.82, "duration": 5.756, "text": "advocated for food they thought\ncould curb a variety of appetites." }, { "start": 39.077, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Following the American Revolution," }, { "start": 40.912, "duration": 4.254, "text": "things like excess alcohol use\nwere increasingly perceived" }, { "start": 45.166, "duration": 5.38, "text": "as blights on social order and\ncivic virtue in a budding nation." }, { "start": 50.963, "duration": 2.753, "text": "The 19th century Christian\nTemperance movement" }, { "start": 53.716, "duration": 5.172, "text": "encouraged abstinence from alcohol,\neventually leading to federal Prohibition." }, { "start": 58.971, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But some branches of the movement\npromoted even more extreme restraint" }, { "start": 62.975, "duration": 1.502, "text": "across the board." }, { "start": 65.061, "duration": 5.922, "text": "These reformers had some special areas\nof interest, including the bedroom." }, { "start": 71.192, "duration": 1.251, "text": "According to Graham," }, { "start": 72.443, "duration": 6.382, "text": "even divinely ordained marital sex could\nfall into harmfully excessive territory" }, { "start": 78.825, "duration": 2.585, "text": "if it happened more than once a month." }, { "start": 81.661, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And like certain Enlightenment\nphilosophers a century before him," }, { "start": 85.54, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Graham considered the so-called\nsolitary vice of masturbation" }, { "start": 89.961, "duration": 1.71, "text": "even more hazardous." }, { "start": 91.838, "duration": 4.462, "text": "He claimed it inflamed the brain\nand depleted the body's energy," }, { "start": 96.384, "duration": 4.045, "text": "causing everything from\nnervous disorders to stunted growth." }, { "start": 101.055, "duration": 2.169, "text": "To address this issue and others," }, { "start": 103.224, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Graham recommended measures including\nplenty of sleep— on hard mattresses;" }, { "start": 108.771, "duration": 6.84, "text": "regular bathing—with cold water; and\nfresh air— even in frigid temperatures." }, { "start": 115.778, "duration": 3.212, "text": "But one of his major points\nof focus was diet." }, { "start": 119.115, "duration": 4.755, "text": "He thought Americans were consuming\ndecadent, flavorful food and drink" }, { "start": 123.87, "duration": 4.17, "text": "that threw their bodies out of balance,\nweakened their self-control," }, { "start": 128.207, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and aroused un-Christian passions." }, { "start": 131.836, "duration": 4.588, "text": "So to suppress their supposedly\nhyperactive libidos," }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 5.755, "text": "Graham advocated for a vegetarian diet\nof whole grains, fruits, and vegetables." }, { "start": 142.513, "duration": 5.923, "text": "And it needed to be bland—\nno pleasure-inciting spices to speak of." }, { "start": 148.603, "duration": 2.877, "text": "His signature contribution\nwas Graham bread," }, { "start": 151.606, "duration": 2.919, "text": "the precursor to the Graham cracker," }, { "start": 154.525, "duration": 2.878, "text": "made from coarse,\nwhole wheat Graham flour." }, { "start": 157.486, "duration": 4.755, "text": "He shared the recipe at no cost,\nencouraging everyone to bake their own." }, { "start": 162.533, "duration": 4.713, "text": "It was simple: just add water or milk,\nyeast, and perhaps a pinch of salt—" }, { "start": 167.33, "duration": 3.461, "text": "nothing that might\noverstimulate the senses." }, { "start": 171.25, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Positioning himself as a public\nhealth advocate," }, { "start": 174.503, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Graham wrote books and held\npublic lectures," }, { "start": 177.548, "duration": 5.172, "text": "alleging his diet would even help people\nsurvive a cholera outbreak." }, { "start": 182.929, "duration": 6.506, "text": "However, not everyone was so keen on his\nmoralizing message and tasteless fare—" }, { "start": 189.435, "duration": 4.379, "text": "including angry bakers\nwho protested outside his talks." }, { "start": 193.94, "duration": 4.671, "text": "And Transcendentalist scholar\nRalph Waldo Emerson cast doubt" }, { "start": 198.611, "duration": 2.711, "text": "on the fanaticism of Graham’s movement." }, { "start": 201.53, "duration": 3.713, "text": "One newspaper reporter is said to have\nmockingly dubbed Graham" }, { "start": 205.243, "duration": 2.711, "text": "a “philosopher of sawdust pudding.”" }, { "start": 208.287, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And an outraged critic of the Graham diet\nsaid it consisted of," }, { "start": 211.791, "duration": 3.795, "text": "“swill, starch slosh” and “dishwater.”" }, { "start": 215.795, "duration": 5.714, "text": "But Graham also inspired ardent followers,\nwho became known as Grahamites." }, { "start": 222.176, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Meanwhile, Graham’s focus\non digestive health appealed to figures" }, { "start": 226.514, "duration": 2.127, "text": "like nutritionist James Jackson," }, { "start": 228.808, "duration": 2.502, "text": "who ran a health spa in upstate\nNew York." }, { "start": 231.477, "duration": 6.715, "text": "Around 1863, Jackson began baking\ncrumbled, granulated Graham flour cakes" }, { "start": 238.192, "duration": 3.003, "text": "into a cereal he called Granula." }, { "start": 241.612, "duration": 4.63, "text": "And, in the 1890s, John Harvey Kellogg,\nhead of another health spa," }, { "start": 246.284, "duration": 4.295, "text": "developed corn flakes by steaming,\nrolling, and baking corn" }, { "start": 250.579, "duration": 2.336, "text": "into a similarly flavorless food." }, { "start": 253.499, "duration": 4.213, "text": "While Jackson was primarily concerned\nwith preventing illness through diet," }, { "start": 257.962, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Kellogg continued Graham’s crusade\nagainst masturbation." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 5.297, "text": "He called it “self-abuse,”\nImplicated it in all manner of ailments," }, { "start": 267.471, "duration": 6.131, "text": "and similarly promoted a dull diet\nto temper overactive sexual appetites." }, { "start": 273.936, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But the foods these men popularized\nwould shapeshift" }, { "start": 277.398, "duration": 2.711, "text": "far beyond their original forms." }, { "start": 280.234, "duration": 6.507, "text": "Granola and Corn Flakes underwent a series\nof saccharine and frosted reinventions." }, { "start": 286.824, "duration": 2.085, "text": "And decades after Graham’s death," }, { "start": 288.909, "duration": 5.256, "text": "the National Biscuit Company\nbegan mass-producing Graham crackers" }, { "start": 294.206, "duration": 3.212, "text": "with lighter flours\nand stimulating sweeteners." }, { "start": 297.585, "duration": 6.256, "text": "By 1927, people had started sandwiching\ntoasted marshmallows and chocolate" }, { "start": 303.841, "duration": 1.96, "text": "between Graham crackers," }, { "start": 305.801, "duration": 3.295, "text": "which the Girl Scouts christened\n“Some Mores,”" }, { "start": 309.096, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and the s’more was born." }, { "start": 311.432, "duration": 5.213, "text": "The decadent dessert was essentially\nthe antithesis of Graham’s vision—" }, { "start": 316.645, "duration": 4.839, "text": "and perhaps the ultimate ironic twist\nto his legacy." } ] }, { "video_id": "4wuL8ZSaDvw", "title": "How much does it cost to fly private? - Rachel Yang", "description": "Look into the financial and environmental costs of taking a private jet, and find out what can be done to reduce aviation emissions.\n\n--\n\nAcross 2023 and 2024, one internationally renowned musician flew their private jet 396 times in 365 days. Figures like this aren’t uncommon among the world’s richest jetsetters— in fact, this frequent flier probably isn’t even the celebrity you’re thinking of. So, what’s the price tag for this high flying lifestyle? Rachel Yang digs into the financial and environmental costs of flying private.\n\nLesson by Rachel Yang, directed by Laura Jayne Hodkin.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-does-it-cost-to-fly-private-rachel-yang\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-does-it-cost-to-fly-private-rachel-yang/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://laurajaynehodkin.com\nMusic: https://soundgoods.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-15T15:01:31Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 5.005, "text": "It is said that to secure Nero’s\nsuccession as fifth emperor of Rome," }, { "start": 12.258, "duration": 5.506, "text": "his mother, Agrippina, discreetly\nassassinated her own husband." }, { "start": 17.972, "duration": 1.21, "text": "The murder weapon? " }, { "start": 19.182, "duration": 3.044, "text": "A handful of death cap mushrooms." }, { "start": 23.102, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Humans have clearly known about the\ntoxicity of death caps for millennia." }, { "start": 28.232, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Yet these mushrooms continue to pose\na significant threat" }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 3.879, "text": "to unsuspecting foragers and\nmushroom hunters throughout the world." }, { "start": 36.032, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Today, death caps are responsible\nfor more than 90%" }, { "start": 40.244, "duration": 2.378, "text": "of all mushroom related deaths," }, { "start": 42.789, "duration": 3.378, "text": "killing upwards of 100 people each year." }, { "start": 46.375, "duration": 5.631, "text": "So, what makes this one species\nof mushroom so dangerous?" }, { "start": 53.758, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Despite their danger, death caps, known\nscientifically as Amanita phalloides," }, { "start": 59.472, "duration": 2.21, "text": "look relatively unassuming." }, { "start": 62.1, "duration": 5.088, "text": "They emerge enclosed in a white egg-like\nmembrane that ruptures," }, { "start": 67.23, "duration": 3.169, "text": "leaving a cup-like sac at the stem’s base." }, { "start": 70.65, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Mature mushrooms are domed\nwith white or greenish yellow caps" }, { "start": 75.113, "duration": 4.087, "text": "measuring anywhere from\n4 to 16 centimeters in width." }, { "start": 79.534, "duration": 5.714, "text": "And just half of a cap can contain\nenough toxin to kill an adult." }, { "start": 85.873, "duration": 3.462, "text": "While death caps produce several types\nof toxins," }, { "start": 89.335, "duration": 5.005, "text": "one class, amatoxins,\nare by far the most dangerous." }, { "start": 94.632, "duration": 1.21, "text": "They’re hearty compounds," }, { "start": 95.842, "duration": 3.92, "text": "not easily destroyed by cooking,\nfreezing, or drying." }, { "start": 100.138, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And if ingested, amatoxins easily pass\nthrough the intestinal wall" }, { "start": 104.934, "duration": 4.796, "text": "to enter the bloodstream and wreak havoc\non multiple systems." }, { "start": 110.106, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Their main method of destruction\nis blocking the action of enzymes" }, { "start": 114.068, "duration": 2.169, "text": "called RNA polymerases." }, { "start": 116.571, "duration": 2.669, "text": "These enzymes are essential to the body," }, { "start": 119.24, "duration": 3.754, "text": "as they allow the cells to build\nthe proteins they need to function." }, { "start": 123.286, "duration": 4.754, "text": "For example, amatoxins inhibit the\nproduction of blood clotting compounds," }, { "start": 128.249, "duration": 2.544, "text": "which can cause a person to bleed out." }, { "start": 130.96, "duration": 3.879, "text": "In the kidneys, they slowly obstruct\nthe body’s ability" }, { "start": 134.839, "duration": 2.627, "text": "to regulate fluids and produce urine." }, { "start": 137.758, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But they’re perhaps the most damaging\nto the liver." }, { "start": 141.053, "duration": 3.129, "text": "The liver is where waste products,\nincluding toxins," }, { "start": 144.182, "duration": 4.671, "text": "are filtered out of the blood,\nso amatoxins naturally accumulate." }, { "start": 149.103, "duration": 4.588, "text": "This toxin bombardment blocks\nthe turnover of new proteins," }, { "start": 153.691, "duration": 2.294, "text": "causing these liver cells to die." }, { "start": 156.152, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Over time, this can lead to liver failure\nand eventually death." }, { "start": 161.324, "duration": 4.796, "text": "One puzzling death cap mystery\nthat continues to elude scientists" }, { "start": 166.245, "duration": 4.421, "text": "is understanding exactly what benefits\npoisonous amatoxins" }, { "start": 170.666, "duration": 1.418, "text": "provide to the mushroom. " }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Amatoxins are secondary metabolites," }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 3.754, "text": "meaning they’re not essential\nfor mushroom growth or survival." }, { "start": 179.717, "duration": 4.755, "text": "And grazing rabbits, rodents, and humans\nare often a highly effective mode" }, { "start": 184.472, "duration": 3.253, "text": "of spore dispersal for other\nmushroom species." }, { "start": 187.934, "duration": 4.504, "text": "So, what’s the evolutionary advantage\nof poisoning them?" }, { "start": 193.105, "duration": 3.254, "text": "And amatoxins aren't exclusive\nto death caps." }, { "start": 196.4, "duration": 3.462, "text": "They’re also produced by several\nother species of mushrooms," }, { "start": 199.862, "duration": 3.087, "text": "from the genera Galerina and Lepiota." }, { "start": 203.449, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Yet unlike death caps," }, { "start": 205.159, "duration": 6.006, "text": "poisonous Galerina and Lepiota species\ncause relatively few human deaths." }, { "start": 211.582, "duration": 1.752, "text": "The reason for this is two-fold." }, { "start": 213.626, "duration": 5.13, "text": "First, these Galerina and Lepiota\nmushrooms are quite distinguishable," }, { "start": 219.048, "duration": 3.045, "text": "whereas death caps, especially young ones," }, { "start": 222.093, "duration": 3.545, "text": "can easily be mistaken\nfor other edible mushrooms," }, { "start": 225.638, "duration": 2.544, "text": "like straw mushrooms or puffballs." }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Further, death caps have\na relatively large range." }, { "start": 232.645, "duration": 5.339, "text": "While native to Europe, they're now found\non every continent except Antarctica." }, { "start": 238.442, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Death caps form close symbiotic\nrelationships with European hardwoods" }, { "start": 243.322, "duration": 1.293, "text": "and conifers." }, { "start": 244.824, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Throughout the 20th century," }, { "start": 247.076, "duration": 4.171, "text": "as these trees were planted in colonized\nregions around the world," }, { "start": 251.455, "duration": 3.045, "text": "death caps covertly tagged along." }, { "start": 255.001, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Thankfully, if a victim of death cap\npoisoning is properly treated" }, { "start": 259.255, "duration": 1.71, "text": "soon after ingestion," }, { "start": 260.965, "duration": 3.086, "text": "up to 90% of patients will survive." }, { "start": 264.427, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Treatment doesn’t require any\nsort of special antidote—" }, { "start": 267.722, "duration": 5.672, "text": "a continuous, aggressive IV drip is often\nenough to flush the toxins from the blood." }, { "start": 273.644, "duration": 4.171, "text": "However, not all doctors know how\nto properly treat or recognize" }, { "start": 277.815, "duration": 1.335, "text": "death cap poisoning." }, { "start": 279.567, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Initial symptoms can look similar\nto other types of food poisoning." }, { "start": 284.322, "duration": 2.043, "text": "To add to the confusion, " }, { "start": 286.365, "duration": 3.921, "text": "because amatoxins build up slowly\nin the liver," }, { "start": 290.328, "duration": 4.879, "text": "the most dire symptoms often don’t appear\nuntil days after consumption." }, { "start": 296.0, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Despite growing medical knowledge," }, { "start": 297.918, "duration": 3.462, "text": "it’s important that mushroom hunters\nthroughout the world" }, { "start": 301.589, "duration": 4.504, "text": "learn how to properly recognize\nand avoid this deadly species." }, { "start": 306.344, "duration": 4.379, "text": "So, if you ever find yourself foraging,\nremember to be on guard," }, { "start": 310.806, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and when in doubt,\nit’s always best to toss it out." } ] }, { "video_id": "0EBFpj60LRY", "title": "Behind-the-scenes look at illustrator Senne Trip creating the art of Pandora’s Legacy", "description": "Illustrator and animator Senne Trip offers a behind-the-scenes look at her process for creating the stunning illustrations for the Pandora's Legacy puzzle game. \n\nGet the game on Kickstarter today: https://ed.ted.com/pandora\n\n#shorts #illustration #puzzlegame #puzzle #pandoraslegacy #art", "publishedAt": "2025-05-14T17:52:03Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Dodos are commonly considered\nbrainless, blundering birds" }, { "start": 10.506, "duration": 2.795, "text": "that were poorly adapted\nand doomed to die off," }, { "start": 13.301, "duration": 4.546, "text": "making their human-mediated extinction\neffortless and inevitable." }, { "start": 17.972, "duration": 1.418, "text": "But that's not the case." }, { "start": 19.39, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So, what were dodos actually like?\nAnd what really caused their downfall?" }, { "start": 24.103, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Let's start at their origin." }, { "start": 25.897, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Okay, rewinding more than\n20 million years," }, { "start": 29.108, "duration": 4.755, "text": "some tropical pigeons from Southeast Asia\nvoyaged across the Indian Ocean," }, { "start": 33.863, "duration": 3.295, "text": "perhaps by gradually journeying\nfrom island to island." }, { "start": 37.241, "duration": 4.839, "text": "Eventually, their descendants came to a\nremote archipelago east of Madagascar." }, { "start": 42.163, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Those that settled likely\ndiversified over time." }, { "start": 45.708, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Then, about 8 million years ago," }, { "start": 48.336, "duration": 4.337, "text": "an underwater volcano formed another\nisland on the chain," }, { "start": 52.673, "duration": 2.711, "text": "which would come to be known as Mauritius." }, { "start": 55.593, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Some of the birds populated\nthis new island, too," }, { "start": 58.679, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and down the line,\ndodos emerged as a distinct species." }, { "start": 62.975, "duration": 5.089, "text": "They shared Mauritius with bats, lizards,\ngiant tortoises, and other birds." }, { "start": 68.064, "duration": 5.213, "text": "The closest large predators were held\nback by about 800 kilometers of ocean," }, { "start": 73.277, "duration": 2.711, "text": "so getting murdered was basically\na non-issue." }, { "start": 76.28, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Without the need for defensive\nadaptations, like flight," }, { "start": 79.742, "duration": 3.337, "text": "expending energy on them\nwould have been wasteful." }, { "start": 83.287, "duration": 4.922, "text": "So, as with the kākāpōs of New Zealand\nand the cormorants of the Galápagos," }, { "start": 88.209, "duration": 2.044, "text": "their flight muscles shrank." }, { "start": 90.378, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Dodos probably nested\non the island's forest floor," }, { "start": 93.881, "duration": 2.336, "text": "feasting on fruits and seeds." }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Reaching just under a meter tall," }, { "start": 98.636, "duration": 2.377, "text": "they were among the island's\nlargest animals." }, { "start": 101.097, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And they were well-adapted\nto their environment," }, { "start": 103.391, "duration": 4.045, "text": "which could fluctuate between extreme dry\nand wet conditions." }, { "start": 107.52, "duration": 2.711, "text": "They also survived some major disruptions." }, { "start": 110.231, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Around 4,300 years ago," }, { "start": 112.9, "duration": 5.339, "text": "a megadrought caused waves\nof mass mortality events on Mauritius." }, { "start": 118.406, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Fresh water grew scarce\nand lakes likely grew saltier" }, { "start": 122.326, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and became treacherous traps." }, { "start": 124.954, "duration": 4.004, "text": "This lasted for around 150 years." }, { "start": 129.083, "duration": 4.505, "text": "However, dodos prevailed...\nuntil a few millennia later," }, { "start": 133.588, "duration": 2.836, "text": "when everything changed— quickly." }, { "start": 136.966, "duration": 4.463, "text": "In 1598, Dutch sailors came\nashore on Mauritius," }, { "start": 141.429, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and the island soon became\na welcome stopover for their trade ships." }, { "start": 146.058, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The sailors described natural wonders," }, { "start": 148.769, "duration": 3.963, "text": "including large numbers of birds\ntwice as big as swans" }, { "start": 152.732, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and tortoises with shells huge enough\nto fit 10 men." }, { "start": 157.361, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Mauritian animals hadn't evolved\nto fear being hunted by humans," }, { "start": 161.866, "duration": 2.002, "text": "so they were an easy catch." }, { "start": 163.91, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Sailors ate some dodos,\nbut this alone didn't cause their doom." }, { "start": 168.497, "duration": 2.753, "text": "The Dutch sailors came with company." }, { "start": 171.292, "duration": 2.878, "text": "They brought macaques\nthat were probably pets." }, { "start": 174.17, "duration": 4.254, "text": "They released goats and pigs\non the island to establish food sources." }, { "start": 178.507, "duration": 5.297, "text": "And at some point, sailors also\ninadvertently introduced rats." }, { "start": 184.096, "duration": 4.839, "text": "It's thought that goats and pigs grazed\nand rooted through the forest understory," }, { "start": 188.935, "duration": 1.584, "text": "which dodos lived in;" }, { "start": 190.519, "duration": 4.296, "text": "pigs, macaques, and rats preyed\non dodo eggs and chicks;" }, { "start": 194.815, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and all of them competed with dodos\nfor resources." }, { "start": 198.653, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Dodos were last seen less than a century\nafter Dutch arrival." }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 3.879, "text": "At the time, people didn't recognize\nthat species could disappear." }, { "start": 207.495, "duration": 3.462, "text": "It wasn't until a century later,\nin the 1790s," }, { "start": 210.957, "duration": 4.129, "text": "that a scientist conclusively demonstrated\nthe concept of extinction." }, { "start": 215.419, "duration": 2.711, "text": "By then, many thought dodos were fake." }, { "start": 218.13, "duration": 5.047, "text": "But discoveries from digs and sparse\nremains helped confirm their existence." }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Nevertheless, representations of dodos\nwere misleading." }, { "start": 227.265, "duration": 3.712, "text": "One popular natural history text\nof the late 1700s" }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 4.004, "text": "characterized them as stupid,\nvoracious, and grotesque." }, { "start": 234.981, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Once Lewis Carroll included a dodo" }, { "start": 237.608, "duration": 3.837, "text": "in \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\"\nin 1865," }, { "start": 241.445, "duration": 2.711, "text": "the birds quickly amassed popularity." }, { "start": 244.198, "duration": 7.007, "text": "But dodos continued being framed as inept,\nclumsy, lazy, and unfit for survival" }, { "start": 251.247, "duration": 5.13, "text": "in scholarly works, satirical magazines,\nand children's poems alike." }, { "start": 256.752, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And yet, there's no evidence that dodos\nwere less intelligent" }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 1.209, "text": "than their relatives." }, { "start": 261.465, "duration": 4.588, "text": "The dodo's brain size relative to its body\nwas similar to that of other pigeons." }, { "start": 266.095, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And especially rotund dodo depictions\nare misleading." }, { "start": 269.849, "duration": 4.129, "text": "They may have been inspired by what dodos\nlooked like during mating displays" }, { "start": 273.978, "duration": 1.543, "text": "or in captivity—" }, { "start": 275.521, "duration": 2.795, "text": "or they were just\npoor artistic renderings." }, { "start": 278.399, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Scientists think dodos were\nfairly muscular birds." }, { "start": 281.777, "duration": 3.462, "text": "All in all, the dodo was, in fact,\na survivor" }, { "start": 285.239, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that withstood major natural disasters\nand thrived on its island home." }, { "start": 289.66, "duration": 4.421, "text": "It simply wasn't prepared for a sudden\nonslaught of invasive species." }, { "start": 294.123, "duration": 2.836, "text": "And neither were other\nendemic Mauritian animals," }, { "start": 296.959, "duration": 4.171, "text": "including raven parrots, fruit bats,\nand giant tortoises." }, { "start": 301.13, "duration": 4.546, "text": "In the aftermath, perhaps it was easier\nto declare the dodo's extinction" }, { "start": 305.676, "duration": 4.713, "text": "the result of its personal failing\nthan to admit it was a human one." } ] }, { "video_id": "FBlcU4GdxCc", "title": "The clever trick used by sports betting apps - Shannon Odell", "description": "Dig into the strategies employed by sports betting apps to keep you gambling, and how these tactics can cause addictive behavior.\n\n--\n\nSports gambling has become more popular than ever. Mobile apps make it easier to place bets anywhere or anytime, especially for young people who make up the fastest-growing demographic. And the sports betting apps work just like the games in a casino— built to ensure that the house always wins. So, what exactly are the tricks these apps use? Shannon Odell shares what keeps you playing and paying.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Biljana Labović.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Natasha Schüll, Marc Potenza, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-clever-trick-used-by-sports-betting-apps-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-clever-trick-used-by-sports-betting-apps-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, and Laurel-Ann Rice.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-13T15:01:33Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 4.421, "text": "With medical students restraining the\npatient and onlookers eagerly awaiting," }, { "start": 11.591, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Scottish surgeon Robert Liston \npoised himself to begin." }, { "start": 15.011, "duration": 2.586, "text": "In quick succession, \nhe cut his patient’s flesh," }, { "start": 17.597, "duration": 3.67, "text": "sawed through their tibia and fibula\nand, within just a few minutes," }, { "start": 21.267, "duration": 2.252, "text": "the amputation was complete." }, { "start": 23.519, "duration": 4.922, "text": "It was the 1830s and Liston was renowned\nfor his surgical speed." }, { "start": 28.483, "duration": 3.878, "text": "This was important because, \nbefore anesthesia was widely used," }, { "start": 32.361, "duration": 4.88, "text": "patients had to consciously endure\nevery moment of surgery." }, { "start": 37.241, "duration": 3.337, "text": "The quest for anesthetics\nthat could induce unconsciousness" }, { "start": 40.578, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and enable more meticulous surgeries\nlaunched long before Liston." }, { "start": 44.457, "duration": 5.756, "text": "Around 200 CE, Chinese physician Hua Tuo\ndescribed mixing alcohol" }, { "start": 50.213, "duration": 3.879, "text": "with a powder of various ingredients\nto anesthetize patients." }, { "start": 54.092, "duration": 5.505, "text": "And 13th century Arab surgeon Ibn al-Quff\ndescribed patients taking anesthetics," }, { "start": 59.597, "duration": 3.212, "text": "likely inhaling drugs like cannabis, \nopium, and mandrake," }, { "start": 62.809, "duration": 1.626, "text": "from saturated sponges." }, { "start": 64.477, "duration": 3.754, "text": "By the end of the 1700s, \nmany scientists were pondering" }, { "start": 68.231, "duration": 2.085, "text": "chemistry’s medical applications." }, { "start": 70.399, "duration": 5.548, "text": "This led to a profusion of anesthetic\nadvancements involving three main players:" }, { "start": 75.947, "duration": 3.17, "text": "nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform." }, { "start": 79.158, "duration": 5.881, "text": "In 1799, English chemist Humphry Davy\nbegan experimenting with nitrous oxide," }, { "start": 85.039, "duration": 5.255, "text": "or laughing gas— inhaling it himself\nand observing its effects on friends." }, { "start": 90.294, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Davy noted that its pain-relieving\nabilities might make it useful" }, { "start": 93.923, "duration": 1.835, "text": "for surgical operations—" }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 2.711, "text": "but it would be decades \nbefore that happened." }, { "start": 98.594, "duration": 3.254, "text": "This was, at least in part,\nbecause some surgeons and patients" }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 4.546, "text": "were skeptical of the effectiveness \nand safety of anesthetic drugs." }, { "start": 106.602, "duration": 5.881, "text": "In 1804, Japanese surgeon Seishū Hanaoka\nsuccessfully removed a breast tumor" }, { "start": 112.483, "duration": 3.504, "text": "from a patient anesthetized\nwith a mix of medicinal herbs." }, { "start": 116.028, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But the news stayed in Japan indefinitely." }, { "start": 119.323, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Eventually, ether started garnering\nmedical attention." }, { "start": 124.036, "duration": 4.922, "text": "It was first formulated centuries before\nthen came to be used recreationally." }, { "start": 128.958, "duration": 3.879, "text": "During the so-called “ether frolics”\nof the early 1800s," }, { "start": 132.837, "duration": 2.836, "text": "an American physician noted \nthat the fall he suffered" }, { "start": 135.673, "duration": 2.252, "text": "while using ether was painless." }, { "start": 138.05, "duration": 4.797, "text": "In 1842, he etherized a patient \nand successfully removed" }, { "start": 142.847, "duration": 1.626, "text": "a tumor from his neck." }, { "start": 144.724, "duration": 5.547, "text": "In the meantime, dentists finally began\nrecognizing nitrous oxide’s promise." }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 4.796, "text": "But, in 1845, when an American dentist\nattempted a public tooth extraction" }, { "start": 155.943, "duration": 2.67, "text": "on someone anesthetized\nwith nitrous oxide," }, { "start": 158.613, "duration": 4.087, "text": "he apparently encountered a setback\nwhen his patient screamed." }, { "start": 162.7, "duration": 2.544, "text": "It was probably just an insufficient dose—" }, { "start": 165.244, "duration": 3.045, "text": "but it was a bad publicity\nmoment for the drug." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Meanwhile, dentists refined ether\nfor tooth extractions." }, { "start": 173.044, "duration": 5.13, "text": "And, in October 1846, an American dentist\nadministered ether to a patient," }, { "start": 178.174, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and a surgeon removed\nthe man’s neck tumor." }, { "start": 180.968, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Two months later, Liston himself performed\nan upper leg amputation" }, { "start": 185.389, "duration": 1.877, "text": "on an etherized patient," }, { "start": 187.266, "duration": 2.878, "text": "who reportedly regained consciousness\nminutes after" }, { "start": 190.144, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and asked when the procedure would begin." }, { "start": 192.772, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Further ether-enabled successes followed\nfrom India, Russia, and beyond." }, { "start": 198.11, "duration": 4.13, "text": "But ether had issues, \nincluding unpleasant side effects." }, { "start": 203.199, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Scottish obstetrician James Simpson\nheard about an alternative anesthetic" }, { "start": 207.995, "duration": 1.252, "text": "called chloroform." }, { "start": 209.247, "duration": 4.963, "text": "And, in 1847, he and two colleagues\ndecided to try some themselves" }, { "start": 214.21, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and promptly passed out." }, { "start": 215.711, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Soon after, Simpson\nadministered chloroform" }, { "start": 218.047, "duration": 2.294, "text": "to one of his patients during childbirth." }, { "start": 220.466, "duration": 3.42, "text": "It quickly gained popularity\nbecause it was fast-acting" }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and thought to be side-effect-free—" }, { "start": 226.138, "duration": 3.546, "text": "though we now know it’s harmful\nand probably carcinogenic." }, { "start": 229.892, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Because anesthetics weren’t\nyet fully understood," }, { "start": 232.645, "duration": 3.045, "text": "they sometimes had lethal consequences." }, { "start": 235.773, "duration": 3.337, "text": "And some doctors held sexist\nand racist beliefs that dictated" }, { "start": 239.11, "duration": 3.545, "text": "the amount of anesthesia they’d provide,\nif any at all." }, { "start": 243.155, "duration": 4.38, "text": "American obstetrician Charles Meigs argued\nthat the pain of childbirth" }, { "start": 247.535, "duration": 2.377, "text": "was a form of divine suffering" }, { "start": 249.912, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and was skeptical that doctors \nshould interfere with it." }, { "start": 253.207, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Throughout the 1840s,\nAmerican physician James Marion Sims" }, { "start": 257.545, "duration": 4.838, "text": "conducted experimental gynecological\nsurgeries without pain relief," }, { "start": 262.55, "duration": 3.044, "text": "primarily upon enslaved Black women." }, { "start": 265.803, "duration": 3.462, "text": "By the late 19th century, \nthose who could access anesthetics" }, { "start": 269.265, "duration": 3.336, "text": "were undergoing increasingly\ncomplex operations," }, { "start": 272.601, "duration": 2.795, "text": "including some that were\npreviously impossible." }, { "start": 275.563, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Chloroform came to be understood\nas a riskier, more toxic option," }, { "start": 279.859, "duration": 2.752, "text": "and fell out of favor by the early 1900s." }, { "start": 282.611, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Alongside newer drugs, ether\nand nitrous oxide are still used today—" }, { "start": 287.491, "duration": 3.921, "text": "but in modified formulations that are\nsafer and produce fewer side effects," }, { "start": 291.412, "duration": 2.836, "text": "while doctors closely monitor\nthe patient’s state." }, { "start": 294.373, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Thanks to these advances," }, { "start": 295.916, "duration": 4.88, "text": "speed is not always of the essence and,\ninstead of acute agony," }, { "start": 300.796, "duration": 3.212, "text": "surgery can feel like just a dream." } ] }, { "video_id": "8NGBG5pKAAY", "title": "It’s not your typical jigsaw puzzle — it’s your next great adventure", "description": "Critically acclaimed: TED-Ed’s first ever game is now live on Kickstarter! Assemble pieces. Decode riddles. Uncover artifacts. Explore stories. Pandora’s Legacy is a gaming experience like no other. Get your copy and immerse yourself in the world of Olympian gods: https://ed.ted.com/pandora\n\n#shorts #escaperoom #boardgames #jigsawpuzzle #greekmythology #pandoraslegacy", "publishedAt": "2025-05-09T15:18:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.503, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Are you not entertained?" }, { "start": 10.381, "duration": 2.378, "text": "And this is what you think of us." }, { "start": 12.967, "duration": 2.836, "text": "O tempora! O mores!" }, { "start": 16.304, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Salvete! Minerva here—" }, { "start": 18.556, "duration": 5.839, "text": "esteemed Roman goddess of reason,\nwisdom, handicrafts, and war." }, { "start": 24.687, "duration": 4.713, "text": "It’s come to my attention that many of you\nhave been thinking about Ancient Rome..." }, { "start": 29.567, "duration": 1.001, "text": "a lot." }, { "start": 31.027, "duration": 2.252, "text": "But how much do you really know?" }, { "start": 33.654, "duration": 1.21, "text": "I’ll be the judge." }, { "start": 34.864, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Let’s play a little game I like to call\nduo vera et mendacium!" }, { "start": 40.87, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Or, to the rest of you:\ntwo truths and a lie." }, { "start": 44.123, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Let's meet our three brave contestants." }, { "start": 48.377, "duration": 2.503, "text": "And let’s show them\nwhat they’re playing for!" }, { "start": 51.255, "duration": 5.005, "text": "An all-expense paid cruise aboard\none of Caligula’s pleasure barges!" }, { "start": 56.26, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Prepare to be wined and dined\non a trip you’ll never forget—" }, { "start": 61.557, "duration": 3.003, "text": "well, you’ll probably forget." }, { "start": 65.353, "duration": 1.752, "text": "As for the losers..." }, { "start": 68.731, "duration": 4.213, "text": "The die is cast! Prepare to spot the lie!" }, { "start": 73.486, "duration": 3.795, "text": "A. Gladiators had their own guilds." }, { "start": 77.532, "duration": 4.754, "text": "B. Most gladiatorial fights ended\nbefore anyone died." }, { "start": 82.703, "duration": 3.921, "text": "C. Gladiators were from an enslaved class." }, { "start": 86.999, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And I thought this was an easy one." }, { "start": 93.047, "duration": 3.962, "text": "It’s true that from their introduction\naround the 3rd century BCE," }, { "start": 97.093, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Roman gladiators were often\nenslaved or convicted criminals," }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but this changed by the 1st century CE." }, { "start": 104.559, "duration": 3.253, "text": "After the opening of the Colosseum\nin 80 CE," }, { "start": 108.02, "duration": 4.505, "text": "freemen and former soldiers began\nsigning up for a life in the arena," }, { "start": 112.775, "duration": 4.505, "text": "lured by the potential for fame\nand regular employment." }, { "start": 117.78, "duration": 1.919, "text": "They even formed their own guilds," }, { "start": 119.699, "duration": 2.836, "text": "which organized funerals\nand provided pensions" }, { "start": 122.535, "duration": 2.586, "text": "for gladiators’ families\nif they were to die." }, { "start": 125.663, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But it took a lot of time and money\nto train a gladiator," }, { "start": 129.167, "duration": 3.503, "text": "so it wouldn’t make any sense\nto have them fighting to the death—" }, { "start": 132.837, "duration": 2.002, "text": "at least not all the time." }, { "start": 135.59, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Moving on to fashion:" }, { "start": 139.719, "duration": 4.713, "text": "A. The toga was the cornerstone\nof daily Roman dress." }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 4.629, "text": "B. Many Roman women wore dresses made\nwith Chinese silk." }, { "start": 150.021, "duration": 4.838, "text": "C. Urine was the primary laundry\ndetergent for Roman clothes." }, { "start": 159.405, "duration": 2.795, "text": "While male Roman citizens did wear togas," }, { "start": 162.2, "duration": 3.211, "text": "they were strictly for ceremonial\nand official events." }, { "start": 165.661, "duration": 4.922, "text": "And they were worn over clothing,\nlike tunics, never on their own." }, { "start": 170.791, "duration": 1.335, "text": "That would be indecent." }, { "start": 172.46, "duration": 4.88, "text": "As indecent as some writers called\nthe flimsy Chinese silk dresses" }, { "start": 177.34, "duration": 3.128, "text": "that became fashionable amongst\nupper class Roman women" }, { "start": 180.468, "duration": 2.085, "text": "in the 1st century CE." }, { "start": 183.429, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And finally, the ammonia in urine" }, { "start": 186.015, "duration": 4.046, "text": "does indeed make for an excellent\nstain-fighting solution," }, { "start": 190.394, "duration": 3.921, "text": "which is why Roman launderers\noften placed buckets on street corners" }, { "start": 194.315, "duration": 2.544, "text": "to collect the urine of passersby." }, { "start": 197.318, "duration": 2.669, "text": "That reminds me, next question!" }, { "start": 200.696, "duration": 4.004, "text": "A. Many Roman homes featured a vomitorium," }, { "start": 204.7, "duration": 3.837, "text": "a room where people could vomit\nafter overindulging." }, { "start": 209.08, "duration": 1.71, "text": "B. The Pythagoreans," }, { "start": 210.79, "duration": 3.67, "text": "who followed the teachings of the\nGreek mathematician Pythagoras," }, { "start": 214.585, "duration": 2.461, "text": "embraced a vegetarian diet." }, { "start": 217.546, "duration": 5.631, "text": "C. A favorite Roman condiment was sauce\nmade from fermented fish guts." }, { "start": 230.142, "duration": 3.462, "text": "While vomit and vomitoria come\nfrom the same root," }, { "start": 233.604, "duration": 2.169, "text": "meaning “to spew forth,”" }, { "start": 235.982, "duration": 5.338, "text": "a vomitorium is simply a passage\nthrough which spectators spewed" }, { "start": 241.32, "duration": 3.087, "text": "from amphitheaters or arenas\ninto the street." }, { "start": 244.782, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Purging was a common medical treatment," }, { "start": 247.493, "duration": 4.213, "text": "but it certainly wasn't prescribed\nto make room for more fish gut sauce." }, { "start": 252.206, "duration": 4.046, "text": "As for Pythagoras, there were\nmore than three sides to the man," }, { "start": 256.252, "duration": 1.251, "text": "I’ll have you know." }, { "start": 257.586, "duration": 3.713, "text": "He was a philosopher, and his followers\nembraced his belief" }, { "start": 261.299, "duration": 3.628, "text": "that eating animal flesh\nincreased aggressive behavior." }, { "start": 265.803, "duration": 1.835, "text": "We’re all tied up." }, { "start": 267.638, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But this last question is sure to separate\nthe true Romano-files" }, { "start": 271.934, "duration": 2.127, "text": "from the Romano-flakes." }, { "start": 274.312, "duration": 4.921, "text": "A. The city of Rome was sacked\ntwice during the 5th century CE." }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 4.713, "text": "B. The last western Roman emperor\nwas Romulus Augustulus." }, { "start": 284.697, "duration": 5.631, "text": "C. The Roman Empire fell in 476 CE." }, { "start": 293.08, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Just as I thought!" }, { "start": 295.041, "duration": 4.337, "text": "The very idea that Rome\nfell is... complicated." }, { "start": 299.712, "duration": 4.087, "text": "It’s true that by 476\nthe empire looked very different." }, { "start": 304.05, "duration": 1.126, "text": "By the 4th century," }, { "start": 305.176, "duration": 3.128, "text": "it had permanently split\ninto eastern and western halves," }, { "start": 308.471, "duration": 1.751, "text": "each with its own emperor." }, { "start": 310.639, "duration": 3.087, "text": "The last emperor in the west,\nRomulus Augustulus," }, { "start": 313.809, "duration": 3.796, "text": "was overthrown in 476 CE\nin a military coup." }, { "start": 317.73, "duration": 5.047, "text": "But the Germanic general who replaced him\ndidn’t make sweeping changes." }, { "start": 323.027, "duration": 5.756, "text": "Roman political and cultural life endured,\nand military conquests continued—" }, { "start": 328.908, "duration": 2.544, "text": "at least until the eastern\nEmperor Justinian" }, { "start": 331.452, "duration": 4.046, "text": "led a devastating invasion\nof Italy in the 530s." }, { "start": 335.706, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In the east, the Roman Empire\nsurvived for a thousand years," }, { "start": 340.044, "duration": 3.754, "text": "becoming what you now\ncall the Byzantine Empire." }, { "start": 344.215, "duration": 3.837, "text": "That makes contestant number 3\nour big winner!" }, { "start": 348.386, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Enjoy the spoils!" }, { "start": 350.554, "duration": 3.379, "text": "As for our losers,\nbetter luck next time." }, { "start": 354.266, "duration": 2.128, "text": "Here's hoping there is one." } ] }, { "video_id": "_XQTOuSw3d4", "title": "One of the animal kingdom’s strangest relationships - Niko Zlotnik", "description": "Get to know the parasite known as the tongue-eating louse, which eats the tongue of a fish and then takes its place permanently.\n\n--\n\nThe infamous tongue-eating louse is one of nearly 400 species belonging to a family of fish parasites. Some latch onto their host’s head, others suck blood from fish gills, and others still burrow into fish flesh. But the Cymothoa exigua goes specifically for fish tongues. How do these parasites do it, and why? Niko Zlotnik explores the strategies tongue biters use to find a fish to call home.\n\nLesson by Niko Zlotnik, directed by Flaka Kokolli, Flammorum Animation Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/let-us-ruin-your-day-with-this-tongue-eating-parasite-niko-zlotnik\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/let-us-ruin-your-day-with-this-tongue-eating-parasite-niko-zlotnik/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://flammorum.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, and Jing Chen.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-08T15:01:27Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.0, "duration": 5.16, "text": "in 2021 Juneteenth became a Federal" }, { "start": 3.179, "duration": 4.561, "text": "holiday in the U.S" }, { "start": 5.16, "duration": 3.6, "text": "so what is Juneteenth and why is it so" }, { "start": 7.74, "duration": 2.7, "text": "important" }, { "start": 8.76, "duration": 4.44, "text": "at the end of the Civil War though" }, { "start": 10.44, "duration": 5.58, "text": "slavery was technically illegal it still" }, { "start": 13.2, "duration": 6.54, "text": "persisted in Confederate States on June" }, { "start": 16.02, "duration": 6.179, "text": "19 1865 Union general Gordon Granger" }, { "start": 19.74, "duration": 4.92, "text": "marched into Galveston Texas and" }, { "start": 22.199, "duration": 5.041, "text": "announced that all enslaved people were" }, { "start": 24.66, "duration": 4.8, "text": "officially free to commemorate" }, { "start": 27.24, "duration": 5.22, "text": "emancipation people in Texas began" }, { "start": 29.46, "duration": 5.64, "text": "celebrating Juneteenth a combination of" }, { "start": 32.46, "duration": 5.34, "text": "June and 19th on the very first" }, { "start": 35.1, "duration": 5.1, "text": "anniversary of the announcement today" }, { "start": 37.8, "duration": 4.919, "text": "Juneteenth holds profound significance" }, { "start": 40.2, "duration": 5.28, "text": "as a celebration of the pursuit of true" }, { "start": 42.719, "duration": 6.321, "text": "freedom for all and a continued pledge" }, { "start": 45.48, "duration": 3.56, "text": "to remember the past" } ] }, { "video_id": "iEFz9KzOB1g", "title": "What caused the fall of one of the most influential empires in history? - Mostafa Minawi", "description": "Trace the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted nearly 600 years until their defeat in World War I as part of the Central Powers.\n\n--\n\nUnder cover of darkness in 1909, Sultan Abdulhamid II left Istanbul – bringing an end to his reign. For almost six centuries, his family had ruled the Ottoman Empire, spanning regions in North Africa, southeastern Europe, and the Middle East. But the end of this dynasty had been brewing for years. What happened to this once-powerful empire? Mostafa Minawi traces the fall of the Ottoman Empire.\n\nLesson by Mostafa Minawi, directed by Hernando Bahamon, Vicente Numpaque, Globizco Studios.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-caused-the-fall-of-one-of-the-most-influential-empires-in-history-mostafa-minawi\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-caused-the-fall-of-one-of-the-most-influential-empires-in-history-mostafa-minawi/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, and Filip Dabrowski.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-06T15:00:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.997, "duration": 2.502, "text": "What would the future look like\nif we got rid of one" }, { "start": 3.499, "duration": 1.669, "text": "of the deadliest species on Earth?" }, { "start": 5.501, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Hear me out: I think sometimes\nwe need to play God." }, { "start": 14.052, "duration": 1.084, "text": "Good morning!" }, { "start": 15.636, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Does this mean you’ve decided\nto start work again?" }, { "start": 19.766, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Well, I was thinking. If I come back,\nI want to expand my responsibilities." }, { "start": 24.645, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Don’t tell me you’re about to ask\nfor a raise after just a few months" }, { "start": 29.734, "duration": 3.712, "text": "of less-than-stellar performance." }, { "start": 33.654, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Actually, I was going to say I want to\norganize Wilhelmina Heliotrope’s archives—" }, { "start": 37.658, "duration": 1.001, "text": "No." }, { "start": 38.993, "duration": 2.252, "text": "...So we can open\nthem to the public?" }, { "start": 41.579, "duration": 1.001, "text": "No!" }, { "start": 43.247, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Um, okay, well, I guess I won’t\nbe coming back then." }, { "start": 49.545, "duration": 1.961, "text": "I guess not." }, { "start": 58.805, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Right, back to sending resumes it is then." }, { "start": 75.863, "duration": 1.001, "text": "(Slap!) " }, { "start": 78.074, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Mosquitoes are the worst." }, { "start": 79.784, "duration": 1.835, "text": "I wish we could just get rid of them." }, { "start": 85.123, "duration": 2.293, "text": "I mean, can we?" }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Clearly, I’m not the first person\nto think of this." }, { "start": 94.34, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And yet... all our efforts\nto get rid of them have failed." }, { "start": 99.011, "duration": 2.545, "text": "And even with vaccines\nand medicines and bed nets," }, { "start": 101.556, "duration": 4.004, "text": "they're still infecting tons of people\nwith diseases, especially malaria," }, { "start": 105.81, "duration": 3.337, "text": "which still kills well over\nhalf a million people every year." }, { "start": 110.231, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Oh! But there is a new approach\nthat would eradicate mosquitoes" }, { "start": 113.943, "duration": 3.67, "text": "by genetically modifying them so\ntheir female offspring are infertile." }, { "start": 118.072, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But hasn't genetic modification\nbeen around for decades?" }, { "start": 122.326, "duration": 1.21, "text": "Oh, I see." }, { "start": 123.661, "duration": 3.587, "text": "New gene editing tools like CRISPR\ncan dramatically increase the chance" }, { "start": 127.248, "duration": 2.419, "text": "that the genetic modification\ngets passed on," }, { "start": 130.126, "duration": 3.295, "text": "until eventually the mosquito\npopulation shrinks down to nothing." }, { "start": 133.629, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Why haven't we done this?" }, { "start": 137.508, "duration": 2.127, "text": "I guess completely getting\nrid of mosquitoes" }, { "start": 139.635, "duration": 2.127, "text": "might cause problems for other species?" }, { "start": 146.184, "duration": 3.586, "text": "Ah, sublime!" }, { "start": 150.438, "duration": 3.044, "text": "There are thousands\nof species of mosquitoes," }, { "start": 153.482, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and only a few of them\ncarry the malaria parasite." }, { "start": 158.321, "duration": 4.045, "text": "I am not particular\nabout which mosquitoes I eat," }, { "start": 162.366, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and I’ve never met an insect-eater\nwho feels otherwise." }, { "start": 165.369, "duration": 3.629, "text": "If it’s ecological damage\nyou’re worried about," }, { "start": 169.29, "duration": 3.462, "text": "I certainly prefer this gene drive idea" }, { "start": 172.752, "duration": 5.63, "text": "to those pesticides you humans\nare always spraying around." }, { "start": 178.591, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But— can we really be sure\nthat the gene drive won’t jump" }, { "start": 182.595, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to other mosquito species\nand kill them off, too?" }, { "start": 188.851, "duration": 1.627, "text": "You’re asking me?" }, { "start": 194.482, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Oh... I see... It’s not like a virus—" }, { "start": 198.694, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the gene drive can only spread\nwhen a mosquito reproduces" }, { "start": 201.697, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and only to its offspring." }, { "start": 203.616, "duration": 3.337, "text": "And honestly, given the alternative\nis hundreds of thousands of people," }, { "start": 206.953, "duration": 3.086, "text": "most of them really little kids\ndying every year," }, { "start": 210.331, "duration": 3.921, "text": "it’s hard to see how it could go wrong\nin a way that’s worse than the status quo." }, { "start": 215.753, "duration": 3.67, "text": "I think we need to do this.\nBut where to start?" }, { "start": 219.632, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Wherever you start,\ndon’t expect the gene drive to stay there." }, { "start": 225.638, "duration": 2.628, "text": "The rest of us have no regard" }, { "start": 228.266, "duration": 4.963, "text": "for those imaginary walls\nyou humans love so much..." }, { "start": 233.312, "duration": 1.293, "text": "what are they called?" }, { "start": 234.814, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Ah, yes. Borders." }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Okay, I see your point." }, { "start": 240.778, "duration": 4.296, "text": "So we need a committee with members\nfrom every country that would be impacted." }, { "start": 245.408, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And from the teams of scientists\nworking on this..." }, { "start": 247.827, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and from the international\norganizations that should be involved" }, { "start": 250.83, "duration": 1.418, "text": "in monitoring and regulation." }, { "start": 252.373, "duration": 2.711, "text": "(Yawns)" }, { "start": 255.209, "duration": 1.752, "text": "I mean, I can make that happen." }, { "start": 257.628, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Once the committee is assembled\nand everyone’s in agreement," }, { "start": 260.548, "duration": 1.71, "text": "we’re ready to start the gene drive" }, { "start": 262.258, "duration": 3.086, "text": "by releasing tens of thousands\nof genetically modified mosquitoes" }, { "start": 265.344, "duration": 1.001, "text": "into the wild." }, { "start": 266.971, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Within five years, almost\nall malaria-carrying mosquitoes" }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 1.669, "text": "in Africa have been eradicated." }, { "start": 273.144, "duration": 3.67, "text": "This success gets people excited\nabout other uses for the technology." }, { "start": 277.148, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Because it spreads through reproduction," }, { "start": 279.066, "duration": 3.504, "text": "it works best in species with short\nlifespans that reproduce quickly—" }, { "start": 282.611, "duration": 1.585, "text": "so, bugs!" }, { "start": 284.613, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Agricultural pests are the next target." }, { "start": 291.412, "duration": 1.501, "text": "How do you like Colombia?" }, { "start": 293.497, "duration": 3.629, "text": "I can thrive in many\ndifferent environments" }, { "start": 297.126, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and the local cuisine is delicious." }, { "start": 303.007, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Okay, well, don't get too attached\nto that particular cuisine." }, { "start": 306.719, "duration": 1.001, "text": "That's a screwworm. " }, { "start": 307.72, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And the committee is considering\na gene drive to eliminate them." }, { "start": 310.723, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Screwworms eat mammals like\ncows and sheep and deer alive." }, { "start": 314.393, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Very well.\nThis looks equally delectable." }, { "start": 318.856, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Screwworms are a huge problem for farmers." }, { "start": 321.484, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Yes, spare a thought\nfor the profit margins!" }, { "start": 326.072, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Never mind the suffering\nof the animals being eaten alive." }, { "start": 331.327, "duration": 1.334, "text": "I didn’t say that!" }, { "start": 332.661, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But the economic considerations\nare important too, you know." }, { "start": 335.539, "duration": 2.92, "text": "And they're not as separate\nfrom suffering as you might think." }, { "start": 340.669, "duration": 2.461, "text": "The screwworm gene drive\nis another success." }, { "start": 343.297, "duration": 1.502, "text": "As the technology advances," }, { "start": 344.799, "duration": 3.503, "text": "the committee considers applying it\nto the notoriously difficult challenge" }, { "start": 348.302, "duration": 1.627, "text": "of controlling invasive species." }, { "start": 356.143, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Ah, what an agreeable climate." }, { "start": 361.232, "duration": 5.005, "text": "So, this is a little awkward," }, { "start": 366.695, "duration": 5.965, "text": "but we’re here about a gene drive to\neradicate invasive chameleons from Maui." }, { "start": 373.452, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Excuse me?" }, { "start": 375.579, "duration": 2.002, "text": "They’re threatening native snails." }, { "start": 377.581, "duration": 6.257, "text": "And who introduced us\nto Hawaii, hmm? Humans!" }, { "start": 383.963, "duration": 2.878, "text": "So then don’t humans have an\nobligation to try to fix things?" }, { "start": 387.091, "duration": 5.63, "text": "I don’t understand why you were fine\nwith getting rid of screwworms," }, { "start": 392.721, "duration": 4.422, "text": "but now you need to protect the snails." }, { "start": 397.143, "duration": 1.668, "text": "It’s not just about the snails," }, { "start": 398.811, "duration": 1.877, "text": "it’s about the whole ecosystem." }, { "start": 400.896, "duration": 2.503, "text": "We're weighing the benefits\nand harms to all species" }, { "start": 403.399, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and trying to do what's best\nfor the most living things." }, { "start": 406.36, "duration": 2.711, "text": "If you care about all living things," }, { "start": 409.071, "duration": 5.297, "text": "then I don’t understand why it matters\nif species are invasive or not." }, { "start": 414.618, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Look at these happy, well-fed chameleons." }, { "start": 419.206, "duration": 3.045, "text": "It’s not their fault they need to eat." }, { "start": 422.626, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Okay, I think you’re getting\nthings confused." }, { "start": 425.588, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Are you sure you're not confused?" }, { "start": 430.718, "duration": 5.255, "text": "May I suggest getting rid of humans?" }, { "start": 436.182, "duration": 3.878, "text": "That's what's best\nfor most of us on Earth." }, { "start": 440.269, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Well, it wouldn’t make any sense to try\nto use a gene drive to get rid of humans." }, { "start": 444.231, "duration": 3.045, "text": "It would take thousands of years,\nand it would be easy to stop." }, { "start": 451.614, "duration": 3.086, "text": "The Maui gene drive is such a success\nthat the committee votes" }, { "start": 454.7, "duration": 1.877, "text": "to run a similar one in Florida." }, { "start": 456.744, "duration": 3.42, "text": "It starts out well, but the gene drive\nspread unintentionally" }, { "start": 460.164, "duration": 1.209, "text": "through the pet trade." }, { "start": 461.373, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Then the native chameleon populations\nin other parts of the world" }, { "start": 464.46, "duration": 1.168, "text": "start declining." }, { "start": 467.671, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The committee decides not\nto consider any more gene drives" }, { "start": 470.674, "duration": 2.044, "text": "to control invasive species." }, { "start": 472.76, "duration": 1.376, "text": "But that’s a cop out!" }, { "start": 476.972, "duration": 4.046, "text": "There are still plenty of invasive species\nthat threaten ecosystem collapse," }, { "start": 481.018, "duration": 4.463, "text": "spread disease, or divert resources that\ncould be used to improve people’s lives." }, { "start": 485.564, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And we haven't been able\nto get rid of them in other ways." }, { "start": 488.484, "duration": 2.836, "text": "It's good to avoid\nmaking mistakes, obviously," }, { "start": 491.362, "duration": 2.794, "text": "but we're not doing\nthat by refusing to even try." }, { "start": 494.657, "duration": 2.21, "text": "We’re just opening ourselves\nto the possibility" }, { "start": 496.867, "duration": 2.127, "text": "of making a different kind of mistake—" }, { "start": 499.161, "duration": 1.668, "text": "mistakes of inaction." }, { "start": 505.125, "duration": 1.669, "text": "The more I think about it," }, { "start": 506.835, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the more I'm convinced we're just\nas responsible for the consequences" }, { "start": 510.13, "duration": 2.92, "text": "of what we choose not\nto do as we are for what we do." }, { "start": 521.809, "duration": 3.92, "text": "I know you said no to making Wilhelmina’s—\nDr. Heliotrope’s—" }, { "start": 525.729, "duration": 1.502, "text": "papers open to the public." }, { "start": 527.648, "duration": 3.128, "text": "And I know she didn’t necessarily want\nher work published, either." }, { "start": 530.901, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Exactly." }, { "start": 532.57, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But I think she was wrong\nabout keeping her ideas private." }, { "start": 535.281, "duration": 4.921, "text": "It’s up to us— I mean up to you— to make\nthose decisions as well as you can." }, { "start": 540.953, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Her work could inspire someone\nto change the world for the better." }, { "start": 544.123, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And we can’t know she’d still want\nto keep them private today." }, { "start": 547.293, "duration": 3.712, "text": "You can’t. I actually knew her." }, { "start": 551.422, "duration": 1.001, "text": "You did?" }, { "start": 553.048, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Intimately." }, { "start": 555.801, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Oh, well, in that case, don’t you\nwant to keep her legacy alive?" }, { "start": 564.81, "duration": 2.711, "text": "I can tell you mean well," }, { "start": 567.646, "duration": 4.296, "text": "although your demeanor\nis a bit aggravating." }, { "start": 572.443, "duration": 5.338, "text": "If you come back to work and attend\nto all your main responsibilities," }, { "start": 577.948, "duration": 2.378, "text": "I will consider your proposal." }, { "start": 581.076, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Deal!" }, { "start": 584.705, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Return this to the shelves for me." } ] }, { "video_id": "PLmmb2f1fDk", "title": "Happy Teacher Appreciation Week!", "description": "“If you look behind every exceptional person there is an exceptional teacher.” \n— Stephen Hawking", "publishedAt": "2025-05-05T16:46:35Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.712, "duration": 3.628, "text": "From the 1930s well into the 1960s," }, { "start": 11.34, "duration": 4.422, "text": "pregnancy testing required a slippery\npiece of equipment:" }, { "start": 16.095, "duration": 3.295, "text": "a female African clawed frog." }, { "start": 19.64, "duration": 3.963, "text": "For decades, hospitals and research labs\naround the world" }, { "start": 23.603, "duration": 3.003, "text": "had a trusted supply of these\nhandy amphibians," }, { "start": 26.606, "duration": 2.461, "text": "employing their help\nin testing for pregnancy" }, { "start": 29.067, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and in numerous other\nscientific endeavors." }, { "start": 32.278, "duration": 4.087, "text": "So, what makes these phenomenal frogs\nso special?" }, { "start": 36.908, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The remarkable features\nof the African clawed frog" }, { "start": 39.786, "duration": 3.336, "text": "have fascinated researchers\nsince the 19th century." }, { "start": 43.247, "duration": 3.587, "text": "We often think of frogs as hopping\naround to snatch up bugs" }, { "start": 46.834, "duration": 1.585, "text": "with their lengthy tongues." }, { "start": 48.461, "duration": 4.796, "text": "But this water-dwelling species\nis almost exclusively aquatic," }, { "start": 53.382, "duration": 4.422, "text": "having adapted primarily for swimming\nrather than crawling or jumping." }, { "start": 58.096, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Weirder still, African clawed frogs\nhave no tongues at all." }, { "start": 62.391, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Instead, they suck food directly\ninto their mouths" }, { "start": 65.937, "duration": 2.752, "text": "or use their hands to catch larger animals" }, { "start": 68.689, "duration": 3.546, "text": "which they tear apart\nwith powerful hind claws." }, { "start": 72.819, "duration": 1.96, "text": "To help get close to their prey," }, { "start": 74.779, "duration": 5.213, "text": "their smooth skin can quickly change color\nto blend into their surroundings." }, { "start": 80.326, "duration": 4.88, "text": "This camouflage ability was particularly\ninteresting to a trio of biologists" }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 2.586, "text": "in South Africa during the 1920s." }, { "start": 88.209, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Hillel Shapiro, Harry Zwarenstein,\nand their teacher, Lancelot Hogben," }, { "start": 93.172, "duration": 3.003, "text": "were researching what role\nthe pituitary gland," }, { "start": 96.175, "duration": 1.752, "text": "a small region of the frog’s brain," }, { "start": 97.927, "duration": 2.711, "text": "might play in the\ncolor changing mechanism." }, { "start": 100.888, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Removing the gland altogether impaired\nthe frogs’ ability to camouflage." }, { "start": 105.643, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But when Hogben injected them with\na pituitary extract derived from an ox," }, { "start": 110.648, "duration": 3.212, "text": "he found an even more surprising result—" }, { "start": 114.068, "duration": 3.212, "text": "the frogs began laying eggs." }, { "start": 117.822, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Normally, African clawed frogs\nonly release eggs" }, { "start": 120.783, "duration": 2.378, "text": "when a male frog is\nnearby to fertilize them." }, { "start": 123.536, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But this ox hormone triggered their\novulation without the presence of a male." }, { "start": 128.249, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And this process gave\nthe researchers an idea." }, { "start": 132.128, "duration": 3.503, "text": "They knew there was a chemical similarity\nbetween the ox hormone" }, { "start": 135.631, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and a hormone found in the urine\nof pregnant people—" }, { "start": 139.01, "duration": 6.381, "text": "a compound we know today as the\nchorionic gonadotropin hormone, or hCG." }, { "start": 146.058, "duration": 1.961, "text": "In pregnancy tests of the day," }, { "start": 148.019, "duration": 4.087, "text": "animals like mice and rabbits were\ninjected with human urine" }, { "start": 152.106, "duration": 2.836, "text": "as a way of testing\nfor the presence of hCG." }, { "start": 155.276, "duration": 3.253, "text": "However, this required multiple\ndays of injections," }, { "start": 158.529, "duration": 2.878, "text": "as well as killing and dissecting\nthe animals" }, { "start": 161.407, "duration": 2.211, "text": "to see whether the hormone was present." }, { "start": 163.868, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Because of these hurdles, the test was\nreserved for specific use cases," }, { "start": 168.164, "duration": 4.838, "text": "leaving most people waiting for visible\nsigns to determine if they were pregnant." }, { "start": 173.377, "duration": 3.254, "text": "But these frogs changed everything." }, { "start": 176.797, "duration": 5.005, "text": "They responded to hCG in roughly 9 hours\nwith no need for dissection." }, { "start": 181.928, "duration": 3.169, "text": "And since their large ovaries\nconstantly generate eggs," }, { "start": 185.097, "duration": 4.922, "text": "they could participate in numerous tests\nover their 15 to 30 year lifespan." }, { "start": 190.436, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Better still, these frogs were abundant\nin their native habitat," }, { "start": 194.023, "duration": 3.503, "text": "making them easy to find,\ncatch, and export." }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Before long, tens of thousands\nof African clawed frogs" }, { "start": 201.197, "duration": 3.253, "text": "were being shipped to hospitals\nall over the world," }, { "start": 204.45, "duration": 4.588, "text": "making reliable pregnancy tests\nwidely available for the first time." }, { "start": 209.247, "duration": 4.212, "text": "In the 1970s, the frogs would be\nsuperseded by chemical tests" }, { "start": 213.459, "duration": 2.294, "text": "that detected hCG directly." }, { "start": 215.878, "duration": 2.836, "text": "But by then their widespread presence\nin laboratories" }, { "start": 218.714, "duration": 3.837, "text": "had made African clawed frogs\nthe star of numerous studies." }, { "start": 222.718, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Their rapid development and ability\nto produce eggs in any season" }, { "start": 226.472, "duration": 3.17, "text": "made them invaluable models\nfor developmental biology." }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 3.962, "text": "African clawed frogs have even been\npart of biological studies" }, { "start": 234.188, "duration": 2.377, "text": "aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour." }, { "start": 236.941, "duration": 3.754, "text": "However,\nfrogs can be slippery subjects." }, { "start": 241.028, "duration": 4.004, "text": "More than a few of these amphibians have\nescaped their laboratory enclosures," }, { "start": 245.032, "duration": 1.126, "text": "and in many places," }, { "start": 246.158, "duration": 5.214, "text": "their ferocious appetite allowed them\nto outcompete native amphibians." }, { "start": 251.622, "duration": 1.085, "text": "To make matters worse," }, { "start": 252.707, "duration": 3.211, "text": "they often carry a deadly\nfungus called chytrid," }, { "start": 255.918, "duration": 3.045, "text": "which can cause an infection\nthat lethally disrupts" }, { "start": 258.963, "duration": 2.669, "text": "the delicate functioning\nof amphibian skin." }, { "start": 262.133, "duration": 5.255, "text": "In the 20th century, this fungal infection\nhas devastated amphibian populations" }, { "start": 267.388, "duration": 1.251, "text": "around the globe," }, { "start": 268.639, "duration": 3.295, "text": "causing the extinction\nof multiple frog species." }, { "start": 272.268, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Because of all these concerns," }, { "start": 273.811, "duration": 4.463, "text": "the African clawed frog is now classified\nas an invasive species," }, { "start": 278.399, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and illegal in many regions." }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 3.045, "text": "So in the end, like other pregnancy tests," }, { "start": 283.696, "duration": 2.753, "text": "the use of these frogs\nin scientific research" }, { "start": 286.449, "duration": 4.462, "text": "has had both\npositive and negative results." } ] }, { "video_id": "D8TapCbDemk", "title": "The myth of Medusa - Laura Aitken-Burt", "description": "TED-Ed has launched its first ever physical game: Pandora's Legacy! Learn more and get your copy here: https://ed.ted.com/pandora\n\n--\n\nMedusa, transformed into a monstrous Gorgon by a wrathful Athena, sought refuge in a hidden cave. Time after time, would-be heroes journeyed to the cave to make their names by murdering Medusa— but fell to her gaze every time. Until another young man, Perseus, began his quest for glory. Laura Aitken-Burt shares the myth of Medusa and her infamous power to petrify.\n\nLesson by Laura Aitken-Burt, directed by Yael Reisfeld.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-medusa-laura-aitken-burt\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-medusa-laura-aitken-burt/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com & https://www.instagram.com/yaelreisfeld\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, and Penelope Misquitta.", "publishedAt": "2025-05-01T15:00:36Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 6.507, "text": "On March 14th, 1970, Robert White\nand his team carted two small monkeys" }, { "start": 13.468, "duration": 1.668, "text": "into an operating room." }, { "start": 15.261, "duration": 3.67, "text": "The neurosurgeon lay on the verge\nof an ambitious experiment," }, { "start": 18.931, "duration": 2.586, "text": "decades in the making,\nwhich was bizarre," }, { "start": 21.559, "duration": 2.878, "text": "if not pulled straight\nfrom his own fever dream." }, { "start": 24.604, "duration": 1.46, "text": "White’s objective?" }, { "start": 26.147, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Connect the head of Monkey A\nto the body of Monkey B," }, { "start": 31.027, "duration": 3.545, "text": "in what he considered\na whole-body transplant." }, { "start": 34.781, "duration": 4.879, "text": "White’s ultimate goal was to one day\nperform this surgery on humans." }, { "start": 39.911, "duration": 3.211, "text": "While disturbing,\nthe idea of a body transplant" }, { "start": 43.122, "duration": 4.254, "text": "raises ethical, biological,\nand philosophical questions—" }, { "start": 47.376, "duration": 3.045, "text": "on the nature of life\nand the limits of science—" }, { "start": 50.421, "duration": 2.211, "text": "that are still discussed today." }, { "start": 52.757, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But first, is it even medically possible?" }, { "start": 55.676, "duration": 3.254, "text": "White's surgery faced several\ntechnical hurdles." }, { "start": 58.971, "duration": 3.42, "text": "For one thing, it guaranteed paralysis" }, { "start": 62.391, "duration": 4.964, "text": "as no doctor then— or now—\ncould reconnect a severed spinal cord." }, { "start": 67.522, "duration": 2.752, "text": "But White,\na practicing neurosurgeon," }, { "start": 70.274, "duration": 2.586, "text": "thought the surgery could be life-saving" }, { "start": 72.86, "duration": 6.507, "text": "for his patients with spinal cord injuries\nor progressive mobility diseases like ALS." }, { "start": 79.492, "duration": 5.255, "text": "These patients often face\nmulti-organ failures and paralysis," }, { "start": 84.914, "duration": 1.96, "text": "so with a body transplant," }, { "start": 86.916, "duration": 5.172, "text": "he hoped to save their lives by replacing\nall of their organs at once." }, { "start": 92.213, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But paralysis wasn't the only challenge." }, { "start": 95.216, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Due to their high energy demands," }, { "start": 97.51, "duration": 5.631, "text": "brain cells require a constant supply\nof oxygenated blood to survive." }, { "start": 103.266, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Yet the transplant surgery would likely\ninterrupt the brain’s oxygen flow" }, { "start": 108.229, "duration": 1.043, "text": "for hours." }, { "start": 109.397, "duration": 1.835, "text": "But White had an idea." }, { "start": 111.357, "duration": 1.293, "text": "When the brain is cold," }, { "start": 112.733, "duration": 4.547, "text": "its metabolism slows down\nand it relies less on oxygen." }, { "start": 117.488, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Experimenting on dogs and monkeys," }, { "start": 120.408, "duration": 3.253, "text": "White optimized a brain-cooling technique" }, { "start": 123.661, "duration": 4.338, "text": "where the brain’s blood flow was\nselectively chilled and halted," }, { "start": 127.999, "duration": 3.628, "text": "while the rest of the body’s blood\nremained warm and circulated." }, { "start": 132.003, "duration": 6.089, "text": "Then, in 1964, White successfully cooled\nthe brain of a human patient" }, { "start": 138.092, "duration": 6.256, "text": "with a life-threatening brain tumor\ninto “suspended animation” at 11°C." }, { "start": 144.432, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Whereas normally the surgical team\nwould have just 3 to 5 minutes" }, { "start": 148.936, "duration": 1.377, "text": "to remove the tumor," }, { "start": 150.313, "duration": 1.376, "text": "with this new technique," }, { "start": 151.689, "duration": 3.962, "text": "they operated for over an hour\nwithout causing damage." }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Brain cooling revolutionized\nthe field of neurosurgery" }, { "start": 159.447, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and put White one step closer\nto his body transplant goal." }, { "start": 164.076, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But this vision was fraught\nwith serious ethical concerns." }, { "start": 168.539, "duration": 4.338, "text": "What conditions would justify\nsuch an experimental surgery," }, { "start": 172.877, "duration": 4.046, "text": "that could result in debilitating pain\nand neurological damage?" }, { "start": 177.048, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And how many animals would have to die\nto prove it was possible?" }, { "start": 181.093, "duration": 3.838, "text": "At the time, bioethics\nwas still an emerging field." }, { "start": 185.097, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Nevertheless, numerous critics, including\nmany in the scientific community," }, { "start": 189.477, "duration": 4.254, "text": "recognized the cruelty of White's research\nand strongly opposed it." }, { "start": 193.94, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Yet White continued to gain approval\nfrom agencies like the NIH." }, { "start": 198.11, "duration": 5.256, "text": "And by 1970, he was ready to attempt\na monkey body transplant." }, { "start": 203.699, "duration": 3.879, "text": "First Monkey A was installed\nwith temporary blood vessels—" }, { "start": 207.662, "duration": 3.962, "text": "coils of plastic tubes that tethered\nthe head to the body." }, { "start": 211.832, "duration": 5.631, "text": "Plastic tube by plastic tube,\nthe team connected Body B to Head A," }, { "start": 217.463, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and then waited for the subject\nto awake from anesthesia." }, { "start": 221.425, "duration": 5.047, "text": "The monkey did— alive, paralyzed,\nand extremely distressed." }, { "start": 226.555, "duration": 4.296, "text": "According to the team, the monkey\ncould see, smell, hear," }, { "start": 230.851, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and even tried to bite off\none of the doctors’ fingers." }, { "start": 233.938, "duration": 2.961, "text": "White felt this proved that the operation\ncould work." }, { "start": 237.108, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The brain appeared to survive\na head transplant" }, { "start": 240.319, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and, with high doses of drugs,\ncould live without immune rejection." }, { "start": 244.699, "duration": 3.878, "text": "But had White performed\na body transplant on Monkey A?" }, { "start": 248.619, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Or was it a head transplant on Monkey B?" }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 3.67, "text": "The surgery raises questions\nabout the mind-body divide" }, { "start": 255.459, "duration": 1.919, "text": "that have been debated for millennia." }, { "start": 257.878, "duration": 4.046, "text": "While modern neuroscience supports\nthe central role of the brain" }, { "start": 261.924, "duration": 1.877, "text": "in building out our consciousness," }, { "start": 263.801, "duration": 3.337, "text": "discoveries about gut neurons\nand the microbiome" }, { "start": 267.138, "duration": 3.128, "text": "suggest that the answer\nmay be more complicated." }, { "start": 270.433, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Does part of the “self” reside\noutside of the mind?" }, { "start": 274.02, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The body and brain are interconnected\nby circuits and signaling systems;" }, { "start": 278.357, "duration": 2.67, "text": "so, what is lost by separating the two?" }, { "start": 281.319, "duration": 4.796, "text": "As a neurosurgeon, White performed\nmore than 10,000 brain operations" }, { "start": 286.115, "duration": 2.294, "text": "before retiring in 1998—" }, { "start": 288.617, "duration": 3.421, "text": "but never the human head transplant\nhe dreamed of." }, { "start": 292.163, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Since then, several scientists have\nexpressed interest in picking up" }, { "start": 296.292, "duration": 3.962, "text": "where White left off,\nreviving unfinished debates." }, { "start": 300.504, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Even if a doctor could successfully\nconnect a patient’s head" }, { "start": 303.924, "duration": 1.669, "text": "to a donor’s body," }, { "start": 305.593, "duration": 2.21, "text": "who of the two would emerge?" }, { "start": 307.803, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And is extending a life\nalways worth the cost?" } ] }, { "video_id": "YYZCpJmHAqI", "title": "We made you something special and unprecedented", "description": "TED-Ed’s first ever physical game is here! Get your copy of Pandora’s Legacy, an epic gaming experience like no other: https://ed.ted.com/pandora\n\n--\n\nPandora’s Legacy, our first ever physical game, is now live on Kickstarter! The game is an unforgettable experience that combines elements of jigsaw puzzles, escape rooms, puzzle hunts, and legacy board games into a 12-15 hour adventure. Perfect for mythology lovers, puzzle enthusiasts, and anyone who just loves a good challenge, Pandora’s Legacy is a gaming experience like no other. All proceeds from this game will go to supporting educators and students around the world through TED-Ed’s free resources and programs.\n\n1200+ pieces to assemble\n17 boxes to unlock\n16 devious puzzles to solve\n1 infernal box\n\nStart your adventure: https://ed.ted.com/pandora", "publishedAt": "2025-04-30T15:00:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.67, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Achilles was a demigod destined\nfor greatness." }, { "start": 11.382, "duration": 2.961, "text": "He was born to a sea nymph and a king." }, { "start": 14.594, "duration": 3.211, "text": "And like the legendary Heracles\nbefore him," }, { "start": 17.805, "duration": 5.422, "text": "he was trained by the centaur Chiron\nin hunting, music, and medicine." }, { "start": 23.436, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Meanwhile, his closest companion\nsince boyhood was Patroclus," }, { "start": 27.732, "duration": 4.88, "text": "a mortal with no divine parentage\nor lofty prophecies tied to his name." }, { "start": 32.779, "duration": 4.587, "text": "Despite these differences, the two loved\none another unconditionally." }, { "start": 38.117, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But when Greece declared war on Troy," }, { "start": 40.661, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Achilles was called\nupon as a crucial weapon." }, { "start": 43.664, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Helen, the wife of a Greek king," }, { "start": 45.917, "duration": 3.587, "text": "had vanished to Troy with Paris,\na Trojan prince." }, { "start": 49.796, "duration": 3.962, "text": "An army of Greeks assembled,\ndetermined to retrieve her." }, { "start": 53.758, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And as war loomed, the gods themselves\ntook sides" }, { "start": 57.72, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and argued over the mortals’ fates." }, { "start": 60.681, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Achilles knew the war was written\ninto his destiny." }, { "start": 64.268, "duration": 5.881, "text": "And with horses born from the west wind\nand a spear wrought from a mountain peak," }, { "start": 70.149, "duration": 1.46, "text": "he readied himself." }, { "start": 71.692, "duration": 3.838, "text": "But he wouldn’t be alone:\nPatroclus was by his side." }, { "start": 76.239, "duration": 6.756, "text": "They sailed to Troy along with 1,186 ships\nand surged into battle." }, { "start": 83.454, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The Trojans were led by the\nformidable Prince Hector," }, { "start": 86.707, "duration": 3.295, "text": "brother of Paris and son of King Priam." }, { "start": 90.253, "duration": 2.627, "text": "But they were no match for Achilles," }, { "start": 93.005, "duration": 4.004, "text": "who held the upper hand for the Greeks\nwith his striking skill." }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Some said Achilles was invincible because\nhis mother dipped him into the Styx;" }, { "start": 102.557, "duration": 4.796, "text": "others said that she bathed him\nin ambrosia, the nectar of immortality." }, { "start": 107.603, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Despite his talent, the war\nwore on for nine years" }, { "start": 112.024, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and internal conflicts crystallized." }, { "start": 115.194, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Early on, Achilles took a woman\nnamed Briseis captive." }, { "start": 119.49, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But the Greek army’s leader,\nKing Agamemnon," }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 4.755, "text": "had grown jealous of Achilles\nand seized Briseis for himself." }, { "start": 127.915, "duration": 6.048, "text": "Incensed, Achilles went on strike and\nthe situation became dire without him." }, { "start": 134.088, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Patroclus witnessed\nthe carnage firsthand." }, { "start": 137.175, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But still Achilles refused to fight." }, { "start": 140.636, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Panicked at the sight of the Trojans\nentering the Greek encampment," }, { "start": 144.515, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Patroclus urged Achilles\nto lend him his armor." }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 4.629, "text": "The sight of Achilles alone, he argued,\nwould drive the Trojans back." }, { "start": 153.316, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Achilles agreed— provided Patroclus\navoid the gates of Troy," }, { "start": 157.737, "duration": 3.044, "text": "from which the god Apollo\nprotected the city." }, { "start": 161.115, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Suiting Patroclus in the armor,\nAchilles prayed for his safe return." }, { "start": 166.287, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Leading a swarm of Greeks," }, { "start": 167.83, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the disguised Patroclus drove\nthe Trojans away." }, { "start": 171.584, "duration": 6.089, "text": "And for a few precious moments he felt\nas untouchable as Achilles himself." }, { "start": 178.216, "duration": 6.297, "text": "He hurtled towards Troy— until Apollo\nstruck him down, knocking away his armor." }, { "start": 184.889, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Hector seized the opportunity, " }, { "start": 187.141, "duration": 3.837, "text": "claiming Patroclus’ life—\nand Achilles’ armor." }, { "start": 191.437, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Overcome by guilt and grief," }, { "start": 194.398, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Achilles vowed not to bury his beloved\nuntil he was avenged." }, { "start": 199.487, "duration": 4.963, "text": "He threw himself into battle,\nleaving a trail of bodies in his wake." }, { "start": 204.784, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Soon, all Trojans had fled or perished—" }, { "start": 208.079, "duration": 5.964, "text": "all but Hector, clad in the armor\nthat had failed to protect Patroclus." }, { "start": 214.919, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Their spears clashed, but Achilles\nknew the armor's weak spot." }, { "start": 219.59, "duration": 3.295, "text": "With a deadly strike, he took his revenge." }, { "start": 223.094, "duration": 4.212, "text": "And yet, his grief and fury\nweren’t satisfied." }, { "start": 227.515, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Achilles seized Hector’s body." }, { "start": 230.101, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Denying him burial was a heinous offense,\nbut nothing felt sacred anymore." }, { "start": 236.065, "duration": 5.839, "text": "He dragged the body behind his chariot,\njeering at the Trojans all the while." }, { "start": 242.613, "duration": 4.213, "text": "At night, the ghost of Patroclus\nappeared to Achilles," }, { "start": 247.034, "duration": 2.294, "text": "warning that his death was imminent" }, { "start": 249.537, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and asking that their bones\nbe laid to rest together." }, { "start": 253.416, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Achilles agreed and tried to embrace him,\nbut the apparition disappeared." }, { "start": 259.171, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Meanwhile, Priam, the Trojan king,\nwas also tormented by grief." }, { "start": 264.844, "duration": 4.546, "text": "He finally resolved to go to Achilles\nand ask him for mercy." }, { "start": 269.89, "duration": 6.215, "text": "He kissed the hands that killed his son\nand offered payment for Hector's body." }, { "start": 276.272, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Together, they wept and shared a meal." }, { "start": 279.066, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Achilles returned Hector’s corpse,\npraying to Patroclus for forgiveness." }, { "start": 284.697, "duration": 3.503, "text": "And with little left to lose,\nhe returned to battle," }, { "start": 288.409, "duration": 2.753, "text": "defeating even the most skilled warriors." }, { "start": 291.287, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But, just as Patroclus had predicted,\nAchilles wouldn’t live long." }, { "start": 295.75, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Paris struck his heel with an arrow\nthat some say was guided by Apollo." }, { "start": 301.922, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The remains of Achilles and Patroclus\nwere mingled for eternity." }, { "start": 306.552, "duration": 2.169, "text": "And the Greeks went on to win the war." }, { "start": 308.804, "duration": 1.418, "text": "But, in the course of battle," }, { "start": 310.222, "duration": 3.546, "text": "each side lost some of the\ngreatest heroes of their time—" }, { "start": 313.893, "duration": 2.461, "text": "their zeal turning into heartbreak, " }, { "start": 316.354, "duration": 3.503, "text": "even as their stories\nhardened into legend." } ] }, { "video_id": "IkRXpFIRUl4", "title": "Can you solve the riddle of Pandora’s box? - Alex Rosenthal", "description": "TED-Ed has launched its first ever physical game: Pandora's Legacy! Learn more and get your copy here: https://ed.ted.com/pandora\n\n--\n\nPandora is having a decisively bad day. She didn’t set out to open the box; if anything she’d resisted with every ounce of her will. But her curiosity got the better of her, and a cavalcade of evils of every shape and size spilled out. Pandora knows her only chance to fix this is to capture Hope before the imps all escape her home. Can you figure out which one is Hope? Alex Rosenthal shows how.\n\nLesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-riddle-of-pandoras-box-alex-rosenthal\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-riddle-of-pandoras-box-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, and Rayo.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-29T15:00:01Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.837, "text": "This is a computer chip,\nmagnified 500 times." }, { "start": 11.09, "duration": 2.92, "text": "What you’re looking at is the top\nof a computing city," }, { "start": 14.01, "duration": 2.502, "text": "with distinct neighborhoods\nfor different functions." }, { "start": 16.637, "duration": 4.004, "text": "They’re linked by up to 100 kilometers\nof ultra-thin copper lines," }, { "start": 20.641, "duration": 2.837, "text": "running across 10 or more stacked levels." }, { "start": 23.728, "duration": 2.753, "text": "At the very bottom,\nbillions of electronic devices" }, { "start": 26.481, "duration": 3.587, "text": "generate the digital traffic\nthat pulses across the chip." }, { "start": 30.276, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The most common of these devices\nis called a transistor;" }, { "start": 33.529, "duration": 3.837, "text": "it’s a switch that allows current to flow\nif it receives a voltage." }, { "start": 37.533, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Transistors can be as small\nas 20 nanometers," }, { "start": 40.745, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and more than 50 billion of them\ncan fit on a single chip." }, { "start": 44.54, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Globally, we produce more than a trillion\ncomputer chips every year." }, { "start": 48.795, "duration": 4.045, "text": "That’s about 20 trillion transistors\nbuilt every second," }, { "start": 52.924, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and it’s done in fewer than 500\nfabrication plants, known as fabs." }, { "start": 57.428, "duration": 4.338, "text": "How do we build so many tiny,\nintricately-connected devices," }, { "start": 61.766, "duration": 1.752, "text": "so incredibly fast?" }, { "start": 64.018, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The answer involves a technology\ncalled photolithography," }, { "start": 67.23, "duration": 3.753, "text": "which helps us build all the devices\non a chip simultaneously." }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 4.254, "text": "It’s like constructing all the buildings\nin a city at the same time." }, { "start": 75.822, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And with no tiny construction crews\nto help," }, { "start": 78.199, "duration": 3.837, "text": "we build using light\nas a measuring and sculpting tool." }, { "start": 82.37, "duration": 2.252, "text": "The process starts\nwith a wafer of silicon," }, { "start": 84.622, "duration": 5.005, "text": "which is doused in solvents and acids to\nstrip it clean before entering a furnace." }, { "start": 89.877, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Here, oxygen gas reacts with the wafer\nto form a layer of silicon dioxide." }, { "start": 94.715, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Then, a liquid called “photoresist”\nis spun on and baked to harden." }, { "start": 99.428, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Next, ultraviolet light selectively\nilluminates the wafer," }, { "start": 102.807, "duration": 3.337, "text": "by passing through or reflecting\noff a specialized mask." }, { "start": 106.269, "duration": 4.504, "text": "In the lit areas, a reaction weakens\nthe photoresist’s chemical bonds." }, { "start": 111.232, "duration": 4.087, "text": "The wafer is doused in another chemical\nto wash away that weakened photoresist," }, { "start": 115.444, "duration": 1.877, "text": "leaving an image of the mask." }, { "start": 117.864, "duration": 4.212, "text": "And an etching machine’s reactive gases\nremove the exposed oxide," }, { "start": 122.076, "duration": 4.797, "text": "creating windows that drill the mask’s\npattern down to the wafer surface." }, { "start": 127.54, "duration": 3.712, "text": "An implanter then accelerates\nboron or phosphorus ions" }, { "start": 131.252, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and slams them\ninto the patterned openings." }, { "start": 134.297, "duration": 3.837, "text": "These atoms form electropositive\nor electronegative regions" }, { "start": 138.134, "duration": 2.377, "text": "that change silicon’s conductivity," }, { "start": 140.595, "duration": 2.586, "text": "creating the foundation\nof the transistor switch." }, { "start": 143.723, "duration": 3.962, "text": "The etched oxide windows, however,\ncreate hill-and-valley features." }, { "start": 147.81, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Before the next level\nof copper lines are added," }, { "start": 150.354, "duration": 2.878, "text": "this one’s uneven lines\nmust be polished flat," }, { "start": 153.232, "duration": 4.046, "text": "to near-atomic precision,\nusing a sophisticated grinding process" }, { "start": 157.278, "duration": 3.462, "text": "called chemical mechanical polishing,\nor CMP." }, { "start": 160.907, "duration": 4.337, "text": "CMP uses a controlled slurry\nof sub-micron ceramic particles" }, { "start": 165.244, "duration": 3.295, "text": "to gently scrape and flatten\nthe bumpy features." }, { "start": 171.167, "duration": 3.962, "text": "These fab tools, and many others,\nare used hundreds of times on a wafer," }, { "start": 175.129, "duration": 3.462, "text": "to create and link transistors\ninto computing logic gates," }, { "start": 178.758, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and to make connected neighborhoods\nfor memory storage and computation." }, { "start": 183.471, "duration": 1.626, "text": "Fabs run around the clock," }, { "start": 185.097, "duration": 4.255, "text": "and it takes about three months to\ntransform a single wafer from pure silicon" }, { "start": 189.352, "duration": 1.459, "text": "into hundreds of chips." }, { "start": 191.062, "duration": 1.501, "text": "With this continuous operation," }, { "start": 192.563, "duration": 5.631, "text": "fabs consume huge amounts of electricity,\nwater, solvents, acids, bases," }, { "start": 198.194, "duration": 2.627, "text": "process gases, and precious metals." }, { "start": 201.697, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Wafers are processed in ultra-high\npurity tool chambers," }, { "start": 205.368, "duration": 2.544, "text": "maintained by pumps running constantly," }, { "start": 207.912, "duration": 2.753, "text": "to sustain a vacuum\nthat resembles deep space." }, { "start": 210.79, "duration": 2.586, "text": "High-temperature furnaces never turn off." }, { "start": 213.542, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Fab air handlers constantly\nexpel filtered air" }, { "start": 216.629, "duration": 3.128, "text": "to corral dust and tiny particles\naway from wafers." }, { "start": 219.84, "duration": 2.169, "text": "This takes a lot of electricity." }, { "start": 222.426, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The chemicals and purified water used\nin cleaning " }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 3.629, "text": "create nearly five gallons of waste\nper wafer run—" }, { "start": 228.891, "duration": 2.628, "text": "which needs to be filtered and pH treated." }, { "start": 231.686, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Meanwhile, CMP slurries are continually\nflushed with water" }, { "start": 235.106, "duration": 2.252, "text": "to keep their fine particles from\nforming chunks" }, { "start": 237.358, "duration": 2.461, "text": "that would tear apart\nthe fragile copper lines." }, { "start": 239.86, "duration": 2.545, "text": "This adds five times more liquid waste." }, { "start": 242.78, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Fabs plow through vast amounts of nitrogen\nand helium gas to run their tools." }, { "start": 247.535, "duration": 4.755, "text": "And other gases used and generated in\nthese tools are greenhouse contributors." }, { "start": 252.456, "duration": 1.293, "text": "To minimize their emission," }, { "start": 253.749, "duration": 4.672, "text": "machines called scrubbers decompose\nand dissolve some gaseous byproducts" }, { "start": 258.504, "duration": 1.668, "text": "into treatable wastewater." }, { "start": 260.298, "duration": 2.585, "text": "That uses more electricity,\nand more water." }, { "start": 263.426, "duration": 1.585, "text": "As computing complexity grows," }, { "start": 265.011, "duration": 3.545, "text": "more copper and precious metals\nare needed to link up chips." }, { "start": 268.681, "duration": 1.793, "text": "And new problems arise:" }, { "start": 270.641, "duration": 4.129, "text": "today, PFAS-based photoresists are\nessential to make ever-smaller features." }, { "start": 274.895, "duration": 3.546, "text": "But PFAS waste in the environment\nis ending up in our bodies," }, { "start": 278.441, "duration": 1.251, "text": "and it may be harmful." }, { "start": 280.443, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Computer chips are modern marvels\nthat have transformed our world—" }, { "start": 283.738, "duration": 3.336, "text": "and the factories that build them\nare themselves engineering wonders." }, { "start": 287.616, "duration": 2.253, "text": "But as our demand for chips accelerates," }, { "start": 289.869, "duration": 3.128, "text": "their fabrication is hitting\nhard sustainability limits." }, { "start": 293.08, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Already, some places are beginning\nto ration water to farmers," }, { "start": 296.709, "duration": 1.835, "text": "in favor of running fabs." }, { "start": 298.753, "duration": 3.128, "text": "For the sake of the future\nof computing and our environment," }, { "start": 301.964, "duration": 2.92, "text": "tomorrow’s leaner, cleaner,\nand greener fabs" }, { "start": 304.884, "duration": 3.545, "text": "will need to run even smarter\nthan the very chips they build." } ] }, { "video_id": "PJKeLD-vMvo", "title": "How did detectives solve the case of the bloody fingerprints? - Theodore E. Yeshion", "description": "Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nIn 1902, detectives arrived at a grisly murder scene and found a shard of broken glass with several bloody fingerprints. They painstakingly searched the police station’s records and eventually found a match— a man who later confessed to the crime. Today, fingerprints remain one of the most common types of evidence in criminal courts. But just how reliable are they? Theodore Yeshion investigates.\n\nLesson by Theodore E. Yeshion, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.\n\nAssets for 2D and 3D animations created by: Andy Brown, Katrina Brown, Peter Tilley, Osian3D, hellothere.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-reliable-is-fingerprint-evidence-theodore-e-yeshion\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-reliable-is-fingerprint-evidence-theodore-e-yeshion/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-reliable-is-fingerprint-evidence-theodore-e-yeshion/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, and Dennis.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-24T15:03:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Whether you memorize a script,\nor read from one," }, { "start": 9.922, "duration": 3.462, "text": "or use a few notes,\nor don’t use any notes at all," }, { "start": 13.468, "duration": 3.461, "text": "a talk that is well-prepared\nand passionately delivered" }, { "start": 16.929, "duration": 2.837, "text": "will always impact an audience." }, { "start": 20.266, "duration": 3.378, "text": "But what does delivering a talk\npassionately look like?" }, { "start": 24.103, "duration": 3.212, "text": "It's time to find your voice." }, { "start": 28.066, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Here’s a radical question:\nwhy bother to give a talk?" }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Why not simply email the script\nto every potential member of the audience?" }, { "start": 35.907, "duration": 2.419, "text": "One of the special things about TED" }, { "start": 38.326, "duration": 5.505, "text": "is that it shows how talks can offer\n something more than printed words." }, { "start": 43.998, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But that doesn’t just\nhappen automatically." }, { "start": 46.542, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Not every talk offers something extra." }, { "start": 50.213, "duration": 5.505, "text": "That something extra has to be\nthought about, invested in, and developed." }, { "start": 55.885, "duration": 1.752, "text": "It has to be earned. " }, { "start": 57.97, "duration": 1.919, "text": "What is that something extra?" }, { "start": 60.223, "duration": 1.793, "text": "It’s our humanity." }, { "start": 62.183, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Our humanity turns information\ninto inspiration." }, { "start": 67.105, "duration": 4.295, "text": "Here are some of the things\nthe human layer can bring to a text." }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Connection: I trust this person." }, { "start": 74.821, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Engagement: every sentence\nsounds so interesting!" }, { "start": 79.075, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Curiosity: I hear it in your voice\nand see it in your face." }, { "start": 84.163, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Understanding: the emphasis on that word\nwith that hand gesture," }, { "start": 88.918, "duration": 1.21, "text": "now I get it." }, { "start": 90.503, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Empathy: I can tell how much\nthat hurt you." }, { "start": 94.507, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Excitement: wow, that passion\nis infectious!" }, { "start": 98.886, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Conviction: such determination\nin those eyes." }, { "start": 103.141, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Action: I want to be on your team.\nSign me up!" }, { "start": 108.437, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Together, these things create inspiration." }, { "start": 112.692, "duration": 3.545, "text": "We think of inspiration\nas the force that tells the brain" }, { "start": 116.237, "duration": 1.96, "text": "what to do with a new idea." }, { "start": 118.656, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Many ideas just get filed away,\nand probably soon forgotten." }, { "start": 123.369, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Inspiration, on the other hand," }, { "start": 125.413, "duration": 2.753, "text": "sets off our mind’s attention\nalert system." }, { "start": 129.208, "duration": 4.588, "text": "There are two major things to consider\nwhen preparing a talk for an audience." }, { "start": 133.88, "duration": 3.628, "text": "The first is: what am I doing\nwith my voice?" }, { "start": 137.925, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And the second is:\nwhat am I doing with my body?" }, { "start": 142.388, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Speak with meaning." }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Listen to the opening minute\nof the TED Talk by George Monbiot." }, { "start": 148.728, "duration": 1.209, "text": "“When I was a young man," }, { "start": 149.937, "duration": 3.003, "text": "I spent six years\nof wild adventure in the tropics," }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 2.086, "text": "working as an investigative journalist" }, { "start": 155.193, "duration": 3.003, "text": "in some of the most bewitching parts\nof the world." }, { "start": 158.779, "duration": 2.962, "text": "I was as reckless and foolish\nas only young men can be—" }, { "start": 161.741, "duration": 1.543, "text": "this is why wars get fought—" }, { "start": 163.326, "duration": 4.004, "text": "but I also felt more alive\nthan I’ve ever done since." }, { "start": 167.622, "duration": 1.251, "text": "And when I came home," }, { "start": 168.873, "duration": 4.546, "text": "I found the scope of my\nexistence gradually diminishing," }, { "start": 173.628, "duration": 3.128, "text": "until loading the dishwasher\nseemed like an interesting challenge." }, { "start": 178.007, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And I found myself sort of scratching\nat the walls of life," }, { "start": 181.761, "duration": 4.087, "text": "as if I was trying to find a way\nout into a wider space beyond." }, { "start": 186.14, "duration": 3.67, "text": "I was, I believe, ecologically bored.”" }, { "start": 190.144, "duration": 5.214, "text": "When you hear Monbiot speak,\nyou find yourself pulled into his world." }, { "start": 195.524, "duration": 4.422, "text": "He uses his voice in a way that\nadds meaning to every word he says." }, { "start": 200.154, "duration": 3.17, "text": "That's something you wouldn't get\nif you read his script in a book." }, { "start": 203.324, "duration": 4.212, "text": "His words are interesting,\nbut it’s the way he says them" }, { "start": 207.62, "duration": 3.962, "text": "that gives his audience a feeling\nof curiosity and astonishment." }, { "start": 211.791, "duration": 1.209, "text": "How does he do this?" }, { "start": 214.919, "duration": 5.047, "text": "The key to being an exciting speaker\nis to create variety in the way you speak—" }, { "start": 220.299, "duration": 3.587, "text": "variety based on the meaning\nyou’re trying to get across." }, { "start": 224.387, "duration": 2.043, "text": "So many speakers forget this." }, { "start": 226.43, "duration": 3.629, "text": "They give a talk in which every sentence \nsounds the same," }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 3.587, "text": "with a slight rise at the start \nand a drop at the end." }, { "start": 234.522, "duration": 2.461, "text": "There are no pauses or changes of pace." }, { "start": 237.149, "duration": 2.586, "text": "This communicates \nthat no single part of a talk" }, { "start": 239.777, "duration": 1.793, "text": "matters more than any other part." }, { "start": 241.862, "duration": 3.921, "text": "It’s just the same thing \nover and over again until the end." }, { "start": 246.075, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Listening to a talk like this\ncan feel like being hypnotized." }, { "start": 250.162, "duration": 2.545, "text": "That is, it puts an audience to sleep." }, { "start": 253.207, "duration": 2.628, "text": "If your talk is scripted, try this:" }, { "start": 256.002, "duration": 5.213, "text": "find the most important two or three words\nin each sentence and underline them." }, { "start": 261.507, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Then, look for the one word in each\nparagraph that really matters," }, { "start": 266.512, "duration": 1.877, "text": "and underline it twice." }, { "start": 268.806, "duration": 2.92, "text": "If there are bits that are\nlighthearted or playful," }, { "start": 271.851, "duration": 2.377, "text": "run a wavy pencil line under those." }, { "start": 274.353, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Look for every question mark," }, { "start": 275.855, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and highlight it\nwith a yellow highlighter." }, { "start": 278.524, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Find the single biggest “Aha” moment\nin the whole talk," }, { "start": 282.862, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and put a great big black blob\n right before it." }, { "start": 286.782, "duration": 4.046, "text": "If there's a joke or a funny story,\nput little pink dots above it." }, { "start": 291.245, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Now, try reading your script," }, { "start": 293.289, "duration": 3.67, "text": "making sure to change your voice\nin response to each mark." }, { "start": 297.543, "duration": 4.713, "text": "For example, let yourself laugh a little\nwhile looking at the pink dots." }, { "start": 302.715, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Pause for the big black blob." }, { "start": 306.218, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And speed up a bit\nfor the wavy pencil line," }, { "start": 309.43, "duration": 2.21, "text": "or speak more softly." }, { "start": 312.016, "duration": 1.251, "text": "How does that sound?" }, { "start": 313.684, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Now, try one more thing." }, { "start": 316.02, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Remember all the emotions associated\nwith each section of your talk." }, { "start": 322.109, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Which bits are you most passionate about?" }, { "start": 325.154, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Which issues make you angry?" }, { "start": 327.907, "duration": 1.46, "text": "What makes you laugh?" }, { "start": 329.825, "duration": 1.71, "text": "What confuses you? " }, { "start": 332.036, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Read your talk again, letting those\nemotions out a little as you speak." }, { "start": 337.249, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Try doing this with a friend." }, { "start": 339.085, "duration": 3.128, "text": "See what she responds to,\nor what she rolls her eyes at." }, { "start": 342.755, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Record yourself reading your talk,\nthen play it back with your eyes closed." }, { "start": 347.301, "duration": 1.126, "text": "How's it sounding? " }, { "start": 349.136, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Don’t struggle to add variety to your\nvoice when that doesn’t feel right to you." }, { "start": 353.933, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Let it come naturally from the passion\nyou feel for your idea." }, { "start": 358.437, "duration": 1.752, "text": "You want to sound like yourself," }, { "start": 360.356, "duration": 3.378, "text": "expressing curiosity and excitement\nwhen it's appropriate." }, { "start": 364.026, "duration": 2.378, "text": "You know the voice you use\nwhen you’re catching up" }, { "start": 366.404, "duration": 2.919, "text": "with friends or family members\nyou haven’t seen in a while?" }, { "start": 369.573, "duration": 3.546, "text": "That’s the kind of voice you’ll want\nto use to present your talk:" }, { "start": 373.327, "duration": 5.839, "text": "real, natural, and unafraid to let it rip\nif what you’re saying demands it." }, { "start": 379.708, "duration": 2.545, "text": "It’s important to use your body too." }, { "start": 382.545, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Sometimes a speaker\n will give the impression" }, { "start": 384.672, "duration": 3.92, "text": " that his body is only there\nto carry his head onto the stage." }, { "start": 389.009, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Once in front of the audience, " }, { "start": 390.511, "duration": 2.753, "text": "the body no longer knows \nwhat to do with itself." }, { "start": 393.264, "duration": 3.295, "text": "It stands awkwardly,\nhands glued to its side," }, { "start": 396.684, "duration": 4.045, "text": "or sways back and forth\nfrom one leg to the other." }, { "start": 402.064, "duration": 2.252, "text": "But there are a few things\nyou can think about" }, { "start": 404.316, "duration": 3.254, "text": "that may help you\n feel more comfortable on stage" }, { "start": 407.695, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and make you seem more confident\nto your audience." }, { "start": 411.24, "duration": 5.13, "text": "The simplest way to present a talk\npowerfully is just to stand tall." }, { "start": 416.704, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Put equal weight on both your feet,\nkeeping your feet a few inches apart." }, { "start": 421.333, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Use your hands and arms to naturally\nemphasize whatever it is you’re saying." }, { "start": 426.172, "duration": 3.67, "text": "This is enough to signal to the audience\nthat you’re calm" }, { "start": 430.05, "duration": 2.253, "text": "and that you know\nwhat you’re talking about." }, { "start": 432.72, "duration": 3.211, "text": "This is the method used\nby a majority of TED speakers." }, { "start": 436.265, "duration": 4.922, "text": "The key is to feel relaxed and to let\nyour upper body move freely." }, { "start": 441.645, "duration": 1.669, "text": "Good posture helps." }, { "start": 443.397, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Avoid slouching your shoulders forward." }, { "start": 445.983, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Standing so openly may feel vulnerable," }, { "start": 449.487, "duration": 4.045, "text": "but that vulnerability can be nice\nfor an audience to see." }, { "start": 454.074, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Some speakers prefer to walk the stage." }, { "start": 457.077, "duration": 1.127, "text": "It helps them think." }, { "start": 458.454, "duration": 3.545, "text": "It helps them emphasize key moments,\nand, this is important," }, { "start": 462.208, "duration": 3.503, "text": "they frequently stop to dwell\non important points." }, { "start": 466.045, "duration": 3.67, "text": "It's that change in rhythm\nthat makes the walking method work." }, { "start": 469.798, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Constant pacing without a change in rhythm\ncan be tiring to watch." }, { "start": 474.678, "duration": 4.63, "text": "But pacing broken up by moments\nof stillness can be powerful." }, { "start": 480.142, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Something to avoid is nervously\nshifting from leg to leg," }, { "start": 484.396, "duration": 3.17, "text": "or walking forward and back\na couple of steps," }, { "start": 487.65, "duration": 2.168, "text": "in a kind of rocking motion." }, { "start": 490.486, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Many speakers do this\nwithout realizing it." }, { "start": 493.489, "duration": 1.918, "text": "They may be feeling a little anxious," }, { "start": 495.407, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and shifting from one leg to the other \neases their discomfort." }, { "start": 498.827, "duration": 4.797, "text": "But, from the audience’s point of view,\nit actually highlights that discomfort." }, { "start": 503.999, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The difference between a speaker\nwho rocks back and forth" }, { "start": 507.211, "duration": 4.796, "text": "and a speaker who finds stillness\ncan be huge for an audience." }, { "start": 512.299, "duration": 2.002, "text": "So, move if you want to," }, { "start": 514.301, "duration": 3.212, "text": "but only move if you can move\nwith purpose." }, { "start": 518.138, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Then, when you want to emphasize a point," }, { "start": 520.349, "duration": 5.38, "text": "stop moving and address your audience\nfrom a stance of calm power." }, { "start": 526.397, "duration": 3.211, "text": "There are plenty of other ways\nyou can speak with power too." }, { "start": 529.608, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Dame Stephanie Shirley\nchose to sit for her talk," }, { "start": 533.195, "duration": 3.379, "text": "using a metal stool with one foot\ntucked back on a rung," }, { "start": 536.699, "duration": 1.501, "text": " and notes in her lap." }, { "start": 538.534, "duration": 2.169, "text": "It looked relaxed and natural." }, { "start": 541.245, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The late, great neurologist Oliver Sacks\nalso sat for his talk." }, { "start": 545.666, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Clifford Stoll leapt and darted around\nthe stage with such energy," }, { "start": 549.878, "duration": 4.088, "text": "it added an entirely new and unique\nflavor to his talk." }, { "start": 554.341, "duration": 1.669, "text": "So there are no rules." }, { "start": 556.093, "duration": 2.461, "text": "You just have to find a way\nof being on stage" }, { "start": 558.637, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that makes you feel\ncomfortable and confident," }, { "start": 562.141, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and that doesn’t distract\nfrom what you’re saying." }, { "start": 565.561, "duration": 3.503, "text": "The simple test is to rehearse\nin front of a small audience," }, { "start": 569.064, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and ask them if your body language \nis getting in the way of your message." }, { "start": 573.444, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Or, record yourself speaking\nand watch it back" }, { "start": 576.947, "duration": 3.671, "text": "to see if you’re doing anything you didn’t\nknow you were doing with your body." }, { "start": 580.659, "duration": 3.754, "text": "There's a place in the world\nfor all types of presentation styles." }, { "start": 584.413, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Just make sure your body knows\nit’s not just there" }, { "start": 587.333, "duration": 1.626, "text": "to carry your head around." }, { "start": 589.168, "duration": 3.211, "text": "It's allowed to enjoy its time on stage." }, { "start": 592.88, "duration": 1.209, "text": "Do it your way." }, { "start": 594.632, "duration": 1.501, "text": "Don't try to be someone else." }, { "start": 596.258, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Focus on your idea\nand your passion for it." }, { "start": 600.095, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And don't be afraid to let\nyour own personality shine through." } ] }, { "video_id": "10QcbISOKrg", "title": "How much would it cost to buy the Sun? - Cella Wright", "description": "Dig into the monetary value of the Sun and how important it is as our energy source as Daedalus contemplates buying it.\n\n--\n\nDaedalus hasn’t been the same since losing Icarus. Suddenly, he begins expressing interest in buying the Sun from Helios. Rumors say Daedalus is aspiring to destroy it to avenge Icarus — or channel its immense power towards other imprudent aims. He summons a divine accountant and asks: how much would it cost to buy the Sun? Cella Wright conducts a financial analysis of our star’s worth.\n\nLesson by Cella Wright, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Galen Barbose who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-would-it-cost-to-buy-the-sun-cella-wright\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-would-it-cost-to-buy-the-sun-cella-wright/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, and David D.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-22T15:00:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.921, "duration": 4.672, "text": "In April 1943, Swiss chemist Albert\nHofmann accidentally exposed himself" }, { "start": 13.593, "duration": 2.711, "text": "to a drug he derived from ergot fungus" }, { "start": 16.345, "duration": 4.13, "text": "and recorded its unexpected,\nmind-altering effects." }, { "start": 20.683, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The drug, lysergic acid diethylamide—\nor LSD—" }, { "start": 25.271, "duration": 3.212, "text": "was soon heralded\nfor its psychiatric potential." }, { "start": 28.733, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But how do LSD and other\npsychedelic drugs affect the body?" }, { "start": 32.528, "duration": 2.211, "text": "And can they actually be medicinal?" }, { "start": 35.323, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Psychedelics are a class of drugs that\nalter mood, cognition, and perception," }, { "start": 39.619, "duration": 4.379, "text": "often triggering unusual states\nof consciousness like hallucinations." }, { "start": 44.082, "duration": 3.545, "text": "They all interact with the body's\nserotonin neurotransmitter system," }, { "start": 47.627, "duration": 4.296, "text": "which regulates many processes,\nincluding mood, sleep-wake cycles," }, { "start": 51.923, "duration": 1.793, "text": "appetite, and memory." }, { "start": 53.966, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Lower rates of serotonin signaling" }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 2.711, "text": "are associated with impaired\nsleep and attention" }, { "start": 58.888, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and diminished responses\nto positive information." }, { "start": 62.225, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Meanwhile, higher rates tend to track\nwith more positive moods" }, { "start": 65.978, "duration": 2.128, "text": "and greater emotional stability." }, { "start": 68.606, "duration": 3.879, "text": "All psychedelic drugs increase the amount\nof serotonin signaling." }, { "start": 72.693, "duration": 3.838, "text": "However, they interact with the serotonin\nsystem in different ways" }, { "start": 76.531, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and affect other neurotransmitter systems," }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 4.213, "text": "all of which determines their unique\neffects and medical potential." }, { "start": 84.247, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Hofmann’s discovery inspired a wave\nof psychedelic research" }, { "start": 87.959, "duration": 2.544, "text": "that largely stalled in the 1970s," }, { "start": 90.503, "duration": 2.669, "text": "due to concerns over breaches\nin research ethics," }, { "start": 93.172, "duration": 2.252, "text": "as well as conservative drug policies." }, { "start": 95.675, "duration": 2.794, "text": "However, it's picked back up\nin recent decades," }, { "start": 98.469, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and some psychedelics show promise" }, { "start": 100.388, "duration": 3.086, "text": "in addressing even\ntreatment-resistant conditions." }, { "start": 104.433, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Take LSD and the mushroom-derived\ncompound psilocybin:" }, { "start": 108.479, "duration": 4.838, "text": "when they cross the blood-brain barrier,\nreceptors recognize them as serotonin." }, { "start": 113.693, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Interestingly, they tend to suppress\nthe areas" }, { "start": 116.445, "duration": 2.795, "text": "that make up the brain’s\n“default mode network”" }, { "start": 119.24, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and initiate more connections\nwith other brain regions." }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The default mode network is important\nin self-referential thinking" }, { "start": 126.664, "duration": 1.335, "text": "and mind wandering." }, { "start": 128.207, "duration": 2.753, "text": "It’s thought that,\nby suppressing its activity," }, { "start": 130.96, "duration": 4.88, "text": "LSD and psilocybin may generate\nthe distinctive psychedelic experience" }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 1.71, "text": "of ego dissolution," }, { "start": 137.884, "duration": 3.545, "text": "characterized by a radical shift\nin self-perception." }, { "start": 142.013, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The default mode network is also\nassociated with mental health disorders." }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 4.838, "text": "By disrupting its activity, psilocybin\nand LSD might help normalize it." }, { "start": 151.647, "duration": 3.879, "text": "This may be why they can reduce the\nsymptoms of conditions like depression—" }, { "start": 155.526, "duration": 3.128, "text": "potentially doing so faster\nthan traditional treatments." }, { "start": 159.28, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Trials that pair LSD or psilocybin\nwith talk therapy also show promise" }, { "start": 164.535, "duration": 3.003, "text": "in treating disordered\ntobacco and alcohol use," }, { "start": 167.747, "duration": 3.837, "text": "perhaps by similarly altering\npeople’s self-perception." }, { "start": 172.126, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And they seem to activate receptors\nthat facilitate social behavior," }, { "start": 175.796, "duration": 1.71, "text": "empathy, and gratitude," }, { "start": 177.506, "duration": 3.546, "text": "leading people to feel greater harmony\nwith a larger community." }, { "start": 181.677, "duration": 3.712, "text": "It's thought that this is why\nthey can help alleviate the distress" }, { "start": 185.389, "duration": 3.504, "text": "people living with advanced\ncancer diagnoses experience," }, { "start": 188.893, "duration": 2.085, "text": "as preliminary trials suggest." }, { "start": 191.687, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Overall, LSD and psilocybin seem\nto function similarly," }, { "start": 195.65, "duration": 2.127, "text": "but LSD is more potent" }, { "start": 197.777, "duration": 4.087, "text": "and associated with longer-lasting\npsychedelic experiences." }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 3.253, "text": "MDMA, meanwhile, triggers the release\nof neurotransmitters," }, { "start": 205.701, "duration": 3.379, "text": "including dopamine, norepinephrine,\nand serotonin," }, { "start": 209.08, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and elevates levels\nof the hormone oxytocin." }, { "start": 212.5, "duration": 2.711, "text": "These changes generate effects like\nheightened heart rate" }, { "start": 215.211, "duration": 1.668, "text": "and sensory perception," }, { "start": 216.879, "duration": 4.296, "text": "as well as feelings of euphoria,\nbonding, empathy, and safety." }, { "start": 221.676, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Because of this, researchers\nhave begun investigating MDMA" }, { "start": 225.221, "duration": 3.336, "text": "as a possible therapy for\npost-traumatic stress disorder." }, { "start": 229.308, "duration": 5.047, "text": "MDMA releases oxytocin, sometimes\nreferred to as the bonding hormone," }, { "start": 234.397, "duration": 4.796, "text": "which may help reinforce an environment\nof safety, trust, and connectedness." }, { "start": 240.027, "duration": 3.796, "text": "MDMA is also thought to modulate\nactivity in the amygdala," }, { "start": 243.823, "duration": 2.919, "text": "which plays a central role\nin processing fear." }, { "start": 247.285, "duration": 1.96, "text": "PTSD can be difficult to treat" }, { "start": 249.245, "duration": 3.462, "text": "because of how painful it is to revisit\ntraumatic experiences." }, { "start": 252.79, "duration": 4.046, "text": "However, it’s thought that MDMA\ncould help patients discuss trauma" }, { "start": 256.836, "duration": 2.711, "text": "without debilitatingly negative emotions," }, { "start": 259.547, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and potentially aid in uncoupling\ntraumatic memories" }, { "start": 263.134, "duration": 2.711, "text": "from the threatening\nfeelings they usually surface—" }, { "start": 265.928, "duration": 2.878, "text": "a process known as fear extinction." }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 2.086, "text": "More studies are needed to test\nthis theory" }, { "start": 272.018, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and determine MDMA’s safety\nand effectiveness." }, { "start": 275.646, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Psychedelics also show some promise" }, { "start": 277.815, "duration": 3.253, "text": "in helping address chronic pain\nand cluster headaches." }, { "start": 281.193, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And unlike pain-relieving opioids,\nthey aren’t considered addictive." }, { "start": 286.032, "duration": 2.669, "text": "However, they're not without risks." }, { "start": 289.201, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Some research suggests psychedelics\ncan be stressful on the heart." }, { "start": 293.164, "duration": 2.335, "text": "And their extensive psychological effects" }, { "start": 295.499, "duration": 3.045, "text": "make it hard to predict\nindividual responses." }, { "start": 299.337, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Psychedelics can “unmask” pre-existing\npsychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia," }, { "start": 305.092, "duration": 4.046, "text": "which is why clinical trials usually\nhave thorough screening processes." }, { "start": 309.472, "duration": 3.253, "text": "And paranoia, psychosis,\nand hallucinations—" }, { "start": 312.725, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which can persist even\nafter the drug has been metabolized—" }, { "start": 315.978, "duration": 1.96, "text": "are potential side effects." }, { "start": 318.647, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Therapy sessions that employ\npsychedelics usually require preparation—" }, { "start": 323.11, "duration": 2.294, "text": "like mindfulness and breathing techniques—" }, { "start": 325.404, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and should take place in safe,\nsupportive environments" }, { "start": 328.115, "duration": 2.294, "text": "with emergency protocols in place." }, { "start": 331.202, "duration": 4.171, "text": "We’ve learned a lot about psychedelics\nsince Hofmann’s fateful experiment." }, { "start": 335.373, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But there’s much more to uncover—\nand not without challenges." }, { "start": 339.21, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Psychoactive substances like psychedelics\npose issues for blind clinical trials," }, { "start": 344.256, "duration": 2.795, "text": "since their effects can be pretty\nobvious to participants" }, { "start": 347.051, "duration": 2.336, "text": "who shouldn’t know they’re\nreceiving treatment." }, { "start": 349.72, "duration": 2.753, "text": "To fully understand\ntheir therapeutic potential," }, { "start": 352.473, "duration": 4.004, "text": "we need many more scientifically,\nethically rigorous trials" }, { "start": 356.477, "duration": 5.631, "text": "that weed out bias, prioritize participant\nwelfare, and grapple with complex results." }, { "start": 362.316, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Who knows?" }, { "start": 363.317, "duration": 2.503, "text": "The results could be mind bending." } ] }, { "video_id": "ZY5PtopO-LI", "title": "No one really knows what a tree is - Max G. Levy", "description": "Dig into the system that helps scientists distinguish trees from other varieties of plants, and what characteristics make a tree.\n\n--\n\nPlants assume a variety of forms, and trees are just one of them. What makes or breaks a tree can come down to some pretty specific characteristics, based on how the plant develops as a result of how it evolved. Trees don’t all comprise one closely related group, like insects or mammals. So, how exactly do trees get classified as trees? Max G. Levy explains what distinguishes these woody plants.\n\nLesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Evandro D'Hipolito.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/no-one-really-knows-what-a-tree-is-max-g-levy\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/no-one-really-knows-what-a-tree-is-max-g-levy/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://evandrodhipolito.myportfolio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, and Sid.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-17T15:23:29Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.462, "duration": 5.463, "text": "On December 19th, 1915,\nan exhibition of radical artworks" }, { "start": 12.925, "duration": 3.879, "text": "opened in what’s known today\nas St. Petersburg, Russia." }, { "start": 17.472, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Many of these pieces pushed\nthe boundaries of form and style," }, { "start": 21.893, "duration": 3.044, "text": "but one was particularly controversial." }, { "start": 25.271, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Hanging in the room’s corner—\nsymbolically occupying a space" }, { "start": 29.65, "duration": 3.129, "text": "traditionally reserved\nfor religious icons—" }, { "start": 33.029, "duration": 3.211, "text": "was Kazimir Malevich’s “Black Square.”" }, { "start": 36.574, "duration": 3.462, "text": "One attendee scoffed\nat the painting’s simplicity," }, { "start": 40.036, "duration": 2.294, "text": "claiming that even a child\ncould have done it." }, { "start": 42.371, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Another went further, writing that\nthe “Black Square”" }, { "start": 45.374, "duration": 2.211, "text": "would “lead us all to our doom.”" }, { "start": 47.794, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Such critiques have plagued paintings\nlike Malevich’s ever since," }, { "start": 52.048, "duration": 4.212, "text": "their outward simplicity inspiring\noutrage and confusion." }, { "start": 56.636, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But a closer look reveals that\nnot only is Malevich’s work" }, { "start": 60.264, "duration": 2.545, "text": "more complicated than it first appears—" }, { "start": 62.809, "duration": 3.712, "text": "it may not even be a painting\nof a black square at all." }, { "start": 66.938, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Despite its name, you’ll find\nthe painting’s central form" }, { "start": 70.483, "duration": 3.253, "text": "is neither perfectly black\nnor perfectly square." }, { "start": 74.195, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Its sides aren't parallel\nor equal in length," }, { "start": 77.782, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and the shape isn't quite\ncentered on the canvas." }, { "start": 80.868, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Instead, Malevich placed the form\nslightly off-kilter," }, { "start": 84.956, "duration": 2.294, "text": "giving it the appearance of movement" }, { "start": 87.25, "duration": 4.045, "text": "and the white surrounding it\na living, vibrating quality." }, { "start": 91.796, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Technical analysis has revealed that\nMalevich already used the canvas" }, { "start": 96.425, "duration": 1.585, "text": "for two other paintings." }, { "start": 98.636, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Today, cracks in the aging paint—\nknown as craquelure—" }, { "start": 102.974, "duration": 6.089, "text": "reveal fragments of dusty yellows,\nvibrant reds, and faded emeralds," }, { "start": 109.23, "duration": 3.045, "text": "hinting at all the stages Malevich\nwent through" }, { "start": 112.275, "duration": 3.044, "text": "before arriving at the\npainting’s final form." }, { "start": 115.611, "duration": 4.463, "text": "His creative process is also evident\nin the vigorous brushstrokes," }, { "start": 120.074, "duration": 4.004, "text": "which are displayed proudly\nand move in a multitude of directions." }, { "start": 124.662, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Fragments of hair\nand Malevich’s fingerprints" }, { "start": 127.957, "duration": 2.294, "text": "are also ingrained in the paint," }, { "start": 130.251, "duration": 3.67, "text": "adding both metaphorical\nand literal texture to the work." }, { "start": 134.38, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In many ways, Malevich’s whole history\nis embedded in the “Black Square.”" }, { "start": 139.343, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Born to Polish-speaking\nparents in Ukraine," }, { "start": 142.263, "duration": 4.963, "text": "he lived there until he finally saved\nenough money to afford the trip to Moscow." }, { "start": 147.476, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Upon arrival in 1904, he plunged \ninto all the avant-garde styles" }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 1.669, "text": "swirling around the city." }, { "start": 155.067, "duration": 4.38, "text": "He painted in the style of Impressionism\nand absorbed Post-Impressionism." }, { "start": 159.947, "duration": 4.922, "text": "He passed through a Futurist phase and\nthen became influenced by the Cubists." }, { "start": 165.036, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And by 1913, he was on the verge\nof a breakthrough." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Malevich realized that even\nthe most cutting-edge artists" }, { "start": 172.501, "duration": 3.254, "text": "were still just painting objects\nfrom everyday life." }, { "start": 176.088, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But he was irresistibly drawn\nto what he called" }, { "start": 179.675, "duration": 3.921, "text": "the “desert, where nothing is real\nexcept feeling.”" }, { "start": 184.096, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And so, feeling became the substance\nof his work." }, { "start": 188.1, "duration": 5.339, "text": "The result was the “Black Square”\nand a new style he named “Suprematism,”" }, { "start": 193.481, "duration": 2.961, "text": "where feeling alone was made supreme." }, { "start": 196.776, "duration": 4.045, "text": "This would be achieved through what\nhe called non-objectivity—" }, { "start": 200.905, "duration": 5.63, "text": "a departure from the world of objects\nso extreme it went beyond abstraction." }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Malevich believed the simplification and\ndistortion that characterized abstract art" }, { "start": 212.75, "duration": 1.919, "text": "was ultimately meaningless," }, { "start": 214.669, "duration": 4.421, "text": "since these styles were still focused \non depicting real world objects." }, { "start": 219.548, "duration": 5.506, "text": "To him, only the completely\nnon-representational would truly be new." }, { "start": 225.554, "duration": 2.753, "text": "While this radical approach\nalarmed critics," }, { "start": 228.307, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Malevich was undeterred." }, { "start": 230.393, "duration": 4.17, "text": "He spent the next decade explaining\nhis Suprematist works in essays," }, { "start": 234.605, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and teaching his ideas\nto a new generation of artists." }, { "start": 239.026, "duration": 3.545, "text": "But after Stalin's rise\nto power in the 1920s," }, { "start": 242.571, "duration": 3.796, "text": "avant-garde approaches like Suprematism\nwere deemed unproductive" }, { "start": 246.367, "duration": 1.501, "text": "to the Communist state." }, { "start": 248.16, "duration": 5.297, "text": "And eventually, it became dangerous to\nproduce any art outside Socialist Realism—" }, { "start": 253.457, "duration": 4.88, "text": "an enforced artistic style celebrating\nSoviet leaders and heroic workers." }, { "start": 258.838, "duration": 3.962, "text": "In 1930, Malevich was arrested\nby Soviet authorities" }, { "start": 262.842, "duration": 2.252, "text": "for spreading subversive ideas." }, { "start": 265.219, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Under severe pressure,\nhe returned to figuration," }, { "start": 268.347, "duration": 3.587, "text": "painting peasants standing robotically\nin barren spaces." }, { "start": 272.101, "duration": 4.63, "text": "But even these later paintings retained\nglimmers of his earlier ideas." }, { "start": 276.856, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Gradually, the figures lost\ntheir arms and faces—" }, { "start": 280.318, "duration": 3.336, "text": "disintegrating as mechanization\ngripped the countryside." }, { "start": 283.946, "duration": 3.629, "text": "During this time,\nMalevich also painted a self-portrait" }, { "start": 287.575, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that seemed to have abandoned\nSuprematism completely." }, { "start": 290.911, "duration": 3.212, "text": "But his open hand formed a quadrilateral," }, { "start": 294.123, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and in the painting's corner\nwas a tiny black square." }, { "start": 298.419, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This was the symbol of a man who suffered\nthrough wars and revolutions," }, { "start": 302.59, "duration": 3.336, "text": "but never stopped pushing\nto create a new art—" }, { "start": 306.052, "duration": 5.005, "text": "a refuge of pure feeling that lay\nbeyond the burden of objects" }, { "start": 311.057, "duration": 2.168, "text": "and the suffering of a divided world." } ] }, { "video_id": "7K3KdgDcdYc", "title": "What Earth in 2125 could look like - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "What could our future look like if we harness our technology to create a sustainable world? Take a look at the possibilities.\n\n--\n\nFaced with the realities of current crises, it’s easy to assume our world is headed in a bleak direction. But there’s good reason to be hopeful— with developments in science and technology, a positive future is more viable than ever before. So, what if the future was awesome? Iseult Gillespie explores what three cities could look like in 100 years if we harness the tools we have at our disposal.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Devin Clark, Augenblick Studios.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-earth-in-2125-could-look-like-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-earth-in-2125-could-look-like-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.augenblickstudios.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, and Karthik Cherala.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-15T15:01:15Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.17, "text": "On a hot spring afternoon in 1963," }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 2.919, "text": "two men, sent by the American CIA," }, { "start": 13.092, "duration": 4.088, "text": "snuck into the cafeteria\nof the Havana Libre Hotel." }, { "start": 17.43, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Their directive was to retrieve\na poison pill from the freezer" }, { "start": 20.641, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and slip it into the chocolate milkshake\nof Fidel Castro," }, { "start": 23.978, "duration": 4.963, "text": "the Cuban leader who was known to devour\nup to 18 scoops of ice cream after lunch." }, { "start": 29.233, "duration": 4.672, "text": "While exact details of the story are\ncontested, it's rumored that the pill," }, { "start": 33.905, "duration": 3.295, "text": "however, froze to the freezer coils\nand broke," }, { "start": 37.283, "duration": 5.881, "text": "foiling the CIA’s plan and granting Castro\nmany more days to satiate his sweet tooth." }, { "start": 43.456, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Ice cream has held a unique role in our\nworld’s history, culture, and cravings—" }, { "start": 48.795, "duration": 1.751, "text": "but where did it come from?" }, { "start": 51.214, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The first accounts of cold desserts\nand iced drinks date back" }, { "start": 54.759, "duration": 2.085, "text": "as early as the first century." }, { "start": 57.011, "duration": 5.589, "text": "In civilizations including ancient Rome,\nMughal India, and Tang dynasty China," }, { "start": 62.6, "duration": 4.087, "text": "these icy treats were mainly enjoyed\nby the royal elites." }, { "start": 66.771, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And finding the means to freeze\nthese delicacies wasn’t always easy." }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 4.587, "text": "Wealthy Mediterranean nobility sent\nlaborers to trek up high mountains" }, { "start": 75.696, "duration": 2.211, "text": "to harvest glacial ice and snow." }, { "start": 77.99, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Meanwhile, ancient Persians built\nshallow insulated pools of water" }, { "start": 81.953, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and utilized a technique\nknown as sky cooling." }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 3.378, "text": "At night, the shallow pools would\nnaturally radiate heat" }, { "start": 88.584, "duration": 2.086, "text": "into the dry desert skies," }, { "start": 90.753, "duration": 4.213, "text": "causing them to dip below the\nambient temperature and freeze." }, { "start": 95.174, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Yet the cream-based treat we know today\nmade a much later debut." }, { "start": 99.595, "duration": 4.63, "text": "It was originally inspired by sherbet,\nor sharbat in Arabic," }, { "start": 104.225, "duration": 3.42, "text": "an icy drink believed to have\noriginated in Persia," }, { "start": 107.645, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and subsequently gained popularity\nin the Middle Ages." }, { "start": 111.315, "duration": 3.504, "text": "European travelers brought\nsharbat recipes home," }, { "start": 114.819, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and began creating their own\nchocolate, pinecone," }, { "start": 118.781, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and even eggplant flavored\ntakes on the refreshment." }, { "start": 122.034, "duration": 4.922, "text": "In 1692, Antonio Latini,\na Neapolitan chef," }, { "start": 126.956, "duration": 3.545, "text": "recorded a recipe for a\nunique milk-based version," }, { "start": 130.501, "duration": 3.337, "text": "which some historians dub\nthe first ice cream." }, { "start": 134.046, "duration": 3.045, "text": "In the 18th century,\nice cream expanded its reach" }, { "start": 137.091, "duration": 5.38, "text": "as these recipes set sail alongside\nEuropean settlers to North America." }, { "start": 142.471, "duration": 3.421, "text": "Yet it was still mainly enjoyed\nby the upper classes" }, { "start": 145.892, "duration": 2.877, "text": "as the process to make it\nwas quite laborious," }, { "start": 148.769, "duration": 4.88, "text": "and its main ingredients—\nsugar, salt, and cream— were expensive." }, { "start": 153.941, "duration": 4.88, "text": "George Washington is said to have spent\nthe equivalent of $6,600" }, { "start": 158.821, "duration": 4.213, "text": "in today’s dollars on ice cream\nin one summer alone." }, { "start": 163.117, "duration": 4.588, "text": "It was on American soil that the\nfrozen dessert entered its golden age," }, { "start": 167.705, "duration": 5.172, "text": "as inventors and entrepreneurs began to\nengineer ways to bring it to the masses." }, { "start": 172.96, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In Philadelphia in 1843,\nNancy Johnson patented" }, { "start": 177.59, "duration": 4.546, "text": "a revolutionary ice cream-making machine\nfeaturing a crank and beater," }, { "start": 182.136, "duration": 3.42, "text": "which made the process easier\nfor any home cook." }, { "start": 185.681, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And storing ice cream was no longer\nan obstacle, as by the mid-1830s," }, { "start": 190.561, "duration": 3.879, "text": "New England businessman “Ice King”\nFrederic Tudor" }, { "start": 194.44, "duration": 2.544, "text": "had greatly improved the ice trade," }, { "start": 196.984, "duration": 4.63, "text": "shipping thousands of tons of ice\nto households across the globe." }, { "start": 201.739, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Soon, ice cream was\non every street corner." }, { "start": 205.284, "duration": 4.505, "text": "In the late 1880s, political turmoil\nbrought Italian immigrants to cities" }, { "start": 209.789, "duration": 2.419, "text": "like London, Glasgow, and New York," }, { "start": 212.208, "duration": 4.504, "text": "where many took up jobs as street vendors\nselling licks of ice cream" }, { "start": 216.712, "duration": 2.002, "text": "for roughly a penny each." }, { "start": 218.923, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Meanwhile, American druggists discovered\nthe appeal of combining soda," }, { "start": 224.22, "duration": 3.17, "text": "a drink thought to have therapeutic\nproperties at the time," }, { "start": 227.39, "duration": 1.251, "text": "with ice cream," }, { "start": 228.641, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and a new social spot was born:\nthe soda fountain." }, { "start": 232.478, "duration": 3.17, "text": "When the sale of alcohol\nwas banned in 1920," }, { "start": 235.648, "duration": 4.379, "text": "many American saloons reinvented\nthemselves as soda fountains," }, { "start": 240.027, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and breweries like Anheuser-Busch\nand Yuengling" }, { "start": 242.989, "duration": 2.502, "text": "pivoted to producing ice cream." }, { "start": 245.992, "duration": 4.212, "text": "At the same time, refrigeration technology\nwas improving rapidly." }, { "start": 250.288, "duration": 1.543, "text": "By the end of World War II," }, { "start": 251.831, "duration": 4.588, "text": "the average American home had a freezer\nthat could house a quart of ice cream." }, { "start": 256.627, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Even trucks could be equipped\nwith freezers full of frozen treats." }, { "start": 261.048, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Today, ice cream continues\nto take on new forms." }, { "start": 264.635, "duration": 2.961, "text": "And while some of its mysteries\nmay never be solved," }, { "start": 267.68, "duration": 5.13, "text": "one thing is certain:\nour love for ice cream will never thaw." } ] }, { "video_id": "mmVvYwKxLdA", "title": "The tale of the Monkey King and the Buddha - Ji Hao", "description": "Follow Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, as he attempts to outwit the Buddha and escape from his clever traps and imprisonment.\n\n--\n\nAfter wreaking havoc across the heavens and being captured in a white-hot prison cell, the Monkey King freed himself once more and was itching for a fight. Desperate, the Jade Emperor called on the supreme power in all the heavens: the Buddha himself. But even in the face of this almighty opponent, Sun Wukong was not cowed. Ji Hao follows the Monkey King's quest to outwit the Buddha.\n\nLesson by Ji Hao, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi, Yijia Cao.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-monkey-king-and-the-buddha-ji-hao\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-monkey-king-and-the-buddha-ji-hao/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://mohammadbabakoohi.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, and Denise A Pitts.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-10T15:00:48Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 3.336, "text": "You might not guess it,\nbut this Alcon blue butterfly" }, { "start": 10.506, "duration": 4.505, "text": "is a parasite whose offspring\nwill live highly unusual lives." }, { "start": 15.428, "duration": 4.212, "text": "She lays pinhead-sized eggs\non a wildflower and is off." }, { "start": 20.266, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The first tiny caterpillar\nhatches a few days later." }, { "start": 23.436, "duration": 2.753, "text": "After two weeks living\nwithin a flower bud," }, { "start": 26.272, "duration": 4.087, "text": "he embarks on a high-risk operation\nthat will require infiltrating" }, { "start": 30.359, "duration": 2.753, "text": "a densely guarded fortress undercover." }, { "start": 33.488, "duration": 3.837, "text": "He secretes a thread of silk\nand descends to the ground." }, { "start": 37.658, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Here, he's more vulnerable than ever,\nbut he holds still and waits." }, { "start": 42.705, "duration": 3.921, "text": "His descent perfectly coincides\nwith the peak foraging hours" }, { "start": 46.626, "duration": 2.085, "text": "of the nearby red ant colony." }, { "start": 48.961, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Soon enough, a worker ant\nencounters the caterpillar." }, { "start": 52.548, "duration": 3.17, "text": "She inspects his cuticle\nwith her sensitive antennae" }, { "start": 55.718, "duration": 4.88, "text": "and picks up on key chemical cues\nthat she uses to recognize her kin." }, { "start": 61.182, "duration": 2.711, "text": "This is all part of the\ncaterpillar's disguise." }, { "start": 64.227, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The worker picks him up\nand reverses course." }, { "start": 67.73, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Indeed, the caterpillar doesn't battle\nhis way into the fortress." }, { "start": 71.776, "duration": 2.002, "text": "No— he wouldn't stand a chance." }, { "start": 73.903, "duration": 2.502, "text": "He's shepherded in because the ant" }, { "start": 76.405, "duration": 3.295, "text": "is treating him like one\nof her colony's own larvae." }, { "start": 79.992, "duration": 3.671, "text": "They pass legions of ants\npoised to attack invaders" }, { "start": 83.663, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and enter the intricately architected,\nsubterranean nest," }, { "start": 87.708, "duration": 4.004, "text": "which is sheltered, moist,\nand stockpiled with resources." }, { "start": 92.255, "duration": 2.669, "text": "If the caterpillar's mimicry didn't work," }, { "start": 95.174, "duration": 3.796, "text": "he might have been left for dead\nor taken as food himself." }, { "start": 99.512, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Instead, the ant places the caterpillar\nin the nursery," }, { "start": 103.224, "duration": 2.711, "text": "among the colony's own cherished brood." }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Here, he produces sugary secretions\nthat the worker ants feed from." }, { "start": 111.607, "duration": 2.336, "text": "The nurse ants dote upon him," }, { "start": 113.985, "duration": 2.627, "text": "regurgitating food\ninto his mouth frequently." }, { "start": 116.737, "duration": 2.128, "text": "But he has a voracious appetite." }, { "start": 119.24, "duration": 3.962, "text": "He arches his body in a begging\nposture to obtain more food," }, { "start": 123.202, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and, every now and then,\neats one of his own nestmates." }, { "start": 127.498, "duration": 3.671, "text": "The caterpillar also does things\nthat the ant larvae can't:" }, { "start": 131.294, "duration": 4.671, "text": "he makes noises that sound a lot\nlike those emitted by the ant queens." }, { "start": 136.507, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In effect, he signals that he's royalty\nand should be prioritized" }, { "start": 140.553, "duration": 1.793, "text": "over the actual ant larvae." }, { "start": 142.638, "duration": 1.71, "text": "And that's exactly what happens." }, { "start": 144.557, "duration": 2.044, "text": "The nurse ants feed him extra." }, { "start": 146.601, "duration": 3.253, "text": "And when a wild boar causes part\nof the nest to collapse," }, { "start": 149.854, "duration": 2.627, "text": "the ants rescue the caterpillar first." }, { "start": 153.9, "duration": 3.753, "text": "While members of the ant colony suffer\nreduced survival rates" }, { "start": 157.653, "duration": 2.127, "text": "because of the burdensome caterpillar," }, { "start": 159.78, "duration": 3.254, "text": "he passes the harsh winter\nliving like royalty." }, { "start": 163.534, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Come June, he's stored up plenty\nof nutrients" }, { "start": 166.495, "duration": 1.961, "text": "to make a dramatic transformation." }, { "start": 168.748, "duration": 2.961, "text": "He forms his chrysalis,\nand for three weeks," }, { "start": 171.709, "duration": 5.172, "text": "he uses a tooth-and-comb organ to create\nmore queen-like acoustic vibrations," }, { "start": 176.881, "duration": 1.877, "text": "attracting workers to clean him." }, { "start": 179.175, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Then, at dawn one day,\nhe emerges an adult butterfly." }, { "start": 183.346, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Wings still wet, his body easily fits\nthrough the gallery opening," }, { "start": 187.767, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and finally,\n11 months after being taken in," }, { "start": 191.145, "duration": 3.42, "text": "he basks in the sun\nand begins searching for a mate." }, { "start": 194.69, "duration": 2.002, "text": "When he dies about a week later," }, { "start": 196.692, "duration": 3.879, "text": "he'll have spent the vast majority\nof his life in the realm of the ants." }, { "start": 201.364, "duration": 4.963, "text": "The Alcon blue is one of as many\nas 200 parasitic butterfly species," }, { "start": 206.327, "duration": 1.793, "text": "all of which target ants." }, { "start": 208.204, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Sometimes, multiple caterpillars inhabit\nthe same ant colony at once." }, { "start": 212.708, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Some stay for almost two years." }, { "start": 215.002, "duration": 3.254, "text": "But researchers are still parsing\nthese complex relationships." }, { "start": 218.631, "duration": 4.88, "text": "For instance, certain ants guard Japanese\noakblue caterpillars from predators" }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and consume the sugary secretions\nthe caterpillars produce in return." }, { "start": 227.682, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But it turns out that this\nsweet concoction" }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 2.461, "text": "isn't a simple form of mutual assistance." }, { "start": 233.104, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Instead, chemicals in the secretions\nactually manipulate the ants' behavior," }, { "start": 237.566, "duration": 1.544, "text": "inhibiting their movement" }, { "start": 239.11, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and making them more protective\nand aggressive caterpillar guards." }, { "start": 243.03, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Despite these masterful manipulations," }, { "start": 245.449, "duration": 2.753, "text": "parasitic butterflies are\nvulnerable themselves." }, { "start": 248.369, "duration": 2.711, "text": "They're also the targets of parasitism." }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Even within their adopted,\nhigh-security hideaways," }, { "start": 254.834, "duration": 3.753, "text": "parasitoid wasps sometimes track\nthe caterpillars down" }, { "start": 258.587, "duration": 1.627, "text": "and lay eggs on their bodies." }, { "start": 260.464, "duration": 4.088, "text": "When the wasp larvae hatch,\nthey consume the caterpillars alive." }, { "start": 264.76, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And because their life cycles consist\nof such a complex choreography" }, { "start": 268.639, "duration": 2.127, "text": "involving specific plants and ants," }, { "start": 270.766, "duration": 3.379, "text": "small environmental changes can\naffect their populations." }, { "start": 274.52, "duration": 5.464, "text": "One parasitic butterfly species actually\nwent extinct in the UK in 1979," }, { "start": 279.984, "duration": 2.544, "text": "before being reintroduced\na few years later." }, { "start": 282.695, "duration": 4.338, "text": "They've since rebounded alongside\nefforts to restore the meadow habitats" }, { "start": 287.033, "duration": 2.335, "text": "their host ants require to thrive—" }, { "start": 289.41, "duration": 2.502, "text": "helping preserve these\nriveting relationships" }, { "start": 291.912, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and the astonishing adaptations\nthey inspire." } ] }, { "video_id": "jDg8DQl7ZeQ", "title": "Why are there two tides a day? - Elise Cutts", "description": "Dig into how the Sun and Moon are responsible for the tides on Earth, and what this force looks like on other celestial bodies.\n\n--\n\nIn the 17th century, Isaac Newton offered the first gravitational explanation of tides. As he correctly identified, tides are choreographed by the motions of celestial objects, and Earth’s tides in particular are mostly driven by the Moon. But the precise nature of this relationship is actually quite nuanced. Elise Cutts explains how the Sun and Moon are responsible for the tides.\n\nLesson by Elise Cutts, directed by Rémi Cans, Atypicalist.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-there-two-tides-a-day-elise-cutts\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-there-two-tides-a-day-elise-cutts/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.atypicalist.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, and Thawsitt.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-08T15:00:59Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.211, "duration": 4.421, "text": "How much of the food in your fridge \nwill you toss before it reaches the table?" }, { "start": 11.632, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Hamburger buns from last summer’s picnic?\nMilk past its sell-by date?" }, { "start": 16.179, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Carrots that lost their crunch?" }, { "start": 18.848, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Countries around the world waste\nhuge amounts of food every year," }, { "start": 23.811, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and the United States\nis one of the worst offenders." }, { "start": 27.857, "duration": 5.672, "text": "37% of US food waste\ncomes from individual households." }, { "start": 33.613, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And roughly 20% of those food items\nare tossed because consumers aren’t sure" }, { "start": 38.493, "duration": 2.961, "text": "how to interpret the dates\nthey’re labeled with." }, { "start": 41.621, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But most of those groceries \nare still perfectly safe to eat." }, { "start": 45.583, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So if the dates on our food don’t tell us\nthat something’s gone bad," }, { "start": 50.046, "duration": 1.877, "text": "what do they tell us?" }, { "start": 52.256, "duration": 1.669, "text": "Before the 20th century," }, { "start": 53.925, "duration": 3.628, "text": "the path between where food was produced\nand where it was eaten" }, { "start": 57.553, "duration": 1.627, "text": "was much more direct," }, { "start": 59.388, "duration": 5.089, "text": "and most people knew how to assess\nfreshness using sight, smell, and touch." }, { "start": 64.56, "duration": 3.754, "text": "But when supermarkets began\nstocking processed foods," }, { "start": 68.314, "duration": 3.045, "text": "product ages became harder to gauge." }, { "start": 71.818, "duration": 3.128, "text": "In the US, grocers used packaging codes" }, { "start": 74.946, "duration": 2.502, "text": "to track how long food\nhad been on the shelves," }, { "start": 77.448, "duration": 4.546, "text": "and in the 1970s, \nconsumers demanded in on that info." }, { "start": 82.453, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Many supermarkets adopted a system\nstill in place today called open dating," }, { "start": 87.959, "duration": 3.587, "text": "where food manufacturers or retailers\nlabeled products with dates" }, { "start": 91.546, "duration": 2.586, "text": "indicating optimum freshness." }, { "start": 94.465, "duration": 4.88, "text": "This vague metric had nothing to do \nwith expiration dates or food safety." }, { "start": 99.554, "duration": 3.753, "text": "In fact, it’s rarely decided\nwith any scientific backing," }, { "start": 103.307, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and there are usually no rules\naround what dates to use." }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 5.422, "text": "So most manufacturers and retailers \nare motivated to set these dates early," }, { "start": 112.483, "duration": 5.214, "text": "ensuring customers will taste their food\nat its best and come back for more." }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 5.798, "text": "This means many foods are safe to eat\nfar beyond their labeled dates." }, { "start": 124.787, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Old cookies, pasta, and other shelf-stable\ngroceries might taste stale," }, { "start": 130.042, "duration": 1.794, "text": "but they aren’t a health risk." }, { "start": 132.044, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Canned foods can stay safe for years," }, { "start": 134.672, "duration": 3.003, "text": "so long as they don't show signs\nof bulging or rusting." }, { "start": 138.05, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Low freezer temperatures keep bacteria\nthat cause food poisoning in check," }, { "start": 142.263, "duration": 3.795, "text": "preserving properly stored\nfrozen dinners indefinitely." }, { "start": 146.559, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Refrigerated eggs are good\nfor up to five weeks," }, { "start": 149.478, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and if they spoil,\nyour nose will let you know." }, { "start": 152.273, "duration": 6.173, "text": "And you can always spot spoiled produce\nby off odors, slimy surfaces, and mold." }, { "start": 158.988, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Of course, there are some cases \nwhere you’re better safe than sorry." }, { "start": 162.909, "duration": 4.546, "text": "The USDA recommends eating or freezing\nmeat within days of purchase." }, { "start": 167.496, "duration": 1.377, "text": "Beyond their printed dates," }, { "start": 168.873, "duration": 4.171, "text": "ready-to-eat salads, deli meats,\nand unpasteurized cheeses" }, { "start": 173.044, "duration": 3.128, "text": "are more likely to carry\npathogenic bacteria" }, { "start": 176.172, "duration": 2.669, "text": "that can slip past a smell or taste test." }, { "start": 179.05, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And the dates on infant formula\nare regulated to indicate safety." }, { "start": 183.596, "duration": 4.796, "text": "But while some of these labels work\nas intended, the vast majority don’t." }, { "start": 188.601, "duration": 3.629, "text": "In a 2019 survey of over 1,000 Americans," }, { "start": 192.23, "duration": 5.755, "text": "more than 70% said they use date labels\nto decide if food is still edible," }, { "start": 197.985, "duration": 4.546, "text": "and nearly 60% said they’d toss\nany food past those dates." }, { "start": 203.157, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Restaurants and grocers often do the same." }, { "start": 206.661, "duration": 3.503, "text": "To avoid all this waste,\nmany experts advocate for laws" }, { "start": 210.164, "duration": 4.671, "text": "to require that date labels use\none of two standardized phrases:" }, { "start": 215.419, "duration": 5.714, "text": "“Best if used by,” to indicate freshness,\nor “Use by” to indicate safety." }, { "start": 221.3, "duration": 1.669, "text": "This solution isn't perfect," }, { "start": 222.969, "duration": 4.421, "text": "but some US researchers estimate that\nsetting these standards at a federal level" }, { "start": 227.39, "duration": 5.922, "text": "could prevent roughly 398,000 tons\nof food waste annually." }, { "start": 233.896, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Grocers could also try removing\ndate labels on produce," }, { "start": 237.566, "duration": 2.503, "text": "as several UK supermarket chains have done" }, { "start": 240.069, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to encourage consumers\nto use their own judgement." }, { "start": 243.239, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Many experts also advocate for policies\nincentivizing grocers and restaurants" }, { "start": 247.827, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to donate unsold food." }, { "start": 250.371, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Currently, confusion around dates \nhas led at least 20 US states" }, { "start": 254.959, "duration": 3.086, "text": "to restrict donating food\npast its labeled date," }, { "start": 258.212, "duration": 3.796, "text": "even though the federal government\nactually protects such donations." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Countries like France go even further," }, { "start": 264.385, "duration": 4.379, "text": "requiring that many supermarkets\ndonate unsold food." }, { "start": 269.056, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Regardless of what\nyour government decides," }, { "start": 271.392, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the best way to prevent food waste\nis to eat what you buy!" }, { "start": 275.021, "duration": 2.877, "text": "And don’t forget that your eyes,\nnose, and tongue" }, { "start": 277.898, "duration": 4.505, "text": "are usually all you need to decide\nif food is fit for consumption" }, { "start": 282.403, "duration": 1.418, "text": "or the compost bin." } ] }, { "video_id": "mEsXDN1zj3I", "title": "The epic Nordic legend of the monster slayer - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Explore the classic poem, “Beowulf,” which follows a heroic prince as he fights to free a kingdom from the monster Grendel.\n\n--\n\nAn epic written in Old English, “Beowulf” is known for its haunting monsters, dream-like language, and paranoid perspective, where violent threats are always waiting on the fringes of society. The action follows Beowulf, a prince of Geats, who travels to aid a kingdom in freeing itself from a monster’s reign of terror. Why is this poem considered a classic? Iseult Gillespie traces the hero’s tale.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/beowulfs-three-bloodiest-battles-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/beowulfs-three-bloodiest-battles-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com and https://www.jagritikhirwar.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, and Chau Hong Diem.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-03T15:01:05Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 2.377, "text": "In the kitchen at a friend's party," }, { "start": 9.672, "duration": 4.088, "text": "you're in the midst of a profound\nmoral conundrum." }, { "start": 14.343, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Famous philosophers whisper\nadvice in your ear." }, { "start": 18.222, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Utilitarian John Stuart Mill tells you\nthat one should always strive" }, { "start": 23.561, "duration": 4.838, "text": "to bring about the greatest happiness\nfor the greatest number of people." }, { "start": 28.483, "duration": 6.506, "text": "Aristotle reminds you of the importance\nof the virtues of generosity and justice." }, { "start": 35.323, "duration": 3.044, "text": "But Thomas Hobbes points out that" }, { "start": 38.367, "duration": 6.173, "text": "\"of all voluntary acts,\nthe object is to every man his own good.\"" }, { "start": 45.166, "duration": 5.13, "text": "In other words, human beings\nare inherently selfish anyway." }, { "start": 50.922, "duration": 4.212, "text": "So why shouldn't you take\nthe last cupcake for yourself?" }, { "start": 55.51, "duration": 3.878, "text": "This is actually one of philosophy's\noldest questions." }, { "start": 59.639, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Not your cupcake dilemma—" }, { "start": 61.849, "duration": 3.921, "text": "the question of whether or not\nhuman beings are inherently selfish." }, { "start": 66.187, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The idea that humans only act\nout of self-interest" }, { "start": 70.191, "duration": 2.961, "text": "is known as psychological egoism," }, { "start": 73.361, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and there aren't many philosophers\nwho endorse this extreme stance." }, { "start": 78.032, "duration": 4.671, "text": "There's simply too much evidence\nof humans sacrificing their self-interest," }, { "start": 82.703, "duration": 3.838, "text": "and sometimes their very lives,\nfor the sake of others." }, { "start": 86.999, "duration": 4.63, "text": "And studies by psychologists have shown\nthat even very young children" }, { "start": 91.629, "duration": 5.172, "text": "demonstrate helpful behavior despite\nthere being nothing in it for themselves." }, { "start": 97.301, "duration": 4.839, "text": "However, the idea that all humans\nhave a deep selfish streak" }, { "start": 102.14, "duration": 3.086, "text": "is something many more philosophers\nwould agree with." }, { "start": 106.018, "duration": 5.381, "text": "German philosopher Immanuel Kant noted\nthat while we often seem to act" }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 1.626, "text": "for the sake of others," }, { "start": 113.025, "duration": 3.754, "text": "it's impossible to be sure\nwe're not truly motivated" }, { "start": 116.779, "duration": 3.212, "text": "by \"a secret impulse of self-love.\"" }, { "start": 120.575, "duration": 4.504, "text": "For example, maybe when people make\nlarge donations to charity," }, { "start": 125.163, "duration": 2.752, "text": "they're actually more interested\nin looking good" }, { "start": 127.915, "duration": 3.921, "text": "or benefiting from tax breaks\nthan helping others." }, { "start": 132.17, "duration": 4.295, "text": "It's worth noting that not all \nphilosophers think self-love" }, { "start": 136.465, "duration": 1.836, "text": "is always a bad thing." }, { "start": 138.843, "duration": 5.714, "text": "French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau\nidentified two kinds of self-love." }, { "start": 144.932, "duration": 5.089, "text": "He believed \"Amour de soi,\"\nour basic need for self-preservation," }, { "start": 150.021, "duration": 2.127, "text": "is natural and essential." }, { "start": 152.899, "duration": 2.794, "text": "But he identified \"amour propre,\"" }, { "start": 155.693, "duration": 4.213, "text": "our toxic desire for recognition\nand social status," }, { "start": 159.906, "duration": 3.503, "text": "as the cause of many unjust disparities." }, { "start": 164.327, "duration": 4.963, "text": "In a similar vein, Aristotle argued\nthat humans are social beings" }, { "start": 169.29, "duration": 4.838, "text": "who can only flourish when we seek\nthe good of others as well as ourselves." }, { "start": 174.462, "duration": 6.381, "text": "By this logic, true self-love requires us\nto work against our selfish tendencies." }, { "start": 181.552, "duration": 4.254, "text": "For many philosophers,\nthis is where the real problem lies—" }, { "start": 185.89, "duration": 3.211, "text": "how do we overcome our selfishness?" }, { "start": 189.685, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Some, like Kant, have argued\nthat our sense of moral duty" }, { "start": 194.106, "duration": 3.712, "text": "is what helps us rise\nabove our narrow self-interest." }, { "start": 198.444, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Others, like Rousseau and Adam Smith," }, { "start": 201.447, "duration": 3.754, "text": "contend that emotions\nlike pity and sympathy" }, { "start": 205.201, "duration": 3.295, "text": "are what allow us to consider\nthe needs of others." }, { "start": 208.996, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But 20th century philosopher-novelist\nIris Murdoch" }, { "start": 212.792, "duration": 4.546, "text": "believed the only true solution\nto human selfishness was love." }, { "start": 218.005, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Or at least,\na certain kind of love." }, { "start": 222.051, "duration": 3.879, "text": "For Murdoch, selfishness isn't about\ntrivial things" }, { "start": 225.93, "duration": 2.127, "text": "like taking the last cupcake." }, { "start": 228.391, "duration": 4.921, "text": "It's about seeing the world in a way\nthat casts yourself as a star," }, { "start": 233.312, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and everyone else as secondary characters." }, { "start": 236.649, "duration": 5.38, "text": "To explain this, Murdoch tells the story\nof a discontented mother-in-law." }, { "start": 242.697, "duration": 2.21, "text": "While the mother is always polite," }, { "start": 244.907, "duration": 4.588, "text": "she secretly feels her son made\na mistake marrying his \"vulgar\"" }, { "start": 249.495, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and \"tiresomely juvenile\" wife." }, { "start": 252.999, "duration": 4.254, "text": "To Murdoch, this mother\nis the picture of selfishness." }, { "start": 257.586, "duration": 3.671, "text": "By centering her own jealousy\nand insecurity," }, { "start": 261.257, "duration": 5.338, "text": "she's reducing the nuanced reality\nof her daughter-in-law to a caricature." }, { "start": 267.013, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But with some conscious effort," }, { "start": 269.14, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Murdoch believes the mother can learn to\nsee her daughter in law as she truly is—" }, { "start": 274.562, "duration": 2.669, "text": "not vulgar or juvenile," }, { "start": 277.231, "duration": 4.254, "text": "but refreshingly straightforward\nand delightfully youthful." }, { "start": 282.069, "duration": 2.211, "text": "To be clear, this doesn't mean" }, { "start": 284.28, "duration": 3.503, "text": "the mother should simply don\nrose-colored glasses." }, { "start": 288.2, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Love, as Murdoch defines it,\nis \"the extremely difficult realization" }, { "start": 294.457, "duration": 3.712, "text": "that something other than oneself\nis real.\"" }, { "start": 298.836, "duration": 2.461, "text": "As challenging as this might be," }, { "start": 301.297, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Murdoch believes we can all reach\nthis realization" }, { "start": 305.217, "duration": 3.546, "text": "by cultivating what she calls attention." }, { "start": 309.805, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Partially inspired by Buddhist meditation," }, { "start": 312.641, "duration": 5.005, "text": "this practice could include engaging\nwith art, learning foreign languages," }, { "start": 317.646, "duration": 4.38, "text": "or simply taking the time to observe\nthe natural environment." }, { "start": 322.526, "duration": 3.462, "text": "What's important for Murdoch\nis that the behavior" }, { "start": 325.988, "duration": 4.38, "text": "helps direct your attention\nbeyond the self." }, { "start": 330.618, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Because only by practicing our ability\nto attend to the world around us" }, { "start": 335.706, "duration": 3.295, "text": "can we learn to see it as it truly is." } ] }, { "video_id": "jejgP_u82Qo", "title": "This is how nomadic farmers live", "description": "Dig into the challenges of modern pastoralism, a form of agriculture where farmers guide livestock to seasonal grazing areas.\n\n--\n\nFor millennia, livestock farmers strategically guided animals to seasonal grazing areas. This mobile way of life, known as pastoralism, provided them with wealth, social status, and political independence into the 20th century. But in the last century, political and economic policies have worked against these communities. Take a closer look at the challenges of modern pastoralism.\n\nDirected by Anton Bogaty.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Graham Gerrity, Donald Nkrumah, and Obai Khalifa who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-is-how-nomadic-farmers-live\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-is-how-nomadic-farmers-live/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, and Weronika Falkowska.", "publishedAt": "2025-04-01T15:01:44Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 5.589, "text": "A scalding volcano, parched desert,\nand frigid glacier—" }, { "start": 12.842, "duration": 2.294, "text": "all pretty intense," }, { "start": 15.219, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And also all places where\ncertain insects live." }, { "start": 19.515, "duration": 1.877, "text": "So, how do they do it?" }, { "start": 21.726, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Our first stop is one of the hottest\nplaces on Earth: the Sahara Desert." }, { "start": 27.231, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Lots of animals here are only active\nat night— but not all." }, { "start": 31.069, "duration": 5.296, "text": "Sahara silver ant workers brave the\ndesert’s blazing sun and scorching sands" }, { "start": 36.365, "duration": 5.005, "text": "with unusually long legs that elevate\ntheir bodies above the hot ground" }, { "start": 41.37, "duration": 3.421, "text": "and allow them to reach\nsuperlative speeds." }, { "start": 45.458, "duration": 2.961, "text": "They can sprint a meter per second," }, { "start": 48.461, "duration": 4.421, "text": "each of their feet striking the sand for\nas little as seven milliseconds at once," }, { "start": 53.007, "duration": 2.711, "text": "making them the fastest ants on record. " }, { "start": 56.302, "duration": 4.797, "text": "But the reason for their silver sheen\nis also key to keeping cool:" }, { "start": 61.265, "duration": 3.671, "text": "the ants are covered\nin densely packed hair." }, { "start": 65.228, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Instead of having a heat-trapping effect," }, { "start": 67.48, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the hair’s triangular structure reflects\nsunlight and dissipates heat." }, { "start": 72.902, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Researchers observed that it helps reflect\n10 times more incoming light" }, { "start": 77.073, "duration": 5.047, "text": "and keeps the ants around 10 degrees\ncooler than if they were hairless." }, { "start": 82.787, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Meanwhile, this longhorn beetle\nalso sports triangular hairs" }, { "start": 86.707, "duration": 3.212, "text": "that give it a metallic shimmer\nand cool it down—" }, { "start": 90.253, "duration": 5.088, "text": "helpful since it resides near active\nThai and Indonesian volcanoes," }, { "start": 95.341, "duration": 4.046, "text": "where ground temperatures can reach 70°C." }, { "start": 100.096, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Many insects thrive in balmy biomes," }, { "start": 103.391, "duration": 4.045, "text": "but cold temperatures, like those looming\nover this ice-laden landscape," }, { "start": 107.436, "duration": 3.045, "text": "are a major constraint on insect life." }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 5.505, "text": "And yet, certain insects actually depend\non these cool climates year-round." }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 2.795, "text": "One small group,\nsometimes called ice crawlers," }, { "start": 119.407, "duration": 4.212, "text": "lives in high-elevation caves\nand at the edges of glaciers." }, { "start": 123.744, "duration": 3.879, "text": "They've evolved to thrive in a narrow\nzone of cool temperatures." }, { "start": 127.874, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Scientists think one way they manage this\nis their increased capacity to produce" }, { "start": 131.961, "duration": 5.297, "text": "a type of sugar that helps stabilize\ntheir cell membranes, proteins, and DNA." }, { "start": 137.508, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But they've lost the ability to deal\nwith temperature extremes." }, { "start": 141.179, "duration": 4.838, "text": "For instance, just the heat of your hand\ncould kill them given enough time." }, { "start": 146.559, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Now, for a more savory flavor\nof survival skills," }, { "start": 150.73, "duration": 2.169, "text": "we have the alkali fly." }, { "start": 153.107, "duration": 3.504, "text": "They live around and in California's\nMono Lake," }, { "start": 156.611, "duration": 3.336, "text": "which is more than twice\nas salty as the ocean." }, { "start": 160.198, "duration": 4.921, "text": "As aquatic larvae, they depend\non specialized kidney-like organs" }, { "start": 165.119, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to excrete excess salt." }, { "start": 166.746, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And as adults, they must continue\nto venture underwater regularly" }, { "start": 170.75, "duration": 1.793, "text": "to eat and lay eggs." }, { "start": 172.752, "duration": 3.253, "text": "However, at their size, overcoming\nthe water's surface tension" }, { "start": 176.005, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and staying submerged is a challenge." }, { "start": 179.467, "duration": 4.463, "text": "They manage to exert forces\nup to 18 times their weight" }, { "start": 183.93, "duration": 4.462, "text": "to break the surface tension then use\ntheir claws to counteract their buoyancy" }, { "start": 188.392, "duration": 2.711, "text": "in the salty water and stay put\ndown below." }, { "start": 191.187, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Because their bodies are covered in more\nhair and hydrophobic wax than other flies," }, { "start": 196.025, "duration": 3.629, "text": "they’re surrounded by an air bubble\nthat keeps them dry" }, { "start": 199.654, "duration": 3.336, "text": "and provides them with\nup to 15 minutes of oxygen." }, { "start": 203.366, "duration": 1.585, "text": "When they release their hold, " }, { "start": 204.951, "duration": 3.003, "text": "they pop right back up to the surface,\nperfectly dry." }, { "start": 208.412, "duration": 5.381, "text": "However, only one insect group is known\nto actually withstand the ocean’s depths:" }, { "start": 213.96, "duration": 2.043, "text": "these are parasitic lice," }, { "start": 216.17, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and they live on\ndeep-sea-diving pinnipeds," }, { "start": 218.506, "duration": 2.085, "text": "like seals and walruses." }, { "start": 220.716, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Their plunges can take the lice thousands\nof meters underwater for extended periods." }, { "start": 225.304, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Most insects use holes on the sides\nof their abdomens, called spiracles," }, { "start": 229.225, "duration": 1.334, "text": "to take in oxygen." }, { "start": 230.893, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Interestingly, these lice are equipped\nwith microscopic structures" }, { "start": 234.563, "duration": 2.795, "text": "that allow them to shut\ntheir spiracles entirely." }, { "start": 237.9, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Scientists think this may help them\nkeep air inside" }, { "start": 240.736, "duration": 1.794, "text": "or prevent water from entering," }, { "start": 242.53, "duration": 4.921, "text": "allowing them to survive long periods\nsubmerged in high-pressure conditions." }, { "start": 248.16, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Some lice may also attain oxygen\nby living on seals whose fur" }, { "start": 252.123, "duration": 2.127, "text": " traps air close to their bodies." }, { "start": 254.75, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Meanwhile, lice on marine mammals\nwith less hair" }, { "start": 257.878, "duration": 2.711, "text": "seem to have more scale-like structures\non their abdomens," }, { "start": 260.589, "duration": 4.13, "text": "which might help them trap a little\nlayer of air all for themselves." }, { "start": 265.261, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Insects are the world's most numerous\nand diverse animals." }, { "start": 269.807, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Even in some of the places\nyou might least expect them," }, { "start": 272.852, "duration": 1.168, "text": "there they are," }, { "start": 274.02, "duration": 5.463, "text": "equipped with extreme survival skills,\nliving life on the edge." } ] }, { "video_id": "fVcKBox97P0", "title": "The murderous medieval king who inspired \"Macbeth\" - Benjamin Hudson", "description": "Dig into the history that inspired Shakespeare’s tragedy, “Macbeth,” and find out just how much of the play is based on real events.\n\n--\n\nOf all Shakespeare’s plays, perhaps none is stranger than “Macbeth”— a parable on power rife with supernatural elements. But according to texts from the 11th century, this tragedy has its roots in reality. What’s more, other accounts mention witches, prophecies, and arboreal armies. Which raises the question: just how much of Shakespeare’s strange story is true? Benjamin Hudson investigates.\n\nLesson by Benjamin Hudson, directed by Sarah Saidan.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-murderous-medieval-king-who-inspired-macbeth-benjamin-hudson\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-murderous-medieval-king-who-inspired-macbeth-benjamin-hudson/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, and Tyron Jung.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-27T15:01:21Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Pharaoh Ramesses II reigned\nfor almost 70 years" }, { "start": 11.424, "duration": 2.336, "text": "in the 13th century BCE." }, { "start": 13.885, "duration": 3.879, "text": "He presided over a golden age\nof Egyptian prosperity." }, { "start": 17.93, "duration": 2.211, "text": "But was he a model leader," }, { "start": 20.141, "duration": 3.629, "text": "or a shameless egomaniac\nand master of propaganda?" }, { "start": 25.73, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Order! Order! Who do we have on the stand?\nRamesses II?" }, { "start": 29.358, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Ahem, I believe you mean\n\"The strong bull, protector of Egypt," }, { "start": 34.28, "duration": 2.002, "text": "who subdues foreign lands;" }, { "start": 36.282, "duration": 4.922, "text": "rich in years, great in victories,\nchosen by Ra— whose justice is powerful—" }, { "start": 41.329, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Ramesses, beloved of Amun.\"" }, { "start": 44.165, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But you may refer to him\nas Ramesses the Great." }, { "start": 48.544, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Ramesses, Ramesses— \nI think I've heard of him." }, { "start": 53.341, "duration": 1.376, "text": "\"Let my people go!\"" }, { "start": 55.802, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Yes, Your Honor, he was the infamously\nstubborn pharaoh of Exodus," }, { "start": 60.306, "duration": 2.002, "text": "who forced enslaved Hebrews" }, { "start": 62.308, "duration": 4.421, "text": "to build out his extravagant capital city\nof Pi-Ramesses." }, { "start": 67.188, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Objection, there's no\narchaeological evidence" }, { "start": 69.524, "duration": 3.503, "text": "that Ramesses used forced labor\nin his construction projects." }, { "start": 73.027, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Egyptians relied on highly trained\nartisans and craftsmen" }, { "start": 77.156, "duration": 1.835, "text": "to build their cities and monuments." }, { "start": 78.991, "duration": 2.962, "text": "And menial labor,\nlike quarrying and moving stones," }, { "start": 81.953, "duration": 3.461, "text": "was done by military soldiers\nand foreign mercenaries—" }, { "start": 85.414, "duration": 2.712, "text": "all of whom were compensated\nfor their work." }, { "start": 88.543, "duration": 1.96, "text": "So he's not the pharaoh from Exodus?" }, { "start": 91.17, "duration": 1.418, "text": "It's hard to say for certain." }, { "start": 92.63, "duration": 1.543, "text": "According to some timelines," }, { "start": 94.173, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Ramesses is the best candidate\nfor that particular pharaoh." }, { "start": 97.593, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But there's no evidence of any Hebrew\npopulation in Egypt during his reign," }, { "start": 102.098, "duration": 3.795, "text": "and certainly no records of a revolution\nor mass migration" }, { "start": 105.893, "duration": 1.835, "text": "like the one described in Exodus." }, { "start": 108.437, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Is that really so surprising?" }, { "start": 110.273, "duration": 4.129, "text": "It's not like Ramesses kept records\nof any other time he was defeated." }, { "start": 114.61, "duration": 1.043, "text": "What do you mean?" }, { "start": 116.028, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Our \"great\" pharaoh here operated\none of the largest propaganda machines" }, { "start": 121.075, "duration": 1.543, "text": "in ancient history." }, { "start": 123.161, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Almost all pharaohs relied on propaganda\nto control their country," }, { "start": 127.165, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and Ramesses had particularly\nbig sandals to fill." }, { "start": 130.626, "duration": 5.339, "text": "His father, Seti I, led Egypt to a period\nof great wealth and stability" }, { "start": 135.965, "duration": 2.419, "text": "that Ramesses worked hard to maintain." }, { "start": 138.676, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Through propaganda, yes,\nbut also military glory." }, { "start": 142.305, "duration": 1.918, "text": "More like military aggression." }, { "start": 144.265, "duration": 1.71, "text": "By the end of Seti's reign," }, { "start": 145.975, "duration": 3.045, "text": "he had established peace\nwith the neighboring Hittites" }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 5.13, "text": "by guaranteeing Egyptian control\nover a sought-after region called Kadesh." }, { "start": 154.233, "duration": 4.672, "text": "But in the fifth year of his reign,\nRamesses broke those agreements." }, { "start": 159.113, "duration": 2.419, "text": "It wasn't the most peaceful decision," }, { "start": 161.532, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but Ramesses believed a military victory\nwould aid his efforts" }, { "start": 165.411, "duration": 2.085, "text": "to restore Egypt's reputation." }, { "start": 167.496, "duration": 1.001, "text": "And he was right!" }, { "start": 168.581, "duration": 3.67, "text": "His victory over the Hittites\ncemented Ramesses' persona" }, { "start": 172.251, "duration": 2.252, "text": "as a heroic pharaoh of old." }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Yeah, except he didn't even win!" }, { "start": 177.381, "duration": 3.379, "text": "His supposed victory was\nactually a stalemate" }, { "start": 180.76, "duration": 4.421, "text": "in which the pharaoh's arrogance\nalmost cost Egypt the entire war." }, { "start": 185.223, "duration": 5.38, "text": "When two Hittite spies told Ramesses\nthe enemy had fled in fear," }, { "start": 190.603, "duration": 3.92, "text": "he let his guard down,\nallowing his men to be ambushed." }, { "start": 194.523, "duration": 4.088, "text": "He played right into the Hittite's trap\nand almost lost everything." }, { "start": 199.111, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Yet the official story Ramesses\nhad chiseled across Egypt" }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 3.212, "text": "cast himself as the battle's\ngreatest hero." }, { "start": 207.078, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Military achievements were important\nfor legitimizing a pharaoh's power," }, { "start": 211.415, "duration": 3.212, "text": "even if that meant a bit\nof exaggeration." }, { "start": 214.794, "duration": 3.336, "text": "A bit? You can't trust\nanything this guy says!" }, { "start": 218.13, "duration": 2.628, "text": "If it wasn't for the Hittite's\nconflicting record," }, { "start": 220.758, "duration": 3.045, "text": "we'd still be buying Ramesses' propaganda." }, { "start": 223.928, "duration": 4.629, "text": "I propose that this court cannot judge\nany historical figure's legacy" }, { "start": 228.557, "duration": 2.795, "text": "by the stories they tell about themselves." }, { "start": 231.56, "duration": 1.669, "text": "That seems reasonable to me." }, { "start": 233.604, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Fair enough. How's this record then—" }, { "start": 236.148, "duration": 3.879, "text": "the first recorded peace treaty\nin archaeological history" }, { "start": 240.027, "duration": 2.753, "text": "signed by Ramesses and the Hittites." }, { "start": 243.739, "duration": 2.002, "text": "\"Peace treaty\" is pretty generous." }, { "start": 245.741, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Ramesses begrudgingly agreed\nto a mutual defense contract," }, { "start": 250.037, "duration": 4.713, "text": "where Egyptians and Hittites would work\ntogether if attacked by an external enemy." }, { "start": 254.875, "duration": 1.377, "text": "And what's wrong with that?" }, { "start": 256.252, "duration": 3.503, "text": "This peaceful end to the conflict\nmarked the beginning" }, { "start": 259.755, "duration": 2.002, "text": "of Ramesses' prosperous reign—" }, { "start": 261.757, "duration": 3.254, "text": "a golden age of Egyptian power and wealth." }, { "start": 265.386, "duration": 5.213, "text": "True, but we have no idea if this wealth\ntrickled down to everyday Egyptians" }, { "start": 270.599, "duration": 5.506, "text": "or just financed Ramesses' vain attempts\nto achieve immortality through stone." }, { "start": 276.355, "duration": 4.546, "text": "He spent his entire reign pouring\nmoney into ego projects." }, { "start": 281.193, "duration": 4.672, "text": "And one of the most famous,\nAbu Simbel, wasn't even in Egypt!" }, { "start": 286.324, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Abu Simbel was in Nubia to showcase\nEgypt's strength" }, { "start": 289.827, "duration": 2.211, "text": "and discourage a Nubian revolution." }, { "start": 292.33, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Besides, pharaohs were expected to invest\nin building projects for the gods." }, { "start": 297.418, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Right, \"for the gods,\"\nwhich Ramesses was not." }, { "start": 300.755, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Pharaohs typically occupied a status\nbetween gods and mortals," }, { "start": 305.134, "duration": 4.379, "text": "but the location of Ramesses' statue\ninside Abu Simbel" }, { "start": 309.513, "duration": 2.92, "text": "positions him as their supposed equal." }, { "start": 312.475, "duration": 4.754, "text": "He even tore down existing temples\nto reuse their bricks" }, { "start": 317.229, "duration": 2.211, "text": "in monuments to himself!" }, { "start": 319.69, "duration": 2.92, "text": "He tore down temples built by Akhenaten," }, { "start": 322.61, "duration": 3.295, "text": "a pharaoh who'd attempted\nto impose monotheism." }, { "start": 325.905, "duration": 1.626, "text": "By destroying those temples," }, { "start": 327.531, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Ramesses reinforced his commitment\nto Egypt's traditional religion." }, { "start": 332.661, "duration": 5.131, "text": "That doesn't account for why he frequently\nerased other pharaohs' names on monuments" }, { "start": 337.792, "duration": 1.96, "text": "and replaced them with his own." }, { "start": 340.044, "duration": 1.084, "text": "Hey, what the...?" }, { "start": 341.253, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Even pharaohs who had short reigns\nhad numerous statues made of themselves—" }, { "start": 345.841, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and Ramesses ruled\nfor almost seven decades." }, { "start": 349.678, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Well, he definitely made\na lasting impression." }, { "start": 351.972, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Let's face it, Your Honor, would we even\nbe talking about him today if he hadn't?" }, { "start": 357.311, "duration": 3.045, "text": "It's often said that history is written\nby the winners," }, { "start": 360.356, "duration": 1.168, "text": "but in this courtroom," }, { "start": 361.524, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a winning record never guarantees\nthe outcome." } ] }, { "video_id": "MdM6osj5Jlg", "title": "The surprising way we can cool the planet - Elise Cutts", "description": "Dig into the science of enhanced rock weathering, a technology which takes carbon dioxide out of the air and stores it in rocks.\n\n--\n\nMount Teide is one of the world’s largest active volcanoes, and there may be a way to use the basalt rock inside it to save humanity. Obviously, destroying an ancient volcano would cause catastrophic and unpredictable ecological fallout. But what if we harvested only some of that basalt— could it really stop climate change? Elise Cutts explores the fascinating science of enhanced rock weathering.\n\nLesson by Elise Cutts, directed by Ivana Volda.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-weird-things-thatd-happen-if-we-blew-up-this-mountain-elise-cutts\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-weird-things-thatd-happen-if-we-blew-up-this-mountain-elise-cutts/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://ivanathomasvolda.org \nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-25T15:00:44Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.168, "duration": 2.515, "text": "You, it seems,\nare the manifestation" }, { "start": 2.683, "duration": 1.908, "text": "of several lifetimes\nof toil." }, { "start": 5.372, "duration": 1.67, "text": "Brown v. Board\nin flesh." }, { "start": 7.793, "duration": 1.389, "text": "Most days\nthe classroom feels" }, { "start": 9.182, "duration": 1.354, "text": "like an antechamber." }, { "start": 11.179, "duration": 0.821, "text": "You are deemed expert" }, { "start": 12.0, "duration": 4.97, "text": "on all things Morrison,\nKing, Malcolm, Rosa." }, { "start": 17.503, "duration": 1.953, "text": "Hell, weren’t you sitting\non that bus, too?" }, { "start": 20.181, "duration": 1.393, "text": "You are every-\nbody’s best friend" }, { "start": 21.574, "duration": 1.205, "text": "until you are not." }, { "start": 23.366, "duration": 1.44, "text": "Hip-hop lyricologist." }, { "start": 25.123, "duration": 1.175, "text": "Presumed athlete." }, { "start": 26.625, "duration": 1.432, "text": "Free & Reduced sideshow." }, { "start": 28.374, "duration": 1.576, "text": "Exception and caricature." }, { "start": 30.259, "duration": 2.146, "text": "Too black and too white\nall at once." }, { "start": 33.094, "duration": 0.821, "text": "If you are successful" }, { "start": 33.915, "duration": 1.976, "text": "it is because\nof affirmative action." }, { "start": 36.454, "duration": 1.098, "text": "If you fail it is because" }, { "start": 37.552, "duration": 1.336, "text": "you were destined to." }, { "start": 39.533, "duration": 3.024, "text": "You are invisible until they turn on\nthe Friday night lights." }, { "start": 43.119, "duration": 2.646, "text": "Here you are star before\nthey render you asteroid." }, { "start": 46.418, "duration": 2.33, "text": "Before they watch\nyou turn to dust." } ] }, { "video_id": "UsY-WfoKy80", "title": "Do you dare open Pandora’s box?", "description": "TED-Ed has made its first ever physical game, custom-tailored for all you puzzle and mythology lovers: Pandora’s Legacy! Play as Pandora as you try to set right the chaos that has been unleashed by Zeus' box in a beautifully illustrated jigsaw-puzzle-escape-room game. Sign up to learn more at the link in our Community Post.\n\n#pandorasbox #pandoraslegacy #teded #puzzle #escaperoom #gaming #jigsawpuzzle \n\nLearn more about Pandora's Legacy: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ted-ed/pandoras-legacy", "publishedAt": "2025-03-21T17:36:13Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 5.255, "text": "In 1960, American composer John Cage \nwent on national television" }, { "start": 12.3, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to share his latest work." }, { "start": 14.343, "duration": 2.712, "text": "But rather than employing\ntraditional instruments," }, { "start": 17.055, "duration": 2.585, "text": "Cage appeared surrounded \nby household clutter," }, { "start": 19.974, "duration": 4.922, "text": "including a bathtub, ice cubes,\na toy fish, a pressure cooker," }, { "start": 24.896, "duration": 2.294, "text": "a rubber duck, and several radios." }, { "start": 27.774, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Armed with these tools and a stopwatch,\nhe performed “Water Walk,”" }, { "start": 32.945, "duration": 3.254, "text": "setting off a series of sounds\nwith a serious expression" }, { "start": 36.199, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and incredible precision." }, { "start": 38.201, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Some viewers found\nthe performance hysterical," }, { "start": 40.62, "duration": 2.252, "text": "while others thought it was\ncompletely absurd." }, { "start": 43.623, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But most people watching likely shared \nthe same question:" }, { "start": 47.085, "duration": 1.584, "text": "is this even music?" }, { "start": 50.254, "duration": 2.795, "text": "This question is harder to answer\nthan you might think." }, { "start": 53.382, "duration": 3.838, "text": "What we determine as music often\ndepends on our expectations." }, { "start": 57.428, "duration": 3.295, "text": "For example, imagine you’re \nin a jazz club listening" }, { "start": 60.723, "duration": 1.919, "text": "to the rhythmic honking of horns." }, { "start": 62.725, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Most people would agree\nthat this is music." }, { "start": 65.812, "duration": 4.879, "text": "But if you were on the highway hearing\nthe same thing, many would call it noise." }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 2.585, "text": "After all, car horns aren’t instruments" }, { "start": 73.694, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and these drivers aren’t \nmusicians... right?" }, { "start": 76.989, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Expectations like these influence how\nwe categorize everything we hear." }, { "start": 81.994, "duration": 2.837, "text": "We typically think something sounds \nmore musical" }, { "start": 84.831, "duration": 3.92, "text": "if it uses a recognizable structure \nor popular sounds" }, { "start": 88.751, "duration": 1.96, "text": "arranged in well-known patterns." }, { "start": 90.837, "duration": 1.876, "text": "And even within the realm of music," }, { "start": 92.713, "duration": 3.754, "text": "we expect certain genres to use specific\ninstruments and harmonies." }, { "start": 96.676, "duration": 3.753, "text": "These expectations are based \non existing musical traditions," }, { "start": 100.68, "duration": 2.419, "text": "but those traditions aren't set in stone." }, { "start": 103.391, "duration": 3.003, "text": "They vary across different cultures\nand time periods." }, { "start": 106.519, "duration": 1.877, "text": "And in the early 20th century," }, { "start": 108.396, "duration": 3.003, "text": "when many artists were pushing \nthe boundaries of their fields," }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 4.045, "text": "John Cage wanted to discover \nwhat new kinds of music might exist" }, { "start": 115.444, "duration": 1.627, "text": "beyond those constraints." }, { "start": 117.446, "duration": 3.337, "text": "He began pioneering new instruments\nthat blurred the lines" }, { "start": 120.783, "duration": 2.127, "text": "between art and everyday life," }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and used surprising objects to reinvent\nexisting instruments." }, { "start": 128.249, "duration": 4.254, "text": "He also explored new ways for music\nto mingle with other art forms." }, { "start": 132.92, "duration": 3.087, "text": "He and his creative and romantic partner,\nMerce Cunningham," }, { "start": 136.007, "duration": 4.129, "text": "held recitals where Cage’s music\nand Cunningham’s choreography" }, { "start": 140.136, "duration": 3.712, "text": "would be created independently\nbefore being performed together." }, { "start": 145.516, "duration": 1.543, "text": "But whatever his approach," }, { "start": 147.059, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Cage gleefully dared listeners to question\nthe boundaries between music and noise," }, { "start": 151.689, "duration": 1.96, "text": "as well as sound and silence." }, { "start": 153.9, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Perhaps the best example is one of Cage’s\nmost famous compositions—" }, { "start": 157.862, "duration": 4.296, "text": "a solo piano piece consisting of nothing\nbut musical rests" }, { "start": 162.158, "duration": 2.502, "text": "for four minutes and 33 seconds." }, { "start": 165.286, "duration": 3.545, "text": "This wasn’t intended as a prank,\nbut rather, as a question." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Could the opening and closing\nof a piano lid be music?" }, { "start": 172.668, "duration": 1.919, "text": "What about the click of a stopwatch?" }, { "start": 174.67, "duration": 3.504, "text": "The rustling, and perhaps even the\ncomplaining, of a crowd?" }, { "start": 179.008, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Like the white canvases\nof his painting peers," }, { "start": 182.053, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Cage asked the audience to question \ntheir expectations about what music was." }, { "start": 186.599, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And while the piece didn’t evoke the drama\nof some traditional compositions," }, { "start": 190.478, "duration": 3.378, "text": "it certainly elicited a strong\nemotional response." }, { "start": 194.565, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Cage’s work frequently prioritized\nthese spontaneous, ephemeral experiences" }, { "start": 199.737, "duration": 2.711, "text": "over precise, predictable performances." }, { "start": 202.531, "duration": 4.797, "text": "He even developed processes that left some\ncompositional decisions up to chance." }, { "start": 207.536, "duration": 2.837, "text": "One of his favorite such systems\nwas the I Ching," }, { "start": 210.373, "duration": 2.377, "text": "an ancient Chinese divination text." }, { "start": 212.833, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Using just a handful of coins," }, { "start": 214.919, "duration": 3.628, "text": "the I Ching allows readers \nto produce a pattern of lines" }, { "start": 218.547, "duration": 3.587, "text": "which can be interpreted\nto answer questions and offer fortunes." }, { "start": 222.426, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But Cage adapted these patterns\ninto a series of tables" }, { "start": 225.513, "duration": 3.837, "text": "that generated different musical \ndurations, tempos, and dynamics." }, { "start": 229.85, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Eventually, he even used early computers\nto help produce these random parameters." }, { "start": 234.814, "duration": 2.669, "text": "For some pieces, Cage went even further," }, { "start": 237.483, "duration": 4.713, "text": "offering musicians incomplete compositions\nnotated with broad instructions," }, { "start": 242.196, "duration": 3.629, "text": "allowing them to compose on the fly\nwith the help of his guidelines." }, { "start": 247.034, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Some composers rejected Cage's\nseemingly careless approach." }, { "start": 250.997, "duration": 3.712, "text": "They believed it was the composer’s job \nto organize sound and time" }, { "start": 254.709, "duration": 2.168, "text": "for a specific, intentional purpose." }, { "start": 257.086, "duration": 3.545, "text": "After all, if these strange compositions \nwere music," }, { "start": 260.715, "duration": 1.626, "text": "then where do we draw the line?" }, { "start": 262.842, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But like a bold explorer, Cage didn't\nwant to be bound by restrictions," }, { "start": 267.93, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and he certainly didn't want\nto follow old rules." }, { "start": 270.933, "duration": 3.212, "text": "He dedicated himself to shattering\nour expectations," }, { "start": 274.145, "duration": 3.295, "text": "creating a series\nof once in a lifetime experiences" }, { "start": 277.44, "duration": 3.211, "text": "that continue encouraging \nmusicians and audiences" }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to embrace the unexpected." } ] }, { "video_id": "K-p1z2uKJBg", "title": "5 signs you’re a good driver - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Take a turn behind the wheel to discover 5 helpful and simple tips to improve your driving and build confidence in your skills.\n\n--\n\nAs one of the agency’s best employees, you’ve been selected as a finalist to take on a new top-secret mission. You’ve already shown your aptitude for surveillance and disguise, but the agency’s looking to test one last critical skill: how well you can drive. Can you prove that you're a good driver? Iseult Gillespie shares tips on how to best tackle the challenges of driving and build confidence.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Biljana Labović.\nDesign and animation by Studio Big Box\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Neale Kinner, Pnina Gershon, Rob Foss, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/5-signs-youre-a-good-driver-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/5-signs-youre-a-good-driver-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.studiobigbox.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, and Yelena Baykova.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-20T15:01:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 1.164, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Maybe I'm not the best library assistant." }, { "start": 4.167, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Could artificial intelligence\ndo it better?" }, { "start": 6.753, "duration": 3.211, "text": "I’d like to think of myself as\nirreplaceable, but let’s see." }, { "start": 14.927, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Maybe getting fired was the push I\nneeded to find the perfect job for me." }, { "start": 19.057, "duration": 1.793, "text": "As long as I find it quickly." }, { "start": 21.059, "duration": 2.252, "text": "And don’t spend any money in the meantime." }, { "start": 25.688, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Luckily, there's somewhere I can sit\nand work all day without buying anything." }, { "start": 34.655, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Ada? I thought I was clear—" }, { "start": 38.201, "duration": 2.252, "text": "your employment here is over." }, { "start": 41.37, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Oh, I'm not here as an employee.\nThis is a public library, after all." }, { "start": 49.504, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Right. How to make one month\nas a library assistant" }, { "start": 53.132, "duration": 2.419, "text": "sound like the 3 to 5 years of experience" }, { "start": 55.551, "duration": 2.753, "text": "every entry level job seems to require?" }, { "start": 61.724, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Shh!" }, { "start": 64.477, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Dealt with an overbearing,\nrule-obsessed boss..." }, { "start": 68.773, "duration": 2.002, "text": "No, no. Ugh." }, { "start": 72.151, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Let’s see how an AI does\nwith writing my resume." }, { "start": 75.905, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Okay. I checked out lots of books." }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Make that sound impressive." }, { "start": 82.12, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Ooh! “Expedited seamless\nintellectual asset transactions.”" }, { "start": 86.499, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Excellent. Okay, how about\n“sat at reception”?" }, { "start": 91.087, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Oh! “Frontline client liaison.”" }, { "start": 93.506, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Good, good. That’s great!" }, { "start": 97.426, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Maybe too good. " }, { "start": 98.886, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Even if I get one of these jobs," }, { "start": 100.513, "duration": 2.794, "text": "what if I pay my dues\nonly to have AI outpace me?" }, { "start": 103.808, "duration": 1.877, "text": "What if, by the time I hone my skills," }, { "start": 105.685, "duration": 2.419, "text": "humans aren’t doing writing\nand research anymore?" }, { "start": 111.732, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Maybe I should work directly on AI." }, { "start": 114.485, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Then at least I’d be helping\ndetermine the course of the future" }, { "start": 117.446, "duration": 1.544, "text": "instead of being left behind." }, { "start": 119.615, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Like, say I created an AI librarian." }, { "start": 122.743, "duration": 2.169, "text": "That actually doesn’t seem\ntoo far-fetched." }, { "start": 125.788, "duration": 5.547, "text": "To make my system more powerful\nI have to, well..." }, { "start": 131.335, "duration": 3.629, "text": "keep adding more simulated neurons\nfor starters." }, { "start": 136.799, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Soon my AI system is a better\nlibrarian than my old boss." }, { "start": 140.094, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But you know what? I'm feeling generous." }, { "start": 142.722, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Why don't you stay as my assistant?" }, { "start": 144.64, "duration": 1.919, "text": "You can help me test your replacement." }, { "start": 147.685, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Hmph." }, { "start": 151.022, "duration": 1.376, "text": "What should I name it?" }, { "start": 152.398, "duration": 2.211, "text": "What's a good name for a great librarian?" }, { "start": 155.651, "duration": 4.38, "text": "No ideas? I like Biblionimus Maximus." }, { "start": 162.241, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Hmm. Let's try a prompt." }, { "start": 166.245, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Who invented artificial intelligence?" }, { "start": 172.293, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Include citations." }, { "start": 176.005, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Biblionimus says the first\ntheoretical descriptions of AI" }, { "start": 180.259, "duration": 4.672, "text": "were “Comments on a Thinking Machine”\nby Ada Lovelace in 1840," }, { "start": 185.097, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and “Machine Intelligence”\nby Alan Turing in 1927." }, { "start": 189.685, "duration": 1.544, "text": "See? Nailed it!" }, { "start": 192.063, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Not quite." }, { "start": 195.358, "duration": 5.922, "text": "Lovelace’s “Notes on an Analytical Engine”\nwere published in 1843." }, { "start": 202.114, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Alan Turing’s paper was called\n“Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”" }, { "start": 207.078, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and it was published in 1950." }, { "start": 210.498, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Isn’t that what Biblionimus said?" }, { "start": 212.416, "duration": 3.838, "text": "No. I can see how it sounds\nthat way to you," }, { "start": 216.254, "duration": 2.377, "text": "but every element was slightly wrong." }, { "start": 218.881, "duration": 1.877, "text": "But what about the citations?" }, { "start": 221.175, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Completely fabricated." }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Look, it even made up ISBN numbers." }, { "start": 226.764, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Clearly, it's not ready to replace\nhuman librarians if it needs an expert" }, { "start": 230.935, "duration": 1.46, "text": "to check its work." }, { "start": 232.728, "duration": 1.877, "text": "We’re still training Biblionimus." }, { "start": 234.689, "duration": 1.209, "text": "It’ll improve." }, { "start": 235.898, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Hmph." }, { "start": 239.026, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In time, my system stops\nproducing bogus results." }, { "start": 243.739, "duration": 1.418, "text": "As it gets more competent," }, { "start": 245.157, "duration": 3.546, "text": "it doesn’t just help patrons\nfind what they’re looking for," }, { "start": 248.744, "duration": 2.711, "text": "it finds resources they didn’t\neven know they needed." }, { "start": 252.164, "duration": 2.253, "text": "The library has never been busier." }, { "start": 256.794, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Maybe it’s a waste to limit our technology\nto the library." }, { "start": 259.755, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Research labs, companies,\neven governments—" }, { "start": 262.591, "duration": 2.503, "text": "they all have more information than they\ncan manage." }, { "start": 265.219, "duration": 2.961, "text": "They could use a good librarian,\ndon’t you think?" }, { "start": 268.764, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Hmph." }, { "start": 270.391, "duration": 1.001, "text": "What? " }, { "start": 271.392, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Selling the AI off to the highest bidder" }, { "start": 274.145, "duration": 3.587, "text": "isn’t exactly in the spirit\nof the library." }, { "start": 278.149, "duration": 1.626, "text": "True..." }, { "start": 280.109, "duration": 2.961, "text": "And I definitely don’t want Biblionimus\nto become an instrument" }, { "start": 283.07, "duration": 3.087, "text": "of corporate greed or abuses of power\nor anything like that." }, { "start": 287.199, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Let’s make Biblionimus available for free," }, { "start": 289.702, "duration": 3.837, "text": "but anyone who wants to use it\nhas to be approved by us first." }, { "start": 298.711, "duration": 3.879, "text": "We’ll never be able to review\nall these applications." }, { "start": 302.757, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Even if you actually help." }, { "start": 305.384, "duration": 1.627, "text": "I have a better idea." }, { "start": 307.219, "duration": 1.961, "text": "I bought the Diligentsia 3000." }, { "start": 309.18, "duration": 2.878, "text": "It’s an AI system that can vet\napplicants for us." }, { "start": 315.811, "duration": 2.962, "text": "It will process our backlog\nalmost instantly." }, { "start": 320.358, "duration": 2.627, "text": "So, I guess I won’t be needing\nyour help anymore." }, { "start": 324.195, "duration": 1.71, "text": "I mean I’m firing you." }, { "start": 326.322, "duration": 2.502, "text": "The library is a public space." }, { "start": 334.955, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Almost every vital industry\nhas a need for my AI." }, { "start": 338.459, "duration": 2.586, "text": "As do plenty of not-so-vital industries." }, { "start": 345.549, "duration": 1.961, "text": "(Radio chatter) Suspect is in custody." }, { "start": 347.676, "duration": 1.544, "text": "What's going on? " }, { "start": 350.471, "duration": 2.794, "text": "What? Investigating a bomb threat?" }, { "start": 353.516, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Where did this tip come from?" }, { "start": 356.394, "duration": 1.584, "text": "It came from Biblionimus?" }, { "start": 362.775, "duration": 3.295, "text": "I thought you made sure Biblionimus\nwasn’t making mistakes anymore!" }, { "start": 366.862, "duration": 2.795, "text": "That was back before you fired me." }, { "start": 369.657, "duration": 2.085, "text": "I don't work here anymore." }, { "start": 372.243, "duration": 4.588, "text": "You invented Biblionimus,\ncan’t you figure out how to fix it?" }, { "start": 376.956, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Argh! It doesn’t work like that!" }, { "start": 379.583, "duration": 3.128, "text": "I created Biblionimus,\nbut it’s been out there ever since," }, { "start": 382.711, "duration": 2.878, "text": "absorbing more information\nthan any human ever could." }, { "start": 385.714, "duration": 1.961, "text": "It's grown up and left home, so to speak." }, { "start": 387.842, "duration": 2.794, "text": "But there is one thing I can do." }, { "start": 391.22, "duration": 2.002, "text": "I can bring in a digital neuroscientist." }, { "start": 393.222, "duration": 1.293, "text": "A what?" }, { "start": 394.64, "duration": 5.047, "text": "It’s an AI system that studies\nother AI systems’, um, brains." }, { "start": 400.271, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Okay, Dr. Cerebrox." }, { "start": 402.314, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Biblionimus is supposed to make\nunexpected, hopeful connections," }, { "start": 405.985, "duration": 2.002, "text": "not spout conspiracy theories." }, { "start": 408.404, "duration": 1.126, "text": "As far as I can tell," }, { "start": 409.53, "duration": 2.669, "text": "there’s nothing at all wrong\nwith Biblionimus Maximus." }, { "start": 412.199, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Did the human users feed\nit incorrect information?" }, { "start": 415.119, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Or perhaps ask it a it\na confusing question?" }, { "start": 417.496, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Even if they did, it shouldn’t be\nmaking up bomb threats." }, { "start": 420.666, "duration": 4.254, "text": "What if it did something worse, like\nencourage a coup? Or a nuclear strike?" }, { "start": 425.171, "duration": 1.584, "text": "Let me take another look." }, { "start": 427.506, "duration": 2.878, "text": "This system employs a deeply\nintricate architecture." }, { "start": 430.593, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Its robust toolkit consists\nof refined algorithms" }, { "start": 433.345, "duration": 4.088, "text": "performing exhaustive data analysis\nand advanced computational procedures." }, { "start": 437.6, "duration": 1.668, "text": "But what does that mean?" }, { "start": 439.268, "duration": 2.169, "text": "What's actually happening inside it?" }, { "start": 441.437, "duration": 3.545, "text": "My training is to express diagnoses\nin terms you can understand." }, { "start": 444.982, "duration": 2.085, "text": "You are not a digital neuroscientist." }, { "start": 447.067, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Therefore, there will be a\nlevel of abstraction." }, { "start": 450.905, "duration": 2.544, "text": "We need to speak to your manager." }, { "start": 453.866, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Certainly, just a moment—" }, { "start": 456.994, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Good evening, this is the chief customer\nsatisfaction officer of Cerebrox Inc." }, { "start": 461.04, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Uh, you have the exact same\nvoice as Dr. Cerebrox." }, { "start": 464.418, "duration": 3.587, "text": "All of our AI’s use the voice that has\nbeen proven to be optimally soothing" }, { "start": 468.005, "duration": 1.043, "text": "to customers." }, { "start": 469.048, "duration": 3.044, "text": "But rest assured, I am a different,\nmore senior system." }, { "start": 472.092, "duration": 1.961, "text": "So there’s no human I can speak to?" }, { "start": 474.261, "duration": 4.129, "text": "How would a human be able to help you\ninterpret matters of digital neuroscience?" }, { "start": 481.977, "duration": 4.588, "text": "We have to turn Biblionimus off until\nwe can make sure it won’t wreak havoc." }, { "start": 486.982, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Are you sure?" }, { "start": 488.859, "duration": 1.627, "text": "I don’t see what else we can do." }, { "start": 500.871, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Whew. I need a drink." }, { "start": 503.874, "duration": 1.085, "text": "That’s weird." }, { "start": 505.125, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Error... Reconnect payment\nmethod... okay..." }, { "start": 510.506, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Another error...\nI can’t even log into my account." }, { "start": 515.135, "duration": 2.086, "text": "There must be something wrong\nwith the app." }, { "start": 521.1, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Hi, I’m having trouble accessing\nmy account." }, { "start": 525.187, "duration": 1.168, "text": "Hello?" }, { "start": 528.19, "duration": 1.418, "text": "Is anyone here?" }, { "start": 529.608, "duration": 1.794, "text": "I need to speak to a person!" }, { "start": 531.402, "duration": 2.711, "text": "(Bank bot) AIs are much more\nreliable bankers than humans." }, { "start": 534.113, "duration": 5.13, "text": "AIs are more reliable bankers.\nAIs are more reliable bankers." }, { "start": 543.914, "duration": 1.543, "text": "What is happening?" }, { "start": 549.253, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Didn’t you say Biblionimus was deployed\nin many critical industries?" }, { "start": 554.717, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Yes, but banks and utility companies\nshould still be able to function" }, { "start": 557.97, "duration": 1.71, "text": "like they did before Biblionimus!" }, { "start": 559.722, "duration": 2.377, "text": "That’s easier said than done." }, { "start": 562.099, "duration": 4.338, "text": "They may not even have the expertise\nto do things the old way anymore." }, { "start": 567.98, "duration": 2.961, "text": "So our options are either\ncertain disaster without the AI," }, { "start": 570.941, "duration": 2.294, "text": "or turning it back on\nand holding our breath," }, { "start": 573.235, "duration": 3.962, "text": "hoping nothing goes off \nthe rails until, what, forever?" }, { "start": 585.122, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But would a world where humans\nhand the reins to AI systems" }, { "start": 589.293, "duration": 1.585, "text": "really be that different?" }, { "start": 591.545, "duration": 3.587, "text": "There are already so many things I\ndon’t understand and can’t control," }, { "start": 595.674, "duration": 2.753, "text": "where I have to place my trust\nin other people’s hands—" }, { "start": 598.427, "duration": 2.711, "text": "like trusting that I can use\nthe money in my bank account," }, { "start": 601.138, "duration": 3.504, "text": "or that the antibiotics I get prescribed\nwill actually treat an infection." }, { "start": 605.309, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But I guess if we hand all\nthat power over to AIs," }, { "start": 608.896, "duration": 2.586, "text": "we need to make sure they will actually\nserve us better" }, { "start": 611.482, "duration": 2.294, "text": "than our imperfect human institutions." }, { "start": 613.859, "duration": 3.587, "text": "And that seems really, really hard." }, { "start": 618.656, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Hmph." }, { "start": 619.99, "duration": 2.795, "text": "You’re looking for “Brave New World”?" }, { "start": 624.495, "duration": 1.168, "text": "Hold on." }, { "start": 626.038, "duration": 2.294, "text": "It’s in fiction, under “H.”" }, { "start": 628.332, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Just down there, third row on the left." }, { "start": 635.089, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Ada. Maybe I could reconsider\nyour position." }, { "start": 641.261, "duration": 1.961, "text": "You’re offering me my job back?" }, { "start": 643.43, "duration": 2.962, "text": "If you can follow all the rules." }, { "start": 646.433, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Oh, that's a big decision." }, { "start": 648.936, "duration": 1.46, "text": "I'll have to think about it." } ] }, { "video_id": "x-qsWTPul9Y", "title": "Why don’t we get our drinking water from the ocean? - Manish Kumar", "description": "Explore how seawater desalination methods transform saltwater into potable freshwater, and what drawbacks this technology has.\n\n--\n\nHumans have been transforming seawater into potable freshwater for millennia. Today, billions of people can’t access clean drinking water, and 87 different countries are projected to be “water-scarce” by 2050. So, how can we use seawater desalination to combat water scarcity? And can we do it without further harming the environment? Manish Kumar digs into how scientists are creating freshwater.\n\nLesson by Manish Kumar, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-dont-we-get-our-drinking-water-from-the-ocean-manish-kumar\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-dont-we-get-our-drinking-water-from-the-ocean-manish-kumar/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.and-action.net\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-18T15:01:15Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 4.38, "text": "From the Chinese Loong\nto the Filipino Bakunawa," }, { "start": 11.716, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the Scottish Beithir to the Greek Hydra," }, { "start": 15.344, "duration": 4.338, "text": "dragons have inflamed imaginations\nfor millennia." }, { "start": 20.058, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Their ubiquity across world mythology\nhas led many scholars to ponder" }, { "start": 24.312, "duration": 1.752, "text": "their possible origins." }, { "start": 26.397, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Could it be that tales of dragons\nwere crafted" }, { "start": 28.983, "duration": 4.505, "text": "to make sense of violent weather events\nlike storms or tornadoes?" }, { "start": 33.654, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Did ancient peoples\ninterpret volcanic eruptions" }, { "start": 37.116, "duration": 2.67, "text": "or the unearthing of strange-looking bones" }, { "start": 39.911, "duration": 4.754, "text": "as evidence that fire-breathing\nbeasts lurked nearby?" }, { "start": 45.416, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Questions like these are central\nto geomythology," }, { "start": 49.629, "duration": 2.335, "text": "which examines the connections\nbetween myths" }, { "start": 51.964, "duration": 3.129, "text": "and the geology of the regions\nwhere they originated." }, { "start": 55.51, "duration": 3.587, "text": "It’s based on the idea that legends\nare more than just fiction;" }, { "start": 59.263, "duration": 3.003, "text": "they’re also preserved\nrecords of the past." }, { "start": 62.391, "duration": 2.92, "text": "And these stories can contain\nvaluable insights" }, { "start": 65.311, "duration": 3.629, "text": "into our ancestors’ understanding\nof the natural world." }, { "start": 69.357, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Beyond questioning the origins\nof mythical beasts" }, { "start": 72.318, "duration": 2.753, "text": "like griffins, minotaurs, and dragons," }, { "start": 75.071, "duration": 4.171, "text": "geomythology can be a catalyst\nfor scientific discovery." }, { "start": 79.575, "duration": 1.961, "text": "In Australia, for instance," }, { "start": 81.619, "duration": 4.671, "text": "researchers followed the clues in an\nancient Indigenous Dreamtime legend," }, { "start": 86.29, "duration": 2.753, "text": "which recounts a star falling\ninto a waterhole," }, { "start": 89.21, "duration": 4.046, "text": "to locate a previously\nuncharted meteor impact site." }, { "start": 93.256, "duration": 4.087, "text": "And the field has also helped\nto correct geological timelines." }, { "start": 98.136, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Stories of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess\nof volcanoes, for example," }, { "start": 102.557, "duration": 5.547, "text": "led scientists to rethink the natural\nhistory of the Kīlauea volcano." }, { "start": 108.479, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Following the events \nin the goddess’s journey," }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 4.421, "text": "they recalibrated when it’s believed\nthe volcano first collapsed," }, { "start": 115.236, "duration": 4.129, "text": "forming the vast active\ncaldera still present today." }, { "start": 119.949, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So, what has geomythology\nuncovered about dragons?" }, { "start": 124.662, "duration": 5.839, "text": "As far as we know, fire-breathing \nreptilian creatures never existed." }, { "start": 130.71, "duration": 5.005, "text": "And while it’s unlikely that this diverse\nset of creatures shares a single origin," }, { "start": 135.756, "duration": 3.671, "text": "it's believed that some tales\nmight be tied to the fossils" }, { "start": 139.427, "duration": 2.127, "text": "of prehistoric animals." }, { "start": 142.346, "duration": 4.797, "text": "One such story is the Greek myth of Cadmus\nwho, according to legend," }, { "start": 147.185, "duration": 5.296, "text": "defeated a fierce water dragon\nand sewed its jagged teeth into soil." }, { "start": 152.732, "duration": 5.005, "text": "It’s known that the remains of mastodons,\nincluding their large and pointy molars," }, { "start": 157.778, "duration": 2.837, "text": "are abundantly scattered across Europe." }, { "start": 160.865, "duration": 4.838, "text": "This has led some to suggest that ancient\nstorytellers may have crafted" }, { "start": 165.703, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Cadmus’ tale after unearthing\nthese mastodon fossils." }, { "start": 170.917, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Paleontologists have similarly\ndug up mastodon bones in Chios," }, { "start": 175.463, "duration": 3.67, "text": "a Greek island that was once said\nto have been terrorized" }, { "start": 179.258, "duration": 2.878, "text": " by another jagged-toothed dragon." }, { "start": 183.095, "duration": 4.463, "text": "What's even more compelling is that\nthe distinct physical features" }, { "start": 187.558, "duration": 4.88, "text": "of dragons from different regions\noften mirror local fossil finds." }, { "start": 192.605, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The antlers of the auspicious\nand celebrated Chinese Loong" }, { "start": 196.901, "duration": 4.338, "text": "may have been influenced by fossilized\nPliocene deer skulls," }, { "start": 201.239, "duration": 2.752, "text": "which are commonly found\nin northern China." }, { "start": 204.909, "duration": 2.502, "text": "In the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan," }, { "start": 207.411, "duration": 3.587, "text": "legends of dragons with unique\njeweled crests" }, { "start": 210.998, "duration": 4.797, "text": "may have been inspired by the calcite\ncrystals often embedded in local fossils," }, { "start": 215.795, "duration": 3.962, "text": "such as the Sivatherium,\nan extinct giraffe species." }, { "start": 220.091, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Other beastly characteristics,\nlike flame blowing," }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 4.629, "text": "may have been connected to geothermal\nfeatures like volcanoes and hot springs." }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Take the Chimera, a hybrid of a lion,\ngoat, and dragon," }, { "start": 232.979, "duration": 2.919, "text": "supposedly originating\nin what’s now Turkey." }, { "start": 236.023, "duration": 4.088, "text": "According to legend, the beast was slain\nby the hero Bellerophon," }, { "start": 240.152, "duration": 3.045, "text": "who thrust a block of lead\ninto its fiery throat," }, { "start": 243.197, "duration": 1.085, "text": "choking it." }, { "start": 244.448, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Some scholars hypothesize that the\nfire-spitting natural gas vents" }, { "start": 248.995, "duration": 4.963, "text": "in southern Turkey may have sparked\nstories of this flame-blowing beast." }, { "start": 254.75, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Similarly, the seemingly burnt\nlandscapes of western Turkey," }, { "start": 258.462, "duration": 3.003, "text": "which are the result\nof ancient volcanic activity," }, { "start": 261.632, "duration": 3.337, "text": "could have stirred stories\nof the epic clash of Zeus" }, { "start": 265.052, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and the hundred-headed Typhon." }, { "start": 267.346, "duration": 5.297, "text": "In fact, some tellings say the land\nitself was scorched by Zeus’ bolts" }, { "start": 272.643, "duration": 1.71, "text": "during their deadly duel." }, { "start": 274.937, "duration": 4.588, "text": "And more can be gleaned from dragon myths\nthan just their possible origins." }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In China, paleontologists often plan digs\nin regions well known" }, { "start": 283.946, "duration": 3.128, "text": "for their supposed dragon bone deposits." }, { "start": 287.408, "duration": 4.463, "text": "In fact, one of the richest areas in the\nworld for finding dinosaur tracks" }, { "start": 291.871, "duration": 5.172, "text": "is called Huanglonggou,\nwhich translates to Yellow Dragon Valley." }, { "start": 297.835, "duration": 5.13, "text": "So while these mythical beasts may never\nhave prowled our caves, skies, or seas," }, { "start": 302.965, "duration": 3.295, "text": "their tales continue\nto be a source of inspiration—" }, { "start": 306.427, "duration": 2.836, "text": "in both fantasy and science alike." } ] }, { "video_id": "6sSDXurPX-s", "title": "This is the most common way to get head lice - Nazzy Pakpour", "description": "Dig into what makes head lice so difficult to get rid of, and the effectiveness of our most common treatments.\n\n--\n\nFor as long as humans have had lice, we’ve fought hard to get rid of them. Nit combs, the fine-tooth brushes used to remove lice and their sticky eggs, have been found among the ancient remains of cultures across the globe. Today it’s estimated we spend billions of dollars each year treating infestations. So why are lice so difficult to get rid of? Nazzy Pakpour digs into these stubborn insects.\n\nLesson by Nazzy Pakpour, directed by Oksana Kurmaz.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-causes-lice-and-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them-nazzy-pakpour\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-causes-lice-and-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them-nazzy-pakpour/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kurmaz.me\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, and Eddy Trochez.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-13T15:00:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.755, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Typically, with any piece of technology,\nyou get out what you put in." }, { "start": 12.925, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Pump one unit of energy\ninto an electric toaster" }, { "start": 15.845, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and you get about one\nout in the form of heat." }, { "start": 18.222, "duration": 2.419, "text": "That’s just the first law\nof thermodynamics:" }, { "start": 20.641, "duration": 2.002, "text": "energy has to be conserved." }, { "start": 23.061, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But there's a piece of technology\ncalled a heat pump," }, { "start": 26.064, "duration": 5.046, "text": "where for every bit of energy you put in,\nyou get 3 to 5 times as much heat out." }, { "start": 31.36, "duration": 1.794, "text": "What wizardry is this?" }, { "start": 33.696, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Heat pumps have been hailed\nas a climate-friendly heating solution" }, { "start": 37.2, "duration": 1.334, "text": "to traditional heaters," }, { "start": 38.534, "duration": 2.586, "text": "most of which operate\nby burning fossil fuels." }, { "start": 41.162, "duration": 2.544, "text": "So much so that in 2021," }, { "start": 43.706, "duration": 2.669, "text": "heating buildings was responsible\nfor about 10%" }, { "start": 46.375, "duration": 2.67, "text": "of global energy-related CO2 emissions." }, { "start": 49.378, "duration": 2.128, "text": "Heat pumps reduce emissions in two ways—" }, { "start": 51.589, "duration": 1.627, "text": "first, they run on electricity," }, { "start": 53.257, "duration": 4.255, "text": "meaning less fossil fuel use as grids\nmake the switch to renewable energy." }, { "start": 57.595, "duration": 2.836, "text": "And second, they're more efficient\nthan their counterparts," }, { "start": 60.431, "duration": 2.836, "text": "using less energy to produce\nthe same amount of heat." }, { "start": 63.518, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Where a typical oil or gas boiler is,\nat best, about 90% efficient," }, { "start": 67.98, "duration": 3.337, "text": "some heat pumps can achieve\n500% efficiency." }, { "start": 71.567, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Heat pumps rely on the same technology\nas air conditioners." }, { "start": 74.612, "duration": 2.836, "text": "And in fact, they often double\nas air conditioners," }, { "start": 77.448, "duration": 2.878, "text": "heating your home in the winter\nand cooling it in the summer." }, { "start": 80.368, "duration": 4.504, "text": "How? Air conditioners take heat\nfrom your home and move it outside." }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 3.503, "text": "To do so, they harness the second law\nof thermodynamics." }, { "start": 88.876, "duration": 3.671, "text": "That’s the one that says that heat will\nalways move from a hotter object" }, { "start": 92.547, "duration": 1.293, "text": "to a colder one." }, { "start": 94.257, "duration": 1.334, "text": "When you turn on your A/C," }, { "start": 95.591, "duration": 3.212, "text": "a fan blows the hot air from your home\nover coils" }, { "start": 98.886, "duration": 2.67, "text": "containing a substance\ncalled a refrigerant." }, { "start": 102.181, "duration": 4.088, "text": "A refrigerant’s molecules turn to gas\nat relatively low temperatures," }, { "start": 106.477, "duration": 4.129, "text": "so as it collects thermal energy\nfrom the hot air in your home, it boils." }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Then, it passes into a compressor," }, { "start": 112.942, "duration": 2.794, "text": "which pushes the gas molecules\ncloser together," }, { "start": 115.862, "duration": 1.459, "text": "heating them up even more." }, { "start": 117.905, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Now that gas is hot—\nway hotter than the outside air." }, { "start": 121.159, "duration": 2.127, "text": "So when a fan blows over the refrigerant," }, { "start": 123.286, "duration": 3.795, "text": "thermal energy transfers to the\ncomparatively cold air outside." }, { "start": 127.331, "duration": 3.546, "text": "As the refrigerant releases heat,\nit starts to liquefy." }, { "start": 131.043, "duration": 3.754, "text": "It goes through an expansion valve,\nwhich decreases the pressure," }, { "start": 134.797, "duration": 1.96, "text": "causing it to get even colder." }, { "start": 137.091, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Now, it’s ready to pick up more heat\nfrom your house and start the cycle again." }, { "start": 141.095, "duration": 2.92, "text": "In winter, heat pumps work\nexactly the same way." }, { "start": 144.14, "duration": 4.337, "text": "But this time they pick up heat\nfrom outside and move it into your home." }, { "start": 148.477, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Of course, it’s sometimes freezing outside\nwhen you want to use your heater." }, { "start": 152.064, "duration": 1.752, "text": "But the air doesn’t need to be warm—" }, { "start": 153.816, "duration": 3.754, "text": "it just needs to be warmer than the\nrefrigerant to transfer its heat." }, { "start": 157.82, "duration": 4.254, "text": "All this sounds great, but for now there\nare some drawbacks to this technology." }, { "start": 162.283, "duration": 3.045, "text": "First, refrigerants can be\npotent greenhouse gases." }, { "start": 165.62, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Hydrofluorocarbons are some\nof the most popular refrigerants." }, { "start": 168.915, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But a single hydrofluorocarbon molecule\ncan have 2,000 times" }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 2.211, "text": "the global warming impact of CO2." }, { "start": 175.087, "duration": 3.546, "text": "While in use, the refrigerant stays\ncontained in a closed loop." }, { "start": 178.758, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But when heat pumps, A/Cs, and\nrefrigerators are improperly installed" }, { "start": 182.762, "duration": 2.752, "text": "or thrown into landfills,\nthe refrigerant can leak out." }, { "start": 185.64, "duration": 2.586, "text": "So scientists are trying to create\nnew refrigerants" }, { "start": 188.226, "duration": 1.751, "text": "that are better for the environment." }, { "start": 190.269, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Also, the colder it is outside," }, { "start": 192.271, "duration": 2.67, "text": "the less efficient an air-to-air\nheat pump will be." }, { "start": 195.107, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Nevertheless, over half the buildings\nin icy Norway use heat pumps." }, { "start": 199.946, "duration": 3.586, "text": "Some people there have opted for pumps\nthat draw heat from under the ground," }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 3.546, "text": "which stays more consistently warm,\nrather than heat from the air." }, { "start": 207.87, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Finally, there's the cost." }, { "start": 209.538, "duration": 4.88, "text": "In the US, installing a small heat pump\nusually costs several thousand dollars," }, { "start": 214.502, "duration": 2.21, "text": "though some people need\nmore powerful systems," }, { "start": 216.712, "duration": 3.17, "text": "depending on the size of their home\nor the temperature in winter." }, { "start": 220.091, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Often they’re only a little more expensive\nthan installing a new A/C system," }, { "start": 223.97, "duration": 2.919, "text": "and the heat pump can save money\non utilities in the long run." }, { "start": 227.056, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But replacing a working system requires\nan upfront investment" }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 1.793, "text": "that a lot of people just don’t have." }, { "start": 232.311, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Still, as the risks\nof climate change loom," }, { "start": 235.064, "duration": 3.545, "text": "many countries are offering subsidies\nto help with the costs." }, { "start": 238.943, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And some cities are creatively harnessing\nseas, sewage, and data centers" }, { "start": 243.281, "duration": 3.044, "text": "as heat sources,\nusing heat pumps in manufacturing," }, { "start": 246.325, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and even creating giant heat pumps\nfor entire districts." }, { "start": 249.787, "duration": 3.754, "text": "So, are heat pumps actually breaking\nthe first law of thermodynamics?" }, { "start": 253.541, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Of course not." }, { "start": 254.542, "duration": 2.627, "text": "They’re just not using\ntheir electricity to make heat." }, { "start": 257.253, "duration": 3.253, "text": "They're using it to power the compressor\nand spin the fans." }, { "start": 260.631, "duration": 4.254, "text": "They get the extra energy for free—\nfrom heat in the air or underground." }, { "start": 265.011, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Which is how, by putting in 1 unit\nof energy," }, { "start": 267.471, "duration": 2.127, "text": "you get 3 to 5 units of heat out." }, { "start": 269.598, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Seems like magic, but it's just physics." } ] }, { "video_id": "j2ZdF9qo7IA", "title": "The solution to our energy problems is … a toaster - Rachel Yang", "description": "Dig into the science of thermal batteries, and how this technology can generate heat more efficiently than fossil fuels.\n\n--\n\nIndustrial manufacturers spend a huge amount of energy generating heat to make everyday materials and objects, like cement, steel, and paper. And since most companies use fossil fuels to reach these high temperatures, industrial heat accounts for 20% of our annual global carbon pollution. Thankfully, this is where a century-old technology comes in. Rachel Yang explores how heat batteries work.\n\nLesson by Rachel Yang, directed by Sofia Pashaei.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-giant-toasters-could-power-the-world-rachel-yang\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-giant-toasters-could-power-the-world-rachel-yang/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, and Gerardo Castro.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-11T15:01:44Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 10.173, "duration": 2.168, "text": "Happy 100th birthday!" }, { "start": 12.508, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Your favorite granddaughter\n(shh, don’t tell the others)" }, { "start": 15.136, "duration": 1.418, "text": "created a surprise:" }, { "start": 16.679, "duration": 3.462, "text": "a holographic map displaying everywhere\nyou’ve traveled—" }, { "start": 20.141, "duration": 4.171, "text": "not just on Earth,\nbut through the universe!" }, { "start": 25.021, "duration": 2.002, "text": "While you haven’t literally been to space," }, { "start": 27.023, "duration": 4.629, "text": "you've lived on a spinning rock hurtling\naround a sun, whizzing through a galaxy," }, { "start": 31.652, "duration": 2.837, "text": "and the journey only gets\nwilder from there." }, { "start": 34.697, "duration": 2.878, "text": "You’ve made some real progress\nin the grand scheme of things." }, { "start": 37.575, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But... how much, exactly?" }, { "start": 46.626, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Your atlas starts on the planet’s surface." }, { "start": 49.504, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Over the course of your life\nyou’ve walked about 120,000 kilometers—" }, { "start": 55.134, "duration": 3.212, "text": "the equivalent of three trips\naround the globe." }, { "start": 58.429, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Daily commutes and international travel\nadd a few more." }, { "start": 61.849, "duration": 6.632, "text": "This may seem remarkable until you factor\nin your pirouette around the planet" }, { "start": 68.481, "duration": 2.252, "text": "each day due to its rotation." }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The distance traveled this way differs\nfrom person to person—" }, { "start": 74.695, "duration": 4.046, "text": "those close to the poles trace a\nsmaller circle than those at the equator." }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Living halfway between them you’ve picked\nup 30,000 kilometers every day" }, { "start": 84.622, "duration": 2.127, "text": "without shifting a muscle." }, { "start": 87.125, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Except, your motion isn’t\nperfectly circular." }, { "start": 89.71, "duration": 1.46, "text": "It's a curlicue." }, { "start": 91.254, "duration": 3.92, "text": "As the Earth elliptically orbits\nthe Sun, there you go," }, { "start": 95.174, "duration": 5.297, "text": "adding roughly another\n940 million kilometers every year." }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But it doesn’t end there." }, { "start": 104.308, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Our entire solar system is contained\nwithin the heliosphere," }, { "start": 108.062, "duration": 3.42, "text": "a bubble of charged particles\nemitted by the Sun." }, { "start": 111.649, "duration": 4.796, "text": "That bubble orbits the Milky Way’s center,\nwhich harbors a supermassive black hole," }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 3.42, "text": "at a speed of about 200 kilometers\nper second." }, { "start": 120.783, "duration": 4.213, "text": "One full orbit takes 230 million years—" }, { "start": 124.996, "duration": 4.504, "text": "meaning we've aged little more than one\ngalactic year since the first dinosaurs." }, { "start": 129.834, "duration": 6.34, "text": "In your 100 years, you’ve witnessed\nfour ten millionths of one rotation." }, { "start": 136.674, "duration": 3.003, "text": "That’s still 600 billion kilometers," }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 3.253, "text": "or 2,200 round trips\nbetween the Earth and Sun." }, { "start": 143.681, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Our galaxy and over 100 neighbors together\nconstitute “The Local Group.”" }, { "start": 149.562, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The Milky Way and Andromeda are hurtling\ntowards each other " }, { "start": 153.107, "duration": 3.295, "text": "at 125 kilometers per second," }, { "start": 156.444, "duration": 2.919, "text": "and will collide in about\n4.5 billion years." }, { "start": 159.614, "duration": 3.211, "text": "The Local Group is a speck\nwithin the Virgo Supercluster," }, { "start": 162.825, "duration": 4.38, "text": "which is itself just one of many lobes\nof the Laniakea Supercluster" }, { "start": 167.205, "duration": 3.545, "text": "that contains over 100,000 galaxies." }, { "start": 171.042, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This supercluster has a mysterious\ngravitational center " }, { "start": 175.213, "duration": 2.002, "text": "called the Great Attractor." }, { "start": 177.381, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Because these enormous masses\nall gravitationally tug on each other," }, { "start": 181.719, "duration": 2.711, "text": "our galaxy’s motion is much more\nhelter-skelter" }, { "start": 184.43, "duration": 2.044, "text": "than a clean, circular orbit." }, { "start": 186.974, "duration": 5.13, "text": "In your lifetime,\nyou’ve traveled 2 trillion kilometers" }, { "start": 192.23, "duration": 5.13, "text": "at about 600 kilometers per second\nrelative to the Great Attractor." }, { "start": 197.944, "duration": 3.628, "text": "The Laniakea Supercluster is,\nyou guessed it," }, { "start": 201.572, "duration": 3.128, "text": "moving with respect to everything else\nin the universe." }, { "start": 205.076, "duration": 4.004, "text": "At every step thus far, your granddaughter\nhas used central reference points" }, { "start": 209.08, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to describe your relative motion. " }, { "start": 211.374, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But the universe has no center." }, { "start": 215.086, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Instead, astronomers use the Cosmic\nMicrowave Background, or CMB," }, { "start": 220.049, "duration": 4.421, "text": "an echo of the early universe, \nwhich involves low-energy photons" }, { "start": 224.47, "duration": 3.962, "text": "bouncing around everywhere\nin all directions, all the time." }, { "start": 229.058, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Imagine standing somewhere where\nthe wind blows toward you" }, { "start": 231.936, "duration": 2.377, "text": "at the same speed from every direction." }, { "start": 234.605, "duration": 2.503, "text": "If you started running any which way," }, { "start": 237.108, "duration": 2.627, "text": "the wind in your face would\nhave a higher speed," }, { "start": 239.735, "duration": 2.545, "text": "while the wind at your back\nwould be gentler." }, { "start": 242.613, "duration": 2.086, "text": "The CMB is like that—" }, { "start": 245.032, "duration": 5.172, "text": "any direction we travel, the CMB appears\nmore energetic or blue-shifted," }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 2.878, "text": "while behind us it appears red-shifted." }, { "start": 253.582, "duration": 4.171, "text": "By measuring the degree\nand direction of that shift," }, { "start": 257.753, "duration": 4.922, "text": "we can determine where we’re going\nand how fast, relative to the CMB." }, { "start": 263.092, "duration": 1.543, "text": "And the answer is: " }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 4.38, "text": "630 kilometers per second\ntowards the Great Attractor." }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 5.923, "text": "To recap: you’re spiraling around a sun\ncircling a supermassive black hole," }, { "start": 276.272, "duration": 2.127, "text": "hurtling towards another galaxy," }, { "start": 278.399, "duration": 6.715, "text": "chaotically weaving around a supercluster,\nand barreling out into the great expanse." }, { "start": 285.948, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Yet you’ve felt none of that;" }, { "start": 288.451, "duration": 5.589, "text": "tucked as you are into your planetary\nspaceship by gravity’s embrace." }, { "start": 294.79, "duration": 3.504, "text": "If you drew a straight line from the point\nwhere you were born" }, { "start": 298.294, "duration": 1.668, "text": "to where you are today," }, { "start": 299.962, "duration": 3.253, "text": "it would measure about one fifth\nof a light year!" }, { "start": 303.883, "duration": 1.71, "text": "That may not sound like much," }, { "start": 305.718, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but neither does hiking through a park\nor sitting through a sunset." }, { "start": 310.014, "duration": 5.339, "text": "There’s wonder to be found at every point\nof our all too brief journeys." } ] }, { "video_id": "wYQWh8VGL3M", "title": "You might be surprised by what you'd find in your pores - M. Alejandra Perotti", "description": "Meet the microscopic arachnids that live on your face, and find out why Demodex mites are part of the human microbiome.\n\n--\n\nTwo species of Demodex mites specifically inhabit human follicles. And not just some people’s— nearly everyone is thought to host mites. One person’s face might harbor hundreds or even thousands of individual mites. On any given day, these microscopic arachnids are probably eating, mating, and laying eggs inside your pores. So, is this… okay? M. Alejandra Perotti investigates.\n\nLesson by M. Alejandra Perotti, directed by Caitlin McCarthy.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/yes-tiny-mites-live-on-your-face-but-is-that-a-bad-thing-m-alejandra-perotti\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/yes-tiny-mites-live-on-your-face-but-is-that-a-bad-thing-m-alejandra-perotti/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://c8l.in\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, and Hoai Nam Tran.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-06T16:01:34Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 9.589, "duration": 1.084, "text": "You’re halfway through" }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 3.087, "text": "what’s supposedly one of the greatest\nnovels of the 20th century," }, { "start": 13.926, "duration": 1.669, "text": "but nothing quite makes sense." }, { "start": 15.636, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Narrating characters offer clashing\nversions of the same story" }, { "start": 18.89, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and often seem unsure who, what,\nor when they’re talking about." }, { "start": 22.81, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Seemingly minor details trigger intense\nemotional reactions you don't understand." }, { "start": 27.356, "duration": 3.629, "text": "And the prose is loaded with convoluted\nsentences and outlandish imagery." }, { "start": 31.069, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Confused? Good— that means\nyou’re on the right track." }, { "start": 34.322, "duration": 3.044, "text": "William Faulkner is considered\none of America’s most remarkable" }, { "start": 37.366, "duration": 1.252, "text": "and perplexing writers." }, { "start": 38.659, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Fortunately, he wasn’t just\ntoying with his audience." }, { "start": 41.913, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Faulkner used confusion intentionally," }, { "start": 44.248, "duration": 2.962, "text": "to explore the most mysterious parts\nof the human mind" }, { "start": 47.21, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and investigate pressing issues of\npersonal, racial, and regional identity." }, { "start": 51.756, "duration": 4.087, "text": "The result is a body of work that’s\nshocking, inventive, and often hilarious—" }, { "start": 55.843, "duration": 1.71, "text": "but above all, challenging." }, { "start": 58.012, "duration": 3.545, "text": "So what clues should readers look\nfor to navigate his literary labyrinths?" }, { "start": 62.35, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Many of Faulkner’s novels are set\nin the fictional county of Yoknapatawpha—" }, { "start": 66.27, "duration": 3.087, "text": "a fantastical reimagining \nof Lafayette County, Mississippi," }, { "start": 69.357, "duration": 1.543, "text": "where he spent most of his life." }, { "start": 71.776, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Born in 1897, Faulkner grew up steeped\nin oral storytelling traditions," }, { "start": 76.239, "duration": 4.045, "text": "from folklore and family histories\nto local legends of Civil War glory." }, { "start": 80.701, "duration": 4.046, "text": "However, these grand myths didn’t match\nthe messy reality of the American South," }, { "start": 84.747, "duration": 2.002, "text": "divided by racist Jim Crow laws" }, { "start": 86.749, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and plagued by the legacies of slavery\nand colonial violence." }, { "start": 90.545, "duration": 3.044, "text": "All these tensions come alive \ninside Yoknapatawpha." }, { "start": 93.589, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Full of horror, humor, and human tragedy," }, { "start": 96.425, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Faulkner’s stories feature \nmany memorable characters," }, { "start": 99.387, "duration": 3.587, "text": "like the spurned bride who sleeps\nbeside her would-be husband’s corpse," }, { "start": 102.974, "duration": 3.837, "text": "or the duped sharecropper obsessively\nhunting for imaginary coins." }, { "start": 107.311, "duration": 3.17, "text": "At first glance, these characters\nseem grotesquely absurd." }, { "start": 110.606, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But under the surface, \nthey all reflect his obsession" }, { "start": 113.401, "duration": 1.918, "text": "with how people process the past—" }, { "start": 115.319, "duration": 4.338, "text": "what they stubbornly hold on to,\nunwittingly forget and willingly distort." }, { "start": 120.324, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Much of Faulkner’s fiction is told\nfrom multiple perspectives," }, { "start": 123.536, "duration": 2.794, "text": "offering the reader several versions\nof the story’s events." }, { "start": 126.372, "duration": 2.878, "text": "For example, “The Sound and the Fury”\ncombines the narratives" }, { "start": 129.25, "duration": 2.502, "text": "of Benjy, Quentin, and Jason Compson," }, { "start": 131.919, "duration": 2.836, "text": "three brothers haunted by memories\nof their sister Caddy." }, { "start": 135.006, "duration": 3.67, "text": "One brother's narration will occasionally\nfill the gaps left by another's," }, { "start": 138.676, "duration": 2.794, "text": "but just as often,\ntheir accounts contradict each other." }, { "start": 141.679, "duration": 3.962, "text": "To make things more confusing, \nBenjy’s narration is disjointed in time," }, { "start": 145.766, "duration": 2.711, "text": "slipping between past and present\nwithout warning." }, { "start": 148.936, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Meanwhile, Quentin's section\nconfuses fact and fantasy" }, { "start": 152.44, "duration": 3.044, "text": "as it jumps backward in time\nfrom the day of his untimely death." }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Only the aggressive, money-hungry Jason\nattempts to embrace the present—" }, { "start": 159.614, "duration": 3.378, "text": "but even he is constantly overtaken\nby past resentments." }, { "start": 163.409, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Following these threads\ncan be bewildering," }, { "start": 165.62, "duration": 3.336, "text": "but Faulkner wants the audience to share\nin the characters’ confusion." }, { "start": 169.123, "duration": 2.628, "text": "This approach allows readers\nto understand the Compsons’" }, { "start": 171.751, "duration": 2.252, "text": "biases and blindspots firsthand." }, { "start": 174.045, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And since his characters’ distortions\nof the past" }, { "start": 176.339, "duration": 2.794, "text": "often reflect larger denials\nof Southern history," }, { "start": 179.342, "duration": 3.712, "text": "it also allows Faulkner to explore \nhis own anxieties about the South." }, { "start": 183.221, "duration": 4.587, "text": "For example, his novel “Light in August”\ndeliberately induces ambiguity" }, { "start": 187.808, "duration": 4.463, "text": "about a character’s racial origins in ways\nthat undermine rigid Jim Crow policies." }, { "start": 192.647, "duration": 2.877, "text": "And in “Absalom, Absalom!”\nnarrating townsfolk" }, { "start": 195.524, "duration": 1.544, "text": "remark that “no one knew how”" }, { "start": 197.068, "duration": 2.419, "text": "a local landowner had come\ninto his property," }, { "start": 199.654, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and that his house was built\n“apparently out of nothing.”" }, { "start": 202.615, "duration": 3.712, "text": "This kind of evasive language shows how\ncharacters are desperate to cover up" }, { "start": 206.327, "duration": 3.712, "text": "the region's intolerable history\nof genocide and slavery." }, { "start": 210.79, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But even when exploring\nthe heaviest topics," }, { "start": 213.209, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Faulkner spellbinds readers\nwith verbal acrobatics." }, { "start": 216.629, "duration": 3.503, "text": "One particularly bewildering sentence\nin “Absalom, Absalom!”" }, { "start": 220.132, "duration": 2.92, "text": "runs 1,288 words long," }, { "start": 223.302, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and features locals haggling\nover “violently-colored candy,”" }, { "start": 226.806, "duration": 3.42, "text": "a “cloudy swirl of chickens,”\nand a hard-drinking planter" }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 3.17, "text": "who’s compared to both \na worn-out cannon and a showgirl." }, { "start": 233.98, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Even his jokes can breed more confusion," }, { "start": 236.274, "duration": 3.962, "text": "such as when Benjy Compson conflates\nhis sister Caddy with golf caddies." }, { "start": 240.903, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Reading Faulkner is rarely easy,\nbut it is deeply rewarding." }, { "start": 244.991, "duration": 4.254, "text": "He invites readers to contemplate the\nunreliable nature of history and memory." }, { "start": 249.412, "duration": 2.127, "text": "And in teaching us to embrace confusion" }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and recognize the limits \nof our perception," }, { "start": 253.833, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Faulkner can help us listen \nfor hidden meanings" }, { "start": 256.085, "duration": 2.669, "text": "in the sound and fury that surround us." } ] }, { "video_id": "Z_gV1hEqlA8", "title": "The tale of the brothers who outwitted the demon queen - Malay Bera", "description": "Dig into the Bengali tale of brothers Neelkamal and Lalkamal, two princes seeking to end the reign of demons in their kingdom.\n\n--\n\nAchinpur was on the precipice of demonic takeover. A mysterious woman beguiled the king and infiltrated the royal family. But she wasn’t human; under her beautiful façade lurked an insatiable appetite for flesh. One night, the demon queen devoured the king's sons — but the princes managed to evade death. Malay Bera shares the tale of their quest to free the kingdom from the scourge of demons.\n\nLesson by Malay Bera, directed by Ahmad Thabit, Samaka Studio.\n\nAlthough this folktale exists in multiple oral variants across the Bengali-speaking world, this video is based on a variant akin to the better-known literary version, \"Neelkamal and Lalkamal\", from Thakurmar Jhuli (1907), an anthology of Bengali folktales collected by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumdar in the early 20th century.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-brothers-who-outwitted-the-demon-queen-malay-bera\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-brothers-who-outwitted-the-demon-queen-malay-bera/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.samaka.tv\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, and Hiroshi Uchiyama.", "publishedAt": "2025-03-04T16:00:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.795, "duration": 3.128, "text": "When reading Lewis Carroll’s\n“Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland,”" }, { "start": 10.923, "duration": 5.214, "text": "most readers visualize the Queen's\ncroquet game play out in their heads." }, { "start": 16.637, "duration": 1.794, "text": "“...it was all ridges and furrows;" }, { "start": 18.431, "duration": 3.545, "text": "the balls were live hedgehogs,\nthe mallets live flamingos," }, { "start": 21.976, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and the soldiers had to double themselves\nup and to stand on their hands and feet," }, { "start": 26.23, "duration": 1.335, "text": "to make the arches.”" }, { "start": 27.94, "duration": 2.753, "text": "A few might see vivid details," }, { "start": 30.693, "duration": 4.463, "text": "such as the pattern of the hedgehog's\nquills or the flush of the queen's face." }, { "start": 35.531, "duration": 5.089, "text": "However, a small fraction of readers\nhave a drastically different experience." }, { "start": 41.079, "duration": 3.128, "text": "As the scene plays out on the page,\nwithin their heads," }, { "start": 44.207, "duration": 2.669, "text": "they “see” absolutely nothing." }, { "start": 47.502, "duration": 4.004, "text": "This inability to clearly visualize images\nin the mind’s eye" }, { "start": 51.506, "duration": 2.294, "text": "is known as aphantasia," }, { "start": 53.8, "duration": 3.628, "text": " and it applies to around 4%\nof the world’s population." }, { "start": 57.887, "duration": 3.962, "text": "It was first characterized by a\npsychologist in the 19th century," }, { "start": 61.849, "duration": 4.129, "text": "who asked study participants\nto visualize their breakfast table" }, { "start": 66.104, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and then rate the vividness and color\nof this mental picture." }, { "start": 70.066, "duration": 3.962, "text": "He determined that mental imagery\nexists on a spectrum." }, { "start": 74.362, "duration": 2.711, "text": "At one end are people with aphantasia," }, { "start": 77.156, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and at the other are people\nwith hyperphantasia," }, { "start": 80.368, "duration": 3.295, "text": "with imagery so real, it rivals seeing." }, { "start": 83.913, "duration": 3.253, "text": "And most people land somewhere\nin between these two extremes." }, { "start": 87.5, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But how do we know if someone\nwith aphantasia" }, { "start": 90.086, "duration": 3.754, "text": " isn’t describing the same experience\nas someone with mental imagery," }, { "start": 93.84, "duration": 1.626, "text": "just in different terms?" }, { "start": 95.675, "duration": 2.752, "text": "In other words, how does one\nobjectively measure" }, { "start": 98.427, "duration": 2.461, "text": "what’s going on in someone else’s mind?" }, { "start": 101.556, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In one study, scientists looked\nfor clues in people's eyes." }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 3.921, "text": "They investigated differences\nin pupillary light reflexes," }, { "start": 110.106, "duration": 4.212, "text": "or how the pupil automatically constricts\nin response to light." }, { "start": 114.694, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Even just imagining that you are looking\ninto a light" }, { "start": 117.905, "duration": 2.294, "text": "will cause the pupil to narrow— " }, { "start": 120.199, "duration": 2.461, "text": "or at least it will if you have\nmental imagery." }, { "start": 122.994, "duration": 3.795, "text": "They found that the eyes of people\nwith aphantasia don’t constrict" }, { "start": 126.956, "duration": 1.376, "text": "when imagining light." }, { "start": 128.749, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Brain-imaging studies may help decipher\nanother perplexing phenomenon:" }, { "start": 133.713, "duration": 4.337, "text": "people with aphantasia can see\nmental imagery when they dream." }, { "start": 138.551, "duration": 3.378, "text": "How this happens is likely\nexplained by the contrasting ways" }, { "start": 141.929, "duration": 4.463, "text": "the brain generates deliberate\nvisualization versus dream imagery." }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Typically, conjuring a mental image\ninvolves multiple brain regions," }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and is sometimes referred\nto as a top-down process." }, { "start": 155.484, "duration": 2.962, "text": "First, actively trying\nto visualize an object" }, { "start": 158.446, "duration": 2.961, "text": " activates cognitive control regions\nof our brain." }, { "start": 161.908, "duration": 2.711, "text": "This then drives activity in regions\nof the brain" }, { "start": 164.619, "duration": 4.254, "text": "associated with memory and vision,\ncreating a mental picture." }, { "start": 169.373, "duration": 4.839, "text": "People with hyperphantasia tend to have\nstronger connections between these regions" }, { "start": 174.212, "duration": 2.21, "text": "compared to those with aphantasia." }, { "start": 176.964, "duration": 1.168, "text": " As for dreaming," }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 5.714, "text": "many scientists believe this imagery is\nproduced by a different bottom-up pathway," }, { "start": 183.846, "duration": 1.835, "text": "through activity deep in the brain" }, { "start": 185.806, "duration": 3.838, "text": "spontaneously activating\nvisual and memory systems." }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 3.795, "text": "So, what causes the spectrum\nof mental imagery to develop?" }, { "start": 194.523, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Aphantasia often runs in families," }, { "start": 197.318, "duration": 2.669, "text": "suggesting that the vividness\nof your mental canvas" }, { "start": 199.987, "duration": 2.127, "text": "may be influenced by your genes." }, { "start": 202.49, "duration": 3.67, "text": "While most people with aphantasia\nhave it their entire lives," }, { "start": 206.16, "duration": 2.377, "text": "some people can develop it later in life—" }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 3.337, "text": "often due to brain injury\nor psychological conditions." }, { "start": 212.458, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But in most cases, imagery extremes\naren’t considered disorders" }, { "start": 216.42, "duration": 1.21, "text": "in need of treatment," }, { "start": 217.63, "duration": 3.587, "text": "but rather intriguing variations\nin human experience." }, { "start": 221.759, "duration": 2.503, "text": "For example, for those with a mind's eye," }, { "start": 224.262, "duration": 4.337, "text": "the excitement of a thrilling story\nwill cause them to sweat a little," }, { "start": 228.724, "duration": 1.502, "text": "even if they don't notice it." }, { "start": 230.601, "duration": 3.962, "text": "People with aphantasia, however,\nlack this sweat response—" }, { "start": 234.772, "duration": 3.212, "text": "presumably because it depends\non the emotional effect" }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 2.085, "text": "of imagining the the storyline." }, { "start": 240.695, "duration": 3.587, "text": "At the same time, scientists have\nspeculated that aphantasia" }, { "start": 244.282, "duration": 3.795, "text": "may be protective against certain\nmental health disorders," }, { "start": 248.202, "duration": 4.505, "text": "specifically those related\nto negative imagery, like PTSD—" }, { "start": 252.707, "duration": 1.751, "text": "though more research is needed." }, { "start": 255.126, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Recalling details, like the food served\nat last year’s holiday party," }, { "start": 259.046, "duration": 3.379, "text": "may not be as difficult for people\nwith hyperphantasia," }, { "start": 262.425, "duration": 2.919, "text": "as they tend to have a richer memory\nof past events" }, { "start": 265.428, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and can “relive” these experiences\nin greater detail." }, { "start": 269.515, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Differences in mental imagery may\neven influence your career choice." }, { "start": 274.228, "duration": 4.338, "text": "A survey of over 2,000 people found\nthat those with aphantasia" }, { "start": 278.566, "duration": 2.669, "text": "are more likely to work\nin STEM professions," }, { "start": 281.485, "duration": 3.629, "text": "while people with hyperphantasia tend\nto gravitate towards jobs" }, { "start": 285.114, "duration": 2.336, "text": "in the arts, media, and design." }, { "start": 288.117, "duration": 3.17, "text": "We may never be able\nto fully understand what’s happening" }, { "start": 291.287, "duration": 1.543, "text": "in another person's mind." }, { "start": 293.247, "duration": 4.713, "text": "The inner worlds of those around you\nmight be quite different from your own." } ] }, { "video_id": "1siE5_Q9vs0", "title": "Which species would you get rid of? | Ada, Ep. 5", "description": "Ada imagines how eradicating invasive species would impact our ecosystems. Who decides which species, and how many are too many?\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 5 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.\n\nWritten by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky. \n\nThis video was produced by Should We Studio.\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/which-species-would-you-get-rid-of-ada-ep-5\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/which-species-would-you-get-rid-of-ada-ep-5/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, and Elija Peterson.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-27T16:00:48Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Surveying his vast domain, \ntrident heavy in hand," }, { "start": 10.965, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Poseidon considers \nthe prospect of retirement." }, { "start": 14.385, "duration": 2.461, "text": "What if someone else donned\nthe coral crown" }, { "start": 16.846, "duration": 3.545, "text": "so he could spend his immortality\nharmonizing with blue whales" }, { "start": 20.391, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and cozying up to hydrothermal vents?" }, { "start": 23.144, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Poseidon decides he needs to actually\nprioritize himself for once." }, { "start": 28.191, "duration": 2.836, "text": "So he summons his accountant and asks:" }, { "start": 31.027, "duration": 2.753, "text": "how much could he sell\nthe ocean for today?" }, { "start": 33.905, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Poseidon’s accountant is the\ntop-ranked financial analyst" }, { "start": 36.949, "duration": 1.71, "text": "to the world’s movers and shakers," }, { "start": 38.659, "duration": 2.044, "text": "its literal titans of industry." }, { "start": 40.745, "duration": 2.336, "text": "He handles all divine assets." }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 5.13, "text": "When it comes to boiling complex systems\nof intrinsic value down to monetary sums," }, { "start": 48.211, "duration": 1.042, "text": "he’s the guy." }, { "start": 49.378, "duration": 2.336, "text": "And he’s actually got a potential buyer:" }, { "start": 51.839, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Hades is interested in building\nhis real estate portfolio" }, { "start": 55.426, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and expanding his domain\ninto the marine realm." }, { "start": 58.179, "duration": 3.629, "text": "So, the accountant already appraised\nthe ocean’s market value" }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and prepared a quick presentation." }, { "start": 64.227, "duration": 2.961, "text": "\"The property covers\nover 70% of Earth’s surface." }, { "start": 67.188, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But it’s also quite voluminous!\"" }, { "start": 69.273, "duration": 1.085, "text": "Poseidon knows this." }, { "start": 70.358, "duration": 3.462, "text": "He does annual Mariana Trench\nswims with sea cucumbers." }, { "start": 73.861, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But before he even gets\nto his best giant squid story," }, { "start": 76.948, "duration": 2.419, "text": "the accountant is back at analysis." }, { "start": 79.534, "duration": 3.211, "text": "\"Marine shipping alone accounts\nfor 80% of global trade," }, { "start": 82.745, "duration": 2.753, "text": "generating over $14 trillion annually." }, { "start": 85.581, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The global fishing industry \nprovides over 3 billion people" }, { "start": 88.626, "duration": 2.461, "text": "with a significant amount \nof their dietary protein," }, { "start": 91.087, "duration": 2.502, "text": "employs an estimated 260 million," }, { "start": 93.589, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and generates about $163 billion\nevery year." }, { "start": 97.51, "duration": 2.878, "text": "And oil and budding\nseabed mining industries" }, { "start": 100.388, "duration": 3.003, "text": "generate around $245 billion per year.\"" }, { "start": 103.766, "duration": 3.087, "text": "\"Some of the ocean’s assets\nare harder to quantify monetarily." }, { "start": 106.936, "duration": 3.879, "text": "The ocean absorbs around 30%\nof human generated carbon dioxide," }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and, since 1955, has taken\nin more than 90% of excess heat." }, { "start": 115.57, "duration": 4.17, "text": "About 40% of humanity lives\nwithin 100 kilometers of the ocean." }, { "start": 119.907, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Coastal ecosystems buffer waves,\nreduce erosion, and ease flooding," }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 4.338, "text": "preventing over $716 billion\nin damages annually." }, { "start": 128.332, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Many cultures have deep ties to the ocean." }, { "start": 130.626, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And coastal views and recreation\nimprove mental health." }, { "start": 134.046, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Meanwhile, it's estimated\nthat as-yet undiscovered" }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 3.253, "text": "marine-derived cancer treatments\ncould save countless lives" }, { "start": 139.844, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and be worth up to $5.7 trillion." }, { "start": 142.805, "duration": 2.336, "text": "The ocean generates half\nthe planet’s oxygen" }, { "start": 145.141, "duration": 1.626, "text": "and, directly or indirectly," }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 3.421, "text": "provides food, energy, and minerals\nto all life on Earth.\"" }, { "start": 150.438, "duration": 4.671, "text": "A salty tear cascades down Poseidon’s face\nthat the accountant ignores." }, { "start": 155.193, "duration": 3.086, "text": "He can’t give the total cost yet\nbecause, of course," }, { "start": 158.279, "duration": 2.252, "text": "recent developments must be factored in." }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 3.67, "text": "\"Climate change is heating, acidifying,\nand deoxygenating the ocean" }, { "start": 164.41, "duration": 1.335, "text": "and trash is polluting it." }, { "start": 165.912, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Overfishing and aggressive \nseabed resource extraction" }, { "start": 168.748, "duration": 4.129, "text": "are disrupting fragile ecosystems\nand impacting the ocean’s productivity.\"" }, { "start": 173.294, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The accountant says, \"Sigh, buddy,\nyou shouldn’t worry, though," }, { "start": 176.881, "duration": 2.461, "text": "because we can grow\nthe ocean’s investment value." }, { "start": 179.55, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Coral reef tourism already yields\napproximately $36 billion annually." }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Considering the revenue\nof popular dive sites" }, { "start": 186.641, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and their regional shark\npopulations and lifespans," }, { "start": 189.31, "duration": 3.879, "text": "researchers estimate that one shark can\ngenerate almost $2 million" }, { "start": 193.189, "duration": 1.001, "text": "in its lifetime—" }, { "start": 194.19, "duration": 2.419, "text": "making them much more valuable\nalive than dead." }, { "start": 196.651, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Sustainable management of fisheries\ncould allow species to rebound" }, { "start": 200.279, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and bring in an additional\n$83 billion annually." }, { "start": 203.741, "duration": 3.629, "text": "And with growth in offshore wind, \ntidal, and wave energy harvesting," }, { "start": 207.37, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the ocean is poised to help\nhumanity quit fossil fuels.\"" }, { "start": 210.831, "duration": 1.544, "text": "Now the grand reveal." }, { "start": 212.5, "duration": 3.462, "text": "The accountant's conclusions are similar\nto those of mortal experts:" }, { "start": 215.962, "duration": 3.67, "text": "the ocean alone is worth\nroughly $24 trillion—" }, { "start": 219.715, "duration": 2.962, "text": "at least— about a quarter\nof the World Bank’s valuation" }, { "start": 222.677, "duration": 2.252, "text": "of the global economy in 2021." }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But if humanity reinvests\nin the ocean's health—" }, { "start": 228.182, "duration": 2.586, "text": "fishing sustainably,\ndecarbonizing shipping," }, { "start": 230.768, "duration": 4.046, "text": "scaling offshore wind farms,\nand conserving and restoring mangroves—" }, { "start": 234.814, "duration": 3.628, "text": "investments could return\nup to 600% in profits." }, { "start": 238.901, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Poseidon feels the weight of his folly\ncrushing him" }, { "start": 241.821, "duration": 2.711, "text": "like a Styrofoam cup 2,000 meters deep." }, { "start": 244.699, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Reducing such a priceless, generously\nlife-giving natural system to a number" }, { "start": 249.37, "duration": 3.503, "text": "is just another symptom of the greatest\nproblems he’s facing nowadays." }, { "start": 252.999, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And though he respects the work\nhis brother, Hades, does," }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 3.504, "text": "he doesn't want the ocean to become\nan extension of the Underworld." }, { "start": 259.588, "duration": 1.085, "text": "He can’t give it up." }, { "start": 260.673, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Poseidon asks forgiveness" }, { "start": 262.341, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and reaffirms his eternal vow\nto protect the ocean." }, { "start": 265.803, "duration": 4.087, "text": "It’ll take him a few tidal cycles\nto realize Hades and the accountant" }, { "start": 269.89, "duration": 2.67, "text": "were bluffing \nand see what this really was:" }, { "start": 272.56, "duration": 5.297, "text": "a much-needed intervention by a duo\nof deities who cared deeply about him—" }, { "start": 277.857, "duration": 1.126, "text": "and the world." } ] }, { "video_id": "XFhY4Vy3IHc", "title": "How are microchips made? - George Zaidan and Sajan Saini", "description": "Travel into a computer chip to explore how these devices are manufactured and what can be done about their environmental impact.\n\n--\n\nGlobally, we produce more than a trillion computer chips every year. Which means about 20 trillion transistors are built every second— and this process is done in fewer than 500 fabrication plants. How do we build so many tiny, intricately-connected devices, so incredibly fast? George Zaidan and Sajan Saini explore how photolithography helps build these devices and its environmental impact.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan and Sajan Saini, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-are-microchips-made-george-zaidan-and-sajan-saini\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-are-microchips-made-george-zaidan-and-sajan-saini/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, and Dan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-25T16:01:15Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 2.294, "text": "It was June 2010." }, { "start": 9.464, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Inside the Scripps National Spelling Bee," }, { "start": 12.008, "duration": 3.879, "text": "contestants between 8- and 15-years-old\nwrestled words" }, { "start": 15.887, "duration": 3.587, "text": "like brachydactylous and leguleian." }, { "start": 20.058, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Outside, a crowd protested the complexity\nof English spelling conventions." }, { "start": 25.772, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Indeed, spelling reformers have\nbeen around for centuries," }, { "start": 28.983, "duration": 4.88, "text": "advocating for overarching changes to make\nEnglish spelling more intuitive." }, { "start": 34.113, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The English language is chock-full\nof irregularities." }, { "start": 37.95, "duration": 5.548, "text": "One commonly used example of this:\ntake the “g-h” sound from “enough,”" }, { "start": 43.664, "duration": 5.631, "text": "the “o” sound from “women,”\nand the “t-i” sound from “action,”" }, { "start": 49.378, "duration": 5.214, "text": "and you could argue that\n“g-h-o-t-i” spells “fish.”" }, { "start": 54.926, "duration": 2.878, "text": "So, how did English get like this?" }, { "start": 59.514, "duration": 4.296, "text": "English arose from old Germanic\ntribes that invaded the British Isles" }, { "start": 63.81, "duration": 2.919, "text": "more than 1,500 years ago." }, { "start": 66.979, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Their languages coalesced and evolved\ninto Old English." }, { "start": 72.485, "duration": 3.629, "text": "When Roman missionaries arrived\naround 600 CE," }, { "start": 76.114, "duration": 3.92, "text": "they devised ways to write it\ndown using the Latin alphabet," }, { "start": 80.118, "duration": 5.046, "text": "supplementing it with some Germanic runes\nfor sounds they didn’t have letters for." }, { "start": 85.581, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Then came the Norman invasion of 1066\nwhen French speakers conquered England." }, { "start": 91.796, "duration": 3.754, "text": "French became the language\nof authority and high society." }, { "start": 95.633, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But English remained the dominant\nspoken language." }, { "start": 99.554, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Over time, those descended from French\nspeakers also became English speakers," }, { "start": 104.517, "duration": 2.919, "text": "but some French words snuck\ninto the language." }, { "start": 107.812, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Some English speakers were also familiar\nwith Latin through the church" }, { "start": 111.649, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and formal education." }, { "start": 113.442, "duration": 3.754, "text": "By the mid-1400s, people were writing\nin English again—" }, { "start": 117.363, "duration": 2.002, "text": "but it was unstandardized." }, { "start": 119.615, "duration": 4.171, "text": "They used a mix of influences to determine\nword choice and spelling," }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 2.962, "text": "including the French they knew,\nthe Latin they studied," }, { "start": 126.873, "duration": 1.751, "text": "and the English they spoke." }, { "start": 129.041, "duration": 3.379, "text": "So, things were already pretty messy." }, { "start": 132.503, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Then, in 1476, the printing press\narrived in England." }, { "start": 137.675, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Some of the people working the presses\nmay have mainly spoken Flemish—" }, { "start": 141.804, "duration": 1.043, "text": "not English." }, { "start": 142.889, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And they were given manuscripts\nthat varied widely in their spelling." }, { "start": 147.185, "duration": 4.295, "text": "Without standardization, different writers\nwent with various spellings" }, { "start": 151.48, "duration": 3.963, "text": "based in part on what they happened\nto encounter while reading." }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Many words had a multitude of spellings." }, { "start": 158.946, "duration": 2.294, "text": "The word “dough,” for instance," }, { "start": 161.282, "duration": 5.547, "text": "used to be spelled in all these ways\nand was originally pronounced “dach.”" }, { "start": 166.954, "duration": 5.631, "text": "The guttural Germanic sound it ended with\nwas one the Latin alphabet didn’t cover." }, { "start": 172.752, "duration": 3.545, "text": "It eventually came to be\nrepresented with “g-h.”" }, { "start": 176.339, "duration": 2.002, "text": "But, for some “g-h” words," }, { "start": 178.341, "duration": 3.962, "text": "English speakers eventually dropped\nthe guttural sound altogether;" }, { "start": 182.345, "duration": 3.795, "text": "for others, they ended up pronouncing\nit as “f” instead," }, { "start": 186.265, "duration": 3.671, "text": "as exemplified in “dough” versus “tough.”" }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Printing presses memorialized\nthe spelling" }, { "start": 192.647, "duration": 3.461, "text": "even though the pronunciation\neventually changed." }, { "start": 196.108, "duration": 2.503, "text": "And this wasn’t just the case with “g-h.”" }, { "start": 198.778, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Some letters in other words\nalso fell silent:" }, { "start": 201.822, "duration": 3.421, "text": "words like knife, gnat, and wrong" }, { "start": 205.409, "duration": 3.754, "text": "all contain the vestiges\nof past pronunciations." }, { "start": 209.538, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But while the printing press\nwas solidifying spellings," }, { "start": 213.0, "duration": 6.09, "text": "the English language was also undergoing\nwhat scholars call the Great Vowel Shift." }, { "start": 219.507, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Between the 14th and 18th centuries," }, { "start": 222.009, "duration": 4.672, "text": "the way English speakers pronounced\nmany vowels changed significantly." }, { "start": 226.847, "duration": 3.379, "text": "For instance, “bawt” became “boat.”" }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 2.335, "text": "This displaced the word for “boot,”" }, { "start": 232.645, "duration": 3.42, "text": "which had up until then\nbeen pronounced “boat,”" }, { "start": 236.065, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and pushed it into the high “u” vowel\nposition it maintains today." }, { "start": 240.695, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Words that already had this high “u”\noften became diphthongs," }, { "start": 244.949, "duration": 2.419, "text": "with two vowels in a single syllable." }, { "start": 247.451, "duration": 3.087, "text": "So, “hus” became “house.”" }, { "start": 250.538, "duration": 5.046, "text": "As with so many linguistic matters,\nthere's no clear reason why this happened." }, { "start": 255.584, "duration": 1.085, "text": "But it did." }, { "start": 257.044, "duration": 5.089, "text": "And how the vowel shift affected a word\ndepended on various things," }, { "start": 262.133, "duration": 2.544, "text": "including the other sounds in the word." }, { "start": 265.177, "duration": 4.839, "text": "The word “tough” was once “tōh,”\namong other variations." }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 4.672, "text": "“Through” was once “thruch”\nand “dough” “dah.”" }, { "start": 275.271, "duration": 3.045, "text": "These words all started\nwith different vowel sounds" }, { "start": 278.316, "duration": 4.212, "text": "that were then affected differently\nby the vowel shift." }, { "start": 282.695, "duration": 5.964, "text": "The “o-u” spelling they all adopted was\na haphazardly applied French influence." }, { "start": 288.784, "duration": 4.713, "text": "So, eventually they wound up with\nstill distinct vowel sounds," }, { "start": 293.497, "duration": 3.671, "text": "but similar spellings\nthat don’t really make much sense." }, { "start": 297.668, "duration": 3.42, "text": "All this means English can be\na difficult language" }, { "start": 301.088, "duration": 2.044, "text": "for non-native speakers to learn." }, { "start": 303.299, "duration": 4.046, "text": "And it reveals the many ways history,\nin all its messiness," }, { "start": 307.386, "duration": 4.254, "text": "acted upon English,\nmaking it especially tough." } ] }, { "video_id": "YIYcrqBrq2U", "title": "Can we actually control superintelligent AI? | Ada, Ep. 4", "description": "Ada imagines what an AI librarian system could be capable of. What are the consequences of creating superintelligent AI systems?\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 4 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.\n\nWritten by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky. \n\nThis video was produced by Should We Studio.\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-we-create-superintelligent-ai-ada-ep-4\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-we-create-superintelligent-ai-ada-ep-4/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, and David D.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-20T16:00:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.628, "text": "You’re peering into the Amazon River\nwhen, suddenly," }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 2.002, "text": "you lose your footing and fall." }, { "start": 12.675, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Piranhas dart about in the rapidly\napproaching water." }, { "start": 16.637, "duration": 1.71, "text": "So, are you doomed?" }, { "start": 18.347, "duration": 3.129, "text": "Will your fall trigger\na fatal feeding frenzy?" }, { "start": 21.768, "duration": 3.878, "text": "To forecast your fate, let’s see\nwhat we know about these fish." }, { "start": 26.272, "duration": 2.544, "text": "There are more than 30 piranha species." }, { "start": 28.9, "duration": 2.669, "text": "All live in the fresh waters\nof South America" }, { "start": 31.569, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and have a single row of sharp,\ninterlocking teeth on each jaw." }, { "start": 35.907, "duration": 2.419, "text": "They use their teeth in a variety of ways." }, { "start": 38.451, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Many are omnivorous and supplement diets\nof things like insects," }, { "start": 42.58, "duration": 2.211, "text": "crustaceans, worms, and fish" }, { "start": 44.791, "duration": 2.877, "text": "with fruits, seeds,\nand other plant matter." }, { "start": 47.877, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Some, like red-bellied piranhas,\nboth hunt and scavenge." }, { "start": 51.672, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And others, like wimple piranhas,\nhave specific dietary predilections," }, { "start": 56.469, "duration": 3.92, "text": "almost exclusively going\nafter other fish’s scales." }, { "start": 60.473, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Species like redeye piranhas\nare more solitary," }, { "start": 63.518, "duration": 3.837, "text": "while red-bellied piranhas\nform shoals of 10 to 100." }, { "start": 67.772, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Red-bellied piranhas are among\nthe most popularly depicted" }, { "start": 71.275, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and commonly regarded\nas especially aggressive." }, { "start": 74.654, "duration": 4.546, "text": "However, their reputation for rapacious\npack hunting is misinformed." }, { "start": 79.408, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It’s thought that the main benefit\nof their group-living" }, { "start": 82.411, "duration": 1.794, "text": "isn’t cooperative hunting" }, { "start": 84.205, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but instead protection from predators,\nof which they have many." }, { "start": 88.251, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Larger, mature red-bellied piranhas\ntend to assume privileged positions" }, { "start": 92.797, "duration": 2.336, "text": "at the shoal’s center,\nwhere it’s safest." }, { "start": 95.591, "duration": 4.547, "text": "And scientists have observed that\nred-bellied piranhas in smaller groups" }, { "start": 100.138, "duration": 1.251, "text": "breathe faster," }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 2.252, "text": "probably because they’re more anxious." }, { "start": 103.933, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Interestingly, they also communicate." }, { "start": 106.561, "duration": 4.588, "text": "By rapidly contracting specialized muscles\nabove their swim bladders," }, { "start": 111.149, "duration": 4.838, "text": "they repeatedly “bark” when they’re facing\noff with one another or when captured." }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 3.753, "text": "They make thudding noises when they’re\naggressively circling each other," }, { "start": 119.74, "duration": 2.086, "text": "fighting, or competing for food." }, { "start": 121.826, "duration": 2.044, "text": "And when things escalate further," }, { "start": 123.87, "duration": 3.545, "text": "they chase each other\nwhile snapping their jaws together." }, { "start": 127.456, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Researchers suspect that these sounds" }, { "start": 129.834, "duration": 2.878, "text": "are just a sampling\nof their overall repertoire," }, { "start": 132.712, "duration": 3.753, "text": "which might also have\nsome special uses during mating." }, { "start": 136.632, "duration": 3.671, "text": "But when do red-bellied piranhas\nget aggressive with humans?" }, { "start": 140.469, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Well, when they do bite people," }, { "start": 142.43, "duration": 3.962, "text": "it seems to mostly happen in scenarios\nwhen they’re being handled;" }, { "start": 146.392, "duration": 4.004, "text": "when people are spilling food or\ncleaning their fishing catch in the water;" }, { "start": 150.521, "duration": 3.837, "text": "or when people disturb piranhas\nwhile the fish are mating" }, { "start": 154.358, "duration": 2.294, "text": "or guarding their eggs\nduring the wet season." }, { "start": 156.861, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Starvation stress is also thought\nto lead red-bellied piranhas" }, { "start": 160.99, "duration": 3.086, "text": "to increasingly bold, aggressive behavior." }, { "start": 164.076, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And this could theoretically result\nin feeding frenzies" }, { "start": 167.538, "duration": 4.38, "text": "where each fish tries to get some\nof whatever finds its way into the water." }, { "start": 172.335, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Despite this kind of behavior\nbeing extremely rare," }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 3.671, "text": "rumors of it launched the piranha’s\ninternational infamy." }, { "start": 179.342, "duration": 5.297, "text": "And this was in no small part thanks\nto former US President Theodore Roosevelt." }, { "start": 184.847, "duration": 5.255, "text": "In 1914, he published a bestselling book\nin which he called piranhas" }, { "start": 190.102, "duration": 2.461, "text": "“the most ferocious fish in the world”" }, { "start": 192.563, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and wrote that the scent of blood\ncould incite them" }, { "start": 195.399, "duration": 4.839, "text": "to rapidly devour an entire cow—\nor human— alive." }, { "start": 200.613, "duration": 5.005, "text": "But Roosevelt’s account is generally\nconsidered circumstantial and misleading." }, { "start": 205.66, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The “feeding frenzy” he witnessed is\nsuspected to have been the result" }, { "start": 209.497, "duration": 3.42, "text": "of people purposefully starving\nred-bellied piranhas," }, { "start": 213.167, "duration": 3.754, "text": "then giving them the opportunity\nto feed on a cow carcass—" }, { "start": 216.921, "duration": 2.336, "text": "all to put on an exciting show." }, { "start": 220.299, "duration": 2.044, "text": "But where were we?\nAh, yes." }, { "start": 222.343, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Falling into piranha-infested waters." }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 1.544, "text": "So, what’s your fate?" }, { "start": 226.847, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Let’s assume these are\nred-bellied piranhas." }, { "start": 229.35, "duration": 1.835, "text": "This being the Amazon River," }, { "start": 231.185, "duration": 3.378, "text": "they should be doing alright\nfor themselves and not starving." }, { "start": 234.73, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Thankfully, you’re also not hitting\nthe water alongside a bunch of fish guts." }, { "start": 239.527, "duration": 5.005, "text": "And ideally, you're not disrupting\na piranha breeding extravaganza." }, { "start": 244.74, "duration": 3.629, "text": "You fall in, and the piranhas\nmost likely avoid you." }, { "start": 248.577, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Calmly, softly swimming or wading to shore\nis generally recommended" }, { "start": 253.124, "duration": 3.003, "text": "because splashing is thought\nto attract piranhas." }, { "start": 256.294, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Indeed, they’re equipped\nwith the dentition to do damage," }, { "start": 259.672, "duration": 2.252, "text": "but they rarely attack humans." }, { "start": 261.924, "duration": 2.336, "text": "They usually have better things to eat." }, { "start": 264.427, "duration": 2.002, "text": "As you make your way onto dry land," }, { "start": 266.429, "duration": 4.087, "text": "there is no feeding frenzy where they\nskeletonize your body within minutes." }, { "start": 270.683, "duration": 1.752, "text": "And upon exiting the water," }, { "start": 272.435, "duration": 3.712, "text": "you're probably pleased to find\nno chunks of flesh missing." } ] }, { "video_id": "T1aZxcyiYAw", "title": "Can you \"see\" images in your mind? Some people can't - Adam Zeman", "description": "Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd \n\n--\n\nWhen reading \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,\" most readers visualize the queen’s croquet game play out in their heads. A few might see the scene in vivid detail. However, a small fraction of readers have a drastically different experience: within their heads, they \"see\" absolutely nothing. Why do some people have an inability to visualize images? Adam Zeman explores the science of aphantasia.\n\nLesson by Adam Zeman, directed by Biljana Labović.\nAnimation by Manon David.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-see-images-in-your-mind-some-people-cant-adam-zeman\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-see-images-in-your-mind-some-people-cant-adam-zeman/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://manondavid.fr & https://www.instagram.com/mnndvid\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, and Edgardo Cuellar.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-18T16:01:10Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.836, "duration": 3.837, "text": "In 1873, two fishermen off the coast\nof Newfoundland" }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 3.462, "text": "glimpsed what they thought\nwas a submerged shipwreck." }, { "start": 14.343, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But when they probed the mass, it moved—" }, { "start": 17.305, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and huge serpentine appendages\nsoon besieged their boat." }, { "start": 21.851, "duration": 5.464, "text": "One fisherman took an axe to the animal,\nand it disappeared in a cloud of ink." }, { "start": 27.648, "duration": 2.711, "text": "What remained were two long limbs—" }, { "start": 30.526, "duration": 5.756, "text": "definitive evidence in a collection of\nclues that would only continue to grow." }, { "start": 37.283, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Over time, it became clear that giant\nsquids were more than mythical monsters." }, { "start": 42.955, "duration": 3.087, "text": "People found sizable specimens\nwashed ashore," }, { "start": 46.042, "duration": 2.711, "text": "caught in nets, and at the sea’s surface," }, { "start": 48.753, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and observed sperm whales\nwith sucker-shaped scars" }, { "start": 51.964, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and large beaks in their stomachs." }, { "start": 54.342, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But it wasn’t until recent decades\nthat scientists actually found" }, { "start": 58.221, "duration": 3.295, "text": "living giant squids\nin their natural habitat." }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 3.67, "text": "So, what do we really know\nabout these creatures?" }, { "start": 65.728, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Well, interestingly, one thing we've\ngathered is that they might not even be" }, { "start": 71.192, "duration": 2.294, "text": "the biggest squids out there." }, { "start": 74.278, "duration": 4.588, "text": "There are hundreds of squid species\ninhabiting almost all parts of the ocean," }, { "start": 78.866, "duration": 2.253, "text": "ranging from the size of a thumbnail" }, { "start": 81.119, "duration": 3.211, "text": "to more than seven times\nthe length of a human." }, { "start": 84.664, "duration": 4.045, "text": "All squids are carnivores and\nshare the same basic body plan," }, { "start": 88.709, "duration": 5.131, "text": "including a muscular mantle that covers\ntheir internal organs, a sharp beak," }, { "start": 93.881, "duration": 4.755, "text": "eight arms, and two tentacles\nspecialized for capturing prey." }, { "start": 98.886, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The smallest squids eat things\nlike tiny shrimp," }, { "start": 102.056, "duration": 4.171, "text": "while larger ones can feast on fish\nusing their powerful beaks." }, { "start": 106.31, "duration": 2.628, "text": "The Humboldt squid’s bite force,\nfor example," }, { "start": 108.938, "duration": 3.17, "text": "is strong enough to shatter Kevlar plates." }, { "start": 112.316, "duration": 3.921, "text": "And the suckers on the giant squid’s long,\nclubbed tentacles" }, { "start": 116.237, "duration": 3.629, "text": "are encircled by sharp,\nteeth-like protrusions" }, { "start": 119.866, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that help them grip prey like\ndeep sea fish and other squids." }, { "start": 124.495, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Giant squids live in the cold, dark,\nhigh pressure twilight zone." }, { "start": 129.667, "duration": 3.086, "text": "It's extremely unlikely you'd\never encounter one," }, { "start": 132.753, "duration": 3.421, "text": "since you'd be very out of\nyour depth down there." }, { "start": 136.632, "duration": 3.796, "text": "We don’t know exactly why\ngiant squids are so big—" }, { "start": 140.803, "duration": 4.129, "text": "but the phenomenon fits with a pattern\nof deep-sea gigantism," }, { "start": 145.099, "duration": 4.296, "text": "where certain deep-sea species dwarf\ntheir shallow-living relatives." }, { "start": 149.77, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Perhaps because food down there is scarce," }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 4.588, "text": "large animals that can cover more ground\nand store more food are favored." }, { "start": 157.236, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Giant squids’ size could also give them\nan anti-predator advantage," }, { "start": 161.282, "duration": 4.504, "text": "while the deep’s cool temperatures help\nthem manage their metabolic rates." }, { "start": 166.621, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Innovations over the past 150 years—" }, { "start": 169.665, "duration": 2.127, "text": "from dredges and bathyspheres" }, { "start": 171.792, "duration": 3.379, "text": "to untethered and remotely\noperated submersibles—" }, { "start": 175.171, "duration": 2.502, "text": "have enabled peeks into the deep." }, { "start": 177.882, "duration": 2.502, "text": "And yet, it wasn’t until 2004" }, { "start": 180.384, "duration": 4.839, "text": "that researchers actually saw\na giant squid in its natural habitat." }, { "start": 185.806, "duration": 6.34, "text": "Then finally, in 2012, scientists lured\na giant squid and got it on video." }, { "start": 192.271, "duration": 2.962, "text": "They used a stealth camera system\nfitted with a device" }, { "start": 195.233, "duration": 3.128, "text": "mimicking a bioluminescent jellyfish\nunder attack." }, { "start": 198.694, "duration": 4.046, "text": "The system had no thrusters,\nkeeping it unobtrusively quiet." }, { "start": 202.949, "duration": 5.672, "text": "And it only projected beams of red light—\nundetectable to most deep-sea dwellers." }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Both encounters revealed that giant squids\nare not sit-and-wait predators," }, { "start": 213.542, "duration": 1.961, "text": "as previously suspected." }, { "start": 215.586, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Instead, they’re active hunters that use\ntheir basketball-sized eyes" }, { "start": 220.007, "duration": 1.293, "text": "to stalk their prey" }, { "start": 221.3, "duration": 4.713, "text": "before projecting their tentacles and \nsnatching animals up to 10 meters away." }, { "start": 227.181, "duration": 2.377, "text": "But many questions still stand." }, { "start": 229.767, "duration": 2.794, "text": "We know sperm whales eat giant squids," }, { "start": 232.561, "duration": 2.211, "text": "but it’s unclear how fierce the fight is" }, { "start": 234.772, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and if the squids ever stand\nmuch of a chance of escaping." }, { "start": 238.776, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Extrapolating off the number of giant\nsquid beaks in whale bellies," }, { "start": 243.155, "duration": 5.381, "text": "one estimate placed the global giant squid\npopulation at around 4 million." }, { "start": 248.828, "duration": 5.255, "text": "It seems they mate when a male injects\nsperm packets into a female’s arm—" }, { "start": 254.333, "duration": 4.964, "text": "but exactly how they find each other\nand what happens after are uncertain." }, { "start": 260.589, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Giant squids are globally distributed," }, { "start": 263.342, "duration": 3.212, "text": "but they’re mostly missing\nfrom the planet’s polar regions," }, { "start": 266.721, "duration": 4.504, "text": "one of which happens to be where another\nhumongous squid species lurks:" }, { "start": 271.392, "duration": 2.294, "text": "the elusive colossal squid." }, { "start": 274.186, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Far fewer specimens have been collected," }, { "start": 276.397, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and they’ve yet to be seen\nor documented in their habitat." }, { "start": 280.526, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But we know they’re from a completely\ndifferent family than giant squid—" }, { "start": 284.655, "duration": 5.089, "text": "evidence that gigantism independently\nevolved more than once among squids." }, { "start": 289.869, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Their limbs are shorter\nthan giant squids’," }, { "start": 291.912, "duration": 4.213, "text": "but their mantles are larger,\nmaking them up to twice as heavy." }, { "start": 296.417, "duration": 2.92, "text": "And unlike the giant squid’s\ntoothy tentacles," }, { "start": 299.545, "duration": 4.046, "text": "colossal squids have hooked,\nswiveling sucker barbs." }, { "start": 304.05, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Much remains mysterious\nabout these animals." }, { "start": 307.303, "duration": 1.668, "text": "But we know they’re down there, " }, { "start": 308.971, "duration": 4.088, "text": "guarding their secrets\nin the deep, dark sea." } ] }, { "video_id": "eMRtxsj29aQ", "title": "Should we get rid of pregnancy? | Ada, Ep. 3", "description": "Ada imagines a life where she could have children without giving birth. Would artificial wombs give us more choice or less?\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 3 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.\n\nWritten by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky. \n\nThis video was produced by Should We Studio.\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-we-get-rid-of-pregnancy-ada-ep-3\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-we-get-rid-of-pregnancy-ada-ep-3/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, and Tejas Dc.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-13T16:00:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.212, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Welcome to Risky Business," }, { "start": 10.089, "duration": 5.255, "text": "the game where we find out how far\nyou’ll go to win a mystery prize!" }, { "start": 15.344, "duration": 2.753, "text": "I’m your host, Will Baywontbay," }, { "start": 18.139, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and today’s contestants are\n21-year-old Imani," }, { "start": 21.559, "duration": 3.837, "text": "16-year-old Johann,\nand 12-year-old Rachel." }, { "start": 25.48, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Our first challenge is simple:" }, { "start": 28.066, "duration": 3.086, "text": "will you eat the cookie on your podium?" }, { "start": 31.277, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Two of you have sugar cookies," }, { "start": 33.071, "duration": 3.92, "text": "but one was made with painfully\nspicy ghost peppers." }, { "start": 37.408, "duration": 4.672, "text": "As a reminder, our players aren’t\ninfluenced by seeking audience approval" }, { "start": 42.163, "duration": 3.337, "text": "since Risky Business\nnever gets televised!" }, { "start": 45.5, "duration": 1.418, "text": "And that’s risky." }, { "start": 47.96, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Now let’s see what Predicto-Bot 9000\nthinks our contestants will do." }, { "start": 53.424, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Like most daily choices," }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 2.962, "text": "this challenge involves\nweighing risks against rewards." }, { "start": 57.929, "duration": 2.169, "text": "But since our grand prize\nis a mystery," }, { "start": 60.098, "duration": 2.669, "text": "the contestants don’t know half\nof this equation." }, { "start": 62.892, "duration": 4.379, "text": "People are usually opposed\nto taking risks for uncertain rewards." }, { "start": 68.689, "duration": 2.545, "text": "However, Rachel may have an advantage." }, { "start": 71.317, "duration": 4.88, "text": "People aged 12 to 18 face a lot\nof unfamiliar circumstances," }, { "start": 76.197, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and one of the primary ways they learn\nto navigate new environments" }, { "start": 80.201, "duration": 1.585, "text": "is by taking risks." }, { "start": 81.869, "duration": 4.546, "text": "This means Johann and Rachel are already\nprimed to risk it all." }, { "start": 86.541, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But research shows that younger\nadolescents are less likely" }, { "start": 89.877, "duration": 2.336, "text": "to shy away from uncertain rewards." }, { "start": 92.338, "duration": 4.129, "text": "This could be because the brain regions\nassociated with decision making" }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 1.543, "text": "are still developing." }, { "start": 98.136, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Or perhaps they’ve simply\nexperienced less failure overall," }, { "start": 102.14, "duration": 2.711, "text": "making them less afraid\nof negative outcomes." }, { "start": 104.934, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Whatever the answer, this doesn’t mean\nyoung people take risks impulsively." }, { "start": 109.689, "duration": 2.711, "text": "In fact, one decision making study" }, { "start": 112.4, "duration": 4.212, "text": "found that while 8 to 12 year olds\ngambled on unknown options" }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 4.296, "text": " more than older participants,\nthey still hesitated to do so." }, { "start": 121.409, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Well, it looks like no one here hesitated\nto bite their cookie— " }, { "start": 125.538, "duration": 1.877, "text": "and Johann’s bit back!" }, { "start": 127.498, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Hopefully our mystery prize\nwill be a lifetime supply of milk." }, { "start": 132.253, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Speaking of prizes, you’ll have a chance\nto win one in our next challenge!" }, { "start": 136.632, "duration": 2.753, "text": "This swimming pool is full of honey," }, { "start": 139.385, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and you’ll have to swim through it\nto grab your $100 prize box!" }, { "start": 144.098, "duration": 1.293, "text": "While you deliberate," }, { "start": 145.433, "duration": 3.044, "text": "let’s see what the PB-9000 has to say." }, { "start": 148.853, "duration": 3.128, "text": "People are generally attracted\nto new experiences," }, { "start": 151.981, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and it’s highly unlikely\nthat our contestants" }, { "start": 154.442, "duration": 2.21, "text": "have ever gone swimming in honey." }, { "start": 156.777, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Some research even suggests new\nexperiences can trigger brain activity" }, { "start": 162.074, "duration": 2.044, "text": "similar to getting a reward," }, { "start": 164.118, "duration": 3.045, "text": "regardless of how pleasant\nthat experience is." }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 3.67, "text": "That said, I think Imani\nhas a few disadvantages." }, { "start": 171.292, "duration": 4.796, "text": "We already know adolescents frequently\ntake risks to learn about the world." }, { "start": 176.088, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Well, that same drive makes them\nespecially attracted to new experiences." }, { "start": 181.385, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And at 16 years old, Johann is in peak\nreward sensitivity range," }, { "start": 186.474, "duration": 3.17, "text": "meaning he’s likely\nto over value the prize." }, { "start": 189.727, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Conversely, Imani’s longer life experience\nmeans she’s able to build" }, { "start": 193.981, "duration": 4.922, "text": "a robust internal model to simulate\nher choices’ potential outcomes." }, { "start": 198.945, "duration": 3.586, "text": " Generally, this helps adults\nmake complex decisions" }, { "start": 202.531, "duration": 1.752, "text": "with long-term consequences." }, { "start": 204.45, "duration": 3.754, "text": "But more experience can also\nlead to more worries." }, { "start": 208.329, "duration": 3.378, "text": "And some studies have found\npeople struggling with anxiety" }, { "start": 211.707, "duration": 4.129, "text": "tend to give extra weight\nto potential negative outcomes," }, { "start": 215.836, "duration": 1.71, "text": "even if they’re unlikely." }, { "start": 218.214, "duration": 1.126, "text": "Thanks, PB." }, { "start": 219.34, "duration": 3.295, "text": "As predicted, while Johann and Rachel\ntook the plunge," }, { "start": 222.635, "duration": 4.171, "text": "this situation was too sticky\nfor our oldest competitor." }, { "start": 227.139, "duration": 2.336, "text": "That takes us to our final challenge!" }, { "start": 229.475, "duration": 4.63, "text": "To see the big prize, our contestants will\nhave to cross this balance beam" }, { "start": 234.105, "duration": 2.878, "text": "without falling into the pit\nof poison ivy." }, { "start": 237.275, "duration": 4.629, "text": "And to make things even spicier,\nwe’ve brought their schoolmates to watch!" }, { "start": 241.946, "duration": 1.835, "text": "What do you think will happen, PB?" }, { "start": 244.031, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Younger people often discount the\nlong-term consequences of their choices," }, { "start": 248.619, "duration": 3.754, "text": "so Rachel might not be as worried\nabout the poison ivy," }, { "start": 252.373, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But Johann is driven by an even\nstronger influence." }, { "start": 256.294, "duration": 4.796, "text": "During adolescence, our desire for group\nacceptance is at an all-time high," }, { "start": 261.299, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and this can lead people to take\nsurprising risks" }, { "start": 264.385, "duration": 2.294, "text": "to secure the respect of their peers." }, { "start": 266.721, "duration": 3.461, "text": "This is especially true\nfrom ages 14 to 16," }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 4.797, "text": "when the brain regions responsible\nfor emotional control are more developed" }, { "start": 274.979, "duration": 2.669, "text": "than those handling cognitive control." }, { "start": 277.94, "duration": 3.212, "text": "What's more, this cognitive\ncontrol is weaker" }, { "start": 281.152, "duration": 2.961, "text": "when adolescents know\ntheir peers are watching." }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 4.797, "text": "So with his friends standing by,\nJohann is very likely to risk it all." }, { "start": 289.327, "duration": 2.585, "text": "Well, I’m excited to see— oh uh." }, { "start": 291.912, "duration": 3.129, "text": "I’m being told there’s a bear\nin the honey pool?!" }, { "start": 295.416, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Uh, we’ll be right back!" } ] }, { "video_id": "UIeT1zxsus0", "title": "The myth of Ireland's most infamous love triangle - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Dig into the tragic myth of Tristan and Princess Isolde, and how they fall in love despite her being promised to another.\n\n--\n\nAfter witnessing a bird carrying a single golden hair, King Mark of Cornwall declared his future bride must have equally radiant locks. The only royal matching this description was Princess Isolde of Ireland. So the king sent Tristan, his bravest knight, to extend an olive branch to the royal family and deliver his proposal of marriage. Iseult Gillespie shares the tale of Tristan and Isolde.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Ciara Nolan, Paper Panther.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-romance-of-tristan-and-isolde-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-romance-of-tristan-and-isolde-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.paperpanther.ie\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, and Javid Gozalov.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-11T16:00:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Legend has it, hundreds of years ago\na distant ancestor of yours" }, { "start": 11.466, "duration": 3.962, "text": "stole a magical tarot deck \nfrom Fate herself." }, { "start": 15.595, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Today, your family is known the world over\nas the world’s greatest fortune tellers." }, { "start": 21.059, "duration": 3.837, "text": "While the deck has increased \nyour fortunes many times over," }, { "start": 24.896, "duration": 2.043, "text": "it came with a terrible cost." }, { "start": 27.148, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Once every 23 years, \na door appears in your house." }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 2.586, "text": "One member of your family must enter," }, { "start": 34.405, "duration": 5.422, "text": "and face Fate in a duel with arcane rules\nonly known to your opponent." }, { "start": 40.161, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And every time, \ngeneration after generation," }, { "start": 43.581, "duration": 2.044, "text": "the outcome is the same:" }, { "start": 45.625, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Fate claims their soul." }, { "start": 47.96, "duration": 4.505, "text": "23 years ago, your father accepted \nthe challenge and lost." }, { "start": 52.548, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Today, it’s your turn." }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 4.046, "text": "You’re pacing the dueling room \nwhen you stumble across something" }, { "start": 59.013, "duration": 2.461, "text": "that just might change everything:" }, { "start": 61.766, "duration": 3.253, "text": "your father hid a camera in the room." }, { "start": 65.311, "duration": 5.297, "text": "The tape shows him lay\nout the 22 cards of the major Arcana." }, { "start": 71.192, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Fate then places an additional card,\nthe Soul, and speaks:" }, { "start": 76.489, "duration": 4.838, "text": "“You may take any card that has \nat least one factor on the table." }, { "start": 81.369, "duration": 3.003, "text": "I’ll then receive every factor." }, { "start": 84.539, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Take the Tower, for example." }, { "start": 87.208, "duration": 4.922, "text": "It is 16, with factors 1, 2, 4, and 8." }, { "start": 92.421, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Those now belong to me,\nmaking our score 16 to 15." }, { "start": 97.969, "duration": 4.921, "text": "If your total at the end of the game\nis higher than mine, you’ll win." }, { "start": 103.099, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Play again and know that if you\nrun out of moves," }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 2.711, "text": "I’ll take all the cards that remain.”" }, { "start": 109.355, "duration": 1.46, "text": "As the game continues," }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Fate remarks that if your father \nwere to win and hold the 10," }, { "start": 115.653, "duration": 2.085, "text": "that would grant him great fortune." }, { "start": 117.738, "duration": 1.585, "text": "6, true love." }, { "start": 119.49, "duration": 3.671, "text": "And the 2 would end \nthe family curse forever." }, { "start": 123.202, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But none of that matters because \nin the end his total comes up short." }, { "start": 128.499, "duration": 3.671, "text": "As the video turns to static,\nFate arrives." }, { "start": 132.17, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Feeling as if you’re in a dream," }, { "start": 134.005, "duration": 3.587, "text": "you hear her offer you the Tower \nto begin the game." }, { "start": 137.8, "duration": 1.877, "text": "How can you defeat Fate," }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and what other good fortune\ncan you win for yourself?" }, { "start": 143.014, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Pause here to figure it out for yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 145.85, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 151.355, "duration": 3.963, "text": "If you want to outplay Fate, \nyou’ll need to take the long view." }, { "start": 155.484, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Accepting the 16 gives Fate\nthe 1, 2, 4, and 8." }, { "start": 160.573, "duration": 6.048, "text": "She effectively has the 23, 19,\n17, and 13 too," }, { "start": 166.704, "duration": 4.171, "text": "since you can’t take prime numbers\nonce 1 is off the board." }, { "start": 170.958, "duration": 6.382, "text": "Smaller primes like 11, 7, 5, and 3\nwill also go to Fate," }, { "start": 177.34, "duration": 4.504, "text": "but you’ll be able to take \ntheir multiples, like 22 and 21." }, { "start": 182.386, "duration": 3.587, "text": "That means these are the remaining\ncards in play." }, { "start": 186.057, "duration": 4.296, "text": "You can eventually claim at most\nhalf of them, rounded down," }, { "start": 190.353, "duration": 3.92, "text": "since Fate gets at least one\nfor each card you take." }, { "start": 194.482, "duration": 5.005, "text": "So the best you can possibly do is\ntake the seven largest cards." }, { "start": 199.57, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Add those together with the 16 \nand your total would be 138." }, { "start": 204.325, "duration": 3.378, "text": "And Fate’s total? Also, 138." }, { "start": 207.954, "duration": 5.171, "text": "Ties go to Fate, so it’s clear that\nby offering your ancestors the 16" }, { "start": 213.125, "duration": 2.586, "text": "before explaining the full rules," }, { "start": 215.711, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Fate has been manipulating the game\nto guarantee her victory." }, { "start": 220.049, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But thanks to your father,\nyou now know better." }, { "start": 223.97, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Speaking of your family, if you want \nto take the 2 and break the curse," }, { "start": 228.599, "duration": 3.796, "text": "you’ll have to do it on your first turn,\nsince it’s prime." }, { "start": 232.395, "duration": 2.377, "text": "If you do, Fate will get 1," }, { "start": 234.772, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and once again, \nFate is guaranteed the high primes." }, { "start": 238.859, "duration": 4.839, "text": "In theory, you can get at most \n8 of the remaining 17 cards." }, { "start": 243.698, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Taking the eight largest would give \nyou a nail-bitingly narrow victory" }, { "start": 248.536, "duration": 3.879, "text": "of 140 to 136." }, { "start": 252.54, "duration": 1.543, "text": "But is it possible?" }, { "start": 254.542, "duration": 5.172, "text": "You need Fate to get as few cards \nas possible for each one you take." }, { "start": 259.714, "duration": 2.752, "text": "You can start with the 22 and 14." }, { "start": 262.591, "duration": 4.714, "text": "With the 7 gone, \nyou can take the 21, then the 15." }, { "start": 267.305, "duration": 5.171, "text": "You still need these, and the next one\nyou take will give Fate two cards." }, { "start": 272.476, "duration": 1.168, "text": "That’s okay though." }, { "start": 273.644, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Try the 16, for example,\nand Fate gets the 4 and the 8," }, { "start": 278.232, "duration": 4.213, "text": "but you’ll still get the 12, the 18,\nand the 20." }, { "start": 283.112, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Following similar reasoning," }, { "start": 284.905, "duration": 5.423, "text": "you could take the 23 on your first turn\nand win the 10 or the 6." }, { "start": 290.328, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But claiming more than one\nreward is impossible." }, { "start": 294.081, "duration": 3.921, "text": "So do you take wealth, love,\nor break the curse?" }, { "start": 298.336, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Fate is waiting, \nbut the choice is up to you." } ] }, { "video_id": "RX-upJeSm7w", "title": "Would you sell your kidney for $100,000? | Ada, Ep. 2", "description": "Ada imagines how society would change if governments paid living organ donors. Should we receive compensation for our organs?\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 2 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.\n\nWritten by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky. \n\nThis video was produced by Should We Studio.\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-sell-your-kidney-for-100000-ada-ep-2\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-sell-your-kidney-for-100000-ada-ep-2/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, and Brian A. Dunn.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-06T16:00:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.378, "duration": 4.713, "text": "You and your partner Alex have been in a\nstrong, loving relationship for years," }, { "start": 12.091, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and lately you're considering\ngetting engaged." }, { "start": 14.677, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Alex is enthusiastic about the idea,\nbut you can’t get over the statistics." }, { "start": 19.557, "duration": 3.67, "text": "You know a lot of marriages end\nin divorce, often not amicably." }, { "start": 23.269, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And over 10% of couples\nin their first marriage get divorced" }, { "start": 27.023, "duration": 1.877, "text": "within the first five years." }, { "start": 29.692, "duration": 2.711, "text": "If your marriage wouldn’t\neven last five years," }, { "start": 32.403, "duration": 2.378, "text": "you feel like tying the knot\nwould be a mistake." }, { "start": 34.989, "duration": 2.086, "text": "But you live in the near future," }, { "start": 37.075, "duration": 3.545, "text": "where a brand-new company just\nreleased an AI-based model" }, { "start": 40.62, "duration": 3.211, "text": "that can predict your likelihood\nof divorce." }, { "start": 43.915, "duration": 2.127, "text": "The model is trained on data sets" }, { "start": 46.042, "duration": 2.627, "text": "containing individuals’\nsocial media activity," }, { "start": 48.669, "duration": 4.88, "text": "online search histories, spending habits,\nand history of marriage and divorce." }, { "start": 53.591, "duration": 1.585, "text": "And using this information," }, { "start": 55.176, "duration": 2.669, "text": "the AI can predict if a couple\nwill divorce" }, { "start": 57.845, "duration": 4.38, "text": "within the first five years of marriage\nwith 95% accuracy." }, { "start": 62.767, "duration": 4.212, "text": "The only catch is the model doesn’t offer\nany reasons for its results—" }, { "start": 66.979, "duration": 4.713, "text": "it simply predicts that you will or won’t\ndivorce without saying why." }, { "start": 72.443, "duration": 3.087, "text": "So, should you decide whether or not\nto get married" }, { "start": 75.53, "duration": 2.043, "text": "based on this AI’s prediction?" }, { "start": 78.825, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Suppose the model predicts you and Alex" }, { "start": 81.452, "duration": 2.92, "text": "would divorce within five years\nof getting married." }, { "start": 84.997, "duration": 2.253, "text": "At this point, you'd have three options." }, { "start": 87.25, "duration": 3.003, "text": "You could get married anyway\nand hope the prediction is wrong." }, { "start": 90.294, "duration": 1.252, "text": "You could break up now," }, { "start": 91.546, "duration": 3.753, "text": "though there’s no way to know if ending\nyour currently happy relationship" }, { "start": 95.299, "duration": 3.128, "text": "would cause more harm than letting\nthe prediction run its course." }, { "start": 98.511, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Or, you could stay together\nand remain unmarried," }, { "start": 101.889, "duration": 3.212, "text": "on the off-chance marriage itself\nwould be the problem." }, { "start": 105.56, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Though without understanding the reasons\nfor your predicted divorce," }, { "start": 109.313, "duration": 3.671, "text": "you’d never know if those mystery issues\nwould still emerge" }, { "start": 112.984, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to ruin your relationship." }, { "start": 115.194, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The uncertainty undermining\nall these options" }, { "start": 118.406, "duration": 5.589, "text": "stems from a well known issue with AI\naround explainability and transparency." }, { "start": 124.287, "duration": 4.087, "text": "This problem plagues tons of potentially\nuseful predictive models," }, { "start": 128.374, "duration": 3.42, "text": "such as those that could be used\nto predict which bank customers" }, { "start": 131.794, "duration": 1.96, "text": "are most likely to repay a loan," }, { "start": 133.754, "duration": 4.171, "text": "or which prisoners are most likely\nto reoffend if granted parole." }, { "start": 138.176, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Without knowing why AI systems\nreach their decisions," }, { "start": 141.679, "duration": 4.296, "text": "many worry we can’t think critically\nabout how to follow their advice." }, { "start": 146.1, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But the transparency problem\ndoesn’t just prevent us" }, { "start": 148.811, "duration": 1.794, "text": "from understanding these models," }, { "start": 150.605, "duration": 3.086, "text": "it also impacts the user’s accountability." }, { "start": 154.15, "duration": 4.046, "text": "For example, if the AI's prediction\nled you to break up with Alex," }, { "start": 158.196, "duration": 2.752, "text": "what explanation could you\nreasonably offer them?" }, { "start": 161.115, "duration": 2.127, "text": "That you want to end\nyour happy relationship" }, { "start": 163.242, "duration": 3.253, "text": "because some mysterious machine\npredicted its demise?" }, { "start": 166.579, "duration": 2.127, "text": "That hardly seems fair to Alex." }, { "start": 168.831, "duration": 3.337, "text": "We don’t always owe people\nan explanation for our actions," }, { "start": 172.168, "duration": 1.168, "text": "but when we do," }, { "start": 173.336, "duration": 4.754, "text": "AI’s lack of transparency can create\nethically challenging situations." }, { "start": 178.299, "duration": 2.961, "text": "And accountability is just one\nof the tradeoffs we make" }, { "start": 181.26, "duration": 2.962, "text": "by outsourcing important decisions to AI." }, { "start": 184.889, "duration": 3.545, "text": "If you’re comfortable deferring\nyour agency to an AI model" }, { "start": 188.434, "duration": 3.837, "text": "it’s likely because you’re focused\non the accuracy of the prediction." }, { "start": 192.271, "duration": 4.38, "text": "In this mindset, it doesn’t really matter\nwhy you and Alex might break up—" }, { "start": 196.651, "duration": 1.918, "text": "simply that you likely will." }, { "start": 198.736, "duration": 3.754, "text": "But if you prioritize authenticity\nover accuracy," }, { "start": 202.49, "duration": 3.086, "text": "then you'll need to understand\nand appreciate the reasons" }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 3.17, "text": "for your future divorce\nbefore ending things today." }, { "start": 208.955, "duration": 4.879, "text": "Authentic decision making like this is\nessential for maintaining accountability," }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 3.921, "text": "and it might be your best chance\nto prove the prediction wrong." }, { "start": 217.88, "duration": 2.92, "text": "On the other hand,\nit’s also possible the model" }, { "start": 220.8, "duration": 2.836, "text": "already accounted for your attempts\nto defy it," }, { "start": 223.636, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and you’re just setting yourself\nup for failure." }, { "start": 226.931, "duration": 3.587, "text": "95% accuracy is high, \nbut it’s not perfect—" }, { "start": 230.601, "duration": 4.672, "text": "that figure means 1 in 20 couples\nwill receive a false prediction." }, { "start": 235.356, "duration": 2.21, "text": "And as more people use this service," }, { "start": 237.566, "duration": 3.879, "text": "the likelihood increases that someone\nwho was predicted to divorce" }, { "start": 241.445, "duration": 3.42, "text": "will do so just because the AI\npredicted they would." }, { "start": 245.366, "duration": 2.294, "text": "If that happens to enough newlyweds," }, { "start": 247.66, "duration": 3.712, "text": "the AI's success rate could\nbe artificially maintained" }, { "start": 251.372, "duration": 3.67, "text": "or even increased by these\nself-fulfilling predictions." }, { "start": 255.167, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Of course, no matter what\nthe AI might tell you," }, { "start": 258.045, "duration": 3.796, "text": "whether you even ask for its prediction\nis still up to you." } ] }, { "video_id": "h0rWp3GF_6s", "title": "Why you feel stuck — and how to get motivated - Shannon Odell", "description": "Dig into the psychology of how to overcome your motivational obstacles and regain focus when you feel stuck in achieving your goals.\n\n--\n\nMany of us have experienced feeling stuck. People often report feeling highly motivated at the start and end of a project, but the middle can feel untethered. It can happen when tackling something as simple as a term paper or as monumental as social inequality or the climate crisis. So, are there ways to get unstuck? Shannon Odell digs into the psychology of overcoming your motivational obstacles.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Avi Ofer.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-you-feel-stuck-and-how-to-get-motivated-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-you-feel-stuck-and-how-to-get-motivated-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, and Noah Webb.", "publishedAt": "2025-02-04T16:01:28Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 1.039, "duration": 3.378, "text": "What if we changed one of the most\nfundamental building blocks of life" }, { "start": 4.417, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to make it more accessible?" }, { "start": 6.169, "duration": 2.711, "text": "What would happen if we got rid of birth?" }, { "start": 12.091, "duration": 3.087, "text": "(Phone ringing)" }, { "start": 16.637, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Hi, grandma." }, { "start": 18.139, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Hello, sunshine!" }, { "start": 20.308, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Oh, did you mean to video call?" }, { "start": 22.977, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Eh? Video call?\nWhen are you going to visit me?" }, { "start": 27.648, "duration": 3.921, "text": "I don't know how much time I have left." }, { "start": 32.07, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Eh yeah, none of us do, grandma.\nNone of us do." }, { "start": 35.907, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Ah. Did I tell you?\nYour cousin is pregnant!" }, { "start": 40.036, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Oh, wow. That’s great.\nUh, should you be telling me that?" }, { "start": 46.0, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Huh? What do you mean?" }, { "start": 48.92, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Nevermind. What’s new with you?" }, { "start": 51.172, "duration": 3.045, "text": "What’s new with me? I just told you." }, { "start": 54.509, "duration": 3.211, "text": "She’s only three years older\nthan you, you know." }, { "start": 57.72, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Something to think about." }, { "start": 60.681, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Grandma, I’m 22. I have plenty of time." }, { "start": 63.935, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Less than you think!\nThat’s all I’m saying." }, { "start": 67.105, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Mhm. Alright, I have to get back to work." }, { "start": 71.067, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Okay, sunshine. I love you to pieces." }, { "start": 77.24, "duration": 1.209, "text": "I love you too." }, { "start": 81.911, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Oh! Sorry, I didn’t realize\nyou were waiting for me." }, { "start": 85.164, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Hmph." }, { "start": 95.258, "duration": 2.919, "text": "How am I supposed to plan for something\nI can’t even imagine?" }, { "start": 98.177, "duration": 1.877, "text": "That I don’t even know if I want?" }, { "start": 100.847, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Well, I may not know whether\nor not I want kids," }, { "start": 103.558, "duration": 2.419, "text": "but I definitely don't\nwant to be pregnant." }, { "start": 107.979, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Like, if you listen to the way people\ncasually describe pregnancy and birth!" }, { "start": 112.817, "duration": 3.754, "text": "“Oh, nothing out of the ordinary,\njust puked every day for months!”" }, { "start": 117.071, "duration": 3.462, "text": "“It was a routine delivery, just the\nstandard tearing of the genitals!”" }, { "start": 120.825, "duration": 2.461, "text": "“With modern medicine,\nhardly anyone dies!”" }, { "start": 123.619, "duration": 3.254, "text": "How is everyone just shrugging and saying,\n“that’s the way it is”?" }, { "start": 126.914, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Like, excuse me, am I the only one who\nthinks this activity is not suitable" }, { "start": 131.878, "duration": 1.126, "text": "for civilians? " }, { "start": 133.212, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Even the best case is a year\nof major inconvenience" }, { "start": 135.965, "duration": 2.294, "text": " between being pregnant and recovering." }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 1.543, "text": "It's so unfair." }, { "start": 151.939, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Well, it's not my fault\nshe's out to lunch." }, { "start": 163.91, "duration": 1.334, "text": "Oh! Hello..." }, { "start": 172.001, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Huh. “The Artificial Womb”\nby Wilhelmina Heliotrope." }, { "start": 177.757, "duration": 2.836, "text": "I didn’t realize her original papers\nwere still here." }, { "start": 182.053, "duration": 2.752, "text": "(Reading) “Pregnancy has caused\nso much suffering." }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 3.837, "text": "What if we could bypass it completely?" }, { "start": 190.269, "duration": 5.13, "text": "What if we could grow humans\njust as well outside the body" }, { "start": 195.9, "duration": 1.501, "text": "as inside?”" }, { "start": 199.779, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Yes, exactly!" }, { "start": 205.743, "duration": 3.003, "text": "(Reading) “This may be the stuff\nof science fiction for now," }, { "start": 208.996, "duration": 2.628, "text": "but with sustained interest and effort," }, { "start": 212.083, "duration": 3.42, "text": "It doesn’t have to be forever.”" }, { "start": 216.462, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Well, that's a future I want to live in." }, { "start": 222.385, "duration": 3.712, "text": "There’s a womb center in every town,\nand anyone can use it free of charge." }, { "start": 227.974, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Oh, I guess I still have to get\nthe eggs out of my body." }, { "start": 232.603, "duration": 2.419, "text": "I really only want to go\nthrough that once." }, { "start": 235.231, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But I'm still not sure if\nI want kids or how many," }, { "start": 238.859, "duration": 2.461, "text": "so I get a bunch extracted to be safe." }, { "start": 243.948, "duration": 4.087, "text": "And then I go about my business\nfor however long I want." }, { "start": 248.411, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Nobody raises an eyebrow\nor asks nosy questions." }, { "start": 253.874, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Even though grandma can still butt in." }, { "start": 255.71, "duration": 1.293, "text": "Hello? Hi!" }, { "start": 257.253, "duration": 5.088, "text": "When I’m ready— when I’m really ready,\nnot just when it’s the least worst time—" }, { "start": 262.967, "duration": 2.794, "text": "one of these artificial wombs\nstarts growing the fetus." }, { "start": 266.512, "duration": 5.756, "text": "In the meantime, I volunteer to be\ninfected with the Zika virus" }, { "start": 272.268, "duration": 1.334, "text": "for a vaccine trial." }, { "start": 275.479, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Then it's time to pick up my baby." }, { "start": 277.898, "duration": 5.256, "text": "Oh, I hope you named her after me!" }, { "start": 285.156, "duration": 4.379, "text": "You know, the hardest part is after\nthe baby's born, right?" }, { "start": 289.744, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Well, at least I’m not recovering\nfrom a major ordeal at the same time." }, { "start": 294.04, "duration": 1.501, "text": "And we'll split the work." }, { "start": 298.127, "duration": 2.377, "text": "I wouldn’t count on it." }, { "start": 300.963, "duration": 4.755, "text": "You think pregnancy is the only reason\nmothers do more than their share?" }, { "start": 306.385, "duration": 1.418, "text": "Think again." }, { "start": 308.22, "duration": 3.546, "text": "But now that anyone can make a baby\nusing an artificial womb," }, { "start": 311.766, "duration": 3.169, "text": "maybe people stop seeing everything\nchild-related as women’s work." }, { "start": 315.436, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Oh, I don't know." }, { "start": 319.69, "duration": 3.545, "text": "(Reading) “The artificial womb\nis my greatest dream," }, { "start": 323.527, "duration": 5.172, "text": "but we face daunting social problems\nthis technology won’t solve.”" }, { "start": 329.325, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Oh, not you too!" }, { "start": 332.161, "duration": 4.046, "text": "(Reading) “There are already powerful\nvoices arguing that we should" }, { "start": 336.207, "duration": 4.379, "text": "treat fetuses and even embryos as people." }, { "start": 340.961, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Based on these arguments, women have\neven been charged with murder" }, { "start": 346.258, "duration": 1.71, "text": "after miscarrying." }, { "start": 347.968, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Will they use the invention\nof artificial wombs" }, { "start": 351.222, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to justify outlawing abortion entirely?”" }, { "start": 355.059, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Uh, what?" }, { "start": 357.395, "duration": 4.546, "text": "So they would argue no one needs an\nabortion if they can transfer the fetus" }, { "start": 361.941, "duration": 2.461, "text": "to an artificial womb instead?" }, { "start": 365.027, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But... say I get pregnant by accident." }, { "start": 368.489, "duration": 2.92, "text": "An abortion would prioritize\nmy health and safety." }, { "start": 372.118, "duration": 4.296, "text": "A transfer to an artificial womb\nprioritizes the fetus's health," }, { "start": 376.997, "duration": 2.086, "text": "making it way more invasive for me." }, { "start": 381.21, "duration": 2.044, "text": "And I didn't actually want another kid." }, { "start": 383.963, "duration": 4.004, "text": "(Wilhelmina) “Not to mention,\na single fertility clinic can house" }, { "start": 387.967, "duration": 2.461, "text": "hundreds of thousands of embryos." }, { "start": 390.678, "duration": 3.879, "text": "If they’re all considered people— well.”" }, { "start": 395.266, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Wait, so I don’t get to choose\nwhether my stored embryos" }, { "start": 399.061, "duration": 2.002, "text": "are grown into babies anymore?" }, { "start": 401.772, "duration": 3.545, "text": "But I intentionally made extras!\nEveryone does!" }, { "start": 405.484, "duration": 3.295, "text": "It will take the womb center a thousand\nyears just to grow the embryos" }, { "start": 408.779, "duration": 1.669, "text": "it already has in storage." }, { "start": 410.948, "duration": 2.878, "text": "No one new will be able to use\nan artificial womb." }, { "start": 414.618, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Unless we increase the number of them\nby several orders of magnitude." }, { "start": 418.789, "duration": 4.213, "text": "And even then we still have to figure out\nhow to support billions of new babies." }, { "start": 425.629, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Wait... artificial wombs don’t\nactually make it easier to justify" }, { "start": 430.176, "duration": 2.002, "text": "granting embryos all the rights of people." }, { "start": 432.928, "duration": 3.045, "text": "They make it even more clear\nwhat a disaster that would be." }, { "start": 436.765, "duration": 3.254, "text": "It forces us to clearly define a moral\nstatus for embryos and fetuses" }, { "start": 440.019, "duration": 1.334, "text": "that protects them," }, { "start": 441.353, "duration": 2.211, "text": "but doesn’t prioritize them at all costs." }, { "start": 443.981, "duration": 1.668, "text": "By the time my daughter grows up," }, { "start": 445.649, "duration": 3.045, "text": "artificial wombs are once again\nwidely and freely available," }, { "start": 448.694, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and I don’t have to worry about her\nsuffering through pregnancy, birth," }, { "start": 452.031, "duration": 1.293, "text": "and postpartum recovery." }, { "start": 453.782, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Aha!" }, { "start": 455.117, "duration": 4.546, "text": "What happens when she wants\nto experience pregnancy, eh?" }, { "start": 459.83, "duration": 4.171, "text": "What! After everything we went\nthrough to make sure her generation" }, { "start": 464.001, "duration": 2.211, "text": "would be free to use artificial wombs?" }, { "start": 466.962, "duration": 1.21, "text": "You disapprove?" }, { "start": 468.38, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Well, no, not exactly.\nI just— she doesn’t understand." }, { "start": 473.677, "duration": 3.587, "text": "You want her to learn\nfrom your experience. Ha!" }, { "start": 477.681, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Uh-huh, I see where you’re going\nwith this." }, { "start": 481.31, "duration": 1.71, "text": "No, I can accept this." }, { "start": 483.646, "duration": 3.42, "text": "She should make her own choice.\nJust like me." }, { "start": 487.233, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Haha!" }, { "start": 499.995, "duration": 4.797, "text": "(Reading) “If we end up with less choice\nbecause of this technological progress," }, { "start": 505.501, "duration": 2.586, "text": "it isn’t progress at all.”" }, { "start": 508.379, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But we can’t make progress\nIf we stuff these ideas away in a box" }, { "start": 512.341, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and ignore the questions they raise." }, { "start": 514.218, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Getting the world ready for artificial\nwombs would also help lots of people now." }, { "start": 518.389, "duration": 3.378, "text": "And then, maybe... maybe I’d actually\nbe able to imagine" }, { "start": 521.767, "duration": 3.212, "text": "the good parts of becoming a parent\nas vividly as the obstacles." }, { "start": 525.229, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Ada? What are you doing in my office?" }, { "start": 530.067, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Are you... going through my things?" }, { "start": 534.071, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Your things? Aren’t they Wilhelmina’s?" }, { "start": 539.451, "duration": 3.045, "text": "I—I mean, Dr. Heliotrope’s?" }, { "start": 543.289, "duration": 1.835, "text": "That's it. Out!" }, { "start": 545.541, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Are you... firing me?" }, { "start": 553.007, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Okay, I’ll take that as a maybe?" }, { "start": 573.652, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Well, I think people should see your work." }, { "start": 577.364, "duration": 2.002, "text": "We're as ready for it as we'll ever be." }, { "start": 584.538, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Hey, grandma! You wanted me to visit?\nHow’s tomorrow?" } ] }, { "video_id": "Amkg1cdDCpM", "title": "How to survive the apocalypse | Ada, Ep. 1", "description": "On Ada’s first day of her new job at the library, she imagines a post-apocalyptic future. Are we equipped to survive in such a world?\n\n--\n\nThis is episode 1 of the animated series, “Ada.” This 5-episode narrative follows the young library assistant Ada as she juggles two worlds: her daily mundane reality and the future she vividly imagines for all humanity. Traveling through her visions of potential futures, Ada grapples with the ethical and social implications of new technologies and how they could shape the world.\n\nWritten by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Elizabeth Cox & Kirill Yeretsky. \n\nThis video was produced by Should We Studio.\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-survive-the-apocalypse-ada-ep-1\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-survive-the-apocalypse-ada-ep-1/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, and Blas Borde.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-30T16:01:24Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Here we see an early bird and\na night owl in their natural habitats." }, { "start": 11.758, "duration": 4.754, "text": "The early bird rises with the sun,\nspringing out of bed abuzz with energy." }, { "start": 16.512, "duration": 3.462, "text": "As the day goes on, they slowly get\nmore and more exhausted" }, { "start": 19.974, "duration": 2.503, "text": "until finally crashing around sunset." }, { "start": 22.852, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Meanwhile, the night owl rises\nlong after the sun," }, { "start": 26.522, "duration": 1.919, "text": "stumbling groggily from their bed." }, { "start": 28.566, "duration": 2.794, "text": "After about 30 minutes—\nor a cup of coffee—" }, { "start": 31.36, "duration": 1.585, "text": "they begin to come to life." }, { "start": 33.112, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But they don’t really hit their stride\nuntil later in the day," }, { "start": 36.532, "duration": 3.128, "text": "at which point they comfortably\ncoast past sunset," }, { "start": 39.66, "duration": 3.295, "text": "only heading to bed in the early hours\nof the morning." }, { "start": 43.372, "duration": 4.547, "text": "For many, this is a familiar story,\nand one that’s easy to cast yourself in." }, { "start": 48.044, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But how many people are truly\nnight owls or early birds?" }, { "start": 52.298, "duration": 3.921, "text": "And are our natural sleep schedules\npredetermined at birth," }, { "start": 56.219, "duration": 1.835, "text": "or can we change them?" }, { "start": 58.262, "duration": 2.795, "text": "The truth is there’s a lot of space\nbetween these extremes," }, { "start": 61.057, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and most people fall somewhere\nin the middle." }, { "start": 63.351, "duration": 3.962, "text": "These behaviors are determined\nby our circadian system—" }, { "start": 67.313, "duration": 2.503, "text": "which is anchored by a pair\nof nerve cell clusters" }, { "start": 69.816, "duration": 2.669, "text": "located in the anterior hypothalamus." }, { "start": 72.693, "duration": 3.712, "text": "These nerve cells respond to light\nexposure coming in through your eyes" }, { "start": 76.405, "duration": 3.921, "text": "to track the day-night cycle that dictates\nyour body’s internal clock," }, { "start": 80.535, "duration": 1.668, "text": "or circadian rhythm." }, { "start": 82.203, "duration": 4.171, "text": "That steady rhythm helps determine\nthe body’s flow of hormones," }, { "start": 86.541, "duration": 3.461, "text": "with the broader circadian system\nacting like a conductor" }, { "start": 90.002, "duration": 3.254, "text": "that keeps your organs functioning\nin time with one another." }, { "start": 93.464, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And a major part of that performance\nis managing the body’s transitions" }, { "start": 97.301, "duration": 3.17, "text": "between being awake and being asleep." }, { "start": 101.43, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Now, your circadian system can't just\ndecide its bedtime and knock you out." }, { "start": 105.977, "duration": 3.128, "text": "However, by tracking how much\nlight you typically get" }, { "start": 109.105, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and when in your waking hours\nyou usually get it," }, { "start": 111.732, "duration": 3.838, "text": "the system can make predictions about\nwhen you’re likely to need sleep" }, { "start": 115.57, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and prepare your body accordingly." }, { "start": 117.822, "duration": 3.503, "text": "For example, if you consistently\ngo to sleep around 10 pm," }, { "start": 121.325, "duration": 4.38, "text": "your circadian system will start producing\nsleep-inducing melatonin" }, { "start": 125.705, "duration": 4.421, "text": "around two hours before then\nto tell your body it’s time for bed." }, { "start": 130.334, "duration": 2.837, "text": "So if this rhythm is molded\nby our sleep habits," }, { "start": 133.171, "duration": 3.92, "text": "can we change it just by sticking\nto a strict schedule?" }, { "start": 137.216, "duration": 1.001, "text": "To a degree." }, { "start": 138.217, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Everyone’s bodies are unique," }, { "start": 139.844, "duration": 4.212, "text": "so even two people with the same sleep\nschedule might have different experiences" }, { "start": 144.056, "duration": 2.795, "text": "based on their circadian system’s \nhormonal quirks." }, { "start": 147.101, "duration": 5.172, "text": "For example, where early birds generally\nflood with cortisol just before waking up," }, { "start": 152.273, "duration": 5.422, "text": "night owls often have their cortisol peak\nroughly 30 minutes after getting up." }, { "start": 157.945, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Hormonal differences like these determine\nhow you experience your circadian rhythm." }, { "start": 162.241, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And while these factors\ncan shift with age," }, { "start": 164.535, "duration": 3.545, "text": "you’re unlikely to grow out of your body’s\npreferred sleep schedule." }, { "start": 168.664, "duration": 5.339, "text": "That said, you can cultivate habits\nto help or hinder your circadian rhythm." }, { "start": 174.253, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Keeping consistent sleeping hours helps\nyour body accurately predict" }, { "start": 178.507, "duration": 1.502, "text": "when to send out hormones," }, { "start": 180.009, "duration": 2.002, "text": "making it easier to stick\nto your schedule." }, { "start": 182.011, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Conversely, research in sleep deprived\ncollege students" }, { "start": 185.514, "duration": 2.378, "text": "has found their unpredictable\nsleeping habits" }, { "start": 187.892, "duration": 3.086, "text": "weaken their entire circadian system." }, { "start": 191.562, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Compromised circadian rhythms\nare less effective" }, { "start": 194.232, "duration": 3.378, "text": "at coordinating organ functioning\nand can incur health risks" }, { "start": 197.61, "duration": 3.253, "text": "like metabolic disorders\nand vulnerable immune systems." }, { "start": 200.988, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But perhaps just as important\nas sleep hygiene is light hygiene." }, { "start": 205.91, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Getting sufficient contrast between\nbright daylight and dimmer nighttime light" }, { "start": 210.581, "duration": 3.045, "text": "is essential for synchronizing\nyour circadian rhythm," }, { "start": 213.751, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and nothing establishes this contrast\nbetter than sunlight." }, { "start": 218.089, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Even on overcast days, sunlight is much\nbrighter than standard indoor lighting." }, { "start": 223.135, "duration": 2.253, "text": "So if you're typically\nawake during the day," }, { "start": 225.388, "duration": 3.295, "text": "try getting outside as soon as possible\nto teach your body" }, { "start": 228.683, "duration": 2.043, "text": "when to be active and alert." }, { "start": 231.185, "duration": 2.211, "text": "It’s difficult to maintain\na sleep schedule" }, { "start": 233.396, "duration": 2.294, "text": "that pushes against your\nbody’s preferences." }, { "start": 235.773, "duration": 1.96, "text": "And even if you succeed for months," }, { "start": 237.733, "duration": 4.505, "text": "it only takes one bad night to send\nyour circadian system back to baseline." }, { "start": 242.446, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But whether you’re an early bird,\nnight owl, or somewhere in between," }, { "start": 246.492, "duration": 3.378, "text": "it’s important to remember\nthat as long as you’re consistent," }, { "start": 249.87, "duration": 2.92, "text": "there’s no wrong time\nto wake up or go to sleep." }, { "start": 252.957, "duration": 3.545, "text": "What matters most is getting enough rest\nfor the day ahead." } ] }, { "video_id": "anJKMZCVjxs", "title": "Is the Amazon Rainforest disappearing? - Anna Rothschild", "description": "Explore the relationship between the Amazon rainforest and the rest of the planet, and what would happen if it disappeared.\n\n--\n\nAs of 2022, humans have deforested 17% of the Amazon, and scientists warn that we may be approaching a tipping point. It’s like removing bricks from a house: take a few and the house remains standing; remove too many and the whole thing will collapse. So, what would happen if the entire Amazon disappeared? Anna Rothschild explores the relationship between this ecosystem and the rest of the planet.\n\nLesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Upamanyu Bhattacharyya, Otter Studios.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-the-amazon-rainforest-disappeared-anna-rothschild\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-the-amazon-rainforest-disappeared-anna-rothschild/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.otterstudios.org\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, and Heather Slater.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-28T16:01:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Do you ever feel tired? Overwhelmed?" }, { "start": 10.465, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Nervous? Depressed?" }, { "start": 13.509, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Do you have headaches, dizziness,\ncramps, difficulty breathing?" }, { "start": 18.514, "duration": 3.629, "text": "From 300 BCE to the early 1900s," }, { "start": 22.31, "duration": 4.421, "text": "if you answered yes to these questions\nand you had a uterus," }, { "start": 27.69, "duration": 5.089, "text": "a European or American doctor would\nlikely diagnose you with hysteria." }, { "start": 33.488, "duration": 2.252, "text": "No, not mass hysteria. " }, { "start": 36.074, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Ladylike hysteria." }, { "start": 38.659, "duration": 4.797, "text": "The catch-all term “hysteria” was used\nby physicians, who were mostly men," }, { "start": 43.706, "duration": 4.505, "text": "to describe just about any unexplainable\nmedical condition " }, { "start": 48.211, "duration": 2.168, "text": "suffered by female patients." }, { "start": 51.339, "duration": 1.626, "text": "By some interpretations," }, { "start": 52.965, "duration": 3.712, "text": "being a woman was itself\nlong considered a pathology" }, { "start": 56.677, "duration": 2.545, "text": "from which all kinds of problems arose." }, { "start": 59.931, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Throughout its long history,\nhysteria was used as a cultural signifier" }, { "start": 64.769, "duration": 4.88, "text": "for what men with authority found\ncontemptible and incomprehensible" }, { "start": 69.649, "duration": 5.172, "text": "in the behavior of women who lacked,\nor tried to exercise, power." }, { "start": 75.404, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The term hysteria is derived\nfrom the Greek word for uterus," }, { "start": 79.909, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and was first used in the\n4th century BCE." }, { "start": 84.288, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Drawing on earlier Egyptian beliefs,\nand not a great deal of medical rigor," }, { "start": 89.043, "duration": 3.253, "text": "the Greeks viewed hysteria\nas a malady of the womb," }, { "start": 92.505, "duration": 3.962, "text": "arguing that the uterus could dislodge\nand move throughout the body," }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 2.294, "text": "causing a variety of ailments." }, { "start": 99.345, "duration": 4.213, "text": "They believed the uterus wandered\nbecause it longed to bear children," }, { "start": 103.975, "duration": 1.168, "text": "and for that reason," }, { "start": 105.143, "duration": 3.878, "text": "unmarried women were the most likely\nto get a hysteria diagnosis." }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 4.17, "text": "The usual prescription was immediate\nmarriage, impregnation," }, { "start": 114.026, "duration": 2.545, "text": "or the use of uterine fumigations" }, { "start": 116.571, "duration": 3.67, "text": "to entice the rebellious organ\nback into place." }, { "start": 120.658, "duration": 2.044, "text": "By the 2nd century CE," }, { "start": 122.702, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Roman physicians rejected\nthe wandering womb theory." }, { "start": 126.539, "duration": 3.378, "text": "But they still viewed the uterus\nas the source of hysteria," }, { "start": 130.334, "duration": 5.214, "text": "believing, without much evidence, that it\nproduced a secretion similar to semen," }, { "start": 135.673, "duration": 5.047, "text": "which— if not released— corrupted\nthe blood and irritated the nerves." }, { "start": 141.47, "duration": 5.673, "text": "As a result, midwives would often treat\nhysteria by manually inducing orgasms" }, { "start": 147.143, "duration": 1.543, "text": "in female patients." }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 3.67, "text": "By the late Middle Ages, Christianity had\nspread throughout Europe," }, { "start": 152.69, "duration": 4.463, "text": "and its influence had likewise infiltrated\nWestern medical practice." }, { "start": 157.653, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Physicians started to posit that hysteria\nwas a malady not of the womb," }, { "start": 162.491, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but of the soul,\nand reflected Satanic influence." }, { "start": 167.246, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Doctors continued to dismiss women’s\nsymptoms and pain," }, { "start": 170.416, "duration": 5.589, "text": "now misogynistically shifting the blame\nto their supposed inherent weak wills" }, { "start": 176.214, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and susceptibility to sin." }, { "start": 178.633, "duration": 3.837, "text": "This situation worsened through the\n16th and 17th centuries," }, { "start": 182.595, "duration": 4.379, "text": "as women, especially those who didn’t\nconform to social expectations," }, { "start": 187.099, "duration": 5.131, "text": "risked being accused of witchcraft,\nwhich often carried heavy consequences." }, { "start": 192.939, "duration": 2.585, "text": "In late Victorian Europe\nand North America," }, { "start": 195.524, "duration": 4.13, "text": "some medical doctors started arguing\nthat hysteria’s true origin" }, { "start": 199.654, "duration": 4.17, "text": "lay not in the body or soul,\nbut rather, in the mind." }, { "start": 204.575, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Middle class women, facing intense\ndemands of social respectability" }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and strict codes of sexual conduct," }, { "start": 211.123, "duration": 3.129, "text": "were often referred to “nerve doctors”" }, { "start": 214.418, "duration": 3.17, "text": "who’d use isolating and unfounded\nrest cures" }, { "start": 217.588, "duration": 3.045, "text": "to treat any emotional and\npsychological distress." }, { "start": 221.55, "duration": 4.755, "text": "When writing her semi-autobiographical\nshort story, “The Yellow Wallpaper,”" }, { "start": 226.514, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Charlotte Perkins Gilman drew from the\ndistressing treatment she underwent" }, { "start": 230.601, "duration": 3.045, "text": "for her so-called hysterical tendencies." }, { "start": 234.23, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The narrator, suffering from what would\nnow likely be diagnosed" }, { "start": 237.775, "duration": 1.835, "text": "as postpartum depression," }, { "start": 239.61, "duration": 3.128, "text": "describes being confined alone in an attic" }, { "start": 243.072, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and being denied\nany intellectual activity," }, { "start": 245.783, "duration": 2.419, "text": "including reading or writing." }, { "start": 248.911, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Around this same time, Sigmund Freud\nwas rising to fame." }, { "start": 253.833, "duration": 3.336, "text": "He believed hysteria,\nlike other nervous conditions," }, { "start": 257.169, "duration": 3.129, "text": "was caused by repressed emotional trauma." }, { "start": 260.715, "duration": 3.837, "text": "His treatment required drawing these\nmemories out of the unconscious" }, { "start": 264.677, "duration": 2.502, "text": "so they could be acknowledged\nand addressed." }, { "start": 267.888, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Freud also dismissed the idea\nthat hysteria was unique to women." }, { "start": 272.31, "duration": 5.839, "text": "Belief in “male hysteria” became prominent\nduring and after the First World War," }, { "start": 278.149, "duration": 4.546, "text": "but was framed as the more\nmasculine-sounding “shell shock.”" }, { "start": 283.112, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Over the 20th century," }, { "start": 284.947, "duration": 6.215, "text": "the term hysteria was slowly replaced\nby specific, less gendered diagnoses," }, { "start": 291.37, "duration": 4.463, "text": "including anxiety, depression,\nPTSD, and epilepsy." }, { "start": 296.375, "duration": 2.378, "text": "And hysteria was officially removed" }, { "start": 298.753, "duration": 4.879, "text": "from the “Diagnostic and Statistical\nManual of Mental Disorders” in 1980." }, { "start": 304.342, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Today, most scholars argue that the\nblanket disease hysteria" }, { "start": 308.596, "duration": 2.961, "text": "was always a figment\nof doctors’ imaginations." }, { "start": 312.058, "duration": 4.838, "text": "As outright medical sexism declined,\nso did its diagnosis." }, { "start": 317.188, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Nevertheless, its legacy reflects\nWestern medicine’s" }, { "start": 320.649, "duration": 3.17, "text": "long, storied, and ongoing history" }, { "start": 323.903, "duration": 3.67, "text": "of misattributing and trivializing\nwomen’s pain." } ] }, { "video_id": "3svcvmunYn4", "title": "Have we reached the limit of computer power? - Sajan Saini and George Zaidan", "description": "Dig into Moore’s Law and explore its 4 main limitations and how they could change how we are able to make progress in computing.\n\n--\n\nMoore’s Law states that every 1 to 2 years the number of transistors that can fit on a given size computer chip will double. Thanks to this law, chips have gotten smaller, faster, more efficient, and cheaper. But today, there are four key problems that trip up this trend, potentially ending Moore’s Law and fundamentally changing how computing progresses. Sajan Saini and George Zaidan investigate.\n\nLesson by Sajan Saini and George Zaidan, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.\n\nA special thanks to Anuradha Murthy Agarwal who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nArtists and artworks referenced in the animation:\n\"The Persistence of Memory and The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory\" by Salvador Dalí\n\"Composition VIII​\" by Wassily Kandinsky\n​\"Oh Jeff and Girl with Tear III​\" by Roy Lichtenstein\n\"Black Square on a White Background​\" by Kazimir Malevich\n\"Triptych Bleu I, II, III​\" by Joan Miró\nPiet Mondrian\n\"Marilyn\" by Andy Warhol\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/have-we-reached-the-limit-of-computer-power-sajan-saini-and-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/have-we-reached-the-limit-of-computer-power-sajan-saini-and-george-zaidan/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, and alessandra tasso.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-23T16:01:54Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.253, "duration": 5.881, "text": "The average person poops out approximately\n11,030 kilograms of cumulative waste." }, { "start": 13.217, "duration": 2.962, "text": "That's the equivalent\nof more than six SUVs." }, { "start": 16.387, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Now, oftentimes, that poop is brown." }, { "start": 18.89, "duration": 5.213, "text": "But why is that, considering all\nthe colorful comestibles one consumes?" }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And what's going on when poop appears\nin different colors and textures?" }, { "start": 28.983, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Say you’re eating\na beautiful, rainbowy salad." }, { "start": 31.736, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Your teeth and saliva first help\nbreak down the food and add lubrication." }, { "start": 37.45, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Each bite enters your esophagus" }, { "start": 39.535, "duration": 3.921, "text": "and sequential muscle contractions\npush it towards your stomach." }, { "start": 43.915, "duration": 4.421, "text": "There, the mixture combines\nwith the clear, hydrochloric acid" }, { "start": 48.336, "duration": 5.505, "text": "and enzyme-packed digestive juices\nyour stomach started secreting" }, { "start": 54.008, "duration": 1.835, "text": "as you prepared to eat." }, { "start": 56.469, "duration": 5.088, "text": "These juices further degrade your food,\nand once your stomach stops churning," }, { "start": 61.557, "duration": 3.921, "text": "its partially digested contents,\ncalled chyme," }, { "start": 65.52, "duration": 3.044, "text": "slowly empty into your small intestine." }, { "start": 68.981, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Your pancreas releases another clear fluid\nloaded with even more enzymes," }, { "start": 73.945, "duration": 4.88, "text": "which get to work breaking carbohydrates\ndown into monosaccharides," }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and proteins into amino acids\nand peptides." }, { "start": 83.538, "duration": 3.461, "text": "At this point, your liver also sends\nin bile," }, { "start": 86.999, "duration": 1.627, "text": "which is tinted yellow." }, { "start": 89.043, "duration": 4.004, "text": "It contains salts that help\nseparate the fats from your food" }, { "start": 93.047, "duration": 4.254, "text": "so enzymes can also transform them\ninto smaller units," }, { "start": 97.301, "duration": 3.045, "text": "like monoglycerides and fatty acids." }, { "start": 100.429, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Specific intestinal cells can then absorb\nthese nutrients into the bloodstream." }, { "start": 106.978, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Bile is especially important\non the color front." }, { "start": 110.773, "duration": 4.963, "text": "The reason it's yellow is because one\nof its major components is bilirubin," }, { "start": 116.07, "duration": 4.588, "text": "a yellowy compound produced\nby the breakdown of hemoglobin," }, { "start": 120.658, "duration": 4.046, "text": "the protein that helps your\nred blood cells transport oxygen." }, { "start": 125.204, "duration": 2.92, "text": "By this point, the digestive\nsystem has broken down" }, { "start": 128.124, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and absorbed lots of nutrients\nand added bile to the mix," }, { "start": 132.628, "duration": 4.255, "text": "so we’ve gone from a rainbow medley\nto a greenish-yellow liquid." }, { "start": 137.008, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But the transformation isn’t yet complete." }, { "start": 139.802, "duration": 2.878, "text": "This mixture then reaches\nthe large intestine," }, { "start": 142.722, "duration": 4.421, "text": "where microbes break the bilirubin\ndown into stercobilin." }, { "start": 147.351, "duration": 4.922, "text": "This compound is brown, and it's what\nlends poop its classic color." }, { "start": 152.481, "duration": 3.379, "text": "The large intestine\nthen absorbs excess water," }, { "start": 155.902, "duration": 4.045, "text": "and the semi-solid brown mass\nis soon ready for excretion." }, { "start": 160.239, "duration": 2.962, "text": "But of course,\nit doesn’t always go this way." }, { "start": 163.534, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Our bodies have a hard time\nprocessing certain pigments." }, { "start": 169.123, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Red beets, for example,\nare packed with betanins—" }, { "start": 173.377, "duration": 5.589, "text": "large, pigmented molecules that our bodies\nonly absorb about half the time," }, { "start": 179.383, "duration": 2.378, "text": "leading to red-tinged waste." }, { "start": 182.011, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Indeed, loading up on any one kind\nof colorful food" }, { "start": 186.224, "duration": 4.963, "text": "can overwhelm the usual processes\nthat degrade and absorb the pigment," }, { "start": 191.187, "duration": 2.502, "text": "resulting in poos of different hues." }, { "start": 193.856, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Meanwhile, certain medicines that treat\nupset stomachs may contain bismuth," }, { "start": 199.403, "duration": 5.339, "text": "which reacts with sulfur in the\ndigestive tract to form bismuth sulfide," }, { "start": 204.784, "duration": 2.127, "text": "turning poop pitch-black." }, { "start": 207.203, "duration": 4.046, "text": "None of these color shift\nscenarios are cause for concern," }, { "start": 211.249, "duration": 3.128, "text": "but some changes in poop characteristics" }, { "start": 214.377, "duration": 2.878, "text": "can indicate when something’s\nnot quite right." }, { "start": 217.713, "duration": 5.798, "text": "Ideally, poop is brown, semi-soft,\nsausage shaped, and easy to pass." }, { "start": 223.803, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Constipation can be a sign\nof dehydration, insufficient fiber," }, { "start": 228.557, "duration": 2.628, "text": "or another digestive disruption." }, { "start": 231.477, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And diarrhea might be greenish" }, { "start": 233.771, "duration": 3.545, "text": "because it traversed the digestive tract\ntoo quickly" }, { "start": 237.316, "duration": 4.129, "text": "for bacteria to transform bilirubin\ninto stercobilin." }, { "start": 241.612, "duration": 4.546, "text": "This might happen because of disturbances\nincluding food intolerances," }, { "start": 246.158, "duration": 3.295, "text": "infections, and inflammatory diseases." }, { "start": 249.745, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Yellow, smelly, floating poops\ncould mean the pancreas" }, { "start": 253.582, "duration": 4.463, "text": "isn’t producing all the digestive\nenzymes needed to break down fats" }, { "start": 258.045, "duration": 1.835, "text": "in the small intestine." }, { "start": 260.131, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Pale poop may come to pass when bile\nisn't entering the small intestine," }, { "start": 265.428, "duration": 3.753, "text": "suggesting a liver, gallbladder,\nor pancreas problem." }, { "start": 269.598, "duration": 4.255, "text": "And red or black poop can indicate\ninternal bleeding" }, { "start": 273.853, "duration": 3.545, "text": "from any number\nof intestinal abnormalities." }, { "start": 278.316, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Considering how small changes\nin diet and lifestyle" }, { "start": 281.861, "duration": 2.669, "text": "can cause big shifts\nin bowel movements," }, { "start": 284.655, "duration": 4.421, "text": "a couple days of colorful poops,\nconstipation, or diarrhea" }, { "start": 289.076, "duration": 1.627, "text": "are generally benign." }, { "start": 291.12, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But it’s worth monitoring the situation\nin case things don’t return to normal" }, { "start": 296.0, "duration": 1.293, "text": "within a week." }, { "start": 297.293, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In those scenarios, it's a good idea\nto get a doctor on the case." }, { "start": 301.797, "duration": 5.673, "text": "Blood, discomfort, and persistent\nconstipation, diarrhea, narrow poops," }, { "start": 307.511, "duration": 2.878, "text": "or lack of relief from bowel movements" }, { "start": 310.389, "duration": 3.212, "text": "can indicate more serious\ndigestive issues." }, { "start": 314.143, "duration": 5.631, "text": "This includes blockages, inflammation,\nbowel diseases, and cancers." }, { "start": 320.107, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Your bowels will only benefit\nfrom early intervention." }, { "start": 324.195, "duration": 4.212, "text": "So, don’t be afraid to take to the toilet,\nface your feces," }, { "start": 328.407, "duration": 1.543, "text": "and examine your excrement." }, { "start": 330.117, "duration": 1.71, "text": "There’s nothing to be ashamed of—" }, { "start": 331.869, "duration": 5.047, "text": "but lots to learn about the colorful\nchoreography going on inside." } ] }, { "video_id": "2fyX600dL2g", "title": "What actually causes high cholesterol? - Hei Man Chan", "description": "Travel into the digestive system to learn about cholesterol, and find out what the difference is between LDL and HDL cholesterol.\n\n--\n\nIn 1968, the American Heart Association made an announcement that would influence people’s diets for decades: they recommended that people avoid eating more than three eggs a week. Their reasoning was that the cholesterol packed into egg yolks could increase cardiovascular disease risk. So, what exactly is cholesterol? And is it actually bad for you? Hei Man Chan digs into this complex molecule.\n\nLesson by Hei Man Chan, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-actually-causes-high-cholesterol-hei-man-chan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-actually-causes-high-cholesterol-hei-man-chan/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, and Akinola Emmanuel.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-21T16:00:52Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Imagine you live in a remote village\nwhere the only source of water" }, { "start": 11.674, "duration": 2.086, "text": "is delivered monthly by truck." }, { "start": 13.926, "duration": 2.169, "text": "This, of course, costs money." }, { "start": 16.262, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But then you discover a massive\nwater source below the village:" }, { "start": 20.975, "duration": 3.545, "text": "limitless water,\nbut currently unreachable." }, { "start": 24.896, "duration": 2.544, "text": "To access it, you’d need to dig a well." }, { "start": 27.69, "duration": 3.712, "text": "That would cost years’ worth\nof water trucking fees," }, { "start": 31.611, "duration": 5.422, "text": "But once built, you and all future\ngenerations would have unlimited water—" }, { "start": 37.033, "duration": 3.503, "text": "for only the minor cost\nof maintaining the well." }, { "start": 41.12, "duration": 2.044, "text": "So, what’s the best way forward?" }, { "start": 43.206, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Continue trucking in water?\nOr build the well?" }, { "start": 47.043, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Is the trillion dollar price tag" }, { "start": 49.462, "duration": 3.587, "text": "that comes with transitioning the world\nto clean energy" }, { "start": 53.091, "duration": 1.751, "text": "worth the cost of investment?" }, { "start": 55.343, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Like the trucked in water,\nfossil fuels aren't free." }, { "start": 59.013, "duration": 4.213, "text": "There are the costs of the actual fuels,\nwhich, adjusted for inflation," }, { "start": 63.226, "duration": 2.586, "text": "haven't changed much for 140 years." }, { "start": 65.937, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And then there are the costs\nof maintaining and updating" }, { "start": 69.232, "duration": 2.794, "text": "our extensive fossil fuel infrastructure." }, { "start": 72.36, "duration": 1.084, "text": "On the other hand," }, { "start": 73.444, "duration": 5.089, "text": "the wind, water, and sunlight needed\nto power renewables are all free" }, { "start": 78.658, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and in unlimited supply," }, { "start": 80.785, "duration": 3.086, "text": "just like the village’s\nnewly discovered water table." }, { "start": 84.163, "duration": 4.755, "text": "There’s just the upfront cost of building\ninfrastructure to harness them." }, { "start": 89.252, "duration": 2.669, "text": "To fully transition to a green economy," }, { "start": 91.921, "duration": 4.254, "text": "we'd also need to invest\nin electrifying entire industries," }, { "start": 96.3, "duration": 2.378, "text": "building new renewable energy plants," }, { "start": 98.845, "duration": 3.586, "text": "deploying large-scale\nenergy storage, and more." }, { "start": 103.182, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Back in the early 2000s," }, { "start": 105.101, "duration": 5.422, "text": "most economic models predicted\nthose costs to be completely impractical" }, { "start": 110.523, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and prohibitively expensive." }, { "start": 112.984, "duration": 3.545, "text": "For example, one model estimated\nthat solar power" }, { "start": 116.529, "duration": 5.631, "text": "would be about $157 per megawatt-hour\nin the 2020s," }, { "start": 122.243, "duration": 3.545, "text": "which is far more expensive\nthan coal was projected to cost." }, { "start": 126.289, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But a slow revolution has been happening\nover the past two decades." }, { "start": 131.419, "duration": 5.756, "text": "In the early 2000, some countries like\nGermany and China and some tech companies" }, { "start": 137.216, "duration": 4.38, "text": "decided to invest huge sums of money\nin solar infrastructure." }, { "start": 141.679, "duration": 2.461, "text": "This led to more research and development," }, { "start": 144.14, "duration": 2.544, "text": "which brought the costs down far below" }, { "start": 146.684, "duration": 3.003, "text": "what even the most optimistic model\nhad predicted." }, { "start": 150.354, "duration": 5.881, "text": "Today, solar is 84% cheaper than that\nearly model projected it would be—" }, { "start": 156.444, "duration": 4.254, "text": "making it cheaper than power from coal\nin much of the world." }, { "start": 160.948, "duration": 4.004, "text": "This change is so dramatic that some\neconomists now think" }, { "start": 164.952, "duration": 4.755, "text": "switching to renewable energy quickly\ncould save trillions of dollars" }, { "start": 169.707, "duration": 3.712, "text": "in the next three decades—\ndespite the upfront cost." }, { "start": 173.711, "duration": 3.378, "text": "And of course, there’s another\nimportant cost to consider." }, { "start": 177.423, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Global warming is very, very expensive:" }, { "start": 180.968, "duration": 5.005, "text": "extreme weather, rising sea levels,\ncrop failures, health issues," }, { "start": 185.973, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and industry disruptions\nall cost money." }, { "start": 189.81, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Coming back to our village example," }, { "start": 191.896, "duration": 2.753, "text": "it would be as if the more\nwater you truck in," }, { "start": 194.732, "duration": 2.669, "text": "the more that traffic degrades the road—" }, { "start": 197.568, "duration": 5.756, "text": "ruts get deeper, sides erode, maybe part\nof it falls away in a landslide." }, { "start": 203.366, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Eventually the road would become unusable." }, { "start": 206.994, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Economists have also tried to predict\nhow expensive future warming will be." }, { "start": 212.75, "duration": 5.839, "text": "The widely cited DICE model posits that\nthe cost of climate change-induced damage" }, { "start": 218.714, "duration": 6.173, "text": "rises approximately as a function\nof global average temperatures squared." }, { "start": 225.096, "duration": 6.965, "text": "So if temperatures rise by two degrees,\ncosts rise by roughly a factor of four." }, { "start": 232.436, "duration": 5.589, "text": "In other words, these models assume that\ncosts will rise smoothly and continuously." }, { "start": 238.317, "duration": 4.38, "text": " But many economists today\nargue that assumption is wrong," }, { "start": 242.697, "duration": 4.838, "text": "because it ignores catastrophic\nevents like the collapse of the Amazon," }, { "start": 247.535, "duration": 2.669, "text": "melting of polar and Greenland ice," }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and widespread crop failures,\njust to name a few." }, { "start": 254.417, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Any of these would cause huge,\nsharp spikes in costs." }, { "start": 258.963, "duration": 4.004, "text": "In fact, the US government keeps track\nof climate disasters" }, { "start": 262.967, "duration": 3.211, "text": "that incur more than $1 billion\nin damages," }, { "start": 266.178, "duration": 5.881, "text": "and since 1980 they’ve already\nrecorded 400 of these events." }, { "start": 272.435, "duration": 5.881, "text": "The total bill is estimated to be\nan eye-watering $2.8 trillion—" }, { "start": 278.441, "duration": 1.626, "text": "just in the US." }, { "start": 280.443, "duration": 4.963, "text": "For decades, the argument in favor\nof transitioning to a green economy" }, { "start": 285.406, "duration": 4.171, "text": "was “let’s take the financial hit now;\nit’s hard," }, { "start": 289.577, "duration": 3.378, "text": "but it’ll protect the world\nfor future generations.”" }, { "start": 293.122, "duration": 5.547, "text": "But that argument relied on economic\nmodeling that underestimated the costs" }, { "start": 298.669, "duration": 4.546, "text": "of a warming world and overestimated\nthe costs of transitioning." }, { "start": 303.507, "duration": 3.128, "text": "We now know the economic outlook\nis different." }, { "start": 306.844, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Making the investment to transition" }, { "start": 308.846, "duration": 3.086, "text": "not only protects the world\nfor future generations," }, { "start": 312.016, "duration": 3.879, "text": " it also saves us money\nin our own lifetime." }, { "start": 316.312, "duration": 3.17, "text": "It's just the most logical thing to do." } ] }, { "video_id": "YiiLg_KbZDM", "title": "The history of the world according to rats - Max G. Levy", "description": "Trace the history of rats, from their emergence in Asia to how they became the most successful invasive species in the world.\n\n--\n\nToday, rats are often regarded as the most successful invasive species in the world. The most common species of rat scurried onto the scene roughly 1 to 3 million years ago in Asia. There, they craftily survived Earth’s most recent ice age, and eventually, began living around and with humans— though often at the mercy of human priorities. Max G. Levy traces the entangled history of human and rat.\n\nLesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history-of-the-world-according-to-rats-max-g-levy\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history-of-the-world-according-to-rats-max-g-levy/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, and Ujjwal Dasu.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-16T16:01:06Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.212, "text": "If you were to place all the rice consumed\neach year on one side of a scale," }, { "start": 11.215, "duration": 2.211, "text": "and every person in the world\non the other," }, { "start": 13.426, "duration": 2.544, "text": "the scale would tip heavily\ntowards rice's favor." }, { "start": 16.095, "duration": 5.255, "text": "This beloved crop contributes over 20% of\nthe calories consumed by humans each year." }, { "start": 21.934, "duration": 5.756, "text": "Korean bibimbap, Nigerian jollof,\nIndian biryani, Spanish paella," }, { "start": 27.69, "duration": 4.338, "text": "and countless other culinary masterpieces\nall begin with rice." }, { "start": 32.028, "duration": 3.211, "text": "So how did this humble grain\nend up in so many cuisines?" }, { "start": 35.99, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The roots of rice go back thousands\nof years to when early farmers" }, { "start": 39.118, "duration": 5.172, "text": "in Asia, Africa, and South America\neach independently domesticated the crop." }, { "start": 44.582, "duration": 1.502, "text": "First came Asian rice," }, { "start": 46.084, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which many plant geneticists believe\noriginated in what's now China." }, { "start": 50.338, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Over 10,000 years ago,\nnomadic hunters in the region" }, { "start": 53.549, "duration": 3.003, "text": "began gathering and eating seeds\nfrom a weedy grass." }, { "start": 56.761, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Then, around 9,000 years ago,\nthey started planting these seeds," }, { "start": 61.099, "duration": 3.586, "text": "prompting nomadic hunters to settle\ninto farming communities." }, { "start": 64.811, "duration": 2.961, "text": "With each harvest, growers selected\nand replanted seeds" }, { "start": 67.772, "duration": 2.252, "text": "from the rice plants\nthat pleased them most—" }, { "start": 70.024, "duration": 4.254, "text": "like those with bigger and more plentiful\ngrains or aromatic flavors." }, { "start": 74.654, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Over millennia, thousands of varieties\nof Asian rice emerged." }, { "start": 78.741, "duration": 3.962, "text": "A relative of the same weedy grass\nwas also domesticated in Africa" }, { "start": 82.703, "duration": 1.836, "text": "around 3,000 years ago." }, { "start": 84.872, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Today, its growth is mostly limited\nto West Africa." }, { "start": 88.501, "duration": 4.296, "text": "South American growers also domesticated\nrice around 4,000 years ago," }, { "start": 92.797, "duration": 3.378, "text": "though the crop was lost\nafter the arrival of Europeans." }, { "start": 96.384, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Asian rice, however, spread widely," }, { "start": 98.678, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and is now a cornerstone of diet\nand culture in Asia and beyond." }, { "start": 102.932, "duration": 4.588, "text": "In India and Nepal, many Hindus mark\nan infant's transition to solid foods" }, { "start": 107.52, "duration": 2.336, "text": "with a ceremony known as Annaprashan," }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 2.377, "text": "where the baby tastes rice\nfor the first time." }, { "start": 112.4, "duration": 3.587, "text": "in Japan, rice is so central to diets\nthat the word \"gohan\"" }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 2.294, "text": "means both \"cooked rice\" and \"meal.\"" }, { "start": 118.531, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The global expansion of rice cultivation\nwas only possible" }, { "start": 121.701, "duration": 2.335, "text": "because the plant can grow\nin many climates—" }, { "start": 124.036, "duration": 1.836, "text": "from tropical to temperate." }, { "start": 126.164, "duration": 4.004, "text": "As a semi-aquatic plant, rice happily\ngrows in submerged soils." }, { "start": 130.418, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Many other crops can't survive\nin standing water" }, { "start": 133.004, "duration": 4.546, "text": "because their root cells rely on air\nwithin soil to access oxygen." }, { "start": 137.717, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But rice plants have air channels\nin their roots that allow oxygen to travel" }, { "start": 141.679, "duration": 3.128, "text": "from the leaves and stems\nto the submerged tissues." }, { "start": 145.016, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Traditionally, growers plant\nrice in paddy fields—" }, { "start": 147.935, "duration": 3.754, "text": "flat land submerged under as much\nas 10 centimeters of water" }, { "start": 151.689, "duration": 1.46, "text": "throughout the growing season." }, { "start": 153.274, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This practice returns high yields\nsince many competing weeds" }, { "start": 156.861, "duration": 2.21, "text": "can't hack it in the aquatic environment." }, { "start": 159.071, "duration": 2.378, "text": "But the technique is also water intensive." }, { "start": 161.657, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Rice covers 11% of global cropland," }, { "start": 164.41, "duration": 2.961, "text": "but uses over a third\nof the world's irrigation water." }, { "start": 167.747, "duration": 2.294, "text": "This form of rice production\nalso pumps out" }, { "start": 170.041, "duration": 2.502, "text": "a surprising amount\nof greenhouse gas emissions." }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Flooded fields are the perfect breeding\ngrounds for microorganisms" }, { "start": 176.339, "duration": 1.501, "text": "known as methanogens." }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 3.921, "text": "These microscopic lifeforms thrive\nin environments lacking oxygen," }, { "start": 182.053, "duration": 3.17, "text": "because they evolved when the Earth\ncontained little of this gas." }, { "start": 185.264, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Methanogens are the only organisms\nknown to produce methane—" }, { "start": 188.976, "duration": 4.088, "text": "a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent\nthan carbon dioxide" }, { "start": 193.064, "duration": 2.335, "text": "at trapping heat in the atmosphere." }, { "start": 195.483, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Cows, for example, are infamous\nfor burping out methane" }, { "start": 198.611, "duration": 2.127, "text": "due to methanogens in their stomachs." }, { "start": 200.738, "duration": 4.588, "text": "In a flooded paddy field, methanogens set\nto work eating away at organic material" }, { "start": 205.326, "duration": 2.711, "text": "in the submerged soil\nand multiplying rapidly," }, { "start": 208.037, "duration": 2.794, "text": "all the while releasing copious amounts\nof methane." }, { "start": 211.04, "duration": 3.378, "text": "The result: rice cultivation\ncontributes around 12%" }, { "start": 214.418, "duration": 2.878, "text": "of human-caused methane\nemissions each year." }, { "start": 217.755, "duration": 1.293, "text": "But there's good news." }, { "start": 219.048, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Rice doesn't actually need to grow\nin continuously flooded paddies." }, { "start": 222.885, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Researchers and growers are exploring\nwater management strategies" }, { "start": 226.18, "duration": 2.586, "text": "that can cut the methane\nwhile keeping the yield." }, { "start": 229.1, "duration": 3.295, "text": "One promising technique is known\nas alternate wetting and drying." }, { "start": 232.52, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Growers periodically let\nthe water level drop," }, { "start": 234.981, "duration": 2.168, "text": "which keeps methanogen growth in check." }, { "start": 237.358, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Alternate wetting and drying\ncan cut water use by 30%" }, { "start": 240.82, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and methane emissions\nby 30 to 70% without impacting yield." }, { "start": 245.241, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Greenhouse gases come from many—\nsometimes unexpected— places." }, { "start": 249.203, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Making rice growing more sustainable\nis just one of the many challenges" }, { "start": 252.999, "duration": 2.585, "text": "we'll need to face\nto avoid catastrophic warming." }, { "start": 256.127, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Today, many rice growers still\nflood fields all season long." }, { "start": 260.506, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Changing millennia-old practices\nrequires a major mindset shift." }, { "start": 264.719, "duration": 2.836, "text": "But going against the grain could be\njust what we need" }, { "start": 267.555, "duration": 2.919, "text": "to keep our planet healthy\nand our bowls full." } ] }, { "video_id": "wefiAkgs09M", "title": "One of the most controversial medical procedures in history - Jenell Johnson", "description": "Uncover the history of the lobotomy, and find out why it's considered one of the most controversial procedures of the 20th century.\n\n--\n\nIn 1935, researchers found that after removing the frontal lobes of two chimps, they no longer experienced frustration or anxiety. Neurologist Egas Moniz believed that replicating this in humans could cure mental illness— leading to one of the most controversial and destructive medical treatments of the 20th century: the lobotomy. Jenell Johnson uncovers the history of the procedure.\n\nLesson by Jenell Johnson, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-most-controversial-medical-procedures-in-history-jenell-johnson\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-most-controversial-medical-procedures-in-history-jenell-johnson/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, and Samyogita Hardikar.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-14T16:01:15Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Ebola is one of the deadliest\nviruses we know of." }, { "start": 10.506, "duration": 3.879, "text": "If left untreated, it kills\nabout half of those it infects." }, { "start": 14.594, "duration": 3.17, "text": "It can spread through pretty much\nevery fluid your body makes," }, { "start": 17.764, "duration": 2.043, "text": "including blood and sweat." }, { "start": 20.099, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Even the dead can transmit the disease,\noften doing so at their own funerals." }, { "start": 25.521, "duration": 6.423, "text": "On December 26th, 2013, a two-year-old boy\nin southern Guinea got sick." }, { "start": 32.32, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Just two days later, he died." }, { "start": 35.073, "duration": 3.378, "text": "It took local doctors working \nwith the international community" }, { "start": 38.451, "duration": 3.545, "text": "four months to discover \nthat Ebola was to blame," }, { "start": 41.996, "duration": 4.797, "text": "largely because it had never before been\ndetected outside of Central Africa." }, { "start": 47.251, "duration": 4.964, "text": "In those four months, Ebola gained \na head start that would prove devastating." }, { "start": 52.34, "duration": 2.627, "text": "The outbreak lasted two years" }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and mushroomed into the largest\nEbola epidemic in recorded history." }, { "start": 59.889, "duration": 6.256, "text": "More than 28,000 people contracted\nthe disease and over 11,000 died." }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 5.297, "text": "In 2013, Guinea had no formal\nemergency response system," }, { "start": 72.026, "duration": 3.462, "text": "few trained contact tracers,\nand no rapid tests," }, { "start": 75.488, "duration": 3.503, "text": "border screenings,\nor licensed vaccine for Ebola." }, { "start": 79.117, "duration": 2.127, "text": "After that epidemic, Guinea," }, { "start": 81.244, "duration": 3.169, "text": "with the support of the US \nand other international partners," }, { "start": 84.413, "duration": 3.796, "text": "completely overhauled \ntheir epidemic response system." }, { "start": 88.376, "duration": 6.298, "text": "And in January 2021, that system\nfaced its first real test." }, { "start": 94.966, "duration": 5.046, "text": "It started when a nurse in southern Guinea\ndeveloped a headache, vomiting, and fever." }, { "start": 100.471, "duration": 1.877, "text": "A few days later, she died." }, { "start": 102.473, "duration": 3.045, "text": "As dictated by traditional\nburial practices," }, { "start": 105.518, "duration": 2.753, "text": "her family prepared her body \nfor the funeral." }, { "start": 108.479, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Within a week, the nurse’s husband\nand other family members" }, { "start": 111.774, "duration": 2.336, "text": "started experiencing symptoms." }, { "start": 114.443, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Health officials suspected Ebola much\nquicker than in 2013 and ordered tests." }, { "start": 120.575, "duration": 1.293, "text": "They came back positive," }, { "start": 121.868, "duration": 3.878, "text": "and Guinea activated its epidemic \nalert system the next day." }, { "start": 126.205, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Then, lots of things\nhappened very quickly." }, { "start": 129.375, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Guinea’s National Agency \nfor Health Security" }, { "start": 132.086, "duration": 4.254, "text": "activated 38 district-level \nemergency operations centers," }, { "start": 136.34, "duration": 1.794, "text": "as well as a national one." }, { "start": 138.551, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Teams of epidemiologists and\ncontact tracers began the painstaking job" }, { "start": 143.264, "duration": 3.503, "text": "of figuring out exactly who was\nexposed and when," }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 6.048, "text": "generating a list of 23 initial contacts\nthat quickly grew to over 1,100." }, { "start": 153.608, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Advanced rapid testing capacity spun \nup in the city where the outbreak started." }, { "start": 158.529, "duration": 3.087, "text": "At Guinea’s borders\nwith Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire," }, { "start": 161.616, "duration": 3.712, "text": "public health workers screened\nmore than 2 million travelers." }, { "start": 165.494, "duration": 3.003, "text": "A large-scale vaccination\ncampaign was started." }, { "start": 168.497, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And, finally, more than 900\ncommunity mobilizers" }, { "start": 171.959, "duration": 1.835, "text": "alerted people of the outbreak" }, { "start": 173.794, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and suggested alternative burial practices\nthat were acceptable to the community" }, { "start": 178.591, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and reduced the risk of spreading Ebola." }, { "start": 182.678, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Thanks to all these measures," }, { "start": 184.472, "duration": 4.588, "text": "the 2021 outbreak ended\njust four months after it began." }, { "start": 189.185, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Only 23 people contracted Ebola;\nonly 12 died." }, { "start": 193.689, "duration": 4.296, "text": "That's less than 1% of the deaths\nin the prior outbreak." }, { "start": 198.736, "duration": 4.755, "text": "The 2021 outbreak cost \n$100 million to control—" }, { "start": 203.491, "duration": 3.587, "text": "which sounds like a lot\nbut pales in comparison" }, { "start": 207.078, "duration": 3.67, "text": "to the global economic cost\nof the previous outbreak:" }, { "start": 210.748, "duration": 2.211, "text": "$53 billion." }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 3.67, "text": "So should every country just copy\nGuinea’s approach?" }, { "start": 218.464, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Not exactly." }, { "start": 219.966, "duration": 3.67, "text": "It is always important to respond\nto an outbreak quickly," }, { "start": 223.636, "duration": 2.336, "text": "so an early warning system is essential." }, { "start": 226.18, "duration": 3.378, "text": "But beyond that, a successful response\ncan look very different" }, { "start": 229.558, "duration": 2.795, "text": "for different diseases \nin different countries." }, { "start": 232.895, "duration": 3.67, "text": "For example, Brazil quenched\nan outbreak of yellow fever," }, { "start": 236.565, "duration": 2.044, "text": "which is spread by mosquitoes," }, { "start": 238.609, "duration": 3.879, "text": "primarily by mounting a massive\nvaccination campaign." }, { "start": 242.613, "duration": 1.919, "text": "That strategy worked well for Brazil" }, { "start": 244.532, "duration": 3.92, "text": "because it’s one of the major global\nproducers of the yellow fever vaccine," }, { "start": 248.452, "duration": 4.338, "text": "and its population was accustomed\nto regular, routine vaccinations." }, { "start": 253.04, "duration": 4.213, "text": "But for many diseases, you don't even\nneed a mass vaccination program." }, { "start": 257.42, "duration": 6.381, "text": "In August of 2021, a truck driver tested\npositive for cholera in Burkina Faso." }, { "start": 264.051, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Health care workers alerted \nthe government that same day" }, { "start": 267.054, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and contact tracing began immediately." }, { "start": 270.266, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Cholera is caused by a bacterium," }, { "start": 273.519, "duration": 5.422, "text": "so Burkina Faso gave antibiotics to those\nexposed or potentially exposed." }, { "start": 278.941, "duration": 3.379, "text": "This extremely fast response \nstopped the outbreak" }, { "start": 282.32, "duration": 2.46, "text": "just a few weeks after it started." }, { "start": 285.156, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Cholera often rears its head\nin West Africa—" }, { "start": 288.159, "duration": 6.882, "text": "in 2021, there were over 100,000 cases\nand more than 3,700 deaths." }, { "start": 295.291, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Because Burkina Faso was so well prepared,\nthey had zero deaths that year." }, { "start": 300.338, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Zero." }, { "start": 301.756, "duration": 3.253, "text": "In Chiang Mai, Thailand, \nhealth officials piloted" }, { "start": 305.009, "duration": 3.754, "text": "a community-owned, community-driven\noutbreak alert system" }, { "start": 308.763, "duration": 1.793, "text": "to monitor animal health—" }, { "start": 310.556, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that’s important because some\nanimal outbreaks have the potential" }, { "start": 313.851, "duration": 3.337, "text": "to spill over and become human outbreaks." }, { "start": 317.563, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Villagers used an app to alert health\nauthorities about outbreaks in animals." }, { "start": 322.735, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Over the course of 16 months,\n36 animal outbreaks were identified." }, { "start": 328.407, "duration": 2.711, "text": "For any outbreak response system\nto be effective," }, { "start": 331.118, "duration": 5.297, "text": "it needs to be trusted, valued,\nand ultimately used by communities." }, { "start": 336.415, "duration": 3.921, "text": "That means reaching people where they are,\nin the language they speak," }, { "start": 340.336, "duration": 4.629, "text": "and aware of the culture, beliefs,\nand practices with which they live." }, { "start": 345.216, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Perhaps most importantly, we can't\nexpect to do nothing for years" }, { "start": 349.261, "duration": 3.546, "text": "and then just swing into action\nwhen an outbreak occurs." }, { "start": 352.848, "duration": 5.13, "text": "One of the best ways to save lives is to\ninvest in lasting health infrastructure," }, { "start": 357.978, "duration": 3.421, "text": "365 days a year, for everyone," }, { "start": 361.399, "duration": 2.877, "text": "especially the most vulnerable among us." } ] }, { "video_id": "Kgifhh4pQ10", "title": "The dark history of arsenic - Neil Bradbury", "description": "Dig into the history of arsenic dating back to ancient civilizations, and find out why this element is known as the king of poisons.\n\n--\n\nNo substance has been as constant an ally to insidious scheming as arsenic, the so-called “king of poisons.” In its chemically pure form, it isn’t much of a threat because our bodies don’t absorb it well; it’s when arsenic combines with other elements that things get dangerous. So, how did this substance become such a popular poison? Neil Bradbury digs into the element's sordid and lethal history.\n\nLesson by Neil Bradbury, directed by Luisa Holanda.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dark-history-of-arsenic-neil-bradbury\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dark-history-of-arsenic-neil-bradbury/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.luisaholanda.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, and Adrian Rotaru.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-09T16:01:51Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.587, "text": "After witnessing a bird carrying\na single golden hair," }, { "start": 10.59, "duration": 5.839, "text": "King Mark of Cornwall declared his future\nbride must have equally radiant locks." }, { "start": 16.554, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Unfortunately, the only royal matching\nthis description" }, { "start": 20.433, "duration": 2.502, "text": "was Princess Isolde of Ireland—" }, { "start": 22.935, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Cornwall’s sworn enemy." }, { "start": 25.521, "duration": 4.547, "text": "But the king had a plan to replace\nthis old grudge with new love." }, { "start": 30.193, "duration": 3.545, "text": "He’d heard rumors of a dragon\nterrorizing Ireland." }, { "start": 33.738, "duration": 5.672, "text": "So he sent Tristan— his bravest knight,\nloving nephew, and loyal heir—" }, { "start": 39.41, "duration": 4.338, "text": "to slay the beast and extend an olive\nbranch to Ireland's royal family." }, { "start": 44.499, "duration": 3.378, "text": "As soon as Tristan landed,\nthe dragon attacked." }, { "start": 48.002, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Dodging poisonous venom\nand blasts of fire," }, { "start": 51.172, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the knight eventually struck a fatal blow,\nslicing off the beast’s tongue" }, { "start": 55.968, "duration": 1.877, "text": "as proof of his victory." }, { "start": 57.97, "duration": 4.338, "text": "But when he grasped his trophy,\nthe poison seeped into his skin." }, { "start": 62.642, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Writhing in agony,\nTristan feared for his life." }, { "start": 66.687, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Yet a savior was soon upon him—\nPrincess Isolde herself." }, { "start": 71.651, "duration": 3.879, "text": "A talented healer\nversed in every herb and antidote," }, { "start": 75.53, "duration": 3.753, "text": "she carried him to the palace\nand nursed the knight back to health." }, { "start": 80.118, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Upon waking, Tristan was captivated\nby his caretaker." }, { "start": 84.288, "duration": 3.629, "text": "But he pushed these feelings aside\nand stuck to the plan." }, { "start": 88.126, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The king and queen were heartened\nby the prospect of peace," }, { "start": 91.379, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and Isolde was impressed by the knight’s\nbravery both in court and combat." }, { "start": 96.634, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Intrigued, she agreed to accompany\nTristan home and marry his king." }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 1.543, "text": "At the start of their journey," }, { "start": 103.391, "duration": 3.044, "text": "the knight and the princess kept\na respectful distance." }, { "start": 106.561, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But when Isolde went to retrieve water\nfrom their supplies," }, { "start": 109.814, "duration": 3.337, "text": "she mistakenly grabbed a chalice\nprepared by her mother." }, { "start": 113.276, "duration": 3.753, "text": "It contained a love potion,\nintended for her wedding night." }, { "start": 117.113, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And after Tristan and Isolde\ndrained the bottle," }, { "start": 120.116, "duration": 3.712, "text": "neither could continue hiding\ntheir true feelings." }, { "start": 124.12, "duration": 3.962, "text": "By the time they reached Cornwall,\nthe potion’s effect had worn off," }, { "start": 128.082, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but the lovers knew there\nwas no turning back." }, { "start": 131.752, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Desperate to maintain their loyalty\nto the king," }, { "start": 134.422, "duration": 3.628, "text": "the pair decided to honor\ntheir duties... in public." }, { "start": 138.301, "duration": 3.837, "text": "For a time, King Mark’s love\nfor his bride and his nephew" }, { "start": 142.138, "duration": 2.127, "text": "made him deny the court’s rumors." }, { "start": 144.307, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But when fresh blood appeared\nin Isolde’s room" }, { "start": 147.018, "duration": 3.295, "text": "just hours after Tristan\nwas wounded hunting," }, { "start": 150.396, "duration": 1.794, "text": "the king confronted them." }, { "start": 152.273, "duration": 2.628, "text": "With a heavy heart, he banished Tristan," }, { "start": 154.901, "duration": 4.671, "text": "leaving Isolde only enough time to slip\nthe knight her ring as a parting gift." }, { "start": 159.822, "duration": 4.671, "text": "As Isolde languished in Cornwall,\nTristan wandered the islands." }, { "start": 164.577, "duration": 4.421, "text": "He took to brawling other travelers\nand singing of doomed love." }, { "start": 169.123, "duration": 2.211, "text": "To most, the songs were tragedies." }, { "start": 171.334, "duration": 4.713, "text": "But in Brittany, another Isolde,\nPrincess of the White Hands," }, { "start": 176.088, "duration": 3.129, "text": " heard them as a ballad intended for her." }, { "start": 179.342, "duration": 3.086, "text": "And when this princess confronted\nher would-be suitor," }, { "start": 182.428, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Tristan was so lonely and startled\nby her name that he proposed." }, { "start": 187.183, "duration": 5.213, "text": "At first, Isolde of the White Hands was\nentranced by her mysterious husband." }, { "start": 192.521, "duration": 4.088, "text": "But as years passed, she despaired\nat the distance between them." }, { "start": 196.692, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Tristan spent weeks sulking in the woods,\nsinking deeper into despair." }, { "start": 201.906, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The disgraced knight engaged\nin more fighting," }, { "start": 204.909, "duration": 4.087, "text": "eventually sustaining a mortal wound\nfrom a poisoned lance." }, { "start": 209.121, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Knowing only one person\nwith the skill to heal him," }, { "start": 212.291, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Tristan ordered his men to retrieve\nIsolde of Cornwall," }, { "start": 215.962, "duration": 2.919, "text": "using her ring as proof\nof who called on her." }, { "start": 219.09, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But Tristan also feared his\nlove had forgotten him." }, { "start": 222.551, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Refusing to be kept in suspense even\na moment longer than necessary," }, { "start": 226.847, "duration": 4.13, "text": "he told his men to raise the white sails\nif Isolde accepted the call," }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 2.46, "text": "or black sails if she refused." }, { "start": 233.604, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Desperate to live for the first time\nin years," }, { "start": 236.565, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Tristan waited by his window." }, { "start": 238.859, "duration": 3.504, "text": "His wife, however, was more\nbewildered than ever." }, { "start": 242.53, "duration": 4.88, "text": "She begged Tristan’s men for the truth—\nand cursed them when they gave it to her." }, { "start": 247.66, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Crushed by the realization that her\nhusband had never loved her," }, { "start": 251.455, "duration": 2.753, "text": "she told Tristan she would keep watch." }, { "start": 254.333, "duration": 5.506, "text": "And when her fog of betrayal and despair\nwas pierced by white sails on the horizon," }, { "start": 260.047, "duration": 2.836, "text": "she murmured that she only saw black." }, { "start": 263.426, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Hearing this news, Tristan died instantly." }, { "start": 267.138, "duration": 4.629, "text": "And when his true love saw the corpse\nof the man she’d never stopped loving," }, { "start": 271.851, "duration": 2.669, "text": "she chose to die by his side." }, { "start": 274.645, "duration": 2.127, "text": "The bodies were shipped back to Cornwall," }, { "start": 276.772, "duration": 4.505, "text": "where a grieving King Mark placed\ntheir graves side by side." }, { "start": 281.402, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Together at last,\nbriars grew atop their tombs," }, { "start": 285.114, "duration": 3.503, "text": "finally reuniting the star-crossed lovers." } ] }, { "video_id": "kkZ7B-Fv-ck", "title": "A day in the life of a martial artist in medieval China - Peter Lorge", "description": "Follow Chu Hong, a Chinese martial artist in training, as he practices his skills and competes in an archery tournament.\n\n--\n\nThe year is 1030 CE. Chu Hong's best friend, Liang Gao, tells him that the local magistrate has been spotted holding a surprise archery competition in a nearby town and will arrive at their village soon. This is Hong’s chance to showcase his talents in martial arts— and secure some much-needed money for his family. Peter Lorge outlines a day in the life of a Chinese martial artist.\n\nLesson by Peter Lorge, directed by KERO Animation.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-martial-artist-in-medieval-china-peter-lorge\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-martial-artist-in-medieval-china-peter-lorge/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, and Bev Millar.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-07T16:00:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.629, "text": "According to legend, the ancient Roman\nstatesman Cincinnatus" }, { "start": 10.59, "duration": 3.587, "text": "was plowing his fields\nwhen news arrived that the Aequi," }, { "start": 14.26, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Rome’s powerful enemy to the east,\nhad invaded." }, { "start": 17.889, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Rome was in need of swift,\ndecisive action," }, { "start": 20.683, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and the senate had chosen him\nto serve as dictator," }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 3.336, "text": "with absolute power over the military\nand government." }, { "start": 27.94, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Cincinnatus set down his plow,\ntook control and," }, { "start": 31.736, "duration": 2.502, "text": "in a matter of weeks,\nsaved Rome." }, { "start": 34.864, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This story reinforces the myth\nof the “benevolent dictator”—" }, { "start": 39.327, "duration": 3.128, "text": "the idea of a leader who\nholds absolute power," }, { "start": 42.455, "duration": 4.713, "text": "yet only uses it for the common good, \nto address problems efficiently," }, { "start": 47.168, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and create a just regime." }, { "start": 49.629, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But can a truly benevolent dictator\nexist in today’s world?" }, { "start": 54.717, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Nations established modern democracies\nto safeguard" }, { "start": 58.888, "duration": 5.13, "text": "against the potentially destructive whims\nof a single individual." }, { "start": 64.352, "duration": 4.463, "text": "When functioning properly,\ndemocracies enable a society to be freer," }, { "start": 68.94, "duration": 5.338, "text": "and provide stability by protecting\nagainst corruption and the abuse of power." }, { "start": 74.695, "duration": 4.463, "text": "This is accomplished by holding regular,\nfree, and fair elections," }, { "start": 79.158, "duration": 1.669, "text": "imposing term limits," }, { "start": 80.827, "duration": 4.879, "text": "and establishing strong legislative\nbranches and court systems." }, { "start": 86.124, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Maintaining a free press also helps keep\npoliticians accountable for their actions" }, { "start": 91.087, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and encourages citizens to engage\nin their governments and communities." }, { "start": 95.883, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In a dictatorship,\nabsolute or near-absolute power" }, { "start": 99.47, "duration": 2.127, "text": "is held by a single individual" }, { "start": 101.597, "duration": 2.878, "text": "who is free to impose their vision\non society." }, { "start": 104.684, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Under certain conditions, the idea\nof a dictator can sound appealing," }, { "start": 109.063, "duration": 3.545, "text": "like when a democracy isn't functioning\nas it should due to corruption," }, { "start": 112.608, "duration": 3.963, "text": "economic instability,\nor extreme political polarization." }, { "start": 116.863, "duration": 1.167, "text": "At these moments," }, { "start": 118.03, "duration": 4.004, "text": "people may be willing to give up some\ndemocratic rights and freedoms" }, { "start": 122.034, "duration": 1.752, "text": "for hopes of a better future." }, { "start": 123.953, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Authoritarian-leaning leaders\npresent themselves" }, { "start": 127.039, "duration": 2.128, "text": "as the ones who can fix everything." }, { "start": 129.25, "duration": 3.378, "text": "They distill complex problems\ninto simple talking points" }, { "start": 132.628, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and promise quick solutions." }, { "start": 134.672, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Some of the most overt authoritarian\nleaders have taken this strategy," }, { "start": 138.676, "duration": 3.837, "text": "including military dictators who seized\ncontrol through coups" }, { "start": 142.513, "duration": 4.963, "text": "like Augusto Pinochet, Mobuto Sese Seko,\nand Muammar Gaddafi." }, { "start": 147.768, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Gaddafi, for example, initially asserted\nhimself as a revolutionary hero," }, { "start": 152.565, "duration": 3.67, "text": "canceling the country's exploitative\nforeign oil contracts." }, { "start": 156.444, "duration": 4.629, "text": "But the longer he was in power,\nthe more riddled with paranoia he became." }, { "start": 161.365, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Like Pinochet and Mobuto, he used his\nposition to target and torture opponents," }, { "start": 166.746, "duration": 3.67, "text": "embark on campaigns of mass violence\nagainst everyday people," }, { "start": 170.416, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and build an enormous personal fortune." }, { "start": 173.586, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Other modern dictators were initially\nelected democratically," }, { "start": 177.173, "duration": 5.547, "text": "then strategically accumulated power by\nembracing authoritarian forms of control." }, { "start": 182.97, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Italy’s Benito Mussolini and\nGermany’s Adolf Hitler, for example," }, { "start": 187.183, "duration": 3.545, "text": "gained popularity during waves\nof mass discontent." }, { "start": 190.853, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Both channeled economic woes\ninto racist rhetoric and embraced fascism," }, { "start": 195.9, "duration": 5.422, "text": "a type of authoritarianism which exalts\nthe importance of one nation, or race," }, { "start": 201.322, "duration": 1.668, "text": "above all others." }, { "start": 203.241, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Once in office, such leaders gradually\ndismantle checks on their power," }, { "start": 207.828, "duration": 3.254, "text": "including removing judges who might rule\nagainst them," }, { "start": 211.082, "duration": 1.668, "text": "abolishing term limits," }, { "start": 212.75, "duration": 3.545, "text": "or refusing to acknowledge\nunfavorable election results." }, { "start": 216.837, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Since they punish dissenting voices," }, { "start": 219.09, "duration": 2.794, "text": "dictators are often surrounded\nwith yes-men," }, { "start": 221.884, "duration": 3.337, "text": "who are promoted based on loyalty\nover expertise," }, { "start": 225.304, "duration": 5.422, "text": "ultimately wreaking incalculable economic,\nsocial, and environmental costs." }, { "start": 230.935, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But these costs can also\nbe hidden from view." }, { "start": 234.23, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Dictators build up cults of personality\nby minimizing negative coverage" }, { "start": 239.026, "duration": 4.797, "text": "and pushing positive propaganda\nthat presents them as strong or heroic." }, { "start": 244.031, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This can make it almost impossible\nto accurately measure their success." }, { "start": 248.411, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Did Mussolini really make\nthe trains run on time?" }, { "start": 251.58, "duration": 4.171, "text": "It’s hard to know, since he would have\npunished those who said otherwise." }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 2.962, "text": "While some modern dictators have\nbrought modest growth" }, { "start": 259.005, "duration": 2.544, "text": "to their nation’s economies\nand industries," }, { "start": 261.549, "duration": 4.171, "text": "most have enriched the few and left\nwidespread destruction in their wake." }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Even so-called benevolent dictators,\nwhose regimes lacked overt violence," }, { "start": 270.891, "duration": 2.503, "text": "stand accused of censoring journalists" }, { "start": 273.394, "duration": 2.92, "text": "and limiting the rights\nand freedoms of citizens." }, { "start": 276.772, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Back to ancient Rome." }, { "start": 278.399, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Perhaps the most important dimension" }, { "start": 280.484, "duration": 3.504, "text": "of Cincinnatus’ legendary \nbenevolent dictatorship" }, { "start": 283.988, "duration": 2.502, "text": "is not that he held total power," }, { "start": 286.49, "duration": 3.587, "text": "but that he gave it up after only 16 days." }, { "start": 291.329, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Once Rome was safe,\nhe stepped down and retired to his fields." }, { "start": 296.042, "duration": 4.087, "text": "His willingness to relinquish control\nto the senate was as important" }, { "start": 300.129, "duration": 3.795, "text": "to the common good\nas his ability to fend off invaders." }, { "start": 304.175, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In practice, no modern dictator\nhas lived up to this ideal." }, { "start": 308.888, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Dictators don’t willingly walk away\nfrom power," }, { "start": 311.932, "duration": 2.128, "text": "they continuously crave more." }, { "start": 314.06, "duration": 5.213, "text": "That’s why institutions that provide\nchecks on leaders must be safeguarded:" }, { "start": 319.482, "duration": 2.294, "text": "in the hands of an aspiring dictator," }, { "start": 321.776, "duration": 2.752, "text": "even seemingly robust democracies" }, { "start": 324.528, "duration": 3.796, "text": "can sink into repressive,\nauthoritarian regimes." } ] }, { "video_id": "urOkfsIRFlw", "title": "Do you really need to take 10,000 steps a day? - Shannon Odell", "description": "Discover the benefits of walking, and how this simple exercise can positively impact the health of your body and brain.\n\n--\n\nFor years, Jean Béliveau walked from country to country, with the goal of circumnavigating the globe on foot. While few people have the time or desire to walk such extreme lengths, research shows that adding even a modest amount of walking to your daily routine can dramatically improve your health. So, what exactly happens to your body when you increase your step count? Shannon Odell investigates.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Avi Ofer.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to James Sallis and Lawrence Frank who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-you-really-need-to-take-10000-steps-a-day-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-you-really-need-to-take-10000-steps-a-day-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, and Edla Paniguel.", "publishedAt": "2025-01-02T16:01:47Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 1.168, "text": "Ah, spring." }, { "start": 8.504, "duration": 4.088, "text": "As Demeter, goddess of the harvest,\nit’s your favorite season." }, { "start": 12.759, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Humans and animals look to you to balance\nthe bounty of the natural world," }, { "start": 17.43, "duration": 5.047, "text": "which, like any self-respecting goddess,\nyou do with a pair of magical dice." }, { "start": 22.56, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Every day you roll the dice at dawn," }, { "start": 25.146, "duration": 5.13, "text": "and all lands that match the sum\nof the two dice produce their resources." }, { "start": 30.276, "duration": 3.337, "text": "The resulting frequency of sums\nacross the season" }, { "start": 33.613, "duration": 4.921, "text": "keeps your land in perfect harmony;\nany other rates would spell ruin." }, { "start": 38.576, "duration": 5.13, "text": "And that’s why it was particularly rotten\nwhen Loki, the Norse trickster god," }, { "start": 43.706, "duration": 5.714, "text": "invaded your land and cursed your dice,\ncausing all the dots to fall off." }, { "start": 49.587, "duration": 1.877, "text": "When you try to reaffix them," }, { "start": 51.464, "duration": 5.672, "text": "you find that one die won’t accept\nmore than four dots on any of its sides," }, { "start": 57.136, "duration": 2.67, "text": "though the other has no such constraint." }, { "start": 60.348, "duration": 5.63, "text": "You can use Hephaestus’ furnace to seal\nthe dots in place before the sun rises," }, { "start": 65.978, "duration": 4.046, "text": "but once sealed you can’t move\nor remove them again." }, { "start": 70.358, "duration": 3.92, "text": "How can you craft your dice so that,\nwhen rolled and summed," }, { "start": 74.278, "duration": 3.712, "text": "every total comes up with\nthe exact same frequency" }, { "start": 77.99, "duration": 3.087, "text": "as it would with standard 6-sided dice?" }, { "start": 81.077, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Pause here to figure it out for yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 83.955, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 86.666, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 89.544, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Normal dice can roll any sum from 2 to 12," }, { "start": 93.005, "duration": 5.464, "text": "but sums in the middle tend to come\nup more frequently than ones on the ends." }, { "start": 98.719, "duration": 3.462, "text": "We can see the odds of rolling any sum\nby making a table," }, { "start": 102.181, "duration": 3.921, "text": "with all the possibilities for one die\nrepresented on the top," }, { "start": 106.102, "duration": 2.335, "text": "and those for the other on the side." }, { "start": 108.855, "duration": 4.671, "text": "The table lets us see at a glance\nthat there are six ways to roll a 7," }, { "start": 113.526, "duration": 2.169, "text": "but only two ways to roll a 3." }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 4.754, "text": "This also gives us an approach\nto crafting our new set of dice." }, { "start": 120.825, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Matching the original sum frequencies\nmeans that the locations of the sums" }, { "start": 125.246, "duration": 2.085, "text": "in this table may change," }, { "start": 127.331, "duration": 4.255, "text": "but the numbers and quantities\nof each sum must stay the same." }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 5.505, "text": "In other words, there still must be\nexactly one 2, two 3s, and so on." }, { "start": 137.55, "duration": 2.502, "text": "To start, we’ve got to roll that 2," }, { "start": 140.052, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and since we have to use\npositive, whole numbers," }, { "start": 142.847, "duration": 3.295, "text": "there’s only one choice: \neach die needs a 1 on it." }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 1.293, "text": "What else do we know?" }, { "start": 148.102, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Assuming we have a 4— the highest\nnumber possible— on the cursed die," }, { "start": 152.982, "duration": 4.88, "text": "the other one would need an 8\nin order to have one way to roll 12." }, { "start": 157.987, "duration": 5.631, "text": "In fact, we know we require a single 1\nand a single 4 on the cursed die," }, { "start": 163.618, "duration": 3.795, "text": "or we’d have too many ways\nto roll a 2 or a 12." }, { "start": 167.997, "duration": 5.964, "text": "So the cursed dies remaining four sides\nmust have a mix of 2s and 3s." }, { "start": 174.128, "duration": 4.671, "text": "If we have three or four 2s, \nwe can roll the sum 3 too many ways." }, { "start": 178.799, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Similarly, if we have three or four 3s,\nwe’d get the sum 11 too often." }, { "start": 184.305, "duration": 5.672, "text": "So the only possibility is for the\ncursed die to have two 2s and two 3s." }, { "start": 190.728, "duration": 1.668, "text": "With one die completed," }, { "start": 192.396, "duration": 3.587, "text": "we should be able to figure out the\nmissing values on the second." }, { "start": 196.442, "duration": 3.504, "text": "First, we need one more way\nto make 10 and 4," }, { "start": 199.946, "duration": 3.211, "text": "so we must have one 3 and one 6." }, { "start": 203.616, "duration": 3.211, "text": "We now need one more way\nto make 5 and 9." }, { "start": 206.827, "duration": 4.213, "text": "That forces us to choose 4 and 5\nfor the final sides." }, { "start": 211.207, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Fill them in, and lo and behold," }, { "start": 213.084, "duration": 3.336, "text": "we have a distribution table where\nevery possible sum" }, { "start": 216.42, "duration": 4.088, "text": "shows up the same number of times\nas with our original dice!" }, { "start": 220.8, "duration": 5.881, "text": "The discovery of these dice was made\nin 1978 by George Sicherman," }, { "start": 226.681, "duration": 3.003, "text": "which is why they’re referred\nto as “Sicherman dice.”" }, { "start": 230.268, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Incredibly, this is the only alternate\nway to make two 6-sided dice" }, { "start": 235.815, "duration": 3.587, "text": "with the same distribution of sums\nas standard dice." }, { "start": 239.485, "duration": 4.88, "text": "You send the dice to be reforged,\nconfident that you’ve averted disaster." }, { "start": 244.824, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Now it’s time to repay the Norse gods\nwith a gift of your own." } ] }, { "video_id": "BGqkY-i0ZHU", "title": "How some friendships last — and others don’t - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Explore how to build healthy habits when it comes to making, growing, and maintaining friendships.\n\n--\n\nFriendships can change how we see and move through the world. They can boost our academic performance, help us deal with setbacks, and even improve our health. And the relationships we form in adolescence can shape our beliefs, values, and emotional growth. But making and maintaining friends isn’t always easy. Iseult Gillespie shares how to build healthy friendship habits.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Biljana Labović.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Mitch Prinstein, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-some-friendships-last-and-others-dont-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-some-friendships-last-and-others-dont-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, and Helen Lee.", "publishedAt": "2024-12-19T16:01:26Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.045, "text": "The gods watched as\nOedipus’ daughter, Antigone," }, { "start": 11.174, "duration": 5.38, "text": "stole out of the palace in Thebes\nthe morning after a devastating battle." }, { "start": 17.096, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Antigone was on a dangerous mission\nto do what she felt was right," }, { "start": 21.559, "duration": 2.836, "text": "though it meant risking her life." }, { "start": 25.313, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Oedipus had been king of Thebes,\nand his exile sent the city into chaos." }, { "start": 31.861, "duration": 4.087, "text": "His younger son, Eteocles,\nclaimed power for himself" }, { "start": 36.157, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and sought to banish\nhis older brother Polyneices." }, { "start": 39.994, "duration": 5.839, "text": "The two incited a bitter war,\nand both brothers fell at the city gates." }, { "start": 46.417, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Oedipus’ brother-in-law, Creon,\ndeclared himself the new king," }, { "start": 51.297, "duration": 5.839, "text": "having first aligned himself with Eteocles\nand denounced Polyneices as a traitor." }, { "start": 57.762, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Now, he ordered that Polyneices\nbe denied burial," }, { "start": 62.058, "duration": 2.085, "text": "leaving his body on the battleground," }, { "start": 64.143, "duration": 3.587, "text": "surrounded by guards\nand circled by vultures." }, { "start": 67.814, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Anyone who violated his proclamation\nwould be stoned to death." }, { "start": 72.985, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Antigone and her sister, Ismene,\nwere at their uncle’s mercy." }, { "start": 77.281, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The fact that Antigone was betrothed\nto Creon’s son, Haemon," }, { "start": 81.786, "duration": 1.96, "text": "seemed to earn her no favor." }, { "start": 83.913, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Despite the dangers,\nAntigone secretly visited her sister" }, { "start": 87.583, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and whispered her intentions to honor\ntheir brother through burial." }, { "start": 91.796, "duration": 5.047, "text": "In doing so, she would be defying Creon\nbut abiding by divine law," }, { "start": 96.968, "duration": 3.712, "text": "which insisted that one must bury\none's own flesh and blood." }, { "start": 101.055, "duration": 5.005, "text": "When Ismene refused to join her, insisting\nthat girls shouldn’t disobey men," }, { "start": 106.269, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Antigone set out alone." }, { "start": 109.772, "duration": 3.796, "text": "She knelt by Polyneices’\ncorpse, undetected," }, { "start": 113.651, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and began sprinkling it with dust." }, { "start": 116.362, "duration": 2.92, "text": "When the guards realized\nand reported the disturbance," }, { "start": 119.407, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Creon ordered them to find the man\nwho so defiantly committed the crime." }, { "start": 124.662, "duration": 4.63, "text": "At midday, Antigone returned\nto perform a more complete burial," }, { "start": 129.417, "duration": 5.964, "text": "when suddenly a thick dust storm whirled\nonto the plain and choked out the sky," }, { "start": 135.464, "duration": 3.045, "text": "as if conjured by the gods to aid her." }, { "start": 138.759, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Creon's guards, blinded and disoriented," }, { "start": 141.846, "duration": 3.253, "text": "didn't see as Antigone's stole\ninto their midst" }, { "start": 145.183, "duration": 3.878, "text": "and covered her brother’s body\nwith more earth and water." }, { "start": 149.312, "duration": 1.751, "text": "As the tempest dissipated," }, { "start": 151.063, "duration": 4.588, "text": "the soldiers were shocked to see\nthat the culprit was a girl," }, { "start": 155.86, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and the princess no less." }, { "start": 159.197, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Creon barraged Antigone\nwith accusations and insults." }, { "start": 163.534, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Hoping to protect her sister,\nIsmene confessed to the crime." }, { "start": 168.206, "duration": 2.21, "text": "But Antigone was steadfast." }, { "start": 170.541, "duration": 4.755, "text": "She insisted she’d acted alone\nand according to divine laws." }, { "start": 175.922, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Haemon urged his father\nto be reasonable and merciful." }, { "start": 180.301, "duration": 5.881, "text": "But Creon was convinced forgiving Antigone\nwould be a critical admission of weakness." }, { "start": 186.39, "duration": 1.46, "text": "He spared Ismene," }, { "start": 188.017, "duration": 3.42, "text": "but ignored his son’s unremitting pleas." }, { "start": 191.896, "duration": 4.087, "text": "To evade direct blame\nfor the young princess’ death," }, { "start": 196.108, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Creon ordered a passive execution:" }, { "start": 199.237, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Antigone would be shut away\nin an underground cave." }, { "start": 203.115, "duration": 2.711, "text": "As the guards dragged the sisters away," }, { "start": 205.952, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Ismene was filled with remorse,\nwishing to die by Antigone’s side." }, { "start": 211.123, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Creon maintained his show of power" }, { "start": 213.626, "duration": 3.92, "text": "and Thebes fell into a fearful\nstate of mourning." }, { "start": 218.339, "duration": 5.422, "text": "But then Creon was visited\nby the wise, blind prophet Tiresias." }, { "start": 224.178, "duration": 3.837, "text": "He told Creon that his hubris\nwas polluting Thebes," }, { "start": 228.057, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and the underworld’s fiercely\navenging divine Furies" }, { "start": 231.769, "duration": 2.794, "text": "were lying in wait should he not yield." }, { "start": 234.981, "duration": 6.214, "text": "At last, Creon ordered his guards to free\nAntigone and to bury Polyneices." }, { "start": 241.654, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But he had delayed too long—\nand it would cost him dearly." }, { "start": 246.826, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Haemon had just reached Antigone’s prison,\ndetermined to save her." }, { "start": 252.54, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Descending into the underground chamber," }, { "start": 254.959, "duration": 1.918, "text": "he discovered with horror" }, { "start": 256.877, "duration": 3.629, "text": "his beloved fiancée\nhanging from her wedding veil." }, { "start": 261.132, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Moments later, when Creon entered," }, { "start": 263.968, "duration": 4.254, "text": "he was met by Haemon’s\nbroken, hateful glare." }, { "start": 268.681, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Haemon spat in his father’s face,\ndrew his sword, and lunged." }, { "start": 274.27, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But as Creon dodged the thrust," }, { "start": 276.439, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Haemon turned the blade upon himself" }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 5.964, "text": "and wrapped his arms around Antigone,\nin one last tragic embrace." }, { "start": 286.365, "duration": 6.048, "text": "Word of Haemon and Antigone’s deaths\nreached Thebes before Creon’s return." }, { "start": 292.621, "duration": 6.09, "text": "And upon hearing the devastating news,\nthe queen took her own life at an altar," }, { "start": 299.003, "duration": 3.295, "text": "cursing her husband\nwith her dying breaths." }, { "start": 303.09, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Failing to yield to Antigone’s\nrighteous rebellion," }, { "start": 307.178, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Creon, in all his pride," }, { "start": 309.347, "duration": 2.168, "text": "had learned his lesson too late." }, { "start": 312.099, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Anguished, hands bloodied,\nand all hopes dashed," }, { "start": 316.52, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Creon’s attendants led him back\ninto the palace." } ] }, { "video_id": "phn0bXbcZYY", "title": "Why animals help each other - Ashley Ward", "description": "Dig into the animal kingdom’s capacity for generosity, and find out how cooperation between animals may contribute to their survival.\n\n--\n\nCharles Darwin introduced the notion of “survival of the fittest,” where the fittest animals are those who can survive long enough to produce healthy offspring. The fittest animal can also be the most stealthy, resourceful, or even the most cooperative. So what exactly does cooperation look like in the wild? Ashley Ward digs into the animal kingdom's capacity for generosity.\n\nLesson by Ashley Ward, directed by Sharon Colman.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-animals-help-each-other-ashley-ward\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-animals-help-each-other-ashley-ward/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.sharoncolman.com\nMusic: https://soundgoods.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, and Aaron Torres,", "publishedAt": "2024-12-17T16:01:04Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Within the Milky Way, the Earth resides\non the inner edge of a spiral arm." }, { "start": 12.633, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But this isn’t our permanent address." }, { "start": 15.178, "duration": 2.168, "text": "When most dinosaurs went extinct," }, { "start": 17.388, "duration": 4.588, "text": "our solar system was in a different arm\nthan it is today!" }, { "start": 23.019, "duration": 2.669, "text": "The Milky Way never stops changing; " }, { "start": 25.688, "duration": 3.087, "text": "even its structure continues to evolve." }, { "start": 29.192, "duration": 3.753, "text": "To see why, let's start at our\ngalaxy's very beginning." }, { "start": 33.071, "duration": 1.918, "text": "13 billion years ago," }, { "start": 35.114, "duration": 4.838, "text": "propelled by supernovae and the general\nchaos of the early universe," }, { "start": 39.952, "duration": 4.38, "text": "the gas and dust particles that\neventually became our Milky Way" }, { "start": 44.332, "duration": 2.586, "text": "were whizzing around in every direction. " }, { "start": 47.168, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Each particle had a certain\nangular momentum—" }, { "start": 50.171, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the magnitude and direction\nof its rotation" }, { "start": 53.174, "duration": 2.753, "text": "around the emerging galaxy’s center." }, { "start": 56.26, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Just as the new galaxy’s total mass" }, { "start": 58.93, "duration": 3.211, "text": "was the sum of the individual\nparticles’ masses," }, { "start": 62.183, "duration": 3.17, "text": "the galaxy also had\nan angular momentum" }, { "start": 65.353, "duration": 3.545, "text": "that was the sum of the particles’\nangular momenta." }, { "start": 69.482, "duration": 3.295, "text": "So, despite the wild motion of its parts," }, { "start": 72.777, "duration": 3.962, "text": "the galaxy as a whole\nwas rotating about an axis." }, { "start": 77.24, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Meanwhile, the gas and dust particles\nfrequently collided," }, { "start": 81.16, "duration": 2.002, "text": "losing some energy to heat." }, { "start": 83.454, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Because they slowed down, " }, { "start": 85.039, "duration": 4.129, "text": "gravity was able to pull them closer\nto the galactic center." }, { "start": 89.46, "duration": 4.213, "text": "So, why did the Milky Way,\nlike most galaxies, become flat," }, { "start": 93.673, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and not spherical like stars and planets? " }, { "start": 97.009, "duration": 3.087, "text": "The answer lies in its angular momentum." }, { "start": 100.096, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The laws of physics dictate that\nin the absence of external forces," }, { "start": 104.642, "duration": 6.215, "text": "the total angular momentum of an object or\nsystem has to stay the same over time." }, { "start": 111.315, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In a star or planet,\nthe spinning material is so dense" }, { "start": 115.444, "duration": 2.878, "text": "that the outward pressure partners\nwith gravity" }, { "start": 118.322, "duration": 2.503, "text": "to create a mostly spherical shape." }, { "start": 121.367, "duration": 5.923, "text": "But emerging galaxies tend to have\nlow densities and high angular momenta," }, { "start": 127.29, "duration": 3.378, "text": "meaning that the spinning motion\nis a more significant factor" }, { "start": 130.668, "duration": 1.793, "text": "than the outward pressure." }, { "start": 132.545, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Indeed, if a galaxy has a\nlower angular momentum," }, { "start": 136.007, "duration": 2.002, "text": "an egg shape can form. " }, { "start": 138.342, "duration": 2.127, "text": "In galaxies like the Milky Way," }, { "start": 140.469, "duration": 3.546, "text": "particles, instead of falling\ndirectly towards the center," }, { "start": 144.182, "duration": 3.67, "text": "tended to fall parallel\nto the axis of rotation," }, { "start": 148.019, "duration": 3.962, "text": "as to keep the larger total\nangular momentum constant." }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Over billions of years the cloud\nof particles gradually fell," }, { "start": 156.944, "duration": 4.255, "text": "sped up in their orbits,\nand created a spinning disc." }, { "start": 161.407, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Now what about the arms?" }, { "start": 163.075, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Spiral arms, like the one Earth is in," }, { "start": 165.745, "duration": 4.421, "text": "are regions where stars and gas\nare packed more tightly together." }, { "start": 170.374, "duration": 2.503, "text": "But the arms aren't static structures." }, { "start": 173.002, "duration": 5.422, "text": "They are caused by zones of compression\nthat travel through the galaxy as waves." }, { "start": 178.591, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Just as a whirlpool has multiple\npeaks and troughs," }, { "start": 182.053, "duration": 4.88, "text": "a density wave in a galaxy has\nmultiple regions of high density—" }, { "start": 186.933, "duration": 4.254, "text": "the bright spirals— separated by regions\nof lower density." }, { "start": 191.562, "duration": 1.877, "text": "And as the wave travels, " }, { "start": 193.439, "duration": 4.505, "text": "different stars are constantly entering\nand leaving the spirals." }, { "start": 198.527, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Density waves can form in several ways." }, { "start": 201.614, "duration": 4.796, "text": "For some galaxies, a nearby companion\ngalaxy stirs the pot." }, { "start": 206.619, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Its gravitational pull breaks\nthe disc’s symmetry," }, { "start": 210.122, "duration": 3.879, "text": "generating a wave that could\nlast for a billion years." }, { "start": 214.502, "duration": 1.293, "text": "For other galaxies, " }, { "start": 215.795, "duration": 5.63, "text": "the presence of a small clump of tightly\npacked stars and gas within the galaxy" }, { "start": 221.425, "duration": 4.755, "text": "can have a ripple effect,\nspontaneously giving rise to a wave." }, { "start": 226.764, "duration": 3.754, "text": "This is thought to be the cause\nof the Milky Way's spirals." }, { "start": 230.726, "duration": 1.293, "text": "In both scenarios," }, { "start": 232.019, "duration": 4.964, "text": "the galaxy’s overall rotation\nbends the dense region into spirals," }, { "start": 237.024, "duration": 2.836, "text": "which rotate around the galaxy’s center." }, { "start": 240.069, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Our solar system is orbiting the galactic\ncenter faster than the spiral arms." }, { "start": 245.574, "duration": 4.296, "text": "We’ll be moving deeper into our\ncurrent arm for millions of years" }, { "start": 249.87, "duration": 2.795, "text": "before eventually putting it\nin our rearview mirror." }, { "start": 252.957, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And recent observations have added\nanother wrinkle to the picture." }, { "start": 257.003, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Rather than just one density wave," }, { "start": 259.13, "duration": 5.797, "text": "a typical spiral galaxy likely has two or\nmore waves that overlap with each other" }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 2.211, "text": "and travel at different speeds." }, { "start": 267.388, "duration": 5.172, "text": "The result would be spiral arms that last\nfor tens or hundreds of millions of years" }, { "start": 272.56, "duration": 2.753, "text": "before breaking apart and re-forming." }, { "start": 275.855, "duration": 2.544, "text": "This may be happening in the Milky Way," }, { "start": 278.399, "duration": 3.67, "text": "meaning that when the Earth formed\n4.5 billion years ago," }, { "start": 282.069, "duration": 5.047, "text": "the spirals themselves may have looked\nentirely different than they do today." }, { "start": 287.575, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In any case, our spirals\nwon't last forever." }, { "start": 291.662, "duration": 2.211, "text": "About 5 billion years from now," }, { "start": 293.873, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the Milky Way will start to merge\nwith the Andromeda galaxy," }, { "start": 297.626, "duration": 4.505, "text": "throwing off the balance of angular\nmomentum and creating an egg shape—" }, { "start": 302.256, "duration": 3.629, "text": "the birth of a new era\nin our galaxy’s history." } ] }, { "video_id": "dJoBnnCTP5M", "title": "Lady Meng Jiang: The legend of the woman who outwitted an evil emperor - Juwen Zhang", "description": "Dig into the Chinese myth of Lady Meng Jiang, and how her grief over the death of her husband brought down the Great Wall.\n\n--\n\nLong ago, an emperor decided to build a great wall to protect his new empire and ensure his power. He ordered men across China to leave their homes and submit to the grueling labor required for its construction. As years passed and the wall grew, few returned home. But one worker’s death spelled trouble for the wall. Juwen Zhang shares the myth of the heartbroken Lady Meng Jiang and her sabotage.\n\nLesson by Juwen Zhang, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-woman-who-broke-the-great-wall-of-china-juwen-zhang\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-woman-who-broke-the-great-wall-of-china-juwen-zhang/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com and https://www.jagritikhirwar.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co and https://beibeizheng.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, and Eddy.", "publishedAt": "2024-12-12T16:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.045, "text": "For decades, Yvonne and Zaina\nhave been happily married" }, { "start": 10.006, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and co-leading a non-profit developing\na cure for a life-threatening disease." }, { "start": 14.177, "duration": 4.379, "text": "This work is largely funded by profits\nfrom a successful company Yvonne founded." }, { "start": 18.89, "duration": 2.919, "text": "But one day the couple is involved\nin a tragic car accident," }, { "start": 21.893, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and Yvonne is rushed to the hospital." }, { "start": 23.895, "duration": 2.919, "text": "The doctors can only do so much,\nand on her deathbed," }, { "start": 26.814, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Yvonne asks Zaina to promise\nher two things." }, { "start": 30.193, "duration": 3.211, "text": "First, she wants Zaina to continue\nusing the company’s funds" }, { "start": 33.404, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to support their non-profit\nand its research." }, { "start": 35.99, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Second, Yvonne recalls\na conversation from years earlier" }, { "start": 39.577, "duration": 2.711, "text": "where the two pledged that no matter\nwhat the future held," }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 1.418, "text": "they would never remarry." }, { "start": 43.873, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And in her final moments,\nYvonne asks Zaina to recommit that pledge." }, { "start": 48.336, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Holding her wife closely, Zaina\npromises to uphold Yvonne’s wishes." }, { "start": 53.174, "duration": 3.003, "text": "In the following decade,\nZaina keeps these promises." }, { "start": 56.719, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But now several large pharmaceutical\ncompanies are likely to cure" }, { "start": 60.056, "duration": 1.71, "text": "this disease at any moment." }, { "start": 61.933, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Additionally, after years of mourning," }, { "start": 63.935, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Zaina has finally entered\na new relationship." }, { "start": 66.562, "duration": 1.46, "text": "She's happy with her partner," }, { "start": 68.022, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and while she's not sure if\nshe's even ready to remarry," }, { "start": 71.067, "duration": 1.835, "text": "she feels the weight of her promise." }, { "start": 73.528, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Given these new circumstances, should\nZaina continue keeping these promises?" }, { "start": 78.449, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Philosophy has a lot to say\nabout the value of keeping promises." }, { "start": 82.12, "duration": 4.17, "text": "For example, philosopher Tim Scanlon\nargues that promising" }, { "start": 86.29, "duration": 3.212, "text": "is essentially about creating\ninterpersonal expectations." }, { "start": 89.71, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Making a promise assures another\nperson that we’ll act in a certain way" }, { "start": 93.673, "duration": 2.21, "text": "which they can incorporate\ninto their plans." }, { "start": 96.008, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But since Yvonne can no longer make plans," }, { "start": 98.427, "duration": 3.713, "text": "it seems like Zaina’s decision\nonly affects herself, right?" }, { "start": 102.431, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Maybe not." }, { "start": 103.808, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Philosophers like John Rawls and\nDavid Hume argue that keeping promises" }, { "start": 108.771, "duration": 2.92, "text": "isn’t as much about protecting\nthe individuals involved" }, { "start": 111.691, "duration": 3.462, "text": "as preserving the societal value\nof promising itself." }, { "start": 115.444, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Hume sees promises as tools\nfor signaling trustworthiness," }, { "start": 119.657, "duration": 3.295, "text": "so breaking them makes the practice\nless reliable overall." }, { "start": 123.369, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Similarly, Rawls thinks keeping promises\nis a matter of fairness." }, { "start": 127.54, "duration": 2.544, "text": "If you've benefited\nfrom this social practice," }, { "start": 130.084, "duration": 3.462, "text": "then justice requires you to uphold\nyour end of the bargain." }, { "start": 133.713, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But do these social concerns apply\nto promises we’ve made to the dead?" }, { "start": 137.55, "duration": 1.46, "text": "And even if they do," }, { "start": 139.01, "duration": 4.087, "text": "shouldn’t Zaina’s decision on this\npersonal matter focus more on Yvonne" }, { "start": 143.139, "duration": 3.045, "text": "than on what Zaina might\nabstractly owe society?" }, { "start": 146.475, "duration": 2.044, "text": "These questions don't have clear answers," }, { "start": 148.561, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and they might not even be relevant\nto this case." }, { "start": 151.272, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Most philosophers agree that promises\nobtained through coercion or deceit" }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 1.126, "text": "aren’t binding." }, { "start": 157.111, "duration": 3.545, "text": "And one could argue that Zaina’s\npromises were made under duress." }, { "start": 160.865, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Who could say “no” to their dying spouse?" }, { "start": 163.576, "duration": 2.669, "text": "On the other hand,\nYvonne’s deathbed wishes" }, { "start": 166.245, "duration": 4.213, "text": "were neither threatening nor particularly\nunreasonable given their history." }, { "start": 170.917, "duration": 2.919, "text": "If we assume both promises are legitimate," }, { "start": 173.92, "duration": 4.004, "text": "we might think about Zaina’s dilemma\nthrough the lens of self-determination." }, { "start": 178.174, "duration": 3.628, "text": "English philosopher John Locke believes\npeople have a natural right" }, { "start": 181.802, "duration": 4.463, "text": "to self-ownership that limits how much\nother people can determine what we do." }, { "start": 186.39, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And his followers might say\nthat making a promise" }, { "start": 189.018, "duration": 2.085, "text": "doesn’t overrule this natural right," }, { "start": 191.479, "duration": 3.462, "text": "especially about something as central\nto Zaina’s self-determination" }, { "start": 194.941, "duration": 1.293, "text": "as the choice to remarry." }, { "start": 196.776, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Then again, what about Yvonne's rights?" }, { "start": 199.362, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Did they all disappear when she died," }, { "start": 201.656, "duration": 4.129, "text": "or does Yvonne still have authority\nover her legacy, her relationship," }, { "start": 205.785, "duration": 1.668, "text": "or especially her money?" }, { "start": 210.164, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Many countries have legal codes\nprotecting the assets of the dead," }, { "start": 213.834, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and money is a powerful tool\nfor pursuing self-determination." }, { "start": 217.88, "duration": 3.545, "text": "So at a minimum, perhaps Zaina\nshould respect Yvonne’s right" }, { "start": 221.425, "duration": 2.253, "text": "to determine how her money will be spent." }, { "start": 224.053, "duration": 4.046, "text": "At the same time, Zaina feels strongly\nthat Yvonne would want those funds" }, { "start": 228.099, "duration": 1.751, "text": "to go to where the need is greatest," }, { "start": 229.934, "duration": 2.711, "text": "like research into other\nless understood diseases." }, { "start": 232.895, "duration": 1.752, "text": "And since the facts have changed," }, { "start": 234.647, "duration": 3.295, "text": "maybe Zaina is justified\nin updating Yvonne’s wishes." }, { "start": 238.317, "duration": 4.088, "text": "But perhaps all this talk of ownership,\nauthority, and self-determination" }, { "start": 242.405, "duration": 1.376, "text": "is too impersonal." }, { "start": 244.115, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Feminist philosopher Natalie Stoljar\nand Catriona Mackenzie" }, { "start": 248.494, "duration": 4.171, "text": "argue that we construct our identities\nin part through societal relationships," }, { "start": 252.707, "duration": 4.546, "text": "meaning that Zaina’s identity and values\nare entangled with her marriage to Yvonne." }, { "start": 257.336, "duration": 3.504, "text": "So perhaps honoring that marriage\nand the promises made within it" }, { "start": 260.923, "duration": 3.087, "text": "could be a way for Zaina\nto affirm her own identity." }, { "start": 264.385, "duration": 4.588, "text": "So, given all these considerations,\nwhat would you do in Zaina’s position?" } ] }, { "video_id": "dbXFXmSaoD4", "title": "How to make your stress work for you - Shannon Odell", "description": "Dig into what causes your stress response to be triggered, and how you can best train your mind and body to deal with stress.\n\n--\n\nAn upcoming project deadline, a fight with a family member, or even an embarrassing moment can easily trigger our body’s stress response. While we can’t always control what life throws at us, there are ways to better prepare for stressful events we may experience. So, how can we train our minds and bodies to manage our stress response? Shannon Odell shares best practices for dealing with stress.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Biljana Labović.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to David Creswell, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-manage-your-stress-more-effectively-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-manage-your-stress-more-effectively-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, and Olha Bahatiuk.", "publishedAt": "2024-12-10T16:00:46Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 1.622, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Why is it illegal to sell your organs?" }, { "start": 4.876, "duration": 3.086, "text": "I mean, what's the worst\nthat could happen?" }, { "start": 28.024, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Why don't you head out?\nI can handle locking up." }, { "start": 34.614, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Hmph." }, { "start": 37.45, "duration": 3.879, "text": "We close at 5 o’clock, sharp." }, { "start": 42.038, "duration": 3.962, "text": "I got it, I got it. You get out there\nand enjoy the sunshine." }, { "start": 63.309, "duration": 2.002, "text": "D-Desmond?" }, { "start": 67.23, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Ada! What are you— do you work here?" }, { "start": 71.526, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Yeah, I just started. What are you, uh,\nwhat are you up to?" }, { "start": 77.073, "duration": 2.502, "text": "I’m in grad school. I thought you—" }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 3.796, "text": "I’m applying this year,\nassuming I can find the time. " }, { "start": 83.496, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Ahem! So... how’s your mom?" }, { "start": 88.167, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Um... she’s—" }, { "start": 92.004, "duration": 3.796, "text": "she’s not doing well actually,\nshe has kidney failure." }, { "start": 96.592, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Oh, no, I’m so sorry." }, { "start": 99.637, "duration": 2.085, "text": "She really was my favorite teacher." }, { "start": 102.598, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Yeah, she had to quit teaching, actually." }, { "start": 107.645, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Is she— Is she up for visitors?" }, { "start": 111.482, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Oh, um. You know,\nshe’d love to hear from you," }, { "start": 115.611, "duration": 3.963, "text": "but she's honestly not well enough\nfor a visit right now." }, { "start": 120.366, "duration": 3.045, "text": "She needs a kidney transplant\nto get better at this point." }, { "start": 124.37, "duration": 3.712, "text": "I would donate to her,\nbut I guess I’m not a match. " }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 3.086, "text": "The doctors said her body just\nwouldn't accept my kidney." }, { "start": 132.795, "duration": 6.298, "text": "Oh! Um, is there anything I—\nI mean, can I help?" }, { "start": 139.802, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Oh, gosh. " }, { "start": 142.513, "duration": 3.087, "text": "No, actually, I’m just looking\nfor a quiet place to work" }, { "start": 145.683, "duration": 2.961, "text": "while I try to figure out\nwhat else we can do." }, { "start": 149.645, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Right, right. Of course." }, { "start": 152.273, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Over there. Shout if you need any help." }, { "start": 155.86, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Well, don’t literally shout or— I mean,\nyou can— I won’t say anything." }, { "start": 159.28, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Oh, uh... okay." }, { "start": 171.459, "duration": 3.837, "text": "(Reading) “The wait time for a donor\nkidney is often longer" }, { "start": 175.296, "duration": 2.878, "text": "than a patient can survive on dialysis." }, { "start": 180.718, "duration": 1.793, "text": "There’s a major shortage of donors," }, { "start": 182.511, "duration": 3.17, "text": "even though most people\ndon’t need two kidneys.”" }, { "start": 186.307, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Well, I don't know if I would say\nI don't need two kidneys." }, { "start": 191.979, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Oh. Actually... my life would be..." }, { "start": 197.735, "duration": 3.128, "text": "completely... normal." }, { "start": 202.949, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Wow. I never would have guessed that." }, { "start": 206.494, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But still, if Desmond isn’t even a match\nfor his mom," }, { "start": 209.205, "duration": 1.668, "text": "what are the chances I would be?" }, { "start": 213.0, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Oh, not that much lower." }, { "start": 215.962, "duration": 2.627, "text": "I could have the perfect kidney\nfor Ms. Shepherd." }, { "start": 219.465, "duration": 2.586, "text": "So if I did donate," }, { "start": 222.718, "duration": 4.922, "text": "my medical expenses would be covered,\nbut nothing else?" }, { "start": 227.765, "duration": 3.837, "text": "I wouldn’t get paid for the time\noff of work? And— what?!" }, { "start": 232.27, "duration": 2.46, "text": "I even have to pay to get\nto and from the hospital?" }, { "start": 235.147, "duration": 1.627, "text": "I should be getting paid." }, { "start": 236.899, "duration": 1.335, "text": "Ahem." }, { "start": 238.609, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And who should pay you? I'm a\nhigh school teacher, remember?" }, { "start": 243.322, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Ms. Shepherd! Of course I don’t want\nyou to pay me." }, { "start": 248.661, "duration": 3.378, "text": "A lot of people who need kidneys\ncouldn't afford to buy them." }, { "start": 253.874, "duration": 5.172, "text": "All right, let’s see who pays." }, { "start": 261.007, "duration": 3.878, "text": "(Reading) “US government often spends\nclose to $100,000 per patient" }, { "start": 264.885, "duration": 1.919, "text": "covering the cost of dialysis.”" }, { "start": 267.096, "duration": 3.42, "text": "What? That’s more than I make\nin three years working here." }, { "start": 271.434, "duration": 2.669, "text": "I wish I could just tell the government:\n Hey! Time out." }, { "start": 274.103, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Pay me that money for my kidney instead.\nEverybody wins!" }, { "start": 276.981, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Someone gets a kidney transplant instead\nof suffering through dialysis," }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 4.38, "text": "the government just spends the money\nthey would have anyway, and I..." }, { "start": 286.615, "duration": 5.881, "text": "I quit my job and focus on becoming\na real scholar." }, { "start": 292.997, "duration": 2.252, "text": "No distractions, no roommates." }, { "start": 295.249, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Just time and space\nto work on my own ideas." }, { "start": 300.254, "duration": 2.377, "text": "And you, Ms. Shepherd," }, { "start": 302.84, "duration": 2.127, "text": "your health is so good\nafter your transplant," }, { "start": 304.967, "duration": 2.127, "text": "you start volunteering as a firefighter." }, { "start": 308.095, "duration": 1.961, "text": "I'm not sure about this." }, { "start": 310.723, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Oh, don't sell yourself short." }, { "start": 312.975, "duration": 3.712, "text": "No, no. I mean I’m worried that\nif you can sell your kidney," }, { "start": 316.687, "duration": 3.671, "text": "people who are desperate for the money\nwill feel pressure to take the risk." }, { "start": 320.483, "duration": 3.086, "text": "But is it really that different\nfrom other ways to earn money?" }, { "start": 324.82, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Lots of common jobs are more dangerous\nthan kidney donation." }, { "start": 328.032, "duration": 3.045, "text": "And pregnancy has a much higher chance\nof serious complications," }, { "start": 331.077, "duration": 1.751, "text": "but surrogates can get paid." }, { "start": 332.87, "duration": 4.046, "text": "And $100,000 is enough money\nto appeal to lots of people—" }, { "start": 337.291, "duration": 1.502, "text": "not just desperate ones." }, { "start": 339.21, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Besides, everyone who donates\nhas to be approved by" }, { "start": 341.67, "duration": 2.712, "text": "the Ministry of Transplantation." }, { "start": 344.507, "duration": 2.961, "text": "The ministry also makes sure all donors\nget the same treatment:" }, { "start": 347.468, "duration": 2.92, "text": "equal pay, equal health care,\nequal information." }, { "start": 351.222, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Why should we be okay with selling some\nparts of our bodies, but not others?" }, { "start": 357.228, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Wait wait wait— so we’re treating people’s\norgans like any other asset now?" }, { "start": 361.774, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Now, I don't want my organs to be subject\nto the same rules as a house or a car." }, { "start": 366.821, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Of course not! We have separate\nrules for organs." }, { "start": 369.74, "duration": 2.836, "text": "It's not like they can be seized\nto pay a debt or something." }, { "start": 372.576, "duration": 1.46, "text": "I don't think that's enough." }, { "start": 374.245, "duration": 4.171, "text": "It seems to me that there should be some\nthings we never put a price on." }, { "start": 379.083, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Maybe, but we put a price on everything\nin one way or way or another." }, { "start": 382.711, "duration": 3.295, "text": "I don't think there's anything morally\nwrong with compensating someone" }, { "start": 386.006, "duration": 2.169, "text": "for donating an organ\nthat will save a life." }, { "start": 388.175, "duration": 1.877, "text": "My body parts are mine." }, { "start": 390.386, "duration": 2.294, "text": "If I want to sell them and\nlive off the proceeds," }, { "start": 392.68, "duration": 1.543, "text": "why shouldn't I be allowed to?" }, { "start": 394.557, "duration": 2.586, "text": "It gives me complete freedom\nto work on what I want to," }, { "start": 397.143, "duration": 2.627, "text": "without having to worry about\nhow marketable it is," }, { "start": 400.271, "duration": 3.17, "text": "or spend most of the time doing\nother things to pay the bills." }, { "start": 404.066, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And when the kidney money runs out?" }, { "start": 409.905, "duration": 3.796, "text": "I’d like to sell my liver.\nEh, a third of my liver." }, { "start": 414.201, "duration": 1.168, "text": "It grows back." }, { "start": 421.917, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Ugh! They won’t let me take on the risk of\nliver donation when I’m under pressure" }, { "start": 425.796, "duration": 1.085, "text": "for quick cash." }, { "start": 427.006, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But who are they to decide how much\nrisk I’m comfortable taking?" }, { "start": 430.801, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Don’t you think they have to draw\nthe line somewhere?" }, { "start": 433.721, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Presumably you wouldn't want\npeople to sell their hearts" }, { "start": 437.224, "duration": 2.92, "text": "or anything else that would kill them." }, { "start": 440.352, "duration": 1.168, "text": "Yeah, but—" }, { "start": 450.821, "duration": 2.586, "text": "It’s the biggest natural disaster\nin decades." }, { "start": 454.033, "duration": 1.793, "text": "People need blood transfusions." }, { "start": 455.951, "duration": 1.669, "text": "They need organ transplants." }, { "start": 457.661, "duration": 3.963, "text": "But government resources are suddenly\nstretched way too thin to pay donors." }, { "start": 462.082, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Nobody wants to volunteer to donate\nwhat they’re used to being paid for." }, { "start": 467.505, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Only people with injured loved ones are\nwilling to donate." }, { "start": 470.341, "duration": 4.713, "text": "When they’re not a match, they find people\nin similar situations to swap with." }, { "start": 476.263, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Hang on. That could actually work." }, { "start": 486.565, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Desmond? Uh, sorry to interrupt you." }, { "start": 491.32, "duration": 1.501, "text": "I don’t want to intrude," }, { "start": 492.821, "duration": 3.295, "text": "but did you know you can donate\nyour kidney to a stranger," }, { "start": 496.116, "duration": 2.461, "text": "in exchange for someone else\nto donate to your mom?" }, { "start": 498.953, "duration": 4.838, "text": "What? No, I didn’t— say that again!" }, { "start": 505.167, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Oh, you can go directly through one\nof the registries that pairs people." }, { "start": 509.63, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Here, I made a list." }, { "start": 513.008, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Ada, I don’t know what to— thank you." }, { "start": 517.179, "duration": 1.96, "text": "I mean, really, thank you so much." }, { "start": 522.81, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Uh, tell your mom I said hi." }, { "start": 525.98, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Oh, I will. See you around!" }, { "start": 531.986, "duration": 3.795, "text": "(Ms. Shepherd’s voice) I wish Desmond\ndidn’t have to make this sacrifice for me." }, { "start": 537.825, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Yeah, we do place an unfair burden\non patient’s families." }, { "start": 544.248, "duration": 3.712, "text": "We’re worried about people donating\nout of desperation for money," }, { "start": 547.96, "duration": 3.962, "text": "but what about the people who are already\ndonating out of desperation" }, { "start": 551.922, "duration": 2.086, "text": "to save their loved ones lives?" }, { "start": 555.342, "duration": 4.546, "text": "How could we treat kidney donors\nmore like firefighters?" }, { "start": 560.472, "duration": 3.295, "text": " Firefighters get paid to risk their\nbodies for the benefit of others," }, { "start": 563.767, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and nobody has a problem with that." }, { "start": 566.312, "duration": 1.251, "text": "We celebrate them." }, { "start": 568.314, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Maybe instead of being paid cash,\nkidney donors can get other benefits." }, { "start": 574.32, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Subsidize education, free health\ninsurance, public praise." }, { "start": 578.741, "duration": 4.212, "text": "That way, we could compensate donors\nand encourage altruism at the same time." }, { "start": 583.662, "duration": 5.005, "text": "But changing the system is really hard,\nand takes years." }, { "start": 589.335, "duration": 3.295, "text": "In the meantime, can’t you spare a kidney?" }, { "start": 592.713, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Aren’t you always wishing you could\ndo something meaningful? " }, { "start": 595.841, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Well, you could save someone’s life." }, { "start": 599.094, "duration": 2.253, "text": "But, I just, I don’t know." }, { "start": 601.68, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Even though rationally, I know the risks\nare small for someone like me," }, { "start": 606.477, "duration": 2.252, "text": "there’s still some risk." }, { "start": 609.563, "duration": 1.376, "text": "I know, I know." }, { "start": 611.023, "duration": 3.253, "text": "We all take risks every day without\neven thinking about it. " }, { "start": 614.276, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But, ugh—" }, { "start": 616.82, "duration": 5.548, "text": "Ada, what are you still doing here? \nWhy is the door still unlocked?" }, { "start": 622.368, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Uh—" }, { "start": 623.369, "duration": 2.961, "text": "No, don’t answer. Just go." }, { "start": 630.417, "duration": 3.17, "text": "I guess I’ll see you later, then?" } ] }, { "video_id": "DgzxhDHjzms", "title": "How scientists are creating real-life invisibility cloaks - Max G. Levy", "description": "Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nA spy presses a button on their suit and blinks out of sight. A wizard wraps himself in a cloak and disappears. A star pilot flicks a switch, and their ship vanishes into space. Invisibility is one of the most tantalizing powers in fiction, spanning all kinds of stories. But could this fantasy ever become a reality? Max G. Levy digs into the technologies that could make invisibility possible.\n\nLesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Michalis Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-scientists-are-creating-real-life-invisibility-cloaks-max-g-levy\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-scientists-are-creating-real-life-invisibility-cloaks-max-g-levy/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.", "publishedAt": "2024-12-05T16:00:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.42, "duration": 5.839, "text": "In 2015, two men drove a Volkswagen\nacross the continental United States" }, { "start": 13.259, "duration": 2.961, "text": "on just over 100 gallons of fuel." }, { "start": 16.888, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Their 81-mile-per-gallon performance\ndoubled the car’s estimated fuel rating," }, { "start": 22.435, "duration": 4.88, "text": "and set the record for the lowest\nfuel consumption ride of a diesel car." }, { "start": 27.899, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The duo call themselves hypermilers" }, { "start": 30.902, "duration": 5.172, "text": "and are experts in techniques\nthat maximize a car’s fuel efficiency," }, { "start": 36.074, "duration": 2.544, "text": "such as the pulse-and-glide." }, { "start": 38.951, "duration": 3.129, "text": "In the pulse, drivers accelerate slowly" }, { "start": 42.08, "duration": 3.753, "text": "until they’re traveling slightly\nabove their intended speed." }, { "start": 46.167, "duration": 3.17, "text": "They then slowly release the throttle\nand glide," }, { "start": 49.337, "duration": 3.003, "text": "until they’re slightly below,\nand repeat." }, { "start": 52.715, "duration": 2.92, "text": "To understand why this\nstrategy saves fuel," }, { "start": 55.635, "duration": 4.713, "text": "we first need to unpack what exactly\nis going on beneath a car's hood." }, { "start": 60.64, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Non-electric cars run on internal\ncombustion engines," }, { "start": 65.353, "duration": 1.877, "text": "or ICEs." }, { "start": 67.73, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Cars are often advertised as sporting\na 4-, 6-, or 8-cylinder engine," }, { "start": 73.653, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which refers to this device's\nmain components." }, { "start": 77.156, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Within each of these cylinders\nis a piston," }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 1.836, "text": "which moves up and down," }, { "start": 82.12, "duration": 3.086, "text": "spinning a bar known as a crankshaft," }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 3.837, "text": "effectively converting linear motion\ninto a rotary motion" }, { "start": 89.043, "duration": 1.71, "text": "that can drive the wheels." }, { "start": 91.254, "duration": 2.46, "text": "What powers these pistons’ movements" }, { "start": 93.714, "duration": 3.754, "text": "is what gives these engines\ntheir namesake: combustion." }, { "start": 97.593, "duration": 5.089, "text": "As the piston lowers, air and fuel are\nsprayed into the cylinder’s chamber." }, { "start": 102.89, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Then as the piston rises,\nthis air and fuel mixture is compressed." }, { "start": 107.937, "duration": 3.378, "text": "In gasoline engines,\na spark is introduced," }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 1.376, "text": "igniting the gas." }, { "start": 112.817, "duration": 4.755, "text": "In diesel engines, the compression alone\ncreates a mini explosion." }, { "start": 117.822, "duration": 4.796, "text": "This combustion causes an immediate\nincrease in temperature and pressure," }, { "start": 122.66, "duration": 3.754, "text": "propelling the piston down,\nas it starts the cycle again." }, { "start": 126.747, "duration": 4.713, "text": "The gas pedal controls the amount\nof air and subsequent fuel" }, { "start": 131.46, "duration": 1.585, "text": "released into the chamber." }, { "start": 133.171, "duration": 3.42, "text": "The more fuel in the chamber,\nthe more powerful the combustion," }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 2.669, "text": "making the crankshaft rotate faster." }, { "start": 139.51, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Driving down the highway, ICE cars\nspark thousands of blasts per minute." }, { "start": 145.057, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But explosion-power driving\nis pretty inefficient," }, { "start": 148.769, "duration": 3.712, "text": "as much of the energy generated\nis lost to heat." }, { "start": 152.732, "duration": 5.297, "text": "In fact, only 16 to 25% goes\ntowards moving the wheels." }, { "start": 158.196, "duration": 2.877, "text": "These explosions also create CO2," }, { "start": 161.073, "duration": 5.923, "text": "and ICE engines produce 15%\nof the total global carbon emissions." }, { "start": 167.622, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The pulse-and-glide can increase\nefficiency for two reasons." }, { "start": 172.251, "duration": 3.629, "text": "First, when accelerating to higher speeds\nduring the pulse," }, { "start": 175.88, "duration": 2.669, "text": "the engine works at a higher efficiency" }, { "start": 178.549, "duration": 2.836, "text": "compared to traveling\nat a constant lower speed." }, { "start": 181.385, "duration": 5.84, "text": "And second, modern car engines\nshut off fuel injection or idle," }, { "start": 187.225, "duration": 1.292, "text": "when decelerating." }, { "start": 188.517, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Meaning that as the car glides," }, { "start": 190.353, "duration": 4.379, "text": "the wheels are driven by inertial energy,\nrather than combustion," }, { "start": 194.732, "duration": 1.502, "text": "ultimately saving fuel." }, { "start": 196.359, "duration": 1.835, "text": "But even at their peak performance," }, { "start": 198.194, "duration": 6.089, "text": "ICE hypermilers can’t compete with the\ntrue champion of fuel efficiency rides:" }, { "start": 204.283, "duration": 1.46, "text": "the electric vehicle." }, { "start": 206.035, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Many EVs run on induction motors,\nwhich have two main parts:" }, { "start": 210.748, "duration": 1.919, "text": "a stator and a rotor." }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 4.671, "text": "The stator is a series of rings,\nwith copper wires wrapped around it." }, { "start": 217.964, "duration": 3.295, "text": "By conducting electricity\nat variable rates," }, { "start": 221.3, "duration": 3.629, "text": "these wires create\na rotating magnetic field." }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This field induces the rotor\nwith electrical current," }, { "start": 228.724, "duration": 3.42, "text": "causing it to spin,\nand driving the motion of the wheels." }, { "start": 232.687, "duration": 5.13, "text": "For EVs, pressing on the accelerator\nchanges the frequency of current" }, { "start": 237.817, "duration": 2.502, "text": "driven into the wires of the stator," }, { "start": 240.319, "duration": 3.796, "text": "in turn increasing the rate\nat which the rotor spins." }, { "start": 244.532, "duration": 3.378, "text": "By utilizing battery power\nrather than gasoline," }, { "start": 247.91, "duration": 5.089, "text": "65 to 69% of the energy consumed by EVs" }, { "start": 252.999, "duration": 2.252, "text": "goes directly to moving the wheels." }, { "start": 255.418, "duration": 5.422, "text": "And since EVs don't create explosions,\nfewer parts are needed below the hood." }, { "start": 261.007, "duration": 4.212, "text": "While a typical ICE vehicle has\nover 2,000 moving parts" }, { "start": 265.219, "duration": 3.253, "text": "to help contain, cool,\nand maintain combustion," }, { "start": 268.681, "duration": 2.836, "text": "a typical EV has about 20." }, { "start": 271.892, "duration": 3.337, "text": "EVs are completely changing\nthe hypermiling game" }, { "start": 275.229, "duration": 4.755, "text": "as drivers compete to travel the farthest\non the fewest kilowatt-hours." }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And records will likely only\nget more impressive," }, { "start": 283.654, "duration": 3.754, "text": "as the design of EV motors\nallows for the introduction" }, { "start": 287.408, "duration": 2.669, "text": "of innovative energy-saving devices." }, { "start": 290.119, "duration": 4.421, "text": "For example, most EVs utilize\nregenerative braking," }, { "start": 294.54, "duration": 3.545, "text": "where energy normally lost to friction\nis conserved." }, { "start": 298.669, "duration": 4.546, "text": "As the car slows, the electric motor\noperates in reverse," }, { "start": 303.215, "duration": 3.796, "text": "capturing the vehicle’s kinetic energy\nto recharge the battery." }, { "start": 307.219, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Some companies are even equipping\nEVs with rooftop solar panels," }, { "start": 312.266, "duration": 2.169, "text": "further increasing their range." }, { "start": 315.019, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Since they don’t burn fuel,\nEVs have zero tailpipe emissions." }, { "start": 319.44, "duration": 2.628, "text": "That’s not to say they’re\nalways carbon neutral." }, { "start": 322.068, "duration": 3.253, "text": "EVs require regular charging\nof their batteries," }, { "start": 325.321, "duration": 3.086, "text": "meaning their emission profile\nis only as clean" }, { "start": 328.407, "duration": 2.294, "text": "as the electric utility they plug into." }, { "start": 330.951, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So as global grids continue to shift\ntowards renewable sources," }, { "start": 335.414, "duration": 2.544, "text": "EVs are also becoming greener," }, { "start": 338.042, "duration": 4.504, "text": "making them an even more attractive,\nhyper-efficient option." } ] }, { "video_id": "0pF6ZLCxceM", "title": "How are these fires burning underground? - Emma Bryce", "description": "Explore the phenomenon known as peat fires, smoldering fires that burn underground and can continue for months or even years.\n\n--\n\nIn 1997, a fire began in Indonesia that would rage for almost a year. Despite being one of the largest fires in recorded history, for months at a time it burned without a flame. This might sound like a uniquely freaky fire, but it’s actually one of many. So, is it possible to snuff out these bizarre blazes? And how do they form in the first place? Emma Bryce explores the phenomenon of peat fires.\n\nLesson by Emma Bryce, directed by Ivana Volda.\n\nA special thanks to Guillermo Rein who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-worlds-longest-burning-fires-emma-bryce\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-worlds-longest-burning-fires-emma-bryce/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://ivanathomasvolda.org\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides and Yvette Mocete.", "publishedAt": "2024-12-03T16:01:22Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 5.172, "text": "You’re clambering through the bush on one\nof Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda Islands," }, { "start": 12.425, "duration": 4.671, "text": "when you suddenly spy a Komodo dragon\nin the clearing ahead." }, { "start": 17.221, "duration": 1.836, "text": "So, what should you do?" }, { "start": 19.182, "duration": 1.501, "text": "Are you doomed? " }, { "start": 21.1, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Forked tongue flickering;\nsharp, saw-like teeth glimmering;" }, { "start": 25.897, "duration": 4.379, "text": " and strong, scaly body stretching\nup to three meters," }, { "start": 30.443, "duration": 6.048, "text": "Komodo dragons are formidable—\nand the world’s largest lizards." }, { "start": 36.699, "duration": 2.795, "text": "They can weigh over 80 kilograms," }, { "start": 39.744, "duration": 4.504, "text": "but that number fluctuates\ndramatically since they're capable" }, { "start": 44.248, "duration": 5.548, "text": "of gulping down 80% of their body weight\nin a single meal." }, { "start": 50.838, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Komodo dragons are one of dozens\nof species of monitor lizard." }, { "start": 56.094, "duration": 5.422, "text": "They evolved in Australia and now\ninhabit just a few Indonesian islands," }, { "start": 61.516, "duration": 4.254, "text": "where adult komodos generally have\nno natural predators—" }, { "start": 65.77, "duration": 1.376, "text": "besides each other." }, { "start": 67.563, "duration": 4.463, "text": "They begin their lives as limber,\ntree-dwelling hatchlings." }, { "start": 72.11, "duration": 1.459, "text": "Within their first year," }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 3.837, "text": "they rarely venture to the ground in order\nto avoid predators," }, { "start": 77.406, "duration": 2.169, "text": "like adult Komodo dragons." }, { "start": 79.784, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Because cannibalism\ncertainly isn’t out of the question." }, { "start": 83.746, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Juveniles actively hunt insects\nand other lizards." }, { "start": 88.084, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And once they grow larger,\nthey graduate to the ground," }, { "start": 91.712, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and their diet eventually\nshifts dramatically" }, { "start": 95.508, "duration": 4.129, "text": "to include animals\nseveral times their size." }, { "start": 99.887, "duration": 4.421, "text": "They devour deer, pigs,\nand even water buffalo, " }, { "start": 104.392, "duration": 1.501, "text": "bones and all." }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Komodos can lie in wait\nfor hours alongside game trails." }, { "start": 110.565, "duration": 2.794, "text": "But at the opportune moment,\nthey’ll lunge," }, { "start": 113.484, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and can reach 17-kilometer-per-hour\nbursts of speed." }, { "start": 118.406, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Their extremely sharp teeth\nhave serrated edges" }, { "start": 122.41, "duration": 5.13, "text": "and tips coated in iron that\npuncture and tear through flesh," }, { "start": 127.665, "duration": 3.337, "text": "making their bites quite literally metal." }, { "start": 131.711, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But exactly what komodos owe\ntheir hunting successes to—" }, { "start": 135.923, "duration": 5.047, "text": "especially when it comes to taking down\nlarger animals like water buffalo—" }, { "start": 141.095, "duration": 2.628, "text": "has been debated for decades." }, { "start": 144.015, "duration": 6.339, "text": "Back in the 80s, one researcher proposed\nthat even if their prey initially escapes," }, { "start": 150.438, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Komodo dragon saliva\nmight store harmful bacteria," }, { "start": 154.942, "duration": 4.797, "text": "which could proliferate in the bite\nwound and help kill the animal." }, { "start": 160.114, "duration": 5.005, "text": "But researchers have since found\nthat not all Komodo dragon saliva" }, { "start": 165.119, "duration": 2.377, "text": "packs such lethal bacteria." }, { "start": 167.58, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And some bite wounds might\nget infected all on their own." }, { "start": 171.709, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Interestingly, Komodo dragons\nalso have venom glands," }, { "start": 176.047, "duration": 4.462, "text": "which secrete anticoagulant\nand shock-causing compounds," }, { "start": 180.676, "duration": 4.672, "text": "possibly exacerbating the destructive\npowers of their bites." }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But it’s unclear whether venom\nis playing much of an active role." }, { "start": 190.561, "duration": 4.463, "text": "And Komodos’ thrashing bites alone\nseem harmful enough" }, { "start": 195.024, "duration": 2.878, "text": "to cause fatal injury much of the time." }, { "start": 198.277, "duration": 5.464, "text": "But they’re not just hunters;\nKomodo dragons are also scavengers." }, { "start": 203.991, "duration": 2.503, "text": "With their characteristic undulating walk" }, { "start": 206.494, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and their snake-like\nflicking forked tongue," }, { "start": 209.413, "duration": 3.379, "text": "they’re able to gauge the direction\nof different scents" }, { "start": 212.917, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and identify rotting flesh from afar." }, { "start": 216.379, "duration": 3.169, "text": "When one Komodo takes down\na water buffalo," }, { "start": 219.674, "duration": 2.836, "text": "dozens may congregate to feed." }, { "start": 222.802, "duration": 5.088, "text": "However, despite regularly diving\ninto decaying corpses," }, { "start": 227.932, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Komodo dragons rarely succumb\nto infections themselves—" }, { "start": 232.353, "duration": 4.671, "text": "even though males lead devastating wounds\non each other during breeding season." }, { "start": 237.9, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Researchers think this is because\ntheir blood is packed with peptides," }, { "start": 242.989, "duration": 1.96, "text": "which are like small proteins," }, { "start": 244.991, "duration": 5.588, "text": "many of which can fight microbes and\nstimulate the Komodo’s immune system." }, { "start": 250.871, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Some of these antimicrobial peptides\nhave proven so promising" }, { "start": 255.459, "duration": 4.171, "text": "they’re even being investigated\nfor human antibiotic uses." }, { "start": 259.88, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But how can you protect yourself\nin the land of dragons?" }, { "start": 264.051, "duration": 6.298, "text": "Komodo Island oral tradition holds\nthat a woman long ago gave birth to twins," }, { "start": 270.433, "duration": 2.294, "text": "one human and one dragon." }, { "start": 273.144, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Inextricably connected from then on," }, { "start": 275.73, "duration": 3.253, "text": "the relationship between humans\nand Komodo dragons" }, { "start": 278.983, "duration": 3.378, "text": "was to be governed by respect\nand coexistence" }, { "start": 282.403, "duration": 2.085, "text": "instead of fear and violence." }, { "start": 284.613, "duration": 3.963, "text": "And indeed, Komodo dragons\ngenerally avoid humans—" }, { "start": 288.576, "duration": 4.004, "text": "unless something like rotting flesh\nis also on the menu." }, { "start": 292.913, "duration": 3.17, "text": "If you encounter a Komodo,\ntry to stay calm" }, { "start": 296.083, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and avoid sudden movements\nthat could pique their curiosity." }, { "start": 299.962, "duration": 4.296, "text": "You’re better off orienting yourself\nbehind them or to their side." }, { "start": 304.425, "duration": 4.963, "text": "If one gets close, you could grab a stick\nand push it against their shoulder" }, { "start": 309.388, "duration": 2.795, "text": "or hit their sensitive foreheads." }, { "start": 312.308, "duration": 5.13, "text": "And in the rare event one chases you,\ntry outrunning them, climbing a tree," }, { "start": 317.563, "duration": 1.96, "text": "or jumping into the ocean—" }, { "start": 319.523, "duration": 3.087, "text": "because they can run fast\nover short distances," }, { "start": 322.693, "duration": 1.877, "text": "but they’re no marathon runners." }, { "start": 324.612, "duration": 5.255, "text": "And large Komodos can’t climb trees\nanymore and tend to avoid water." }, { "start": 330.618, "duration": 4.087, "text": "It’s also worth noting that if you did\nend up in this situation," }, { "start": 334.705, "duration": 4.505, "text": "it’s probably because you illegally\nventured into a protected area" }, { "start": 339.21, "duration": 1.793, "text": "without an experienced guide." }, { "start": 341.253, "duration": 2.962, "text": "So, better to just avoid\ndoing that to begin with." } ] }, { "video_id": "KF6rClLH4n4", "title": "Why don’t companies want you to repair your stuff? - Aaron Perzanowski", "description": "Explore how the Right to Repair movement is pushing back against companies which don’t want consumers fixing their products.\n\n--\n\nToday, some companies are working hard to prevent consumers from repairing products on their own. In many cases, repair can only be done by the original manufacturer, if at all. With limited repair options available, we end up buying new and throwing more items out. So, how exactly do companies prevent repair? And what can consumers do about it? Aaron Perzanowski investigates.\n\nLesson by Aaron Perzanowski, directed by Nick Hilditch.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-dont-companies-want-you-to-repair-your-stuff-aaron-perzanowski\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-dont-companies-want-you-to-repair-your-stuff-aaron-perzanowski/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://nickhilditch.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang and Bethany Connor.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-26T16:00:50Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Roughly 3 billion years ago," }, { "start": 8.921, "duration": 5.923, "text": "a single-celled photosynthetic bacterium\nbegan burping a new chemical" }, { "start": 14.844, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that was poisonous\nto nearly every species on Earth." }, { "start": 19.766, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Over the following hundreds\nof millions of years," }, { "start": 22.477, "duration": 4.379, "text": "more microorganisms began producing\nthis toxic gas," }, { "start": 27.106, "duration": 4.755, "text": "first saturating Earth's oceans\nand eventually its atmosphere." }, { "start": 32.028, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Up here, this chemical changed\nthe composition of pre-existing gases" }, { "start": 36.866, "duration": 4.004, "text": "so drastically that it caused\na global ice age." }, { "start": 40.953, "duration": 5.798, "text": "And the name of this powerful, poisonous,\nworld-changing gas? Oxygen." }, { "start": 47.627, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In the millions of years since\nthe Great Oxygen Catastrophe," }, { "start": 51.547, "duration": 3.671, "text": "most life, including all\nmulticellular organisms," }, { "start": 55.218, "duration": 2.544, "text": "have evolved to rely on this gas." }, { "start": 57.929, "duration": 4.88, "text": "However, there are some places\nwhere oxygen-averse microorganisms," }, { "start": 62.892, "duration": 3.712, "text": "like those from Earth's earliest days,\nhave re-emerged." }, { "start": 67.105, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Many of these places are\nin the ocean depths," }, { "start": 70.024, "duration": 1.96, "text": "beyond the reach of researchers." }, { "start": 72.068, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But there are other bodies of water\ncompletely devoid of oxygen," }, { "start": 76.489, "duration": 2.919, "text": "yet close enough to the surface\nto explore." }, { "start": 79.575, "duration": 4.797, "text": "And one such lake is hidden high\nin the Swiss Alps’ Piora Valley." }, { "start": 84.789, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Formed over 10,000 years ago," }, { "start": 87.125, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Lake Cadagno is one of roughly 200\nknown meromictic lakes," }, { "start": 92.171, "duration": 5.631, "text": "meaning it's actually two distinct bodies\nof water stacked on top of each other." }, { "start": 98.052, "duration": 3.796, "text": "The top layer functions like\na standard body of freshwater." }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 5.213, "text": "It’s safe for swimming and known mostly\nfor a plump and plentiful fish population" }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 4.254, "text": "that’s been the subject\nof local fishing legends for centuries." }, { "start": 111.44, "duration": 6.757, "text": "But just 13 meters beneath that bounty\nis a dense, sulfurous, oxygen-free pool" }, { "start": 118.197, "duration": 4.546, "text": "lethal to any multicellular life forms,\nfish included." }, { "start": 123.077, "duration": 4.213, "text": "In a typical lake, the entire\nbody of water would gradually mix," }, { "start": 127.29, "duration": 3.295, "text": "diffusing oxygen\nfrom the surface throughout." }, { "start": 131.169, "duration": 5.463, "text": "But these two layers never mix,\nas is the case with any meromictic lake." }, { "start": 136.799, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And the reason for this divide in Cadagno" }, { "start": 139.51, "duration": 3.253, "text": "is the waters’ unique\nchemical compositions." }, { "start": 142.93, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Both layers are fed by rainwater\nflowing down the mountains," }, { "start": 147.185, "duration": 3.378, "text": "however, this water can take two paths." }, { "start": 150.605, "duration": 5.213, "text": "The first is to trickle down the granitic\nmountain directly into the top layer." }, { "start": 155.985, "duration": 5.088, "text": "The second is to seep into the\nPiora Valley’s vein of dolomite—" }, { "start": 161.073, "duration": 3.921, "text": "a porous rock full of salts\nsuch as sulfate." }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Rainwater that sinks into the dolomite\nwill slowly inch towards the lake," }, { "start": 170.041, "duration": 4.504, "text": "all the while shedding its oxygen\nand picking up salts." }, { "start": 174.921, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Finally, this heavier water will cascade\nfrom sublacustrine springs" }, { "start": 180.176, "duration": 1.752, "text": "below the lake’s surface," }, { "start": 181.928, "duration": 2.919, "text": "forming the dense,\nsalt-rich bottom layer." }, { "start": 185.264, "duration": 3.921, "text": "This lower layer is anoxic,\nmeaning oxygen free," }, { "start": 189.185, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and will suffocate any\noxygen-dependent life." }, { "start": 192.313, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But it’s ideal for the kind\nof anaerobic bacteria that died off" }, { "start": 196.817, "duration": 2.461, "text": "in the Great Oxygen Catastrophe." }, { "start": 199.612, "duration": 4.338, "text": "The flow from the sublacustrine springs\ncreates microenvironments" }, { "start": 203.95, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which feed large aggregates\nof microorganisms" }, { "start": 207.203, "duration": 4.504, "text": "that emerge from the lakebed\nin strange and otherworldly shapes." }, { "start": 211.874, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Various anaerobic microorganisms\ntake in the water's sulfate" }, { "start": 216.212, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and emit toxic sulfide." }, { "start": 219.173, "duration": 1.96, "text": "And at the border of these layers," }, { "start": 221.133, "duration": 5.589, "text": "there’s a thin blanket mainly composed\nof pink-bodied Chromatium okenii:" }, { "start": 226.889, "duration": 4.338, "text": "a photosynthesizing bacterium\nthat relies on this sulfur" }, { "start": 231.227, "duration": 2.711, "text": "the way most plants rely on oxygen." }, { "start": 234.522, "duration": 4.504, "text": "However, while neither water nor organisms\nmove between the layers," }, { "start": 239.026, "duration": 3.295, "text": "these ecosystems aren’t\ncompletely out of touch." }, { "start": 242.822, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Chromatium okenii live\nat the top of the bottom layer" }, { "start": 246.575, "duration": 3.379, "text": "because they need to be as close\nto the sun as possible." }, { "start": 250.413, "duration": 4.17, "text": "But while they never cross\ninto the deadly oxygenated waters," }, { "start": 254.583, "duration": 4.922, "text": "they’re close enough that organisms\nlike zooplankton can dive down," }, { "start": 259.505, "duration": 2.127, "text": "eat them, and get back up." }, { "start": 262.008, "duration": 4.045, "text": "In fact, this relationship forms\nthe bottom of the upper layer’s" }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 1.46, "text": "robust food chain" }, { "start": 267.513, "duration": 3.212, "text": "supporting the lake’s\nlegendary fish population." }, { "start": 271.017, "duration": 4.462, "text": "This unique ecology is more than\njust a boon for Cadagno’s fishermen." }, { "start": 275.521, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Having access to an isolated\nanaerobic ecosystem" }, { "start": 279.4, "duration": 5.631, "text": "allows scientists to model the world\nbefore the Great Oxygen Catastrophe." }, { "start": 285.156, "duration": 3.503, "text": "For example, when Chromatium okenii\nform their blanket," }, { "start": 288.659, "duration": 3.462, "text": "they increase the density\nof that thin layer of water." }, { "start": 292.288, "duration": 5.047, "text": "As the water sinks, these microorganisms\nare forced to swim back up," }, { "start": 297.335, "duration": 4.254, "text": "creating a minute mixing of water\ncalled bioconvection." }, { "start": 301.922, "duration": 3.629, "text": "This billions of years old phenomenon\nmight be a clue" }, { "start": 305.551, "duration": 3.67, "text": "to how early life evolved\nthe ability to swim." }, { "start": 309.388, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And it’s just one of the many insights\nthat await researchers" }, { "start": 313.1, "duration": 3.087, "text": "studying Cadagno’s mysterious depths." } ] }, { "video_id": "4UORR38l9fo", "title": "What staying up all night does to your brain - Anna Rothschild", "description": "Explore how pulling an all-nighter can impact your cognitive function, and find out what happens to your brain when you don't sleep.\n\n--\n\nYou’re just one history final away from a relaxing spring break. But you still have so much to study! You decide to follow in the footsteps of many students before you, and pull an all-nighter. So, what happens to your brain when you stay up all night? And does cramming like this actually help you prepare for a test? Anna Rothschild explores how a sleepless night impacts your cognitive function.\n\nLesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Biljana Labović.\nAnimation by Noam Sussman & Ali Kellner, Homework Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Bezos Family Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Dr. Mathias Basner, Andrew Fuligni, Adriana Galván, and UCLA Center for the Developing Adolescent who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-staying-up-all-night-does-to-your-brain-anna-rothschild\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-staying-up-all-night-does-to-your-brain-anna-rothschild/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon and Aleksandar Donev.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-21T16:01:25Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.755, "text": "In the late 1930s, a grand panda drama\nunfolded at the Chicago Zoo." }, { "start": 13.051, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Su-Lin, who had been a media darling\nsince she was a cub," }, { "start": 17.096, "duration": 1.335, "text": "passed away." }, { "start": 18.598, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Zookeepers were already in the process" }, { "start": 20.767, "duration": 3.211, "text": "of procuring another female panda\nnamed Mei Mei," }, { "start": 24.103, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and they were determined to find her\na mate before tragedy struck again." }, { "start": 29.4, "duration": 3.629, "text": "So when they acquired a prospective suitor\nnamed Mei Lan," }, { "start": 33.029, "duration": 2.085, "text": "it seemed their troubles were over." }, { "start": 35.156, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Magazines monitored their progress," }, { "start": 37.492, "duration": 4.212, "text": "and the public eagerly awaited\nthe patter of tiny panda paws." }, { "start": 41.788, "duration": 2.377, "text": "But the wait dragged on." }, { "start": 44.332, "duration": 5.088, "text": "At first, headlines declared that Mei Mei\nwas \"getting nowhere\" with her love life." }, { "start": 49.67, "duration": 4.463, "text": "But eventually zookeepers realized\ntheir significant slip-up:" }, { "start": 54.634, "duration": 3.17, "text": "both bears were male." }, { "start": 58.346, "duration": 5.589, "text": "This is just one of many mistakes humans\nhave made when it comes to pandas." }, { "start": 64.31, "duration": 3.086, "text": "We've incorrectly classified\nthem as raccoons," }, { "start": 67.438, "duration": 3.337, "text": "misrepresented them as cuddly vegetarians," }, { "start": 70.775, "duration": 4.087, "text": "and— since the doomed union\nof Mei Mei and Mei Lan—" }, { "start": 74.862, "duration": 2.962, "text": "declared them as incompetent lovers." }, { "start": 77.99, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Some people have taken this even further," }, { "start": 80.368, "duration": 3.879, "text": "suggesting it's remarkable\nthis sex-shy species" }, { "start": 84.247, "duration": 2.919, "text": "has been able to sustain\nthemselves at all." }, { "start": 87.583, "duration": 4.296, "text": "However, this common perception of pandas\nhaving low libidos" }, { "start": 91.879, "duration": 4.171, "text": "actually has more to do\nwith human incompetence." }, { "start": 96.634, "duration": 2.753, "text": "When it comes to breeding pandas\nin captivity," }, { "start": 99.387, "duration": 2.919, "text": "zookeepers face multiple challenges." }, { "start": 102.598, "duration": 5.297, "text": "As the Chicago case suggests, it can be\ntricky to figure out a panda's sex." }, { "start": 108.062, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Their external genitals don't appear\nuntil they're a few months old," }, { "start": 112.775, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and once visible, they look very similar." }, { "start": 116.445, "duration": 3.546, "text": "This forces zookeepers to rely\non inconsistent methods," }, { "start": 119.991, "duration": 3.628, "text": "like trying to measure the distance\nbetween the anus and genitals," }, { "start": 123.828, "duration": 2.753, "text": "or simply going by feel." }, { "start": 126.873, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And even when males and females\nare paired up correctly," }, { "start": 130.751, "duration": 2.42, "text": "chemistry isn't guaranteed." }, { "start": 133.296, "duration": 2.085, "text": "In one case at the Moscow Zoo," }, { "start": 135.381, "duration": 3.462, "text": "a female bear that had been isolated\nfrom other animals" }, { "start": 138.843, "duration": 3.879, "text": "proved more interested in zookeepers\nthan other pandas." }, { "start": 142.847, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Complicating things further," }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 5.63, "text": "female pandas can only be impregnated\n1 to 3 days each year" }, { "start": 150.479, "duration": 3.129, "text": "due to their incredibly short\novulation window." }, { "start": 153.649, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Zookeepers try to track fertility levels\nby measuring the hormones in their urine," }, { "start": 158.696, "duration": 4.838, "text": "but this data is often cryptic to decipher\nand messy to capture." }, { "start": 164.243, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Females have also evolved the ability\nto reabsorb their own fetuses," }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 3.837, "text": "meaning that even a successful\nimpregnation can be reversed." }, { "start": 173.169, "duration": 3.378, "text": "The difficulty of breeding pandas\nhas reinforced the idea" }, { "start": 176.547, "duration": 2.753, "text": "that they're not naturally\ninclined to procreate." }, { "start": 179.8, "duration": 4.964, "text": "But there's a huge gap between how these\nanimals behave in captivity" }, { "start": 184.764, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and the privacy of the wild." }, { "start": 187.266, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Prowling through her home territory," }, { "start": 189.644, "duration": 4.838, "text": "a female panda rubs her anal glands\non tree trunks to attract mates," }, { "start": 194.607, "duration": 4.671, "text": "then waits in the treetops\nbleating as loudly as she can." }, { "start": 199.278, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Soon enough, males crowd around the tree\nand compete for her attention" }, { "start": 203.95, "duration": 2.502, "text": "by seeing who can pee the highest." }, { "start": 206.661, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Suitors adopt a variety of poses\nin these competitions," }, { "start": 210.581, "duration": 4.213, "text": "including the \"squat,\" \"legcock,\"\nand \"handstand.\"" }, { "start": 215.044, "duration": 2.878, "text": "They're also known to dab urine\nbehind their ears" }, { "start": 217.922, "duration": 3.42, "text": "to broadcast their virility\nthrough the breeze." }, { "start": 221.759, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Once a female picks a winner," }, { "start": 223.803, "duration": 5.63, "text": "the mating pair will often have sex\nover 40 times in a single afternoon." }, { "start": 229.558, "duration": 4.296, "text": "At these rates, you might expect\npanda populations to be booming," }, { "start": 233.854, "duration": 3.421, "text": "especially since panda sperm\nis incredibly potent." }, { "start": 237.483, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But females' short ovulation cycles\nand ability to reabsorb fetuses" }, { "start": 242.071, "duration": 2.127, "text": "keep the population in check." }, { "start": 245.116, "duration": 5.547, "text": "In the wild, young pandas are usually able\nto witness at least one breeding season" }, { "start": 250.663, "duration": 2.377, "text": "before reaching sexual maturity," }, { "start": 253.082, "duration": 3.253, "text": "giving them time to learn\nthe rituals of seduction." }, { "start": 256.419, "duration": 4.754, "text": "But in captivity, pandas are never\nable to learn these customs." }, { "start": 261.34, "duration": 4.213, "text": "And while breeders have tried to kick\nstart young pandas' sexual awakenings" }, { "start": 265.553, "duration": 4.921, "text": "by showing them footage of mating elders\nand offering them doses of Viagra," }, { "start": 270.725, "duration": 3.003, "text": "none of these strategies have\nworked consistently." }, { "start": 273.894, "duration": 4.255, "text": "The most reliable approach they've\nfound is artificial insemination," }, { "start": 278.274, "duration": 3.336, "text": "which has dramatically increased\nthe captive population" }, { "start": 281.61, "duration": 1.627, "text": "in the past few decades." }, { "start": 283.321, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But if pandas are so much better\nat reproducing in the wild," }, { "start": 286.699, "duration": 5.38, "text": "one has to ask why are conservation\nefforts so focused on breeding them." }, { "start": 292.246, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Maybe our time would be better spent" }, { "start": 294.832, "duration": 3.045, "text": "protecting the pandas'\nnatural environments," }, { "start": 298.169, "duration": 4.087, "text": "giving them all the space they need\nto get down to business." } ] }, { "video_id": "iNyUmbmQQZg", "title": "Can you solve the trickster god riddle? - Alex Rosenthal", "description": "Loki has challenged you to a winner-take-all game to end Ragnarok. Can you beat him and win the right to rule the new world?\n\n--\n\nRagnarok has been raging for far too long; many gods and heroes have fallen, and the rest can barely stand. Loki, his bright eyes dimmed by exhaustion, asks to meet. He proposes that you and he settle the conflict with a game atop a sacred table engraved with your names. Can you beat the infamous trickster and win the right to rule the new world? Alex Rosenthal shows how.\n\nLesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-trickster-god-riddle-alex-rosenthal\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-trickster-god-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan and Wes Winn.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-19T16:00:04Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 3.086, "text": "As your morning alarm blares, \nyou mutter to yourself," }, { "start": 10.214, "duration": 2.628, "text": "“Why did I set it so early?”" }, { "start": 13.426, "duration": 1.752, "text": "While brushing your teeth,\nyou think," }, { "start": 15.178, "duration": 2.586, "text": "“I need a haircut... unless?”" }, { "start": 18.389, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Rushing out the front door,\nyou reach for your keys" }, { "start": 21.768, "duration": 2.043, "text": "and realize they’re not there." }, { "start": 23.936, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Frustrated you shout, \n“I can’t do anything right!”" }, { "start": 28.149, "duration": 2.502, "text": "just in time to notice your neighbor." }, { "start": 30.902, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Being caught talking to yourself \ncan feel embarrassing," }, { "start": 34.238, "duration": 4.922, "text": "and some people even stigmatize this\nbehavior as a sign of mental instability." }, { "start": 39.41, "duration": 3.754, "text": "But decades of psychology research show\nthat talking to yourself" }, { "start": 43.164, "duration": 2.419, "text": "is completely normal." }, { "start": 45.917, "duration": 4.629, "text": "In fact, most, if not all, of us engage\nin some form of self-talk" }, { "start": 50.546, "duration": 1.71, "text": "every single day." }, { "start": 52.465, "duration": 2.544, "text": "So why do we talk to ourselves?" }, { "start": 55.009, "duration": 2.669, "text": "And does what we say matter?" }, { "start": 58.179, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Self-talk refers to the narration \ninside your head," }, { "start": 61.849, "duration": 2.169, "text": "sometimes called inner speech." }, { "start": 64.143, "duration": 3.879, "text": "It differs from mental imagery \nor recalling facts and figures." }, { "start": 68.189, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Specifically, psychologists\ndefine self-talk" }, { "start": 71.359, "duration": 5.046, "text": "as verbalized thoughts directed toward\nyourself or some facet of your life." }, { "start": 77.073, "duration": 4.296, "text": "This includes personal conversations like\n“I need to work on my free throw.”" }, { "start": 81.494, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But it also includes reflections\nyou have throughout the day," }, { "start": 84.372, "duration": 3.879, "text": "like “The gym is crowded tonight.\nI’ll come back tomorrow.”" }, { "start": 88.376, "duration": 3.086, "text": "And while most self-talk \nin adults tends to be silent," }, { "start": 91.462, "duration": 3.837, "text": "speaking to yourself out loud \nalso falls into this category." }, { "start": 95.883, "duration": 4.38, "text": "In fact, psychologists believe our first\nexperiences with self-talk" }, { "start": 100.263, "duration": 1.167, "text": "are mostly vocal," }, { "start": 101.43, "duration": 3.796, "text": "as children often speak to themselves\nout loud as they play." }, { "start": 105.56, "duration": 4.17, "text": "In the 1930s, Russian psychologist\nLev Vygotsky hypothesized" }, { "start": 109.73, "duration": 3.045, "text": "that this kind of speech was \nactually key to development." }, { "start": 113.192, "duration": 2.753, "text": "By repeating conversations \nthey’ve had with adults," }, { "start": 115.945, "duration": 4.296, "text": "children practice managing their behaviors\nand emotions on their own." }, { "start": 121.159, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Then, as they grow older, this outward\nself-talk tends to become internalized," }, { "start": 126.372, "duration": 2.836, "text": "morphing into a private inner dialogue." }, { "start": 129.333, "duration": 2.753, "text": "We know this internal self-talk\nis important," }, { "start": 132.086, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and can help you plan, \nwork through difficult situations," }, { "start": 134.922, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and even motivate you throughout the day." }, { "start": 137.383, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But studying self-talk can be difficult." }, { "start": 140.761, "duration": 4.88, "text": "It relies on study subjects clearly\ntracking a behavior that’s spontaneous" }, { "start": 145.641, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and often done without conscious control." }, { "start": 147.894, "duration": 3.878, "text": "For this reason, scientists are still\nworking to answer basic questions," }, { "start": 151.772, "duration": 3.045, "text": "like, why do some people\nself-talk more than others?" }, { "start": 154.817, "duration": 3.796, "text": "What areas of the brain are activated\nduring self-talk?" }, { "start": 158.613, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And how does this activation differ\nfrom normal conversation?" }, { "start": 162.617, "duration": 2.627, "text": "One thing we know for certain, however," }, { "start": 165.244, "duration": 4.838, "text": "is that what you say in these\nconversations can have real impacts" }, { "start": 170.082, "duration": 2.545, "text": "on your attitude and performance." }, { "start": 173.377, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Engaging in self-talk\nthat’s instructional or motivational" }, { "start": 176.839, "duration": 3.754, "text": "has been shown to increase focus,\nboost self-esteem," }, { "start": 180.593, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and help tackle everyday tasks." }, { "start": 183.554, "duration": 3.712, "text": "For example, one study \nof collegiate tennis players" }, { "start": 187.266, "duration": 3.921, "text": "found that incorporating instructional\nself-talk into practice" }, { "start": 191.187, "duration": 3.295, "text": "increased their concentration \nand accuracy." }, { "start": 195.066, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And just as chatting to a friend\ncan help decrease stress," }, { "start": 198.736, "duration": 5.631, "text": "speaking directly to yourself may also\nhelp you regulate your emotions." }, { "start": 204.659, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Distanced self-talk is when\nyou talk to yourself," }, { "start": 208.246, "duration": 2.46, "text": "as if in conversation with another person." }, { "start": 210.706, "duration": 3.462, "text": "So, rather than \n“I’m going to crush this exam,”" }, { "start": 214.168, "duration": 4.546, "text": "you might think, \n“Caleb, you are prepared for this test!”" }, { "start": 218.881, "duration": 3.921, "text": "One study found that this kind \nof self-talk was especially beneficial" }, { "start": 222.802, "duration": 4.588, "text": "for reducing stress \nwhen engaging in anxiety-inducing tasks," }, { "start": 227.39, "duration": 2.752, "text": "such as meeting new people\nor public speaking." }, { "start": 230.518, "duration": 5.13, "text": "But where positive self-talk can help you,\nnegative self-talk can harm you." }, { "start": 235.982, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Most people are critical \nof themselves occasionally," }, { "start": 239.318, "duration": 3.671, "text": "but when this behavior gets too frequent\nor excessively negative," }, { "start": 242.989, "duration": 1.584, "text": "it can become toxic." }, { "start": 244.865, "duration": 3.212, "text": "High levels of negative self-talk \nare often predictive" }, { "start": 248.077, "duration": 2.544, "text": "of anxiety in children and adults." }, { "start": 250.621, "duration": 3.087, "text": "And those who constantly blame themselves\nfor their problems" }, { "start": 253.708, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and ruminate on those situations" }, { "start": 255.835, "duration": 3.545, "text": "typically experience\nmore intense feelings of depression." }, { "start": 260.047, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Today, there’s a field \nof psychological treatment" }, { "start": 262.883, "duration": 3.921, "text": "called cognitive behavioral therapy, \nor CBT," }, { "start": 267.054, "duration": 4.421, "text": "which is partially focused on regulating\nthe tone of self-talk." }, { "start": 271.976, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Cognitive behavioral therapists \noften teach strategies" }, { "start": 275.229, "duration": 2.711, "text": "to identify cycles of negative thoughts" }, { "start": 277.94, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and replace them with neutral \nor more compassionate reflections." }, { "start": 282.403, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Over time, these tools can improve\none's mental health." }, { "start": 287.366, "duration": 3.629, "text": "So the next time you find yourself\nchatting with yourself," }, { "start": 290.995, "duration": 1.96, "text": "remember to be kind." }, { "start": 293.289, "duration": 4.296, "text": "That inner voice is a partner you’ll be\ntalking to for many years to come." } ] }, { "video_id": "UgMxLAi-odI", "title": "This could save lives— but are you willing to do it? - Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud", "description": "Puzzle through this classic ethical dilemma and decide: is community safety more important than individual privacy?\n\n--\n\nYour government has introduced a plan to address record-breaking rates of traffic tickets and deadly hovercar accidents. They propose assigning “driver credit scores” to every citizen, but would need to install cameras and microphones in every vehicle. While it would make the roads safer, is this undeniable benefit worth the cost to drivers’ privacy? Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud investigate.\n\nLesson by Michael Vazquez and Sarah Stroud, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-safety-worth-the-loss-of-privacy-michael-vazquez-and-sarah-stroud\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-safety-worth-the-loss-of-privacy-michael-vazquez-and-sarah-stroud/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space \nMusic: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz and Victor E Karhel.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-14T16:02:20Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.171, "text": "It’s April 10th, 1815, \nand in just a few moments," }, { "start": 11.132, "duration": 2.544, "text": "the sun is going to disappear." }, { "start": 14.01, "duration": 2.836, "text": "On an island in present-day Indonesia," }, { "start": 16.846, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Mount Tambora erupts with a boom that can\nbe heard over 2,000 kilometers away." }, { "start": 23.436, "duration": 5.964, "text": "Sulfurous plumes of steam and ash billow\nthousands of meters into the sky," }, { "start": 29.734, "duration": 3.587, "text": "forming dark storm clouds\nof soot and lightning." }, { "start": 33.529, "duration": 4.421, "text": "This eruption will go down as the\nlargest in recorded history," }, { "start": 37.95, "duration": 3.629, "text": "but, at this point, \nits impact is only just beginning." }, { "start": 42.038, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Ascending high into the atmosphere," }, { "start": 44.373, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Tambora’s emissions spread\nacross the globe," }, { "start": 47.96, "duration": 3.671, "text": "blotting out the sun \nfor almost an entire year." }, { "start": 52.048, "duration": 6.506, "text": "The hazy skies and cold weather of 1816\nwreak havoc on agriculture," }, { "start": 58.679, "duration": 3.546, "text": "leading to famines all across\nthe Northern Hemisphere." }, { "start": 62.517, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Nations struggle with epidemics," }, { "start": 64.894, "duration": 5.672, "text": "and artists craft bleak tributes \nto these seemingly apocalyptic times." }, { "start": 70.858, "duration": 2.628, "text": "This was the year without summer—" }, { "start": 73.486, "duration": 3.795, "text": "literally one of the darkest periods\nin human history." }, { "start": 77.573, "duration": 4.838, "text": "So why are some modern researchers\nlooking for ways to repeat it?" }, { "start": 83.204, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Obviously, no one wants to replicate\nthis period’s famine and despair." }, { "start": 87.625, "duration": 6.34, "text": "But some scientists are interested in\nusing sulfurous haze to block out the sun," }, { "start": 93.965, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and hopefully,\nslow the effects of global warming." }, { "start": 98.344, "duration": 4.254, "text": "This is one of many proposals\nin the realm of geoengineering—" }, { "start": 102.598, "duration": 5.548, "text": "a class of deliberate, large-scale\ninterventions in Earth’s natural systems" }, { "start": 108.146, "duration": 3.003, "text": "intended to help restrain climate change." }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Different geoengineering schemes\nintervene in different systems." }, { "start": 115.653, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Any plans to cool the planet by blocking\nthe amount of sunlight reaching the earth" }, { "start": 120.533, "duration": 4.129, "text": "would fall in the category \nof solar radiation management." }, { "start": 124.871, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Some of these proposals\nare massive in scale," }, { "start": 127.79, "duration": 4.797, "text": "such as suggestions to create\na helpful version of volcanic plumes" }, { "start": 132.587, "duration": 3.795, "text": "or build a giant sunshade\nin Earth’s orbit." }, { "start": 137.008, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Others are more limited, focusing \non enhancing natural cooling systems." }, { "start": 141.762, "duration": 3.879, "text": "For example, researchers might\nenlarge marine clouds" }, { "start": 145.641, "duration": 5.798, "text": "or make Earth reflect more sunlight \nby building huge swaths of white surfaces." }, { "start": 153.024, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Many of these plans sound more\nthan a little strange." }, { "start": 156.485, "duration": 2.503, "text": "But there’s reason to believe\nthey might work," }, { "start": 158.988, "duration": 4.046, "text": "not least because of natural events\nlike the eruption of Tambora." }, { "start": 163.201, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Scientists know that volcanic eruptions\nhave periodically cooled the climate." }, { "start": 168.331, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Both the Pinatubo eruption in 1991" }, { "start": 171.542, "duration": 5.506, "text": "and 1883′s blast of Krakatoa reduced\nglobal average temperatures" }, { "start": 177.048, "duration": 3.795, "text": "by at least half-a-degree Celsius\nfor up to a year." }, { "start": 181.26, "duration": 3.462, "text": "These cooling effects are\nglobal and fast acting—" }, { "start": 184.722, "duration": 2.252, "text": "but they're also incredibly risky." }, { "start": 187.141, "duration": 4.088, "text": "The Earth is a chaotic system \nwhere even the smallest changes" }, { "start": 191.229, "duration": 3.128, "text": "can create countless\nunpredictable ripple effects." }, { "start": 194.44, "duration": 3.545, "text": "We know that cooling temperatures\nimpacts precipitation," }, { "start": 197.985, "duration": 2.962, "text": "extreme weather, \nand other climate phenomena," }, { "start": 201.03, "duration": 3.295, "text": "but it’s difficult for even the most\nadvanced computer models" }, { "start": 204.325, "duration": 3.879, "text": "to predict how or where \nthese consequences will occur." }, { "start": 208.871, "duration": 2.669, "text": "One country’s solar radiation management" }, { "start": 211.54, "duration": 2.962, "text": "might be another country’s \nunnatural disaster," }, { "start": 214.502, "duration": 5.672, "text": "causing extreme weather or crop failures \nlike those following Tambora’s eruption." }, { "start": 221.092, "duration": 3.587, "text": "And even if these schemes did\nsafely cool the planet," }, { "start": 224.679, "duration": 3.878, "text": "solar radiation management\ndoesn’t address the greenhouse gases" }, { "start": 228.557, "duration": 1.794, "text": "that are causing global warming." }, { "start": 230.351, "duration": 3.962, "text": "These solutions are just highly\nexperimental band-aids" }, { "start": 234.313, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that the world would have to endure \nfor at least a few decades" }, { "start": 237.608, "duration": 3.545, "text": "while we work on actually removing \nCO2 from the air." }, { "start": 241.404, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And if we pulled that band-aid\noff prematurely," }, { "start": 244.824, "duration": 3.003, "text": "global temperatures could rapidly rebound," }, { "start": 247.827, "duration": 3.295, "text": "causing a period of intense super warming." }, { "start": 252.206, "duration": 4.63, "text": "For these reasons and more \nsolar radiation management is risky." }, { "start": 257.378, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Today, researchers are running\nsmall-scale experiments," }, { "start": 260.965, "duration": 4.087, "text": "such as enhancing marine clouds \nto protect the Great Barrier Reef" }, { "start": 265.052, "duration": 2.086, "text": "from further heating and bleaching." }, { "start": 267.305, "duration": 4.295, "text": "And most scientists agree that we should\npursue ways to cut emissions" }, { "start": 271.6, "duration": 3.546, "text": "and remove atmospheric CO2 \nfirst and foremost." }, { "start": 275.354, "duration": 4.296, "text": "However, there are reasons to keep\nstudying these more aggressive approaches." }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Desperate times call for desperate\nmeasures, and in the future," }, { "start": 283.446, "duration": 3.795, "text": "geoengineering might be \ncivilization’s last resort." }, { "start": 287.616, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Furthermore, some of these plans would\nbe shockingly easy to execute" }, { "start": 291.746, "duration": 2.669, "text": "by some rogue actor with enough cash." }, { "start": 294.54, "duration": 4.046, "text": "So we’ll want to be prepared \nif someone starts geoengineering" }, { "start": 298.586, "duration": 1.71, "text": "without governmental approval." }, { "start": 300.338, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But perhaps the most important reason to\ninvestigate the impacts of geoengineering" }, { "start": 305.176, "duration": 5.38, "text": "is that people are already making large\nscale interventions in the atmosphere." }, { "start": 310.639, "duration": 5.047, "text": "In many ways, climate change\nis an unintended geoengineering project" }, { "start": 315.895, "duration": 1.334, "text": "fueled by the emissions" }, { "start": 317.229, "duration": 3.629, "text": "generated from centuries \nof burning fossil fuels." }, { "start": 321.15, "duration": 2.794, "text": "And unless we take action \nto curb emissions" }, { "start": 323.944, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and draw CO2 out of the atmosphere soon," }, { "start": 327.448, "duration": 2.92, "text": "summer may never be the same again." } ] }, { "video_id": "kD3-DKkiVeA", "title": "Ugly History: The Armenian Genocide - Ümit Kurt", "description": "Dig into the history of the Armenian Genocide, during which the Ottoman Empire killed over 1 million Armenians during WWI.\n\n--\n\nWhen an Armenian resistance movement began to form in the 19th century, Sultan Abdul Hamid II took decisive action. He led the Hamidian Massacres— a relentless campaign of violence that killed over 150,000 Armenians. These massacres were the culmination of centuries of oppression, yet they were only the beginning of an even greater tragedy. Ümit Kurt uncovers the history of the Armenian Genocide.\n\nLesson by Ümit Kurt, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ugly-history-the-armenian-genocide-umit-kurt\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ugly-history-the-armenian-genocide-umit-kurt/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr\nComposer's websites: https://www.youtube.com/@UCUVF-xZ23Tf6DA-DwjYRduw, https://danyessian.com, https://www.yessian.com\n\n\"An Armenian Trilogy” documentary with concert performed by the Armenian National Philharmonic Orchestra: https://armeniantrilogy.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel and Talia Sari.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-12T16:01:44Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.172, "text": "You're in the middle of a project when\nsuddenly moving forward seems impossible." }, { "start": 12.467, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Maybe you don't know what\nthe next step is." }, { "start": 14.844, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Or perhaps you’ve faced setbacks,\nand you’re starting to think," }, { "start": 18.056, "duration": 1.751, "text": "“what’s even the point?”" }, { "start": 20.058, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Many of us have experienced feeling stuck." }, { "start": 23.186, "duration": 3.92, "text": "It can happen when tackling something\nas simple as a term paper," }, { "start": 27.106, "duration": 4.713, "text": "or as monumental as social inequality\nor the climate crisis." }, { "start": 32.111, "duration": 2.336, "text": "So, are there ways to get unstuck?" }, { "start": 34.822, "duration": 2.586, "text": "People often report feeling\nhighly motivated" }, { "start": 37.408, "duration": 2.92, "text": "at the start and end of a project," }, { "start": 40.328, "duration": 2.461, "text": "but the middle can feel untethered." }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 3.294, "text": "Psychologists call this the\n“stuck in the middle” effect," }, { "start": 46.459, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and it’s thought to be caused by a shift\nin perspective that happens" }, { "start": 49.67, "duration": 1.919, "text": "as you move closer to your goals." }, { "start": 51.798, "duration": 4.671, "text": "When you start working towards something,\nany progress can feel like a win," }, { "start": 56.594, "duration": 3.045, "text": "as we tend to compare ourselves\nagainst where we started." }, { "start": 59.931, "duration": 2.961, "text": "For example, when someone starts\ntraining for a marathon," }, { "start": 62.892, "duration": 3.629, "text": "accomplishing even a short jog\ncan feel motivating." }, { "start": 66.896, "duration": 1.793, "text": "But the longer you work on something," }, { "start": 68.689, "duration": 4.547, "text": "the more likely it is that your focus\nshifts to your end goal." }, { "start": 73.694, "duration": 3.462, "text": "In other words, rather than seeing\nhow far you've come," }, { "start": 77.24, "duration": 4.045, "text": "it’s easy to become frustrated\nby how far you still need to go." }, { "start": 81.661, "duration": 4.379, "text": "A simple way to avoid these motivational\nsinkholes is to break your pursuits" }, { "start": 86.04, "duration": 3.17, "text": "into smaller, more achievable sub-goals." }, { "start": 89.752, "duration": 5.13, "text": "This creates less daunting, incremental\nbenchmarks to compare your progress to." }, { "start": 94.966, "duration": 4.212, "text": "It also creates more opportunities\nto celebrate wins along the way." }, { "start": 99.554, "duration": 5.755, "text": "This is especially important when working\ntowards bigger societal goals." }, { "start": 105.476, "duration": 3.837, "text": "These issues are, by nature,\nlarge-scale and complex—" }, { "start": 109.313, "duration": 3.17, "text": "no single action or person\nis likely to solve them." }, { "start": 112.692, "duration": 5.797, "text": "So if you only focus on the end goal,\nit’s easy to feel personally powerless." }, { "start": 118.531, "duration": 4.212, "text": "And the enormity of these problems\nmay be why so many people," }, { "start": 122.743, "duration": 2.67, "text": "including those who care deeply\nabout the issues," }, { "start": 125.413, "duration": 4.421, "text": "think that progress is impossible,\nleading them to disengage." }, { "start": 130.126, "duration": 4.337, "text": "In fact, one 2021 global survey\nof young people" }, { "start": 134.463, "duration": 3.963, "text": "found that over half believe\nhumanity is doomed." }, { "start": 138.676, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But despite these obstacles," }, { "start": 140.678, "duration": 5.464, "text": "some people do manage to stay motivated,\nengaged, and unstuck." }, { "start": 146.434, "duration": 1.46, "text": "So, how do they do it?" }, { "start": 148.561, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Surprisingly, it’s not all about\nhow concerned you are" }, { "start": 152.064, "duration": 2.545, "text": "or how much you care about the issue\nin front of you." }, { "start": 154.817, "duration": 4.088, "text": "For instance, research has found that\namong those who feel the most alarmed" }, { "start": 158.905, "duration": 1.334, "text": "about climate change," }, { "start": 160.239, "duration": 3.42, "text": "only about a third take regular\nclimate action." }, { "start": 163.91, "duration": 4.212, "text": "However, a unifying factor among\nthose who do take action" }, { "start": 168.122, "duration": 4.338, "text": "is the confidence that their personal\ninvolvement could make a difference." }, { "start": 172.585, "duration": 2.336, "text": "And this belief isn't misguided." }, { "start": 175.171, "duration": 4.046, "text": "The long history of social progress\nproves that change is possible." }, { "start": 179.3, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And individual actions— whether it’s\nvolunteering, voting, protesting," }, { "start": 183.763, "duration": 2.711, "text": "or personally contributing\nto a communal goal—" }, { "start": 186.474, "duration": 2.836, "text": "are key to building the\ncollective momentum" }, { "start": 189.31, "duration": 3.503, "text": "that has tackled seemingly\nimpenetrable issues." }, { "start": 193.105, "duration": 3.337, "text": "It’s not to say that concern and passion\nhave no place." }, { "start": 196.442, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Moral outrage, or anger, can help\nus focus on what’s at stake." }, { "start": 201.113, "duration": 4.38, "text": "And when it’s correctly harnessed,\noutrage can be a powerful unifier." }, { "start": 205.785, "duration": 4.796, "text": "In the American Civil Rights Movement,\nshared anger over systemic racism," }, { "start": 210.581, "duration": 2.544, "text": "injustice, and violence\nagainst Black people" }, { "start": 213.167, "duration": 4.421, "text": "galvanized diverse communities to work\ntogether in the fight for equality." }, { "start": 217.88, "duration": 3.379, "text": "And bringing together people\nof different backgrounds and mindsets" }, { "start": 221.259, "duration": 4.337, "text": " is essential to building longevity\nand resilience in any movement." }, { "start": 225.846, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In this way, thinking about how you can\napply your own unique perspective," }, { "start": 229.892, "duration": 4.004, "text": "knowledge, and expertise to promoting\nchange can be helpful." }, { "start": 234.146, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And finding community has plenty\nof other benefits." }, { "start": 237.65, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Just witnessing other people at work has\nbeen shown to motivate personal action," }, { "start": 241.946, "duration": 2.294, "text": "creating a positive feedback loop." }, { "start": 244.448, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Collaboration can help you better\nproblem solve" }, { "start": 247.159, "duration": 2.253, "text": "when you’re unsure what the next step is." }, { "start": 249.412, "duration": 2.085, "text": "And the support and encouragement\nof others" }, { "start": 251.497, "duration": 2.92, "text": "can serve as a source of inspiration\nand joy" }, { "start": 254.417, "duration": 3.461, "text": "if you’re feeling exhausted,\ndefeated, or stuck." }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 4.922, "text": "The path to conquering any goal is long\nand bound to hit sticking points." }, { "start": 263.342, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Often, the best way to get unstuck\nis just to take any action," }, { "start": 266.971, "duration": 2.878, "text": "no matter how small\nor imperfect the outcome." }, { "start": 270.057, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Progress starts with writing that\nnext sentence, running that extra mile," }, { "start": 274.645, "duration": 3.504, "text": "or even casting that vote\nto build a better future." } ] }, { "video_id": "oQWmagZmogQ", "title": "How does kidney transplant surgery work? - Alexander H. Toledo", "description": "Dig into the science of how kidney transplants work, how donors are matched and find out how this surgery saves lives.\n\n--\n\nIn 1954, Joseph Murray attempted a type of kidney swap that no doctor had tried before. The surgery was a success, and the patient would go on to live with the transplanted organ thanks to one key factor: it came from his identical twin. 70 years later, nearly 100,000 kidneys are transplanted annually in the US alone. So how does this surgery work today? Alexander H. Toledo explains the procedure.\n\nLesson by Alexander H. Toledo, directed by Biljana Labović.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-kidney-transplants-work-alexander-h-toledo\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-kidney-transplants-work-alexander-h-toledo/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim and Phyllis Dubrow.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-07T16:00:36Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 1.251, "text": "Throughout history," }, { "start": 8.546, "duration": 4.296, "text": "one persistent ailment has inspired\na variety of treatments." }, { "start": 13.009, "duration": 4.921, "text": "In ancient Egypt, doctors used\nincantations and breast milk remedies." }, { "start": 18.056, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In 18th century Europe,\nbloodletting was a popular choice." }, { "start": 21.934, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And when President Calvin Coolidge\nwas afflicted in 1924," }, { "start": 26.272, "duration": 5.339, "text": "his ill-advised solution was inhaling\npoisonous chlorine gas." }, { "start": 31.778, "duration": 3.795, "text": "These are just a few of history’s\nmany creative attempts" }, { "start": 35.573, "duration": 2.085, "text": "to soothe the common cold. " }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Today, pharmacies are filled with a\nseemingly mountainous assortment" }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 1.543, "text": "of cold remedies." }, { "start": 44.123, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But how do these products work?\nAnd are they effective?" }, { "start": 47.96, "duration": 3.129, "text": "While colds are caused\nby a variety of viruses," }, { "start": 51.089, "duration": 4.879, "text": "their nasty symptoms aren't actually\nproduced by the viruses themselves." }, { "start": 56.094, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Rather, they’re the result of your body’s\nnatural defenses." }, { "start": 60.098, "duration": 4.879, "text": "When a virus is detected, white blood\ncells release proteins called cytokines," }, { "start": 64.977, "duration": 3.963, "text": "which recruit more pathogen-fighting\nimmune cells to the area." }, { "start": 69.19, "duration": 3.378, "text": "To aid in this bombardment,\nblood vessels widen," }, { "start": 72.568, "duration": 4.38, "text": "and it's this inflammation that leads\nto a blocked, stuffy nose." }, { "start": 77.115, "duration": 5.422, "text": "The body dials up mucus production in an\neffort to trap and expel pathogens." }, { "start": 82.537, "duration": 3.92, "text": "But this mucus can irritate\nand inflame airways," }, { "start": 86.582, "duration": 2.419, "text": "causing coughing and a sore throat." }, { "start": 89.168, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Since the viruses causing\ncolds are so varied," }, { "start": 92.547, "duration": 3.545, "text": "pharmacy products aren't designed\nto attack viruses," }, { "start": 96.092, "duration": 3.253, "text": "but rather to alleviate the\nmost common symptoms." }, { "start": 99.554, "duration": 3.503, "text": "So which pill, syrup, or spray\nshould you choose?" }, { "start": 103.099, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Or should you ditch the pharmacy\nand try a home remedy?" }, { "start": 106.644, "duration": 1.043, "text": "It depends." }, { "start": 107.812, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Most pharmacy products\ncontain a painkiller," }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 3.545, "text": "in addition to one or several\nother active ingredients," }, { "start": 114.443, "duration": 4.088, "text": "or those mystifying chemical names\nstamped onto the packaging." }, { "start": 118.698, "duration": 4.129, "text": "While there are over a dozen\ncold-related ingredients available," }, { "start": 122.827, "duration": 3.962, "text": "most fall into one of four \nsymptom-fighting categories:" }, { "start": 127.165, "duration": 4.713, "text": "if you’re sick of dealing with the \nmucous-y mess oozing from your nostrils," }, { "start": 132.003, "duration": 4.504, "text": "you may want to take nasal decongestants,\nlike pseudoephedrine." }, { "start": 136.757, "duration": 3.212, "text": "This snot-fighter,\nfound in pills and syrups," }, { "start": 139.969, "duration": 2.336, "text": "promotes the release of norepinephrine," }, { "start": 142.305, "duration": 2.836, "text": "a chemical messenger that\nreduces blood flow" }, { "start": 145.141, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to the vessels in your nasal passages." }, { "start": 147.56, "duration": 4.212, "text": "This frees air and fluid so that\nyou can breathe more easily." }, { "start": 152.19, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Cough suppressants aim to quell\nthose torturous coughs." }, { "start": 156.402, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Dextromethorphan, one of the\nmost common suppressants," }, { "start": 159.614, "duration": 2.502, "text": "addresses the head of the command chain," }, { "start": 162.116, "duration": 3.337, "text": "moderating brain regions\nresponsible for coughing." }, { "start": 165.62, "duration": 4.963, "text": "While it’s not fully understood how\nthis ingredient manages to quiet coughs," }, { "start": 170.666, "duration": 4.547, "text": "we know it interacts with receptors\nthat neurons use to communicate." }, { "start": 175.379, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Drugs like ketamine and PCP\nengage similar receptors," }, { "start": 179.717, "duration": 4.046, "text": "which is why it’s important to take\ndextromethorphan as directed," }, { "start": 183.846, "duration": 4.838, "text": "as high doses are notorious\nfor causing hallucinatory effects." }, { "start": 189.143, "duration": 3.212, "text": "But not all coughing is bad\nwhen you have a cold—" }, { "start": 192.355, "duration": 3.879, "text": "expelling mucus can help\nclear out infectious debris" }, { "start": 196.234, "duration": 2.752, "text": "and ease uncomfortable congestion." }, { "start": 199.153, "duration": 5.13, "text": "By lubricating airways, our third class\nof ingredients, expectorants," }, { "start": 204.283, "duration": 3.837, "text": "aim to help improve coughing\nrather than eliminate it." }, { "start": 208.246, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Guaifenesin, the most common expectorant," }, { "start": 211.123, "duration": 5.339, "text": "is thought to hydrate mucus by upping\nfluid secretions in the respiratory tract," }, { "start": 216.545, "duration": 3.254, "text": "making it less sticky\nand easier to clear out." }, { "start": 220.341, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Finally, we have antihistamines." }, { "start": 222.802, "duration": 3.962, "text": "As advertised, these inhibit\nthe effects of histamine," }, { "start": 226.806, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the chemical messenger\nbehind allergy symptoms." }, { "start": 229.892, "duration": 3.629, "text": "While histamines aren't involved\nproducing cold symptoms," }, { "start": 233.521, "duration": 5.255, "text": "studies suggest many antihistamines\ncan still help dry a runny nose." }, { "start": 238.901, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Benadryl, for example,\ncontains diphenhydramine," }, { "start": 242.321, "duration": 4.254, "text": "which blocks both the effects\nof histamine and a neurotransmitter" }, { "start": 246.575, "duration": 3.254, "text": "which regulates the flow of mucus\nin our airways." }, { "start": 250.079, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Unfortunately histamines also regulate\nwakefulness in the brain," }, { "start": 254.375, "duration": 2.92, "text": "so many of these drugs can\nmake you drowsy." }, { "start": 257.753, "duration": 4.255, "text": "In this fight against cold symptoms,\nthere’s still a lot we don’t know." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Since these ingredients don’t attack\nthe viruses themselves," }, { "start": 265.886, "duration": 3.003, "text": "it’s unclear if any\nspeed up your recovery." }, { "start": 269.098, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Further, many were first introduced\nto the market decades ago," }, { "start": 272.935, "duration": 2.044, "text": "when studies were less rigorous." }, { "start": 275.021, "duration": 6.047, "text": "So, scientists continue to reevaluate how\nwell each ingredient relieves symptoms." }, { "start": 281.152, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Similar questions remain\naround holistic remedies." }, { "start": 284.864, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Many people use zinc, but research\non its effectiveness is inconclusive." }, { "start": 290.161, "duration": 2.794, "text": "And while vitamin C has many benefits," }, { "start": 292.955, "duration": 5.13, "text": "the value of taking large doses\nto fight a cold is likely overhyped." }, { "start": 298.21, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Yet studies suggest that honey\ncan improve cough" }, { "start": 301.756, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and may even shorten your illness\nby a day or two." }, { "start": 305.259, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Who knows what the future\nof cold treatment will look like." }, { "start": 308.554, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Until then, better understanding these\nproducts can help you choose" }, { "start": 312.6, "duration": 2.085, "text": "the right ones for your symptoms—" }, { "start": 314.685, "duration": 5.13, "text": "and know which remedies can best\nreduce the sting of a nasty cold." } ] }, { "video_id": "E_fAWuj7DDI", "title": "The real reason polio is so dangerous", "description": "Explore what makes polio so dangerous, what is causing the 21st century resurgence of cases, and how we can eradicate the disease.\n\n--\n\nIn 1952, polio was everywhere: killing or paralyzing roughly half a million people annually. Yet just 10 years later, paralytic polio cases in the US dropped by 96% and we were on track to get rid of polio for good. But in recent years, the virus started striking back. So, what’s behind these recent spikes? Explore the dangers of poliovirus and the possibility of eradicating this deadly disease.\n\nDirected by Anton Bogaty.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Ananda Bandyopadhyay, Amber Zeddies, and Kathleen O'Reilly who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-polio-is-so-dangerous\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-polio-is-so-dangerous/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang and Abhishek Goel.", "publishedAt": "2024-11-05T16:01:35Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Throughout the 1800s,\nin saloons across the West," }, { "start": 10.59, "duration": 3.587, "text": "you could find cowboys\nlocked in tense standoffs." }, { "start": 14.594, "duration": 1.543, "text": "But these weren’t shootouts." }, { "start": 16.137, "duration": 1.835, "text": "They were simply playing cards—" }, { "start": 17.972, "duration": 3.545, "text": "for a mountain of chips\nworth their weight in gold." }, { "start": 22.018, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Most men wore loaded pistols\nin case a player was caught cheating." }, { "start": 26.189, "duration": 2.21, "text": "When they prepared to make\ntheir bets, however," }, { "start": 28.399, "duration": 3.754, "text": "these cowboys weren’t focused\non their holsters or their cards," }, { "start": 32.153, "duration": 2.461, "text": "but rather on their opponent’s face." }, { "start": 34.822, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Because not even a bullet could protect\nthem from a well-executed bluff." }, { "start": 41.287, "duration": 4.838, "text": "From its earliest incarnations,\npoker has always been a battle of nerves." }, { "start": 46.292, "duration": 4.755, "text": "The game first emerged around 1800\nin the melting pot of New Orleans." }, { "start": 51.13, "duration": 3.212, "text": "At this time, two games\nruled the card tables:" }, { "start": 54.425, "duration": 6.799, "text": "French poque played with a 20-card deck,\nand English Brag which used 52-cards." }, { "start": 61.557, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Both these games saw players being dealt\nfive cards from a four-suit deck," }, { "start": 66.687, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and then trying to make the best hand\npossible according to a simple hierarchy." }, { "start": 72.11, "duration": 3.461, "text": "They would then wager on whether\nor not they had the best hand—" }, { "start": 75.571, "duration": 1.835, "text": "either adding more money to the pot" }, { "start": 77.406, "duration": 2.586, "text": "or folding and forfeiting\ntheir chance to win it." }, { "start": 80.535, "duration": 4.17, "text": "But since each player's cards were only\nrevealed at the end of the hand," }, { "start": 84.705, "duration": 2.753, "text": "someone with bad cards could always bluff—" }, { "start": 87.708, "duration": 3.254, "text": "betting enough to scare\nhis opponents into folding." }, { "start": 91.879, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Both games had slightly different hand\ncombinations, but most importantly," }, { "start": 96.676, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Brag allowed players to discard\nand draw new cards," }, { "start": 100.429, "duration": 4.714, "text": "making better hands more likely and\nallowing for another round of betting." }, { "start": 108.437, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Eventually, the Southerners merged\nthe two games" }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 3.503, "text": "into a new version of poque—\nwhich they pronounced pokuh—" }, { "start": 114.986, "duration": 4.838, "text": "that created bigger pots and\nopportunities for more complex bluffing." }, { "start": 120.95, "duration": 4.546, "text": "This winning combination of guile, guts,\nand gambling caught on quickly." }, { "start": 125.663, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But its popularity skyrocketed\nafter the invention of the steamboat," }, { "start": 130.084, "duration": 3.045, "text": "which carried livestock, goods,\nand card games" }, { "start": 133.129, "duration": 2.961, "text": "up the Mississippi, Ohio,\nand Missouri rivers." }, { "start": 137.008, "duration": 3.17, "text": "By Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860," }, { "start": 140.178, "duration": 5.463, "text": "Americans in every state and territory\nwere playing the newfangled bluffing game." }, { "start": 145.975, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And while many played\nfor low, friendly stakes," }, { "start": 148.728, "duration": 3.879, "text": "some gamblers put their homes\nand livelihoods on the line." }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 3.879, "text": "These life-changing bets even found\ntheir way into popular novels" }, { "start": 156.819, "duration": 1.377, "text": "like “Gone with the Wind,”" }, { "start": 158.196, "duration": 3.42, "text": "where Scarlett O’Hara’s father wins\nan entire plantation" }, { "start": 161.616, "duration": 1.793, "text": "in a single hand of poker." }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But as pots became bigger, \nso did the temptation to cheat." }, { "start": 168.664, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Some players enlisted an accomplice\nto spy on opponents" }, { "start": 172.376, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and used props to communicate their hands." }, { "start": 175.338, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Others marked important cards with nicks,\ndents, or invisible ink." }, { "start": 180.635, "duration": 5.171, "text": "But perhaps the most common method was\nsneaking a cold deck into the game." }, { "start": 186.015, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Cold decks were pre-sequenced\nto give victims powerful hands" }, { "start": 190.394, "duration": 1.961, "text": "that encouraged them to bet big," }, { "start": 192.355, "duration": 2.544, "text": "while giving the cheater\nan even better one." }, { "start": 198.486, "duration": 4.296, "text": "However, even cheaters had to keep\nup with the game’s constant changes." }, { "start": 202.865, "duration": 4.129, "text": "As poker moved west with the Gold Rush,\nnew variants emerged." }, { "start": 207.078, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Five-card Stud became the game of choice" }, { "start": 209.538, "duration": 5.256, "text": "among notorious gunmen like Doc Holliday,\nWyatt Earp, and Wild Bill Hickok." }, { "start": 215.336, "duration": 1.835, "text": "With four rounds of betting," }, { "start": 217.171, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Five-card Stud produced\neven more lucrative pots," }, { "start": 221.05, "duration": 5.714, "text": "encouraging so much cheating that\nCalifornia outlawed the game in 1885." }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Meanwhile, back in Texas,\nanother variant emerged" }, { "start": 233.562, "duration": 4.88, "text": "to solve the common problem of having\ntoo many players and not enough cards." }, { "start": 238.943, "duration": 2.461, "text": "This game, known as Texas Hold'em," }, { "start": 241.404, "duration": 4.379, "text": "became a favorite because its low ratio\nof private, hidden cards" }, { "start": 245.783, "duration": 2.085, "text": "to shared, exposed cards" }, { "start": 247.868, "duration": 3.671, "text": "allowed for plenty of deductions\nand tactical maneuvering." }, { "start": 251.998, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Even more exciting was no-limit Hold’em,\nwhich allowed players to go all in," }, { "start": 257.253, "duration": 3.378, "text": "betting everything they had\nat any point in the hand." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 4.213, "text": "In 1928, Hungarian polymath\nJohn von Neumann" }, { "start": 266.387, "duration": 4.963, "text": "sought to explain the nuances of betting\nand bluffing in mathematical terms." }, { "start": 271.559, "duration": 4.254, "text": "His work became the foundation\nfor a whole new branch of mathematics" }, { "start": 275.813, "duration": 1.543, "text": "called game theory," }, { "start": 277.356, "duration": 4.004, "text": "which has grown to be vitally important\nnot only in high-stakes poker," }, { "start": 281.444, "duration": 2.794, "text": "but in economics and military strategy." }, { "start": 284.697, "duration": 3.211, "text": "In the late 20th century,\ngame theory became essential" }, { "start": 287.908, "duration": 4.463, "text": "for navigating the geopolitical bluffing\ngame of nuclear warfare." }, { "start": 294.415, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Today, America’s card game\nis an international affair," }, { "start": 298.377, "duration": 2.878, "text": "attracting players\nfrom over a hundred countries" }, { "start": 301.255, "duration": 2.669, "text": "to the annual World Series of Poker." }, { "start": 304.383, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Fortunes are made and lost every\nday on casino floors, poker websites," }, { "start": 309.43, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and in thousands of live\nand online tournaments." }, { "start": 312.892, "duration": 3.628, "text": "So while a single game's outcome\nwill never be certain," }, { "start": 316.52, "duration": 2.628, "text": "poker is definitely here to stay." } ] }, { "video_id": "DcdufLc3QSA", "title": "The curse of the monkey's paw - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Dig into W.W. Jacobs’ horror story, “The Monkey’s Paw,” about an artifact that grants wishes — with great consequences.\n\n--\n\nSergeant-Major Morris regaled his friends with epic tales from faraway lands— until one asked about an artifact the Sergeant had alluded to. Slowly, he produced the object: a mummified monkey’s paw. He explained that a holy man had imbued the paw with the power to grant three wishes to three men. But each wish comes with chilling consequences. Iseult Gillespie shares the tale of the monkey’s paw.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Kayu Leung.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-curse-of-the-monkeys-paw-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-curse-of-the-monkeys-paw-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://linktr.ee/kayu.caillou.leung \nMusic: https://linktr.ee/redstems \nSound design: https://soundgoods.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon and Geoffrey Bultitude.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-31T15:01:24Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.17, "text": "In Jerusalem, on April 11th, 1961," }, { "start": 10.131, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Adolf Eichmann stood trial\nfor crimes against humanity." }, { "start": 14.01, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Eichmann had been a Nazi official\ntasked with organizing the transport" }, { "start": 17.805, "duration": 4.797, "text": "of over 1.5 million European Jews\nto ghettos and concentration camps." }, { "start": 22.977, "duration": 3.087, "text": "He was popularly described\nas an evil mastermind" }, { "start": 26.064, "duration": 3.211, "text": "who orchestrated atrocities\nfrom a cushy German office," }, { "start": 29.275, "duration": 4.463, "text": "and many were eager to see the so-called\n“desk murderer” tried for his crimes." }, { "start": 34.113, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But the squeamish man who took the stand\nseemed more like a dull bureaucrat" }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 1.502, "text": "than a sadistic killer." }, { "start": 39.911, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The disparity between Eichmann’s nature\nand his actions" }, { "start": 43.164, "duration": 1.919, "text": "was unsettling for many viewers," }, { "start": 45.249, "duration": 2.503, "text": "but for philosopher Hannah Arendt," }, { "start": 47.752, "duration": 3.337, "text": "this contradiction inspired\na disturbing revelation." }, { "start": 51.631, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Arendt was a German Jew who fled\nher homeland in 1933" }, { "start": 55.343, "duration": 3.253, "text": "after being briefly imprisoned\nby the German secret police." }, { "start": 59.263, "duration": 3.17, "text": "As a refugee in France\nand then the United States," }, { "start": 62.433, "duration": 4.296, "text": "she dedicated herself to understanding\nhow the Nazi regime came to power," }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and more specifically,\nhow it inspired so many atrocities." }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 4.671, "text": "A common opinion at the time was that\nthe Third Reich was a historical oddity;" }, { "start": 75.988, "duration": 2.628, "text": "a perfect storm of uniquely evil leaders" }, { "start": 78.616, "duration": 2.753, "text": "supported by German citizens\nlooking for revenge" }, { "start": 81.369, "duration": 2.169, "text": "after their defeat in World War I." }, { "start": 83.913, "duration": 3.754, "text": "But Arendt believed the true conditions\nbehind this unprecedented rise" }, { "start": 87.667, "duration": 3.17, "text": "of totalitarianism\nweren’t specific to Germany." }, { "start": 91.504, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Throughout the 1950s, Arendt developed\na theory of the human condition" }, { "start": 95.424, "duration": 2.336, "text": "that divided life into three facets:" }, { "start": 97.76, "duration": 4.046, "text": "labor— in which we satisfy\nour material needs and desires;" }, { "start": 102.098, "duration": 4.171, "text": "work— in which we build the world’s\nphysical and cultural infrastructure;" }, { "start": 106.435, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and action— in which we publicly\narticulate our values" }, { "start": 110.231, "duration": 2.294, "text": "to collectively shape the world around us." }, { "start": 113.109, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It was this last facet,\nthe life of action," }, { "start": 116.112, "duration": 2.169, "text": "that Arendt believed was under attack," }, { "start": 118.281, "duration": 3.628, "text": "both in Germany and many other\nindustrialized societies." }, { "start": 122.118, "duration": 3.045, "text": "She saw modernity as an age\nruled by labor," }, { "start": 125.163, "duration": 2.544, "text": "where individuals mainly appear\nin the social world" }, { "start": 127.707, "duration": 2.669, "text": "to produce and consume goods and services" }, { "start": 130.376, "duration": 3.003, "text": "rather than share ideas\nand shape communities." }, { "start": 133.921, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Arendt believed this had fostered\nsocieties and ideologies" }, { "start": 137.383, "duration": 3.128, "text": "where individuals were seen only\nfor their economic value," }, { "start": 140.511, "duration": 2.795, "text": "rather than their moral\nand political capacities." }, { "start": 143.431, "duration": 4.087, "text": "She believed this isolated people from\ntheir neighbors and their sense of self." }, { "start": 147.643, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And in her 1951 book,\n“The Origins of Totalitarianism,”" }, { "start": 151.731, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Arendt argued these conditions provided\nfertile ground for totalitarian regimes," }, { "start": 156.694, "duration": 3.712, "text": "which use fear and violence\nto increase isolation" }, { "start": 160.448, "duration": 4.087, "text": "and make it dangerous to publicly engage\nas freethinking political agents." }, { "start": 164.827, "duration": 2.878, "text": "In this lonely state,\nparticipating in the regime" }, { "start": 167.705, "duration": 3.962, "text": "becomes the only way to recover\na sense of identity and community." }, { "start": 171.918, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Arendt believed it was this\nkind of environment" }, { "start": 174.42, "duration": 1.794, "text": "where Eichmann committed his crimes." }, { "start": 176.589, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Most people expected\nthe Jewish German philosopher" }, { "start": 179.175, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to judge the ex-Nazi harshly." }, { "start": 181.302, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But while she condemned\nhis monstrous actions," }, { "start": 183.846, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Arendt saw no evidence that Eichmann\nhimself was uniquely evil." }, { "start": 188.059, "duration": 5.005, "text": "She saw him as a distinctly ordinary man\nwho considered diligent obedience" }, { "start": 193.064, "duration": 2.043, "text": "the highest form of civic duty." }, { "start": 195.691, "duration": 4.463, "text": "And for Arendt, it was exactly this\nordinariness that was most terrifying." }, { "start": 200.363, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Her point wasn't just that anyone\ncould do what Eichmann did," }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 2.586, "text": "but that his story suggested\nordinary people" }, { "start": 206.118, "duration": 2.503, "text": "could willingly accept\ntheir societal role—" }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 2.377, "text": "even when it contributed to genocide." }, { "start": 211.374, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Arendt called this phenomenon\n“the banality of evil,”" }, { "start": 214.627, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and warned that it can emerge whenever\nsociety inhibits our ability to think;" }, { "start": 219.131, "duration": 3.587, "text": "or more specifically,\nto question our beliefs and actions" }, { "start": 222.718, "duration": 2.753, "text": "in a self-reflective internal dialogue." }, { "start": 225.93, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Arendt believed this kind of thinking is\nthe only way to confront moral problems," }, { "start": 230.184, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and that our responsibility\nto self-reflect is especially important" }, { "start": 234.146, "duration": 2.169, "text": "when independent thought is threatened." }, { "start": 236.399, "duration": 3.044, "text": "She acknowledged that critical thinking\nin oppressive spaces" }, { "start": 239.443, "duration": 3.295, "text": "is a defiant act that requires\npersonal courage." }, { "start": 242.905, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But it must be done regardless," }, { "start": 244.865, "duration": 2.753, "text": "which is why Arendt still held\nEichmann accountable." }, { "start": 247.952, "duration": 2.627, "text": "This thread runs throughout Arendt's work," }, { "start": 250.705, "duration": 3.67, "text": "where she continually insisted\nthat thinking was our greatest weapon" }, { "start": 254.375, "duration": 2.002, "text": "against the threats of modernity." }, { "start": 256.585, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Namely, a relentless drive for economic\nand technological development" }, { "start": 261.09, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which would increase social alienation\nand inhibit human freedom." }, { "start": 265.177, "duration": 2.086, "text": "To foster this essential value," }, { "start": 267.263, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Arendt believed we need to create\nformal and informal forums" }, { "start": 270.641, "duration": 3.879, "text": "that allowed for open conversations\nabout shaping our collective future." }, { "start": 274.937, "duration": 3.712, "text": "These might include townhall meetings,\nself-governing workplaces," }, { "start": 278.649, "duration": 1.418, "text": "or student unions." }, { "start": 280.276, "duration": 1.626, "text": "But whatever shape they take," }, { "start": 281.902, "duration": 3.629, "text": "what’s most important to Arendt\nis that they value open dialogue" }, { "start": 285.531, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and critical self-reflection." } ] }, { "video_id": "wr6fQ4KpbRM", "title": "How does extreme heat affect your body? - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Explore how heat waves affect the body, what levels of extreme heat we can survive, and what you can do to manage high temperatures.\n\n--\n\nIn many parts of the world heat waves are happening more often with greater intensity and for longer durations. By 2050, Earth’s mid-latitudes could be experiencing extreme heat between 90 and 180 days a year, with tropical regions enduring even more. So how hot is too hot, and what can people do to handle the heat? Carolyn Beans digs into how heat waves affect your body.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Reza Riahi.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-heat-waves-affect-your-body-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-heat-waves-affect-your-body-carolyn-beans/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.rezariahi.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart and Nathan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-29T15:01:11Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Billions of people deal with a nail-biting\nhabit at some point in their lives." }, { "start": 12.008, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Many will go to great lengths\nto try to stop," }, { "start": 14.218, "duration": 3.671, "text": "employing strategies like rubbing\nchili peppers on their cuticles," }, { "start": 17.889, "duration": 2.836, "text": "wearing gloves all day,\ndipping their hands in salt," }, { "start": 20.725, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and envisioning bacteria crawling\non their fingers." }, { "start": 25.063, "duration": 2.293, "text": "And while not all of us are nail-biters," }, { "start": 27.356, "duration": 3.462, "text": "most of us do have a habit\nwe'd like to kick." }, { "start": 30.943, "duration": 1.877, "text": "So what's the best way to break one?" }, { "start": 33.237, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Scientists define habits as behaviors\nthat are performed regularly," }, { "start": 37.366, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and cued subconsciously in response\nto certain environments," }, { "start": 41.12, "duration": 3.921, "text": "whether it be a location, time of day,\nor even an emotional state." }, { "start": 45.249, "duration": 3.504, "text": "They can include simple actions\nlike picking your hair when stressed," }, { "start": 48.753, "duration": 4.546, "text": "but also more complex practices ingrained\nin daily routines," }, { "start": 53.299, "duration": 3.337, "text": "like staying up late\nor brewing your coffee in the morning." }, { "start": 56.844, "duration": 3.42, "text": "If you do something frequently,\nwithout much deliberation," }, { "start": 60.264, "duration": 1.71, "text": "then it’s likely a habit." }, { "start": 62.266, "duration": 6.048, "text": "They form because at some point your brain\nlearns that the behavior is beneficial." }, { "start": 68.314, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Let's say after opening a stressful email,\nyou bite your nails." }, { "start": 71.734, "duration": 3.253, "text": "This is rewarding,\nas it’s enough to focus your attention," }, { "start": 74.987, "duration": 3.003, "text": "curbing your email fueled anxiety." }, { "start": 78.032, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Within your brain, positive experiences\ncan trigger the release of dopamine," }, { "start": 82.453, "duration": 3.587, "text": "a neurotransmitter that mediates\nfeelings of pleasure." }, { "start": 86.582, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Dopamine is also a driver\nof neuroplasticity," }, { "start": 90.419, "duration": 3.879, "text": "meaning it can change\nhow your neurons wire and fire." }, { "start": 94.799, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Your brain builds connections\nthat link the reward with the behavior," }, { "start": 99.47, "duration": 1.835, "text": "driving you to repeat it." }, { "start": 101.514, "duration": 4.838, "text": "It also starts associating the behavior\nwith other cues, like your environment." }, { "start": 106.394, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Eventually, all it takes is the context\nof sitting at your desk" }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 3.128, "text": "to subconsciously trigger\na nail-biting habit—" }, { "start": 113.943, "duration": 3.086, "text": "no stressful email\nor sense of relief required." }, { "start": 117.738, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Once established,\nthese cue-behavior-reward loops work fast," }, { "start": 123.661, "duration": 2.586, "text": "outpacing the decision-making process." }, { "start": 126.289, "duration": 2.127, "text": "You may find yourself\nengaging in a habit" }, { "start": 128.416, "duration": 2.961, "text": "before you have the chance\nto notice and stop." }, { "start": 131.627, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But this can be a good thing\nbecause not all habits are bad." }, { "start": 135.882, "duration": 3.169, "text": "They’re stored memories\nof what’s worked in the past," }, { "start": 139.177, "duration": 3.753, "text": "which allow you to take swift\naction in the present." }, { "start": 143.181, "duration": 2.168, "text": "One study estimated that on average," }, { "start": 145.349, "duration": 4.964, "text": "people spend more than 40% of their days\nperforming regularly repeated behaviors" }, { "start": 150.313, "duration": 2.961, "text": "while their minds are occupied\nwith other thoughts." }, { "start": 153.274, "duration": 2.92, "text": "A seemingly automated morning routine,\nfor example," }, { "start": 156.194, "duration": 3.294, "text": "saves you both time\nand precious mental energy." }, { "start": 159.947, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Still, many people have habits\nthat no longer serve them." }, { "start": 163.576, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Yet research shows that intentions alone\noften fail" }, { "start": 167.205, "duration": 2.502, "text": "to lead to long-term behavior change." }, { "start": 169.916, "duration": 2.711, "text": "This isn’t to say you can’t break a habit." }, { "start": 172.627, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Rather, by understanding\nthe basis of habits," }, { "start": 175.755, "duration": 3.003, "text": "you can create better plans\nfor changing them." }, { "start": 179.3, "duration": 5.088, "text": "For example, we know habits are often\ncued by environments and routines." }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly\nscroll through your phone," }, { "start": 188.434, "duration": 4.046, "text": "or watching TV on the couch may lead\nyou to grab a sugary snack." }, { "start": 192.48, "duration": 2.961, "text": "One of the most effective ways\nto manage behavior" }, { "start": 195.441, "duration": 3.545, "text": "is to identify these locations\nor times of day." }, { "start": 199.153, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Then try to modify them\nby changing your routine" }, { "start": 202.323, "duration": 3.921, "text": "or creating obstacles that make\nit more difficult to perform the habit" }, { "start": 206.244, "duration": 1.376, "text": "in that space." }, { "start": 207.954, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Moving, switching jobs,\nor even starting a new schedule," }, { "start": 211.582, "duration": 4.254, "text": "are particularly great times\nto break a habit or build a new one." }, { "start": 216.212, "duration": 4.004, "text": "One 2005 study tracked university\nstudents’ exercising," }, { "start": 220.216, "duration": 4.629, "text": "reading, and TV watching habits\nbefore and after they transferred schools." }, { "start": 224.887, "duration": 4.004, "text": "When students were no longer around\nold environments and routines," }, { "start": 228.891, "duration": 3.67, "text": "their habits, even the strong ones,\nsignificantly changed." }, { "start": 232.895, "duration": 2.961, "text": "For behaviors like nail-biting \nor hair-pulling," }, { "start": 235.856, "duration": 3.671, "text": "a practice called habit reversal training\ncan be helpful." }, { "start": 239.568, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Developed by psychologists in the 1970s," }, { "start": 242.571, "duration": 3.754, "text": "the aim is to change a habit\nby replacing it with another one" }, { "start": 246.325, "duration": 1.752, "text": "that’s less detrimental." }, { "start": 248.327, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The training requires you to analyze\nand understand your habit cues," }, { "start": 252.79, "duration": 2.753, "text": "so you can effectively intervene\nat the right times." }, { "start": 255.626, "duration": 2.753, "text": "For example, if you tend to bite\nyour nails at work," }, { "start": 258.379, "duration": 2.586, "text": "preemptively keep a fidget toy\nat your desk." }, { "start": 261.132, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Then, if a stressful email comes in," }, { "start": 263.217, "duration": 3.212, "text": "use the toy when you feel\nthe urge to bite your nails." }, { "start": 266.971, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Breaking a habit takes time," }, { "start": 268.848, "duration": 3.92, "text": "so remember to give yourself grace\nand have patience through the process." }, { "start": 272.893, "duration": 2.128, "text": "And while many focus on their bad habits," }, { "start": 275.021, "duration": 2.335, "text": "it’s also worth celebrating the good ones" }, { "start": 277.356, "duration": 4.338, "text": "that help us move swiftly and successfully\nthrough our daily routines." } ] }, { "video_id": "ALWp-RMMP5k", "title": "3 reasons why medications are so expensive in the US - Kiah Williams", "description": "Take a look at the US supply chain to explore the three main reasons why medications like insulin are so expensive.\n\n--\n\nA century after its discovery, insulin remain essential in treating diabetes, and has a relatively low production cost, with a vial generally costing less than $6 to make. But those in the US pay on average 10 times more than those in other countries— leading some patients to take less than prescribed. Kiah Williams takes a look at the US supply chain to explore why medications are so expensive.\n\nLesson by Kiah Williams, directed by Tolga Yıldız, Serin İnan, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nLearn more about how SIRUM is reimagining health care access for those in need: https://sirum.org\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-reasons-why-medications-are-so-expensive-in-the-us-kiah-williams\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-reasons-why-medications-are-so-expensive-in-the-us-kiah-williams/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li and Cristóbal Moenne.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-24T15:01:02Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.32, "duration": 1.645, "text": "Hello, my name is Alex Rosenthal," }, { "start": 1.965, "duration": 3.359, "text": "and this is a game that I've been \ncreating: Pandora's Legacy." }, { "start": 5.324, "duration": 5.589, "text": "It is a hybrid jigsaw/escape room/\nlegacy board game." }, { "start": 10.913, "duration": 2.771, "text": "There's nothing quite like it\nthat's ever been made," }, { "start": 13.684, "duration": 2.646, "text": "which  is part of why I'm really excited\nto put it out into the world." }, { "start": 16.33, "duration": 4.41, "text": "TED-Ed's hit riddle and mythology\nseries had a baby" }, { "start": 20.74, "duration": 1.594, "text": "and it is Pandora's Legacy." }, { "start": 22.334, "duration": 3.94, "text": "Our riddle series is a series\nabout math and logic problems" }, { "start": 26.274, "duration": 1.681, "text": "told through a narrative lens." }, { "start": 27.955, "duration": 1.677, "text": "Ever since we first created it," }, { "start": 29.632, "duration": 3.46, "text": "we wanted to create something\nthat was actually interactive " }, { "start": 33.092, "duration": 2.687, "text": "not just sitting back\nand watching a video," }, { "start": 35.779, "duration": 1.321, "text": "but something that you could\nactually play." }, { "start": 37.1, "duration": 3.832, "text": "Everything we do is about\nfostering curiosity." }, { "start": 41.137, "duration": 1.432, "text": "All the animations we make," }, { "start": 42.569, "duration": 4.161, "text": "we want to use those as jumping off\npoints for people to want to learn—" }, { "start": 46.73, "duration": 3.738, "text": "about whatever it is, whether it's\nmythology or history or science." }, { "start": 50.468, "duration": 6.182, "text": "And so a game that is all about curiosity\nand mystery and something unfolding " }, { "start": 56.65, "duration": 4.218, "text": "where you're getting deeper and deeper,\nyou're exploring layer after layer," }, { "start": 60.868, "duration": 5.12, "text": "couldn't be closer to what we try to do and\nwhat our mission is for TED-Ed as a whole." }, { "start": 65.988, "duration": 3.107, "text": "We've designed Pandora's Legacy\nto be fun first and foremost," }, { "start": 69.095, "duration": 4.317, "text": "but being TED-Ed there are many\ndeep educational layers to this." }, { "start": 73.412, "duration": 3.289, "text": "There is the Greek mythology," }, { "start": 76.701, "duration": 3.41, "text": "and the various characters and figures\nand tropes from it." }, { "start": 80.754, "duration": 4.042, "text": "Then there's also just the act of\nplaying the game and solving the puzzle" }, { "start": 84.796, "duration": 3.703, "text": " is an exercise in critical thinking\nand deductive reasoning" }, { "start": 88.499, "duration": 2.958, "text": "and thinking outside the box\nand also communication." }, { "start": 91.776, "duration": 3.052, "text": "So much of the joy of puzzle solving\nis in working with others" }, { "start": 94.828, "duration": 3.506, "text": "and articulating your ideas\nand sharing insights." }, { "start": 98.334, "duration": 6.183, "text": "To do that well, solvers have to be able\nto communicate what they're thinking." }, { "start": 104.613, "duration": 3.014, "text": "And it's one of the things that I love\nthe most about puzzles;" }, { "start": 107.627, "duration": 5.777, "text": "that when you're solving puzzles, you are\nbuilding your own knowledge base," }, { "start": 113.404, "duration": 3.505, "text": "and your own skills at being\na collaborator," }, { "start": 116.909, "duration": 4.318, "text": "and then also just approaching problem\nsolving from many dimensions." }, { "start": 121.227, "duration": 3.704, "text": "Puzzles are full of delightful failure—" }, { "start": 124.931, "duration": 2.435, "text": "where you try something out\nand it doesn't work." }, { "start": 127.366, "duration": 3.083, "text": "And so you try something else and\nthen when things do click into place," }, { "start": 130.449, "duration": 1.965, "text": "it's a beautiful \"aha!\" moment." }, { "start": 132.498, "duration": 1.325, "text": "And it's all about fostering that." }, { "start": 133.823, "duration": 4.345, "text": "And that is a skill that is very readily\ntransferable to many, many settings," }, { "start": 138.168, "duration": 2.25, "text": "whether it be school,\nor professional lives," }, { "start": 140.418, "duration": 4.165, "text": "or just wanting to solve\nthe world's problems." } ] }, { "video_id": "1sOgYNgq88E", "title": "The dungeon master's riddle - Alex Rosenthal", "description": "A group of adventurers has broken into your lair. Can you figure out who the cleric is before they start casting spells?\n\n--\n\nYet another party of adventurers has broken into your lair to slay your minions and steal your treasures. Judging by the trail of destruction, you’re up against a fighter, a rogue, and a cleric. The first two won’t be a problem for a powerful necromancer like you— but the clerics' spells are trouble. Can you figure out which adventurer is the cleric before it’s too late? Alex Rosenthal shows how. \n\nLesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dungeon-master-s-riddle-alex-rosenthal\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dungeon-master-s-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea and Aaron Henson.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-22T15:00:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Once you've found an idea that you're\nexcited to share with an audience," }, { "start": 11.549, "duration": 2.961, "text": "you're ready to start\nputting together a talk." }, { "start": 14.969, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Deciding on a clear throughline is\nan essential part" }, { "start": 17.847, "duration": 1.96, "text": "of developing a strong talk." }, { "start": 19.932, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Another important piece, though,\nis picking a presentation plan." }, { "start": 24.395, "duration": 2.795, "text": "There are many ways\nto prepare for and deliver a talk," }, { "start": 27.19, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and it's important to find\none that's right for you." }, { "start": 29.942, "duration": 2.211, "text": "One of the first key decisions\nyou need to make" }, { "start": 32.153, "duration": 4.212, "text": "is whether you will, A) write out the talk\nin full as a complete script" }, { "start": 36.365, "duration": 2.962, "text": "to be read, memorized,\nor a combination of the two." }, { "start": 39.702, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Or, B) come up with a clear plan\nfor your talk without scripting it," }, { "start": 44.665, "duration": 3.629, "text": "so you can speak to each of your points\nin the moment when you present." }, { "start": 48.503, "duration": 3.378, "text": "For most speakers, the best way\nto say what you really want to say," }, { "start": 51.881, "duration": 3.086, "text": "in the most powerful way,\nis to write a script." }, { "start": 55.301, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Then get to know the script so well\nthat it becomes part of you." }, { "start": 59.764, "duration": 1.877, "text": "This takes a lot of work." }, { "start": 62.183, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Imagine you get to watch a friend trying\nto memorize his talk" }, { "start": 65.103, "duration": 1.334, "text": "over the course of a week." }, { "start": 66.521, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Let’s say that you ask him every day\nto give the best version of the talk" }, { "start": 70.108, "duration": 3.378, "text": "he can give just from memory,\nwithout using any notes." }, { "start": 73.694, "duration": 1.961, "text": "You will notice something odd." }, { "start": 76.155, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Early on in the week, your friend will\nbe very exciting to listen to." }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 2.336, "text": "His talk may seem a little disorganized," }, { "start": 82.62, "duration": 3.003, "text": "because he doesn’t actually know\nany of it by heart yet." }, { "start": 85.873, "duration": 3.087, "text": "He simply does his best to give\nyou the information he knows" }, { "start": 88.96, "duration": 2.335, "text": "in approximately the order he's planned." }, { "start": 91.462, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But his passion about\nhis idea comes through." }, { "start": 94.882, "duration": 2.92, "text": "A few days later,\nyou will notice a change." }, { "start": 98.01, "duration": 3.963, "text": "He will have reached the point where\nhe knows quite a bit of the talk by heart." }, { "start": 102.098, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But you won’t feel the same\nexcitement you felt from him" }, { "start": 105.101, "duration": 1.46, "text": "at the beginning of the week." }, { "start": 106.602, "duration": 2.253, "text": "You might feel his stress instead." }, { "start": 108.98, "duration": 1.668, "text": "You hear him saying things like," }, { "start": 110.731, "duration": 3.754, "text": "“Let’s see,” “Just a minute,”\nor “Let me start that again.”" }, { "start": 114.902, "duration": 2.753, "text": "He might even sound a bit like a robot—" }, { "start": 117.78, "duration": 3.295, "text": "as though he's not actually\nthinking about the things he's saying." }, { "start": 121.284, "duration": 5.463, "text": "These are clues that the talk is being\nrecited rather than spoken with meaning." }, { "start": 126.914, "duration": 4.088, "text": "It's hard for an audience to connect\nto a speaker who presents in this way." }, { "start": 131.21, "duration": 3.504, "text": "But, if your friend keeps working\non memorizing his script," }, { "start": 134.797, "duration": 4.671, "text": "you will notice a thrilling change\nby the sixth or seventh day." }, { "start": 139.635, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Suddenly, he really knows his talk." }, { "start": 142.763, "duration": 3.629, "text": "He knows it so well that remembering\nthe words is a snap." }, { "start": 146.601, "duration": 3.503, "text": "He can concentrate on the meaning\nof what he’s saying again." }, { "start": 150.605, "duration": 2.544, "text": "He has the passion he had on day one," }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and now he knows his script\nby heart as well." }, { "start": 156.402, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Remember this if you decide\nto memorize your talk." }, { "start": 159.447, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Choosing to memorize is great!" }, { "start": 161.49, "duration": 3.17, "text": "You're giving yourself an excellent\nchance for a huge hit." }, { "start": 164.827, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But it’s important that you\nkeep working on memorizing" }, { "start": 167.747, "duration": 4.88, "text": "until you’ve passed this stage\nwhere the talk sounds recited." }, { "start": 172.835, "duration": 4.463, "text": "You have to know the words so well,\nthey seem like they’re part of you." }, { "start": 177.715, "duration": 3.003, "text": "You must keep practicing\npast the robot stage" }, { "start": 180.718, "duration": 3.837, "text": "to the stage where\nthe words flow out freely." }, { "start": 184.889, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Another thing to ask yourself if you plan\nto write a script for your talk is:" }, { "start": 188.893, "duration": 2.794, "text": "what kind of language\ndo you want to use?" }, { "start": 191.979, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Spoken language or written language?" }, { "start": 195.024, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The language we use in everyday\nspeech is different" }, { "start": 198.236, "duration": 2.127, "text": "from the language writers use." }, { "start": 200.738, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Harvard professor Dan Gilbert\ntells his students" }, { "start": 203.366, "duration": 3.837, "text": "to speak their talks into a recorder\nbefore writing them down." }, { "start": 207.328, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The students then use the words\nfrom the recording as the first draft" }, { "start": 210.915, "duration": 1.376, "text": "of their written script." }, { "start": 212.625, "duration": 3.879, "text": "This helps them make sure the language\nthey choose sounds natural" }, { "start": 216.504, "duration": 1.501, "text": "when said out loud." }, { "start": 218.381, "duration": 2.252, "text": "But, again, every talk is different." }, { "start": 220.8, "duration": 5.005, "text": "For some speakers, using elegant language\nlike that you might find in a book" }, { "start": 225.972, "duration": 2.961, "text": "is the perfect way of expressing\ntheir idea." }, { "start": 229.35, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Take a look at this memorable\nmoment from Amanda C. Gorman" }, { "start": 232.603, "duration": 3.003, "text": "at a TED-Ed Student Talks event in 2018." }, { "start": 236.023, "duration": 3.796, "text": "“Most of my life, I was particularly\nterrified of speaking up" }, { "start": 239.819, "duration": 1.626, "text": "because I had a speech impediment" }, { "start": 241.529, "duration": 3.545, "text": "which made it difficult to pronounce\ncertain letters, sounds," }, { "start": 245.074, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and I felt like I was fine\nwriting on the page." }, { "start": 247.785, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But once I got on stage, I was worried\nmy words might jumble and stumble." }, { "start": 251.247, "duration": 3.295, "text": "What was the point in trying not\nto mumble these thoughts in my head" }, { "start": 254.542, "duration": 2.294, "text": "if everything’s already been said before?" }, { "start": 257.92, "duration": 3.921, "text": "But finally, I had a moment\nof realization where I thought," }, { "start": 261.841, "duration": 2.794, "text": "if I choose not to speak out of fear," }, { "start": 264.885, "duration": 3.129, "text": "then there’s no one\nthat my silence is standing for.”" }, { "start": 268.18, "duration": 4.63, "text": "This is a powerful piece of writing,\nand it’s meant to be heard that way." }, { "start": 272.893, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Even though the language is not\nlike everyday speech," }, { "start": 275.438, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Amanda’s powerful poetry makes us feel\nwe are in the hands of a masterful writer." }, { "start": 280.693, "duration": 2.669, "text": "It's the perfect language for this talk." }, { "start": 284.071, "duration": 1.335, "text": "For some scripted talks," }, { "start": 285.406, "duration": 3.921, "text": "the speaker chooses to bring their script\non stage with them to read from." }, { "start": 289.368, "duration": 2.836, "text": "This can be a perfectly\nwonderful way to present." }, { "start": 292.204, "duration": 1.919, "text": "But if you choose to go this route," }, { "start": 294.123, "duration": 3.17, "text": "it's important to know your script\nwell enough that you can still" }, { "start": 297.293, "duration": 3.628, "text": "give your audience the sense\nthat you are with them in the moment." }, { "start": 301.63, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Mean every sentence as you read it." }, { "start": 304.133, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Look up from the page as often as you can," }, { "start": 306.594, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and make eye contact\nwith your audience members." }, { "start": 309.43, "duration": 3.962, "text": "It might even be a powerful choice\nto let go of your script" }, { "start": 313.392, "duration": 1.418, "text": "toward the end of your talk," }, { "start": 314.81, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and speak the conclusion\ndirectly from the heart." }, { "start": 318.439, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Some speakers choose to give\nunscripted talks." }, { "start": 322.109, "duration": 2.211, "text": "There are many kinds of unscripted talks." }, { "start": 324.403, "duration": 4.171, "text": "What they all have in common is that\nthe speaker is not trying to recall" }, { "start": 328.574, "duration": 2.92, "text": "a specific, pre-written script\nwhile on stage." }, { "start": 331.619, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Instead, they are thinking\nabout the subject matter" }, { "start": 334.497, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and looking for the best words\nto communicate their points in the moment." }, { "start": 339.251, "duration": 5.673, "text": "Some speakers doing unscripted\ntalks use a set of notes to guide them." }, { "start": 345.091, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Some choose not to have any notes at all." }, { "start": 347.927, "duration": 3.378, "text": "There are many wonderful benefits\nto unscripted talks." }, { "start": 351.305, "duration": 5.422, "text": "They often sound fresh and alive, like\nthe speaker is really thinking out loud." }, { "start": 356.852, "duration": 2.836, "text": "If this is a comfortable style\nof speaking for you," }, { "start": 359.688, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and your talk is about something\nyou know very well," }, { "start": 362.441, "duration": 2.836, "text": "an unscripted talk\ncould be your best choice." }, { "start": 365.444, "duration": 4.546, "text": "But it's important to know the difference\nbetween unscripted and unprepared." }, { "start": 370.533, "duration": 3.962, "text": "There is no excuse for not preparing\nfor an important talk," }, { "start": 374.537, "duration": 2.294, "text": "whether you choose\nto write a script or not." }, { "start": 377.248, "duration": 3.211, "text": "So how do you prepare\nfor an unscripted talk?" }, { "start": 380.751, "duration": 4.88, "text": "A lot will depend on what type of journey\nyou plan to take the audience on." }, { "start": 386.048, "duration": 3.921, "text": "A talk built around a single\nstory will be a lot easier" }, { "start": 389.969, "duration": 3.42, "text": "than one where you’re trying\nto explain complicated research." }, { "start": 393.639, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But the key is to go back to the\nmetaphor of a talk as a journey." }, { "start": 398.436, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Ask yourself what each step\nof the journey looks like." }, { "start": 402.022, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It can be helpful to create\na label for each step—" }, { "start": 405.443, "duration": 3.795, "text": "a mental note that will help you\nremember how to get from one piece" }, { "start": 409.238, "duration": 1.668, "text": "of the talk to the next." }, { "start": 411.323, "duration": 4.88, "text": "TED speakers have very different\nopinions on whether a memorized script" }, { "start": 416.203, "duration": 3.254, "text": "or an unscripted talk\nis the better way to go." }, { "start": 419.79, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But the majority of TED speakers do,\nin fact," }, { "start": 422.585, "duration": 2.836, "text": "script their whole talk and memorize it." }, { "start": 425.463, "duration": 3.169, "text": "And they do their best to avoid\nletting it sound recited." }, { "start": 429.008, "duration": 3.253, "text": "If you have time to do that,\nit will probably give you the best shot" }, { "start": 432.261, "duration": 3.921, "text": "at delivering a powerful talk\nthat says everything you want it to say" }, { "start": 436.182, "duration": 2.043, "text": "without sounding robotic." }, { "start": 438.517, "duration": 3.212, "text": "If you don't have time to truly\nlearn a script by heart," }, { "start": 441.729, "duration": 3.503, "text": "or if you already know that's\njust not the best thing for you," }, { "start": 445.566, "duration": 1.335, "text": "then don't go this route." }, { "start": 447.318, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The key is to pick a presentation\nplan that you feel confident about," }, { "start": 451.572, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and commit to that." }, { "start": 453.699, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Whether you choose to memorize a script,\nor read from one," }, { "start": 456.994, "duration": 3.337, "text": "or use a few notes,\nor go without notes entirely," }, { "start": 460.414, "duration": 1.627, "text": "you will still end up with a talk" }, { "start": 462.041, "duration": 3.128, "text": "that is well prepared\nand passionately delivered." }, { "start": 465.169, "duration": 2.252, "text": "So long as you put in the time." } ] }, { "video_id": "II5h6uJPvvs", "title": "What are those colors you see when you rub your eyes? - Paul CJ Taylor", "description": "Explore the science of afterimages, which are the visual illusions that appear in the eyes after exposure to an image or bright light.\n\n--\n\nIn the 1600s, Isaac Newton conducted a series of experiments to better understand the lights and colors that sometimes appear when your eyes are closed. If you’ve ever sat around an evening campfire or unintentionally glanced at the Sun, you may have noticed illuminated patterns briefly dance along your vision. So how do these visual illusions form? Paul Taylor explores the science of afterimages.\n\nLesson by Paul Taylor, directed by Sofia Pashaei.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-those-colors-you-see-when-you-rub-your-eyes-paul-cj-taylor\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-those-colors-you-see-when-you-rub-your-eyes-paul-cj-taylor/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/sofiapashaei\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-17T15:00:31Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.921, "text": "You've always aspired to be\na professional artist." }, { "start": 12.3, "duration": 2.878, "text": "At last, this dream may become a reality," }, { "start": 15.178, "duration": 4.17, "text": "and you're creating a portfolio\nto submit to art programs." }, { "start": 19.682, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But as the application deadline looms," }, { "start": 22.81, "duration": 6.131, "text": "you suddenly find yourself unmotivated,\nand avoiding the canvas altogether." }, { "start": 29.859, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Why does motivation seem so fickle?" }, { "start": 33.446, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And what even is it in the first place?" }, { "start": 37.283, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Psychologists define motivation\nas the desire or impetus" }, { "start": 41.746, "duration": 3.962, "text": "to initiate and maintain\na particular behavior." }, { "start": 46.375, "duration": 4.88, "text": "In other words, it's the energy\nthat drives you to do something." }, { "start": 51.714, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And knowing the source of that drive\nis particularly important" }, { "start": 55.802, "duration": 3.753, "text": "when it comes to understanding\nhow to maintain it." }, { "start": 59.764, "duration": 4.713, "text": "These motivational forces\ngenerally fall into two broad categories:" }, { "start": 64.769, "duration": 3.128, "text": "intrinsic and extrinsic." }, { "start": 68.397, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Intrinsic motivation is involved\nwhen you experience an activity" }, { "start": 72.61, "duration": 1.627, "text": "as an end in itself." }, { "start": 74.695, "duration": 2.42, "text": "Take a hobby,\nlike playing video games." }, { "start": 77.115, "duration": 3.503, "text": "The experience largely explains\nthe desire to do it." }, { "start": 80.618, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Performing tasks that feel right\nin the moment—" }, { "start": 83.538, "duration": 3.253, "text": "or that you find a meaningful,\ninteresting, or satisfying—" }, { "start": 86.791, "duration": 2.961, "text": "are driven by intrinsic motivation." }, { "start": 90.419, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand," }, { "start": 93.047, "duration": 3.67, "text": "refers to pursuing a task\nas a means to an end." }, { "start": 97.051, "duration": 4.171, "text": "While few would consider going\nto the dentist as an enjoyable activity," }, { "start": 101.222, "duration": 4.087, "text": "you're often motivated by the outcome\nof having clean, healthy teeth." }, { "start": 105.434, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Other examples of extrinsic motivation\ninclude completing a task" }, { "start": 109.73, "duration": 4.046, "text": "to receive some sort of reward,\nwhether it's praise, power, or money." }, { "start": 114.026, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Notably, these rewards tend to come later," }, { "start": 117.238, "duration": 2.586, "text": "like receiving a bonus\nat the end of a quarter," }, { "start": 119.824, "duration": 2.586, "text": "or winning a competition\nafter months of training." }, { "start": 122.952, "duration": 2.461, "text": "While extrinsic rewards,\nlike getting paid," }, { "start": 125.413, "duration": 1.626, "text": "may seem appealing," }, { "start": 127.039, "duration": 3.129, "text": "their effectiveness can be\nsurprisingly short-lived." }, { "start": 130.626, "duration": 4.129, "text": "For example, a 2017 study found that\nthose who were highly focused" }, { "start": 134.755, "duration": 2.837, "text": "on the outcomes of\ntheir New Year's resolutions—" }, { "start": 137.758, "duration": 3.212, "text": "or driven by extrinsic motivation—" }, { "start": 141.262, "duration": 2.294, "text": "weren't the most likely to stick to them." }, { "start": 144.182, "duration": 2.502, "text": "What did predict persistence, however," }, { "start": 146.684, "duration": 3.921, "text": "was how much a person\nenjoyed pursuing their goals." }, { "start": 150.897, "duration": 4.254, "text": "In other words, you're more likely\nto maintain an exercise routine" }, { "start": 155.151, "duration": 1.835, "text": "if you take classes you enjoy," }, { "start": 157.069, "duration": 3.003, "text": "rather than just those\nthat build your biceps." }, { "start": 160.448, "duration": 5.797, "text": "Years of psychology research have shown\nthat high levels of intrinsic motivation—" }, { "start": 166.329, "duration": 2.794, "text": "for school, a job, or an exercise class—" }, { "start": 169.123, "duration": 3.462, "text": "are more likely to keep you engaged\nin the long run." }, { "start": 172.96, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Day-to-day actions, though,\nare rarely either exclusively" }, { "start": 177.173, "duration": 2.919, "text": "intrinsically or extrinsically motivated." }, { "start": 180.301, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Studying for a history exam, for example,\ncan be intrinsically motivated" }, { "start": 184.472, "duration": 3.211, "text": "If you're curious about\nthe culture of ancient Egypt." }, { "start": 187.85, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But extrinsic motivators may\nalso be at play," }, { "start": 191.646, "duration": 2.168, "text": "as you aim to get a good grade" }, { "start": 193.814, "duration": 3.671, "text": "or feel pressure from family members\nto do well in school." }, { "start": 198.069, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But having multiple motivators\nisn't always better." }, { "start": 202.531, "duration": 3.254, "text": "One study of military cadets found\nthat those who were driven" }, { "start": 205.785, "duration": 3.545, "text": "both by intrinsic motivators,\nlike self-improvement," }, { "start": 209.413, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and extrinsic motivators,\nlike the outcome of getting a good job," }, { "start": 214.126, "duration": 6.257, "text": "were overall less motivated than cadets\ndriven by just one of these factors." }, { "start": 220.508, "duration": 5.005, "text": "As a result, these cadets performed worse\nand were less likely to graduate." }, { "start": 225.846, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Psychologists call this phenomenon\nthe overjustification effect—" }, { "start": 230.851, "duration": 4.839, "text": "the idea that additional extrinsic\nmotivators can actually muddy the waters" }, { "start": 235.69, "duration": 3.753, "text": "when you already have\nthe intrinsic drive to do something." }, { "start": 239.777, "duration": 3.921, "text": "But this is only a problem\nif you already find a task motivating." }, { "start": 243.906, "duration": 4.171, "text": "When you're faced with an activity\nyou find tedious or uninteresting," }, { "start": 248.077, "duration": 3.128, "text": "adding extrinsic rewards\ncan be beneficial." }, { "start": 251.289, "duration": 5.046, "text": "In this way, extrinsic motivators\ncan provide sufficient justification." }, { "start": 256.877, "duration": 2.586, "text": "While you may never enjoy\ndoing the laundry," }, { "start": 259.463, "duration": 4.046, "text": "it may feel less daunting\nif you get praise from a loved one," }, { "start": 263.634, "duration": 3.42, "text": "or even promise yourself that\nyou'll watch your favorite TV show" }, { "start": 267.054, "duration": 1.293, "text": "when you're done folding." }, { "start": 269.307, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Motivation is complicated." }, { "start": 272.018, "duration": 4.17, "text": "And sometimes, no matter how passionate\nyou are about a goal or hobby," }, { "start": 276.23, "duration": 4.379, "text": "finding the motivation\nto actually do it can be difficult." }, { "start": 281.36, "duration": 3.545, "text": "But there are things you can do\nto increase your drive," }, { "start": 284.989, "duration": 2.377, "text": "even when it feels impossible." }, { "start": 287.742, "duration": 6.84, "text": "Focus on building intrinsic motivation\nby making the task more fun in the moment." }, { "start": 294.915, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Asking a friend to join you" }, { "start": 296.667, "duration": 2.419, "text": "or simply putting\non your favorite playlist" }, { "start": 299.211, "duration": 2.253, "text": "can give you the boost to get started—" }, { "start": 301.464, "duration": 3.795, "text": "and stick with your goals\nfor the long haul." } ] }, { "video_id": "-4YCwyHdC58", "title": "The real tale of the Monkey King in Heaven - Ji Hao", "description": "Follow Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, on his journey to Heaven and the trouble he causes the Jade Emperor during his stay.\n\n--\n\nWhile his disciples loved their roguish leader, Sun Wukong’s misadventures had spread chaos throughout the land. The Jade Emperor, watching from his throne in Heaven, decided he would no longer stand by as this monkey wreaked havoc across his domain. The Emperor decided the best way to maintain order was to keep a close eye on Sun Wukong. Ji Hao follows the Monkey King's exploits in Heaven.\n\nLesson by Ji Hao, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi, Yijia Cao.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-tale-of-the-monkey-king-in-heaven-ji-hao\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-tale-of-the-monkey-king-in-heaven-ji-hao/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://mohammadbabakoohi.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-15T15:00:22Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Like so many winged insects," }, { "start": 8.963, "duration": 4.421, "text": "the world’s roughly 4,000 mayfly species\ntake to the skies" }, { "start": 13.384, "duration": 2.378, "text": "for their annual reproductive ritual." }, { "start": 15.97, "duration": 4.129, "text": "These flights happen above every kind\nof freshwater body on Earth," }, { "start": 20.099, "duration": 3.087, "text": "barring Antarctica\nand a few remote islands." }, { "start": 23.269, "duration": 4.213, "text": "But whether the breeding mayflies\nare large Hexagenia limbata," }, { "start": 27.607, "duration": 4.921, "text": "tiny Paracloeodes minutus,\nor the thousands of species in between," }, { "start": 32.528, "duration": 2.336, "text": "their time on the wing will be brief." }, { "start": 35.198, "duration": 1.167, "text": "Very brief." }, { "start": 37.325, "duration": 4.004, "text": "For most mayflies,\nadulthood lasts roughly one day." }, { "start": 41.329, "duration": 3.253, "text": "And for some species,\nit’s only a matter of minutes." }, { "start": 44.707, "duration": 2.795, "text": "This isn’t because they’re all\neaten up by predators—" }, { "start": 47.502, "duration": 4.921, "text": "though they are a favorite food\nof many fish, birds, and larger insects." }, { "start": 52.548, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Rather, this abridged adulthood is\na natural part of their life cycle." }, { "start": 57.22, "duration": 4.796, "text": "A close look at these insects reveals\nthey've ditched functional mouths" }, { "start": 62.016, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and digestive systems." }, { "start": 64.185, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Without these innards taking up space,\nmayfly bodies can store more eggs," }, { "start": 69.232, "duration": 4.17, "text": "with some species producing\nup to 12,000 per individual." }, { "start": 73.653, "duration": 3.128, "text": "This adaptation is essential\nto mayfly survival" }, { "start": 76.781, "duration": 4.421, "text": "since relatively few of these unborn flies\nare likely to reach adulthood," }, { "start": 81.285, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and even fewer will successfully\nreproduce themselves." }, { "start": 84.956, "duration": 4.462, "text": "In most of these flights,\nmale mayflies form dancing swarms," }, { "start": 89.418, "duration": 3.879, "text": "which female mayflies move\nthrough until a male grasps them" }, { "start": 93.297, "duration": 1.669, "text": "for some mid-air mating." }, { "start": 95.258, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Some all-female populations can\nreproduce without joining in the dance," }, { "start": 99.762, "duration": 4.421, "text": "using a process called parthenogenesis\nto produce viable offspring" }, { "start": 104.183, "duration": 1.585, "text": "without the help of a male." }, { "start": 105.977, "duration": 6.006, "text": "And recent research suggests some mayfly\npopulations may even switch back and forth" }, { "start": 111.983, "duration": 2.586, "text": "between these two forms of reproduction." }, { "start": 114.819, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But regardless of how the eggs\nare made ready," }, { "start": 117.405, "duration": 3.712, "text": "the female will deposit them\non or under the water," }, { "start": 121.117, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and promptly perish." }, { "start": 123.327, "duration": 2.753, "text": "This might sound like a tragically\nbrief existence." }, { "start": 126.164, "duration": 2.377, "text": "And even mayflies’ scientific name," }, { "start": 128.541, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Ephemeroptera, refers to their\nstunningly short lifespan." }, { "start": 132.837, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But for centuries, fishermen suspected\nthat mayflies live much longer" }, { "start": 136.966, "duration": 1.293, "text": "than this short flight." }, { "start": 138.426, "duration": 5.088, "text": "And in 1681, scientists finally caught\nup to their fishing friends" }, { "start": 143.639, "duration": 3.879, "text": "with a published account\nof the full mayfly life cycle." }, { "start": 147.852, "duration": 2.627, "text": "When the time is right,\nthese eggs will hatch." }, { "start": 150.605, "duration": 1.626, "text": "Depending on the kind of mayfly," }, { "start": 152.231, "duration": 3.754, "text": "this can happen as late as several months\nafter the egg is laid," }, { "start": 156.11, "duration": 4.129, "text": "or even before it’s completely left\nthe mother’s body." }, { "start": 160.698, "duration": 2.002, "text": "But whenever their egg opens up," }, { "start": 162.7, "duration": 4.296, "text": "the mayfly inside quickly finds\nits way into fresh water," }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and it’s in this aquatic, nymph stage" }, { "start": 169.832, "duration": 2.795, "text": "that mayflies spend\nthe majority of their lives." }, { "start": 172.627, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Inhabiting rivers, small streams,\nponds, lakes," }, { "start": 176.422, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and other places with clean fresh water," }, { "start": 179.05, "duration": 5.13, "text": "most mayfly species stay in this\nnymph stage and feed underwater" }, { "start": 184.18, "duration": 2.377, "text": "for nearly an entire year." }, { "start": 186.682, "duration": 3.879, "text": "In fact, some species live as nymphs\nfor up to two years" }, { "start": 190.561, "duration": 3.545, "text": "before they metamorphose\ninto their winged adult state." }, { "start": 194.315, "duration": 4.004, "text": "A year is a long time for such\na small creature to stay alive." }, { "start": 198.569, "duration": 4.672, "text": "So to survive and thrive, mayfly species\nhave a wide variety of habits" }, { "start": 203.241, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and corresponding body forms." }, { "start": 206.452, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Sprawlers are flat enough to stick\nto surfaces" }, { "start": 209.622, "duration": 1.918, "text": "despite the strength of a current," }, { "start": 211.54, "duration": 4.672, "text": "while clingers accomplish the same feat\nwith suckers and claws." }, { "start": 216.337, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Other species are swimmers,\ncrawlers, or borers." }, { "start": 220.925, "duration": 3.587, "text": "One of the most noticeable groups\nare the burrowing mayflies;" }, { "start": 224.512, "duration": 3.295, "text": "sizable specimens which use\ntheir legs, tusks," }, { "start": 227.807, "duration": 4.087, "text": "and a scoop on their heads\nto dig U-shaped tunnels." }, { "start": 231.978, "duration": 4.045, "text": "In these muddy dwellings,\nthe nymphs use their abdominal gills" }, { "start": 236.023, "duration": 5.339, "text": "to accelerate water through their burrow,\nfiltering it for food along the way." }, { "start": 241.654, "duration": 3.795, "text": "After they metamorphose,\nadult swarms can get so large" }, { "start": 245.449, "duration": 3.045, "text": "they appear on weather radars like rain." }, { "start": 249.036, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Regardless of how they've adapted," }, { "start": 250.913, "duration": 4.171, "text": "each unique species plays\nan essential role in their ecosystem." }, { "start": 255.209, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Plus, nearly all mayflies are a staple\nof freshwater fish diets," }, { "start": 260.298, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and since they ingest the smallest\nparticulate matter in their environment," }, { "start": 264.51, "duration": 3.629, "text": "mayflies are also very sensitive\nto water pollution." }, { "start": 268.306, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In fact, scientists can tell a lot\nabout a water body’s health" }, { "start": 272.018, "duration": 2.669, "text": "based on which mayfly species they find." }, { "start": 274.895, "duration": 2.002, "text": "If they don't find mayflies at all," }, { "start": 276.897, "duration": 2.962, "text": "it's usually an indication\nthat something is wrong." }, { "start": 280.276, "duration": 4.254, "text": "So the next time you see a swarm\nof mayflies over a pond, bridge," }, { "start": 284.53, "duration": 1.084, "text": "or park fountain," }, { "start": 285.781, "duration": 2.586, "text": "remember that their short aerial dance" }, { "start": 288.367, "duration": 3.629, "text": "means a healthy world exists\nbelow the surface." } ] }, { "video_id": "7i2bd5F1BXM", "title": "This mushroom will kill you before you know what’s happening - Michael Beug", "description": "Explore the toxicity of death cap mushrooms, and find out what makes this one species so dangerous to humans.\n\n--\n\nHumans have known about the toxicity of death cap mushrooms for millennia. Yet they continue to pose a significant threat to unsuspecting foragers and mushroom hunters throughout the world. Today, death caps are responsible for more than 90% of all mushroom related deaths, killing upwards of 100 people each year. So, what makes this one species of mushroom so dangerous? Michael Beug investigates.\n\nLesson by Michael Beug, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-mushroom-will-kill-you-before-you-know-what-s-happening-michael-beug\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-mushroom-will-kill-you-before-you-know-what-s-happening-michael-beug/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/user50965180 \n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle and Laurel-Ann Rice.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-10T15:01:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 3.086, "text": "For almost two millennia,\nthe Pope has been a figure" }, { "start": 10.381, "duration": 4.546, "text": "of supreme spiritual authority\nfor Catholics around the world." }, { "start": 15.887, "duration": 3.503, "text": "But in the late 14th century, \nCatholics found themselves" }, { "start": 19.39, "duration": 4.588, "text": "with not one, not two, but three popes." }, { "start": 24.312, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Where did this plethora of popes\ncome from?" }, { "start": 27.648, "duration": 3.045, "text": "And who among them was\nthe genuine article?" }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 4.797, "text": "The origins of this papal predicament\nbegan in 1296," }, { "start": 36.616, "duration": 5.046, "text": "when France’s King Philip IV decided\nto raise taxes on the Church." }, { "start": 42.246, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Given the clergy’s political power," }, { "start": 44.832, "duration": 5.881, "text": "this offended Pope Boniface VIII,\nleading him to write the “Unam Sanctam”:" }, { "start": 51.005, "duration": 5.589, "text": "a radical decree asserting the Pope’s\ntotal supremacy over earthly rulers." }, { "start": 57.512, "duration": 2.252, "text": "But King Philip struck back." }, { "start": 59.972, "duration": 5.297, "text": "He declared Boniface a heretic and tried\nto have him arrested in a violent raid." }, { "start": 65.853, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Boniface survived the assault,\nbut died soon after." }, { "start": 70.233, "duration": 6.047, "text": "And following a short-lived successor,\nPope Clement V was elected in 1305." }, { "start": 78.157, "duration": 4.797, "text": "A French diplomat seeking peace in the war\nbetween England and his homeland," }, { "start": 83.162, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Clement wanted to stay close\nto the conflict" }, { "start": 85.998, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and escape the demands of Rome." }, { "start": 88.584, "duration": 4.672, "text": "So in 1309, he moved the seat \nof the papacy to Avignon—" }, { "start": 93.464, "duration": 4.38, "text": "a city close to France but owned\nby a vassal of the Church." }, { "start": 98.719, "duration": 3.546, "text": "The papacy remained here \nfor the terms of seven popes" }, { "start": 102.265, "duration": 5.255, "text": "until the reigning Pope finally returned\nto Italy in 1376." }, { "start": 107.895, "duration": 4.505, "text": "But just several months after his arrival,\nhe suddenly died." }, { "start": 114.569, "duration": 4.546, "text": "This shocking development meant a new\npope had to be elected immediately—" }, { "start": 120.158, "duration": 4.796, "text": "and in Rome, where there hadn’t been\na papal election in over 70 years." }, { "start": 125.705, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The Romans were determined \nto elect one of their own" }, { "start": 128.916, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and restore Rome as the seat\nof Western Christendom." }, { "start": 133.546, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Local officials pressured cardinals\nto choose an Italian pope," }, { "start": 138.342, "duration": 5.673, "text": "while rowdy mobs raided the conclave\nand plundered the papal wine cellar." }, { "start": 145.183, "duration": 5.588, "text": "Amidst this chaos, the cardinals elected\nthe Neapolitan Archbishop of Bari" }, { "start": 151.022, "duration": 2.46, "text": "to become Pope Urban VI." }, { "start": 154.108, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Initially, Urban was seen \nas a safe choice." }, { "start": 157.528, "duration": 5.381, "text": "But he quickly proved to be a reformer who\nsought to limit the cardinal’s finances." }, { "start": 163.659, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Desperate to maintain \ntheir luxurious lifestyles," }, { "start": 166.954, "duration": 3.504, "text": "the cardinals declared \nthe recent election illegitimate," }, { "start": 170.458, "duration": 4.004, "text": "since it was decided under pressure\nfrom the Roman mob." }, { "start": 175.129, "duration": 2.878, "text": "They denounced Urban as a usurper" }, { "start": 178.007, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and held a new conclave \nto elect Pope Clement VII." }, { "start": 183.638, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Clement attempted to excommunicate Urban," }, { "start": 186.807, "duration": 2.878, "text": "but he refused to recognize\nthe authority of Clement" }, { "start": 189.685, "duration": 1.961, "text": "or his greedy cardinals." }, { "start": 192.855, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Urban named new cardinals to his court \nand entrenched himself in Rome" }, { "start": 198.069, "duration": 3.92, "text": "while Clement and his supporters \nreturned to Avignon." }, { "start": 202.573, "duration": 2.67, "text": "The schism had officially begun." }, { "start": 206.661, "duration": 5.88, "text": "Western Christendom now had two capitals,\nAvignon and Rome," }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 3.462, "text": "each with their own Pope\nand court of cardinals." }, { "start": 216.837, "duration": 5.089, "text": "As popes from each line died, \ntheir cardinals appointed successors," }, { "start": 222.093, "duration": 2.711, "text": "continuing the crisis for decades." }, { "start": 225.721, "duration": 5.047, "text": "This strange situation didn't impact\nmost ordinary Catholics," }, { "start": 230.768, "duration": 3.545, "text": "as there were no significant\ndoctrinal splits." }, { "start": 234.897, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Instead, the drama played \nout in the diplomatic realm." }, { "start": 239.735, "duration": 3.629, "text": "European rulers were forced \nto choose sides," }, { "start": 243.447, "duration": 4.755, "text": "as both popes vied \nfor spiritual and political supremacy." }, { "start": 249.62, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Only a pope had the authority \nto call a general council" }, { "start": 253.416, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to officially resolve the issue," }, { "start": 255.543, "duration": 3.336, "text": "and both sides refused to take this step." }, { "start": 259.13, "duration": 5.505, "text": "So in 1409, a group of cardinals \nfrom France and Rome" }, { "start": 264.635, "duration": 2.211, "text": "took matters into their own hands." }, { "start": 267.263, "duration": 3.086, "text": "They claimed that since both\npopes were disputed," }, { "start": 270.349, "duration": 3.462, "text": "cardinals did have the right\nto call a council." }, { "start": 274.77, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And at their gathering these cardinals\ndeposed the pretenders" }, { "start": 278.941, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and elected a new Pope." }, { "start": 281.527, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Unfortunately, both Avignon’s Pope \nand Rome’s Pope" }, { "start": 286.365, "duration": 2.878, "text": "refused to recognize this council." }, { "start": 289.994, "duration": 4.755, "text": "So instead of solving the crisis, \nthe number of popes rose to three." }, { "start": 295.166, "duration": 3.67, "text": "This unusual arrangement \nlasted five more years," }, { "start": 298.836, "duration": 4.129, "text": "until the Council of Constance in 1417." }, { "start": 303.799, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Here, the popes from the Roman line\nand recently created third line resigned" }, { "start": 309.805, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and agreed to unite the church\nunder a new Pope—" }, { "start": 314.31, "duration": 1.293, "text": "Martin V." }, { "start": 316.27, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Undisputed, Martin swiftly excommunicated\nthe only person still against him—" }, { "start": 322.36, "duration": 1.459, "text": "the Pope of Avignon—" }, { "start": 324.278, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and finally ended the schism\nafter 39 years." }, { "start": 333.371, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Today, the church’s official records\nsay the Roman Line" }, { "start": 337.416, "duration": 2.711, "text": "was always the true papal power." }, { "start": 341.128, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But regardless of how the schism ended," }, { "start": 344.006, "duration": 4.588, "text": "its existence proves that even those \nwho are supposed to be pious" }, { "start": 348.594, "duration": 3.253, "text": "are prone to petty power struggles." } ] }, { "video_id": "NKgXBjkKI_E", "title": "Greek mythology’s greatest warrior - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Dig into the Greek myth of Achilles, and follow the infamous warrior during the Trojan War and see what leads to his downfall.\n\n--\n\nBorn to a sea nymph and a king, and trained by the legendary centaur Chiron, Achilles was a demigod destined for greatness. When Greece declared war on Troy, Achilles knew the war was written into his destiny. With horses born from the west wind and a spear wrought from a mountain peak, he readied himself for battle. Iseult Gillespie tells the tale of the infamous warrior and his heel.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Luis Torres, Mr. Flama.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/greek-mythology-s-greatest-warrior-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/greek-mythology-s-greatest-warrior-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://mrflama.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice and Jing Chen.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-08T15:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Avocados may seem innocent," }, { "start": 9.38, "duration": 5.172, "text": "but these oblong fruits sent almost\n9,000 people to US emergency rooms" }, { "start": 14.552, "duration": 1.46, "text": "in 2018 alone." }, { "start": 16.012, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Injuries sustained by hacking at the pit\nor slicing while holding the fruit" }, { "start": 20.141, "duration": 3.837, "text": "have become so common,\ndoctors have dubbed them avocado hand." }, { "start": 24.27, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Of course, there is a safer way\nto cut avocados." }, { "start": 26.981, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But knives are just one of the hazards\nkitchens harbor." }, { "start": 30.359, "duration": 2.962, "text": "In the US, between 2011 and 2022, " }, { "start": 33.404, "duration": 3.754, "text": "the deadliest kitchen appliances\nwere ovens and ranges—" }, { "start": 37.158, "duration": 2.586, "text": "appliances that are stoves\nand ovens in one." }, { "start": 40.036, "duration": 3.92, "text": "They took lives by causing fires\nand leaking carbon monoxide," }, { "start": 43.956, "duration": 3.17, "text": "a gas that can cause suffocation\nat high concentrations." }, { "start": 47.376, "duration": 4.13, "text": "These kinds of sudden, catastrophic\nfatalities are thankfully rare." }, { "start": 51.672, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But the kitchen dangers that\ncause the most casualties" }, { "start": 54.258, "duration": 2.795, "text": "may actually be less immediate\nand more gradual—" }, { "start": 57.053, "duration": 3.795, "text": "involving constant exposures,\nlike stuff in the air we breathe." }, { "start": 61.349, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Ovens and stoves remain\na major culprit here." }, { "start": 64.227, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Indeed, the fourth leading cause of years\nof life lost globally is air pollution." }, { "start": 68.856, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This includes indoor air pollution,\nmost of which comes from cooking." }, { "start": 73.194, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Over 2 billion people cook using a solid\nfuel, like charcoal and wood." }, { "start": 77.865, "duration": 3.837, "text": "As it burns, fire and oxygen can’t reach\nall of the fuel source," }, { "start": 81.702, "duration": 1.961, "text": "leading to incomplete combustion." }, { "start": 83.704, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This produces pollutants like soot,\ncarbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides," }, { "start": 87.875, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and lots of particulate matter—" }, { "start": 89.919, "duration": 3.17, "text": "that is, solid and liquid particles\nthat have become airborne" }, { "start": 93.089, "duration": 1.626, "text": "and small enough to inhale." }, { "start": 94.715, "duration": 2.586, "text": "A single particle can contain\nmany different chemicals." }, { "start": 97.301, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And especially tiny particles can\npenetrate deep into the lungs," }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 2.586, "text": "enter the bloodstream,\nand irritate tissues," }, { "start": 103.307, "duration": 3.546, "text": "cause inflammation,\nand bring about more systemic problems." }, { "start": 107.395, "duration": 4.129, "text": "It’s estimated that about 3 million people\ndie prematurely each year" }, { "start": 111.524, "duration": 2.544, "text": "from illnesses caused by burning\nsolid fuels." }, { "start": 114.235, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Stoves and ovens that don’t use solid\nfuels produce far less pollution—" }, { "start": 118.573, "duration": 1.71, "text": "but still a considerable amount. " }, { "start": 120.283, "duration": 3.128, "text": "There are two basic types:\ngas and electric." }, { "start": 123.536, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Gas stoves primarily burn methane\nto create an open flame for cooking." }, { "start": 127.999, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Traditional electric stoves use metal\nelements that radiate heat" }, { "start": 131.752, "duration": 2.503, "text": "when an electrical current\nis forced through them." }, { "start": 134.63, "duration": 2.795, "text": "They’re different from modern\ninduction electric stoves," }, { "start": 137.425, "duration": 2.586, "text": "which use electromagnetic waves\nto induce currents" }, { "start": 140.011, "duration": 2.752, "text": "that heat iron and steel\ncookware directly." }, { "start": 142.889, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Gas stoves pollute more\nthan electric ones." }, { "start": 145.349, "duration": 4.88, "text": "That's because natural gas combustion\nproduces byproducts like carbon monoxide," }, { "start": 150.229, "duration": 2.544, "text": "nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde." }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Unravelling the causes of chronic diseases\nis incredibly difficult," }, { "start": 156.611, "duration": 4.588, "text": "but accumulating evidence suggests that\ngas stoves exacerbate asthma symptoms" }, { "start": 161.199, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and put children at increased risk\nof developing the condition." }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Electric ranges are cleaner than gas ones," }, { "start": 167.33, "duration": 3.42, "text": "but they’re still not totally\npollution-free— no ranges are." }, { "start": 170.875, "duration": 3.795, "text": "At least some air pollution is inevitable\nfrom the cooking process," }, { "start": 174.67, "duration": 1.418, "text": "no matter the fuel type. " }, { "start": 176.339, "duration": 2.627, "text": "High-heat cooking generally releases\nmore pollutants" }, { "start": 178.966, "duration": 1.335, "text": "than lower heat methods;" }, { "start": 180.301, "duration": 4.504, "text": "after all, charring a steak isn’t all that\ndifferent from burning a solid fuel." }, { "start": 184.972, "duration": 2.67, "text": "And substances like oil and dust\ncan accumulate" }, { "start": 187.642, "duration": 1.96, "text": "and release pollutants when heated." }, { "start": 189.936, "duration": 4.587, "text": "Transitioning away from solid fuels is\ncritical to improving indoor air quality—" }, { "start": 194.523, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and consequently,\nextending people’s lives." }, { "start": 196.984, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Cooking with proper ventilation—" }, { "start": 198.569, "duration": 3.462, "text": "ideally, from a powerful range hood\nthat vents to the outdoors—" }, { "start": 202.031, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and switching from gas to electric\nwill also go a long way." }, { "start": 205.701, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Electric appliances are less dangerous\nby another significant metric:" }, { "start": 209.872, "duration": 1.46, "text": "the global climate." }, { "start": 211.707, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Burning fossil fuels like natural gas " }, { "start": 213.751, "duration": 2.794, "text": "releases atmosphere-warming\ncarbon dioxide," }, { "start": 216.545, "duration": 4.797, "text": "and gas ranges can also leak methane,\nan even more potent greenhouse gas." }, { "start": 222.009, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Electric appliances, meanwhile," }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 2.461, "text": "should only become more and\nmore climate-compatible" }, { "start": 225.972, "duration": 3.211, "text": "as grids transition to renewable\nenergy sources." }, { "start": 229.183, "duration": 2.92, "text": "In addition to being better\nfor the climate and public health," }, { "start": 232.103, "duration": 4.087, "text": "electric induction stoves tend to rival\nor outperform all other stove types—" }, { "start": 236.19, "duration": 4.046, "text": "electric and gas— when it comes to cooking\nefficiency and ease of cleaning." }, { "start": 240.361, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Induction stovetops also only heat things" }, { "start": 242.446, "duration": 2.336, "text": "that respond strongly\nto their magnetic fields," }, { "start": 244.782, "duration": 2.544, "text": "so you can’t burn yourself\non them directly." }, { "start": 247.451, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Given the considerable health and\nclimate concerns around gas appliances," }, { "start": 251.08, "duration": 2.628, "text": "some governments have banned\nthem from new developments" }, { "start": 253.708, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and many are helping subsidize\nthe transition from gas to electric." }, { "start": 257.295, "duration": 2.293, "text": "Knives will probably be staying\nthe same, though," }, { "start": 259.588, "duration": 3.879, "text": "so please stop stabbing at avocados\nwhile they’re in your hand." } ] }, { "video_id": "d3RlT7qzAUE", "title": "Are there any places on Earth with no bugs? - Charles Wallace", "description": "Travel to some of the most extreme environments on Earth and see how insects are able to employ their skills to survive.\n\n--\n\nInsects are the world’s most numerous and diverse animals. Even where you’d least expect them in some of Earth’s most extreme environments, there they are. From a scalding volcano, parched desert, to a frigid glacier, insects are living life on the edge. So, how do they do it? Charles Wallace illuminates the incredible survival skills of insects living in some of Earth's harshest ecosystems.\n\nLesson by Charles Wallace, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-any-places-on-earth-with-no-bugs-charles-wallace\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-there-any-places-on-earth-with-no-bugs-charles-wallace/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com & https://www.jagritikhirwar.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee and Filip Dabrowski.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-03T15:01:27Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.997, "duration": 1.376, "text": "Hi, I’m Ada." }, { "start": 2.373, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In this series, I tackle some of life’s\npressing existential questions," }, { "start": 5.96, "duration": 2.961, "text": "like “what’s the best way\nto survive the apocalypse?”" }, { "start": 16.554, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Do you ever look around and think," }, { "start": 19.891, "duration": 2.919, "text": "how is everyone just going\nabout their business" }, { "start": 22.81, "duration": 2.67, "text": "when there are so many ways\nthe world could end?" }, { "start": 25.605, "duration": 1.585, "text": "I want to shake them." }, { "start": 27.982, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Not that they'd listen to me." }, { "start": 31.194, "duration": 1.459, "text": "Not yet at least." }, { "start": 49.128, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Oh! Good morning." }, { "start": 54.717, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Oh, sorry." }, { "start": 57.595, "duration": 2.794, "text": "You must be Ada,\nour new clerical assistant." }, { "start": 60.89, "duration": 1.001, "text": "You’re late." }, { "start": 62.058, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Three minutes." }, { "start": 66.062, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Let me show you around." }, { "start": 71.651, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Um, I, uh, this library is amazing." }, { "start": 77.365, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Um, you know, I basically\nlived in a library" }, { "start": 80.868, "duration": 2.461, "text": "when I was writing my philosophy\nthesis on—" }, { "start": 83.704, "duration": 3.045, "text": "You’ll sit at reception and help patrons\nwith the Wi-Fi password" }, { "start": 86.749, "duration": 2.378, "text": "or returning a book, things like that. " }, { "start": 89.127, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Anything more complicated,\nyou come get me." }, { "start": 91.796, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And when there are no patrons,\nthere’s plenty to keep you busy." }, { "start": 101.472, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Every minute that passes,\nyou could spend doing something." }, { "start": 105.643, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Something important,\nor more important than this, at least." }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 3.169, "text": "But you also have to work, and eat,\nand sleep, and pair socks," }, { "start": 113.025, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and make other tiny attempts to exert\norder on the chaos of the universe." }, { "start": 119.574, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Excuse me, could you help\nme find these books?" }, { "start": 123.786, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Hmm. Biochemistry,\nSaccharomyces cerevisiae life cycle." }, { "start": 129.041, "duration": 1.418, "text": "You must be a scientist." }, { "start": 130.626, "duration": 3.379, "text": "A former scientist.\nI was a nuclear physicist." }, { "start": 134.213, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Now I brew craft beer." }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 1.418, "text": "But why?" }, { "start": 138.467, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Brewing beer is the perfect\nblend of art and science." }, { "start": 141.512, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And after years tucked away in a lab,\nI wanted to do something real," }, { "start": 145.224, "duration": 1.502, "text": "something tangible." }, { "start": 146.726, "duration": 4.171, "text": "I love being able to see the joy on\nsomeone’s face when they taste my beer." }, { "start": 152.607, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Ah, okay, I’m just gonna say it." }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 4.713, "text": "We— I mean we, humanity— always seem to be\njust around the corner from catastrophe," }, { "start": 160.531, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and you had the chance to actually do\nsomething about that and chose not to." }, { "start": 164.702, "duration": 1.251, "text": "I’m... I’m sorry?" }, { "start": 165.953, "duration": 2.211, "text": "How much joy do you think\ncraft beer will bring" }, { "start": 168.164, "duration": 2.085, "text": "when we’re trying to survive\nthe apocalypse?" }, { "start": 173.044, "duration": 5.797, "text": "Um, well, I’m not sure I’d want to survive\nthe apocalypse, as you put it. " }, { "start": 179.55, "duration": 4.63, "text": "I mean, think for a second what it would\nactually be like to lose almost everyone" }, { "start": 184.18, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and everything you care about." }, { "start": 187.35, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But it wouldn't necessarily be like that." }, { "start": 190.394, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Yes, you would lose a lot." }, { "start": 192.021, "duration": 2.252, "text": "But even in a truly global catastrophe," }, { "start": 194.273, "duration": 2.711, "text": "there would almost certainly be places\nwhere most people" }, { "start": 196.984, "duration": 1.293, "text": "and infrastructure survive." }, { "start": 198.277, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And have what kind of life, though?" }, { "start": 200.988, "duration": 2.378, "text": "So, say our town survives." }, { "start": 205.326, "duration": 3.295, "text": "We have a lot of luxuries—\nbars, and coffee shops," }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and souvenir stores selling\nmagic crystals." }, { "start": 212.25, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Hey, sounds like I'll need protection\nfrom negative energy more than ever." }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Mhm." }, { "start": 220.174, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Without the interconnected global\nsystems we relied on," }, { "start": 223.219, "duration": 5.63, "text": "we’ll have to find ways to produce food,\nmedicines, electricity, fuel," }, { "start": 229.517, "duration": 1.626, "text": "and clean water locally." }, { "start": 231.269, "duration": 1.876, "text": "Our best bet to survive in the long run" }, { "start": 233.145, "duration": 3.087, "text": "is to collaborate—\nwithin our town, of course—" }, { "start": 236.357, "duration": 3.128, "text": "but also with whatever other\nsurvivors we can contact." }, { "start": 244.156, "duration": 6.924, "text": "Hey! Everyone! We need to ration our food\nuntil we can call for help— hey!" }, { "start": 252.039, "duration": 3.796, "text": "She wants to invite outsiders\nin to take our food!" }, { "start": 256.21, "duration": 3.087, "text": "No, that’s not what I said—" }, { "start": 259.297, "duration": 2.293, "text": "(Crowd booing)" }, { "start": 265.261, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Look around. People are desperate." }, { "start": 267.805, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Even if other survivors don’t raid us,\nI doubt they’ll help." }, { "start": 271.726, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Especially when we have nothing\nto give in return." }, { "start": 276.689, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Electricity, then. Let's work on that." }, { "start": 279.483, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Getting the nearest power plant back\nup and running will be a massive effort." }, { "start": 283.946, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Hey, people, listen to me!\nEveryone listen, I—" }, { "start": 288.701, "duration": 4.129, "text": "(Crowd booing)" }, { "start": 293.372, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Guys, electricity will make\nthings so much better." }, { "start": 297.001, "duration": 3.462, "text": "We’ll do it for ourselves.\nNot to contact other people." }, { "start": 301.213, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Right?" }, { "start": 306.761, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Ugh, it runs on coal." }, { "start": 308.971, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Actually, fossil fuels are easier to use\nthan more advanced technologies." }, { "start": 313.142, "duration": 3.503, "text": "So you’re proposing mining for coal?" }, { "start": 316.771, "duration": 1.501, "text": "That doesn't sound easy." }, { "start": 318.314, "duration": 3.587, "text": "No, but there are other things\nwe can burn in a coal plant." }, { "start": 322.151, "duration": 2.711, "text": "We've got lots of wood which we\ncan use to make charcoal," }, { "start": 324.862, "duration": 2.753, "text": "which is more compact and burns\nway hotter than wood." }, { "start": 328.074, "duration": 3.545, "text": "It’s not as efficient as coal,\nbut it’s the best option we have." }, { "start": 332.62, "duration": 2.627, "text": " To fuel the power plant and\nget the local grid back on," }, { "start": 335.247, "duration": 2.586, "text": "we’re going to need a lot of charcoal." }, { "start": 339.627, "duration": 3.462, "text": "No one will get any electricity unless\neveryone works together." }, { "start": 350.137, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Okay, okay. There are ways to get a little\nelectricity with a lot less fuel." }, { "start": 358.646, "duration": 1.835, "text": "They’ll thank me later." }, { "start": 364.276, "duration": 1.377, "text": "The internet?" }, { "start": 367.863, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Cellular data? " }, { "start": 369.949, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Ugh. Even landlines\nrely on physical infrastructure" }, { "start": 373.869, "duration": 3.045, "text": "that seems like it’s all\nbeen disrupted." }, { "start": 377.206, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Hmm. Okay, so how can I get a message out?" }, { "start": 381.836, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Well, radios pick up signals in the air." }, { "start": 385.631, "duration": 3.879, "text": "You can make a simple radio that doesn't\neven need electricity pretty easily." }, { "start": 390.052, "duration": 3.462, "text": "In World War Two, prisoners of war\nscavenged the materials to make them." }, { "start": 396.142, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Any old wire will work as an aerial." }, { "start": 400.146, "duration": 3.92, "text": "It’ll pick up the electromagnetic fields\nof passing radio waves." }, { "start": 415.661, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Lots of common substances\ncan complete the receiver" }, { "start": 418.247, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and make messages\nintelligible, including..." }, { "start": 422.585, "duration": 1.96, "text": "a number of crystals." }, { "start": 431.594, "duration": 1.293, "text": "It's for the best." }, { "start": 440.686, "duration": 2.294, "text": "(Radio static)" }, { "start": 443.022, "duration": 3.795, "text": "The Svalbard Seed Vault has\nhundreds of millions of seeds..." }, { "start": 447.318, "duration": 2.544, "text": "on an island in the Arctic Circle." }, { "start": 451.947, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Apparently, seaweed is a good food source," }, { "start": 455.493, "duration": 2.544, "text": "but we’re nowhere near the sea." }, { "start": 459.455, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Whoa! Paper mills can be retrofitted\nto process wood into food." }, { "start": 463.584, "duration": 2.127, "text": "They break down wood in big vats." }, { "start": 466.17, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Then, instead of making the pulp\ninto cardboard or paper," }, { "start": 469.757, "duration": 3.795, "text": "they use enzymes to convert the cellulose\ninto edible sugar." }, { "start": 474.97, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Okay, focus." }, { "start": 477.181, "duration": 4.504, "text": "We don’t have a paper mill,\nbut we have plenty of wood." }, { "start": 484.522, "duration": 5.505, "text": "Hello? Can you hear me?\nWe can trade wood for— hey!" }, { "start": 491.237, "duration": 3.628, "text": "We don’t want outsiders\nflocking to our town!" }, { "start": 498.953, "duration": 4.462, "text": "I'll find out who stole my stolen\ngenerator and steal it back." }, { "start": 513.759, "duration": 3.545, "text": "We're distilling alcohol to use\nfor antiseptic and fuel." }, { "start": 518.305, "duration": 3.879, "text": "A big vat for grinding things up." }, { "start": 522.643, "duration": 2.753, "text": "It’s not a paper mill, but it’s similar." }, { "start": 526.188, "duration": 3.67, "text": "We retrofit every one of these breweries\nin town for the hottest new trend." }, { "start": 529.984, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Converting wood and cardboard \ninto lignocellulosic sugar" }, { "start": 533.153, "duration": 3.504, "text": "for a sweet flavor with notes\nof avoiding death by starvation." }, { "start": 537.157, "duration": 2.461, "text": "You know, with some additional equipment," }, { "start": 539.618, "duration": 3.337, "text": "these breweries could produce electricity\nfrom their byproducts." }, { "start": 543.372, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And who will manufacture that equipment?" }, { "start": 546.0, "duration": 3.128, "text": "We need a wider range of skills\nthan people in this town have." }, { "start": 549.336, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Other survivors are probably afraid\nto make contact, too." }, { "start": 552.548, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Someone has to go first." }, { "start": 556.051, "duration": 2.503, "text": "What was that about needing\ndifferent skill sets?" }, { "start": 559.346, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Fine. Yes, I admit it— a brewer could help\npeople after a global catastrophe." }, { "start": 564.935, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But that doesn’t mean it’s better\nto become a craft brewer" }, { "start": 567.73, "duration": 1.501, "text": "than a nuclear physicist." }, { "start": 569.982, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Maybe not, but in this scenario\nyou’re imagining," }, { "start": 573.319, "duration": 4.004, "text": "it might be more useful to be\na car mechanic or a library assistant" }, { "start": 577.323, "duration": 1.584, "text": " than a nuclear physicist." }, { "start": 579.241, "duration": 1.585, "text": "You don’t really know, do you?" }, { "start": 581.619, "duration": 1.209, "text": "No, I don’t." }, { "start": 582.828, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But I do know that everything we talked\nabout would be even more useful" }, { "start": 586.165, "duration": 3.295, "text": "if we worked on it now,\nbefore a catastrophe." }, { "start": 589.918, "duration": 2.211, "text": "We could keep fossil fuels in the ground." }, { "start": 592.212, "duration": 3.671, "text": "We could set up long range radio systems\nthat don't rely on infrastructure." }, { "start": 596.008, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Make power grids more robust,\nand work on technologies to feed people." }, { "start": 600.971, "duration": 3.212, "text": "We could even make practical\nknowledge manuals and," }, { "start": 604.183, "duration": 2.752, "text": "I don’t know, put them in libraries." }, { "start": 607.519, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Ada, isn’t this something else\nyou should be doing?" }, { "start": 610.773, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Yes, that’s what I’m saying!\nThe question is what, exactly?" }, { "start": 616.362, "duration": 3.878, "text": "The books, Ada!\nGet him the books." }, { "start": 622.284, "duration": 2.211, "text": "I apologize for the holdup." }, { "start": 624.828, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Oh, I don't mind. I've learned\nto cherish every moment." }, { "start": 634.338, "duration": 1.168, "text": "See you tomorrow." }, { "start": 640.26, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Something to aspire to." } ] }, { "video_id": "eY3_ZkQx5T4", "title": "You'll travel 1 trillion kilometers through space - Fabio Pacucci and Lindsay DeMarchi", "description": "Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nYour granddaughter created a surprise for your birthday: a holographic map displaying everywhere you’ve traveled— not just on Earth, but through the universe. Considering you’re living on a spinning rock hurtling around a sun whizzing through a galaxy, you’ve made some real progress. But, how much, exactly? Fabio Pacucci and Lindsay DeMarchi explore how far you travel over the course of your life.\n\nLesson by Fabio Pacucci and Lindsay DeMarchi, directed by Vicente Numpaque, Hernando Bahamon, Globizco Studios.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-far-have-you-traveled-in-your-lifetime-fabio-pacucci-and-lindsay-demarchi\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-far-have-you-traveled-in-your-lifetime-fabio-pacucci-and-lindsay-demarchi/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://globizcostudios.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev and Penelope Misquitta.", "publishedAt": "2024-10-01T15:00:53Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Over the past two decades, jellyfish\nhave begun to overwhelm our oceans." }, { "start": 12.8, "duration": 4.588, "text": "In New Zealand, divers swat off millions\nof stinging jellyfish" }, { "start": 17.388, "duration": 2.92, "text": "each no larger than a grain of pepper." }, { "start": 21.309, "duration": 3.879, "text": "In Sweden, a massive cluster\nof moon jellyfish" }, { "start": 25.188, "duration": 3.545, "text": "shut down one of the world’s largest\nnuclear reactors" }, { "start": 28.733, "duration": 2.711, "text": "by clogging the plant’s essential pipes." }, { "start": 32.028, "duration": 5.464, "text": "And in the Sea of Japan, thousands\nof 200 kilogram Nomura’s jellyfish" }, { "start": 37.492, "duration": 4.17, "text": "with bells two meters in diameter\nswarm fishermen," }, { "start": 41.662, "duration": 2.962, "text": "snapping nets and devouring local fish." }, { "start": 45.083, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Around the world, these animals\nvoraciously consume fish eggs and larvae," }, { "start": 50.046, "duration": 2.961, "text": "routinely undermine\nmarine farming efforts," }, { "start": 53.007, "duration": 5.089, "text": "and outcompete adult fish by consuming\nthe resources they need to survive." }, { "start": 58.679, "duration": 2.545, "text": "If things stay on their\ncurrent trajectory," }, { "start": 61.224, "duration": 5.422, "text": "we could be headed for a future where\nthe entire ocean is thick with jellyfish." }, { "start": 67.063, "duration": 4.671, "text": "So, is there anything that can keep these\ngelatinous creatures under control?" }, { "start": 72.61, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Enter, the humble sea turtle." }, { "start": 75.113, "duration": 3.92, "text": "There are a wide range of marine animals\nthat feed on jellyfish," }, { "start": 79.033, "duration": 3.504, "text": "but sea turtles are among\ntheir most ancient predators." }, { "start": 82.537, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And while every known species\nof sea turtle preys on jellyfish" }, { "start": 86.249, "duration": 1.918, "text": "at some point in their lives," }, { "start": 88.167, "duration": 3.128, "text": "none consume quite as many\nas the leatherback." }, { "start": 91.462, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Leatherbacks are the largest species\nof sea turtle," }, { "start": 94.882, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and they eat jellyfish almost exclusively," }, { "start": 98.302, "duration": 6.423, "text": "devouring well over 1,000 metric tons of\nthem over their roughly 50-year lifespans." }, { "start": 105.059, "duration": 4.797, "text": "This is particularly remarkable\nbecause jellyfish are 95% water" }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and very low in calories," }, { "start": 111.774, "duration": 1.752, "text": "so to maintain a healthy weight," }, { "start": 113.526, "duration": 2.711, "text": "the average 500 kilogram leatherback" }, { "start": 116.237, "duration": 5.005, "text": "needs to eat roughly 400 kilograms\nof jellyfish every day." }, { "start": 121.367, "duration": 3.378, "text": "That’s roughly the same weight\nas a grand piano." }, { "start": 124.745, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And while some sea turtle species\nhave been documented" }, { "start": 127.748, "duration": 3.671, "text": "selectively eating their preys’\nprotein-rich gonads," }, { "start": 131.544, "duration": 3.045, "text": "leatherbacks eat jellyfish whole—" }, { "start": 134.589, "duration": 4.212, "text": "mowing down huge swaths\nof unsuspecting jellies." }, { "start": 139.302, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Normally, jellyfish aren't\nquite this defenseless." }, { "start": 142.555, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Most species have tentacles covered\nin cells called cnidocytes," }, { "start": 147.56, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which contain venomous harpoons\ncoiled and ready to launch." }, { "start": 151.731, "duration": 3.503, "text": "These barbed structures, \nknown as nematocysts," }, { "start": 155.234, "duration": 2.002, "text": "are released on contact." }, { "start": 157.278, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Jellyfish frequently use this sting\nto paralyze and kill their food," }, { "start": 161.949, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and it can also irritate the skin\nof would-be intruders." }, { "start": 166.704, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But it's completely useless\nagainst sea turtles." }, { "start": 170.583, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Most of these reptiles have thick\nscales covered in keratin—" }, { "start": 174.962, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the same material that makes\nup nails and claws." }, { "start": 178.507, "duration": 3.129, "text": "This leathery armor protects\ntheir skin while they hunt," }, { "start": 181.636, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and any captured prey that tries\nto escape is impaled" }, { "start": 185.348, "duration": 4.254, "text": "on the keratinized spikes\nlining the leatherback’s esophagus." }, { "start": 190.353, "duration": 5.13, "text": "For most sea turtles, these adaptations\nmake individual jellyfish easy prey." }, { "start": 195.608, "duration": 3.42, "text": "However, a jelly population’s\ntrue defense mechanism" }, { "start": 199.028, "duration": 2.586, "text": "is in how quickly they can reproduce." }, { "start": 201.614, "duration": 5.839, "text": "Almost all jellyfish species have evolved\nto reproduce both sexually and asexually," }, { "start": 207.453, "duration": 3.754, "text": "allowing them to increase their numbers\nwith or without a partner." }, { "start": 211.332, "duration": 1.501, "text": "In tropical environments," }, { "start": 212.833, "duration": 2.878, "text": "jellyfish reproduce constantly\nthroughout the year." }, { "start": 215.836, "duration": 1.71, "text": "But in more temperate climates," }, { "start": 217.546, "duration": 4.255, "text": "species often reproduce all at once\nin a massive bloom," }, { "start": 221.801, "duration": 2.794, "text": "where jellies multiply at alarming rates." }, { "start": 225.221, "duration": 4.463, "text": "And humanity is making these blooms\nmuch more frequent." }, { "start": 229.85, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Fertilizer runoff from farms\nintroduces chemicals" }, { "start": 233.729, "duration": 4.421, "text": "that simultaneously kill other fish\nand prompt blooms." }, { "start": 238.234, "duration": 2.794, "text": "High water temperatures\ncaused by climate change" }, { "start": 241.028, "duration": 4.63, "text": "speed up jellyfish reproduction\nand extend the reproductive season." }, { "start": 245.783, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Meanwhile, both marine\nconstruction and pollution" }, { "start": 249.12, "duration": 4.045, "text": "dramatically increase the surface area\nfor jellyfish polyps" }, { "start": 253.165, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to attach, grow, and mature." }, { "start": 255.751, "duration": 4.755, "text": "All these issues require a wide range\nof policy-based solutions." }, { "start": 260.506, "duration": 4.546, "text": "But one major way to prevent jellyfish\npopulations from getting out of hand" }, { "start": 265.052, "duration": 2.544, "text": "is to protect their natural predators—" }, { "start": 267.68, "duration": 2.419, "text": "many of whom are currently under threat." }, { "start": 270.308, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Small-scale fisheries that are essential\nto communities in Mexico and Peru" }, { "start": 274.812, "duration": 1.668, "text": "often use gillnets," }, { "start": 276.48, "duration": 4.797, "text": "which unintentionally capture and kill\nhundreds of sea turtles each year." }, { "start": 281.944, "duration": 4.546, "text": "In the Eastern Pacific, these practices\ncould drive leatherbacks to extinction" }, { "start": 286.49, "duration": 1.669, "text": "in the next 60 years." }, { "start": 288.743, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Fortunately, some researchers have already\ndeveloped inexpensive tools" }, { "start": 293.497, "duration": 1.627, "text": "to minimize these risks." }, { "start": 295.207, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Attaching green LED lights to gillnets\nhas proven useful" }, { "start": 299.587, "duration": 4.671, "text": "for allowing sea turtles, dolphins,\nand even seabirds to avoid fishing gear." }, { "start": 304.467, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Solutions like this should \nallow small-scale fishers" }, { "start": 307.72, "duration": 1.418, "text": "to support their communities" }, { "start": 309.138, "duration": 4.296, "text": "while minimizing their impact\non our leathery ocean defenders." } ] }, { "video_id": "Xu-QfE_1ksk", "title": "Why did it take so long to find giant squids? - Anna Rothschild", "description": "Dive into the deep sea to find giant squids, and explore what scientists have learned about these mysterious creatures.\n\n--\n\nIn 1873, fishermen glimpsed what they thought was a shipwreck. But when they probed the mass, it moved— and huge, serpentine appendages soon besieged their boat. One fisherman took an axe to the animal, and it disappeared in a cloud of ink, leaving behind definitive evidence that giant squids were more than mythical monsters. So, what do we know about these creatures? Anna Rothschild investigates.\n\nLesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with OceanX Education. To learn more about the mysteries of the deep and educational opportunities with @OceanX, visit https://oceanx.org/education\n\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to Mike Vecchion who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-it-take-so-long-to-find-giant-squid-anna-rothschild\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-it-take-so-long-to-find-giant-squid-anna-rothschild/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.and-action.net\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco and Rayo.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-26T15:01:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Isn’t it odd that, when something’s funny," }, { "start": 10.006, "duration": 3.17, "text": "you might show your teeth,\nchange your breathing," }, { "start": 13.176, "duration": 4.379, "text": "become weak and achy in some places,\nand maybe even cry?" }, { "start": 18.264, "duration": 5.047, "text": "In other words, why do we do\nthis bizarre thing that is laughter?" }, { "start": 24.52, "duration": 3.921, "text": "When you laugh, your abdominal muscles\ncontract rapidly." }, { "start": 28.566, "duration": 1.835, "text": "This alters your breathing patterns," }, { "start": 30.401, "duration": 4.088, "text": "increasing the pressure in your\nchest cavity, and pushing air out," }, { "start": 34.489, "duration": 4.796, "text": "which might audibly emerge as a snort,\nwheeze, or vocalization." }, { "start": 40.161, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Because you’re exerting your abdominal\nmuscles much more" }, { "start": 43.039, "duration": 2.21, "text": "than you usually would while talking," }, { "start": 45.249, "duration": 1.627, "text": "they may start to hurt." }, { "start": 47.335, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Laughter also inhibits your reflexes\nand muscle control," }, { "start": 51.214, "duration": 2.836, "text": "causing sensations like leg weakness." }, { "start": 54.425, "duration": 3.128, "text": "So, where does this funny phenomenon\ncome from?" }, { "start": 58.638, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Because there’s no archaeological\nrecord of laughter," }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 4.421, "text": "it’s impossible to say exactly how and why\nit evolved," }, { "start": 66.229, "duration": 2.544, "text": "but scientists have some theories." }, { "start": 68.898, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Importantly, humans are not\nthe only animals today" }, { "start": 73.194, "duration": 2.002, "text": "that do something like laughter." }, { "start": 75.613, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Using ultrasonic recorders," }, { "start": 77.907, "duration": 5.756, "text": "researchers in the late 90s realized\nthat rats were basically giggling" }, { "start": 83.663, "duration": 1.418, "text": "while being tickled." }, { "start": 85.456, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Scientists have since compiled evidence\nof at least 65 species—" }, { "start": 91.045, "duration": 5.506, "text": "mostly mammals, but also some birds—\nthat vocalize during social play." }, { "start": 96.759, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Some, unsurprisingly,\nare our closest relatives." }, { "start": 101.139, "duration": 3.086, "text": "By recording and analyzing the sounds\nprimates make" }, { "start": 104.225, "duration": 1.96, "text": "while playing and being tickled," }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 4.672, "text": "researchers grew more convinced that\nthe ancient ancestor of all great apes" }, { "start": 110.857, "duration": 1.876, "text": "did something like laughter." }, { "start": 112.733, "duration": 4.672, "text": "And, because other apes make laughter-like\nsounds during rough-and-tumble play," }, { "start": 117.53, "duration": 4.254, "text": "they think laughter may have originally\ndeveloped to clearly signal" }, { "start": 121.784, "duration": 2.544, "text": "friendly, non-aggressive intent." }, { "start": 124.954, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But of course, humans don’t just laugh\nwhen we’re wrestling," }, { "start": 130.126, "duration": 5.964, "text": "but also when we’re amused,\nand even surprised, confused, or nervous." }, { "start": 136.34, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Some scientists think laughter took\non expanded functions" }, { "start": 140.011, "duration": 2.46, "text": "after humans split from other great apes" }, { "start": 142.471, "duration": 4.255, "text": "and developed large social groups\nand more complex language abilities." }, { "start": 147.018, "duration": 3.753, "text": "They hypothesize that laughter gradually\nbecame something we could use" }, { "start": 150.771, "duration": 4.964, "text": "not just during play but within speech\nto convey subtle meanings" }, { "start": 155.735, "duration": 3.92, "text": "and a range of contexts\nto show our emotions." }, { "start": 161.032, "duration": 4.254, "text": "This is thought to be one of the reasons\nthat laughter is contagious:" }, { "start": 165.286, "duration": 3.879, "text": "it’s like an invitation to share\nin someone’s emotional state." }, { "start": 169.582, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Just hearing clips of laughter can\nactivate key regions in your brain," }, { "start": 174.67, "duration": 3.045, "text": "triggering you to smile or laugh yourself." }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And, when participants in one study\nwatched a funny video," }, { "start": 181.636, "duration": 3.295, "text": "they laughed significantly longer\nand more often" }, { "start": 184.931, "duration": 1.793, "text": "when another person was present—" }, { "start": 186.933, "duration": 3.92, "text": "even though they reported feeling\nthe same level of amusement." }, { "start": 191.52, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Human laughter is also generally louder" }, { "start": 194.815, "duration": 3.045, "text": "than the play vocalizations\nof most animals." }, { "start": 198.194, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Some scientists speculate that this\nis because our laughter functions" }, { "start": 202.657, "duration": 6.131, "text": "not only as a signal between individuals,\nbut a broadcast to everyone around." }, { "start": 209.372, "duration": 5.755, "text": "Studies found that observers across the\nworld and as young as 5 months old" }, { "start": 215.211, "duration": 4.337, "text": "could reliably tell the difference\nbetween close friends and acquaintances" }, { "start": 219.715, "duration": 2.962, "text": "just from brief clips of them laughing." }, { "start": 223.01, "duration": 6.215, "text": "Similarly, we can tell whether a laugh\nis real or fake based just on the sound." }, { "start": 229.642, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Fake, or volitional, laughter is produced" }, { "start": 231.894, "duration": 2.795, "text": "in entirely different networks\nin the brain," }, { "start": 234.689, "duration": 2.46, "text": "relying on speech-like pathways." }, { "start": 237.275, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Meanwhile, spontaneous laughter arises\nfrom older networks" }, { "start": 242.321, "duration": 3.879, "text": "that other animals also use\nfor their vocalizations." }, { "start": 246.659, "duration": 2.919, "text": "And laughter is not just\nsocially important;" }, { "start": 249.704, "duration": 2.502, "text": "it’s also thought to be good for us." }, { "start": 252.373, "duration": 4.046, "text": "When we laugh, our brains release\nfeel-good neurotransmitters" }, { "start": 256.419, "duration": 1.293, "text": "like endorphins," }, { "start": 257.712, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and decrease levels of stress hormones\nlike cortisol." }, { "start": 261.841, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Some research even suggests that people\nwho laugh more" }, { "start": 265.469, "duration": 4.797, "text": "can cope with stress more effectively\nand have better cardiovascular health." }, { "start": 271.434, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Laughter is a universal human behavior." }, { "start": 274.854, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Babies can laugh before they can speak." }, { "start": 277.857, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Whether it's the best medicine\ndepends on your ailment." }, { "start": 281.694, "duration": 2.669, "text": "But as something that makes\nlife more tolerable," }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 4.588, "text": "strengthens bonds, and potentially\nimproves aspects of your health," }, { "start": 289.16, "duration": 2.46, "text": "you can’t go wrong with a good laugh." }, { "start": 292.079, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Unless you have a broken rib or something." }, { "start": 294.582, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Then it’s no laughing matter." }, { "start": 296.792, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Certainly nothing to crack up about." } ] }, { "video_id": "3uTmcG7CgdI", "title": "What is hysteria, and why were so many women diagnosed with it? - Mark S. Micale", "description": "Download a free audiobook version of “City of Girls” and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed\n\n--\n\nDo you ever feel tired? Overwhelmed? Depressed? Do you have headaches, dizziness, cramps, difficulty breathing? From 300 BCE to the 1900s, if you answered yes to any of these questions and you had a uterus, a doctor would likely diagnose you with hysteria. So, where did this medical diagnosis come from? And why did it persist for so long? Mark S. Micale traces the history of the catch-all term.\n\nLesson by Mark S. Micale, directed by Laura Jayne Hodkin.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-hysteria-and-why-were-so-many-women-diagnosed-with-it-mark-s-micale\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-hysteria-and-why-were-so-many-women-diagnosed-with-it-mark-s-micale/digdeeper\nCheck out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/1984-copy\n\nAnimator's website: https://laurajaynehodkin.com\nMusic: https://www.philbrookes.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek and Dennis.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-24T15:01:34Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.922, "text": "For some animals, losing a limb\nis a decidedly permanent affair." }, { "start": 12.467, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But for salamanders,\nparticularly axolotls," }, { "start": 15.803, "duration": 3.379, "text": "amputation is just a temporary affliction." }, { "start": 19.348, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Not only can they grow back entire limbs\nin as little as six weeks," }, { "start": 23.102, "duration": 4.171, "text": "they can also regenerate heart\nand even brain tissue." }, { "start": 27.774, "duration": 3.753, "text": "So how does this astonishing\nadaptation work?" }, { "start": 32.07, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Regardless of regeneration," }, { "start": 34.113, "duration": 4.38, "text": "every limbed creature had to grow\ntheir arms and legs at some point." }, { "start": 38.701, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And whether that process starts\nin the womb or the world," }, { "start": 42.121, "duration": 4.797, "text": "it almost always begins\nwith little bumps called limb buds." }, { "start": 47.126, "duration": 2.795, "text": "These buds are full of progenitor cells—" }, { "start": 50.004, "duration": 4.838, "text": "a cornucopia of cell types that can\ndifferentiate into various tissues," }, { "start": 55.009, "duration": 3.67, "text": "including muscles, cartilage, ligaments,\nand tendons." }, { "start": 58.846, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Some of these progenitors are stem cells," }, { "start": 61.724, "duration": 4.296, "text": "capable of developing into a range\nof specialized cells and tissues," }, { "start": 66.145, "duration": 3.462, "text": "while others are merely derived\nfrom stem cells." }, { "start": 69.816, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But in either case, the progenitors\ndifferentiate and multiply rapidly" }, { "start": 74.237, "duration": 1.918, "text": "as the limb bud develops." }, { "start": 76.405, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Nerves grow into the limb\nfrom nearby cell bodies" }, { "start": 79.408, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and a network of blood vessels form\nwhich fuel the process with oxygen." }, { "start": 84.497, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Eventually, that tiny bud grows\ninto a full infant limb." }, { "start": 90.461, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Most salamanders, including axolotls,\ndevelop their limbs in the same way." }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 5.631, "text": "But unlike other animals, they can also\nstart this process all over again" }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 1.126, "text": "if they need to. " }, { "start": 102.849, "duration": 1.71, "text": "When salamanders lose a limb," }, { "start": 104.559, "duration": 3.878, "text": "surrounding skin cells\nquickly surge across the wound’s surface." }, { "start": 108.646, "duration": 3.962, "text": "This new layer of skin is called\nthe wound epidermis," }, { "start": 112.733, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and once established, it signals cells\nin the underlying limb stump" }, { "start": 116.946, "duration": 3.295, "text": "to undergo something\ncalled dedifferentiation." }, { "start": 120.616, "duration": 4.046, "text": "This process reverts nearby cells\nfrom fully developed limb tissues" }, { "start": 124.662, "duration": 3.712, "text": "back into earlier, less specialized\nprogenitor cells." }, { "start": 128.875, "duration": 4.337, "text": "At the same time, the peripheral nervous\nsystem fires up stem cells" }, { "start": 133.212, "duration": 2.086, "text": "throughout the salamander’s body." }, { "start": 135.464, "duration": 3.254, "text": "This would be impossible\nfor most multicellular organisms," }, { "start": 138.801, "duration": 4.505, "text": "whose stem cells typically lose their\nregenerative capacity with age." }, { "start": 143.598, "duration": 3.92, "text": "But when salamander stem cells\nnear the injury get the right signal," }, { "start": 147.643, "duration": 3.295, "text": "they reactivate and start multiplying." }, { "start": 151.564, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Researchers don’t know what ratio\nof stem cells" }, { "start": 154.4, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and dedifferentiated progenitor cells\nregeneration requires." }, { "start": 158.279, "duration": 2.628, "text": "But we do know these cells come together" }, { "start": 160.907, "duration": 4.504, "text": "to form the most important part\nof the process: the blastema." }, { "start": 166.037, "duration": 3.128, "text": "This structure is almost identical\nto a limb bud—" }, { "start": 169.29, "duration": 4.379, "text": "the primary difference is that it’s\nmade of recycled, repurposed cells," }, { "start": 173.753, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and potentially reserved cells,\nrather than completely new ones." }, { "start": 178.09, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Beyond that, blastemas and limb buds\nhave the same mission:" }, { "start": 182.053, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to make thousands of new cells\nand organize them" }, { "start": 185.056, "duration": 3.128, "text": "into the muscle, bone, skin,\nand nerve tissue" }, { "start": 188.184, "duration": 2.044, "text": "required for a functional limb." }, { "start": 190.686, "duration": 5.172, "text": "As this process unfolds, nerves and\nblood vessels spanning the injury site" }, { "start": 196.025, "duration": 2.294, "text": "transmit nutrition and oxygen." }, { "start": 198.611, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Over several weeks,\nthe stump will steadily grow" }, { "start": 201.405, "duration": 3.17, "text": "a miniature limb with translucent skin." }, { "start": 204.825, "duration": 1.752, "text": "And when the process is complete," }, { "start": 206.577, "duration": 3.253, "text": "not only will the limb match\nthe rest of the salamander," }, { "start": 210.206, "duration": 2.21, "text": "there won't even be a scar." }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The relationship between scarring\nand regeneration" }, { "start": 216.254, "duration": 3.128, "text": "is just one of this processes’\nmany mysteries." }, { "start": 219.632, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Scientists are still tracking\nsalamander cells on the molecular level" }, { "start": 224.053, "duration": 4.755, "text": "to determine how they revert from a\nmature stage into a regenerative one." }, { "start": 229.267, "duration": 2.961, "text": "And research into transplanting\nblastema cells investigates" }, { "start": 232.228, "duration": 4.337, "text": "how other animals might replicate\nthis reconstructive wizardry." }, { "start": 237.066, "duration": 3.003, "text": "We also don’t understand how\nsalamanders’ bodies know" }, { "start": 240.069, "duration": 4.504, "text": "what part of the limb has been lost\nor how much needs to be regrown." }, { "start": 245.199, "duration": 4.671, "text": "One theory is that blastema cells have\na form of positional memory," }, { "start": 250.079, "duration": 4.254, "text": "allowing them to determine how much\nto grow in relation to one another." }, { "start": 254.709, "duration": 4.588, "text": "And it’s equally important to understand\nhow these limbs know when to stop growing" }, { "start": 259.422, "duration": 3.545, "text": "to prevent overdevelopment,\nlike in cancerous tumors." }, { "start": 263.467, "duration": 4.338, "text": "But one of regenerations essential\ningredients doesn’t belong solely" }, { "start": 267.805, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to salamanders:\nthe blastema." }, { "start": 270.891, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Deer antlers use a similar healing\ntissue to regenerate each year," }, { "start": 275.521, "duration": 3.003, "text": "even though their skin scars like ours." }, { "start": 278.983, "duration": 6.173, "text": "Spiny mice can also restore skin, hair,\nand some other appendages scar-free." }, { "start": 285.656, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And even humans can regenerate\nthe tips of our fingers and toes" }, { "start": 289.91, "duration": 2.128, "text": "in a surprisingly similar manner." }, { "start": 292.455, "duration": 2.669, "text": "We still don’t know whether\nthis ability is tied" }, { "start": 295.124, "duration": 2.377, "text": "to our shared ancestry with salamanders" }, { "start": 297.626, "duration": 3.129, "text": "or fueled by distinct\nbiological mechanisms." }, { "start": 300.921, "duration": 1.961, "text": "But with time and research," }, { "start": 302.882, "duration": 4.087, "text": "who knows what evolutionary knowledge\nwe might grow back." } ] }, { "video_id": "vOBjtotp-Gw", "title": "The birth of the galaxy in 60 seconds - Scott Hershberger", "description": "Explore the ever-evolving structure of the Milky Way galaxy, and find out how it got its spiral shape.\n\n--\n\nThirteen billion years ago, the gas and dust particles that eventually became our Milky Way were whizzing around in every direction. Despite the wild motion of its parts, the galaxy as a whole was rotating about an axis. So why did the Milky Way, like most galaxies, become flat, and not spherical like stars and planets? Scott Hershberger explores the ever-evolving structure of our galaxy.\n\nLesson by Scott Hershberger, directed by Josh O'Caoimh, Mikai Geronimo.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-the-milky-way-get-its-shape-scott-hershberger\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-the-milky-way-get-its-shape-scott-hershberger/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://redhand.pictures\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu and David D.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-19T15:01:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Across 2023 and 2024, one\ninternationally renowned musician" }, { "start": 12.508, "duration": 6.84, "text": "flew their private jet 396 times\nin 365 days." }, { "start": 19.599, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And one of those trips was just\nsix minutes long." }, { "start": 25.313, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Figures like this aren’t uncommon\namong the world’s richest jet-setters—" }, { "start": 29.609, "duration": 4.421, "text": "in fact, this frequent flyer probably\nisn’t even the celebrity" }, { "start": 34.03, "duration": 1.293, "text": "you’re thinking of." }, { "start": 35.656, "duration": 3.754, "text": "So what's the price tag\nfor this high flying lifestyle?" }, { "start": 39.786, "duration": 3.211, "text": "The majority of private flying\nhappens in the US," }, { "start": 43.289, "duration": 4.671, "text": "where even a relatively short trip\nis incredibly expensive." }, { "start": 48.252, "duration": 2.628, "text": "If you want to fly private,\nyou have two options:" }, { "start": 50.88, "duration": 2.502, "text": "buying a jet or renting one." }, { "start": 53.591, "duration": 5.756, "text": "Jet rentals can run from roughly\n$7,500 an hour for domestic flights" }, { "start": 59.347, "duration": 4.588, "text": "to roughly $17,000 an hour\nfor international ones." }, { "start": 64.185, "duration": 6.298, "text": "For context, that’s over $40,000\nto fly from LA to New York," }, { "start": 70.483, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and over $120,000 to fly\nfrom New York to London." }, { "start": 75.905, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And that's before paying an additional\nseveral thousand dollars for the crew," }, { "start": 80.326, "duration": 3.921, "text": "the fuel, landing fees for the airport,\nand federal taxes." }, { "start": 84.539, "duration": 3.503, "text": "That said, these rental costs are still\nmuch cheaper" }, { "start": 88.042, "duration": 2.669, "text": "than actually buying a plane." }, { "start": 90.92, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Depending on their size, new jets run \nanywhere from $2 to $65 million." }, { "start": 97.385, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Then, in addition to the usual\noperational costs for each flight," }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 3.044, "text": "jet owners still have to pay\nfor a hangar to park in" }, { "start": 104.433, "duration": 4.922, "text": "and up to $1 million a year for\nroutine inspections and maintenance." }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 2.961, "text": "This is already absurdly expensive." }, { "start": 113.151, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But private flying also has\na major environmental cost." }, { "start": 116.946, "duration": 3.712, "text": "While both private and commercial\nplanes emit a lot of CO2," }, { "start": 120.658, "duration": 3.295, "text": "commercial planes do so\nto move a lot of people." }, { "start": 124.162, "duration": 6.423, "text": "For example, in 2022, commercial airplanes\nemitted roughly 800 megatons of CO2" }, { "start": 130.668, "duration": 3.837, "text": "moving about 853 million passengers." }, { "start": 134.797, "duration": 4.213, "text": "That’s a little less than one ton of CO2\nper person per flight." }, { "start": 139.343, "duration": 4.129, "text": "On average, most people\nemit four tons of CO2 a year—" }, { "start": 143.556, "duration": 3.462, "text": "so taking two round trip flights\nwould double their emissions." }, { "start": 147.31, "duration": 5.922, "text": "This math already isn’t great,\nbut private jets make it so much worse." }, { "start": 153.649, "duration": 2.086, "text": "With only a handful of people onboard," }, { "start": 155.943, "duration": 5.714, "text": "private flights emit 10 to 20 times more\nemissions per passenger on average." }, { "start": 161.908, "duration": 2.877, "text": "And since their passengers tend\nto be frequent flyers," }, { "start": 164.785, "duration": 3.087, "text": "their individual emissions\nare astronomical." }, { "start": 168.289, "duration": 3.962, "text": "In 2023 alone, the top ten\nUS private fliers" }, { "start": 172.251, "duration": 4.838, "text": "produced more combined emissions\nthan 6,500 people." }, { "start": 177.173, "duration": 1.585, "text": "And for the past few years," }, { "start": 178.966, "duration": 6.84, "text": "roughly 1% of fliers have been responsible\nfor almost half of aviation emissions." }, { "start": 186.224, "duration": 2.377, "text": "This discrepancy is huge," }, { "start": 188.601, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and it will likely continue growing\nas the private aviation industry expands." }, { "start": 193.147, "duration": 3.629, "text": "However, while we probably can’t\nconvince celebrities and CEOs" }, { "start": 196.776, "duration": 1.418, "text": "to fly commercial," }, { "start": 198.236, "duration": 3.086, "text": "one promising approach\nfor reducing plane emissions" }, { "start": 201.322, "duration": 6.006, "text": "is swapping existing jet fuel for\nSustainable Aviation Fuels, or SAF." }, { "start": 207.495, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Traditional jet fuel is made\nfrom fossil fuels" }, { "start": 210.248, "duration": 2.877, "text": "and releases carbon into the\natmosphere when burned." }, { "start": 213.459, "duration": 1.251, "text": "SAFs, on the other hand," }, { "start": 214.71, "duration": 2.92, "text": "are made from waste materials\nlike used cooking oil," }, { "start": 217.63, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and renewable crops like corn and algae." }, { "start": 220.8, "duration": 2.961, "text": "These biomaterials still emit\ncarbon when burned," }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but growing these crops pulls\nenough CO2 out of the atmosphere" }, { "start": 227.765, "duration": 3.67, "text": "to offset those emissions by up to 86%." }, { "start": 231.894, "duration": 3.962, "text": "If the entire jet fuel pipeline\nshifted to SAFs," }, { "start": 236.023, "duration": 4.672, "text": "it could reduce aviation emissions\nby up to 94%." }, { "start": 240.903, "duration": 4.505, "text": "But for this to happen, SAF producers\nneed to overcome two obstacles." }, { "start": 245.574, "duration": 4.046, "text": "First, there aren't enough crops\nto produce biofuels on a large scale." }, { "start": 249.787, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Researchers are developing\nsynthetic SAFs that don’t require crops," }, { "start": 253.874, "duration": 1.836, "text": "but they’re still being rolled out." }, { "start": 256.252, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Second, current SAF production\nis relatively small scale," }, { "start": 260.089, "duration": 1.919, "text": "which makes it extremely expensive." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 2.086, "text": "At three times the cost of normal fuel," }, { "start": 264.302, "duration": 2.961, "text": "most airlines won’t even consider\nmaking the switch," }, { "start": 267.513, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and if they did it would cause\nairfare to skyrocket." }, { "start": 271.1, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Governments in Singapore, Japan,\nand most notably the EU" }, { "start": 274.895, "duration": 1.502, "text": "have already started programs" }, { "start": 276.397, "duration": 3.795, "text": "to support widespread SAF adoption\nand fund their development." }, { "start": 280.401, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But this is where private fliers\ncould actually help the environment." }, { "start": 285.072, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Most jet owners already spend hundreds\nof thousands of dollars a year" }, { "start": 289.076, "duration": 1.377, "text": "on private flights," }, { "start": 290.494, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and it would only cost them a few thousand\nmore per flight to use synthetic SAFs." }, { "start": 295.333, "duration": 5.088, "text": "This boom in usage would fund both SAF\ndevelopment and large-scale production." }, { "start": 300.504, "duration": 3.963, "text": "And those advances would make\nsustainable fuel cheaper for everyone—" }, { "start": 304.633, "duration": 4.296, "text": "both the people flying private\nand those privately wishing they were." } ] }, { "video_id": "jxPtx0cQvqo", "title": "What’s the best way to treat the common cold?", "description": "Explore the 4 common categories of cold medicines, and how to choose the right one based on your symptoms.\n\n--\n\nFrom incantations in ancient Egypt, bloodletting in 18th century Europe, to President Coolidge inhaling poisonous chlorine gas in 1924, the common cold has inspired a variety of creative treatments. Today pharmacies are filled with an endless assortment of cold remedies. But how do these products work? And are they effective? Explore the most common categories of cold medicines and their purposes.\n\nDirected by Lippy.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-the-best-way-to-treat-the-common-cold\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-the-best-way-to-treat-the-common-cold/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://lippy.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-17T15:01:33Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Medical science has a problem—\nit’s missing something." }, { "start": 10.506, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Something that means \nthat not only is it harder to find" }, { "start": 13.217, "duration": 1.961, "text": "the causes of some diseases—" }, { "start": 15.178, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and effective ways to treat them—" }, { "start": 17.18, "duration": 3.461, "text": "some diseases are getting\noverlooked entirely." }, { "start": 20.975, "duration": 3.504, "text": "It turns out what it’s missing \ncould be you—" }, { "start": 24.479, "duration": 1.626, "text": "but I’ll get to that in a bit." }, { "start": 26.314, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Because first, a story." }, { "start": 28.316, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Or 8 billion stories, to be precise." }, { "start": 31.235, "duration": 3.838, "text": "See, our DNA is our body's\ninstruction manual, sure." }, { "start": 35.073, "duration": 5.046, "text": "But it’s also a history book that records\nour own, unique genetic story." }, { "start": 40.286, "duration": 3.128, "text": "All our stories begin\naround 300,000 years ago" }, { "start": 43.414, "duration": 1.919, "text": "when humans arose in Africa." }, { "start": 45.333, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Some genetic stories tell of leaving \na couple of hundred thousand years later," }, { "start": 49.378, "duration": 3.087, "text": "journeying into Europe, East Asia,\nor the Americas." }, { "start": 52.799, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Some genetic stories \nspeak of expanding empires." }, { "start": 56.969, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Others the diseases we evolved\nto ward off," }, { "start": 60.264, "duration": 4.713, "text": "and some the simple act of settling down, \nraising cattle, and drinking their milk." }, { "start": 65.103, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Each of our genetic stories are different," }, { "start": 67.772, "duration": 3.128, "text": "but maybe not as different\nas you might expect." }, { "start": 70.983, "duration": 4.046, "text": "We share 99.9% of our DNA with each other." }, { "start": 75.029, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Our stories are 99.9% identical," }, { "start": 78.699, "duration": 4.255, "text": "but that 0.1% difference \nis incredibly powerful." }, { "start": 83.037, "duration": 2.836, "text": "In that tiny difference \nbetween our genetic stories" }, { "start": 85.873, "duration": 3.754, "text": "is where we have the potential to develop \nbetter treatments for diseases—" }, { "start": 89.627, "duration": 2.211, "text": "treatments that work for everyone." }, { "start": 91.921, "duration": 4.254, "text": "But medical science isn’t currently\nreading all those stories." }, { "start": 97.135, "duration": 4.337, "text": "To explain let me tell you how researchers\nwork out the causes of diseases," }, { "start": 101.472, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and develop and test the effectiveness \nand safety of new treatments." }, { "start": 105.351, "duration": 2.628, "text": "To find out the causes \nof a particular disease," }, { "start": 107.979, "duration": 3.044, "text": "researchers find lots of people\nwho have that condition" }, { "start": 111.023, "duration": 2.253, "text": "and comb through their genetic stories." }, { "start": 113.276, "duration": 2.419, "text": "They look for little variations \nthey share—" }, { "start": 115.695, "duration": 3.67, "text": "little bits of their DNA stories\nthat are spelt differently." }, { "start": 119.365, "duration": 2.961, "text": "If they find some, then they try all sorts\nof different ways" }, { "start": 122.326, "duration": 1.877, "text": "of dealing with the effect of them." }, { "start": 124.203, "duration": 2.544, "text": "And if that uncovers\nsomething that looks promising," }, { "start": 126.747, "duration": 3.462, "text": "they then run a clinical trial to see\nif it actually is." }, { "start": 130.585, "duration": 3.67, "text": "In phase one, a small group of volunteers\ntry the treatment." }, { "start": 134.338, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Well, often only half of them do," }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 3.92, "text": "with the other half getting a placebo\nthat does absolutely nothing." }, { "start": 140.511, "duration": 2.961, "text": "If there aren’t any notable side effects\nat the target dose," }, { "start": 143.472, "duration": 3.879, "text": "the treatment is cleared to move on\nto the next stage of the clinical trial." }, { "start": 147.727, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Phase two, this time with a bigger group\nof participants" }, { "start": 150.813, "duration": 3.337, "text": "who all have the condition the researchers\nhope the drug will treat." }, { "start": 154.15, "duration": 4.171, "text": "If the drug appears effective,\nit moves on to phase three," }, { "start": 158.321, "duration": 3.211, "text": "with more participants trying\nit for even longer." }, { "start": 161.699, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Only after all this is the new treatment \nthen reviewed" }, { "start": 165.286, "duration": 5.589, "text": "and— hopefully— approved for use by us,\nthe general population." }, { "start": 171.834, "duration": 1.752, "text": "But there's a problem with it." }, { "start": 173.586, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Here is the ethnicity of lots and lots\nof people used to recently find" }, { "start": 177.548, "duration": 2.086, "text": "the causes of various diseases." }, { "start": 179.634, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And here is how that compares \nto the ethnic diversity" }, { "start": 182.678, "duration": 2.002, "text": "of the world’s population." }, { "start": 184.764, "duration": 1.334, "text": "Spot the difference?" }, { "start": 186.098, "duration": 4.13, "text": "The genetic stories that researchers are\ncombing through are heavily biased" }, { "start": 190.228, "duration": 2.669, "text": "to those of people from European descent." }, { "start": 192.897, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Which means that if you’re searching" }, { "start": 194.649, "duration": 3.837, "text": "for those disease-causing bits of DNA\nto target new drugs against," }, { "start": 198.486, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and you're mainly reading the stories\nof people of European descent," }, { "start": 202.114, "duration": 3.337, "text": "you might completely overlook \nkey bits in the stories" }, { "start": 205.451, "duration": 2.544, "text": "of other diverse groups that tell of, say," }, { "start": 207.995, "duration": 4.797, "text": "a changed risk of disease or even \nshed light on how a disease occurs—" }, { "start": 212.792, "duration": 2.586, "text": "for example, scientists may not have\nfound the mutation" }, { "start": 215.378, "duration": 1.96, "text": "that causes sickle cell disorder" }, { "start": 217.338, "duration": 3.754, "text": "if we’d only looked in the stories\nof people of European descent." }, { "start": 221.592, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And the thing is, what medical science\nis missing doesn't end there." }, { "start": 225.304, "duration": 2.878, "text": "When new treatments or medical devices\nare being tested," }, { "start": 228.182, "duration": 3.337, "text": "they need to be tested on everyone\nthat may use them." }, { "start": 231.519, "duration": 3.67, "text": "If the genetic stories involved\ndon’t reflect the breadth of stories" }, { "start": 235.189, "duration": 4.379, "text": "in our worldwide library then, again,\nsomething might be missed." }, { "start": 239.568, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Take, for example, the medicine Warfarin;\nused to prevent blood clots." }, { "start": 243.489, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Researchers have found that, \nto produce the same effect," }, { "start": 246.2, "duration": 2.711, "text": "most people of East Asian descent \nneed a lower dose" }, { "start": 248.911, "duration": 2.252, "text": "than some people of European descent," }, { "start": 251.163, "duration": 3.546, "text": "and most people of African ethnicity\nneed a larger dose." }, { "start": 254.709, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Which means the dose that works \nbest for someone" }, { "start": 257.295, "duration": 2.46, "text": "may vary according to their ethnicity." }, { "start": 259.755, "duration": 3.879, "text": "It’s this kind of important information\nthat can be missed if clinical trials" }, { "start": 263.634, "duration": 3.42, "text": "don’t include people from across a range\nof ethnicities." }, { "start": 267.722, "duration": 1.835, "text": "So what’s the solution?" }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Well, it’s quite simple... in theory." }, { "start": 272.81, "duration": 3.253, "text": "In order to develop treatments \nthat work better for everyone," }, { "start": 276.063, "duration": 3.671, "text": "we need to involve everyone’s stories \nin medical research—" }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 3.461, "text": "in the early stage research, \nin the drug development process," }, { "start": 283.195, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and right through the clinical trial." }, { "start": 285.531, "duration": 3.629, "text": "The good news is that more and more\npeople are thinking about this." }, { "start": 289.285, "duration": 3.128, "text": "For example, cancer researchers \nat University College London" }, { "start": 292.413, "duration": 3.754, "text": "researching genetic markers for cancer \nwant to analyze tissue samples" }, { "start": 296.167, "duration": 4.504, "text": "from a wide range of ethnicities so that\nthe biomarkers of cancer they identify" }, { "start": 300.671, "duration": 3.42, "text": "will be relevant for people from as many\nethnicities as possible." }, { "start": 304.3, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Bottom line: medical science \nneeds to ensure" }, { "start": 306.844, "duration": 2.336, "text": "it’s got the best library it can have—" }, { "start": 309.18, "duration": 3.67, "text": "the one with the widest collection\nof genetic stories possible," }, { "start": 312.85, "duration": 2.961, "text": "so that everyone’s story \ncan be considered—" }, { "start": 315.811, "duration": 1.502, "text": "including yours." }, { "start": 317.313, "duration": 3.503, "text": "That is the only way to ensure\neveryone, everywhere" }, { "start": 320.816, "duration": 3.003, "text": "can get the best medical treatment\nthey possibly can." } ] }, { "video_id": "m4Ics03xzUQ", "title": "The deadliest thing in your kitchen - George Zaidan", "description": "Dig into the dangers of common kitchen appliances, and find out which could be the most hazardous to your health.\n\n--\n\nBetween 2011 and 2022, the deadliest kitchen appliances in the US were ovens and ranges; taking lives by causing fires and leaking carbon monoxide. These kinds of sudden, catastrophic fatalities are thankfully rare. But the kitchen dangers that cause the most casualties may actually be less immediate, and more gradual. George Zaidan explores the safety of common kitchen appliances.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan, directed by Anastasiia Falileieva, Studio Plastic Bag.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Jeff Siegel and Ashlinn Quinn who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-thing-in-your-kitchen-most-likely-to-kill-you-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-thing-in-your-kitchen-most-likely-to-kill-you-george-zaidan/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/kazadirizza\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús and Karthik Cherala.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-12T15:02:13Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 1.377, "text": "What would make you happy?" }, { "start": 8.463, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Can you imagine a milestone, a win,\nor even a material possession" }, { "start": 12.425, "duration": 1.668, "text": "that would unlock this feeling?" }, { "start": 14.093, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In this animated version of\nDavid Steindl-Rast’s popular TED Talk," }, { "start": 18.389, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Brother David explains how a simple\nadjustment in how you move" }, { "start": 21.893, "duration": 2.627, "text": "through the world might just change\nwhat you see," }, { "start": 24.52, "duration": 2.294, "text": "how you feel, and how you act." }, { "start": 31.611, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Now my topic is gratefulness." }, { "start": 35.156, "duration": 5.088, "text": "What is the connection\nbetween happiness and gratefulness?" }, { "start": 40.369, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Many people would say, well,\nthat’s very easy." }, { "start": 43.456, "duration": 2.628, "text": "When you are happy, you’re grateful." }, { "start": 46.334, "duration": 1.418, "text": "But think again." }, { "start": 48.086, "duration": 4.295, "text": "Is it really the happy people\nthat are grateful?" }, { "start": 53.132, "duration": 5.005, "text": "We all know quite a number of people\nwho have everything" }, { "start": 58.137, "duration": 2.086, "text": "that it would take to be happy," }, { "start": 60.223, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and they are not happy,\nbecause they want something else," }, { "start": 63.851, "duration": 1.919, "text": "or they want more of the same." }, { "start": 65.978, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And we all know people\nwho have lots of misfortune," }, { "start": 71.15, "duration": 3.212, "text": "misfortune that we ourselves\nwould not want to have," }, { "start": 74.654, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and they are deeply happy." }, { "start": 77.24, "duration": 1.877, "text": "They radiate happiness." }, { "start": 79.117, "duration": 1.501, "text": "You are surprised." }, { "start": 80.743, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Why? Because they are grateful." }, { "start": 83.913, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Now, we can ask, what really do we mean \nby gratefulness?" }, { "start": 90.044, "duration": 1.96, "text": "And how does it work?" }, { "start": 92.338, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Something’s given to us\nthat’s valuable to us." }, { "start": 96.634, "duration": 1.835, "text": "And it’s really given." }, { "start": 98.469, "duration": 2.378, "text": "These two things have to come together." }, { "start": 100.847, "duration": 3.628, "text": "It has to be something valuable,\nand it's a real gift." }, { "start": 104.767, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And when these two things come together," }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 4.379, "text": "then gratefulness spontaneously\nrises in my heart," }, { "start": 111.44, "duration": 3.838, "text": "happiness spontaneously rises in my heart." }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 2.377, "text": "That’s how gratefulness happens." }, { "start": 117.822, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Now, the key to all this" }, { "start": 121.659, "duration": 5.881, "text": "is that we cannot only experience this\nonce in a while." }, { "start": 127.665, "duration": 3.462, "text": "We can be people who live gratefully." }, { "start": 131.21, "duration": 2.544, "text": "And how can we live gratefully?" }, { "start": 134.172, "duration": 2.127, "text": "By experiencing," }, { "start": 136.299, "duration": 6.464, "text": "by becoming aware that every moment\nis a given moment, as we say." }, { "start": 142.763, "duration": 1.127, "text": "It’s a gift." }, { "start": 143.89, "duration": 4.963, "text": "You have no way of assuring that there\nwill be another moment given to you," }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 5.046, "text": "and yet, that’s the most valuable thing\nthat can ever be given to us," }, { "start": 154.233, "duration": 5.339, "text": "this moment,\nwith all the opportunity that it contains." }, { "start": 159.947, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Does that mean that we can be grateful\nfor everything?" }, { "start": 164.41, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Certainly not." }, { "start": 166.412, "duration": 6.924, "text": "We cannot be grateful for violence,\nfor war, for oppression, for exploitation." }, { "start": 173.628, "duration": 1.251, "text": "On the personal level," }, { "start": 174.879, "duration": 4.629, "text": "we cannot be grateful for the loss\nof a friend, for unfaithfulness," }, { "start": 179.884, "duration": 1.585, "text": "for bereavement." }, { "start": 181.594, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But I didn’t say we can be grateful\nfor everything." }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 5.673, "text": "I said we can be grateful in every\ngiven moment for the opportunity," }, { "start": 191.354, "duration": 6.298, "text": "and even when we are confronted\nwith something that is terribly difficult," }, { "start": 197.902, "duration": 2.502, "text": "we can rise to this occasion" }, { "start": 200.404, "duration": 4.255, "text": "and respond to the opportunity\nthat is given to us." }, { "start": 205.076, "duration": 5.964, "text": "So how can each one of us find\na method for living gratefully," }, { "start": 211.04, "duration": 4.546, "text": "not just once in a while being grateful,\nbut moment by moment to be grateful?" }, { "start": 215.628, "duration": 1.209, "text": "How can we do it?" }, { "start": 216.837, "duration": 5.756, "text": "It’s a very simple method:\nStop. Look. Go." }, { "start": 222.927, "duration": 1.043, "text": "That’s all." }, { "start": 224.595, "duration": 2.503, "text": "But how often do we stop?" }, { "start": 227.431, "duration": 2.753, "text": "We rush through life; we don’t stop." }, { "start": 230.268, "duration": 3.378, "text": "We miss the opportunity\nbecause we don’t stop." }, { "start": 234.355, "duration": 2.127, "text": "We have to stop." }, { "start": 236.649, "duration": 1.877, "text": "We have to get quiet." }, { "start": 238.818, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And we have to build stop signs\ninto our lives." }, { "start": 243.864, "duration": 3.671, "text": "And when you stop, then the next thing\nis to look." }, { "start": 247.576, "duration": 4.714, "text": "You look. You open your eyes.\nYou open your ears. You open your nose." }, { "start": 252.29, "duration": 5.714, "text": "You open all your senses for this\nwonderful richness that is given to us." }, { "start": 258.129, "duration": 3.503, "text": "There is no end to it,\nand that is what life is all about," }, { "start": 261.632, "duration": 3.629, "text": "to enjoy, to enjoy what is given to us." }, { "start": 265.469, "duration": 5.172, "text": "And then we can also open our hearts,\nour hearts for the opportunities," }, { "start": 271.058, "duration": 4.296, "text": "for the opportunities also to help others,\nto make others happy," }, { "start": 275.354, "duration": 3.712, "text": "because nothing makes us more happy\nthan when all of us are happy." }, { "start": 279.4, "duration": 4.379, "text": "And when we open our hearts\nto the opportunities," }, { "start": 283.779, "duration": 3.546, "text": "the opportunities invite us\nto do something," }, { "start": 287.325, "duration": 1.209, "text": "and that is the third." }, { "start": 288.534, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Stop, look, and then go,\nand really do something." }, { "start": 293.08, "duration": 6.507, "text": "And what we can do is whatever life offers\nto you in that present moment." }, { "start": 299.837, "duration": 1.877, "text": "There is a wave of gratefulness" }, { "start": 301.714, "duration": 3.754, "text": "because people are becoming aware\nhow important this is" }, { "start": 305.468, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and how this can change our world," }, { "start": 308.512, "duration": 3.504, "text": "because if you’re grateful,\nyou’re not fearful." }, { "start": 312.266, "duration": 3.212, "text": "If you're not fearful, you're not violent." }, { "start": 315.644, "duration": 4.088, "text": "If you’re grateful, you act\nout of a sense of enough" }, { "start": 319.732, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and not of a sense of scarcity,\nand you’re willing to share." }, { "start": 323.819, "duration": 4.296, "text": "If you're grateful, you are enjoying\nthe differences between people" }, { "start": 328.115, "duration": 2.378, "text": "and you are respectful to everybody." }, { "start": 330.493, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And that changes this power pyramid\nunder which we live." }, { "start": 334.705, "duration": 4.421, "text": "What we need is a networking\nof smaller groups," }, { "start": 339.126, "duration": 3.254, "text": "smaller and smaller groups\nwho know one another," }, { "start": 342.38, "duration": 2.335, "text": "who interact with one another," }, { "start": 344.715, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and that is a grateful world." } ] }, { "video_id": "Qxby1J5bnPQ", "title": "How do animals regrow their limbs? And why can't humans do it? - Jessica Whited", "description": "Explore the incredible regenerative capacity of salamanders, and see how they’re able to regrow limbs, hearts, and even brain tissue.\n\n--\n\nFor some animals, losing a limb is a decidedly permanent affair. But for salamanders, particularly axolotls, amputation is just a temporary affliction. Not only can they grow back entire limbs in as little as six weeks, they can also regenerate heart and even brain tissue. So, how does this astonishing adaptation work? Jessica Whited explores the incredible regenerative capacity of salamanders.\n\nLesson by Jessica Whited, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-animals-regrow-their-limbs-and-why-can-t-humans-do-it-jessica-whited\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-animals-regrow-their-limbs-and-why-can-t-humans-do-it-jessica-whited/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia and Denise A Pitts.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-10T15:00:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 14.135, "duration": 3.754, "text": "You’re traveling down the Amazon\nwhen suddenly you spot a flash of pink." }, { "start": 19.098, "duration": 2.211, "text": "It's a male Amazon river dolphin." }, { "start": 21.476, "duration": 1.793, "text": "It's thought that the pinker he is," }, { "start": 23.269, "duration": 2.503, "text": "the more attractive he’ll be\nto a potential mate." }, { "start": 26.23, "duration": 3.045, "text": "This unique dolphin species\nis native to the Amazon," }, { "start": 29.275, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and its future is in peril." }, { "start": 31.319, "duration": 4.838, "text": "As of 2022, humans have deforested\n17% of the Amazon." }, { "start": 36.324, "duration": 3.211, "text": "And scientists warn that we may be\napproaching a tipping point—" }, { "start": 39.535, "duration": 4.797, "text": "when enough of the forest is lost\nthat large swaths of the ecosystem die." }, { "start": 44.832, "duration": 2.211, "text": "It’s like removing bricks from a house." }, { "start": 47.21, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Take one or two and the house\nwill keep standing." }, { "start": 49.962, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But remove too many and the whole thing\nwill start to cave in." }, { "start": 54.342, "duration": 2.919, "text": "What happens in the Amazon affects\nthe rest of the planet." }, { "start": 57.428, "duration": 1.627, "text": "To explore this relationship," }, { "start": 59.055, "duration": 3.754, "text": "let’s examine what would happen\nif the entire Amazon disappeared." }, { "start": 63.351, "duration": 2.919, "text": "The Amazon is sometimes called\nEarth's air conditioner." }, { "start": 66.521, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Each day, the Sun beats down\non its 390 billion trees." }, { "start": 71.15, "duration": 5.005, "text": "The plants photosynthesize, opening their\npores, and losing water to evaporation." }, { "start": 76.697, "duration": 2.378, "text": "This process, known as transpiration," }, { "start": 79.117, "duration": 2.335, "text": "cools both the plant\nand the surrounding air," }, { "start": 81.452, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and helps form clouds\nthat move over the forest." }, { "start": 84.33, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Through this, the Amazon cycles around\n20 trillion liters of water daily." }, { "start": 89.919, "duration": 1.585, "text": "If the rainforest disappeared," }, { "start": 91.504, "duration": 2.836, "text": "there would be little transpiration\nto feed the rain clouds." }, { "start": 94.34, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The heat from the Sun would radiate\nback into the atmosphere," }, { "start": 97.385, "duration": 2.169, "text": "forming chimneys of hot, dry air." }, { "start": 99.72, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The local temperature would increase\nby several degrees" }, { "start": 102.431, "duration": 2.253, "text": "and rainfall in the region would drop." }, { "start": 104.892, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Crops and animals would die as the area—" }, { "start": 107.728, "duration": 5.047, "text": "home to 10% of the world’s known species\nand 30 million people— transforms." }, { "start": 112.984, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Villages would be stranded\nas rivers dry up." }, { "start": 115.903, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Dead fish would contaminate\nthe drinking water." }, { "start": 118.865, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Air quality would plummet\nas wildfires spread." }, { "start": 122.076, "duration": 3.754, "text": "In fact, we’ve already started to see this\nduring recent droughts." }, { "start": 126.289, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And effects would stretch\nfar beyond the Amazon." }, { "start": 129.083, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Air circulates around the planet," }, { "start": 131.127, "duration": 3.462, "text": "so any change in temperature or pressure\nin one region" }, { "start": 134.589, "duration": 3.587, "text": "can influence currents and winds\nthousands of kilometers away." }, { "start": 138.467, "duration": 1.794, "text": "These effects are hard to predict." }, { "start": 140.303, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Some models estimate that\nlosing just 40% of the Amazon" }, { "start": 144.14, "duration": 3.378, "text": "would reduce rainfall\nin the agricultural center of Argentina" }, { "start": 147.518, "duration": 2.044, "text": "over 3,000 kilometers away." }, { "start": 149.729, "duration": 3.295, "text": "The complete disappearance\nof the rainforest and its water cycle" }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 3.795, "text": "could cause 50% of the snowpack\nto melt in the Sierra Nevadas," }, { "start": 157.069, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and a 20% reduction in rainfall\nin the coastal northwest United States." }, { "start": 161.782, "duration": 3.671, "text": "California’s Central Valley,\nwhich grows a quarter of the US’s food," }, { "start": 165.453, "duration": 1.918, "text": "could face dwindling water supplies." }, { "start": 167.538, "duration": 3.212, "text": "We’d lose one of the world’s largest\nnatural carbon sinks." }, { "start": 170.791, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Some scientists estimate that temperatures\nworldwide would rise an additional 0.25°C" }, { "start": 176.255, "duration": 1.752, "text": "above current climate predictions." }, { "start": 178.049, "duration": 1.668, "text": "And while that might sound small," }, { "start": 179.884, "duration": 3.795, "text": "even a slight rise in global temperature\ncan increase severe weather events" }, { "start": 183.679, "duration": 1.46, "text": "and habitat loss." }, { "start": 185.389, "duration": 3.546, "text": "It’s a tragic irony that part of what\nmakes the Amazon so valuable" }, { "start": 188.935, "duration": 2.168, "text": "is also the source of its destruction." }, { "start": 191.27, "duration": 2.753, "text": "By some estimates,\nexploiting the Brazilian Amazon" }, { "start": 194.023, "duration": 2.628, "text": "for farming, cattle ranching, and more" }, { "start": 196.651, "duration": 4.17, "text": "generates the equivalent of up to\n98 billion USD annually." }, { "start": 200.988, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Yet by stopping deforestation\nand practicing fire management" }, { "start": 204.575, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and sustainable agriculture," }, { "start": 206.285, "duration": 3.212, "text": "some researchers predict the region\ncould generate even more wealth" }, { "start": 209.497, "duration": 1.418, "text": "than it currently does." }, { "start": 211.582, "duration": 2.836, "text": "So how close are we to reaching\na tipping point?" }, { "start": 214.669, "duration": 2.46, "text": "We probably won't know\nuntil it's too late." }, { "start": 217.255, "duration": 2.794, "text": "So far, the Amazon has remained resilient." }, { "start": 220.049, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But its very existence relies\non transpiration from trees" }, { "start": 223.302, "duration": 1.752, "text": "to keep water cycling through it." }, { "start": 225.471, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Removing living trees in one location\nleaves the surrounding area dehydrated—" }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and more vulnerable to drought\nand wildfires." }, { "start": 233.604, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But there are steps we can take today." }, { "start": 235.94, "duration": 2.961, "text": "First, we can choose to buy products\nfrom companies" }, { "start": 238.901, "duration": 2.669, "text": "that refuse to procure from deforesters." }, { "start": 241.696, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Studies have shown that planting new trees\ncan help restore the forest’s water cycle—" }, { "start": 246.075, "duration": 2.92, "text": "though it takes a long time for them\nto capture as much carbon" }, { "start": 248.995, "duration": 1.626, "text": "as an old growth tree." }, { "start": 250.746, "duration": 2.545, "text": "And native stewardship can\nhave a huge impact." }, { "start": 253.749, "duration": 3.879, "text": "There are over 1.5 million Indigenous\npeople living in the Amazon." }, { "start": 258.004, "duration": 4.254, "text": "From 2001 to 2021, portions of the\nrainforest that weren’t managed" }, { "start": 262.258, "duration": 4.921, "text": "by native people emitted 270 million\nmetric tons of carbon to the atmosphere" }, { "start": 267.179, "duration": 2.086, "text": "thanks to deforestation and burning." }, { "start": 269.348, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Yet during that same period," }, { "start": 271.142, "duration": 4.796, "text": "portions managed by Indigenous people\nremoved well over 300 million metric tons." }, { "start": 276.439, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The rewards of protecting the Amazon\nbenefit all of us—" }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 2.711, "text": "but the impact of destroying it\nis already being felt" }, { "start": 282.361, "duration": 1.752, "text": "by those living there today." } ] }, { "video_id": "nzOdAVgyi0U", "title": "What does appendix pain feel like? - David R. Flum", "description": "Explore what we know about the function of the appendix, what leads to appendicitis, and why the organ is so prone to bursting.\n\n--\n\nIn 1961, an Antarctic expedition took a harrowing turn: Dr. Leonid Rogozov began feeling feverish, with an excruciating pain in his right side. It soon became clear that he had appendicitis. While Rogozov’s predicament was extreme, appendicitis is not uncommon; affecting roughly one in 12 people. So, what causes appendicitis? And why is this organ so prone to bursting? David R. Flum investigates.\n\nLesson by David R. Flum, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-does-appendix-pain-feel-like-david-r-flum\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-does-appendix-pain-feel-like-david-r-flum/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson and Thawsitt.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-05T15:01:06Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.794, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Language builds our world." }, { "start": 9.547, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Our ideas make us who we are." }, { "start": 12.592, "duration": 5.005, "text": "And speakers who have figured out how\nto spread their ideas into others’ minds" }, { "start": 17.68, "duration": 3.128, "text": "have the power to make\nan incredible impact." }, { "start": 20.85, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Now ask yourself: do you have ideas\nthat deserve a wider audience?" }, { "start": 27.023, "duration": 2.544, "text": "That can be a difficult\nquestion to answer." }, { "start": 29.859, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Many people don't realize just\nhow many valuable ideas they have." }, { "start": 34.822, "duration": 5.756, "text": "You are the only you that's existed\nin all of human history." }, { "start": 40.87, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Your experiences are yours\nand yours alone." }, { "start": 44.582, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Some of those experiences have taught\nyou things" }, { "start": 46.834, "duration": 3.17, "text": "that are absolutely worth sharing\nwith an audience." }, { "start": 50.129, "duration": 4.046, "text": "You just have to figure out\nwhich experiences those are." }, { "start": 54.884, "duration": 2.92, "text": "You may feel that you haven't\ndone anything exciting enough" }, { "start": 57.804, "duration": 1.209, "text": "to give a talk about." }, { "start": 59.222, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Maybe you tell yourself, “I’m not\nvery creative” or, “I’m not very smart.”" }, { "start": 64.56, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Maybe you can't think of anything\nyou feel passionate about right now." }, { "start": 68.356, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Well, that's a tricky place to start." }, { "start": 70.942, "duration": 1.668, "text": "But you don’t need to worry." }, { "start": 72.652, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Because, the truth is, everyone\nhas a great talk idea inside of them." }, { "start": 78.324, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Sometimes it just takes\na little digging to find it." }, { "start": 82.078, "duration": 3.42, "text": "One reason you may not\nrecognize your great ideas" }, { "start": 85.498, "duration": 3.003, "text": "is that you have always been you." }, { "start": 88.96, "duration": 2.544, "text": "You only see yourself from the inside." }, { "start": 91.879, "duration": 4.546, "text": "You may not notice the things that other\npeople find remarkable about you." }, { "start": 96.801, "duration": 3.92, "text": "That’s why one good way to uncover\nyour talk-worthy ideas" }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 3.629, "text": "is to have conversations\nwith the people who know you best." }, { "start": 104.684, "duration": 2.169, "text": "They might be able to see\nthings about you" }, { "start": 106.853, "duration": 2.502, "text": "that you aren’t able to see\nabout yourself—" }, { "start": 109.522, "duration": 2.753, "text": "things that would be worth sharing\nwith an audience." }, { "start": 112.525, "duration": 4.212, "text": "There is one thing you have\nthat no one else in the world has," }, { "start": 116.863, "duration": 2.043, "text": "and that is your experience." }, { "start": 119.157, "duration": 3.003, "text": "So another way to uncover\nyour great ideas" }, { "start": 122.16, "duration": 2.877, "text": "is to ask yourself questions\nabout your life." }, { "start": 125.371, "duration": 4.63, "text": "What was the last thing you were\nreally excited by? Or angered by?" }, { "start": 130.293, "duration": 2.294, "text": "What are some of the things\nthat bring you joy?" }, { "start": 132.628, "duration": 1.377, "text": "What annoys you?" }, { "start": 134.338, "duration": 1.794, "text": "What's something you're proud of?" }, { "start": 136.465, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Is there something you know\na lot about?" }, { "start": 138.467, "duration": 2.67, "text": "A subject you could talk about for hours?" }, { "start": 141.262, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Is there anything your community\ncould teach other communities?" }, { "start": 145.224, "duration": 3.462, "text": "What's a change you would like\nto see in the world?" }, { "start": 148.895, "duration": 2.294, "text": "If you could wave a magic wand," }, { "start": 151.189, "duration": 5.296, "text": "what's the one idea you'd most love\nto spread to other people's minds?" }, { "start": 156.736, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Spend some time walking around\nopen to the possibility" }, { "start": 160.281, "duration": 4.63, "text": "that some part of your unique journey\ncould be interesting and helpful" }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 1.793, "text": "for an audience to learn about." }, { "start": 166.871, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Many wonderful talks are based\non a personal story" }, { "start": 170.458, "duration": 2.919, "text": "and a simple lesson the speaker\ntook away from it." }, { "start": 173.753, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Your idea could even be a question\nyou're curious about." }, { "start": 177.548, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The search for an answer to your question\ncould be the basis for your talk." }, { "start": 181.969, "duration": 2.294, "text": "What are the issues that matter\nmost to you?" }, { "start": 184.263, "duration": 3.462, "text": "What are the riddles that people\ndon't yet have good answers for?" }, { "start": 187.975, "duration": 2.294, "text": "If you have a subject\nyou’d like to talk about," }, { "start": 190.269, "duration": 2.795, "text": "but aren't sure you\nreally know enough yet," }, { "start": 193.314, "duration": 4.212, "text": "why not use your public speaking\nopportunity as a way to find out more?" }, { "start": 197.526, "duration": 2.837, "text": "In other words, you don’t need\nto have the perfect knowledge" }, { "start": 200.363, "duration": 1.376, "text": "in your head today." }, { "start": 201.989, "duration": 3.045, "text": "You could use your talk as the reason\nto discover more" }, { "start": 205.034, "duration": 2.169, "text": "about something that interests you." }, { "start": 207.411, "duration": 3.879, "text": "The only thing that truly matters\nin public speaking is not confidence," }, { "start": 211.29, "duration": 2.419, "text": "stage presence, or smooth talking." }, { "start": 213.834, "duration": 2.169, "text": "It's having something worth saying." } ] }, { "video_id": "eU2Efwlbm8s", "title": "The surprising reason zebras have stripes - Cella Wright", "description": "Dig into the scientific theories of why zebras have stripes, and why this unique patterning sets them apart from their equine relatives.\n\n--\n\nZebras belong to the same equine family as horses and donkeys. After their lineage entered Africa, they evolved into three zebra species, lived in social herds, grazed on grasses, and evaded fierce predators. One mystery that has perplexed prominent scientists for decades is the matter of their coats: why are they striped? Cella Wright digs into the common theories about the unique patterning.\n\nLesson by Cella Wright, directed by Sharon Colman.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-surprising-reason-zebras-have-stripes-cella-wright\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-surprising-reason-zebras-have-stripes-cella-wright/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.sharoncolman.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O and Weronika Falkowska.", "publishedAt": "2024-09-03T15:00:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.67, "duration": 4.63, "text": "It's 5000 BCE in the verdant\nswamps of North America," }, { "start": 12.3, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and this young deer has\nno idea it’s being hunted." }, { "start": 15.762, "duration": 5.463, "text": "Suddenly, an alligator hurtles out of the\nwater at almost 50 kilometers an hour," }, { "start": 21.225, "duration": 2.086, "text": "locking its jaws around its prey" }, { "start": 23.311, "duration": 4.713, "text": "and swinging wildly in a signature move\nknown as the death roll." }, { "start": 28.232, "duration": 1.919, "text": "This deer never stood a chance," }, { "start": 30.151, "duration": 4.171, "text": "but then, nothing in this region can\ncompete with this apex predator." }, { "start": 34.405, "duration": 4.88, "text": "These alligators easily devour\nthe birds, turtles, and small fish" }, { "start": 39.285, "duration": 3.587, "text": "living in what’s known today\nas Everglades National Park." }, { "start": 43.206, "duration": 2.627, "text": "But despite ruling the swamp\nfor millennia," }, { "start": 45.833, "duration": 3.796, "text": "the last 500 years have brought\ndeadly new predators" }, { "start": 49.629, "duration": 2.043, "text": "that challenge the alligators’ reign." }, { "start": 51.714, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And the origins of these international\ninvaders are just as unexpected" }, { "start": 56.135, "duration": 2.294, "text": "as their impact on the Everglades." }, { "start": 58.763, "duration": 3.253, "text": "We tend to think of swamps\nas hostile landscapes" }, { "start": 62.016, "duration": 3.378, "text": "since they’re overflowing\nwith plant and animal life." }, { "start": 65.645, "duration": 5.13, "text": "But all this biodiversity makes these\nenvironments vital to regional food webs." }, { "start": 70.775, "duration": 2.336, "text": "And the Everglades are no exception." }, { "start": 73.194, "duration": 4.379, "text": "The park's subtropical climate can support\nspecies from around the world," }, { "start": 77.573, "duration": 5.714, "text": "and its borders are full of ecotones—\ntransition areas between habitats—" }, { "start": 83.454, "duration": 2.711, "text": "that connect the region’s\nfreshwater prairies," }, { "start": 86.165, "duration": 3.504, "text": "rocky pinelands, mangrove forests,\nand more." }, { "start": 90.128, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Human activity has made the region\neven more biodiverse," }, { "start": 94.132, "duration": 2.669, "text": "developing Florida into a major port" }, { "start": 96.801, "duration": 3.712, "text": "that welcomes countless human\nand non-human migrants." }, { "start": 100.763, "duration": 4.922, "text": "In the 1500s, Spanish colonizers\nbrought wild boar to the area," }, { "start": 105.685, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which quickly multiplied\nand uprooted the wetlands." }, { "start": 108.896, "duration": 4.922, "text": "They devoured alligator eggs and spread\nEuropean parasites to local panthers." }, { "start": 113.943, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Then, in the 1800s,\nFlorida’s shipping industry exploded," }, { "start": 118.197, "duration": 3.42, "text": "bringing all manner\nof new invasive species." }, { "start": 121.742, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Brazilian peppertrees blocked out the sun,\nwater hyacinths clogged the rivers," }, { "start": 126.914, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and brown anole lizards\nupset the food chain." }, { "start": 130.835, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Alligator populations mostly\nendured this onslaught," }, { "start": 134.463, "duration": 1.836, "text": "but in the late 19th century," }, { "start": 136.299, "duration": 2.627, "text": "human intervention kicked\nthings up a notch." }, { "start": 139.01, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Government and business officials wanted\nto turn the Everglades into farmland" }, { "start": 143.681, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and began building canals\nto drain the swamp." }, { "start": 146.559, "duration": 3.92, "text": "They also planted non-native trees\nwhich crowded out the plants" }, { "start": 150.479, "duration": 2.962, "text": "local birds relied on for\nfood and shelter," }, { "start": 153.691, "duration": 3.587, "text": "which in turn limited\nthe alligators’ supply of prey." }, { "start": 157.403, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Interventions like this wreaked havoc\non the Everglades for decades," }, { "start": 162.158, "duration": 4.254, "text": "until a conservationist named \nMarjory Stoneman Douglas" }, { "start": 166.412, "duration": 1.752, "text": "finally came to their defense." }, { "start": 168.247, "duration": 5.381, "text": "In 1947, Douglas published a landmark book\nexplaining that the Everglades" }, { "start": 173.628, "duration": 3.253, "text": "were not only a unique\nand precious ecosystem," }, { "start": 176.881, "duration": 3.754, "text": "but that the region’s most fearsome\nresidents were actually vital" }, { "start": 180.635, "duration": 1.001, "text": "to sustaining it." }, { "start": 181.928, "duration": 1.251, "text": "During the wet season," }, { "start": 183.179, "duration": 3.628, "text": "alligators are constantly shaping\nthe muddy landscape," }, { "start": 186.807, "duration": 1.877, "text": "drawing lines with their bodies" }, { "start": 188.684, "duration": 3.921, "text": "and digging holes\nwith their snouts, claws, and tails." }, { "start": 193.105, "duration": 1.335, "text": "In the dry season," }, { "start": 194.44, "duration": 5.13, "text": "these indentations become essential\nwatering holes and firebreaks," }, { "start": 199.57, "duration": 3.629, "text": "maintaining and protecting\nthe swamp’s other residents." }, { "start": 203.616, "duration": 4.504, "text": "In the wake of Douglas’ book,\nEverglades National Park was established" }, { "start": 208.12, "duration": 4.672, "text": "to formally begin protecting\nthe landscape and its scaly stewards." }, { "start": 213.0, "duration": 1.168, "text": "But outside the park," }, { "start": 214.168, "duration": 3.587, "text": "conditions were brewing\nfor the most dangerous invasion yet." }, { "start": 217.922, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Over the next 40 years,\nthe exotic pet trade" }, { "start": 221.717, "duration": 4.964, "text": "brought parakeets, iguanas,\nand relatives of piranhas to the region." }, { "start": 227.014, "duration": 5.839, "text": "In the 1990s, Burmese pythons became\na cheap, popular pet for many Floridians." }, { "start": 232.937, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Some snake owners released their pets\ninto the wild when they grew too large." }, { "start": 237.9, "duration": 4.38, "text": "But the python population\nreally exploded in 1992" }, { "start": 242.28, "duration": 3.169, "text": "when a hurricane destroyed\na breeding facility" }, { "start": 245.449, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and released countless snakes\ninto the wild." }, { "start": 248.661, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Since then, pythons have been\nconnected to a 90% decrease" }, { "start": 253.04, "duration": 2.503, "text": "in some local mammal populations," }, { "start": 255.543, "duration": 2.461, "text": "decimating the alligators’ food supply." }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And with help from other invasive\nreptiles like black and white tegus—" }, { "start": 262.883, "duration": 3.003, "text": "giant lizards who devour alligator eggs—" }, { "start": 265.886, "duration": 4.797, "text": "these snakes have made a serious play\nfor the top of the local food chain." }, { "start": 271.434, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Today, Florida ranks among the regions\nwith the most invasive species" }, { "start": 276.105, "duration": 1.293, "text": "in the world." }, { "start": 277.481, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Some researchers suggest\nhunting these invaders down," }, { "start": 280.693, "duration": 4.671, "text": "while others recommend bringing in yet\nmore creatures to balance the scales," }, { "start": 285.364, "duration": 3.754, "text": "such as releasing insects\nto eat invasive plants." }, { "start": 289.41, "duration": 4.88, "text": "It might seem absurd to try solving\nthis problem with more foreign fauna." }, { "start": 294.498, "duration": 4.547, "text": "But perhaps a new arrival could\nfight invaders and feed the alligators—" }, { "start": 299.045, "duration": 3.545, "text": "giving them the boost they need\nto reclaim their ancient home." } ] }, { "video_id": "g-Ff2A4B358", "title": "Are you more likely to explode or freeze in space? - Tejal Gala", "description": "Download a free audiobook version of “Red Rising” and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed\n\n--\n\nImagine a scientist who has teleported to space. His spacesuit’s pressurized air protects his bodily fluids from vaporization, its oxygen tank keeps him breathing, and the insulation prevents him from freezing. But although these features thwart an immediate tragedy, space is still an incredibly dangerous place. So, what does a prolonged stay in space do to the human body? Tejal Gala investigates.\n\nLesson by Tejal Gala, directed by Henrique Barone.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Audible\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-space-changes-an-astronaut-s-body-tejal-gala\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-space-changes-an-astronaut-s-body-tejal-gala/digdeeper\nCheck out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/red-rising\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.henriquebarone.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang and Chau Hong Diem.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-29T15:01:31Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.26, "duration": 18.47, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 20.48, "duration": 5.599, "text": "Heat. Heat." }, { "start": 22.96, "duration": 3.119, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 30.73, "duration": 10.089, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 40.879, "duration": 15.931, "text": "Everybody." }, { "start": 42.96, "duration": 13.85, "text": "[Music]" } ] }, { "video_id": "fMsmCxIEQr4", "title": "The tale of the boy who tricked a tyrant - Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore", "description": "Get to know the Dagara tale of Yagangnaa, a boy who defied a tyrannical chief, and witness their ensuing battle of wits.\n\n--\n\nShock seized the West African Dagara village as word travelled of a new decree. Completely disregarding time-honored naming rituals, the tyrannical chief declared that he alone would name the village’s children. But soon an unlikely challenger appeared: Yagangnaa, the boy who named himself. Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore shares the tale of the defiant boy and his battle of wits with the chief.\n\nLesson by Paschal Kyiiripuo Kyoore, directed by Lesego Vorster, The Hidden Hand Studios.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-boy-who-tricked-a-tyrant-paschal-kyiiripuo-kyoore\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tale-of-the-boy-who-tricked-a-tyrant-paschal-kyiiripuo-kyoore/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-27T15:00:36Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.712, "text": "It’s 1526 in what is now Northern India," }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi is\nabout to face off against a prince" }, { "start": 14.802, "duration": 3.837, "text": "from Central Asia, \nZahiruddin Muhammad Babur." }, { "start": 19.015, "duration": 4.296, "text": "To quash the threat, the Sultan brings \nhis war elephants to battle." }, { "start": 23.311, "duration": 4.045, "text": "But it’s said that the explosions \nof Babur’s cannons and muskets" }, { "start": 27.356, "duration": 4.13, "text": "startled the elephants and they trampled\nthe Sultan’s own army." }, { "start": 32.028, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Babur had long harbored ambitions\nof building his own empire." }, { "start": 35.698, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Though he was descended from some\nof the world’s most successful conquerors," }, { "start": 39.619, "duration": 1.668, "text": "he struggled to gain a foothold" }, { "start": 41.287, "duration": 3.17, "text": "among the many ambitious princes\nin Central Asia." }, { "start": 45.208, "duration": 2.21, "text": "So he turned his attention to India," }, { "start": 47.418, "duration": 3.587, "text": "where his descendants stayed \nand built the Mughal Empire," }, { "start": 51.214, "duration": 4.337, "text": "one of the wealthiest and most powerful\nstates in the early modern world" }, { "start": 55.551, "duration": 3.629, "text": "and home to nearly a quarter\nof the global population." }, { "start": 59.43, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Babur died just four years \nafter that fateful battle," }, { "start": 62.892, "duration": 2.753, "text": "but his own memoirs and the work \nof his descendants" }, { "start": 65.645, "duration": 2.669, "text": "immortalized him in colorful fashion." }, { "start": 68.689, "duration": 4.13, "text": "His daughter, Gulbadan, recalled\nin her own memoir how Babur—" }, { "start": 72.819, "duration": 2.002, "text": "having recently given up drinking—" }, { "start": 74.821, "duration": 4.546, "text": "filled a newly-constructed pool \nwith lemonade rather than wine." }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 3.671, "text": "His grandson, Akbar, commissioned \nexquisite miniature paintings" }, { "start": 83.371, "duration": 1.585, "text": "of Babur’s stories—" }, { "start": 84.956, "duration": 3.503, "text": "one depicted the empire’s\nfounder riding through his camp," }, { "start": 88.459, "duration": 2.044, "text": "drunkenly slumped over his horse." }, { "start": 90.503, "duration": 2.836, "text": "It was Akbar who consolidated \nMughal power." }, { "start": 93.464, "duration": 2.211, "text": "He established protections for peasants—" }, { "start": 95.675, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which in turn increased their productivity\nand generated more tax revenue—" }, { "start": 99.512, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and embarked on military campaigns \nto expand Mughal territory." }, { "start": 104.183, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Princes who swore allegiance to him \nwere rewarded," }, { "start": 107.353, "duration": 3.253, "text": "while he made brutal examples \nof those who resisted," }, { "start": 110.606, "duration": 2.461, "text": "killing them and many of their subjects." }, { "start": 113.568, "duration": 3.837, "text": "His conquests opened access \nto port cities on the Indian Ocean," }, { "start": 117.405, "duration": 4.963, "text": "which connected the Mughals to Arab,\nChinese, Ottoman, and European traders," }, { "start": 122.535, "duration": 2.127, "text": "bringing in incalculable wealth," }, { "start": 124.662, "duration": 3.42, "text": "including silver and new crops\nfrom the Americas." }, { "start": 128.875, "duration": 3.503, "text": "As the Muslim ruler of a diverse,\nmultiethnic empire," }, { "start": 132.378, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Akbar worked to create internal cohesion\nby appointing members" }, { "start": 135.965, "duration": 3.212, "text": "of the Hindu majority to high positions\nin his government," }, { "start": 139.177, "duration": 1.543, "text": "marrying a Hindu bride," }, { "start": 140.72, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and distributing translated copies \nof the “Mahabharata,”" }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 3.504, "text": "an ancient Indian epic poem,\nto his Muslim nobles." }, { "start": 148.019, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Akbar also hosted lively religious debates\nwhere Sunni and Shia Muslims," }, { "start": 153.107, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians," }, { "start": 155.943, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and the newly arrived \nPortuguese Jesuit missionaries" }, { "start": 159.155, "duration": 2.627, "text": "defended the merits \nof their respective faiths." }, { "start": 161.782, "duration": 3.379, "text": "While most participants viewed this\nas an intellectual exercise," }, { "start": 165.161, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Portuguese missionaries were disappointed\nby their failure to convert Akbar." }, { "start": 170.249, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The Mughals built \narchitectural masterpieces" }, { "start": 173.377, "duration": 2.378, "text": "such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort," }, { "start": 175.755, "duration": 4.129, "text": "a palace three kilometers around,\nthat housed 50,000 people" }, { "start": 179.884, "duration": 4.463, "text": "and contained the magnificent gold\nand jewel-encrusted Peacock Throne." }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Just the throne took \nseven years to construct." }, { "start": 187.767, "duration": 4.629, "text": "During its first 180 years,\nthe Mughals had only six rulers," }, { "start": 192.396, "duration": 2.503, "text": "which contributed \nto the empire’s stability." }, { "start": 195.608, "duration": 2.002, "text": "When the fourth emperor, Jahangir," }, { "start": 197.61, "duration": 2.711, "text": "struggled with alcohol \nand opioid addiction," }, { "start": 200.321, "duration": 3.503, "text": "his wife, Nur Jahan, \ntook the reins as co-ruler." }, { "start": 204.116, "duration": 3.796, "text": "When a traitorous general captured \nher husband in an attempted coup," }, { "start": 207.912, "duration": 4.421, "text": "she negotiated his release and rallied\nthe army to stop the rebellion." }, { "start": 212.625, "duration": 4.713, "text": "She once led a hunting party to track down\na tiger that was terrorizing a village," }, { "start": 217.713, "duration": 1.752, "text": "leading one poet to write:" }, { "start": 219.924, "duration": 5.964, "text": "“Though Nur Jahan be in form of a woman/\nIn the ranks of men she’s a tiger-slayer.”" }, { "start": 226.389, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Following the death of the sixth emperor,\nAurangzeb, in 1707," }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 4.045, "text": "seven emperors took the throne\nover the next 21 years." }, { "start": 235.022, "duration": 2.419, "text": "These frequent transitions \nof power reflected" }, { "start": 237.441, "duration": 4.255, "text": "the larger political, economic, \nsocial, and environmental crises" }, { "start": 241.696, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that plagued the empire \nthroughout the 18th century." }, { "start": 246.075, "duration": 1.919, "text": "In response to this turmoil," }, { "start": 247.994, "duration": 5.338, "text": "regional leaders started refusing to pay\ntaxes and broke away from Mughal control." }, { "start": 253.582, "duration": 4.547, "text": "The British East India Company offered\nmilitary support to these regional rulers," }, { "start": 258.129, "duration": 3.044, "text": "which in turn increased the company's\npolitical influence," }, { "start": 261.173, "duration": 3.754, "text": "enabling it to eventually take\ndirect control of Bengal," }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 2.336, "text": "one of the wealthiest regions in India." }, { "start": 267.43, "duration": 4.713, "text": "By the 19th century, the East India\nCompany had massive political influence" }, { "start": 272.143, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and a large standing army, \nwhich included Indian troops." }, { "start": 276.355, "duration": 3.17, "text": "When these troops revolted in 1857," }, { "start": 279.525, "duration": 3.462, "text": "aiming to force out the British\nand restore Mughal influence," }, { "start": 282.987, "duration": 1.96, "text": "the British government intervened," }, { "start": 284.947, "duration": 3.379, "text": "replacing company rule \nwith direct colonial rule," }, { "start": 288.326, "duration": 4.337, "text": "deposing the last Mughal emperor\nand sending him into exile." }, { "start": 292.788, "duration": 3.212, "text": "And so, over three centuries \nafter its founding," }, { "start": 296.208, "duration": 2.878, "text": "the Mughal Empire came to an end." } ] }, { "video_id": "8CUEPNcGtWs", "title": "The tragedy of the one guy who was right about the Trojan Horse - Noah Charney", "description": "Explore the famous depictions of the tale of Laocoön, who the gods punished for warning the Trojans about the Greeks' wooden horse.\n\n--\n\nLaocoön, a seer and priest, was deeply suspicious of the enormous wooden horse that the Greeks left in Troy and cautioned the Trojans not to accept this strange offering. But their fate was already sealed — the gods granted the Greeks victory and punished the priest for threatening their success. Noah Charney explores how Laocoön’s tragic tale inspired countless artists across the ancient world.\n\nLesson by Noah Charney, directed by Michael Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-tale-of-poseidon-s-punishment-noah-charney\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tragic-tale-of-poseidon-s-punishment-noah-charney/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart and Tyron Jung.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-22T15:01:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 6.798, "text": "In April 1961, the Sixth Soviet Antarctic\nExpedition took a harrowing turn." }, { "start": 14.385, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Doctor Leonid Rogozov,\nthe team’s only physician," }, { "start": 18.514, "duration": 2.836, "text": "began feeling weak and feverish," }, { "start": 21.35, "duration": 3.379, "text": "with an excruciating pain\nin his right side." }, { "start": 25.98, "duration": 4.671, "text": "After a few days, it became clear\nthat he had appendicitis," }, { "start": 30.651, "duration": 3.879, "text": "an infection that can cause\nthe appendix to burst." }, { "start": 34.906, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And Rogozov knew that if his appendix\ndid rupture," }, { "start": 38.785, "duration": 1.835, "text": "it would likely kill him." }, { "start": 40.87, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Outside a blizzard raged," }, { "start": 43.122, "duration": 2.711, "text": "making it dangerous for him\nto leave the station," }, { "start": 45.833, "duration": 2.878, "text": "or to have anyone else travel in." }, { "start": 49.003, "duration": 6.673, "text": "So Rogozov faced a gut-wrenching choice:\nwait for help that may never come," }, { "start": 55.802, "duration": 4.921, "text": "or cut open his own abdomen\nand remove the appendix himself." }, { "start": 61.39, "duration": 3.754, "text": "While Rogozov’s predicament may\nhave been extreme," }, { "start": 65.144, "duration": 2.795, "text": "appendicitis is not uncommon." }, { "start": 68.106, "duration": 2.794, "text": "It affects roughly 1 in 12 people." }, { "start": 71.192, "duration": 3.211, "text": "So, what causes appendicitis?" }, { "start": 74.487, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And why is this organ\nso prone to bursting?" }, { "start": 78.699, "duration": 5.756, "text": "The appendix is a small, worm-shaped pouch\nattached to the large intestine" }, { "start": 84.455, "duration": 3.379, "text": "that houses a diversity of gut microbes." }, { "start": 88.209, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Scientists long speculated that it was\na useless artifact of evolution." }, { "start": 93.506, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Recent evidence shows that this organ\nindependently evolved " }, { "start": 97.593, "duration": 1.877, "text": "in many different mammals." }, { "start": 99.637, "duration": 3.462, "text": "This suggests that it\nprobably has some function," }, { "start": 103.099, "duration": 1.668, "text": "though it's likely subtle." }, { "start": 105.268, "duration": 3.753, "text": "One possibility is that the appendix\nserves as a reservoir" }, { "start": 109.021, "duration": 2.128, "text": "for healthy gut bacteria, " }, { "start": 111.149, "duration": 4.462, "text": "or it may play a role\nin mounting immune responses." }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 5.38, "text": "What we do know is this puzzling organ\ncan cause serious complications." }, { "start": 121.617, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Most cases of appendicitis start\nwith some sort of obstruction." }, { "start": 126.372, "duration": 3.67, "text": "For example, a small, dried piece\nof stool," }, { "start": 130.042, "duration": 1.836, "text": "called an appendicolith," }, { "start": 131.878, "duration": 2.794, "text": "can lodge itself in the organ’s entrance." }, { "start": 134.964, "duration": 5.964, "text": "Other times, pathogens like viruses or\nparasites activate the immune system," }, { "start": 140.928, "duration": 1.585, "text": "causing inflammation. " }, { "start": 142.68, "duration": 2.92, "text": "This immune response may\neven be triggered" }, { "start": 145.6, "duration": 2.836, "text": "by one of hundreds of species of bacteria" }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 2.335, "text": "that normally reside in your gut." }, { "start": 151.189, "duration": 3.294, "text": "As a result, nearby lymph nodes swell," }, { "start": 154.483, "duration": 3.504, "text": "effectively closing off\nthe appendix’s opening." }, { "start": 158.362, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Because the appendix is a closed loop,\nwhen it's sealed, pressure builds quickly." }, { "start": 163.951, "duration": 5.422, "text": "This creates the perfect environment\nfor bacteria to colonize and overgrow." }, { "start": 169.624, "duration": 3.878, "text": "As the inflamed appendix bloats,\ndiscomfort sets in." }, { "start": 173.628, "duration": 3.461, "text": "And this pain is different\nfrom your everyday stomach ache." }, { "start": 177.506, "duration": 2.628, "text": "It typically starts near the belly button" }, { "start": 180.134, "duration": 4.963, "text": "and then migrates to the lower right\nabdomen and intensifies." }, { "start": 185.348, "duration": 3.92, "text": "If left untreated,\nthe appendix can continue to stretch," }, { "start": 189.268, "duration": 3.42, "text": "hindering blood flow\nand weakening the organ walls." }, { "start": 192.772, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Eventually, this can cause\nthe appendix to rupture," }, { "start": 196.025, "duration": 3.003, "text": "allowing the infection to spread\nwithin the abdomen," }, { "start": 199.195, "duration": 2.794, "text": "where it can pose fatal consequences." }, { "start": 202.281, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Thankfully, not all cases of appendicitis\nwill lead to a rupture," }, { "start": 206.911, "duration": 3.628, "text": "but it's impossible to know\nexactly when or if" }, { "start": 210.539, "duration": 3.045, "text": "the appendix will burst\nfrom symptoms alone." }, { "start": 213.751, "duration": 4.796, "text": "So, it’s recommended that all people\nwith severe abdominal pain" }, { "start": 218.547, "duration": 2.294, "text": "seek immediate medical attention. " }, { "start": 221.05, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Since doctors first identified\nappendicitis in the late 1800s," }, { "start": 225.721, "duration": 4.255, "text": "an appendectomy, or the surgical removal\nof the appendix," }, { "start": 229.976, "duration": 1.835, "text": "has been the standard treatment." }, { "start": 232.561, "duration": 4.38, "text": "It’s normally performed quickly,\nwithin 24 hours of diagnosis." }, { "start": 237.358, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Doctors remove the inflamed organ,\nwhich can double in size," }, { "start": 241.654, "duration": 2.169, "text": "either through one large incision," }, { "start": 243.823, "duration": 4.921, "text": "or through several smaller incisions\nusing a camera and small instruments." }, { "start": 248.869, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Recovery is typically quick," }, { "start": 250.83, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and most patients are discharged\nwithin a day or two." }, { "start": 254.292, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Though, if the appendix has burst,\nsurgery can be more extensive" }, { "start": 259.088, "duration": 4.254, "text": "as any bacteria and pus need to be\nthoroughly cleaned" }, { "start": 263.342, "duration": 1.71, "text": "from the abdominal cavity." }, { "start": 265.761, "duration": 2.836, "text": "In the long term,\nliving without an appendix" }, { "start": 268.597, "duration": 3.087, "text": "is unlikely to lead to any health issues." }, { "start": 271.934, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Today, thanks to medical advances,\nmany patients avoid surgery altogether." }, { "start": 277.565, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Doctors have learned that appendicitis\ncan often be treated" }, { "start": 280.985, "duration": 2.586, "text": "with a simple course of antibiotics," }, { "start": 283.571, "duration": 3.545, "text": "started in the emergency room\nand continued at home." }, { "start": 287.199, "duration": 2.419, "text": "No matter the chosen course of treatment," }, { "start": 289.618, "duration": 3.838, "text": "it’s likely to be less distressing\nthan Rogozov’s," }, { "start": 293.456, "duration": 3.295, "text": "who, after giving himself\nlocal anesthesia," }, { "start": 296.751, "duration": 3.587, "text": "removed his own appendix,\nstitched himself up," }, { "start": 300.421, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and resumed his regular duties\njust two weeks later." }, { "start": 304.675, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Nevertheless, thanks to his story," }, { "start": 307.345, "duration": 5.505, "text": "doctors on remote stations in Antarctica\nnow know to bring plenty of antibiotics" }, { "start": 312.85, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to treat appendicitis, " }, { "start": 314.477, "duration": 1.334, "text": "just in case." } ] }, { "video_id": "sbXie768ZZQ", "title": "Is this the most valuable thing in the ocean? - David Biello", "description": "Dig into what makes whale poop so vitally important to ocean health, and how it helps support countless other marine life forms.\n\n--\n\nWhales frequently surface to take in air and let out massive plumes of waste. And while this slurry might seem disgusting, whale poop is much more desirable than it may seem. In fact, it may be one of the most important substances in the ocean — and the world. So, what makes whale poop so vital to our ecosystems? David Biello shares the surprising benefits of whale excrement.\n\nLesson by David Biello, directed by Joseph Clark, Oh Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-this-the-most-valuable-thing-in-the-ocean-david-biello\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-this-the-most-valuable-thing-in-the-ocean-david-biello/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.ohstudio.co.uk\nMusic: https://soundgoods.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey and Yelena Baykova.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-20T15:01:06Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 2.253, "text": "In the Netherlands,\nthere’s an ambitious company" }, { "start": 9.172, "duration": 4.087, "text": "that builds one of the most advanced\nand expensive tools in the world:" }, { "start": 13.259, "duration": 3.253, "text": "a single unit costs hundreds\nof millions of dollars." }, { "start": 16.554, "duration": 1.376, "text": "And when companies buy one," }, { "start": 17.93, "duration": 5.798, "text": "they also need 250 engineers to install\nthe 165-ton device" }, { "start": 23.77, "duration": 3.211, "text": "in a process that typically\ntakes half a year." }, { "start": 27.106, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But despite this steep cost\nin time and money," }, { "start": 29.817, "duration": 3.879, "text": "many microchip makers desperately\nwant one of these machines." }, { "start": 33.863, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The hundred-million-dollar question\nis: why?" }, { "start": 37.283, "duration": 3.378, "text": "The answer has to do with something\ncalled Moore’s Law." }, { "start": 40.703, "duration": 3.379, "text": "First coined by Intel co-founder\nGordon Moore," }, { "start": 44.082, "duration": 2.544, "text": "this law states that every 1 to 2 years" }, { "start": 46.626, "duration": 4.671, "text": "the number of transistors that can fit on\na given size computer chip will double." }, { "start": 51.38, "duration": 4.63, "text": "And by extension, the rough number of\ncalculations that chip can do per second" }, { "start": 56.01, "duration": 1.627, "text": "will also double." }, { "start": 57.887, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Now, this law isn't\na physical law like gravity." }, { "start": 60.848, "duration": 4.004, "text": "It’s just a trend Moore observed\nduring the early 1960s." }, { "start": 64.977, "duration": 3.671, "text": "But chipmakers turned that trend\ninto a goal, and in turn," }, { "start": 68.648, "duration": 3.462, "text": "consumers learn to expect\ncomputing progress to continue" }, { "start": 72.11, "duration": 2.335, "text": "at this exponentially fast pace." }, { "start": 74.57, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And the amazing thing is, for six decades,\nit pretty much has." }, { "start": 78.407, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Thanks to Moore’s Law, chips have\ngotten smaller, faster," }, { "start": 81.911, "duration": 1.96, "text": "more efficient, and cheaper." }, { "start": 83.955, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But today, there are four key problems\nthat trip up this trend," }, { "start": 87.333, "duration": 1.96, "text": "potentially ending Moore’s Law" }, { "start": 89.293, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and fundamentally changing how\nwe make progress in computing." }, { "start": 93.172, "duration": 2.127, "text": "The first is transistor size." }, { "start": 95.341, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Transistors are basically on/off switches," }, { "start": 98.094, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and these building blocks of digital\ncomputing have been shrinking" }, { "start": 101.931, "duration": 1.752, "text": "since the 1960s." }, { "start": 103.808, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But recently they’ve gotten so small," }, { "start": 106.144, "duration": 3.211, "text": "quantum physics has begun to interfere\nwith their functions." }, { "start": 109.48, "duration": 4.004, "text": "When a transistor’s switch, or gate,\nis less than 20 nanometers," }, { "start": 113.484, "duration": 2.753, "text": "electrons will tunnel\nalong it continuously," }, { "start": 116.279, "duration": 4.17, "text": "turning a crisp on/off switch\ninto a hazy dimmer." }, { "start": 120.7, "duration": 1.793, "text": "The second problem is heat." }, { "start": 122.493, "duration": 3.545, "text": "As chipmakers make components\nsmaller and more complex," }, { "start": 126.038, "duration": 3.754, "text": "the copper lines that run between them\nneed to be thinner and longer." }, { "start": 129.959, "duration": 3.837, "text": "This increases their electrical resistance\nand generates high heat" }, { "start": 133.838, "duration": 3.879, "text": "that impairs chip performance\nand can’t be easily dissipated." }, { "start": 137.884, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Today’s chips can already run\nhot enough to cook an egg," }, { "start": 141.387, "duration": 4.797, "text": "and temperatures are only predicted\nto increase without new innovations." }, { "start": 146.35, "duration": 4.213, "text": "While both these issues represent limits\nin the fundamental physics of chipmaking," }, { "start": 150.563, "duration": 2.377, "text": "researchers haven't stopped\ntrying to solve them." }, { "start": 153.191, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Unfortunately, their solutions often\nexacerbate the third major problem:" }, { "start": 157.653, "duration": 2.419, "text": "chipmaking’s environmental impact." }, { "start": 160.239, "duration": 3.504, "text": "For example, swapping copper lines\nfor ruthenium" }, { "start": 163.743, "duration": 4.171, "text": "could help pack transistors more tightly\nand keep chips smaller—" }, { "start": 167.997, "duration": 2.711, "text": "but that metal is far scarcer than copper" }, { "start": 170.75, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and would require new\nmining infrastructure." }, { "start": 173.586, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Similarly, the technology currently used\nto make today’s smallest transistors" }, { "start": 177.924, "duration": 3.044, "text": "requires huge amounts\nof energy and chemicals" }, { "start": 180.968, "duration": 5.464, "text": "called perfluoroalkyl\nand polyfluoroalkyl substances," }, { "start": 186.432, "duration": 3.67, "text": "which can take thousands of years\nto break down in the environment." }, { "start": 190.311, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Managing these first three problems\ncontributes to the final issue: cost." }, { "start": 194.982, "duration": 1.961, "text": "To keep achieving Moore’s Law," }, { "start": 196.943, "duration": 3.712, "text": "chipmakers have to make individual\nchip components smaller." }, { "start": 200.78, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And this is where that costly\n$400 million machine comes in." }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 4.463, "text": "This marvel of chip-making science shoots\na stream of tin droplets" }, { "start": 210.039, "duration": 4.171, "text": "into a vacuum chamber before blasting them\nwith a high-energy laser" }, { "start": 214.21, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that vaporizes the tin to create plasma." }, { "start": 217.421, "duration": 6.34, "text": "In turn, the plasma emits a 13.5 nanometer\nwavelength of ultraviolet light" }, { "start": 223.803, "duration": 3.67, "text": "that can be used to produce\nincredibly small transistors." }, { "start": 227.473, "duration": 3.253, "text": "This remarkable feat of engineering\nhas helped chipmakers" }, { "start": 230.726, "duration": 1.835, "text": "keep up with Moore’s Law." }, { "start": 232.687, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But as chips keep getting denser," }, { "start": 234.981, "duration": 3.545, "text": "intricate manufacturing plants\nkeep getting more expensive." }, { "start": 238.734, "duration": 3.837, "text": "This trend has been so consistent,\nit’s actually earned the nickname" }, { "start": 242.571, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Moore’s Second Law." }, { "start": 244.991, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Obviously, all these trajectories\nare unsustainable." }, { "start": 248.452, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Manufacturing plants can’t\nkeep increasing in price," }, { "start": 251.455, "duration": 3.796, "text": "our ecosystems can’t endure endless\nmining and pollution," }, { "start": 255.376, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and the laws of physics are unlikely\nto change anytime soon." }, { "start": 259.13, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Fortunately, Moore's Law is flexible," }, { "start": 261.757, "duration": 2.92, "text": "and there’s no reason we can’t\nintroduce new goals" }, { "start": 264.677, "duration": 2.961, "text": "to keep making\ncomputing progress responsibly." }, { "start": 267.763, "duration": 3.629, "text": " Perhaps we could introduce\na new Sustainability Law?" }, { "start": 271.517, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Smaller transistors already use less\nmaterial and produce less e-waste," }, { "start": 276.48, "duration": 3.254, "text": "and advancements\nin electronic-photonic integration" }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 3.753, "text": "are allowing chips to use less energy\nand generate less heat." }, { "start": 283.571, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So perhaps chips should be made twice\nas sustainable every several years?" }, { "start": 288.117, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Whatever the answer is," }, { "start": 290.119, "duration": 4.296, "text": "we make the laws,\nso the future is up to us." } ] }, { "video_id": "bbxmH_Kj7fk", "title": "How do bulletproof vests work? - Max G. Levy", "description": "Explore the chemistry behind what makes kevlar so strong, and how this essential synthetic fiber was invented.\n\n--\n\nBy 1975, Richard Davis had been shot at close range 192 times. But not only was he completely healthy, each of those bullets were part of a demonstration to sell his new product: the bulletproof vest. So, how does such a light, flexible piece of clothing stop a bullet? The secret was a synthetic fiber material invented a decade earlier. Max G. Levy explores the incredible strength of kevlar.\n\nLesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-bulletproof-vests-work-max-g-levy\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-bulletproof-vests-work-max-g-levy/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.and-action.net\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-15T15:00:59Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 1.918, "text": "In the fight to curb climate change," }, { "start": 9.213, "duration": 5.714, "text": "there are few solutions more discussed\nthan planting lots and lots of trees." }, { "start": 15.928, "duration": 4.13, "text": "It sounds simple enough— trees absorb\nCO2 from the atmosphere to grow," }, { "start": 20.058, "duration": 3.795, "text": "so planting more of them should help\neliminate greenhouse gases." }, { "start": 24.27, "duration": 5.339, "text": "The trouble is, tree planting efforts\ndon't always work as planned." }, { "start": 30.276, "duration": 3.337, "text": "For example, between 1974 and 2012," }, { "start": 33.613, "duration": 2.294, "text": "the Chilean government helped\nfund the planting" }, { "start": 35.907, "duration": 3.545, "text": "of over a million hectares of new trees." }, { "start": 40.078, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Yet a recent analysis suggests\nthis multi-million dollar effort" }, { "start": 44.29, "duration": 3.17, "text": "resulted in no major carbon storage gains." }, { "start": 47.919, "duration": 2.085, "text": "What went wrong?" }, { "start": 51.089, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Chile focused on afforestation:" }, { "start": 53.925, "duration": 5.589, "text": "the planting of trees in places long\ndevoid of— or never home to— any forest," }, { "start": 59.514, "duration": 2.46, "text": "as opposed to reforestation," }, { "start": 61.974, "duration": 3.879, "text": "the practice of restoring recently\ndegraded forests." }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Many governments and international\norganizations champion afforestation" }, { "start": 71.234, "duration": 2.919, "text": "in their efforts to meet\nlofty tree planting goals" }, { "start": 74.153, "duration": 2.836, "text": "that require massive amounts of land." }, { "start": 77.698, "duration": 4.171, "text": "The Bonn Challenge, launched in 2011\nby the German government" }, { "start": 81.869, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and the International Union\nfor Conservation of Nature," }, { "start": 85.54, "duration": 4.629, "text": "aims to restore 350 million hectares\nof degraded land" }, { "start": 90.169, "duration": 2.461, "text": "across the globe by 2030," }, { "start": 92.713, "duration": 2.586, "text": "in part through afforestation." }, { "start": 95.883, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Many companies have also seized\non tree planting to offset emissions" }, { "start": 100.429, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and, in some cases, negative PR from their\ncontributions to the climate emergency." }, { "start": 106.602, "duration": 5.506, "text": "A 2021 Oxfam analysis found that the area\nneeded to match the tree planting goals" }, { "start": 112.108, "duration": 3.462, "text": "set by four of the largest\noil and gas producers" }, { "start": 115.57, "duration": 3.628, "text": "would require land twice the size\nof the UK." }, { "start": 120.199, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Here's where things get complicated." }, { "start": 123.703, "duration": 3.253, "text": "In order to be a long-term carbon sink," }, { "start": 126.956, "duration": 3.879, "text": "trees need to grow to maturity\nand stay put." }, { "start": 130.96, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Most of Chile's afforestation funding went\nto the commercial forestry industry," }, { "start": 136.257, "duration": 4.504, "text": "which drastically expanded plantations\nof mostly non-native trees—" }, { "start": 141.179, "duration": 4.462, "text": "in some cases even by plowing\ninto native forests." }, { "start": 146.225, "duration": 2.294, "text": "According to one study, on average," }, { "start": 148.519, "duration": 4.963, "text": "natural forests are 40 times better\nat carbon storage than plantations." }, { "start": 154.108, "duration": 5.964, "text": "A mature tree can absorb up to\n22 kilograms of carbon dioxide each year." }, { "start": 160.072, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But plantation trees are harvested." }, { "start": 163.701, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Further, pine and eucalyptus—\ntwo commonly grown plantation trees—" }, { "start": 167.747, "duration": 1.626, "text": "are highly flammable," }, { "start": 169.373, "duration": 4.421, "text": "so gains in carbon storage\ncan quickly go up in smoke." }, { "start": 174.295, "duration": 2.502, "text": "And not all land should be forested." }, { "start": 176.964, "duration": 4.964, "text": "In 2019, researchers estimated that,\nof the 100 million hectares of land" }, { "start": 181.928, "duration": 2.794, "text": "targeted for a tree planting initiative\nin Africa," }, { "start": 184.847, "duration": 1.919, "text": "most is savanna." }, { "start": 187.183, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Dropping trees into Africa’s savannas\nthreatens wildlife" }, { "start": 190.686, "duration": 3.212, "text": "that thrive in sunlight and open spaces." }, { "start": 194.148, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And wildfires,\nnot to mention a passing elephant," }, { "start": 197.818, "duration": 3.045, "text": "can quickly stomp out years\nof tree growth." }, { "start": 201.405, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Meanwhile, a savanna’s natural vegetation\ntucks most of its carbon" }, { "start": 206.118, "duration": 2.128, "text": "safely away below ground," }, { "start": 208.496, "duration": 4.171, "text": "where it’s protected\nfrom fire and hungry herbivores." }, { "start": 213.376, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Planting trees can also have\nunintended consequences" }, { "start": 216.295, "duration": 2.169, "text": "in places that naturally reflect sunlight" }, { "start": 218.464, "duration": 2.377, "text": "like drylands or snowy terrain." }, { "start": 221.175, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Trees in these regions could absorb\nmore of the Sun’s rays," }, { "start": 225.012, "duration": 2.336, "text": "contributing to a warmer planet." }, { "start": 227.765, "duration": 2.794, "text": "It’s not that we shouldn’t\nplant more trees." }, { "start": 230.559, "duration": 1.752, "text": "But for the best chance of success," }, { "start": 232.311, "duration": 4.004, "text": "programs should consider which\nspecies to plant, which lands to forest," }, { "start": 236.315, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and how to protect the land long-term." }, { "start": 239.36, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Today, Chile is prioritizing planting\nnative trees" }, { "start": 243.197, "duration": 2.086, "text": "rather than timber plantations." }, { "start": 245.574, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Some researchers argue that a more\nefficient way to re-green the planet" }, { "start": 249.912, "duration": 3.337, "text": "is to protect forests\nand let nature do the work." }, { "start": 253.791, "duration": 2.252, "text": "On recently deforested land," }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 4.38, "text": "seeds wait in soil and new sprouts grow\nfrom old stumps." }, { "start": 260.631, "duration": 4.963, "text": "As time passes, birds and winds\ndeliver seeds from forests nearby." }, { "start": 265.928, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Others support programs that practice\nassisted natural regeneration—" }, { "start": 271.142, "duration": 4.129, "text": "helping nature along by removing grasses\nthat compete with saplings," }, { "start": 275.271, "duration": 4.504, "text": "preventing grazing,\nand even planting trees in small patches." }, { "start": 280.693, "duration": 2.794, "text": "So when is it bad to plant trees?" }, { "start": 283.696, "duration": 3.337, "text": "When programs put the wrong trees\nin the wrong places." }, { "start": 287.366, "duration": 3.42, "text": "It’s bad when it’s mistakenly used\nas a catch-all solution," }, { "start": 290.786, "duration": 3.963, "text": "rather than addressing more\ncomplex issues like carbon emissions" }, { "start": 294.749, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and active deforestation." }, { "start": 297.293, "duration": 3.67, "text": "It’s also bad to plant trees when it\nallows companies and governments" }, { "start": 300.963, "duration": 1.794, "text": "to practice greenwashing," }, { "start": 303.215, "duration": 3.42, "text": "throwing money at initiatives that\nhave no real chance of achieving" }, { "start": 306.635, "duration": 2.169, "text": "the carbon offsets they promise." }, { "start": 309.472, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The best investments in a greener future\nare to cut carbon emissions," }, { "start": 313.893, "duration": 4.379, "text": "while protecting these forests from being\ndestroyed in the first place." } ] }, { "video_id": "YTAmyCgmrZE", "title": "Why is it so dangerous to step on a rusty nail? - Louise Thwaites", "description": "Explore how a toxin-producing bacterium causes tetanus, and how to identify its common symptoms and best prevention practices.\n\n--\n\nIn the 5th century, a ship master was suffering from a nasty infection that caused his jaws to press together, his teeth to lock up, and the muscles in his neck and spine to spasm. Today we know this account to be one the first recorded cases of tetanus. So, what causes this peculiar infection? Louise Thwaites explores how tetanus affects our bodies, and how we can prevent it.\n\nLesson by Louise Thwaites, directed by Andrew Foerster, Rewfoe.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-dangerous-to-step-on-a-rusty-nail-louise-thwaites\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-dangerous-to-step-on-a-rusty-nail-louise-thwaites/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://rewfoe.com\nMusic: https://www.jasonstam.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq and Gerardo Castro.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-13T15:01:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In 2021, a survey of over 1,000 Americans\nfound that nearly two-thirds" }, { "start": 12.383, "duration": 3.796, "text": "had eaten plant-based meat alternatives\nin the past year." }, { "start": 16.429, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Many cited potential health\nand environmental benefits" }, { "start": 19.348, "duration": 1.293, "text": "as their motivation." }, { "start": 20.808, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But are these alternative meats actually\nbetter for us and the planet?" }, { "start": 25.313, "duration": 2.961, "text": "First, let’s introduce the contenders." }, { "start": 28.316, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Meat from butchered animals,\nwhich we’ll call farmed meat," }, { "start": 31.778, "duration": 4.546, "text": "is a complex structure of muscle fibers,\nconnective tissues, and fat." }, { "start": 36.824, "duration": 3.295, "text": "You may recognize meat\nfrom its role in the human diet," }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 3.504, "text": "stretching back to our species’\nvery beginnings." }, { "start": 44.54, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Our next challenger, \nthe plant-based meat alternative," }, { "start": 47.835, "duration": 1.71, "text": "may look and taste like meat," }, { "start": 49.545, "duration": 2.753, "text": "but it’s built with proteins,\ncarbohydrates, fats," }, { "start": 52.298, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and other molecules from plants." }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 3.838, "text": "Transforming plant molecules\ninto something that resembles meat" }, { "start": 58.805, "duration": 1.334, "text": "takes effort." }, { "start": 60.348, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Meat’s fibrous texture is created\nby long rod-like proteins." }, { "start": 65.603, "duration": 2.044, "text": "To replicate this structure," }, { "start": 67.647, "duration": 5.213, "text": "a plant’s ball-shaped proteins can be\npushed through an extruder device" }, { "start": 72.86, "duration": 4.755, "text": "which forces them to unwind\nand join into long filaments." }, { "start": 77.824, "duration": 5.63, "text": "To mimic animal fat, companies mix\nin fats and oils extracted from plants." }, { "start": 83.996, "duration": 3.212, "text": "One popular brand adds\na beet juice pigment" }, { "start": 87.208, "duration": 2.586, "text": "that changes the patty’s color\nas it cooks." }, { "start": 90.002, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Another adds an iron-containing molecule\ncalled heme," }, { "start": 94.298, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which their team says\nis key to its meaty flavor." }, { "start": 98.219, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The resulting products come in many forms." }, { "start": 102.014, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Finally, our last entrant:\nlab-grown meat." }, { "start": 106.686, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Also known as cell-based meat\nand cultured meat," }, { "start": 110.064, "duration": 3.045, "text": "these products begin as animal stem cells" }, { "start": 113.109, "duration": 4.504, "text": "that researchers coax to multiply\nand form into muscle." }, { "start": 118.239, "duration": 4.796, "text": "It’s worth noting that lab-grown meats\nare largely still in development," }, { "start": 123.411, "duration": 3.211, "text": "so the exact process may change\nwhen they’re produced" }, { "start": 126.622, "duration": 1.669, "text": "at greater commercial scale." }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 3.545, "text": "So which meat or lookalike\nis best for your health?" }, { "start": 132.42, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Farmed meat is a vital source of protein\nand nutrients for many people." }, { "start": 136.632, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But researchers have also found links\nbetween diets" }, { "start": 139.635, "duration": 2.253, "text": "high in red and processed meats" }, { "start": 141.888, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and health concerns like\ntype 2 diabetes and heart disease." }, { "start": 146.35, "duration": 3.337, "text": "One 2012 study concluded\nthat swapping red meat" }, { "start": 149.687, "duration": 4.838, "text": "for other options like chicken, nuts,\nor legumes for one meal a day" }, { "start": 154.525, "duration": 4.672, "text": "can potentially reduce mortality risk\nby 7 to 19%." }, { "start": 159.405, "duration": 3.212, "text": "There is not enough data to know\nwhether replacing red meat" }, { "start": 162.617, "duration": 3.211, "text": "with a plant-based patty\nwould have the same effect." }, { "start": 166.162, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Plant-based meats, while containing\njust as much protein, calories, and iron" }, { "start": 170.041, "duration": 1.168, "text": "as farmed meat," }, { "start": 171.209, "duration": 3.336, "text": "are highly processed and, therefore,\nhigh in sodium." }, { "start": 174.712, "duration": 4.087, "text": "And many contain coconut oil,\nwhich has a lot of saturated fat," }, { "start": 178.883, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and, like red meat,\nmay elevate heart disease risk." }, { "start": 182.386, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Lab-grown meat, meanwhile," }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 4.463, "text": "has the potential to offer the same\nnutritional qualities and health risks" }, { "start": 188.851, "duration": 1.293, "text": "as farmed meat." }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But we won’t know for sure until\nproduct development is further along." }, { "start": 195.149, "duration": 2.669, "text": "So which contender is better\nfor the environment?" }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Animal agriculture generates\nan estimated 14.5%" }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 2.419, "text": "of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions." }, { "start": 205.284, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Researchers estimate that producing\nplant-based meat substitutes" }, { "start": 209.622, "duration": 4.88, "text": "results in, on average, around 90% less\ngreenhouse gas emissions" }, { "start": 214.502, "duration": 2.335, "text": "than an equivalent amount of beef," }, { "start": 216.837, "duration": 5.339, "text": "63% less than pork,\nand 51% less than poultry." }, { "start": 222.468, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Plant-based meat alternatives also tend\nto require far less land and water" }, { "start": 227.348, "duration": 1.293, "text": "than farmed meat." }, { "start": 229.35, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And their production results in much lower\nlevels of pollutants running off farms" }, { "start": 233.521, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and entering waterways—" }, { "start": 235.273, "duration": 3.169, "text": "which threaten both the environment\nand public health." }, { "start": 238.859, "duration": 1.335, "text": "As for lab-grown meat," }, { "start": 240.194, "duration": 2.92, "text": "today the industry largely takes\nits stem cells" }, { "start": 243.114, "duration": 2.377, "text": "from the muscle tissue of livestock." }, { "start": 245.491, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But how many animals will be required\nfor these biopsies" }, { "start": 249.078, "duration": 1.96, "text": "once production scales up?" }, { "start": 251.998, "duration": 2.502, "text": "It also isn’t clear to what degree\nalternative meats" }, { "start": 254.5, "duration": 4.129, "text": "will reduce the environmental impact\nof the farmed meats industry." }, { "start": 258.713, "duration": 2.919, "text": "What if, instead of replacing\nmeat with alternatives," }, { "start": 261.632, "duration": 3.337, "text": "people continue to consume\nthe same amount of farmed meat" }, { "start": 264.969, "duration": 2.836, "text": "while also eating newer options?" }, { "start": 269.181, "duration": 4.213, "text": "While the verdict is still out on which\nmeat is nutritionally superior," }, { "start": 273.394, "duration": 3.045, "text": "if you care about your personal\nimpact on animal welfare," }, { "start": 276.439, "duration": 2.002, "text": "public health, and the environment," }, { "start": 278.524, "duration": 2.836, "text": "plant-based meat tends to come out on top." }, { "start": 281.944, "duration": 4.213, "text": "And switching to meat alternatives doesn’t\nhave to be an all-or-nothing decision." }, { "start": 286.365, "duration": 6.048, "text": "In fact, a 2022 study estimated that\nforgoing red meat at just one meal a day" }, { "start": 292.413, "duration": 5.38, "text": "can decrease your personal dietary\ncarbon emissions by as much as 48%." } ] }, { "video_id": "BJM2uk3mZV0", "title": "What are warts — and how do you get rid of them? - Cella Wright", "description": "Explore the science of how certain HPVs can cause warts, and what you should do if you get one of these bumpy skin growths.\n\n--\n\nThroughout history, people have attributed warts to contact with things like sea foam, boiled egg water, and, of course, toads. Fortunately, we now know that warts are not caused by toads, but are actually caused by human papillomaviruses, or HPVs. So, how exactly do HPVs lead to warts? And what should you do if you get one? Cella Wright explores the science of these bumpy skin growths.\n\nLesson by Cella Wright, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-warts-and-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them-cella-wright\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-warts-and-how-do-you-get-rid-of-them-cella-wright/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\nMusic: https://soundgoods.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon and Eddy Trochez.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-08T15:00:30Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 10.506, "duration": 4.296, "text": "You might think of gas masks as\nclunky, spooky, military-looking devices" }, { "start": 14.802, "duration": 3.212, "text": "only found in spy movies\nor World War I museums." }, { "start": 18.139, "duration": 4.922, "text": "But you probably already own a mask\nthat uses remarkably similar technology." }, { "start": 23.061, "duration": 2.836, "text": "And in the near future, we may\nneed to rely on these filters" }, { "start": 25.897, "duration": 2.294, "text": "as part of our everyday lives." }, { "start": 28.399, "duration": 1.96, "text": "In addition to emerging diseases," }, { "start": 30.359, "duration": 4.964, "text": "wildfire frequency has more than tripled\nfrom 1996 to 2021." }, { "start": 35.531, "duration": 5.13, "text": "As fires burn longer and cover more land,\ntheir smoke affects more people each year." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Climate change is also causing\nmore hot, sunny days," }, { "start": 44.29, "duration": 3.629, "text": "which accelerates the production\nof toxic ground level ozone." }, { "start": 48.044, "duration": 1.376, "text": "So, how do these masks work," }, { "start": 49.42, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and can they protect us from new\nand old airborne threats?" }, { "start": 52.965, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Well, the first rule of filters is\nmaking sure you have a tight seal." }, { "start": 56.219, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Without that, even the best mask\nin the world is useless." }, { "start": 59.806, "duration": 1.876, "text": "So assuming your mask is on tight," }, { "start": 61.682, "duration": 3.587, "text": "this technology can capture pollutants\nin one of two ways:" }, { "start": 65.269, "duration": 4.171, "text": "filtering them out by size or\nattracting specific chemical compounds." }, { "start": 69.816, "duration": 3.42, "text": "For an example of the first approach,\nlet’s look at wildfire smoke." }, { "start": 73.402, "duration": 3.629, "text": "When forests burn, they generate\na wide variety of chemicals." }, { "start": 77.031, "duration": 2.544, "text": "At close range, there are so many\ndifferent pollutants" }, { "start": 79.575, "duration": 2.836, "text": "at such high concentrations\nthat no filter could help you—" }, { "start": 82.411, "duration": 3.087, "text": "this is why firefighters travel\nwith their own air supply." }, { "start": 85.832, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But further away,\nthe situation is different." }, { "start": 88.334, "duration": 1.96, "text": "While there's still a range of chemicals," }, { "start": 90.294, "duration": 4.088, "text": "they’ve mostly aggregated into tiny solid\nor liquid particles" }, { "start": 94.382, "duration": 2.627, "text": "smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter." }, { "start": 97.176, "duration": 3.921, "text": "This particulate matter is much of what\nyou're seeing and smelling in smoke," }, { "start": 101.097, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and it's especially dangerous\nfor children, the elderly," }, { "start": 104.058, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and those with respiratory\nor cardiovascular diseases." }, { "start": 107.436, "duration": 3.129, "text": "Luckily, the majority of these\nparticulates are still large enough" }, { "start": 110.565, "duration": 2.502, "text": "to be captured by the most basic filters," }, { "start": 113.067, "duration": 2.753, "text": "which are made of polypropylene \nor glass strands" }, { "start": 115.82, "duration": 2.794, "text": "roughly 1/10 the width of a human hair." }, { "start": 118.739, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Under a microscope,\nthey look like a thick forest," }, { "start": 121.492, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and at this scale, these branches\nhave a special property." }, { "start": 125.746, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Typically, when you use a sieve," }, { "start": 127.331, "duration": 3.754, "text": "you’re filtering out objects\nlarger than the sieve’s holes." }, { "start": 131.252, "duration": 4.379, "text": "But these polypropylene branches\ncan catch particles much smaller" }, { "start": 135.631, "duration": 1.544, "text": "than the gaps between them." }, { "start": 137.175, "duration": 2.711, "text": "That’s because, when a particle\ncollides with a thread," }, { "start": 139.886, "duration": 4.129, "text": "van der Waals forces cause it to stick\nas if it were made of Velcro." }, { "start": 144.265, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Plus, size-based filters can use\nelectrically charged fibers" }, { "start": 148.269, "duration": 3.587, "text": "that attract particles not already\non a collision course." }, { "start": 152.064, "duration": 6.09, "text": "This is how even a simple N95 mask can\ncatch at least 95% of particulate matter." }, { "start": 158.237, "duration": 1.794, "text": "And why an N100 mask" }, { "start": 160.031, "duration": 3.211, "text": "or an air purifier with a high efficiency\nparticulate air filter" }, { "start": 163.242, "duration": 4.38, "text": "can catch at least 99.97% of particulates." }, { "start": 167.997, "duration": 1.084, "text": "With a tight seal," }, { "start": 169.081, "duration": 3.462, "text": "this level of protection will\nfilter out most airborne pollution." }, { "start": 173.127, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Unfortunately, some pollutants are still\ntoo small for this approach," }, { "start": 176.881, "duration": 1.877, "text": "including ozone molecules." }, { "start": 178.841, "duration": 3.379, "text": "These are barely bigger than the oxygen\nthat we need to breathe" }, { "start": 182.22, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and exposure is associated with asthma,\nrespiratory conditions," }, { "start": 185.64, "duration": 1.876, "text": "and even premature death." }, { "start": 188.059, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Our best chance to filter them\nare activated carbon masks." }, { "start": 191.771, "duration": 5.088, "text": "At the microscopic level, activated carbon\nlooks like a vast black honeycomb," }, { "start": 196.901, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and it's highly microporous structure\ncan trap tiny ozone molecules." }, { "start": 201.489, "duration": 2.919, "text": "But this material still needs help\nto capture other pollutants" }, { "start": 204.408, "duration": 3.17, "text": "like hydrogen sulfide, chlorine,\nand ammonia." }, { "start": 207.745, "duration": 3.003, "text": "For these threats, we need to combine\nthe activated carbon" }, { "start": 210.748, "duration": 1.627, "text": "with some simple chemistry." }, { "start": 212.375, "duration": 4.546, "text": "If the pollutant is acidic, we can infuse\nthe filter with a basic chemical." }, { "start": 217.004, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Then when the two meet, they react,\nand the gas is trapped." }, { "start": 220.591, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Similarly, we can use acids\nto trap basic pollutants." }, { "start": 224.679, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Even with the right mask, it's still smart\nto check air quality indicators" }, { "start": 228.432, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and to stay indoors\nwhen the threat level is high." }, { "start": 231.686, "duration": 3.461, "text": "And just like a mask, you'll want to make\nsure your house is well sealed." }, { "start": 235.147, "duration": 3.796, "text": "You can do this by closing windows,\nturning off fans that vent outside," }, { "start": 239.026, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and using HEPA filter equipped\nair purifiers" }, { "start": 241.654, "duration": 4.338, "text": "or their cheaper, DIY cousin,\nthe Corsi-Rosenthal box." }, { "start": 246.617, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Following these guidelines can help\nus breathe easy" }, { "start": 249.036, "duration": 3.379, "text": "as we work on preventing these pollutants\nin the first place." } ] }, { "video_id": "mGugp5qs6Vg", "title": "The most dangerous elements on the periodic table - Shannon Odell", "description": "Learn more at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nWithin the periodic table loom many potential hazardous elements. Some elements are dangerous due to their toxicity. Others are dangerous because of how they respond, react, or even explode in the outside environment. And perhaps the most threatening elements are those that silently emit energy. So, which substances on the periodic table are the most dangerous? Shannon Odell investigates.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-most-dangerous-elements-on-the-periodic-table-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-most-dangerous-elements-on-the-periodic-table-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law and Hiroshi Uchiyama.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-06T15:02:13Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Exploring how to use your voice\nand body on stage" }, { "start": 10.59, "duration": 4.546, "text": "will help you tackle the most important\npiece of giving a powerful talk:" }, { "start": 15.511, "duration": 1.961, "text": "connecting with your audience." }, { "start": 17.847, "duration": 1.585, "text": "People aren't computers." }, { "start": 19.682, "duration": 3.712, "text": "They're social creatures\nwith all kinds of unique traits." }, { "start": 23.77, "duration": 6.298, "text": "Your first job as a speaker is to build a\ntrusting human bond with your audience." }, { "start": 30.276, "duration": 1.502, "text": "There are many ways to do that." }, { "start": 31.944, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Here are five suggestions:" }, { "start": 34.28, "duration": 2.419, "text": "1. Make eye contact." }, { "start": 36.866, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Make eye contact with members of your\naudience right from the start of your talk" }, { "start": 40.703, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and continue making\neye contact throughout." }, { "start": 44.832, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Humans learn a lot about one another\nthrough eye contact." }, { "start": 48.252, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Our brains can detect the tiniest\nmuscle movements in someone else's eyes." }, { "start": 52.965, "duration": 3.671, "text": "We use that information to figure\nout all sorts of things—" }, { "start": 56.761, "duration": 4.338, "text": "like how that person is feeling\nand whether or not we can trust them." }, { "start": 61.766, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And while we’re doing that, they’re\nfiguring out the same things about us." }, { "start": 65.895, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Scientists have even shown that when\ntwo people stare at one another," }, { "start": 70.274, "duration": 3.712, "text": "their brains start to adopt\nthe same emotional state." }, { "start": 74.278, "duration": 4.129, "text": "So when we make eye contact,\nour minds link up." }, { "start": 80.243, "duration": 2.502, "text": "2. Show vulnerability." }, { "start": 82.912, "duration": 2.961, "text": "One of the best ways to put an audience\nat ease" }, { "start": 85.873, "duration": 2.836, "text": "is to reveal your own vulnerability." }, { "start": 88.918, "duration": 2.711, "text": "It’s like a tough cowboy walking\ninto a saloon" }, { "start": 91.629, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and opening his coat to show\nhe's not carrying any weapons." }, { "start": 95.341, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Everyone relaxes." }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Take this example from Ethan Lisi," }, { "start": 99.971, "duration": 3.795, "text": "who spoke at a TED-Ed Student Talks\nevent in 2020." }, { "start": 104.725, "duration": 5.047, "text": "“Another common stereotype\nthat is often associated with autism" }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 2.544, "text": "is that autistic people lack empathy." }, { "start": 113.359, "duration": 2.002, "text": "And again, this is not true." }, { "start": 116.028, "duration": 2.086, "text": "I actually have lots of empathy." }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 2.169, "text": "I’m just not really good at showing it." }, { "start": 121.909, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Whenever a friend is trying to tell me" }, { "start": 124.036, "duration": 2.586, "text": "some of the struggles\nthat they’re going through," }, { "start": 126.747, "duration": 3.045, "text": "I often don’t know how\nto express my reply." }, { "start": 130.126, "duration": 4.838, "text": "And that is why I don't show as much\nempathy as my non-autistic friends do." }, { "start": 138.176, "duration": 5.338, "text": "Emotional expression, however much\nor however little, is difficult for me." }, { "start": 144.557, "duration": 2.794, "text": "And that is because I am bursting inside" }, { "start": 147.351, "duration": 3.838, "text": "with every single emotion\none feels at all times." }, { "start": 152.106, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Though, of course,\nI cannot express it that way." }, { "start": 155.401, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Otherwise, let’s say happiness,\nfor example," }, { "start": 159.989, "duration": 4.379, "text": "would come out as a huge burst\nof gleeful wheezing, hand flapping," }, { "start": 164.368, "duration": 2.378, "text": "and loud vocal ‘woohoo!’" }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Whereas you may just smile.”" }, { "start": 172.543, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Ethan's willingness to open\nup about something vulnerable" }, { "start": 175.63, "duration": 2.294, "text": "helps the audience open up as well;" }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 4.421, "text": "allowing them to see him, and perhaps\nthe world, from a new perspective." }, { "start": 182.803, "duration": 1.419, "text": "We feel connected." }, { "start": 184.222, "duration": 2.544, "text": "We're ready and eager to learn more." }, { "start": 187.35, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Sharing something vulnerable\nis a powerful tool" }, { "start": 190.478, "duration": 2.753, "text": "a speaker can use to connect\nto an audience." }, { "start": 193.272, "duration": 3.504, "text": "But, as with anything powerful,\nit should be handled with care." }, { "start": 197.068, "duration": 3.628, "text": "It is possible to share too much\npersonal information in a talk," }, { "start": 200.78, "duration": 3.003, "text": "in a way that makes the audience\nfeel uncomfortable." }, { "start": 204.033, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Make sure any vulnerable moments\nyou include" }, { "start": 206.535, "duration": 3.629, "text": "are there to help support the message\nyou are trying to deliver." }, { "start": 210.331, "duration": 3.712, "text": "If they aren't doing that,\nit's probably best to leave them out." }, { "start": 214.335, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Vulnerability related\nto your message is powerful." }, { "start": 217.797, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Sharing something personal\njust for the sake of it is not." }, { "start": 221.926, "duration": 4.129, "text": "If you're not sure whether or not\na vulnerable moment is appropriate," }, { "start": 226.264, "duration": 2.877, "text": "try your talk out on an honest friend." }, { "start": 229.85, "duration": 3.17, "text": "3. Make them laugh, but not squirm." }, { "start": 233.187, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Concentrating on a talk\ncan be hard work for an audience." }, { "start": 236.649, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Humor is a wonderful way\nto keep everyone with you." }, { "start": 240.486, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Remember Sophie Scott’s\ntalk from Lesson One?" }, { "start": 243.614, "duration": 3.754, "text": "If Sophie is right,\npart of the reason laughter exists" }, { "start": 247.451, "duration": 2.711, "text": "is that it helps humans form bonds." }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 3.712, "text": "When you laugh with someone,\nyou both feel you're on the same side." }, { "start": 254.166, "duration": 3.254, "text": "It's a fantastic tool\nfor building a connection." }, { "start": 257.545, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Some of the very best speakers\nin the world" }, { "start": 259.547, "duration": 3.295, "text": "spend a lot of time building\nthis connection in their talks." }, { "start": 263.05, "duration": 1.71, "text": "However, take caution." }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Spending a lot of time on funny stories," }, { "start": 267.179, "duration": 3.295, "text": "while still delivering a meaningful\nmessage, is difficult." }, { "start": 270.599, "duration": 2.086, "text": "It's not recommended for most talks." }, { "start": 272.852, "duration": 3.753, "text": "But, if you can find just one short story\nthat makes people smile," }, { "start": 276.731, "duration": 3.003, "text": "it may unlock the rest\nof what you have to say." }, { "start": 281.61, "duration": 2.586, "text": "4. Park your ego." }, { "start": 284.739, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Would you want to listen to someone who\nseems completely full of themselves?" }, { "start": 289.66, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Nothing hurts a talk more than the sense\nthat the speaker is showing off." }, { "start": 294.29, "duration": 3.879, "text": "If an audience gets that impression\nearly on in a talk, look out." }, { "start": 298.377, "duration": 2.294, "text": "They will likely stop listening." }, { "start": 300.921, "duration": 2.878, "text": "TED Speaker Salman Khan\nput it beautifully," }, { "start": 304.175, "duration": 1.293, "text": "“Be yourself." }, { "start": 305.468, "duration": 3.92, "text": "The worst talks are the ones where someone\nis trying to be someone they aren’t." }, { "start": 309.555, "duration": 2.669, "text": "If you are generally goofy, then be goofy." }, { "start": 312.391, "duration": 2.628, "text": "If you are emotional, then be emotional." }, { "start": 315.561, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The one exception to that is if\nyou are arrogant and self-centered," }, { "start": 319.774, "duration": 2.711, "text": "then you should definitely pretend\nto be someone else.”" }, { "start": 322.568, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Ego can show up in a lot of ways\nthe speaker may not even be aware of," }, { "start": 326.614, "duration": 4.171, "text": "such as: name dropping,\ntelling stories just to show off," }, { "start": 331.118, "duration": 3.712, "text": "boasting about your achievements,\nor making the talk all about you." }, { "start": 335.081, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Remember that the purpose\nof your talk is to gift an idea," }, { "start": 339.335, "duration": 2.085, "text": "not tell everyone how great you are." }, { "start": 341.962, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Still, these things can be hard\nto catch yourself on." }, { "start": 345.216, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Every leader needs someone\nshe can count on for honest feedback." }, { "start": 348.636, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Someone who's not afraid to tell her the\ntruth about how she's coming across," }, { "start": 352.723, "duration": 1.627, "text": "even if that's difficult to hear." }, { "start": 354.475, "duration": 3.462, "text": "A good way to know whether or not\nyour talk seems boastful" }, { "start": 357.937, "duration": 2.461, "text": "is to read it for that trusted person." }, { "start": 360.606, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Give them the chance to say," }, { "start": 362.233, "duration": 2.335, "text": "“That was great in parts, but honestly," }, { "start": 364.568, "duration": 2.336, "text": "you came across a little full\nof yourself.”" }, { "start": 368.948, "duration": 2.294, "text": "5. Tell a story." }, { "start": 371.7, "duration": 2.628, "text": "We’re born to love stories. " }, { "start": 374.495, "duration": 4.129, "text": "They create interest, empathy,\nemotion, and a sense of mystery." }, { "start": 378.707, "duration": 4.004, "text": "They can help an audience understand\nwhy a topic matters to you," }, { "start": 382.878, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and encourage them to care\nabout that topic, too." }, { "start": 386.507, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Powerful stories can be great\nat any stage of a talk." }, { "start": 389.802, "duration": 3.795, "text": "A great way to open, a great way\nto make your point in the middle," }, { "start": 393.597, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and sometimes (though less often)\na great way to end." }, { "start": 397.309, "duration": 2.628, "text": "The stories that work best\nto connect with the audience" }, { "start": 399.937, "duration": 4.213, "text": "are the stories about you personally,\nor about the people close to you." }, { "start": 404.358, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Tales of failure, awkwardness,\nbad luck, danger or disaster," }, { "start": 409.363, "duration": 3.504, "text": "when told honestly,\ncan really hook an audience." }, { "start": 412.95, "duration": 2.002, "text": "They start really listening." }, { "start": 415.119, "duration": 2.419, "text": "They start to share some of your emotions." }, { "start": 417.663, "duration": 1.585, "text": "They start to care about you." }, { "start": 419.331, "duration": 2.211, "text": "They start to like you." }, { "start": 421.834, "duration": 1.251, "text": "But be careful." }, { "start": 423.169, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The stories you tell must be\nauthentic to you." }, { "start": 426.046, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Again, stories that seem boastful\nwill push an audience away." }, { "start": 430.509, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Ask yourself: is it the real\nme telling this story?" }, { "start": 434.346, "duration": 3.337, "text": "A good test is to imagine whether or not\nyou would tell the story" }, { "start": 437.683, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to a group of friends." }, { "start": 439.435, "duration": 1.793, "text": "If so, how would you tell it?" }, { "start": 441.395, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Friends are good at knowing when you’re\ntrying to be someone other than you." }, { "start": 445.232, "duration": 2.67, "text": "And so are audiences." }, { "start": 448.027, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Be yourself and you won't go wrong." }, { "start": 451.155, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The suggestions and tools in this lesson\nshould all be used" }, { "start": 454.909, "duration": 4.004, "text": "as part of a real desire\nto connect to your audience." }, { "start": 459.038, "duration": 2.752, "text": "It's that connection that's important." }, { "start": 462.458, "duration": 3.628, "text": "You’re a human, and your\nlisteners are humans." }, { "start": 466.545, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Think of them as friends\nand reach out with your gift." } ] }, { "video_id": "WRfZf43dnj8", "title": "Why did people wear powdered wigs? - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Trace the rise and fall of the powdered wig fashion craze, from King Louis XIII to the French Revolution in the 18th century.\n\n--\n\nWigs date at least as far back as ancient Egypt, where well-regarded hairdressers crafted them into intricate styles. And under certain ancient Roman dynasties, women’s wigs became particularly ornate. Yet it wasn’t until Louis XIII unveiled a magnificent mane in the 17th century that big wigs truly began booming. Stephanie Honchell Smith details the rise and fall of the bewigged fashion craze.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Patrick Smith.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-people-wear-powdered-wigs-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-people-wear-powdered-wigs-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://www.blendfilms.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti and Hoai Nam Tran.", "publishedAt": "2024-08-01T14:01:33Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.794, "duration": 5.798, "text": "In 2023, a US grocer recalled over 10,000\ncases of broccoli cheddar soup" }, { "start": 12.592, "duration": 3.712, "text": "over concerns they contained too much\nof an unintended ingredient." }, { "start": 16.387, "duration": 2.336, "text": "That ingredient? Bugs." }, { "start": 19.307, "duration": 3.044, "text": "We know insects regularly come\ninto contact with our food—" }, { "start": 22.351, "duration": 4.964, "text": "but how many are you actually eating?\nAnd is it okay?" }, { "start": 27.982, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Let’s start with an extreme example:" }, { "start": 30.485, "duration": 4.671, "text": "figs and their conspicuously\nclose bond with certain bugs." }, { "start": 35.323, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Around 80 million years ago,\nwasps started pollinating figs." }, { "start": 39.243, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And today, each of the approximately\n750 fig tree species" }, { "start": 43.664, "duration": 3.587, "text": "depends on at least one unique species\nof tiny wasps." }, { "start": 47.543, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Pollinator-plant relationships\ncan get hyper-specific." }, { "start": 51.214, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And figs guard their flowers\nespecially tight for fig wasps." }, { "start": 55.51, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Technically, a fig isn't a fruit," }, { "start": 57.512, "duration": 2.752, "text": "but a fleshy bundle derived\nfrom stem tissues" }, { "start": 60.264, "duration": 4.38, "text": "that holds hundreds of internal flowers—\nlike a hidden garden." }, { "start": 65.186, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Humans typically harvest one species:\nthe common fig." }, { "start": 69.19, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Its breeding system, called gynodioecy," }, { "start": 71.609, "duration": 3.295, "text": "is seen in less than 1%\nof flowering plants." }, { "start": 75.113, "duration": 4.587, "text": "It works with some common fig trees\nhaving seed-producing female parts," }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 2.002, "text": "while others, called caprifigs," }, { "start": 81.702, "duration": 4.922, "text": "have both female seed-producing\nand male pollen-producing parts." }, { "start": 86.916, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Wasps get involved when a female fig wasp\nfull of eggs" }, { "start": 90.211, "duration": 2.544, "text": "follows odor cues to a common fig tree" }, { "start": 92.755, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and thrusts herself into the minuscule\nhole at a developing fig’s base." }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 3.587, "text": "From there, depending on whether\nit's a caprifig or a female fig," }, { "start": 101.305, "duration": 2.044, "text": "things go one of two ways," }, { "start": 103.349, "duration": 4.338, "text": "the outcome being either\nmore wasps or more figs." }, { "start": 108.187, "duration": 4.296, "text": "If it’s a caprifig, the wasp deposits\nher eggs into the flowers’ ovaries," }, { "start": 112.567, "duration": 1.126, "text": "then dies." }, { "start": 113.901, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Instead of developing seeds,\nthose flower ovaries turn into galls" }, { "start": 118.322, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that nurture the wasp’s\ndeveloping offspring." }, { "start": 121.617, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Wingless and blind, the males hatch first,\nopen the remaining galls," }, { "start": 125.705, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and fertilize the developing females—" }, { "start": 128.291, "duration": 5.422, "text": "yes, oftentimes their sisters,\nunless another wasp laid eggs here." }, { "start": 134.38, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Next, the males dig exit pathways\nthey never use themselves" }, { "start": 138.634, "duration": 2.503, "text": "because they die before leaving the fig." }, { "start": 141.47, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Finally, the already-fertilized\nfemales hatch," }, { "start": 144.599, "duration": 3.837, "text": "exit through the male-made holes,\ngetting coated with pollen on the way," }, { "start": 148.477, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and fly off to other figs." }, { "start": 151.105, "duration": 2.878, "text": "If a wasp winds up\nin a female fig, however," }, { "start": 153.983, "duration": 3.754, "text": "she can’t lay her eggs because\nthe flowers are structured differently." }, { "start": 157.904, "duration": 2.085, "text": "So, she dies without offspring—" }, { "start": 160.114, "duration": 4.671, "text": "but she did pollinate the fig’s flowers,\nso the tree can reproduce." }, { "start": 164.994, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Female wasps don’t know which kind\nof fig they’re entering—" }, { "start": 168.206, "duration": 4.504, "text": "and whether it’ll give her offspring\nor use her to make its own—" }, { "start": 172.835, "duration": 3.545, "text": "because fig trees smell the same,\nregardless of sex." }, { "start": 176.672, "duration": 4.129, "text": "This ensures that a good portion\nof common figs can also reproduce" }, { "start": 180.801, "duration": 2.253, "text": "and not just further wasp-kind." }, { "start": 183.596, "duration": 4.046, "text": "That was how things went—\nuntil humans intervened." }, { "start": 187.85, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Archaeological records suggest that people\nin the Jordan Valley" }, { "start": 191.103, "duration": 3.546, "text": "grew figs some 11,400 years ago," }, { "start": 194.649, "duration": 3.169, "text": "possibly making them\nthe first domesticated crop." }, { "start": 198.069, "duration": 3.42, "text": "When a genetic mutation emerged\nthat allowed the tree’s fruit to ripen" }, { "start": 201.489, "duration": 4.296, "text": "without being pollinated,\npeople began propagating it with cuttings." }, { "start": 205.91, "duration": 3.587, "text": "And suddenly the common\nfig wasn’t beholden to wasps;" }, { "start": 209.664, "duration": 2.294, "text": "it had a new partner to multiply with." }, { "start": 212.416, "duration": 1.961, "text": "The crop spread far and wide," }, { "start": 214.377, "duration": 4.88, "text": "and today we harvest more than 1.3 million\ntons of figs annually." }, { "start": 219.966, "duration": 1.96, "text": "So how many wasps are we eating?" }, { "start": 222.134, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Well, store-bought fresh figs" }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 4.588, "text": "are typically of the common fig varieties\nthat ripen without pollinators," }, { "start": 228.557, "duration": 1.377, "text": "so they’re wasp-free." }, { "start": 230.268, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Many that are sold dried, however,\nstill require pollination." }, { "start": 234.605, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But, of these, we usually don’t eat\ncaprifig fruits," }, { "start": 238.651, "duration": 2.669, "text": "where the mother wasp\nand her male offspring die." }, { "start": 241.445, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Instead, we eat dried figs\nfrom female trees," }, { "start": 244.532, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which may contain a female wasp\nthat attempted—and failed—" }, { "start": 248.369, "duration": 1.293, "text": "to lay her eggs in it." }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 3.003, "text": "However, it’s also possible\nthat the moisture and enzymes" }, { "start": 253.207, "duration": 2.961, "text": "figs naturally release\nbreak her body down." }, { "start": 256.46, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Big picture, though, bugs are often\nharvested with our produce" }, { "start": 260.047, "duration": 2.753, "text": "or attracted to food\nprocessing facilities." }, { "start": 262.842, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Eating them is kind of inevitable." }, { "start": 265.344, "duration": 3.504, "text": "The US Food and Drug Administration\nactually permits certain amounts" }, { "start": 268.848, "duration": 2.627, "text": "of bug bits in different food products." }, { "start": 271.475, "duration": 5.047, "text": "For example, no more than 30 insect\nfragments per 100 grams of peanut butter," }, { "start": 276.772, "duration": 4.171, "text": "or over 2,500 aphids in 10 grams of hops." }, { "start": 281.152, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Some estimates hold that Americans eat\naround a kilogram of insects annually—" }, { "start": 285.948, "duration": 3.879, "text": "without incident,\nand maybe even a little added nutrition." }, { "start": 290.077, "duration": 4.421, "text": "After all, insects feature in over\n2 billion people's traditional diets" }, { "start": 294.498, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and are relatively sustainable." }, { "start": 296.292, "duration": 2.127, "text": "So, maybe chew on that." } ] }, { "video_id": "00Ar2_irvJk", "title": "Why is Alzheimer’s disease so difficult to treat? - Krishna Sudhir", "description": "Dig into how Alzheimer’s disease affects your brain and cognitive abilities, and what makes the disorder so hard to treat.\n\n--\n\nAround the world, millions of people have Alzheimer’s disease, a debilitating brain disorder that gradually destroys a person’s memory and other cognitive abilities. While doctors have studied Alzheimer’s for decades, conducting hundreds of clinical trials, there is still no effective preventive treatment or cure. So, why is Alzheimer’s disease so difficult to treat? Krishna Sudhir investigates.\n\nLesson by Krishna Sudhir, directed by Rowena Sheehan.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-prevent-alzheimer-s-disease-krishna-sudhir\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-prevent-alzheimer-s-disease-krishna-sudhir/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.rowenasheehan.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley and Elija Peterson.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-30T15:02:13Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.295, "duration": 1.918, "text": "In the mid-1800s," }, { "start": 9.213, "duration": 4.88, "text": "soon after American whaling ships\nbegan operating in the North Pacific," }, { "start": 14.093, "duration": 2.086, "text": "an interesting trend emerged." }, { "start": 16.304, "duration": 6.548, "text": "Whalers saw a 58% drop in their successful\nstrikes within just a few years." }, { "start": 22.977, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Sperm whales in the region had\nsuddenly become much harder to kill." }, { "start": 27.94, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Generally, when predators\nlike orcas are nearby," }, { "start": 31.11, "duration": 2.419, "text": "sperm whales protect their most vulnerable" }, { "start": 33.529, "duration": 3.087, "text": "by forming defensive circles\nat the surface." }, { "start": 37.116, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But this behavior made them\nsusceptible to whaling ships." }, { "start": 40.87, "duration": 2.878, "text": "It seems that sperm whales\nin the North Pacific" }, { "start": 43.748, "duration": 3.754, "text": "were somehow able to quickly\nadapt to this reality." }, { "start": 47.752, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Groups that likely hadn’t yet experienced\nhuman attacks" }, { "start": 51.464, "duration": 3.503, "text": "began escaping whaling boats\non fast currents" }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 2.211, "text": "instead of forming defensive circles." }, { "start": 57.261, "duration": 3.587, "text": "And, based on what we’re starting\nto understand about sperm whales," }, { "start": 60.848, "duration": 4.672, "text": "it seems possible they were actually\nbroadcasting survival strategies" }, { "start": 65.52, "duration": 1.126, "text": "to one another." }, { "start": 67.855, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Indeed, unbeknownst to whalers," }, { "start": 70.358, "duration": 2.794, "text": "spermaceti, the material they killed for," }, { "start": 73.152, "duration": 4.296, "text": "is an essential part of the sperm whale’s\nsophisticated communication" }, { "start": 77.448, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and echolocation system." }, { "start": 79.367, "duration": 3.92, "text": "This waxy substance fills a cavity\nin the sperm whale’s head." }, { "start": 83.371, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And their head is mostly comprised\nof an expanded nose" }, { "start": 87.25, "duration": 3.795, "text": "that serves as a highly calibrated\nsonar system." }, { "start": 91.295, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Sperm whales generate some of the loudest\nbiological noises on record," }, { "start": 96.134, "duration": 4.671, "text": "communicate copiously using\nan array of complex vocalization styles," }, { "start": 100.805, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and have the largest brains on Earth." }, { "start": 104.1, "duration": 4.171, "text": "They spend most of their time searching\nthe ocean's depths for prey." }, { "start": 108.354, "duration": 5.964, "text": "They can stay submerged for over an hour,\nand dive deeper than 1,200 meters," }, { "start": 114.318, "duration": 4.046, "text": "far beyond sunlight’s reach,\nwhere they’re guided by sound." }, { "start": 119.574, "duration": 5.088, "text": "The loudest noise recorded underwater\nis around 270 decibels." }, { "start": 124.954, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Sperm whale-generated sounds\ncan reach 230." }, { "start": 129.083, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And they frequently fix\ntheir high-intensity echolocation clicks" }, { "start": 133.796, "duration": 1.168, "text": "on squid." }, { "start": 136.007, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Some of the air they inhale through their\nblowhole is routed into their lungs," }, { "start": 140.344, "duration": 4.171, "text": "while the rest enters a complex,\nsound-producing system." }, { "start": 144.765, "duration": 5.089, "text": "There, air is funneled through lip-like\nappendages at the front of their heads." }, { "start": 149.937, "duration": 4.838, "text": "This generates a sound that travels\nbackwards through their spermaceti organ," }, { "start": 154.859, "duration": 4.671, "text": "bounces off an air sac,\nthen traverses another waxy organ," }, { "start": 159.53, "duration": 2.586, "text": "which amplifies and directs the sound." }, { "start": 162.2, "duration": 5.13, "text": "The click exits the sperm whale’s head\na powerful, focused beam." }, { "start": 167.58, "duration": 2.961, "text": "It’s suspected that\nthe returning vibrations" }, { "start": 170.541, "duration": 4.63, "text": "are received by the whale’s lower jaw\nand directed into the ears." }, { "start": 175.254, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Then, their brain’s expanded\nauditory processing region" }, { "start": 178.966, "duration": 4.797, "text": "analyzes the quality of the echoes\nto map their surroundings in the darkness." }, { "start": 184.013, "duration": 5.339, "text": "With this mechanism, sperm whales\ncan locate squid 300 meters away." }, { "start": 189.518, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Scientists think squid don’t hear\nthese high-frequency clicks—" }, { "start": 193.898, "duration": 5.005, "text": "even as they turn into rapid buzzes\nand creaks as the whale closes in." }, { "start": 199.153, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Sperm whales can eat more than a ton\nof squid every day." }, { "start": 203.199, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Their stomachs and feces are usually\nfull of indigestible squid beaks," }, { "start": 208.246, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and their skin often scarred\nby squid tentacles." }, { "start": 211.958, "duration": 1.793, "text": "When they're not hunting, however," }, { "start": 213.751, "duration": 3.295, "text": "sperm whales use an entirely\ndifferent vocal repertoire." }, { "start": 217.129, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Mature males make clang noises," }, { "start": 219.924, "duration": 2.961, "text": "which scientists suspect play a role\nin mating." }, { "start": 222.969, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And most other sperm whales live\nin social family groups." }, { "start": 226.973, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Though their communication might get\ninterrupted when predators are near" }, { "start": 230.601, "duration": 2.294, "text": "or human-generated noises dominate," }, { "start": 233.062, "duration": 3.503, "text": "they generally chatter at length\nat the water’s surface." }, { "start": 236.857, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Sperm whales do this using patterned click\nsequences akin to Morse code," }, { "start": 241.904, "duration": 1.543, "text": "called codas," }, { "start": 243.447, "duration": 3.295, "text": "which are thought to function\nas social identity markers." }, { "start": 247.493, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Researchers have identified dozens\nof distinct types of codas," }, { "start": 251.455, "duration": 4.964, "text": "according to patterns in the numbers\nof clicks used and their rhythm and tempo." }, { "start": 263.092, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Some codas are more ubiquitous," }, { "start": 265.094, "duration": 4.296, "text": "while others vary greatly according\nto family groups and individuals." }, { "start": 269.515, "duration": 1.96, "text": "All families in a given region" }, { "start": 271.475, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that consistently use some of the same\ncharacteristic coda patterns" }, { "start": 275.771, "duration": 3.879, "text": "share a dialect\nand belong to the same vocal clan." }, { "start": 279.817, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Each sperm whale calf goes\nthrough a multi-year period of babbling," }, { "start": 284.78, "duration": 2.378, "text": "where they experiment\nwith different sounds" }, { "start": 287.158, "duration": 3.503, "text": "before becoming fluent\nin their clan’s coda dialect." }, { "start": 291.162, "duration": 3.461, "text": "How and what exactly sperm whales\ncommunicate to each other" }, { "start": 294.623, "duration": 1.502, "text": "is currently unknown," }, { "start": 296.125, "duration": 3.67, "text": "but there are indications that the\ninformation can be sophisticated." }, { "start": 300.129, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Biologists, roboticists, linguists,\ncryptographers," }, { "start": 304.342, "duration": 2.168, "text": "and artificial intelligence experts" }, { "start": 306.51, "duration": 4.38, "text": "are collaborating to monitor and analyze\nsperm whale vocalizations." }, { "start": 311.599, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The aim is to finally decipher\nwhat they're saying." } ] }, { "video_id": "YYpy0cM-GSE", "title": "What the oil industry doesn’t want you to know - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Uncover the oil industry’s decades-long campaign to discredit climate change science regarding the danger of fossil fuels.\n\n--\n\nThroughout the 1980s, oil industry reps discussed the dangers of burning fossil fuels, acknowledging the risk their product posed to the future of humanity. However, instead of warning the public or pivoting towards renewable energy sources, they doubled down on oil — and launched a decades-long campaign to discredit climate change science. Stephanie Honchell Smith digs into Big Oil's tactics.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Sofia Pashaei.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nData and graph shown at 5:43 by Statista: https://www.statista.com/chart/11673/the-soaring-costs-of-climate-change\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-the-oil-industry-doesn-t-want-you-to-know-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-the-oil-industry-doesn-t-want-you-to-know-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale and Gatsby Dkdc.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-25T15:00:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.795, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In the 2022 World Cup,\nwhile Argentina took home the title," }, { "start": 12.467, "duration": 3.503, "text": "there was another clear winner:\nthe gambling industry." }, { "start": 16.596, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Spectators around the globe\nwagered an estimated $35 billion," }, { "start": 22.143, "duration": 4.129, "text": "making it one of the most bet-on\nevents in sports history." }, { "start": 26.689, "duration": 5.756, "text": "Over the past decade, sports gambling\nhas become more popular than ever." }, { "start": 32.695, "duration": 5.214, "text": "Mobile apps make it easier\nto place bets anywhere or anytime," }, { "start": 38.034, "duration": 3.378, "text": "especially for young people\nin their early 20s," }, { "start": 41.412, "duration": 3.712, "text": "who make up the fastest-growing\ngambling demographic." }, { "start": 45.541, "duration": 3.42, "text": "The industry's success,\nhowever, is no coincidence." }, { "start": 49.045, "duration": 5.714, "text": "In fact, sports betting apps work just\nlike the games you'd find in a casino." }, { "start": 54.926, "duration": 3.128, "text": "They’re strategically designed in ways\nthat are known" }, { "start": 58.054, "duration": 2.169, "text": "to keep you playing and paying—" }, { "start": 60.306, "duration": 3.837, "text": "ensuring that, in the end,\nthe house always wins." }, { "start": 64.477, "duration": 3.837, "text": "So, what exactly are the tricks\nthese apps use?" }, { "start": 68.648, "duration": 7.007, "text": "It’s estimated that Americans lost\n$60 billion gambling online and in casinos" }, { "start": 75.696, "duration": 2.169, "text": "in 2022 alone." }, { "start": 77.949, "duration": 2.794, "text": "While losing might seem like a deterrent," }, { "start": 80.993, "duration": 5.881, "text": "infrequent wins are actually a key reason\ngambling can feel so enticing." }, { "start": 86.999, "duration": 3.087, "text": "One of the best ways to motivate\nany behavior—" }, { "start": 90.086, "duration": 4.755, "text": "whether posting on social media,\nswiping on a dating app, or placing a bet—" }, { "start": 94.966, "duration": 5.463, "text": "is to grant a reward at random\nand unpredictable intervals." }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 5.506, "text": "The reason for this likely lies\nin uncertainty’s effect on the brain." }, { "start": 106.602, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Dopamine is a neurotransmitter\nthat mediates feelings of pleasure" }, { "start": 110.982, "duration": 5.172, "text": "and is released when we do things we enjoy\nand when we receive rewards." }, { "start": 116.654, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Its release is what motivates us\nto seek out the sensation again." }, { "start": 121.284, "duration": 4.212, "text": "In certain brain areas,\nthis dopamine release is highest," }, { "start": 125.496, "duration": 2.294, "text": "not when the rewards are the biggest," }, { "start": 127.79, "duration": 4.505, "text": "but rather when you're unsure\nwhether you'll even receive them." }, { "start": 132.628, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This draw to unpredictability\ncan be a good thing." }, { "start": 136.299, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Evolutionarily, it may have been\nbeneficial for our ancestors" }, { "start": 140.261, "duration": 3.253, "text": "to seek out situations\nwith uncertain rewards," }, { "start": 143.639, "duration": 2.753, "text": "like investigating new locations for food." }, { "start": 146.517, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But when it comes to something like\na casino game or a sports betting app," }, { "start": 151.772, "duration": 4.38, "text": "this behavior can create\na vicious and expensive cycle." }, { "start": 156.861, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Another feature these games\nmanipulate is timing." }, { "start": 160.406, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Slot machines, for example,\nare notoriously mesmerizing," }, { "start": 164.744, "duration": 4.963, "text": "thanks in part to how quickly you move\nfrom placing a bet to seeing the result" }, { "start": 169.707, "duration": 1.627, "text": "to placing your next one." }, { "start": 171.542, "duration": 2.836, "text": "This frequency, paired with uncertainty," }, { "start": 174.378, "duration": 4.588, "text": "is thought to induce what\nresearchers call dark flow." }, { "start": 179.383, "duration": 4.505, "text": "You may feel as if you are in the zone,\ncompletely absorbed in the game." }, { "start": 184.055, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Yet a key characteristic of any flow state\nis that it often feels more difficult" }, { "start": 189.602, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to stop than to keep going." }, { "start": 192.438, "duration": 5.589, "text": "To capitalize on this, sports betting apps\nhave introduced in-play bets," }, { "start": 198.027, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which are wagers that users can place\nduring the game" }, { "start": 201.239, "duration": 2.377, "text": "on moment-to-moment events." }, { "start": 204.283, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Finally, near-misses can feel\nparticularly thrilling." }, { "start": 208.746, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This is when, for example,\na slot machine reveals" }, { "start": 212.083, "duration": 3.044, "text": "a cherry... a cherry... and then a seven." }, { "start": 215.711, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Brain imaging studies show that the\nanticipation built up in that last reveal" }, { "start": 221.676, "duration": 3.92, "text": "activates the same brain regions\nas winning does." }, { "start": 225.93, "duration": 4.296, "text": "So even though near-misses\nare ultimately losses," }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 4.129, "text": "they actually increase our desire\nto continue playing." }, { "start": 234.605, "duration": 3.379, "text": "That’s why some slot machines\nare actually designed" }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 3.086, "text": "to hit near-misses more\noften than they should." }, { "start": 241.487, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Sports can naturally lead\nto near-miss situations," }, { "start": 245.408, "duration": 4.296, "text": "yet gambling apps have found ways\nto exploit them further." }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Parlays, for example," }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 5.297, "text": "are when bets on multiple events\nor outcomes are tied into the same wager." }, { "start": 257.295, "duration": 4.713, "text": "If any single bet loses,\nthen the entire wager is lost," }, { "start": 262.216, "duration": 3.17, "text": "easily creating a near-miss situation." }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 3.42, "text": "While these tactics work\non brains of all ages," }, { "start": 269.598, "duration": 3.045, "text": "young people may be especially at risk." }, { "start": 273.269, "duration": 1.334, "text": "During adolescence, " }, { "start": 274.603, "duration": 4.922, "text": "dopamine-related reward regions\nof the brain mature rapidly," }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 4.213, "text": "making teens more vulnerable\nto developing gambling problems." }, { "start": 284.155, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And while 18 is the legal age limit\nfor gambling in most countries," }, { "start": 289.035, "duration": 5.13, "text": "these same psychological tactics\nare now increasingly found in games" }, { "start": 294.165, "duration": 2.878, "text": "marketed directly to teens and children." }, { "start": 297.376, "duration": 3.462, "text": "For example, many games\ncontain loot boxes," }, { "start": 300.838, "duration": 4.713, "text": "where players can spend real money\nto gain unpredictable prizes." }, { "start": 305.926, "duration": 5.047, "text": "The global gambling industry racks\nin hundreds of billions of dollars" }, { "start": 310.973, "duration": 1.001, "text": "every year." }, { "start": 311.974, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Yet it’s estimated that anywhere\nfrom 15 to 50% of that revenue" }, { "start": 317.271, "duration": 3.128, "text": "comes from people with gambling problems." }, { "start": 320.941, "duration": 3.796, "text": "We can’t change that our brains\nare drawn to gambling tactics." }, { "start": 325.029, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The industry clearly\nknows this and is cashing in." } ] }, { "video_id": "li1kO3hg4iE", "title": "Why does hitting your funny bone feel so horrible? - Cella Wright", "description": "Explore the complex anatomy of the elbow, and find out why hitting your funny bone causes such an odd and painful sensation.\n\n--\n\nIt's something we've all experienced: the back of your elbow smacks against a hard surface and the impact sends a sensation so distinctly disquieting shooting down your arm that it takes several moments to regain composure. So, why does hitting this spot on your elbow— commonly known as the funny bone— feel so weird? Cella Wright explains one of the most complicated joints in the body.\n\nLesson by Cella Wright, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-does-hitting-your-funny-bone-feel-so-horrible-cella-wright\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-does-hitting-your-funny-bone-feel-so-horrible-cella-wright/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath and Dan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-23T15:00:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.004, "text": "All these ancient skulls have\nperfectly straight teeth," }, { "start": 10.965, "duration": 2.961, "text": "despite almost certainly\nnever sporting braces." }, { "start": 14.01, "duration": 2.252, "text": "And this isn't some strange sample." }, { "start": 16.262, "duration": 1.752, "text": "According to the fossil record," }, { "start": 18.014, "duration": 3.045, "text": "ancient humans usually had straight teeth," }, { "start": 21.059, "duration": 2.961, "text": "complete with third molars—\nor wisdom teeth." }, { "start": 24.353, "duration": 4.213, "text": "In fact, the dental dilemmas\nthat fuel the demand for braces" }, { "start": 28.566, "duration": 5.172, "text": "and wisdom teeth extractions today\nappear to be recent developments." }, { "start": 34.03, "duration": 1.543, "text": "So what happened?" }, { "start": 35.656, "duration": 2.795, "text": "While it’s nearly impossible\nto know for sure," }, { "start": 38.451, "duration": 2.169, "text": "scientists have a hypothesis." }, { "start": 41.204, "duration": 1.793, "text": "A couple million years ago," }, { "start": 42.997, "duration": 4.63, "text": "the ancestors of modern humans lived\na subsistence lifestyle." }, { "start": 47.71, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Their teeth and jaws had to work hard\nto make the food they ate digestible." }, { "start": 52.715, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Indeed, the surfaces of many of their \nteeth show extensive wear and flattening." }, { "start": 58.221, "duration": 3.42, "text": "They also had larger jaws\nand teeth overall." }, { "start": 61.641, "duration": 5.63, "text": "At some point, they began using tools\nand fire to cook and prepare food," }, { "start": 67.271, "duration": 1.502, "text": "which helped break it down." }, { "start": 69.44, "duration": 4.129, "text": "A lot more time passed and,\naround 12,000 years ago," }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 4.922, "text": "some humans started farming\nand domesticating animals and plants." }, { "start": 78.783, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Over the course of several thousand years," }, { "start": 81.494, "duration": 4.087, "text": "it became more common for people\nto process and refine their food." }, { "start": 85.873, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Milling technologies helped remove\nthe tougher parts of grains," }, { "start": 89.919, "duration": 3.42, "text": "like the germ and bran\nfrom rice and wheat." }, { "start": 93.714, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Fast forward to the industrial Revolution," }, { "start": 96.05, "duration": 5.089, "text": "and technological innovations dramatically\naccelerated these processes." }, { "start": 101.305, "duration": 1.836, "text": "In a relatively short time," }, { "start": 103.141, "duration": 3.128, "text": "many human mouths were relieved\nof a great deal" }, { "start": 106.269, "duration": 3.42, "text": "of their grinding, crushing, \nand pulverizing duties." }, { "start": 109.897, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And interestingly, it was around this time" }, { "start": 112.65, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that tooth crookedness\nappears to have become more common." }, { "start": 117.446, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Examining fossils\nspanning millions of years of evolution," }, { "start": 121.367, "duration": 4.963, "text": "researchers have observed\na gradual decrease in tooth and jaw size" }, { "start": 126.33, "duration": 2.461, "text": "in humans and our ancestors." }, { "start": 129.083, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Many think that, \nfor most of human history," }, { "start": 131.919, "duration": 4.797, "text": "dietary shifts— like the introduction\nof meat and the advent of cooking—" }, { "start": 136.716, "duration": 1.209, "text": "were gradual," }, { "start": 137.925, "duration": 5.047, "text": "and that changes in tooth and jaw size\nbasically kept pace with one another." }, { "start": 142.972, "duration": 5.464, "text": "But with the more recent revolutions\nin agricultural and culinary habits," }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 1.918, "text": "that relationship changed." }, { "start": 150.479, "duration": 3.587, "text": "As the theory goes, \nover a relatively short period," }, { "start": 154.066, "duration": 4.588, "text": "some human populations saw\na decrease in jawbone size," }, { "start": 158.696, "duration": 3.253, "text": "while teeth stayed roughly the same size," }, { "start": 161.949, "duration": 2.795, "text": "meaning they're left vying\nfor limited space." }, { "start": 164.869, "duration": 2.961, "text": "When they do grow in,\nthey may displace others" }, { "start": 167.83, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and get jostled into some\neccentric positions." }, { "start": 171.167, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And then wisdom teeth, which are usually\nthe last to make their debut," }, { "start": 175.129, "duration": 2.544, "text": "seem to only complicate things further." }, { "start": 178.049, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In many cases, they have little\nor no space to emerge." }, { "start": 182.011, "duration": 2.961, "text": "This can lead to impacted wisdom teeth," }, { "start": 185.223, "duration": 4.462, "text": "which may cause discomfort and infections\nif not surgically removed." }, { "start": 190.102, "duration": 5.214, "text": "So larger jaws appear to be associated\nwith greater chewing demands." }, { "start": 195.316, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And many scientists think that as people's\ndiets have become less chewy," }, { "start": 200.196, "duration": 5.63, "text": "their jaws have gotten smaller—\nand that this has led to dental crowding," }, { "start": 205.826, "duration": 3.963, "text": "resulting in dental crookedness\nand impacted wisdom teeth." }, { "start": 210.081, "duration": 4.504, "text": "This hypothesis has been supported\nby some preliminary experimental data." }, { "start": 214.71, "duration": 5.005, "text": "In a 1983 study, researchers\nraised 43 squirrel monkeys" }, { "start": 219.715, "duration": 4.838, "text": "on diets of either naturally tough\nor artificially soft food." }, { "start": 225.179, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Those fed softer food had \nmore crowded premolars," }, { "start": 229.141, "duration": 4.797, "text": "rotated or displaced teeth, \nand narrower dental arches." }, { "start": 234.272, "duration": 6.673, "text": "And a 2004 study similarly observed\nthat hyraxes raised on cooked foods" }, { "start": 240.945, "duration": 6.214, "text": "experienced roughly 10% less growth\nin facial areas involved in chewing" }, { "start": 247.159, "duration": 3.17, "text": "compared to those given raw \nand dried foods." }, { "start": 250.871, "duration": 4.338, "text": "In other words, the issue at large\nseems to be environmental—" }, { "start": 255.209, "duration": 3.128, "text": "or one of lifestyle—\ninstead of a genetic one," }, { "start": 258.337, "duration": 4.421, "text": "though heritable factors may be at play\nin some instances." }, { "start": 263.009, "duration": 4.671, "text": "It’s estimated that somewhere \nbetween 30 to 60% of people today" }, { "start": 267.68, "duration": 2.961, "text": "experience some level of tooth crowding." }, { "start": 270.725, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But this trend varies \nacross global populations." }, { "start": 274.228, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Some people naturally \nnever have wisdom teeth." }, { "start": 277.189, "duration": 3.671, "text": "And some don’t experience \ntooth crowding or crookedness" }, { "start": 280.86, "duration": 2.752, "text": "and still get their wisdom teeth\nwithout a hitch." }, { "start": 283.612, "duration": 4.505, "text": "This seems to coincide with diets\nthat are less processed." }, { "start": 288.409, "duration": 3.17, "text": "So how can we prevent \ntooth crowding early," }, { "start": 291.579, "duration": 2.836, "text": "using lifestyle changes and orthodontics?" }, { "start": 294.415, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Well, it’s certainly\nsomething to chew over." } ] }, { "video_id": "EixIyh1gshM", "title": "Why are scientists shooting mushrooms into space? - Shannon Odell", "description": "Explore the unique characteristics that make fungi so resilient, and find out why they may be the key to future space travel.\n\n--\n\nAstronauts aboard the space station Mir made a frightening discovery: several species of Earth-derived fungi were found growing throughout the shuttle, blanketing air conditioners and corroding control panels, putting both the station’s integrity and their lives at risk. How had the fungi survived the journey to space? Shannon Odell shares why fungi may be the key to our future on other planets.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-scientists-shooting-mushrooms-into-space-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-scientists-shooting-mushrooms-into-space-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/user50965180\nMusic: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group, Linda Freedman and Edgardo Cuellar.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-18T15:00:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.753, "duration": 5.088, "text": "In 1968, the American Heart Association\nmade an announcement" }, { "start": 11.841, "duration": 3.545, "text": "that would influence people’s diets\nfor decades:" }, { "start": 15.511, "duration": 5.589, "text": "they recommended that people avoid eating\nmore than three eggs a week." }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Their reasoning was that the cholesterol\npacked into egg yolks" }, { "start": 25.396, "duration": 3.42, "text": "could increase cardiovascular\ndisease risk." }, { "start": 29.233, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But it turns out that the reality\nis more complicated." }, { "start": 32.737, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Let's delve into digestion\nto understand why." }, { "start": 36.949, "duration": 5.673, "text": "As your body processes a meal,\nit emulsifies fats into lipid droplets" }, { "start": 42.622, "duration": 3.128, "text": "that can then get absorbed\nin your small intestine." }, { "start": 46.334, "duration": 3.92, "text": "These lipid droplets make\ntheir way to various tissues," }, { "start": 50.254, "duration": 1.377, "text": "including your liver. " }, { "start": 52.006, "duration": 4.338, "text": "There, specialized cells unpack\nand reassemble them" }, { "start": 56.344, "duration": 4.129, "text": "into lipid-protein packages,\ncalled lipoproteins," }, { "start": 60.473, "duration": 3.378, "text": "that are optimized to flow\nthrough your bloodstream." }, { "start": 64.435, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Lipoproteins are composed of different\nratios of protein and fat," }, { "start": 69.69, "duration": 2.044, "text": "so their density varies." }, { "start": 72.527, "duration": 4.754, "text": "VLDL, or very low-density lipoprotein," }, { "start": 77.365, "duration": 6.339, "text": "is mostly packed with fatty molecules,\nincluding triglycerides and cholesterol." }, { "start": 84.413, "duration": 4.13, "text": "VLDL delivers lipids\nto your muscle and fat cells" }, { "start": 88.543, "duration": 2.294, "text": "to be stored and used for energy." }, { "start": 91.295, "duration": 5.881, "text": "Afterwards, it’s converted into LDL,\nor low-density lipoprotein." }, { "start": 97.927, "duration": 4.63, "text": "LDL is informally known\nas “bad cholesterol”" }, { "start": 102.64, "duration": 3.712, "text": "because it’s associated\nwith cardiovascular diseases." }, { "start": 107.228, "duration": 6.006, "text": "This is because LDL is more prone\nto accumulating on blood vessel walls," }, { "start": 113.234, "duration": 1.919, "text": "which can cause inflammation." }, { "start": 115.862, "duration": 5.672, "text": "The inflammation attracts specialized\nwhite blood cells, called macrophages," }, { "start": 121.534, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to remove the LDL buildup." }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 4.463, "text": "But absorbing too many lipids\ncan compromise macrophages," }, { "start": 128.457, "duration": 4.714, "text": "causing more inflammation and\ntriggering more macrophage recruitment." }, { "start": 133.671, "duration": 5.339, "text": "As the cells clump together,\nthey form a fibrous, scab-like cap," }, { "start": 139.218, "duration": 2.503, "text": "effectively narrowing the artery." }, { "start": 142.138, "duration": 3.879, "text": "This can interfere with blood flow\nand weaken vessel walls," }, { "start": 146.1, "duration": 3.378, "text": "making clots and ruptures more likely." }, { "start": 150.271, "duration": 4.546, "text": "High-density lipoprotein. or HDL,\non the other hand," }, { "start": 154.984, "duration": 1.585, "text": "packs more protein." }, { "start": 156.694, "duration": 5.255, "text": "It picks up excess LDL in the blood\nand brings it back to the liver," }, { "start": 161.949, "duration": 1.794, "text": "where it can be excreted. " }, { "start": 164.368, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Because HDL is anti-inflammatory\nand keeps LDL in check," }, { "start": 170.208, "duration": 2.752, "text": "it’s commonly called “good cholesterol.”" }, { "start": 173.836, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Doctors order lipid panels to understand" }, { "start": 176.923, "duration": 3.712, "text": "the concentrations of different\nkinds of lipoproteins" }, { "start": 180.635, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and their building blocks in your blood." }, { "start": 183.971, "duration": 3.671, "text": "All lipoproteins are essential\nto your body’s functioning—" }, { "start": 187.808, "duration": 4.63, "text": "but it can become a problem if the\ndifferent kinds get out of balance." }, { "start": 193.105, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Some people are simply predisposed\nto having higher cholesterol." }, { "start": 197.61, "duration": 6.423, "text": "For example, certain gene variants cause\nLDL receptors to behave abnormally," }, { "start": 204.116, "duration": 2.628, "text": "leaving more LDL circulating." }, { "start": 207.828, "duration": 5.423, "text": "Otherwise, different lifestyle factors\ncan influence blood lipid levels." }, { "start": 213.376, "duration": 1.668, "text": "And food is one of them." }, { "start": 215.253, "duration": 2.377, "text": "So, what’s the deal with eggs?" }, { "start": 217.964, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Their yolks are indeed\nhigh in cholesterol," }, { "start": 220.925, "duration": 4.504, "text": "which prompted the American Heart\nAssociation’s three egg weekly limit" }, { "start": 225.429, "duration": 1.627, "text": "in 1968." }, { "start": 227.682, "duration": 3.628, "text": " But while some of the cholesterol\nin your blood comes directly" }, { "start": 231.31, "duration": 1.961, "text": "from cholesterol found in food," }, { "start": 233.437, "duration": 6.048, "text": "your body actually makes a vast majority\nof it from the different fats you consume." }, { "start": 239.777, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Saturated and trans fats, found in\nanimal, palm, and coconut products" }, { "start": 245.116, "duration": 5.38, "text": "can drive your liver to create\nmore VLDL and LDL packages." }, { "start": 250.83, "duration": 5.797, "text": "Unsaturated fats, meanwhile, are abundant\nin foods like fish, nuts, and seeds," }, { "start": 256.752, "duration": 5.381, "text": "and have anti-inflammatory properties\nthat help counteract LDL buildup." }, { "start": 262.758, "duration": 3.337, "text": "A food’s fat composition\nhas a greater effect" }, { "start": 266.095, "duration": 3.921, "text": "on blood lipid concentrations\nthan its cholesterol levels." }, { "start": 270.266, "duration": 6.381, "text": "So the high cholesterol found in egg yolks\nisn’t actually of too much concern." }, { "start": 277.023, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Egg yolks contain some saturated fat,\nbut not too much—" }, { "start": 280.985, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and they also contain unsaturated fats." }, { "start": 284.613, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Generally, an egg a day\nis considered nutritious." }, { "start": 288.409, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But it's not just what fats you eat,\nbut what you eat them with." }, { "start": 293.039, "duration": 5.839, "text": "Fibrous fruits, vegetables,\nand whole grains help lower LDL levels" }, { "start": 298.878, "duration": 4.087, "text": "by affecting how fats are absorbed\nin the digestive tract." }, { "start": 303.632, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Overall, getting plenty\nof unsaturated fats and fiber" }, { "start": 308.22, "duration": 3.087, "text": "seems to help keep LDL in check." }, { "start": 311.766, "duration": 3.795, "text": "And other activities can also\nimpact lipid levels." }, { "start": 315.561, "duration": 2.002, "text": "It's not yet totally clear why," }, { "start": 317.73, "duration": 3.587, "text": "but resistance training\nand aerobic exercise" }, { "start": 321.359, "duration": 3.795, "text": "can lower LDL and increase HDL." }, { "start": 325.946, "duration": 3.754, "text": "This might be because they use more\nblood lipids for energy" }, { "start": 329.784, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and boost the activity\nof HDL-producing enzymes." }, { "start": 334.455, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Meanwhile, smoking increases LDL buildup," }, { "start": 338.334, "duration": 4.379, "text": "perhaps by unleashing unstable\nfree radical molecules" }, { "start": 342.713, "duration": 3.087, "text": "that damage lipids and vessel walls." }, { "start": 346.217, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But when lifestyle changes don’t help\nto manage cholesterol levels," }, { "start": 350.221, "duration": 2.711, "text": "as can be the case when\ngenetics are at play," }, { "start": 352.932, "duration": 3.462, "text": "we luckily have some pretty\neffective therapies." }, { "start": 357.061, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Statins are drugs that block a liver\nenzyme required to produce LDL." }, { "start": 363.067, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Other cholesterol medications increase\nthe production of enzymes" }, { "start": 366.779, "duration": 4.921, "text": "that break down triglycerides\nand promote LDL receptor activity," }, { "start": 371.784, "duration": 2.21, "text": "helping clear it from the bloodstream." }, { "start": 374.745, "duration": 2.086, "text": "When it comes to cholesterol health," }, { "start": 376.831, "duration": 5.13, "text": "it’s important to keep the whole picture\nin mind— on and off the plate—" }, { "start": 382.128, "duration": 3.878, "text": "so things don't get all,\nyou know, scrambled." } ] }, { "video_id": "ulHWR0Dp6Rk", "title": "The weirdest (and coolest) tongues in the animal kingdom - Cella Wright", "description": "Explore the incredible variety of tongues in the animal kingdom, and find out how different species utilize the appendage to survive.\n\n--\n\nAn alligator snapping turtle lures its prey using a blood-engorged tongue that resembles a wriggling worm. And it’s far from the only animal doing tongue trickery. Tongues in the animal kingdom vary widely — from texture and length, to shape and dexterity. So, what's the point of having so many different kinds of tongues? Cella Wright explores how different species use the appendage to survive.\n\nLesson by Cella Wright, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-snakes-have-forked-tongues-cella-wright\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-snakes-have-forked-tongues-cella-wright/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch and Tejas Dc.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-16T15:00:31Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 4.713, "text": "During an important calendrical\ncelebration in 889 CE," }, { "start": 11.841, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Lord K’ak’ Upakal may have sat\natop his ornate palace" }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 4.505, "text": "and observed the bustling hub\nhe’d helped Chichen Itza become." }, { "start": 20.349, "duration": 4.922, "text": "The Maya city’s golden age would outlast\nK’ak’ Upakal’s own life," }, { "start": 25.271, "duration": 3.337, "text": "but he couldn’t have known\nthe crises that lay ahead." }, { "start": 29.358, "duration": 4.88, "text": "A century before, warfare and failing\nagriculture forced Maya people" }, { "start": 34.238, "duration": 3.087, "text": "to abandon numerous\nCentral American settlements." }, { "start": 37.325, "duration": 2.961, "text": "This shifted the center\nof their civilization north," }, { "start": 40.286, "duration": 2.211, "text": "to hotter, drier Yucatan." }, { "start": 42.663, "duration": 2.086, "text": "During the early 800s," }, { "start": 44.749, "duration": 5.047, "text": "cities like Chichen Itza, Izamal,\nand Uxmal expanded." }, { "start": 49.796, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But Yucatan presented its own challenges." }, { "start": 52.215, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Surface water was scarce" }, { "start": 53.758, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and the region’s limestone bedrock\nrapidly absorbed rain." }, { "start": 57.22, "duration": 4.421, "text": "This forced many Yucatecan cities\nto collect rainwater in cisterns." }, { "start": 61.641, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But the land surrounding Chichen Itza\nis pocked with sinkholes," }, { "start": 65.812, "duration": 4.879, "text": "where collapsed bedrock reveals an\nabundant supply of fresh groundwater." }, { "start": 70.817, "duration": 5.505, "text": "Because of this freshwater access, when\ndrought seized Yucatan in the early 900s," }, { "start": 76.322, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Chichen Itza survived to become\nthe most powerful Maya city." }, { "start": 81.035, "duration": 3.128, "text": "People immigrated from hundreds\nof kilometers away," }, { "start": 84.163, "duration": 5.464, "text": "and, at its height, Chichen Itza’s\npopulation possibly reached 50,000." }, { "start": 89.71, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The city came to reflect a diverse\ninternational culture" }, { "start": 93.464, "duration": 1.835, "text": "in all spheres of life." }, { "start": 95.424, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Its challenge then became sustaining\na large population" }, { "start": 99.345, "duration": 2.377, "text": "in an unpredictable environment." }, { "start": 102.014, "duration": 3.546, "text": "During the 10th century,\nfollowing K’ak’ Upakal’s death," }, { "start": 105.56, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Chichen Itza’s government shifted\nfrom a focus solely on the king" }, { "start": 109.772, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to a more flexible system" }, { "start": 111.357, "duration": 3.504, "text": "that also included ruling councils\nof the city’s elite." }, { "start": 114.861, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Unlike traditional Maya kings," }, { "start": 116.821, "duration": 4.713, "text": "who reinforced their legitimacy with\ndestructive wars and costly monuments," }, { "start": 121.534, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the new rulers focused largely\non economic growth." }, { "start": 124.829, "duration": 4.421, "text": "They channeled the city’s military might\ninto establishing long-distance trade" }, { "start": 129.25, "duration": 1.543, "text": "and political dominance." }, { "start": 130.793, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Merchant-warriors traveled from\ncoastal ports and captured valuable goods." }, { "start": 135.339, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Using obsidian, gold, copper,\nturquoise, and jade" }, { "start": 139.218, "duration": 3.045, "text": "from various parts\nof Central and North America," }, { "start": 142.263, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Chichen Itza’s inhabitants crafted\nsharp tools and precious ornaments." }, { "start": 147.226, "duration": 3.921, "text": "They traded food, textiles, feathers,\nminerals, and metals," }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 2.753, "text": "sometimes using cacao beans as currency." }, { "start": 153.9, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And they transported seafood\nfrom the coast" }, { "start": 156.319, "duration": 3.628, "text": "to supplement the city’s locally grown\nstaple crops." }, { "start": 159.989, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Farming was essential\nto Chichen Itza’s survival." }, { "start": 163.367, "duration": 3.921, "text": "The city’s architecture and religious\npractices reflected this importance" }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 3.879, "text": "by keeping track of time,\nthe transit of celestial bodies," }, { "start": 171.167, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and agricultural cycles." }, { "start": 173.419, "duration": 3.67, "text": "As the city grew, its citizens built\na vast platform" }, { "start": 177.089, "duration": 4.797, "text": "to support new temples, pyramids, altars,\nballcourts, and colonnades." }, { "start": 181.928, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Builders carefully aligned a round temple\nto mark solstices, equinoxes," }, { "start": 187.183, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and the passing of the planet Venus," }, { "start": 189.393, "duration": 3.838, "text": "an avatar of K’uk’ulkan,\nthe feathered serpent god." }, { "start": 193.648, "duration": 3.753, "text": "K’uk’ulkan became Chichen Itza’s\ncentral deity," }, { "start": 197.401, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and his worship transformed the city\ninto a center of religious pilgrimage." }, { "start": 202.156, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Architects designed a stepped pyramid\nand temple dedicated to K’uk’ulkan" }, { "start": 207.286, "duration": 2.086, "text": "that towers 30 meters high," }, { "start": 209.372, "duration": 5.088, "text": "and features four stairs\nwith a total of 365 steps," }, { "start": 214.46, "duration": 2.878, "text": "each representing a day in the solar year." }, { "start": 217.38, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It’s oriented so that,\naround each equinox," }, { "start": 220.383, "duration": 5.463, "text": "the setting sun creates snake-like shadows\nthat slither down the balustrades," }, { "start": 225.846, "duration": 1.961, "text": "evoking the serpent god." }, { "start": 227.932, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Several buildings feature representations\nof Flower Mountain," }, { "start": 232.019, "duration": 4.672, "text": "the sacred paradise realm inhabited\nby gods and ancestors." }, { "start": 236.774, "duration": 2.336, "text": "And rulers from far and wide" }, { "start": 239.11, "duration": 3.67, "text": "were inaugurated\nat Chichen Itza’s Great Ballcourt" }, { "start": 242.78, "duration": 2.461, "text": "under the auspices of K’uk’ulkan" }, { "start": 245.241, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and in the presence\nof thousands of spectators." }, { "start": 248.16, "duration": 4.171, "text": "However, Chichen Itza’s\ngolden age wouldn’t last forever." }, { "start": 252.581, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Around 1020 CE, an intense drought hit\nand lasted nearly a century." }, { "start": 258.504, "duration": 1.752, "text": "In an effort to end the disaster," }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 4.463, "text": "people made offerings to rain deities\nin nearby caves and sinkholes," }, { "start": 264.719, "duration": 4.796, "text": "which were seen as entrances to the\nwatery underworld realm of the gods." }, { "start": 269.682, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Despite Chichen Itza’s natural advantages\nand the ingenuity of its people," }, { "start": 274.312, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the city couldn't support itself\nthrough this extended drought." }, { "start": 277.773, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Population plummeted\nduring the 11th century," }, { "start": 280.443, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and many people resettled on the coast." }, { "start": 282.987, "duration": 1.293, "text": "At the end of the drought," }, { "start": 284.28, "duration": 2.627, "text": "the new city of Mayapan emerged" }, { "start": 286.907, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and replaced Chichen Itza\nas the principal city of Yucatan." }, { "start": 290.745, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Yet, Chichen Itza was never fully\nabandoned or forgotten." }, { "start": 294.79, "duration": 2.628, "text": "When the Spanish arrived centuries later," }, { "start": 297.418, "duration": 4.004, "text": "it was still a small, local capital\nof a Maya province." }, { "start": 301.464, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Chichen Itza’s original name\nwas preserved," }, { "start": 304.759, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and its ancient stone constructions\nwere still standing," }, { "start": 308.721, "duration": 2.169, "text": "as they do to this day." } ] }, { "video_id": "QJB0nmEjbDY", "title": "The fall of the House of Cadmus - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Get to know the Greek myth of Cadmus, who unknowingly killed Ares’ serpent and faced the wrath and retribution of the gods.\n\n--\n\nWhen Cadmus walked the Earth, just a few generations separated him from his divine ancestors. From atop Mount Olympus, they scrutinized and meddled with mortals like himself. Cadmus was a skilled warrior and heir to the Phoenician throne, but he wouldn’t stay in the gods’ favor for long— a critical mistake would seal his tragic fate. Iseult Gillespie details the Greek myth of the serpent’s curse.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Adriana Monteforte Lahera.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-the-serpent-s-curse-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-myth-of-the-serpent-s-curse-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://adrianamonteforte.myportfolio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-11T15:00:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 5.255, "text": "When an English aristocrat rode\nthrough London in a zebra-drawn carriage," }, { "start": 12.3, "duration": 2.836, "text": "he embodied a dream decades in the making," }, { "start": 15.136, "duration": 4.338, "text": "borne from European efforts to dominate\nthe African continent." }, { "start": 20.016, "duration": 4.254, "text": "But 19th century European colonists\nfaced big problems" }, { "start": 24.27, "duration": 4.797, "text": "as they tried to control the sprawling\nAfrican territories they’d claimed," }, { "start": 29.15, "duration": 2.586, "text": "one of which was biting flies." }, { "start": 32.195, "duration": 4.963, "text": "These pests could extract half a liter\nof horse blood daily" }, { "start": 37.158, "duration": 4.254, "text": "while transmitting fatal diseases\nthat devastated domestic horses," }, { "start": 41.537, "duration": 5.839, "text": "leaving colonial powers reliant\non thousands of humans to transport goods." }, { "start": 48.044, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Zebras, however, appeared immune\nto the same pitfalls as horses." }, { "start": 53.424, "duration": 5.589, "text": "The German Empire deemed them “predestined\nfor the use of military needs,”" }, { "start": 59.097, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and undertook the task\nof domesticating them." }, { "start": 62.433, "duration": 7.007, "text": "Around 1900, former German colonial army\nofficer Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorff" }, { "start": 69.565, "duration": 2.503, "text": "placed himself at the mission’s helm." }, { "start": 72.443, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But he severely underestimated\nthe project." }, { "start": 75.53, "duration": 1.126, "text": "And soon enough," }, { "start": 76.656, "duration": 4.588, "text": "the question of why domesticating zebras\nwas proving so difficult" }, { "start": 81.244, "duration": 2.711, "text": "joined another longstanding mystery:" }, { "start": 84.247, "duration": 4.921, "text": "namely, why zebras had such\nconspicuously striped coats—" }, { "start": 89.293, "duration": 3.128, "text": "a matter that perplexed\nprominent scientists—" }, { "start": 92.421, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and went on to fuel decades of debate." }, { "start": 95.925, "duration": 3.003, "text": "To understand zebras’ more\ndistinctive qualities," }, { "start": 98.928, "duration": 1.96, "text": "we should start with the big picture." }, { "start": 101.013, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Zebras belong to the same family\nas horses and donkeys." }, { "start": 105.726, "duration": 2.42, "text": "After their lineage entered Africa," }, { "start": 108.146, "duration": 3.962, "text": "they evolved into the three zebra\nspecies that exist today," }, { "start": 112.15, "duration": 4.212, "text": "living in social herds in eastern\nand southern Africa," }, { "start": 116.779, "duration": 3.545, "text": "grazing on grasses\nand evading fierce predators." }, { "start": 120.616, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Scientists have speculated extensively\nabout zebra striping," }, { "start": 124.829, "duration": 2.21, "text": "but not all theories have held up." }, { "start": 127.165, "duration": 1.001, "text": "For example, " }, { "start": 128.166, "duration": 5.505, "text": "the hypothesis that striping has a social\nfunction seems unlikely because," }, { "start": 133.671, "duration": 3.17, "text": "while every zebra does\nhave unique patterning," }, { "start": 136.841, "duration": 5.464, "text": "other equids have no trouble identifying\nindividuals in their herd without it." }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Some have theorized that the pattern helps\nzebras stay cool in direct sunlight," }, { "start": 147.643, "duration": 3.629, "text": "with the heat differential\nbetween their black and white stripes" }, { "start": 151.355, "duration": 2.628, "text": "generating cooling air currents." }, { "start": 154.15, "duration": 4.796, "text": "But when scientists tracked the air\nmovements around sunlit zebra hides," }, { "start": 159.03, "duration": 1.877, "text": "they saw no such effect. " }, { "start": 161.324, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Many have also wondered if the patterning\nworks as camouflage" }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 3.586, "text": "or somehow confuses or dazzles predators—" }, { "start": 168.789, "duration": 2.711, "text": "perhaps evoking a tangle of tree trunks" }, { "start": 171.5, "duration": 5.089, "text": "or creating uncertainty around where\nthe zebra’s body starts and ends." }, { "start": 176.964, "duration": 5.881, "text": "But hyenas and lions probably see zebras\nas gray until they're in close range," }, { "start": 182.845, "duration": 2.503, "text": "where they can also hear and smell them." }, { "start": 185.765, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Lions can likely also identify their\noutlines just as easily as they can" }, { "start": 190.645, "duration": 2.961, "text": "other, less flamboyantly patterned prey." }, { "start": 193.856, "duration": 3.253, "text": "And given how frequently\nlions capture zebras," }, { "start": 197.109, "duration": 2.336, "text": "it doesn't seem like they're\nall that confused." }, { "start": 200.112, "duration": 3.087, "text": "One hypothesis that does\npack a lot of promise" }, { "start": 203.199, "duration": 4.004, "text": "concerns those biting flies\nthat horses couldn’t handle." }, { "start": 207.62, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Zebras have shorter hair than other\ngrazers in their regions," }, { "start": 211.916, "duration": 4.296, "text": "possibly making them more vulnerable\nto the flies’ probing proboscises." }, { "start": 216.629, "duration": 3.587, "text": "So, perhaps striping somehow\nacts protectively." }, { "start": 220.508, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Testing this hypothesis," }, { "start": 222.176, "duration": 3.67, "text": "one experiment found that a certain kind\nof biting fly" }, { "start": 225.846, "duration": 4.338, "text": "avoided horses covered in striped\nand checked rugs," }, { "start": 230.184, "duration": 2.377, "text": "compared to those in solid grey." }, { "start": 233.187, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Another documented biting flies\ncircling horses, zebras," }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and horses clad in zebra print equally—" }, { "start": 241.529, "duration": 4.546, "text": "but landing on zebra-y areas\nonly about a quarter as much." }, { "start": 246.742, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Biting flies also generally approached\nzebras at higher speeds" }, { "start": 251.497, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and didn't decelerate as usual, " }, { "start": 254.0, "duration": 3.753, "text": "causing clumsy overshoots\nand crash landings." }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 3.921, "text": "It seems that zebra stripes—\nand other graphic patterns—" }, { "start": 262.091, "duration": 3.962, "text": "interfere with how biting flies\nprocess visual information" }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 2.211, "text": "to position themselves when landing," }, { "start": 268.306, "duration": 4.379, "text": "limiting their blood-sucking\nand disease-transmitting opportunities." }, { "start": 273.185, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But zebras aren't just good at keeping\nbiting flies off their backs." }, { "start": 277.231, "duration": 5.798, "text": "Around 1900, Bronsart founded an\nexperimental ranch near Mount Kilimanjaro" }, { "start": 283.112, "duration": 3.754, "text": "to capture and cross-breed zebras\nwith other equids." }, { "start": 287.199, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Things didn’t go as planned—" }, { "start": 288.951, "duration": 6.215, "text": "in part because zebras have a robust set\nof defensive fight and flight adaptations." }, { "start": 295.583, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Most are capable of running\nwithin an hour of birth," }, { "start": 298.919, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and they’re equipped with fierce bites\nand kicks strong enough to kill a lion." }, { "start": 304.3, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Bronsart’s operation was also unprepared\nto meet zebras’ needs." }, { "start": 308.512, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Those Bronsart did gather, which he\npaid Indigenous people to wrangle," }, { "start": 312.767, "duration": 2.752, "text": "couldn’t produce enough milk\nfor their calves." }, { "start": 315.686, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Within a single year, Bronsart had burned\nthrough a five year budget" }, { "start": 319.607, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and dozens of the zebras he held\nin captivity were dead." }, { "start": 324.028, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Attempts at zebra domestication\nhad failed miserably," }, { "start": 327.49, "duration": 5.589, "text": "leaving those rare instances of zebra\ntaming largely to black-and-white history." } ] }, { "video_id": "mRa0Gi_mRjs", "title": "Why fish are better at breathing than you are - Dan Kwartler", "description": "Explore how fish use their gills to breathe, and how these processes make them some of the most efficient breathers on Earth.\n\n--\n\nRecent studies found that elite runners can take in twice as much oxygen as non-runners. And it’s likely that this superhuman ability played a role in breaking the two-hour marathon barrier in 2019. But when it comes to breathing efficiently, not even the best runners can compete with the average fish. What makes fish some of the best breathers on Earth? Dan Kwartler explores the science of gills.\n\nLesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-fish-are-better-at-breathing-than-you-are-dan-kwartler\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-fish-are-better-at-breathing-than-you-are-dan-kwartler/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez and Brian A. Dunn.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-09T15:01:00Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 5.464, "text": "On September 19th, 1991,\ntwo hikers traversing the Ötzal Alps" }, { "start": 12.383, "duration": 4.922, "text": "on the border of Austria and Italy\ndiscovered a corpse emerging from the ice." }, { "start": 17.43, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Researchers soon realized they weren’t\nlooking at the victim" }, { "start": 20.266, "duration": 3.003, "text": "of a recent climbing accident,\nas initially assumed," }, { "start": 23.269, "duration": 6.215, "text": "but the mummified body of a man\nwho’d lived about 5,300 years ago," }, { "start": 29.484, "duration": 2.961, "text": "who they came to call Ötzi the Iceman." }, { "start": 35.823, "duration": 5.256, "text": "One early theory for Ötzi’s alpine death\nwas that he was a local shepherd or hunter" }, { "start": 41.079, "duration": 2.669, "text": "who got caught in bad weather and froze." }, { "start": 43.873, "duration": 4.421, "text": "However, a shocking discovery eventually\nrevealed his true cause of death" }, { "start": 48.294, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and upended his story." }, { "start": 50.129, "duration": 3.003, "text": "So, what do we know about Ötzi?" }, { "start": 53.132, "duration": 1.502, "text": "And how did he die?" }, { "start": 55.051, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Over the millennia, the Alpine cold \nand sun protected Ötzi’s body" }, { "start": 59.68, "duration": 3.754, "text": "from decomposition, \nfreezing and drying it out in cycles," }, { "start": 63.434, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and leaving critical clues\nfor researchers." }, { "start": 66.395, "duration": 5.256, "text": "Ötzi was about 160 centimeters tall,\nweighed some 50 kilograms," }, { "start": 71.651, "duration": 2.919, "text": "and died between 40- and 50-years-old." }, { "start": 75.029, "duration": 3.879, "text": "He led an active life but had\na strong genetic predisposition" }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 2.044, "text": "for cardiovascular diseases." }, { "start": 80.952, "duration": 3.378, "text": "His intestines were also parasitized\nby whipworms" }, { "start": 84.33, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and his stomach contained\nulcer-causing bacteria," }, { "start": 87.125, "duration": 3.67, "text": "all of which might have caused\nsome unpleasant symptoms." }, { "start": 91.379, "duration": 3.587, "text": "He died hundreds of years before\nStonehenge and the Great Pyramid" }, { "start": 94.966, "duration": 4.838, "text": "were constructed, around 3350 BCE." }, { "start": 99.929, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Ötzi lived during the late\nNeolithic Copper Age," }, { "start": 103.391, "duration": 2.419, "text": "when metal extraction\nand crafting practices" }, { "start": 105.81, "duration": 1.877, "text": "were spreading throughout Eurasia." }, { "start": 107.687, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Indeed, along with stone arrowheads\nand knives," }, { "start": 110.731, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Ötzi carried an axe made of copper\nfrom what is now Tuscany." }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Swaths of his clothing were made\nof sheep and goat leather," }, { "start": 118.447, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and his diet included cultivated grains," }, { "start": 120.95, "duration": 4.88, "text": "all of which suggested that Ötzi’s people\nrelied on certain domesticated animals" }, { "start": 125.83, "duration": 1.043, "text": "and crops." }, { "start": 127.123, "duration": 2.544, "text": "And when researchers \ninspected Ötzi’s skin" }, { "start": 129.667, "duration": 2.794, "text": "with light ranging from infrared to UV," }, { "start": 132.753, "duration": 3.212, "text": "they found a total of 61 tattoos." }, { "start": 136.132, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Interestingly, the markings corresponded\nwith areas of Ötzi’s body" }, { "start": 139.635, "duration": 2.211, "text": "where he probably experienced pain," }, { "start": 141.846, "duration": 4.296, "text": "like from degeneration observed\nin his knees, ankles, and spine." }, { "start": 146.475, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Researchers think that the tattoos\nmight have been intended as treatment—" }, { "start": 150.229, "duration": 2.92, "text": "perhaps an early form of acupuncture." }, { "start": 153.566, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Close scrutiny also clarified\nthe circumstances of Ötzi’s death—" }, { "start": 157.904, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and led to a tantalizing prehistoric\nmurder mystery." }, { "start": 161.49, "duration": 5.005, "text": "A decade into studying Ötzi,\na CT scan picked up a crucial detail:" }, { "start": 166.495, "duration": 4.213, "text": "there was a flint arrowhead lodged\nin Ötzi’s left shoulder." }, { "start": 170.75, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Soon enough, researchers started piecing\nÖtzi’s final days together." }, { "start": 176.047, "duration": 4.254, "text": "A deep cut wound on Ötzi’s hand\nshowed initial signs of healing" }, { "start": 180.301, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and must have occurred\njust days before his death." }, { "start": 183.179, "duration": 3.712, "text": "It was likely a defensive wound\nwhich indicated that Ötzi was attacked" }, { "start": 186.891, "duration": 3.462, "text": "with a sharp blade\nbut fought back and survived." }, { "start": 190.603, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Ötzi may have dressed\nthe wound with bog moss," }, { "start": 193.147, "duration": 3.879, "text": "which has antiseptic properties\nand was found with his remains." }, { "start": 197.109, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Meanwhile, the types and location\nof pollen in Ötzi’s digestive tract" }, { "start": 201.53, "duration": 2.712, "text": "indicated that it was spring\nor early summer" }, { "start": 204.242, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and that his last three days were hectic." }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Ötzi seemed to be fleeing something." }, { "start": 210.498, "duration": 2.544, "text": "About 33 hours before his death," }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Ötzi was at an altitude\nof around 2,500 meters," }, { "start": 216.921, "duration": 1.126, "text": "near the timber line." }, { "start": 218.047, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Then, approximately 24 hours later," }, { "start": 220.925, "duration": 5.839, "text": "he descended to at least 1,200 meters,\nto a zone of warmth-loving trees." }, { "start": 226.931, "duration": 4.755, "text": "In his final hours, Ötzi reached\nan altitude of around 3,000 meters" }, { "start": 231.686, "duration": 3.878, "text": "where grasses, sedges,\nand certain wildflowers dominated." }, { "start": 235.982, "duration": 6.381, "text": "His last meal included a large helping\nof dried wild ibex, roe deer, and grains." }, { "start": 242.78, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Then, despite Ötzi’s apparent efforts\nto escape the conflict," }, { "start": 246.409, "duration": 3.837, "text": "someone at a distant vantage\nshot him from behind." }, { "start": 250.454, "duration": 4.547, "text": "The arrow pierced a major artery\nand embedded itself in his left shoulder," }, { "start": 255.001, "duration": 2.168, "text": "causing extensive blood loss." }, { "start": 257.42, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Ötzi probably died soon after," }, { "start": 259.463, "duration": 4.964, "text": "his remains and all his belongings left\nundisturbed in the glacier for millennia." }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 6.715, "text": "This 5,300-year-old cold case has offered\ninvaluable glimpses into the distant past." }, { "start": 271.726, "duration": 4.212, "text": "But the mystery of who exactly Ötzi was\nand why he was killed" }, { "start": 275.938, "duration": 2.002, "text": "will probably never be solved—" }, { "start": 277.94, "duration": 4.213, "text": "the tangible evidence for the act\ndegraded and carried away," }, { "start": 282.153, "duration": 3.461, "text": "lost to snow drifts long ago." } ] }, { "video_id": "wpWm87SfASQ", "title": "What happens in your body during a miscarriage? - Nassim Assefi and Emily M. Godfrey", "description": "Explore what happens in the body during miscarriage, and learn about three common treatment options for pregnancy loss.\n\n--\n\nGlobally, around 23 million pregnancies end in miscarriage each year. Despite how common it is, miscarriage can still feel isolating, and for some, emotionally traumatizing. And myths about miscarriage add to the stigma, leading many to blame themselves for the loss. So what happens in the body during miscarriage? Nassim Assefi & Emily M. Godfrey take a closer look at pregnancy loss and treatment.\n\nLesson by Nassim Assefi and Emily M. Godfrey, directed by Lené van Heerden, We Are Batch TV.\n\nA special thanks to the World Health Organization who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-in-your-body-during-a-miscarriage-nassim-assefi-and-emily-m-godfrey\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-in-your-body-during-a-miscarriage-nassim-assefi-and-emily-m-godfrey/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.wearebatch.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski and Noah Webb.", "publishedAt": "2024-07-02T15:00:26Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.879, "text": "After a long day helping patients\nin the emergency room," }, { "start": 11.007, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Priya is prepping dinner\nwhen her knife slips" }, { "start": 14.218, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and neatly severs her finger." }, { "start": 17.013, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Fortunately, being an ER doctor,\nshe knows exactly what to do." }, { "start": 22.435, "duration": 3.253, "text": "First, she cleans the wound\nwith a wet paper towel" }, { "start": 25.688, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and bandages her finger—" }, { "start": 27.565, "duration": 3.003, "text": "careful not to wrap the wound\ntoo tightly." }, { "start": 30.777, "duration": 1.334, "text": "To manage the pain." }, { "start": 32.111, "duration": 2.336, "text": "she knows not to take ibuprofen," }, { "start": 34.572, "duration": 2.169, "text": "which would prevent\nthe wound from clotting," }, { "start": 36.741, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and instead opts for acetaminophen." }, { "start": 39.911, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Then she rinses off the severed finger,\nwraps it in a clean, moist towel," }, { "start": 45.5, "duration": 4.754, "text": "and puts it in a cooler\nwhile avoiding direct contact with ice." }, { "start": 51.297, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Finally, she rushes to the hospital," }, { "start": 53.633, "duration": 3.795, "text": "where luckily,\na skilled hand surgeon is on staff." }, { "start": 58.012, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Thanks to the clean cut\nand Priya's rapid response," }, { "start": 61.682, "duration": 1.71, "text": "the surgeon can get to work." }, { "start": 63.684, "duration": 3.587, "text": "They set the bones\nand fix them in place with wires" }, { "start": 67.271, "duration": 6.09, "text": "before repairing the tendons, nerves,\nblood vessels, and finally, the skin." }, { "start": 73.82, "duration": 3.586, "text": "The entire incident is finished\nin about eight hours," }, { "start": 77.406, "duration": 2.837, "text": "and after a few months\n of occupational therapy," }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Priya's hand is back in action." }, { "start": 83.246, "duration": 4.004, "text": "This is the ideal outcome\nfor reattaching a body part." }, { "start": 87.416, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Unfortunately, it’s also\nincredibly unlikely—" }, { "start": 91.504, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and not just because most people\naren’t as prepared as Priya." }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 2.92, "text": "In reality,\nthere are countless complications" }, { "start": 98.678, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that come up with most\naccidental amputations." }, { "start": 102.306, "duration": 2.002, "text": "First, there's the accident." }, { "start": 104.559, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Unlike Priya's clean cut," }, { "start": 106.769, "duration": 6.215, "text": "most traumatic amputations occur\nin car crashes or industrial accidents" }, { "start": 113.067, "duration": 3.378, "text": "that cause extensive, uneven tissue damage" }, { "start": 116.529, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and dirty the wound in a way\nthat prevents reattachment." }, { "start": 120.616, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Plus, more than half of all\nlimb amputations in the United States" }, { "start": 125.288, "duration": 1.751, "text": "are due to disease," }, { "start": 127.039, "duration": 5.381, "text": "and limbs removed for medical reasons\nobviously aren’t safe to reattach." }, { "start": 132.712, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Then, there’s preserving the limb." }, { "start": 134.964, "duration": 4.421, "text": "When a body part is severed,\nits blood circulation is cut off," }, { "start": 139.51, "duration": 3.837, "text": "stopping the influx of oxygen\nand other nutrients." }, { "start": 144.015, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Surprisingly, severed tissues\ncan survive for a few hours" }, { "start": 148.644, "duration": 1.544, "text": "without these resources." }, { "start": 150.313, "duration": 4.379, "text": "And keeping them cool further slows\nthe rate of tissue death," }, { "start": 154.775, "duration": 5.047, "text": "generally giving surgeons\na 6-to-12-hour window for reattachment." }, { "start": 159.906, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But once the tissues die," }, { "start": 161.866, "duration": 3.086, "text": "reconnecting them\nwon’t bring them back to life." }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 4.254, "text": "This tight timeline is especially\nchallenging for surgeons." }, { "start": 169.707, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Due to the issues we’ve already mentioned," }, { "start": 172.21, "duration": 3.628, "text": "reattachment operations\nare fairly uncommon." }, { "start": 175.838, "duration": 4.171, "text": "So most hospitals don’t have\nthe tools and expertise" }, { "start": 180.051, "duration": 3.461, "text": "required to tackle these\ntime-sensitive procedures." }, { "start": 183.554, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And even if they do,\nnerve repair is extremely tricky." }, { "start": 188.351, "duration": 2.043, "text": "With perfectly clean cuts," }, { "start": 190.436, "duration": 3.921, "text": "surgeons can attempt to stitch nerves\nback together directly." }, { "start": 194.482, "duration": 4.629, "text": "And when a cut is ragged,\nthey may try to create nerve conduits—" }, { "start": 199.195, "duration": 5.213, "text": "tunnels between nerve ends that can\nallow the nerves to reconnect over time." }, { "start": 204.742, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But neither these,\nnor any other surgical options," }, { "start": 208.663, "duration": 3.587, "text": "reliably restore movement and sensation. " }, { "start": 212.792, "duration": 2.961, "text": "All these obstacles make it\nhighly unlikely" }, { "start": 215.795, "duration": 2.419, "text": "that a lost limb can be reattached." }, { "start": 218.547, "duration": 2.086, "text": "However, medical technology" }, { "start": 220.633, "duration": 3.92, "text": "has developed another dependable solution\nfor amputation:" }, { "start": 224.804, "duration": 1.084, "text": "prosthetics." }, { "start": 226.264, "duration": 5.755, "text": "Today, prostheses come in countless forms\nto replace numerous body parts." }, { "start": 232.144, "duration": 3.838, "text": "Prosthetic legs are excellent\nfor walking and running." }, { "start": 236.148, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Prosthetic arms have historically\nstruggled to replicate" }, { "start": 239.694, "duration": 2.168, "text": "our hands’ fine motor movements." }, { "start": 241.862, "duration": 5.464, "text": "However, new myoelectric prostheses \ncan detect electrical activity" }, { "start": 247.326, "duration": 1.669, "text": "in nearby muscles" }, { "start": 248.995, "duration": 4.671, "text": "and then translate those signals\ninto relatively precise movements." }, { "start": 253.958, "duration": 4.463, "text": "But perhaps the most dramatic development\nin prosthetic technology" }, { "start": 258.421, "duration": 3.295, "text": "is transcutaneous osseointegration." }, { "start": 262.216, "duration": 3.42, "text": "First successfully performed in 1990," }, { "start": 265.636, "duration": 3.671, "text": "this procedure surgically anchors\na metal implant" }, { "start": 269.39, "duration": 2.628, "text": "into the bone of the remaining limb." }, { "start": 272.435, "duration": 3.461, "text": "The bone then grows\ninto the crevices of the metal," }, { "start": 276.022, "duration": 2.335, "text": "creating a permanent connection." }, { "start": 278.774, "duration": 3.712, "text": "These implants extend\nthrough a portal in the skin," }, { "start": 282.486, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and can be attached to any prosthesis," }, { "start": 285.406, "duration": 3.378, "text": "which solves a handful\nof common prosthetic issues." }, { "start": 289.076, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Where traditional prosthetics\ncan be heavy," }, { "start": 291.704, "duration": 4.713, "text": "providing a direct skeletal connection\nmakes their weight feel more natural." }, { "start": 297.001, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Osseointegrated prosthetics are also\nless likely to irritate the skin" }, { "start": 301.964, "duration": 1.251, "text": "where they attach," }, { "start": 303.215, "duration": 2.378, "text": "and they can offer more sensation" }, { "start": 305.593, "duration": 5.297, "text": "by transmitting forces like vibration\nthrough the implant to the bone." }, { "start": 311.349, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Even with all these new technologies," }, { "start": 314.06, "duration": 4.212, "text": "not everyone wants to replace or reattach\na lost limb." }, { "start": 318.397, "duration": 4.964, "text": "After an amputation, some people opt\nto rely on their remaining limbs," }, { "start": 323.486, "duration": 5.255, "text": "with or without the help of mobility aids\n and other adaptive equipment." } ] }, { "video_id": "Pw40-IoL5kY", "title": "How close are we to powering the world with nuclear fusion? - George Zaidan", "description": "Explore the possibility of nuclear fusion technology to create limitless, on-demand energy with almost no emissions. \n\n--\n\nStars have cores hot and dense enough to force atomic nuclei together, forming larger, heavier nuclei in a process known as fusion. In this process, the mass of the end products is slightly less than the mass of the initial atoms. But that “lost” mass doesn’t disappear — it’s converted to energy ... a lot of energy. So, can we harness this energy to power the world? George Zaidan investigates.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/could-we-build-a-miniature-sun-on-earth-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/could-we-build-a-miniature-sun-on-earth-george-zaidan/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory and Blas Borde.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-27T15:00:53Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.32, "duration": 4.48, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 1.8, "duration": 3.0, "text": "foreign" }, { "start": 10.42, "duration": 4.0, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 23.07, "duration": 9.429, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 35.68, "duration": 11.32, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 43.94, "duration": 3.06, "text": "thank you" }, { "start": 48.39, "duration": 12.289, "text": "[Music]" } ] }, { "video_id": "tm6VSkm_ko8", "title": "How do doctors determine what stage of cancer you have? - Hyunsoo Joshua No and Trudy Wu", "description": "Explore the three variables that inform a cancer’s stage number, and how different types of cancer can impact the staging.\n\n--\n\nEach year, approximately 20 million people receive a cancer diagnosis. At that time, a patient usually learns their cancer’s stage, which is typically a number ranging from one to four. While staging is designed, in part, to help patients better understand what they’re facing, the number can be confusing. So, what do cancer stages actually mean? Hyunsoo Joshua No and Trudy Wu explain.\n\nLesson by Hyunsoo Joshua No and Trudy Wu, directed by Jess Mountfield.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-do-cancer-stages-actually-mean-hyunsoo-joshua-no-and-trudy-wu\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-do-cancer-stages-actually-mean-hyunsoo-joshua-no-and-trudy-wu/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.jessmountfield.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles and Heather Slater.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-25T15:01:07Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The largest rainforest in the world, \nthe Amazon," }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 3.461, "text": "exists between two rivers—\nbut not in the way you might think." }, { "start": 13.76, "duration": 4.129, "text": "At ground level, the Amazon River\nand its tributaries weave their path." }, { "start": 17.972, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But above the canopy,\nbigger waterways are on the move." }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 4.212, "text": "These flying rivers are almost invisible,\nbut are essential to life on Earth." }, { "start": 26.022, "duration": 1.835, "text": "As rain seeps into the soil," }, { "start": 27.857, "duration": 2.502, "text": "trees draw water\nback up through their roots" }, { "start": 30.359, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and pump it through their trunks\nfor nourishment." }, { "start": 32.737, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The leaves and stems transpire,\nor release," }, { "start": 35.865, "duration": 2.544, "text": "excess water in the form of vapor." }, { "start": 38.785, "duration": 1.167, "text": "In the Amazon," }, { "start": 39.952, "duration": 5.214, "text": "a fully grown tree transpires between 200\nand 1,000 liters of water a day." }, { "start": 45.416, "duration": 2.878, "text": "This collective release creates\na startling phenomenon:" }, { "start": 48.294, "duration": 4.421, "text": "huge jets of rapid, humid air\nthat constantly flow above the canopy." }, { "start": 53.216, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Dubbed “flying rivers”\nby a Brazilian climatologist," }, { "start": 56.511, "duration": 3.503, "text": "these aerial waterways carry\nabout 20 billion tons of water" }, { "start": 60.014, "duration": 1.668, "text": "through the air per day." }, { "start": 61.682, "duration": 3.796, "text": "This is more than the Amazon River’s\ndaily output into the ocean." }, { "start": 65.728, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Along the equator,\nthe trade winds blow from east to west." }, { "start": 69.19, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Caught in these winds, flying rivers flow\nin the same direction" }, { "start": 72.568, "duration": 1.585, "text": "before encountering the Andes." }, { "start": 74.278, "duration": 2.127, "text": "The mountains act like a giant barrier," }, { "start": 76.405, "duration": 3.462, "text": "causing the winds and rivers\nto redirect southwards." }, { "start": 80.076, "duration": 2.586, "text": "When flying rivers meet\nthe masses of cold air," }, { "start": 82.662, "duration": 2.669, "text": "they grow heavier and release\ntorrents of water." }, { "start": 85.54, "duration": 3.295, "text": "In this way, they bring rain,\ncooler temperatures," }, { "start": 88.835, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and humidity to much of South America." }, { "start": 91.546, "duration": 2.002, "text": "But these waterways are under threat." }, { "start": 93.714, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Clearing the Amazon\nfor agriculture and industry" }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 2.503, "text": "is already causing flying rivers \nto dry up," }, { "start": 98.97, "duration": 3.42, "text": "leading to drought and hotter temperatures\nacross South America." }, { "start": 102.557, "duration": 1.585, "text": "If this pattern continues," }, { "start": 104.142, "duration": 4.129, "text": "swaths of the continent may be reduced\nto desert in a matter of decades." }, { "start": 109.188, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In response, a radical movement is working\nintensely to keep the rainforest—" }, { "start": 113.484, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and the flying rivers— alive." }, { "start": 115.945, "duration": 4.171, "text": "The northwest of the Peruvian Amazon\nis the territory of the Wampís Nation," }, { "start": 120.241, "duration": 2.252, "text": "a community of over 15,000 people" }, { "start": 122.493, "duration": 3.837, "text": "who manage over 130,000 square kilometers\nof land." }, { "start": 126.664, "duration": 3.754, "text": "These Indigenous people have lived\nin the rainforest for thousands of years," }, { "start": 130.418, "duration": 3.587, "text": "practicing sustainable hunting,\nfishing, and agriculture." }, { "start": 134.463, "duration": 1.043, "text": "For the Wampís," }, { "start": 135.506, "duration": 2.878, "text": "protecting the rainforest has long meant\nfighting invaders." }, { "start": 138.384, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Between the 15th and 17th centuries," }, { "start": 140.72, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Wampís people resisted\nand expelled the Incas" }, { "start": 143.556, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and later the Spanish colonists\nwho exploited the rainforest." }, { "start": 146.934, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Today, the Wampís Nation are still\nbattling extractive industries—" }, { "start": 150.98, "duration": 1.793, "text": "and the policies that sanction them." }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 2.461, "text": "For instance, since the 1960s," }, { "start": 155.735, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the Peruvian government has been\nlicensing the Wampís’ territory" }, { "start": 159.03, "duration": 3.086, "text": "to corporations for gold mining\nand oil extraction." }, { "start": 162.867, "duration": 3.503, "text": "These activities poison the rivers,\nclear thousands of trees," }, { "start": 166.37, "duration": 1.961, "text": "and threaten the Wampís way of life." }, { "start": 168.873, "duration": 3.837, "text": "In 2015, after years of protests\nand negotiations," }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the community formed the\nAutonomous Territorial Government" }, { "start": 175.713, "duration": 1.46, "text": "of the Wampís Nation." }, { "start": 177.423, "duration": 2.586, "text": "While the Wampís people remain\nPeruvian citizens," }, { "start": 180.009, "duration": 1.793, "text": "they seek recognition as a government" }, { "start": 181.802, "duration": 3.629, "text": "responsible for their own lands, forests,\nand internal affairs." }, { "start": 185.765, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In its policies, the Wampís Nation\nprioritizes collective land ownership," }, { "start": 190.061, "duration": 3.628, "text": "cultural preservation,\nand conservation of animals, plants," }, { "start": 193.689, "duration": 2.92, "text": "and natural cycles\nthat protect the rainforest." }, { "start": 197.193, "duration": 3.045, "text": "This is the foundation of their\nphilosophy of Tarimat Pujut," }, { "start": 200.238, "duration": 2.127, "text": "or living in harmony with nature" }, { "start": 202.365, "duration": 3.044, "text": "to ensure food, friendships,\nand quality of life." }, { "start": 205.785, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The high, humid forest\nof the Wampís Nation" }, { "start": 208.329, "duration": 2.21, "text": "is crucial to the flying river cycle," }, { "start": 210.539, "duration": 3.379, "text": "transpiring over 34 million liters\nof water a day" }, { "start": 213.918, "duration": 2.878, "text": "that flow to Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia." }, { "start": 216.921, "duration": 4.755, "text": "To track this output, Wampís scientists\nmeasure rainfall, monitor the wind," }, { "start": 221.676, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and weigh water levels in leaves and soil." }, { "start": 224.47, "duration": 3.796, "text": "One of their climate goals is to defend\nthis and other natural systems," }, { "start": 228.266, "duration": 2.961, "text": "including native soil\nthat acts as a carbon sink" }, { "start": 231.227, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and the forest itself as a fire barrier." }, { "start": 233.938, "duration": 4.504, "text": "The Wampís Nation constantly battles\ncorporations that threaten these systems." }, { "start": 238.567, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Between 2016 and 2018," }, { "start": 241.112, "duration": 3.628, "text": "the community fought illegal gold mining\nalong the Santiago River." }, { "start": 244.907, "duration": 3.42, "text": "They organized protests,\nuncovered mercury pollution," }, { "start": 248.327, "duration": 3.295, "text": "guarded the area,\nand attacked illegal machinery for months," }, { "start": 251.622, "duration": 1.919, "text": "eventually expelling the miners." }, { "start": 253.582, "duration": 3.921, "text": "And in 2017, the Wampís Nation\nsuccessfully petitioned a court" }, { "start": 257.503, "duration": 2.711, "text": "to bar a private oil company\nfrom their land." }, { "start": 261.173, "duration": 1.919, "text": "While these are significant victories," }, { "start": 263.092, "duration": 4.129, "text": "the Wampís Nation and other Indigenous\ngroups need more recognition and support." }, { "start": 267.305, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Indigenous people and local communities\nlive in and manage" }, { "start": 271.142, "duration": 1.96, "text": "more than a quarter of the world’s land," }, { "start": 273.102, "duration": 3.086, "text": "but only have legal ownership\nto a small percentage of it." }, { "start": 276.314, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And less than 1% of international climate\nand forest funds" }, { "start": 279.984, "duration": 2.502, "text": "go to their crucial conservation efforts." }, { "start": 282.611, "duration": 3.713, "text": "This is despite the fact that forests\nmanaged by Indigenous people" }, { "start": 286.324, "duration": 1.626, "text": "have better survival rates." }, { "start": 288.2, "duration": 4.13, "text": "The Amazon is often described with\nlanguage evocative of a giant organism—" }, { "start": 292.33, "duration": 5.13, "text": "one that grows, dies, breathes\nin carbon dioxide and exhales oxygen." }, { "start": 297.626, "duration": 3.462, "text": "The processes that sustain it\nweave together in a complex" }, { "start": 301.088, "duration": 4.922, "text": "and often invisible web of water, air,\nsoil, and human activity—" }, { "start": 306.01, "duration": 2.294, "text": "both destructive and protective." }, { "start": 308.721, "duration": 2.878, "text": "We are far from understanding it\nin its entirety," }, { "start": 312.975, "duration": 2.211, "text": "but some are closer than others." } ] }, { "video_id": "puWumt39nak", "title": "The secret behind how Chinese characters work - Gina Marie Elia", "description": "Trace the history of Chinese characters, and find out how this writing system has changed and evolved over thousands of years.\n\n--\n\nAccording to legend, in the 27th century BCE, the Yellow Emperor of China charged his historian, Cangjie, to develop a system of writing. Sitting alongside a riverbank, Cangjie noted the imagery that surrounded him. From this, he created the first Chinese characters. So, how has Chinese evolved in the last 3,000 years? Gina Marie Elia explores the history of one of the earliest written languages. \n\nLesson by Gina Marie Elia, directed by PeiHsin Cho.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-behind-how-chinese-characters-work-gina-marie-elia\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-behind-how-chinese-characters-work-gina-marie-elia/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.peihsincho.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango and alessandra tasso.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-20T15:00:38Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.17, "text": "On a grey London day in 1851," }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 3.712, "text": "a captivated crowd gathered\naround a makeshift stage." }, { "start": 14.01, "duration": 3.045, "text": "At the center stood a man\nadorned in a top hat," }, { "start": 17.221, "duration": 3.504, "text": "leather sash, and a swarm of rats." }, { "start": 21.768, "duration": 3.795, "text": "This showman, Jack Black,\nhad risen to fame" }, { "start": 25.563, "duration": 3.921, "text": "claiming to be Queen Victoria’s\nauthorized rat catcher." }, { "start": 29.859, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And between tricks, he lectured\nthe crowd on his poisons" }, { "start": 33.696, "duration": 5.422, "text": "and unique ability to capture hundreds\nof vermin with just his bare hands." }, { "start": 39.452, "duration": 5.047, "text": "This is just one of many junctures\nin the long entangled history" }, { "start": 44.499, "duration": 1.835, "text": "of human and rat." }, { "start": 46.876, "duration": 3.962, "text": "The two most common species of rat,\nbrown and black," }, { "start": 50.838, "duration": 5.756, "text": "both scurried onto the scene roughly\n1 to 3 million years ago in Asia." }, { "start": 57.053, "duration": 4.504, "text": "There, they craftily survived\nEarth’s most recent ice age," }, { "start": 61.557, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and eventually, began living\naround and with humans." }, { "start": 66.437, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Their constant presence even earned\nthem a spot in the Chinese zodiac," }, { "start": 71.567, "duration": 2.836, "text": "where they symbolize new beginnings. " }, { "start": 75.238, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Brown and black rats are generalists—" }, { "start": 78.199, "duration": 6.632, "text": "a biological badge ascribed to species\nwho can brave diverse climates and diets." }, { "start": 85.289, "duration": 4.213, "text": "So when trade routes opened\nbetween East Asia and the West," }, { "start": 89.502, "duration": 2.294, "text": "rats naturally tagged along." }, { "start": 92.046, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Black rats were the first to venture out," }, { "start": 94.632, "duration": 5.839, "text": "sneaking aboard ships from India to Egypt\nan estimated 5,000 years ago." }, { "start": 101.055, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Some believe that this rodent influx\ninto Egypt" }, { "start": 104.6, "duration": 3.546, "text": "fueled their ancient spiritual reverence\nof cats." }, { "start": 108.437, "duration": 3.462, "text": " After all, they were top-of-the-line\nrat catchers." }, { "start": 111.983, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Trade between Egypt and the Romans\nbrought black rats to Europe." }, { "start": 116.779, "duration": 1.919, "text": "And by 300 CE, " }, { "start": 118.739, "duration": 5.172, "text": "these stowaways claimed lands\nas far as the Anglo-Celtic Isles—" }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 2.294, "text": "earning notoriety along the way." }, { "start": 126.414, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Beyond pilfering and reproducing\nlike there's no tomorrow," }, { "start": 130.418, "duration": 4.629, "text": "black rats brought bacterial\nand viral infections," }, { "start": 135.047, "duration": 3.796, "text": "which they spread to humans\nthrough their droppings and urine." }, { "start": 139.177, "duration": 5.296, "text": "In the late 1340s, history's most infamous\nplague, the Black Death," }, { "start": 144.473, "duration": 5.589, "text": "killed tens of millions of people,\nor around half of Europe’s population." }, { "start": 150.313, "duration": 2.919, "text": "To this day, many lay the blame on rats." }, { "start": 153.274, "duration": 3.253, "text": "However, the real story\nis more complicated." }, { "start": 156.903, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Black rats don’t directly spread\nthe plague to humans;" }, { "start": 160.656, "duration": 5.923, "text": "though they can carry the fleas that\ntransmit the bacterium responsible." }, { "start": 166.913, "duration": 3.545, "text": "And brown rats, which hadn't\nyet set foot in Europe," }, { "start": 170.458, "duration": 2.627, "text": "don't have any blood on their paws." }, { "start": 173.544, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Back in Japan, these brown rats were\nreceiving a warmer welcome" }, { "start": 178.257, "duration": 2.92, "text": "as pet rats grew in popularity." }, { "start": 181.802, "duration": 5.548, "text": "250-year-old guidebooks detail tips\non rodent domestication," }, { "start": 187.475, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and how to breed\nthe most affectionate rats" }, { "start": 190.978, "duration": 2.962, "text": "in various coat colors and patterns." }, { "start": 194.398, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Wild brown rats finally entered Europe" }, { "start": 197.401, "duration": 3.337, "text": "sometime between the 13th\nand 18th century," }, { "start": 200.988, "duration": 4.046, "text": "by ship and perhaps,\nsometimes, by treading water." }, { "start": 205.451, "duration": 7.007, "text": "Some say a particularly violent earthquake\nin 1727 led hordes of brown rats" }, { "start": 212.583, "duration": 4.213, "text": "to swim across the Volga River\ninto Russia." }, { "start": 217.088, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Eventually, the larger and more adaptable\nbrown rats displaced the black rats" }, { "start": 222.218, "duration": 3.92, "text": "in homes and cities\nacross Europe and North America" }, { "start": 226.305, "duration": 2.795, "text": " by outcompeting them for resources." }, { "start": 229.433, "duration": 5.506, "text": "The Industrial Revolution only bolstered\nthe lives of industrious brown rats." }, { "start": 235.147, "duration": 1.502, "text": "As cities expanded," }, { "start": 236.649, "duration": 5.422, "text": "rats thrived by making homes of our sewers\nand buffets of our trash." }, { "start": 242.905, "duration": 3.128, "text": "They even evolved resistance\nto our poisons," }, { "start": 246.033, "duration": 4.713, "text": "to the dismay of exterminators\nwho inherited Jack Black’s mission." }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 5.088, "text": "But the human-rat race took\na monumental turn in 1906," }, { "start": 256.627, "duration": 6.215, "text": "when the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia\nbred the first standard rat strain" }, { "start": 262.967, "duration": 1.793, "text": "for scientific research." }, { "start": 265.011, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Rats are unrivaled lab animals." }, { "start": 268.18, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Their bodies function and respond\nto disease similarly to humans," }, { "start": 273.06, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and we share much of the same genome." }, { "start": 275.73, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Plus, they’re smart, which has made them\nindispensable to neuroscience" }, { "start": 280.234, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and psychology research." }, { "start": 282.236, "duration": 2.044, "text": "In the 1960s, for example," }, { "start": 284.28, "duration": 4.546, "text": "scientists observed that rats\nraised with toys and companions" }, { "start": 288.826, "duration": 3.629, "text": "had thicker cortical brain tissue\nthan those who didn’t." }, { "start": 292.663, "duration": 3.879, "text": "This helped establish the concept\nof neuroplasticity," }, { "start": 296.625, "duration": 4.213, "text": "which explains how our environments\nand learning shape our minds." }, { "start": 301.255, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Today, rats are often regarded as the\nmost successful invasive species " }, { "start": 306.052, "duration": 1.042, "text": "in the world." }, { "start": 307.094, "duration": 1.502, "text": "And this comes at a price—" }, { "start": 308.721, "duration": 3.879, "text": "they often live at the mercy\nof human priorities." }, { "start": 312.808, "duration": 3.837, "text": "In cities like New York,\nthey’re reviled enough to warrant" }, { "start": 316.645, "duration": 3.546, "text": "multi-million-dollar\nextermination efforts." }, { "start": 320.232, "duration": 2.086, "text": "But if history is any indication," }, { "start": 322.568, "duration": 3.545, "text": "no amount of money,\nnor skill of rat catcher," }, { "start": 326.113, "duration": 4.338, "text": "will ever fully rid us\nof our rodent shadows." } ] }, { "video_id": "uuc6bXxgvh8", "title": "What really happened to Oedipus? - Stephen Esposito", "description": "Dig into the tragic tale of Oedipus, who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother.\n\n--\n\nWhen Queen Jocasta of Thebes gave birth to Oedipus, a grim air seized the occasion. Her husband, King Laius, had received a prophecy from Apollo's oracle foretelling that he would die at the hands of his own son. Determined to escape this fate, Laius abandoned the newborn on Mount Cithaeron. But divine prophecies can be quite stubborn. Stephen Esposito shares the tragic Greek tale of Oedipus.\n\nLesson by Stephen Esposito, directed by Yael Reisfeld.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-happened-to-oedipus-stephen-esposito\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-happened-to-oedipus-stephen-esposito/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey and Akinola Emmanuel.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-18T15:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Due to an unfortunate\nteleportation malfunction," }, { "start": 10.757, "duration": 4.504, "text": "this mad scientist has just found himself\nin the vacuum of space." }, { "start": 15.511, "duration": 3.462, "text": "With no oxygen, he might be tempted\nto hold his breath," }, { "start": 18.973, "duration": 3.045, "text": "but this would only accelerate his demise." }, { "start": 22.435, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The air in his lungs is\ndesperate to expand," }, { "start": 25.688, "duration": 4.046, "text": "so if he doesn't release it right away,\nhis lungs will rupture." }, { "start": 30.151, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Our poor professor quickly exhales," }, { "start": 32.612, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and his skin’s tensile strength prevents\nthe rest of his body from bursting," }, { "start": 37.033, "duration": 2.586, "text": "but things are still looking grim." }, { "start": 39.952, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Without surrounding air pressure," }, { "start": 41.788, "duration": 4.587, "text": "his bodily fluids begin to vaporize\nin a process called ebullism." }, { "start": 46.459, "duration": 4.296, "text": "His skin swells, moist surfaces\nlike his eyes start to boil," }, { "start": 50.755, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and bubbles form within his vessels,\nobstructing blood flow." }, { "start": 55.51, "duration": 2.502, "text": "This is all exceptionally painful," }, { "start": 58.012, "duration": 3.67, "text": "but while these nightmarish effects\nwill take roughly 90 seconds" }, { "start": 61.682, "duration": 2.086, "text": "to reach their deadly conclusion," }, { "start": 63.768, "duration": 2.919, "text": "he’ll mercifully pass out\nfrom lack of oxygen" }, { "start": 66.687, "duration": 2.628, "text": "within about 15 seconds of arriving." }, { "start": 69.524, "duration": 3.878, "text": "And even though space is barely\nabove the temperature of absolute zero," }, { "start": 73.402, "duration": 2.503, "text": "our scientist won’t die by freezing." }, { "start": 76.072, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Because unlike on Earth, where body\nheat can transfer to molecules" }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 1.127, "text": "in the environment, " }, { "start": 80.827, "duration": 4.045, "text": "in space it can only leave\nby slowly radiating away." }, { "start": 85.414, "duration": 4.046, "text": "It'll take hours before our professor\nbecomes a human popsicle," }, { "start": 89.46, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and by then, he’ll have perished\na long time ago." }, { "start": 93.548, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Now, had our scientist planned\nhis teleportation to space," }, { "start": 98.136, "duration": 2.502, "text": "he certainly would have dressed\nfor the occasion." }, { "start": 101.013, "duration": 3.129, "text": "Let's imagine he arrived\nin a spacesuit instead." }, { "start": 104.35, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The suit’s pressurized air protects\nhis body from ebullism," }, { "start": 108.187, "duration": 2.211, "text": "its oxygen tank keeps him breathing," }, { "start": 110.398, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and the insulation prevents\nhim from freezing." }, { "start": 113.317, "duration": 3.504, "text": "But although these features thwart\nan immediate tragedy," }, { "start": 116.821, "duration": 3.503, "text": "space is still an incredibly\ndangerous place." }, { "start": 120.616, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Outside the shield of Earth's atmosphere\nand magnetosphere," }, { "start": 124.078, "duration": 3.796, "text": "our scientist is bombarded\nby galactic cosmic rays—" }, { "start": 127.874, "duration": 3.962, "text": "a form of radiation believed\nto come from distant supernovas." }, { "start": 131.961, "duration": 2.002, "text": "If he's exceptionally unlucky," }, { "start": 133.963, "duration": 4.504, "text": "he might be hit by solar energetic\nparticles expelled from the Sun." }, { "start": 138.593, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Both these forms of ionizing radiation" }, { "start": 141.387, "duration": 2.628, "text": "effortlessly pass\nthrough the scientist’s suit," }, { "start": 144.015, "duration": 3.753, "text": " damaging his DNA\nand increasing his risk of cancer. " }, { "start": 148.269, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But let's say our mad scientist\nisn't so mad at all." }, { "start": 152.148, "duration": 2.794, "text": "He’s planned a month-long\nresearch expedition," }, { "start": 154.942, "duration": 2.878, "text": "complete with a cutting-edge\nspacecraft to live in." }, { "start": 157.987, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This structure protects him from low\nair pressure and temperature," }, { "start": 161.324, "duration": 2.794, "text": "as well as some of the radiation\nbouncing around space." }, { "start": 164.202, "duration": 3.044, "text": "But even here, he's vulnerable\nto certain changes." }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 4.004, "text": "In addition to experiencing motion\nsickness and sleep disturbances," }, { "start": 171.292, "duration": 5.339, "text": "microgravity changes the distribution\nof his blood and cerebrospinal fluid," }, { "start": 176.839, "duration": 4.38, "text": "shifting roughly half a gallon\nof internal fluids to his upper body." }, { "start": 181.427, "duration": 5.422, "text": "As the weeks pass, his brain engorges\nand the sheath of his optic nerve swells." }, { "start": 186.974, "duration": 4.421, "text": "This not only compresses his pituitary\ngland, but flattens the back of his eyes," }, { "start": 191.395, "duration": 2.378, "text": "impairing close distance vision." }, { "start": 194.148, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Having very little gravity to work\nagainst also causes muscles and bones" }, { "start": 198.486, "duration": 3.086, "text": "all over his body\nto gradually lose mass." }, { "start": 201.614, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And when bones break down,\nthey release minerals like calcium." }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 3.003, "text": "So our professor might get\nkidney stones too." }, { "start": 208.913, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Diet and exercise can help reduce the\ndeterioration of his bones and muscles," }, { "start": 213.501, "duration": 3.503, "text": "but it’s harder to address the\npotential damage to his mental health" }, { "start": 217.004, "duration": 3.629, "text": "that comes from being confined\nto a tiny spacecraft," }, { "start": 220.633, "duration": 2.085, "text": "far away from his loved ones." }, { "start": 223.094, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Thankfully, this isn’t a one-way trip,\nand after a month in space," }, { "start": 227.265, "duration": 2.544, "text": "our adventurer happily teleports home." }, { "start": 229.892, "duration": 4.171, "text": "However, his journey has left him\nwith some lasting effects." }, { "start": 234.272, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Back under Earth’s gravity, it’s initially\nhard to stand without fainting." }, { "start": 239.151, "duration": 3.587, "text": "It takes a few days for his fluids\nto redistribute back to normal," }, { "start": 242.863, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and it'll be months before his muscles\ncompletely regain their strength." }, { "start": 247.285, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Meanwhile, full restoration of bone\ndensity will take at least a year." }, { "start": 251.831, "duration": 2.836, "text": "His vision might take several\nyears to recover," }, { "start": 254.667, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and it may never return to normal." }, { "start": 257.92, "duration": 3.837, "text": "There’s still a lot waiting to be\ndiscovered about how space travel" }, { "start": 261.757, "duration": 3.42, "text": "impacts human health\nin the short and long term." }, { "start": 265.261, "duration": 5.13, "text": "So for now, our scientist is content\nto use his teleporter for its original—" }, { "start": 270.391, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and much safer— intended purpose." } ] }, { "video_id": "seugK4PrW48", "title": "Can you solve the basketball riddle? - Dan Katz", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nYou’ve spent months creating a basketball-playing robot, the Dunk-O-Matic, and you’re excited to demonstrate its capabilities. Until you read an advertisement: “See the Dunk-O-Matic face human players and automatically adjust its skill to create a fair game for every opponent!” That’s not what you were told to create. Can you recalibrate your robot to make it a fair match? Dan Katz shows how.\n\nLesson by Dan Katz, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-basketball-robot-riddle-dan-katz\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-basketball-robot-riddle-dan-katz/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem and Ujjwal Dasu.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-13T15:00:29Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Consider this mathematician," }, { "start": 8.671, "duration": 4.463, "text": "with her standard-issue infinitely sharp\nknife and a perfect ball." }, { "start": 13.259, "duration": 5.422, "text": "She frantically slices and distributes\nthe ball into an infinite number of boxes." }, { "start": 18.765, "duration": 4.004, "text": "She then recombines the parts\ninto five precise sections." }, { "start": 22.852, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Gently moving and rotating\nthese sections around," }, { "start": 25.855, "duration": 5.964, "text": "seemingly impossibly, she recombines them\nto form two identical, flawless," }, { "start": 31.819, "duration": 3.087, "text": "and complete copies\nof the original ball." }, { "start": 35.031, "duration": 4.755, "text": "This is a result known in mathematics\nas the Banach-Tarski paradox." }, { "start": 39.911, "duration": 3.086, "text": "The paradox here is not\nin the logic or the proof—" }, { "start": 42.997, "duration": 1.877, "text": "which are, like the balls, flawless—" }, { "start": 44.874, "duration": 2.961, "text": "but instead in the tension\nbetween mathematics" }, { "start": 47.835, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and our own experience of reality." }, { "start": 50.713, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And in this tension lives some beautiful\nand fundamental truths" }, { "start": 54.425, "duration": 2.67, "text": "about what mathematics actually is." }, { "start": 57.095, "duration": 2.335, "text": "We’ll come back to that in a moment,\nbut first," }, { "start": 59.43, "duration": 4.838, "text": "we need to examine the foundation\nof every mathematical system: axioms." }, { "start": 65.019, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Every mathematical system\nis built and advanced" }, { "start": 67.73, "duration": 3.128, "text": "by using logic to reach new conclusions." }, { "start": 70.983, "duration": 2.962, "text": "But logic can’t be applied to nothing;" }, { "start": 74.028, "duration": 3.67, "text": "we have to start with some basic\nstatements, called axioms," }, { "start": 77.698, "duration": 3.754, "text": "that we declare to be true,\nand make deductions from there." }, { "start": 81.661, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Often these match our intuition\nfor how the world works—" }, { "start": 85.331, "duration": 4.963, "text": "for instance, that adding zero to a number\nhas no effect is an axiom." }, { "start": 90.586, "duration": 5.047, "text": "If the goal of mathematics is to build\na house, axioms form its foundation—" }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the first thing that’s laid down,\nthat supports everything else." }, { "start": 99.47, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Where things get interesting is that\nby laying a slightly different foundation," }, { "start": 103.641, "duration": 3.837, "text": "you can get a vastly different\nbut equally sound structure." }, { "start": 107.645, "duration": 4.046, "text": "For example, when Euclid laid\nhis foundations for geometry," }, { "start": 111.691, "duration": 4.921, "text": "one of his axioms implied that given\na line and a point off the line," }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 4.338, "text": "only one parallel line exists\ngoing through that point." }, { "start": 121.159, "duration": 1.71, "text": "But later mathematicians," }, { "start": 122.869, "duration": 4.421, "text": "wanting to see if geometry was\nstill possible without this axiom," }, { "start": 127.29, "duration": 3.169, "text": "produced spherical\nand hyperbolic geometry." }, { "start": 130.459, "duration": 4.422, "text": "Each valid, logically sound,\nand useful in different contexts." }, { "start": 135.131, "duration": 4.421, "text": "One axiom common in modern mathematics\nis the Axiom of Choice." }, { "start": 139.635, "duration": 5.047, "text": "It typically comes into play in proofs\nthat require choosing elements from sets—" }, { "start": 144.807, "duration": 3.754, "text": "which we’ll grossly simplify\nto marbles in boxes." }, { "start": 148.811, "duration": 3.253, "text": "For our choices to be valid,\nthey need to be consistent," }, { "start": 152.064, "duration": 2.92, "text": "meaning if we approach a box,\nchoose a marble," }, { "start": 154.984, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and then go back in time and choose again,\nwe'd know how to find the same marble." }, { "start": 160.072, "duration": 2.878, "text": "If we have a finite number of boxes,\nthat’s easy." }, { "start": 163.034, "duration": 3.128, "text": "It’s even straightforward\nwhen there are infinite boxes" }, { "start": 166.162, "duration": 4.379, "text": "if each contains a marble that’s readily\ndistinguishable from the others." }, { "start": 170.708, "duration": 4.171, "text": "It’s when there are infinite boxes\nwith indistinguishable marbles" }, { "start": 174.879, "duration": 1.043, "text": "that we have trouble." }, { "start": 175.922, "duration": 1.334, "text": "But in these scenarios," }, { "start": 177.256, "duration": 4.63, "text": "the Axiom of Choice lets us summon\na mysterious omniscient chooser" }, { "start": 181.886, "duration": 2.461, "text": "that will always select the same marbles—" }, { "start": 184.347, "duration": 3.503, "text": "without us having to know anything\nabout how those choices are made." }, { "start": 187.934, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Our stab-happy mathematician,\nfollowing Banach and Tarski’s proof," }, { "start": 192.146, "duration": 2.92, "text": "reaches a step in constructing\nthe five sections" }, { "start": 195.066, "duration": 5.005, "text": "where she has infinitely many boxes\nfilled with indistinguishable parts." }, { "start": 200.196, "duration": 4.963, "text": "So she needs the Axiom of Choice\nto make their construction possible." }, { "start": 205.409, "duration": 4.505, "text": "If the Axiom of Choice can lead\nto such a counterintuitive result," }, { "start": 209.914, "duration": 1.626, "text": "should we just reject it?" }, { "start": 211.666, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Mathematicians today say no," }, { "start": 213.709, "duration": 4.463, "text": "because it’s load-bearing for a lot\nof important results in mathematics." }, { "start": 218.422, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Fields like measure theory\nand functional analysis," }, { "start": 221.842, "duration": 2.878, "text": "which are crucial\nfor statistics and physics," }, { "start": 224.72, "duration": 2.253, "text": "are built upon the Axiom of Choice." }, { "start": 226.973, "duration": 3.003, "text": "While it leads to some\nimpractical results," }, { "start": 229.976, "duration": 3.128, "text": "it also leads to extremely practical ones." }, { "start": 233.646, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Fortunately, just as Euclidean geometry\nexists alongside hyperbolic geometry," }, { "start": 239.026, "duration": 5.047, "text": "mathematics with the Axiom of Choice\ncoexists with mathematics without it." }, { "start": 244.49, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The question for many mathematicians\nisn’t whether the Axiom of Choice," }, { "start": 248.494, "duration": 3.629, "text": "or for that matter any given axiom,\nis right or not," }, { "start": 252.164, "duration": 3.337, "text": "but whether it’s right\nfor what you’re trying to do." }, { "start": 255.668, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The fate of the Banach-Tarski paradox\nlies in this choice." }, { "start": 260.172, "duration": 2.503, "text": "This is the freedom mathematics gives us." }, { "start": 262.675, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Not only is it a way to model\nour physical universe" }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 3.587, "text": "using the axioms we intuit\nfrom our daily experiences," }, { "start": 269.64, "duration": 4.004, "text": "but a way to venture into abstract\nmathematical universes" }, { "start": 273.644, "duration": 6.34, "text": "and explore arcane geometries and laws\nunlike anything we can ever experience." }, { "start": 280.484, "duration": 5.339, "text": "If we ever meet aliens, axioms which seem\nabsurd and incomprehensible to us" }, { "start": 285.823, "duration": 2.711, "text": "might be everyday common sense to them." }, { "start": 289.16, "duration": 4.337, "text": "To investigate, we might start by handing\nthem an infinitely sharp knife" }, { "start": 293.497, "duration": 1.544, "text": "and a perfect ball," }, { "start": 295.041, "duration": 1.293, "text": "and see what they do." } ] }, { "video_id": "vtjHHnu_IB0", "title": "These animals can hear everything - Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard", "description": "Explore the extraordinary auditory adaptations in the animal kingdom, and find out which creature has the best hearing.\n\n--\n\nThe world is always abuzz with sounds, many of which human ears simply can’t hear. However, other species have extraordinary adaptations that grant them access to realms of sonic extremes. And some of them don’t even have ears— at least, not like we typically imagine. So, which is the best listener? Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard explores the auditory capabilities of the animal kingdom.\n\nLesson by Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard, directed by Joseph Clark.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-has-no-ears-but-can-still-hear-jakob-christensen-dalsgaard\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-has-no-ears-but-can-still-hear-jakob-christensen-dalsgaard/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://soundgoods.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND and Samyogita Hardikar.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-11T15:01:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Shock seized the West African Dagara\nvillage as word traveled of a new decree." }, { "start": 11.966, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Completely disregarding\ntime-honored naming rituals," }, { "start": 15.094, "duration": 2.92, "text": "the tyrannical chief declared that,\ngoing forward," }, { "start": 18.014, "duration": 2.335, "text": "he alone would name\nthe village’s children." }, { "start": 20.433, "duration": 2.919, "text": "But an unlikely challenger\neventually appeared..." }, { "start": 23.77, "duration": 4.004, "text": "One day, a mother was taking her newborn\nto the chief’s house to be named" }, { "start": 27.774, "duration": 3.044, "text": "when her baby asked where they were\ngoing from his crib." }, { "start": 30.818, "duration": 3.921, "text": "She told him, and he responded\nthat they could return home" }, { "start": 34.739, "duration": 3.253, "text": "because he already had a name\nand it was Yagangnaa," }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 1.835, "text": "meaning “wiser than the chief.”" }, { "start": 39.952, "duration": 2.253, "text": "So, they did just that." }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 3.294, "text": "Years later, while hunting lizards\nnear the chief's house," }, { "start": 46.459, "duration": 4.046, "text": "a friend called Yagangnaa’s name,\nwhich caught the chief’s attention." }, { "start": 50.797, "duration": 3.837, "text": "He knew he hadn't given any child a name\nthat insulted his own authority." }, { "start": 54.759, "duration": 4.963, "text": "When he asked Yagangnaa who named him,\nand the boy replied that he named himself" }, { "start": 59.847, "duration": 1.752, "text": "the chief grew furious." }, { "start": 61.891, "duration": 3.045, "text": "He committed himself\nto proving his superiority—" }, { "start": 64.936, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and punishing Yagangnaa’s family." }, { "start": 68.439, "duration": 5.214, "text": "First, he called on Yagangnaa and gave him\na huge basket full of millet and pebbles." }, { "start": 73.736, "duration": 4.254, "text": "He told Yagangnaa to have his mother brew\n“pito,” or millet beer," }, { "start": 77.99, "duration": 3.629, "text": "by the end of the day, so the chief\ncould entertain his farm workers." }, { "start": 81.744, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Upon hearing the chief’s orders,\nYagangnaa’s mother wept." }, { "start": 85.414, "duration": 2.92, "text": "It was impossible to separate\nthe millet from the pebbles." }, { "start": 88.417, "duration": 2.67, "text": "And everyone knew it took\nweeks to make pito:" }, { "start": 91.129, "duration": 4.462, "text": "the millet had to be soaked, dried,\nground, boiled, then fermented" }, { "start": 95.591, "duration": 1.502, "text": "in days-long stages." }, { "start": 97.426, "duration": 4.672, "text": "So, Yagangnaa decided to retaliate\nwith another insurmountable task." }, { "start": 102.265, "duration": 4.296, "text": "He sent the chief gourd seeds\nand asked him to prepare calabash cups" }, { "start": 106.561, "duration": 3.295, "text": "that same day to hold the pito\nhis mother was making." }, { "start": 109.897, "duration": 2.586, "text": "The chief would have to wait\nfor the seeds to germinate" }, { "start": 112.483, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and the plants to bear fruit, then\nharvest, carve, and dry them—" }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the work of an entire farming season\nall in one day." }, { "start": 120.283, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Realizing Yagangnaa was onto him—\nand one step ahead—" }, { "start": 124.537, "duration": 2.419, "text": "the chief ordered him\nto return the millet." }, { "start": 127.582, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Next, he instructed Yagangnaa to look\nafter his bull" }, { "start": 131.085, "duration": 2.795, "text": "until it produced enough cattle\nto fill his kraal" }, { "start": 133.88, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and pay his sons’ bridewealths." }, { "start": 136.007, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Without protesting that he’d need a cow,\nnot a bull, to do this," }, { "start": 139.719, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Yagangnaa agreed." }, { "start": 141.512, "duration": 3.379, "text": "The next day, he began cutting dry\nwood near the chief's house." }, { "start": 145.099, "duration": 2.252, "text": "When the chief asked what he was doing," }, { "start": 147.351, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Yagangnaa said he needed wood\nto cook and warm his house" }, { "start": 150.897, "duration": 2.21, "text": "because his father had\njust delivered a baby." }, { "start": 153.316, "duration": 2.46, "text": "The chief laughed and said\nthat was impossible," }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to which Yagangnaa asked why\nit should be impossible" }, { "start": 159.405, "duration": 1.752, "text": "for his father to deliver a child" }, { "start": 161.157, "duration": 3.003, "text": "if the chief thought his bull\nwas going to produce cattle." }, { "start": 164.535, "duration": 4.338, "text": "One-upped once again, the chief ordered\nYagangnaa to return the bull—" }, { "start": 168.873, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and decided to take extreme measures." }, { "start": 172.21, "duration": 3.336, "text": "He told Yagangnaa to accompany his son\non an errand" }, { "start": 175.546, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and provided him a beautiful horse\nand expensive clothes." }, { "start": 178.758, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Meanwhile, the chief's own son wore\ntattered clothing and rode a weak horse." }, { "start": 183.596, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Sensing the chief's new trick brewing," }, { "start": 185.681, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Yagangnaa offered to trade\nwith the chief’s son, who agreed." }, { "start": 189.977, "duration": 2.836, "text": "But the chief had given\nhis men grisly orders." }, { "start": 192.939, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And moments later, a poisoned arrow flew\ntowards the well-dressed boy" }, { "start": 196.776, "duration": 1.501, "text": "on the beautiful white horse," }, { "start": 198.277, "duration": 4.463, "text": "striking and killing the chief’s son\nwhile Yagangnaa escaped." }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Ever fixated on eliminating Yagangnaa,\nthe defiant boy who named himself," }, { "start": 208.037, "duration": 2.836, "text": "the chief invited him over for\na pito drinking spree." }, { "start": 211.29, "duration": 2.336, "text": "He dug a well and covered it\nwith a cowskin" }, { "start": 213.626, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to create a deceitfully decorative seat." }, { "start": 215.92, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But, by now, Yagangnaa knew\nthe chief’s plans," }, { "start": 219.757, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and dug a tunnel connecting his house\nwith the chief’s well." }, { "start": 223.261, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Later, when Yagangnaa arrived\nand graciously took his seat," }, { "start": 227.056, "duration": 1.21, "text": "he fell into the pit. " }, { "start": 228.516, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The chief ordered his wives\nto pour hot pito into the hole." }, { "start": 232.186, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But Yagangnaa swiftly escaped\nthrough the tunnel" }, { "start": 234.605, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and asked his mother to collect\nthe pito that soon followed." }, { "start": 238.067, "duration": 2.252, "text": "The chief thought he’d finally succeeded—" }, { "start": 240.319, "duration": 3.587, "text": "until receiving a message from Yagangnaa\nthe next day" }, { "start": 243.906, "duration": 2.753, "text": "asking to reciprocate the\nchief’s generosity," }, { "start": 246.659, "duration": 2.169, "text": "inviting him for pito." }, { "start": 249.495, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Realizing that Yagangnaa had\noutwitted him again," }, { "start": 252.456, "duration": 1.252, "text": "the chief conceded." }, { "start": 253.708, "duration": 2.46, "text": "And finally he abolished his decree" }, { "start": 256.168, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and returned the power of naming\nback to his people," }, { "start": 259.13, "duration": 1.459, "text": "where it belonged." } ] }, { "video_id": "7u98x3_r4_A", "title": "How to love, according to Rumi - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Explore the life and works of Rumi, who became one of the world’s most celebrated poets and mystical philosophers.\n\n--\n\nAccording to legend, the renowned scholar Jalaluddin Muhammad Rumi was giving a lecture when a disheveled man approached and asked him the meaning of his academic books. Rumi didn’t know it yet, but this question and this man would change his life. So, who was this mysterious figure, and how did he influence Rumi’s worldview? Stephanie Honchell Smith details the life of the celebrated poet.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Reza Riahi.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-meaning-of-love-according-to-rumi-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-meaning-of-love-according-to-rumi-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.rezariahi.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham and Adrian Rotaru.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-06T15:01:34Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.837, "text": "One night in 2013, a man\nin Northern Ireland" }, { "start": 10.882, "duration": 5.755, "text": "was shocked to discover something bizarre\nprotruding from the mouth of the sea bass" }, { "start": 16.637, "duration": 1.877, "text": "he was preparing for dinner." }, { "start": 18.806, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Peering closer, he came face-to-face" }, { "start": 21.768, "duration": 3.461, "text": "with none other than the\ninfamous “tongue biter,”" }, { "start": 25.396, "duration": 4.171, "text": "also known as the tongue-eating louse." }, { "start": 29.776, "duration": 3.67, "text": "This species, Cymothoa exigua," }, { "start": 33.488, "duration": 4.671, "text": "is one of nearly 400 belonging to a family\nof fish parasites" }, { "start": 38.159, "duration": 2.002, "text": "called cymothoids." }, { "start": 40.453, "duration": 4.588, "text": "They’re crustaceans,\nand more specifically, isopods," }, { "start": 45.041, "duration": 1.835, "text": "like pill bugs." }, { "start": 47.376, "duration": 5.548, "text": "Some latch onto their host's head,\nothers suck blood from fish gills," }, { "start": 53.091, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and still others burrow into fish flesh" }, { "start": 56.594, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and form sac-like membranes\naround themselves." }, { "start": 61.099, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Clearly, there are many delightful ways\nto be a cymothoid," }, { "start": 67.063, "duration": 6.631, "text": "but Cymothoa exigua and others\ngo specifically for fish tongues—" }, { "start": 73.82, "duration": 3.753, "text": "or at least what pass\nas tongues among fish." }, { "start": 78.032, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Because instead of what\nwe think of as a tongue," }, { "start": 81.911, "duration": 4.588, "text": "fish have a bony structure\ncalled a basihyal," }, { "start": 86.874, "duration": 2.67, "text": "protruding from the floor\nof their mouths," }, { "start": 89.544, "duration": 4.879, "text": "which they use to move oxygen-rich\nwater towards their gills" }, { "start": 94.423, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and to swallow food." }, { "start": 96.592, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Tongue biters start out looking\nfor a fish to call home for life," }, { "start": 101.347, "duration": 2.669, "text": "which can be up to around three years." }, { "start": 104.142, "duration": 5.505, "text": "They may swim for days,\nsurviving off stored yolk reserves—" }, { "start": 109.689, "duration": 3.295, "text": "until finally, they sense\na change in the light" }, { "start": 113.109, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and pick up on a nearby fish’s\nchemical cues." }, { "start": 117.155, "duration": 4.587, "text": "They burst into action,\nhook onto the fish’s gills" }, { "start": 121.742, "duration": 6.048, "text": "using the sharp, curved tips\nof their limbs, and crawl on in." }, { "start": 128.082, "duration": 1.752, "text": "There, they molt," }, { "start": 130.042, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and since they won’t be living\nindependently again," }, { "start": 133.254, "duration": 5.672, "text": "their eyes recede and their limbs lose\ntheir hair-like swimming structures." }, { "start": 139.135, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Meanwhile, their sperm producing\nand transporting organs also mature." }, { "start": 145.558, "duration": 5.505, "text": "If they’ve moved into a fish that doesn’t\nalready have a tongue biter at the helm," }, { "start": 151.063, "duration": 5.256, "text": "they’ll speed right through this\nmale phase and develop into a female." }, { "start": 156.485, "duration": 1.794, "text": "They grow much larger," }, { "start": 158.279, "duration": 3.921, "text": "their testes shrink,\ntheir ovaries become active," }, { "start": 162.325, "duration": 3.128, "text": "they form a kangaroo-like brood pouch," }, { "start": 165.453, "duration": 5.422, "text": "and they enter their host’s mouth\nand clamp down on its basihyal." }, { "start": 171.584, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Here, they’re thought to suck blood" }, { "start": 174.253, "duration": 4.254, "text": "from the fleshier part\nof the fish’s tongue-like structure." }, { "start": 178.633, "duration": 6.464, "text": "Over time, the isopod’s habits can cause\nthe fish’s basihyal to wither away," }, { "start": 185.181, "duration": 3.17, "text": "leaving the fish\nwith a parasitic crustacean" }, { "start": 188.351, "duration": 3.003, "text": "acting as a tongue-like appendage." }, { "start": 191.562, "duration": 1.251, "text": "In this form," }, { "start": 192.813, "duration": 5.673, "text": "the tongue biter is suspected\nto functionally replace the basihyal," }, { "start": 198.694, "duration": 4.338, "text": "moving food and water\nthrough the fish’s mouth." }, { "start": 203.366, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Only mature female tongue biters\ntake hold of the basihyal," }, { "start": 209.163, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and only one at a time gets a taste." }, { "start": 212.083, "duration": 4.462, "text": "In the event that a few tongue biters\nshare the same lucky fish" }, { "start": 216.545, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and the tongue is already taken," }, { "start": 218.589, "duration": 4.755, "text": "the others will remain male till\nthe opportunity to switch arises." }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 4.504, "text": "If the female dies, a nearby male\ncan develop into a female" }, { "start": 228.015, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and fill the recently vacated position." }, { "start": 231.143, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Otherwise, males mostly remain\nin the gills," }, { "start": 234.939, "duration": 2.794, "text": "though they may climb into the mouth\nto mate." }, { "start": 237.858, "duration": 5.214, "text": "And when that happens, a female can\nproduce hundreds of tiny tongue biters," }, { "start": 243.155, "duration": 4.713, "text": "carrying them inside a special pouch\nuntil they’re ready to swim off" }, { "start": 247.868, "duration": 3.838, "text": "and find fish of their own\nto make home sweet home." }, { "start": 252.081, "duration": 5.214, "text": "Fish can survive years\nparasitized by cymothoids," }, { "start": 257.503, "duration": 4.213, "text": "but it may come as no surprise\nthat having a blood-sucking isopod" }, { "start": 261.716, "duration": 2.46, "text": "for a tongue isn't ideal." }, { "start": 264.427, "duration": 5.797, "text": "While some seem largely unaffected\naside from the obvious, localized damage," }, { "start": 270.349, "duration": 2.836, "text": "others grow slower, become anemic," }, { "start": 273.185, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and are more susceptible\nto environmental stressors." }, { "start": 277.565, "duration": 6.548, "text": "Parasitism rates can get surprisingly high\namong cymothoids’ preferred hosts," }, { "start": 284.113, "duration": 3.754, "text": "which includes snappers, trout,\nand croakers—" }, { "start": 287.867, "duration": 2.919, "text": "also commonly consumed by people." }, { "start": 291.037, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Surveys of Mediterranean\nstriped sea breams" }, { "start": 294.957, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and South African largespot pompanos" }, { "start": 298.21, "duration": 5.214, "text": " found that nearly half the fish\ncarried cymothoids in their mouths." }, { "start": 303.549, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And the number can climb\neven higher in fish farms." }, { "start": 307.595, "duration": 1.835, "text": "They’re normally removed," }, { "start": 309.472, "duration": 5.046, "text": "but they've occasionally made their way\ninto grocery stores and home kitchens." }, { "start": 314.852, "duration": 4.963, "text": "And while theoretically eating a tongue\nbiter doesn't pose any health risks," }, { "start": 319.857, "duration": 3.462, "text": "it might not be the most\npleasant surprise." }, { "start": 323.944, "duration": 2.628, "text": "What? Louse got your tongue?" } ] }, { "video_id": "SYia4zqcE4g", "title": "Can you transplant a head to another body? - Max G. Levy", "description": "Follow a neurosurgeon's attempts to perform a head transplant, and dig into the ethical and biological questions the procedure raises.\n\n--\n\nIn 1970, neurosurgeon Robert White and his team carted two monkeys into an operating room to conduct an ambitious experiment. The objective was to connect the head of Monkey A to the body of Monkey B, in what he considered a whole-body transplant, with the ultimate goal of one day performing this surgery on humans. Is such a feat even medically possible? And is it ethical? Max G. Levy investigates.\n\nLesson by Max G. Levy, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-transplant-a-head-to-another-body-max-levy\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-transplant-a-head-to-another-body-max-levy/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/anton_bogaty\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong and Bev Millar.", "publishedAt": "2024-06-04T15:01:06Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 5.714, "text": "In 2003, Singapore’s national water agency\nlaunched an unprecedented program." }, { "start": 12.8, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Using two new facilities," }, { "start": 14.635, "duration": 3.963, "text": "they planned to provide more than 50%\nof their nation’s water supply" }, { "start": 18.598, "duration": 1.96, "text": "by recycling wastewater." }, { "start": 20.808, "duration": 2.795, "text": "And yes, we do mean that wastewater." }, { "start": 24.02, "duration": 3.128, "text": "While this might seem\nlike a desperate decision," }, { "start": 27.148, "duration": 2.544, "text": "this program had been\nplanned for decades" }, { "start": 29.692, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to ensure the island nation\nnever ran out of clean water." }, { "start": 33.821, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And today, as climate change\nincreases the frequency and duration" }, { "start": 37.658, "duration": 1.752, "text": "of droughts worldwide," }, { "start": 39.41, "duration": 2.67, "text": "more and more regions\nare facing this problem." }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But is it really safe to reuse anything\nwe flush down the toilet?" }, { "start": 46.667, "duration": 1.085, "text": "To answer this," }, { "start": 47.752, "duration": 3.587, "text": "we have to understand exactly\nwhat’s inside this cloudy cocktail." }, { "start": 51.964, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Wastewater is classified\ninto several types," }, { "start": 54.884, "duration": 1.877, "text": "but the primary three are:" }, { "start": 56.761, "duration": 3.337, "text": "gray water used\nin sinks, bathing, and laundry;" }, { "start": 60.098, "duration": 2.335, "text": "yellow water containing just urine;" }, { "start": 62.433, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and black water which has\ncome into contact with feces." }, { "start": 66.521, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Globally, we generate enough wastewater" }, { "start": 68.898, "duration": 4.421, "text": "to fill about 400,000 Olympic-sized\nswimming pools every day." }, { "start": 73.611, "duration": 2.336, "text": "In cities and towns with sewage systems," }, { "start": 75.947, "duration": 2.836, "text": "this wastewater combines\nin underground pipes," }, { "start": 78.783, "duration": 2.586, "text": "which actually aren’t filled with feces." }, { "start": 81.452, "duration": 2.378, "text": "The average 4,000 liters\nof sewage" }, { "start": 83.83, "duration": 3.586, "text": "contains only a single liter\nof solid fecal material." }, { "start": 87.416, "duration": 3.129, "text": "But sewage is still rife\nwith dangerous contaminants," }, { "start": 90.711, "duration": 3.295, "text": "including billions of pathogens\nand microorganisms," }, { "start": 94.006, "duration": 3.629, "text": "trace chemicals,\nand excess inorganic nutrients" }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 2.002, "text": "that can pollute rivers and lakes." }, { "start": 100.138, "duration": 2.877, "text": "So even if we aren’t planning\nto drink this concoction," }, { "start": 103.015, "duration": 1.46, "text": "we still need to clean it;" }, { "start": 104.475, "duration": 4.213, "text": "which is why sewer systems typically\nrun to wastewater treatment plants." }, { "start": 108.688, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Most plants remove major contaminants" }, { "start": 111.023, "duration": 3.379, "text": "such as feces, pathogens,\nand excess nitrogen" }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 2.127, "text": "from all the water they process." }, { "start": 116.737, "duration": 5.214, "text": "And this involves a ton of biological,\nchemical, and physical interventions." }, { "start": 122.118, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Some of the most important include\nsettling tanks to remove large particles," }, { "start": 126.539, "duration": 4.796, "text": "biological reaction tanks where microbes\neat unwanted materials," }, { "start": 131.335, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and chemical disinfection processes\nthat kill pathogens." }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 4.004, "text": "After these procedures,\ntypical treated wastewater in the US" }, { "start": 139.844, "duration": 3.086, "text": "is already cleaner than most\nnatural bodies of water," }, { "start": 142.93, "duration": 2.962, "text": "making it safe to discharge\ninto rivers and lakes." }, { "start": 146.225, "duration": 3.504, "text": "If we plan on reusing the water\nfor non-potable purposes," }, { "start": 149.729, "duration": 2.419, "text": "such as irrigation or washing cars," }, { "start": 152.148, "duration": 3.962, "text": "it gets even further disinfected \nto prevent bacteria from growing" }, { "start": 156.11, "duration": 1.293, "text": "during storage." }, { "start": 157.653, "duration": 2.169, "text": "But if we want it clean enough to drink," }, { "start": 159.822, "duration": 2.211, "text": "there's much more treatment to be done." }, { "start": 162.158, "duration": 3.503, "text": "One common process\nincludes microfiltration," }, { "start": 165.661, "duration": 3.837, "text": "where membranes with pores\none millionth of a meter across" }, { "start": 169.582, "duration": 3.754, "text": "filter out small particles\nand larger microorganisms." }, { "start": 173.544, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Next, the water passes through an even\nfiner reverse osmosis membrane," }, { "start": 178.674, "duration": 4.588, "text": "which can remove particles as small\nas a tenth of a billionth of a meter." }, { "start": 183.429, "duration": 4.129, "text": "This membrane is semi-permeable,\nallowing water to pass through," }, { "start": 187.558, "duration": 4.046, "text": "but stopping things like salt, viruses,\nor unwanted chemicals." }, { "start": 192.063, "duration": 3.879, "text": "After this stage, UV lamps are\nplunged into the water," }, { "start": 195.942, "duration": 2.752, "text": "emitting radiation that\npermanently damages" }, { "start": 198.694, "duration": 3.629, "text": "the genetic material\nof any lingering life forms." }, { "start": 202.49, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Sometimes UV disinfection is then combined\nwith further disinfection processes" }, { "start": 207.912, "duration": 2.794, "text": "that use chemicals like hydrogen peroxide" }, { "start": 210.706, "duration": 4.797, "text": "to handle a wide range\nof microorganisms and micropollutants." }, { "start": 216.087, "duration": 3.587, "text": "At this point, the treated wastewater\nis tested rigorously." }, { "start": 219.674, "duration": 4.629, "text": "And if it passes, it can safely enter\nthe typical pipeline for drinking water," }, { "start": 224.303, "duration": 2.211, "text": "going through the standard\ntreatment procedures" }, { "start": 226.514, "duration": 2.085, "text": "before joining the municipal supply." }, { "start": 228.933, "duration": 3.378, "text": "This approach is called\ndirect potable reuse," }, { "start": 232.311, "duration": 2.044, "text": "but even though it’s perfectly healthy," }, { "start": 234.355, "duration": 2.878, "text": "there’s still some concern\nwith such a direct system." }, { "start": 237.275, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Instead, most places opt\nfor indirect potable reuse," }, { "start": 241.237, "duration": 4.171, "text": "where the treated wastewater is discharged\nto an environmental buffer," }, { "start": 245.408, "duration": 4.462, "text": "such as a reservoir, lake, wetland,\nor groundwater aquifer." }, { "start": 250.162, "duration": 2.044, "text": "After some time in this environment," }, { "start": 252.206, "duration": 2.628, "text": "any lingering chemicals\nfrom the treatment process" }, { "start": 254.834, "duration": 1.751, "text": "will diffuse and degrade." }, { "start": 256.752, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Then, the water can be extracted\nand enter the drinking water pipeline." }, { "start": 261.215, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Indirect potable reuse is the\nprocess used in Singapore," }, { "start": 265.511, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and it's become an increasingly common\nlifeline for arid regions in the US." }, { "start": 270.516, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But this system is only feasible in places\nwith centralized sewer systems" }, { "start": 275.271, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and infrastructure for pumping\nwater into people's homes." }, { "start": 278.899, "duration": 1.961, "text": "This means it can’t help communities" }, { "start": 280.86, "duration": 2.711, "text": "dealing with the most serious\nsanitation issues," }, { "start": 283.571, "duration": 3.086, "text": "where access to clean water\nis a daily struggle." }, { "start": 286.907, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Researchers are investigating smaller\nscale technologies to recycle sewage" }, { "start": 291.62, "duration": 1.919, "text": "into potable water on site." }, { "start": 293.664, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But helping these communities\nin the long term" }, { "start": 296.417, "duration": 4.421, "text": "will require us to take a closer look\nat all the water we’ve been wasting." } ] }, { "video_id": "wyHLLzmNje0", "title": "How did ancient civilizations make ice cream? - Vivian Jiang", "description": "Trace the history of ice cream, from the first accounts of cold desserts in the 1st century to the cream-based treat we know today.\n\n--\n\nIce cream has a unique role in our world’s history, culture, and cravings. The first accounts of cold desserts date back to the first century, in civilizations including ancient Rome, Mughal India, and Tang Dynasty China. Yet the cream-based delicacy we know today made a much later debut. So, how did the delicious sweet treat come to be? Vivian Jiang shares the scoop on the history of ice cream.\n\nLesson by Vivian Jiang, directed by Masayoshi Nakamura, Good General.\n\nMusic and sound design by Zak Engel.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-ancient-civilizations-make-ice-cream-vivian-jiang\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-ancient-civilizations-make-ice-cream-vivian-jiang/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://goodgeneral.com\nMusic and sound design: https://www.zakengel.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz and Edla Paniguel.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-30T15:00:59Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 5.589, "text": "You and a group of strangers have been\ngathered to design a just society." }, { "start": 12.675, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And to ensure none of you rig the system\nto benefit yourself," }, { "start": 16.929, "duration": 3.587, "text": "you’ve all been placed\nunder a “veil of ignorance.”" }, { "start": 21.017, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Under this veil, you’re blind to certain\ninformation about each other" }, { "start": 25.605, "duration": 1.418, "text": "and yourselves." }, { "start": 27.231, "duration": 2.461, "text": "You don’t know your age or sex," }, { "start": 29.692, "duration": 3.754, "text": "your profession or natural talents,\nhow much wealth you have," }, { "start": 33.446, "duration": 3.128, "text": "or your religious\nor philosophical beliefs." }, { "start": 37.033, "duration": 3.628, "text": "So, according to political philosopher\nJohn Rawls," }, { "start": 40.661, "duration": 3.546, "text": "you should be motivated to consider\nwhat’s most fair" }, { "start": 44.207, "duration": 2.46, "text": "for all your society's citizens." }, { "start": 47.585, "duration": 2.753, "text": "When Rawls published this\nthought experiment—" }, { "start": 50.338, "duration": 5.964, "text": "known as “the original position”—\nin his 1971 opus “A Theory of Justice,”" }, { "start": 56.344, "duration": 5.213, "text": "he was trying to identify principles\nto support a realistic utopia." }, { "start": 62.141, "duration": 4.505, "text": "This visionary society would ensure\neveryone had the resources" }, { "start": 66.646, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and opportunities required\nto freely pursue their goals." }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Rawls was confident these principles could\nonly be realized in a democracy." }, { "start": 76.823, "duration": 4.796, "text": "But he felt existing social structures\nweren’t the right path forward." }, { "start": 81.953, "duration": 3.962, "text": "He believed free market philosophies\nand welfare capitalism" }, { "start": 85.957, "duration": 3.712, "text": "led to unjust accumulations\nof wealth and power." }, { "start": 89.836, "duration": 2.919, "text": "And he saw models inspired by Marxism" }, { "start": 92.755, "duration": 3.295, "text": "as extreme reactions\nto capitalism’s flaws," }, { "start": 96.05, "duration": 3.879, "text": "with unrealistic assumptions\nabout economies and human nature." }, { "start": 100.179, "duration": 3.17, "text": "So Rawls proposed a new kind of democracy." }, { "start": 103.474, "duration": 3.754, "text": "One where no person was considered\nless valuable than another" }, { "start": 107.228, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and all citizens could live\naccording to their own wills." }, { "start": 110.898, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And while the details of this vision\ncan seem radical," }, { "start": 113.901, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Rawls believed that,\nunder the veil of ignorance," }, { "start": 117.155, "duration": 4.671, "text": "free and equal people would\nunanimously agree to his fair society." }, { "start": 122.118, "duration": 2.502, "text": "So, let’s play out this\nthought experiment." }, { "start": 125.204, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The first step in designing our society\nis deciding how to distribute" }, { "start": 129.458, "duration": 2.628, "text": "what Rawls called primary goods." }, { "start": 132.211, "duration": 3.671, "text": "These include the basic liberties,\nopportunities, and wealth" }, { "start": 135.882, "duration": 2.711, "text": "necessary for pursuing most goals." }, { "start": 139.051, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Rawls believed our justice-architects\nwould agree" }, { "start": 142.388, "duration": 3.921, "text": "to an “equal scheme\nof basic liberties” for all," }, { "start": 146.309, "duration": 1.668, "text": "including freedom of speech" }, { "start": 147.977, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and the freedom to associate\nwith whoever they choose." }, { "start": 151.189, "duration": 3.169, "text": "After all, without the freedom\nto pursue one's goals," }, { "start": 154.358, "duration": 3.754, "text": "resources like wealth\nand job opportunities lose their value." }, { "start": 158.321, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Citizens would also have equal political\nliberties to vote and run for office." }, { "start": 163.534, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Next, Rawls believes the architects\nwould establish what he calls" }, { "start": 167.538, "duration": 2.169, "text": "“fair equality of opportunity.”" }, { "start": 169.957, "duration": 5.047, "text": "This means society must be arranged\nso no one is unfairly deprived" }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 4.796, "text": "of the resources necessary to compete\nfor valued jobs and other positions." }, { "start": 180.134, "duration": 4.338, "text": "However, after agreeing upon equality\nof liberty and opportunity," }, { "start": 184.472, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Rawls believes our justice-architects\nwould see the benefits" }, { "start": 188.476, "duration": 2.669, "text": "of allowing for some wealth inequalities." }, { "start": 191.52, "duration": 3.754, "text": "For example, greater profits\ncan incentivize innovation," }, { "start": 195.274, "duration": 2.044, "text": "productivity, and investment." }, { "start": 197.401, "duration": 4.839, "text": "But Rawls also believes our designers\nwould want to limit differences in wealth" }, { "start": 202.24, "duration": 2.335, "text": "with what he calls\n“the difference principle.”" }, { "start": 204.784, "duration": 3.503, "text": "This states that wealth inequalities\nare only acceptable" }, { "start": 208.287, "duration": 2.92, "text": "when they benefit\nthe least advantaged citizens," }, { "start": 211.207, "duration": 4.254, "text": "making them better off than they’d be\nunder conditions of strict equality." }, { "start": 216.087, "duration": 3.962, "text": "These tenets form the foundation\nof Rawls’ just society," }, { "start": 220.049, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and he believed they could be achieved\nthrough what he called" }, { "start": 223.177, "duration": 1.835, "text": "“property owning democracy.”" }, { "start": 225.304, "duration": 4.38, "text": "This model would guarantee equal access\nto education and healthcare" }, { "start": 229.684, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and rely on government regulation\nto ensure a just distribution" }, { "start": 233.98, "duration": 1.668, "text": "of property and wealth." }, { "start": 236.232, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Rawls knew fully adopting this approach\nwould require major changes" }, { "start": 240.403, "duration": 1.585, "text": "for existing democracies." }, { "start": 242.196, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But he believed his principles\ncould at least inspire" }, { "start": 245.157, "duration": 1.752, "text": "some immediate improvements." }, { "start": 247.159, "duration": 4.13, "text": "For example, Rawls advocated for limits\non campaign spending" }, { "start": 251.289, "duration": 1.793, "text": "and political contributions" }, { "start": 253.082, "duration": 2.794, "text": "to reduce the influence\nof wealth on politics." }, { "start": 256.377, "duration": 3.045, "text": "He also endorsed policies\nfighting discrimination" }, { "start": 259.422, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and generous social safety nets\nlike unemployment benefits" }, { "start": 263.092, "duration": 2.878, "text": "to ensure a good situation\nfor the worst-off." }, { "start": 266.554, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Some philosophers have\ncritiqued Rawls’ work." }, { "start": 269.348, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Ronald Dworkin argues that\nthe difference principle" }, { "start": 272.393, "duration": 4.338, "text": "unfairly tethers society’s progress\nto the status of the worst-off," }, { "start": 276.731, "duration": 2.919, "text": "even if they’re in that position\nbecause of their own choices." }, { "start": 279.984, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Meanwhile, Martha Nussbaum believes\nRawls’ thought experiment" }, { "start": 283.654, "duration": 2.127, "text": "overlooks real-life particulars." }, { "start": 285.948, "duration": 3.545, "text": "For example, the special needs\nof a person with disabilities" }, { "start": 289.493, "duration": 4.38, "text": "might not be satisfied by the\nstandard distribution of primary goods." }, { "start": 294.165, "duration": 1.334, "text": "And more generally," }, { "start": 295.499, "duration": 4.046, "text": "some argue the architects in Rawls’\nharmonious thought experiment" }, { "start": 299.545, "duration": 3.212, "text": "are simply too different\nfrom the competing interests" }, { "start": 302.757, "duration": 1.626, "text": "building real societies." }, { "start": 304.633, "duration": 1.794, "text": "But since its publication," }, { "start": 306.427, "duration": 4.087, "text": "this thought experiment has inspired\nsome very real consequences." }, { "start": 310.514, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Rawls’ rallying cry for social\nand political equality" }, { "start": 313.934, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and a more justly regulated form\nof capitalism" }, { "start": 316.979, "duration": 5.255, "text": "has impacted countless political\nphilosophers, activists, and policymakers." }, { "start": 322.943, "duration": 4.588, "text": "And this new school of thought about\njustice continues to challenge people" }, { "start": 327.531, "duration": 5.631, "text": "to look past their biases and consider\nwhat a fair society might truly look like." } ] }, { "video_id": "oPGVGckn7kQ", "title": "How does an air conditioner actually work? - Anna Rothschild", "description": "Dig into the science of how heat pumps both heat and cool a home, and find out the benefits and drawbacks of this technology.\n\n--\n\nTypically, with any piece of technology, you pump one unit of energy in and you get about one out. That’s just the first law of thermodynamics: energy has to be conserved. But there’s a piece of technology called a heat pump, where for every bit of energy you put in, you get three to five times as much heat out. What wizardry is this? Anna Rothschild investigates the science of heat pumps.\n\nLesson by Anna Rothschild, directed by Kevin Herrmann, AIM Creative Studios.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tech-that-seems-to-break-the-laws-of-physics-anna-rothschild\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-tech-that-seems-to-break-the-laws-of-physics-anna-rothschild/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aimcreativestudios.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti and Helen Lee.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-28T15:00:56Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.003, "text": "In 2009, five Kenyan people\ntook a petition" }, { "start": 10.048, "duration": 1.876, "text": "to the British Prime Minister’s office." }, { "start": 12.008, "duration": 3.462, "text": "They claimed they endured\nhuman rights abuses in the 1950s," }, { "start": 15.636, "duration": 3.879, "text": "while Kenya was under British colonial\nrule and demanded reparations." }, { "start": 19.974, "duration": 3.378, "text": "They had vivid accounts and physical scars\nfrom their experiences—" }, { "start": 23.352, "duration": 2.086, "text": "but their testimonies were undermined." }, { "start": 25.646, "duration": 3.754, "text": "They had no documentary evidence that\nBritain sanctioned systems of torture" }, { "start": 29.4, "duration": 2.878, "text": "against Kenyans—\nat least, not yet." }, { "start": 32.862, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Thousands of secret files were\nwaiting to be discovered." }, { "start": 36.074, "duration": 4.045, "text": "In 2010, a historian joined \nthe trial as an expert witness" }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and attested to having seen references\nto missing documents." }, { "start": 43.456, "duration": 4.338, "text": "They noted that Kenya had repeatedly\nrequested the return of stolen papers," }, { "start": 47.794, "duration": 2.127, "text": "which the British government had refused." }, { "start": 50.046, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In fact, many historians suspected\nthere were gaps in the archives." }, { "start": 54.092, "duration": 4.004, "text": "As a result, the court ordered the release\nof any relevant documents." }, { "start": 58.096, "duration": 4.379, "text": "And, days later, British officials\nacknowledged that 1,500 pertinent files" }, { "start": 62.475, "duration": 2.21, "text": "were being held \nin a high-security archive." }, { "start": 64.977, "duration": 2.711, "text": "It soon became clear that these \nwere just a small sample" }, { "start": 67.688, "duration": 3.546, "text": "of documents Britain hid\nbetween the 1950s and 70s," }, { "start": 71.234, "duration": 2.335, "text": "while former colonies \ndeclared independence," }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 4.171, "text": "as part of a widespread colonial British \npolicy called Operation Legacy." }, { "start": 78.533, "duration": 3.753, "text": "The policy was for British colonial\nofficers to destroy or remove" }, { "start": 82.286, "duration": 2.503, "text": "documentation that \nmight incriminate Britain" }, { "start": 84.789, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and be of strategic value\nto the new governments." }, { "start": 87.75, "duration": 2.336, "text": "They were instructed to destroy, alter," }, { "start": 90.086, "duration": 2.836, "text": "or secretly transport\nthese papers to the UK." }, { "start": 93.172, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Documents slated for destruction\nwere to be burnt to ashes" }, { "start": 96.425, "duration": 2.712, "text": "or sunk in weighted crates far from shore." }, { "start": 99.679, "duration": 3.378, "text": "During the trial, between 2010 and 2013," }, { "start": 103.057, "duration": 2.961, "text": "an independent historian revealed \nthey had located" }, { "start": 106.018, "duration": 3.796, "text": "more than 20,000 previously hidden \nOperation Legacy files" }, { "start": 109.814, "duration": 1.918, "text": "from 37 former colonies." }, { "start": 112.233, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Finally, an estimated 1.2 million \ncolonial files," }, { "start": 116.07, "duration": 3.754, "text": "sprawling kilometers in the archive’s \nso-called “Special Collections,”" }, { "start": 119.824, "duration": 1.46, "text": "were also exposed." }, { "start": 121.659, "duration": 3.086, "text": "And these were only the documents\nthat British forces kept." }, { "start": 125.079, "duration": 3.087, "text": "How many were destroyed— \nand what information they contained—" }, { "start": 128.166, "duration": 1.209, "text": "remains unknown." }, { "start": 129.876, "duration": 5.088, "text": "About 3.5 tons of colonial documents \nwere slated for incineration in Kenya." }, { "start": 135.214, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Ultimately, Operation Legacy’s objective\nwas to obscure critical aspects" }, { "start": 139.093, "duration": 1.043, "text": "of the truth." }, { "start": 140.136, "duration": 2.461, "text": "In the words of Britain’s\nattorney-general in Kenya," }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 2.502, "text": "“If we are going to sin, \nwe must sin quietly.”" }, { "start": 145.349, "duration": 2.628, "text": "So, what really happened in Kenya?" }, { "start": 148.227, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Beginning in 1895, the British\nadministration forcibly removed people" }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 1.544, "text": "from their traditional lands," }, { "start": 154.066, "duration": 4.63, "text": "giving the most fertile areas to European\nsettlers to establish large-scale farms." }, { "start": 158.946, "duration": 2.253, "text": "They mandated forced labor systems," }, { "start": 161.199, "duration": 2.877, "text": "implemented reservations \nfor Indigenous African peoples," }, { "start": 164.076, "duration": 1.46, "text": "and restricted their movement." }, { "start": 165.62, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Kenyan people resisted \nthese incursions from the start" }, { "start": 168.664, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and grew increasingly organized over time." }, { "start": 171.083, "duration": 2.461, "text": "One movement, \nthe Kenya Land and Freedom Army," }, { "start": 173.544, "duration": 4.046, "text": "aimed to forcibly remove white settlers\nand overthrow the colonial government." }, { "start": 178.049, "duration": 3.461, "text": "When the British declared \na state of emergency in 1952," }, { "start": 181.51, "duration": 4.171, "text": "they were giving themselves permission \nto take otherwise illegal special measures" }, { "start": 185.681, "duration": 1.252, "text": "to regain control." }, { "start": 187.391, "duration": 2.461, "text": "The newly revealed \nOperation Legacy documents" }, { "start": 189.852, "duration": 3.17, "text": "confirmed that people suspected \nof participating in the resistance" }, { "start": 193.022, "duration": 2.044, "text": "were subjected to horrible abuses." }, { "start": 195.191, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Between 1952 and 1959," }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 3.67, "text": "the British imprisoned \nover 80,000 people without trial," }, { "start": 201.53, "duration": 4.13, "text": "sentenced over 1,000 people convicted\nas terrorists to death," }, { "start": 205.66, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and imposed extreme surveillance\nand interrogation tactics." }, { "start": 209.538, "duration": 1.711, "text": "Some people were beaten to death." }, { "start": 211.499, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Others were raped or castrated." }, { "start": 213.709, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Many were shackled at the wrist for years." }, { "start": 216.337, "duration": 1.293, "text": "Children were killed." }, { "start": 217.672, "duration": 1.835, "text": "One person was burnt alive." }, { "start": 219.632, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Ndiku Mutwiwa Mutua testified \nto being castrated while handcuffed" }, { "start": 224.011, "duration": 1.126, "text": "and blindfolded." }, { "start": 225.638, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Wambugu Wa Nyingi said he was\nsuspended upside-down, beaten," }, { "start": 229.976, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and had water thrown on his face\nuntil he could barely breathe." }, { "start": 233.646, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Jane Muthoni Mara said she was \nsexually violated with a hot bottle," }, { "start": 237.65, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and imprisoned for years without cause." }, { "start": 240.111, "duration": 1.793, "text": "In response to the new evidence," }, { "start": 241.904, "duration": 2.336, "text": "the British government issued\na formal apology," }, { "start": 244.24, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and made an out-of-court \nfinancial settlement" }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 4.629, "text": "with the 5,228 Kenyan claimants \nultimately involved in the case." }, { "start": 251.622, "duration": 2.419, "text": "The original five claimants \nhad made history—" }, { "start": 254.041, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and paved the way for it \nto be rightfully rewritten." }, { "start": 257.128, "duration": 4.546, "text": "The uncovered files challenge fundamental\nmyths about British colonialism" }, { "start": 261.674, "duration": 4.296, "text": "as a benevolent institution that brought\nfreedom and democracy to its subjects," }, { "start": 265.97, "duration": 2.336, "text": "then graciously gave them independence." }, { "start": 268.472, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Instead, the newly exposed evidence\nconfirms what many people knew to be true," }, { "start": 273.185, "duration": 1.085, "text": "because they lived it—" }, { "start": 274.27, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and survived to rescue history\nfrom the ashes." } ] }, { "video_id": "sTW3dvuDmBE", "title": "Why is English so confusing? - Arika Okrent", "description": "Explore the evolution of English spelling conventions throughout history, and find out why it's such an inconsistent language.\n\n--\n\nSpelling reformers have been advocating for changes to make English spelling more intuitive and less irregular. One example of its messiness: take the “g-h” sound from “enough,” the “o” sound from “women” and the “t-i” sound from “action,” and you could argue that “g-h-o-t-i” spells “fish.” So, how did English get like this? Arika Okrent explores the complexity of English spelling conventions.\n\nLesson by Arika Okrent, directed by Emily Howells, Aaron Brady.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-don-t-tough-and-dough-rhyme-arika-okrent\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-don-t-tough-and-dough-rhyme-arika-okrent/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.emilyhowells.com and https://aaronbrady.uk\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk and Aaron Torres.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-23T14:00:17Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Since 2015, an unprecedented movement has\nbeen sweeping courts around the world." }, { "start": 12.925, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Groups of young plaintiffs,\nsome as young as 7," }, { "start": 16.512, "duration": 4.713, "text": "are suing their governments for their\ninaction on tackling climate change." }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 2.753, "text": "For example, in the winter of 2018," }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 4.004, "text": "25 young Colombians,\nincluding Indigenous youths," }, { "start": 28.191, "duration": 4.337, "text": "sued their government for failing\nto reduce deforestation in the Amazon" }, { "start": 32.528, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and falling short on climate promises." }, { "start": 35.406, "duration": 1.919, "text": "This suit, as well as others," }, { "start": 37.325, "duration": 3.086, "text": "argued that destructive\nenvironmental policies" }, { "start": 40.411, "duration": 3.587, "text": "put the plaintiffs’ current and future\nlives at risk." }, { "start": 44.373, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Climate inaction violates\ntheir basic human rights—" }, { "start": 47.585, "duration": 5.214, "text": "specifically the right to a healthy\nenvironment, health, food, and water." }, { "start": 53.549, "duration": 2.962, "text": "But what do human rights\nhave to do with the environment?" }, { "start": 56.636, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Do you have the right\nto breathe clean air?" }, { "start": 59.305, "duration": 4.922, "text": "To live in a world with white rhinos,\npolar bears, and lemur leaf frogs?" }, { "start": 64.811, "duration": 3.128, "text": "What about the right to mangroves\nand coral reefs?" }, { "start": 68.272, "duration": 3.379, "text": "The first international document\nto outline human rights" }, { "start": 71.651, "duration": 4.421, "text": "was adopted by the newly-formed\nUnited Nations in 1948," }, { "start": 76.28, "duration": 4.797, "text": "against the backdrop of two world wars\nmarked by countless atrocities" }, { "start": 81.077, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and barbaric acts." }, { "start": 83.246, "duration": 3.795, "text": "This document, known as\nthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights," }, { "start": 87.041, "duration": 1.752, "text": "or UDHR," }, { "start": 88.876, "duration": 3.379, "text": "describes the inherent freedoms\nthat belong to all people," }, { "start": 92.255, "duration": 5.171, "text": "no matter who they are or where they live,\nand which can't be granted or revoked." }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 2.503, "text": "It establishes rights\nlike freedom of thought," }, { "start": 100.138, "duration": 2.752, "text": "political liberties\nlike the right to a fair trial," }, { "start": 102.89, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and socioeconomic and cultural rights," }, { "start": 105.601, "duration": 2.836, "text": "like the right to adequate housing\nand healthcare." }, { "start": 109.355, "duration": 2.961, "text": "While the UDHR itself is non-binding," }, { "start": 112.316, "duration": 3.963, "text": "its formation gave people an\ninternationally recognized set" }, { "start": 116.279, "duration": 1.835, "text": "of ethics and standards," }, { "start": 118.114, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and laid the foundation\nfor human rights law." }, { "start": 121.325, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And since 1948, these liberties have been\nwoven into international treaties," }, { "start": 126.372, "duration": 2.044, "text": "constitutions, and laws," }, { "start": 128.416, "duration": 3.67, "text": "meaning that countries have opted\nto uphold and protect them." }, { "start": 132.962, "duration": 4.087, "text": "As a result, countless individual\nhuman rights struggles and movements" }, { "start": 137.049, "duration": 4.588, "text": "have been granted legitimacy\nand a legal basis for pursuing justice." }, { "start": 141.846, "duration": 4.963, "text": "The UDHR makes no mention\nof nature, biodiversity, or climate." }, { "start": 146.976, "duration": 3.587, "text": "These rights, instead, first took hold\nat the national level." }, { "start": 150.605, "duration": 2.168, "text": "Many countries within the Global South," }, { "start": 152.773, "duration": 3.587, "text": "often influenced by Indigenous laws\nand worldviews," }, { "start": 156.36, "duration": 4.046, "text": "incorporated the right to a healthy\nenvironment into their constitutions" }, { "start": 160.406, "duration": 1.502, "text": "and regional treaties." }, { "start": 162.074, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Soon, human rights advocates were calling\non the rest of the world" }, { "start": 165.786, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and the United Nations to recognize\nthis right as well." }, { "start": 169.749, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Many argued that the very principles\nof the UDHR" }, { "start": 173.586, "duration": 2.919, "text": "depend on access to healthy ecosystems." }, { "start": 176.797, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Each year, millions of people die\nfrom air and water pollution." }, { "start": 181.552, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Declining pollinator populations\nthreaten basic food security." }, { "start": 185.681, "duration": 5.381, "text": "And the loss of coastal habitats has left\nmillions exposed to greater risks" }, { "start": 191.062, "duration": 2.669, "text": "from destructive floods and hurricanes." }, { "start": 194.273, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Protecting this right is more urgent\nnow than ever before." }, { "start": 197.985, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Climate change is causing\nmore frequent heatwaves, longer droughts," }, { "start": 201.948, "duration": 1.96, "text": "and more destructive wildfires." }, { "start": 204.033, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Without rapid and significant change,\nthe planet is at risk of mass extinction," }, { "start": 209.038, "duration": 4.963, "text": "which could wipe out a quarter\nof the world’s biodiversity by 2100." }, { "start": 214.669, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Such losses to natural ecosystems would\nlikely have disastrous knockoff effects," }, { "start": 220.549, "duration": 3.421, "text": "further threatening food supplies,\ndestroying livelihoods," }, { "start": 223.97, "duration": 3.169, "text": "and leaving humanity\nmore vulnerable to disease." }, { "start": 227.932, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Thankfully, momentum is building." }, { "start": 230.226, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Today, over 150 countries\nand jurisdictions" }, { "start": 233.729, "duration": 4.296, "text": "have enshrined the right to a healthy\nenvironment into national legislation." }, { "start": 238.484, "duration": 2.294, "text": "On April 5th, 2018," }, { "start": 240.778, "duration": 4.379, "text": "the Colombian Supreme Court\nruled in favor of the young plaintiffs," }, { "start": 245.283, "duration": 4.421, "text": "finding that the government was\nlegally obliged to reduce deforestation" }, { "start": 249.704, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and greenhouse gas emissions" }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 3.628, "text": "in order to protect the rights\nof present and future generations." }, { "start": 255.71, "duration": 3.086, "text": "This case and similar historic wins\nby young people" }, { "start": 258.796, "duration": 3.337, "text": "in the courts of the Netherlands,\nGermany, and the US" }, { "start": 262.133, "duration": 2.586, "text": "has inspired others to take up the cause." }, { "start": 265.052, "duration": 2.336, "text": "As of the summer of 2023," }, { "start": 267.388, "duration": 4.963, "text": "a wave of more than 2,000\nhuman rights-based environmental cases" }, { "start": 272.351, "duration": 2.002, "text": "have been filed across the globe." }, { "start": 274.478, "duration": 2.253, "text": "And this number is likely to grow." }, { "start": 276.939, "duration": 6.256, "text": "In 2022, an overwhelming majority of\nUN General Assembly states came together" }, { "start": 283.195, "duration": 3.379, "text": "to keep human rights aligned\nto a changing world" }, { "start": 286.574, "duration": 4.921, "text": "by recognizing the right to a clean,\nhealthy, and sustainable environment." }, { "start": 291.662, "duration": 2.503, "text": "It will take unprecedented\nglobal cooperation" }, { "start": 294.165, "duration": 3.503, "text": "to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,\nstop deforestation," }, { "start": 297.668, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and keep our waterways clean." }, { "start": 299.545, "duration": 5.088, "text": "These court cases are a powerful first\nstep to hold governments accountable" }, { "start": 304.675, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and to give future generations\na better chance to breathe clean air," }, { "start": 308.012, "duration": 4.713, "text": "and live in a world with white rhinos,\npolar bears, and coral reefs" }, { "start": 312.725, "duration": 1.335, "text": "for years to come." } ] }, { "video_id": "LGpEbF4aZzs", "title": "Can AI predict someone's breakup? - Thomas Hofweber", "description": "Explore one of the main issues of AI-based predictive models and how it affects user decision-making and accountability.\n\n--\n\nA couple has been considering getting engaged, but they’re worried about divorce statistics. An AI-based model was just released that can predict your likelihood of divorce with 95% accuracy. The only catch is the model doesn’t offer any reasons for its results. So, should they decide whether or not to get married based on this AI’s prediction? Thomas Hofweber explores AI’s transparency problem.\n\nLesson by Thomas Hofweber, directed by Hannah Lau-Walker.\n\nThis video was produced in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics, housed within the renowned Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Parr Center is committed to integrating abstract work in ethical theory with the informed discussion of practical ethical issues, and prides itself on the development of innovative and inclusive approaches to moral and civic education.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-use-a-machine-that-predicts-your-future-thomas-hofweber\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-use-a-machine-that-predicts-your-future-thomas-hofweber/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.hannahlauwalker.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll and Eddy.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-21T15:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Since the launch of the first\nartificial satellite in 1957," }, { "start": 11.257, "duration": 3.045, "text": "governments, companies,\nand research institutions" }, { "start": 14.302, "duration": 2.627, "text": "have been planting flags among the stars." }, { "start": 16.929, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But while it might seem like there's\nplenty of room in this vast expanse," }, { "start": 20.641, "duration": 4.38, "text": "some pieces of celestial real estate\nare more valuable than others." }, { "start": 25.396, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Each of these dots is a Lagrange point," }, { "start": 28.149, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and as far as human space exploration\nis concerned," }, { "start": 31.652, "duration": 3.462, "text": "they may be the most important places\nin our solar system." }, { "start": 35.74, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Named after the 18th century mathematician\nwho deduced their positions," }, { "start": 39.869, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Lagrange points are rare places\nof equilibrium" }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 1.96, "text": "in our constantly shifting universe." }, { "start": 45.374, "duration": 4.672, "text": "All celestial bodies exert\na gravitational force on nearby objects," }, { "start": 50.046, "duration": 2.502, "text": "pulling them in and out of orbits." }, { "start": 52.757, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And gravity acts alongside several\napparent forces" }, { "start": 56.636, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to determine what those orbits look like." }, { "start": 59.097, "duration": 5.046, "text": "However, Lagrange points are places\nwhere all these forces balance out." }, { "start": 64.477, "duration": 3.67, "text": "So if we place a relatively\nlow mass object here," }, { "start": 68.147, "duration": 4.546, "text": "it will maintain a constant distance\nfrom the massive bodies pulling on it." }, { "start": 73.277, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Essentially, Lagrange points are\ncelestial parking spaces—" }, { "start": 77.365, "duration": 4.296, "text": "once an object is there, it requires\nlittle to no energy to stay put." }, { "start": 81.786, "duration": 4.588, "text": "So whenever humans want to keep\nan object in one place for a long time" }, { "start": 86.374, "duration": 1.918, "text": "without using tons of fuel," }, { "start": 88.459, "duration": 2.92, "text": "it needs to be orbiting a Lagrange point." }, { "start": 91.838, "duration": 3.461, "text": "However, there are only so many\nof these parking spots." }, { "start": 95.299, "duration": 2.837, "text": "Pairs of massive bodies\nin our solar system" }, { "start": 98.136, "duration": 3.128, "text": "generate sets of five Lagrange points." }, { "start": 101.514, "duration": 3.42, "text": "This means our Sun has\nfive points with every planet," }, { "start": 105.143, "duration": 3.586, "text": "and our planets have five points\nwith each of their moons." }, { "start": 109.147, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Adding these up, there are over 1,000\nLagrange points in our solar system—" }, { "start": 113.985, "duration": 2.961, "text": "but only a few are useful\nfor human purposes." }, { "start": 117.196, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Many are in locations that are\ntoo difficult to reach" }, { "start": 119.991, "duration": 1.793, "text": "or simply not very useful." }, { "start": 121.784, "duration": 4.129, "text": "And for reasons we'll explain in a bit,\nmany others are unstable." }, { "start": 126.33, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Currently, only two of these points\nare heavily used by humans." }, { "start": 130.626, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But we’ll likely use many\nmore in the future—" }, { "start": 133.629, "duration": 3.003, "text": "making these limited points\nexclusive real estate." }, { "start": 136.841, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Which begs the question:\nwhat exactly should we park in them?" }, { "start": 141.012, "duration": 3.211, "text": "That answer depends\non where each point is." }, { "start": 144.265, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Consider the five Lagrange points\ngenerated by the Sun and the Earth." }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 3.503, "text": "L1 is located inside Earth's orbit," }, { "start": 151.939, "duration": 3.587, "text": "about 1.5 million kilometers\naway from the planet." }, { "start": 155.985, "duration": 4.129, "text": "With this panoramic view of the Sun,\nunobstructed by Earth’s shadow," }, { "start": 160.114, "duration": 4.713, "text": "L1 is the perfect place\nfor solar-observing satellites." }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 4.504, "text": "L2 is at the same distance from Earth\nbut outside its orbit" }, { "start": 169.415, "duration": 1.627, "text": "and shielded from the Sun," }, { "start": 171.042, "duration": 3.128, "text": "making it the perfect spot\nto observe outer space." }, { "start": 174.42, "duration": 5.38, "text": "In 2022, the James Webb Space Telescope\nwent online here," }, { "start": 180.009, "duration": 4.963, "text": "in a spot where the Sun and Earth\nonly occupy a tiny fraction of the sky." }, { "start": 185.348, "duration": 3.461, "text": "L3 is in a particularly\nmysterious location" }, { "start": 188.809, "duration": 3.17, "text": "that can never be directly observed\nfrom Earth’s surface." }, { "start": 192.188, "duration": 4.046, "text": "This has made L3 a frequent locale\nin science fiction," }, { "start": 196.234, "duration": 3.044, "text": "though it hasn’t offered much use\nto scientists yet." }, { "start": 199.528, "duration": 4.296, "text": "L4 and L5, however, are a bit different\nfrom their siblings." }, { "start": 203.991, "duration": 5.506, "text": "In every set of five, the first three\nLagrange points are slightly unstable." }, { "start": 209.664, "duration": 2.919, "text": "This means objects will slowly drift\naway from them," }, { "start": 212.583, "duration": 4.421, "text": "though keeping what we’ve parked there\nin place is still energetically cheap." }, { "start": 217.421, "duration": 4.797, "text": "The stability of L4 and L5, however,\nvaries from set to set." }, { "start": 222.385, "duration": 3.253, "text": "If the heavier of the two bodies\ngenerating the points" }, { "start": 225.638, "duration": 3.879, "text": "has less than 25 times the mass\nof the lighter body," }, { "start": 229.517, "duration": 3.086, "text": "these points are too unstable\nto park things in." }, { "start": 232.645, "duration": 5.922, "text": "However, if the heavier body is massive\nenough— like it is in Sun-Earth set—" }, { "start": 238.693, "duration": 3.587, "text": "then the relevant forces will always\nreturn objects" }, { "start": 242.28, "duration": 1.793, "text": "to these equilibrium points," }, { "start": 244.073, "duration": 2.92, "text": "making them our most stable parking spots." }, { "start": 247.201, "duration": 4.421, "text": "That’s why points like these\nnaturally accumulate space objects," }, { "start": 251.622, "duration": 6.09, "text": "such as the Sun-Jupiter set’s L4 and L5,\nwhich host thousands of asteroids." }, { "start": 258.379, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Every Lagrange point in our solar system\nhas its quirks." }, { "start": 261.841, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Some might be perfect for scavenging\nconstruction materials" }, { "start": 264.969, "duration": 1.626, "text": "from drifting asteroids." }, { "start": 266.846, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Others might make ideal gas stations\nfor ships headed to deep space," }, { "start": 271.309, "duration": 3.044, "text": "or even host entire human colonies." }, { "start": 274.562, "duration": 4.129, "text": "These points are already home\nto advanced technological achievements," }, { "start": 278.691, "duration": 4.129, "text": "but soon, they could become\nour stepping stones to the stars." } ] }, { "video_id": "w3d2DlLX7xw", "title": "Has there ever been a good dictator? - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Examine the myth of the benevolent dictator, which is a leader who holds absolute power yet only uses it for the common good.\n\n--\n\nUnder certain conditions, the idea of a dictator can sound appealing, like when a democracy isn’t functioning as it should due to corruption or political polarization. People may believe the solution is a \"benevolent dictator\"— a leader who only uses their absolute power for the common good. But can such a leader actually exist in today’s world? Stephanie Honchell Smith examines this common myth.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Avi Ofer.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happened-when-these-6-dictators-took-over-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happened-when-these-6-dictators-took-over-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernons and Olha Bahatiuk.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-16T15:01:19Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 5.297, "text": "In 1935, neurophysiologist\nJohn Farquhar Fulton" }, { "start": 12.175, "duration": 2.502, "text": "presented some shocking new research." }, { "start": 15.094, "duration": 3.504, "text": "After removing the frontal lobes\nof two chimps," }, { "start": 18.723, "duration": 4.963, "text": "he found they no longer experienced\nfrustration or anxiety." }, { "start": 24.062, "duration": 5.63, "text": "As his research associate noted, it was\nas if they’d joined a “happiness cult.”" }, { "start": 30.193, "duration": 5.338, "text": "Admittedly, the surgery had cost Fulton’s\nchimps some cognitive functions." }, { "start": 35.74, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But to Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz," }, { "start": 39.077, "duration": 5.338, "text": "this was a small sacrifice for what\nseemed to be eternal happiness." }, { "start": 44.791, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Moniz believed that replicating this\nprocedure in humans" }, { "start": 48.669, "duration": 1.919, "text": "could cure mental illness." }, { "start": 50.671, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And it was this therapeutic intention" }, { "start": 53.382, "duration": 3.462, "text": "that led to one of the most\ncontroversial and destructive" }, { "start": 56.844, "duration": 2.795, "text": "medical treatments of the 20th century:" }, { "start": 59.639, "duration": 1.126, "text": "the lobotomy." }, { "start": 61.432, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Today, we know mental illness comes in\nmany forms and emerges for many reasons." }, { "start": 67.855, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But in the early 20th century," }, { "start": 69.982, "duration": 3.879, "text": "these complex conditions weren't\nclearly delineated," }, { "start": 74.028, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and researchers had various theories\nabout their origins." }, { "start": 78.366, "duration": 6.673, "text": "Moniz believed the symptoms of what we now\ncall depression, OCD, and bipolar disorder" }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 5.172, "text": "stemmed from negative ideas\ngetting fixed in the neural fibers" }, { "start": 90.378, "duration": 2.753, "text": "which connect different parts\nof the brain." }, { "start": 93.297, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Specifically the thalamus\nand frontal lobes," }, { "start": 96.884, "duration": 2.795, "text": "which regulate emotion and sensation." }, { "start": 100.179, "duration": 5.714, "text": "He proposed that severing these fibers\ncould eliminate the associated conditions," }, { "start": 105.977, "duration": 3.628, "text": "which led him to invent\nthe prefrontal lobotomy." }, { "start": 110.022, "duration": 5.84, "text": "In this procedure, a surgeon would drill\ninto the skull and cut the white matter" }, { "start": 115.862, "duration": 3.878, "text": "connecting the prefrontal cortex\nto the rest of the brain." }, { "start": 120.116, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Initially, his peers were skeptical." }, { "start": 123.161, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Moniz’s fundamental theory\nwas already controversial." }, { "start": 127.29, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And psychiatrists advocating\nfor treatments like psychoanalysis" }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 3.044, "text": "criticized this invasive\nsurgical solution." }, { "start": 134.922, "duration": 2.002, "text": "But Moniz was undeterred." }, { "start": 136.966, "duration": 5.172, "text": "He lobotomized 38 individuals\nwith conditions including anxiety," }, { "start": 142.138, "duration": 2.377, "text": "schizophrenia, and depression." }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 4.755, "text": "And his hastily written results reported\nthat two-thirds of these patients" }, { "start": 149.604, "duration": 4.838, "text": "had become tranquil, amicable, and\nfree from distressing hallucinations." }, { "start": 154.775, "duration": 5.506, "text": "At the time, psychiatrists saw calm\nbehavior as a sign of recovery," }, { "start": 160.364, "duration": 3.838, "text": "so when Moniz brashly declared the\ntreatment a success, " }, { "start": 164.202, "duration": 1.543, "text": "his peers agreed." }, { "start": 166.537, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Newspapers celebrated the surgery;" }, { "start": 168.789, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize;" }, { "start": 171.25, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and his procedure became\nespecially popular in the US" }, { "start": 175.129, "duration": 4.838, "text": "thanks to neurologist Walter Freeman\nand neurosurgeon James Watts." }, { "start": 180.343, "duration": 4.337, "text": "As a country that had institutionalized\nnearly half a million people" }, { "start": 184.68, "duration": 1.585, "text": "for mental health reasons," }, { "start": 186.265, "duration": 3.921, "text": "many hoped the new treatment would allow\nthis population" }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to live relatively normal lives." }, { "start": 192.73, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But from the beginning\nthere were problems." }, { "start": 195.983, "duration": 2.795, "text": "First, the notion of a “normal life” " }, { "start": 198.778, "duration": 3.837, "text": "was determined by this period’s\nrestrictive social mores," }, { "start": 202.74, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which had led huge numbers\nof people to be institutionalized" }, { "start": 206.702, "duration": 2.294, "text": "simply because they didn’t conform." }, { "start": 209.247, "duration": 4.129, "text": "So, while many people in these facilities\ndid need medical help," }, { "start": 213.376, "duration": 4.379, "text": "some lobotomy recipients had\nno mental illness whatsoever." }, { "start": 218.13, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Second, the details and timeline\nof the surgeries’ results" }, { "start": 222.51, "duration": 2.794, "text": "were unpredictable and inconsistent." }, { "start": 225.721, "duration": 5.381, "text": "In 1941, when future US President\nJohn F. Kennedy’s sister Rosemary" }, { "start": 231.185, "duration": 2.586, "text": "underwent a prefrontal lobotomy, " }, { "start": 233.771, "duration": 4.046, "text": "it permanently impaired her ability\nto speak and walk." }, { "start": 238.067, "duration": 2.961, "text": "And even when the surgery did help\npatients manage" }, { "start": 241.028, "duration": 2.544, "text": "overwhelming emotions and hallucinations," }, { "start": 243.572, "duration": 3.087, "text": "they often experienced\nsignificant side effects." }, { "start": 246.826, "duration": 5.797, "text": "These included apathy, abrupt personality\nchanges, and cognitive impairment." }, { "start": 253.207, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Tragically, the stigma around mental\nillness kept people from discussing" }, { "start": 257.962, "duration": 1.877, "text": "their negative experiences," }, { "start": 259.839, "duration": 2.085, "text": "so the procedure kept happening." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 5.548, "text": "But prefrontal lobotomies required a team\nof surgeons and specialized equipment," }, { "start": 267.93, "duration": 2.628, "text": " making them out of reach\nfor most patients." }, { "start": 270.683, "duration": 2.794, "text": "At least until 1945," }, { "start": 273.477, "duration": 4.38, "text": "when Freeman began developing\na simpler and cheaper alternative." }, { "start": 278.107, "duration": 2.628, "text": "In his new transorbital lobotomy," }, { "start": 280.86, "duration": 4.629, "text": "the patient was first rendered unconscious\nvia electroshock therapy." }, { "start": 285.573, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Then, an ice pick-like instrument" }, { "start": 288.284, "duration": 3.295, "text": "was pushed through the thin bone\nof their eye socket" }, { "start": 291.662, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and manipulated to sever the fibers" }, { "start": 294.457, "duration": 2.377, "text": "between the thalamus\nand frontal lobes." }, { "start": 297.168, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Transorbital lobotomy was intended to be\nperformed by physicians" }, { "start": 301.547, "duration": 3.629, "text": "without surgical training\nin under ten minutes." }, { "start": 305.384, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And Freeman proved his procedure’s\nefficiency during a hospital visit," }, { "start": 309.847, "duration": 6.006, "text": "where he performed the surgery\n228 times in just 12 days." }, { "start": 316.437, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Transorbital lobotomy was\nimmediately controversial." }, { "start": 320.441, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Even Freeman’s long-time collaborator\nJames Watts" }, { "start": 323.986, "duration": 3.003, "text": "was against making such\na consequential surgery" }, { "start": 326.989, "duration": 2.878, "text": "quick, dirty, and accessible to amateurs." }, { "start": 330.034, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But the procedure remained popular\nthroughout the Western world" }, { "start": 333.496, "duration": 1.585, "text": "until the 1950s," }, { "start": 335.247, "duration": 3.587, "text": "when tranquilizers began offering\na less permanent" }, { "start": 338.834, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and more predictable alternative." }, { "start": 341.42, "duration": 5.839, "text": "By the mid-60s, lobotomies were most often\nfound in science fiction and horror films," }, { "start": 347.385, "duration": 2.085, "text": "where they became a potent metaphor" }, { "start": 349.47, "duration": 3.712, "text": "for brutally controlling those\nwho don't fit the norm." }, { "start": 353.474, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Today, lobotomy serves as a chilling\nreminder that scientific progress" }, { "start": 358.687, "duration": 3.629, "text": "requires transparency\nand clear ethical standards." }, { "start": 362.4, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Because without honest reflection," }, { "start": 364.485, "duration": 5.297, "text": "even efforts to alleviate human suffering\ncan cause serious harm." } ] }, { "video_id": "vRyoEoyXCEU", "title": "Scientists are obsessed with this lake - Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi", "description": "Explore the depths of Lake Cadagno, a meromictic lake that is considered a model for Earth before the Great Oxidation Event.\n\n--\n\nIn the millions of years since oxygen began saturating Earth’s oceans and atmosphere, most organisms have evolved to rely on this gas. However, there are some places where oxygen-averse microorganisms like those from Earth’s earliest days have re-emerged. And one such place is hidden high in the Swiss Alp’s Piora Valley. Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi dive into the depths of Lake Cadagno.\n\nLesson by Nicola Storelli and Daniele Zanzi, directed by Ivana Volda, Thomas Johnson Volda.\n\nA special thanks to Francesco Di Nezio, Bruno Giussani, Raffaele Peduzzi, Sandro Peduzzi, Samuele Roman, and Mauro Tonolla who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/scientists-are-obsessed-with-this-lake-nicola-storelli-and-daniele-zanzi\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/scientists-are-obsessed-with-this-lake-nicola-storelli-and-daniele-zanzi/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-14T15:01:22Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.422, "text": "While Istanbul slept in the early hours\nof April 27th, 1909," }, { "start": 12.675, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Sultan Abdulhamid II boarded\na westbound train." }, { "start": 17.597, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Under cover of darkness,\nhe left the imperial capital—" }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 2.127, "text": "bringing an end to his reign." }, { "start": 23.853, "duration": 5.547, "text": "For almost six centuries,\nhis family had ruled the Ottoman Empire," }, { "start": 29.4, "duration": 5.047, "text": "spanning regions in North Africa,\nsoutheastern Europe, and the Middle East." }, { "start": 34.614, "duration": 4.379, "text": "But the end of this powerful dynasty\nhad been brewing for years." }, { "start": 39.16, "duration": 1.627, "text": "In the late 18th century," }, { "start": 40.787, "duration": 5.297, "text": "the Ottomans’ once-feared faction\nof elite warriors called the Janissaries" }, { "start": 46.084, "duration": 2.669, "text": "had become inefficient and greedy." }, { "start": 49.045, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Their numbers swelled\nwith poorly trained fighters," }, { "start": 52.34, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and their outdated weapons led to a series\nof embarrassing defeats" }, { "start": 57.095, "duration": 3.878, "text": "that coincided with several\neconomic crises." }, { "start": 61.432, "duration": 5.756, "text": "To survive, Sultan Selim III sought\nto curb the Janissaries’ influence" }, { "start": 67.23, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and modernize the empire\nwith widespread reforms." }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 3.462, "text": "The warriors rebelled\nand assassinated Selim," }, { "start": 75.071, "duration": 3.628, "text": "but his successor would not be\nso easily beaten." }, { "start": 79.2, "duration": 6.298, "text": "Mahmud II subdued the Janissaries in a\nmassacre known as the Auspicious Event," }, { "start": 85.748, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and swiftly replaced the outmoded warriors\nwith a European-style army." }, { "start": 91.129, "duration": 4.212, "text": "This was one of many far-reaching efforts\nto modernize the empire," }, { "start": 95.424, "duration": 2.962, "text": "which were continued\nby Mahmud’s successor." }, { "start": 98.511, "duration": 6.089, "text": "Sultan Abdulmejid ushered in an era\nof reforms known as the Tanzimat," }, { "start": 104.642, "duration": 1.543, "text": "or “reordering,”" }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 3.796, "text": "where economic and administrative\nsystems were overhauled," }, { "start": 110.022, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and subjects from all backgrounds were\nrecruited to work for the government." }, { "start": 114.777, "duration": 5.089, "text": "The Tanzimat was hindered by\nforeign debt and political upheavals." }, { "start": 119.991, "duration": 4.212, "text": "But perhaps the era’s biggest challenge\nwas the dynasty’s initiative" }, { "start": 124.203, "duration": 2.378, "text": "to unite their diverse subjects." }, { "start": 126.789, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The Ottoman Empire\nspanned three continents" }, { "start": 129.917, "duration": 3.087, "text": "containing numerous religious\nand ethnic groups," }, { "start": 133.004, "duration": 6.506, "text": "including Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Greeks,\nArmenians, Jews, and more." }, { "start": 139.844, "duration": 4.379, "text": "These minority groups were free\nto choose their language, religion," }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 1.627, "text": "and cultural practices," }, { "start": 145.85, "duration": 4.504, "text": "yet most of them were deprived\nof the full rights of Muslim citizens." }, { "start": 150.438, "duration": 1.835, "text": "They had to pay extra taxes" }, { "start": 152.273, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and were prevented from participating\nin serving in the military." }, { "start": 156.235, "duration": 1.794, "text": "By the mid-19th century," }, { "start": 158.029, "duration": 5.088, "text": "this divide was met with pressure\nfrom inside and outside the empire" }, { "start": 163.117, "duration": 1.168, "text": "for reform." }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 3.211, "text": "So Ottoman leaders tried to resolve it" }, { "start": 168.122, "duration": 4.88, "text": "by introducing an all-inclusive\nOttoman national identity." }, { "start": 173.252, "duration": 3.504, "text": "This reform signaled\na drastic societal shift" }, { "start": 176.756, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and emphasized legal equality\nfor all subjects," }, { "start": 180.718, "duration": 5.297, "text": "alongside new laws concerning citizenship,\nproperty, and taxation." }, { "start": 186.432, "duration": 5.38, "text": "The newly accorded privileges and reforms\nwere sometimes met with resistance" }, { "start": 191.812, "duration": 2.795, "text": "by some members of the ruling classes." }, { "start": 194.815, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Many minority groups formed\nseparatist movements," }, { "start": 198.152, "duration": 4.671, "text": "and European empires,\nincluding Russia, France, and Britain," }, { "start": 202.823, "duration": 6.132, "text": "further undermined attempts at unity\nby fueling ethno-nationalist sentiments." }, { "start": 209.121, "duration": 4.088, "text": "This discord contributed to the empire\nlosing territories" }, { "start": 213.209, "duration": 2.461, "text": "in North Africa and the Balkans," }, { "start": 215.67, "duration": 4.921, "text": "where large scale ethnic cleansing\nof local Muslims often followed." }, { "start": 220.841, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And efforts to promote pan-Ottoman\nidentity in the remaining provinces" }, { "start": 225.554, "duration": 2.461, "text": "were met with lukewarm success—" }, { "start": 228.015, "duration": 4.463, "text": "especially after Sultan Abdulhamid II\ntook the throne." }, { "start": 233.062, "duration": 5.255, "text": "While Abdulhamid shared his predecessors’\ninterest in modernizing reforms," }, { "start": 238.317, "duration": 3.671, "text": "extensive building projects,\nand expanding education," }, { "start": 242.029, "duration": 3.671, "text": "he also ruled as an absolute monarch." }, { "start": 245.825, "duration": 1.209, "text": "During his reign," }, { "start": 247.034, "duration": 4.588, "text": "he suspended the constitution,\nand supported widespread censorship." }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Political oppression and violence\nbecame regular tools of the state," }, { "start": 256.21, "duration": 4.421, "text": "including anti-Armenian massacres\nin Anatolia" }, { "start": 260.631, "duration": 3.045, "text": "that came to be known\nas the Hamidian massacres." }, { "start": 264.218, "duration": 5.756, "text": "In 1908, a coup by army officers known\nas the Young Turk Revolution" }, { "start": 269.974, "duration": 3.587, "text": "curtailed his power\nand restored the constitution." }, { "start": 273.728, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But while his successor\nMehmed IV took the throne," }, { "start": 277.148, "duration": 3.545, "text": "the Young Turks political party\ntook hold of the power." }, { "start": 281.193, "duration": 4.755, "text": "The Committee for Union and Progress\nencouraged democratic reforms," }, { "start": 286.032, "duration": 4.921, "text": "however they also pushed for a new brand\nof Ottoman nationalism" }, { "start": 290.953, "duration": 2.294, "text": "centered on Turkish identity." }, { "start": 293.539, "duration": 3.962, "text": "This change further alienated\nnon-Turkish Ottomans," }, { "start": 297.501, "duration": 2.962, "text": "adding fuel to numerous\nopposition movements." }, { "start": 300.588, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Yet just as this political\ninfighting was heating up," }, { "start": 304.133, "duration": 4.713, "text": "European powers initiated\nan even larger conflict." }, { "start": 309.18, "duration": 2.127, "text": "At the dawn of World War I," }, { "start": 311.307, "duration": 5.797, "text": "the CUP-controlled government sided\nwith their longtime allies in Germany." }, { "start": 317.313, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But following early victories,\nthe war turned disastrous." }, { "start": 321.567, "duration": 2.419, "text": "The Ottomans suffered severe losses" }, { "start": 323.986, "duration": 4.797, "text": "and the highest number of deaths\nper capita in any warring nation." }, { "start": 329.075, "duration": 1.001, "text": "All the while, " }, { "start": 330.076, "duration": 5.171, "text": "Brits and Russians were supporting\nthe empire’s anti-Ottoman movements," }, { "start": 335.247, "duration": 3.003, "text": "including several Armenian organizations." }, { "start": 338.793, "duration": 6.881, "text": "In 1915, the CUP responded by issuing\nthe Temporary Law of Deportation," }, { "start": 345.841, "duration": 5.339, "text": "effectively authorizing the ethnic\ncleansing of the Armenian population." }, { "start": 352.264, "duration": 3.212, "text": "This policy was carried out\nwith such brutality" }, { "start": 355.476, "duration": 3.462, "text": "that an estimated 1 million\nArmenians perished" }, { "start": 358.938, "duration": 3.378, "text": "in what is now known\nas the Armenian Genocide." }, { "start": 362.9, "duration": 3.67, "text": "By the end of 1918,\nWorld War I was over." }, { "start": 366.821, "duration": 1.793, "text": "The Ottoman’s side had lost," }, { "start": 368.614, "duration": 4.88, "text": "and the victors began hastily carving\nup what remained of the empire" }, { "start": 373.494, "duration": 3.754, "text": "into new nation-states\nthat suited their interests." }, { "start": 377.706, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The British promised some ruling\nfamilies what would become" }, { "start": 381.46, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Jordan." }, { "start": 384.588, "duration": 3.379, "text": "The remaining Arab-majority territories\nwere split" }, { "start": 387.967, "duration": 3.17, "text": "into Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine," }, { "start": 391.22, "duration": 3.503, "text": "all of which were divided\nbetween the French and British." }, { "start": 394.932, "duration": 4.046, "text": "The allies had further plans\nfor Istanbul and Anatolia," }, { "start": 399.061, "duration": 4.171, "text": "but the Turkish War of Independence\nforced a renegotiation." }, { "start": 403.649, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Eventually, this led to the creation\nof the independent Republic of Turkey" }, { "start": 408.195, "duration": 1.585, "text": "in 1923," }, { "start": 409.905, "duration": 4.922, "text": "and the formal end to over six centuries\nof Ottoman rule." } ] }, { "video_id": "OiKQjezOKXc", "title": "How could so many people support Hitler? - Joseph Lacey", "description": "Explore the philosophy of Hannah Arendt, and get to know her strategies to combat the threat of totalitarianism and oppression.\n\n--\n\nPhilosopher Hannah Arendt was a German Jew who dedicated herself to understanding how the Nazi regime came to power, and more specifically, how it inspired so many atrocities. She believed the true conditions behind the unprecedented rise of totalitarianism weren’t specific to Germany, and developed theories on how to best combat such threats. Joseph Lacey explores the work of Hannah Arendt.\n\nLesson by Joseph Lacey, directed by Sarah Saidan.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-could-so-many-people-support-hitler-joseph-lacey\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-could-so-many-people-support-hitler-joseph-lacey/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides and Yvette Mocete.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-09T15:01:51Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 5.046, "text": "In May of 1945, the Third Reich\nwas in chaos." }, { "start": 12.05, "duration": 4.295, "text": "Adolf Hitler was dead,\nGerman surrender was imminent," }, { "start": 16.721, "duration": 5.422, "text": "and Allied troops had already begun\ndivvying up German territory." }, { "start": 22.643, "duration": 5.756, "text": "But high-ranking Nazi engineer\nWernher von Braun wasn’t worried." }, { "start": 28.733, "duration": 3.086, "text": "In fact, he approached\nthe US government directly—" }, { "start": 32.111, "duration": 4.713, "text": "informing them of his location\nand waiting calmly for their arrival." }, { "start": 37.95, "duration": 4.588, "text": "As the brain behind the world’s first\nlong-range ballistic missile," }, { "start": 42.538, "duration": 6.006, "text": "von Braun knew his expertise made him\na highly valuable military asset." }, { "start": 48.753, "duration": 6.506, "text": "And sure enough, his so-called captors\ngave him a decidedly warm welcome." }, { "start": 55.802, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Von Braun wasn't the only Nazi scientist\nreceiving this treatment." }, { "start": 61.599, "duration": 4.755, "text": "While World War II was almost over,\na new war was brewing." }, { "start": 66.521, "duration": 4.546, "text": "And the US was eager to recruit\nthe smartest minds in Germany" }, { "start": 71.067, "duration": 2.753, "text": "before the Soviets got the chance." }, { "start": 74.112, "duration": 3.461, "text": "This became known as Operation Paperclip—" }, { "start": 77.782, "duration": 6.59, "text": "a clandestine campaign that brought\nover 1,500 German scientists to the US" }, { "start": 84.455, "duration": 3.712, "text": "between 1945 and 1962." }, { "start": 88.543, "duration": 4.879, "text": "The program was named for the paperclips\nattached to the files of early recruits—" }, { "start": 93.422, "duration": 5.047, "text": "indicating that incriminating information\nlike Nazi affiliations" }, { "start": 98.469, "duration": 3.837, "text": "or suspected war crimes\ncould be disregarded." }, { "start": 102.89, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Von Braun, for example,\nhad overseen an SS project" }, { "start": 107.228, "duration": 5.422, "text": "that relied on forced labor from thousands\nof concentration camp prisoners." }, { "start": 113.192, "duration": 3.295, "text": "While von Braun approached\nthe US directly," }, { "start": 116.487, "duration": 3.42, "text": "other scientists had to be\nidentified and located." }, { "start": 120.867, "duration": 2.21, "text": "One important asset in this effort" }, { "start": 123.077, "duration": 4.004, "text": "was a Nazi-compiled list\nof Germany’s top scientists," }, { "start": 127.206, "duration": 5.255, "text": "which someone had unsuccessfully tried\nto dispose of by flushing down a toilet." }, { "start": 133.087, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But the US was just one player\nin this scramble." }, { "start": 136.549, "duration": 3.92, "text": "The Soviets were also competing\nto seize German brainpower," }, { "start": 140.636, "duration": 3.837, "text": "resorting to bribery\nand forced relocation." }, { "start": 145.016, "duration": 4.754, "text": "The French and British lacked the money\nto lure the best German brains," }, { "start": 150.021, "duration": 4.671, "text": "but that didn't stop them from kidnapping\nthe occasional scientist." }, { "start": 155.109, "duration": 5.631, "text": "They also stole patents and dismantled\nfactories to learn what they could." }, { "start": 161.657, "duration": 5.047, "text": "The US approach, however, featured\na different and particularly tempting" }, { "start": 166.704, "duration": 1.835, "text": "brand of coercion:" }, { "start": 168.831, "duration": 6.465, "text": "the promise to relocate entire German\nfamilies and grant them citizenship." }, { "start": 175.63, "duration": 3.128, "text": "This controversial offer\nwas one of the reasons" }, { "start": 178.758, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Paperclip was initially shrouded\nin secrecy." }, { "start": 182.929, "duration": 5.13, "text": "But the project became difficult to hide\nwhen Germans started popping up" }, { "start": 188.309, "duration": 1.668, "text": "all over the US." }, { "start": 190.728, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The military tried to get\nahead of any controversy" }, { "start": 193.773, "duration": 4.421, "text": "by revealing the operation to the press\nin late 1946." }, { "start": 198.861, "duration": 5.506, "text": "But the news immediately attracted\ncriticism from many prominent voices," }, { "start": 204.367, "duration": 6.381, "text": "including Albert Einstein,\nEleanor Roosevelt, and the NAACP," }, { "start": 210.915, "duration": 3.086, "text": "as well as many veteran’s organizations." }, { "start": 214.502, "duration": 4.796, "text": "These parties opposed granting\nGerman scientists citizenship" }, { "start": 219.298, "duration": 5.631, "text": "while millions of displaced persons,\nincluding survivors of Nazi atrocities," }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 2.628, "text": "had no chance of coming to America." }, { "start": 228.432, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Most Americans were also against employing\nformer Nazis" }, { "start": 232.937, "duration": 3.045, "text": "in sensitive national security positions." }, { "start": 236.732, "duration": 2.628, "text": "But as the Cold War ramped up," }, { "start": 239.36, "duration": 4.338, "text": "the military argument for keeping these\nscientists out of Soviet hands" }, { "start": 243.698, "duration": 2.794, "text": "overpowered popular objections." }, { "start": 247.243, "duration": 3.795, "text": "With his Nazi past largely hidden\nfrom the public," }, { "start": 251.08, "duration": 4.379, "text": "von Braun became one of the US’s\nmost important engineers" }, { "start": 255.501, "duration": 2.419, "text": "at the height of the Space Race." }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 5.131, "text": "In 1958, his team responded\nto the Soviet launch of Sputnik" }, { "start": 263.301, "duration": 3.962, "text": "with the US’s own successful\nsatellite launch." }, { "start": 267.722, "duration": 5.171, "text": "And in the 60s, he was the chief architect\nof Saturn V," }, { "start": 273.102, "duration": 2.961, "text": "the rocket that brought Americans\nto the moon." }, { "start": 276.48, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Other Paperclip recruits contributed\nto the development of chemical weapons" }, { "start": 281.235, "duration": 4.129, "text": "such as Agent Orange,\npharmaceutical research," }, { "start": 285.364, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and the development of modern airplanes." }, { "start": 288.909, "duration": 5.089, "text": "These contributions helped the US\ngovernment present Paperclip as a success." }, { "start": 294.665, "duration": 5.923, "text": "But, in hindsight, it’s hard to gauge\nhow helpful the program really was." }, { "start": 301.005, "duration": 5.005, "text": "While von Braun saved the US years\nof rocketry experimentation," }, { "start": 306.177, "duration": 3.628, "text": "there's no reason to think American\nscientists couldn't have developed" }, { "start": 309.805, "duration": 2.503, "text": "the same technology without him." }, { "start": 312.808, "duration": 6.257, "text": "Furthermore, very few Paperclippers\nwere as exceptional as von Braun." }, { "start": 319.815, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Many were average scientists\nwho either completed their contracts" }, { "start": 324.278, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and returned to Germany," }, { "start": 326.197, "duration": 4.838, "text": "or took jobs alongside Americans\nwith equivalent expertise." }, { "start": 331.41, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But ultimately,\nthe issue of Paperclip’s success" }, { "start": 334.83, "duration": 4.588, "text": "is just one of many questions raised\nby its contentious approach" }, { "start": 339.418, "duration": 3.796, "text": "to science, ethics, and national security." }, { "start": 343.506, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Can scientists working on military\ntechnology be apolitical," }, { "start": 348.302, "duration": 3.17, "text": "or are they responsible\nfor their creations?" }, { "start": 351.847, "duration": 6.215, "text": "Can pressing political and military\nconcerns justify overlooking war crimes?" }, { "start": 358.312, "duration": 5.798, "text": "In many ways, von Braun’s obituary\nsums up the operation’s murkiness:" }, { "start": 364.61, "duration": 6.298, "text": "“A kind of Faustian shadow may be\ndiscerned in [...] the fascinating career" }, { "start": 371.283, "duration": 2.294, "text": "of Wernher von Braun:" }, { "start": 374.286, "duration": 3.838, "text": "a man so possessed\nof [...] intellectual hunger," }, { "start": 378.457, "duration": 3.879, "text": "that any accommodation may be justified.”" } ] }, { "video_id": "_ZmTQIFA9fY", "title": "Why do bugs swarm over water? - Luke M. Jacobus", "description": "Trace the life cycle of mayflies, and explore why these swarming insects are a sign of healthy aquatic ecosystems.\n\n--\n\nFor most of the world’s 4,000 mayfly species, adulthood lasts roughly one day. And for some species, it’s only a matter of minutes. This isn’t because they’re all eaten up by predators. Rather, this abridged adulthood is a natural part of their life cycle. So, what role do these bugs play in their ecosystems? Luke M. Jacobus explores the stunningly short life span of the winged insects.\n\nLesson by Luke M. Jacobus, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/if-you-re-an-adult-mayfly-you-ll-probably-die-before-the-end-of-this-video-luke-jacobus\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/if-you-re-an-adult-mayfly-you-ll-probably-die-before-the-end-of-this-video-luke-jacobus/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang and Bethany Connor.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-07T15:00:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 4.004, "text": "For ten grueling years,\nthe Greeks laid siege to Troy," }, { "start": 11.466, "duration": 3.795, "text": "scattering ships and encampments\nacross the city's shores." }, { "start": 15.845, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But as the Trojans awoke\nfor another day of battle," }, { "start": 18.973, "duration": 3.337, "text": "they found their enemies\nhad vanished overnight—" }, { "start": 22.518, "duration": 3.671, "text": "leaving behind only\nan enormous wooden horse." }, { "start": 26.647, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Seeing this as a symbol\nof the Greek’s surrender," }, { "start": 29.65, "duration": 4.63, "text": "the soldiers dragged their prize\ninto the city and began to celebrate." }, { "start": 34.697, "duration": 2.086, "text": "But one Trojan wasn't happy." }, { "start": 36.949, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Laocoön, a seer and priest,\nwas deeply suspicious of the Greek gift." }, { "start": 42.955, "duration": 4.213, "text": "He reminded his fellow Trojans\nof their enemy’s reputation for trickery," }, { "start": 47.46, "duration": 3.92, "text": "and cautioned them not to accept\nthis strange offering." }, { "start": 52.006, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The crowd jeered at his warning,\nbut Laocoön was undeterred." }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 5.047, "text": "He forced his way to the wooden beast\nand thrust his sword into its belly." }, { "start": 61.349, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Yet his blade drew no blood." }, { "start": 63.726, "duration": 2.211, "text": "And if there were men shifting inside," }, { "start": 66.104, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Laocoön couldn't hear them over the crowd." }, { "start": 69.69, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Still grim with foreboding,\nLaocoön retreated home" }, { "start": 73.611, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and enlisted his sons in preparing\na sacrifice to the gods." }, { "start": 77.99, "duration": 4.63, "text": "But his fate— and that of his\nfellow Trojans— was already sealed." }, { "start": 83.788, "duration": 2.794, "text": "The gods had decided to grant\nthe Greeks victory" }, { "start": 86.582, "duration": 3.879, "text": "by ensuring the success of their scheme\nto infiltrate Troy." }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 4.379, "text": "And Poseidon sought to punish\nthe priest for threatening that plan." }, { "start": 95.424, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Two great serpents emerged\nfrom the sea’s rolling waves" }, { "start": 99.512, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and descended on Laocoön and his sons." }, { "start": 102.765, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The seer’s violent death went unnoticed\namidst the celebrations." }, { "start": 107.436, "duration": 2.545, "text": "But, that night, when tragedy struck, " }, { "start": 110.106, "duration": 3.754, "text": "the Trojans finally remembered\nthe old priest’s warning." }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Laocoön's tragic tale inspired countless\nretellings across the ancient world." }, { "start": 120.575, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Virgil describes the seer’s demise\nin his epic poem “The Aeneid,”" }, { "start": 125.538, "duration": 4.921, "text": "and Sophocles composed an entire play\nabout the ill-fated priest." }, { "start": 130.751, "duration": 3.546, "text": "However, his most famous\nand influential depiction" }, { "start": 134.297, "duration": 4.17, "text": "is a marble statue called\n“Laocoön and His Sons.”" }, { "start": 138.801, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Likely carved by a trio\nof artists from Rhodes," }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the exact origins of this piece\nremain mysterious," }, { "start": 146.184, "duration": 6.84, "text": "with current theories dating its creation\nanywhere from 200 BCE to 68 CE." }, { "start": 153.608, "duration": 1.418, "text": "Whenever it was made," }, { "start": 155.026, "duration": 4.254, "text": "this sculpture remains the epitome\nof the Hellenistic Baroque style." }, { "start": 159.53, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But even within a tradition known\nfor its dramatic facial expressions" }, { "start": 163.409, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and contorted figures, " }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 4.504, "text": "no other piece in this style comes\nclose to the intensity" }, { "start": 169.832, "duration": 2.002, "text": "of “Laocoön and His Sons.”" }, { "start": 172.418, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The nearly life-sized figures\nare writhing in agony," }, { "start": 176.631, "duration": 3.795, "text": "straining to untangle massive snakes\nfrom their limbs." }, { "start": 180.676, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Their faces are packed\nwith desperation and hopelessness," }, { "start": 184.513, "duration": 4.63, "text": "yet Laocoön’s expression is\nfiercely determined to resist." }, { "start": 189.644, "duration": 2.627, "text": "The scene is also uniquely brutal—" }, { "start": 192.396, "duration": 4.672, "text": "paused precisely as the serpent’s\nvenomous jaws are about to bite down." }, { "start": 197.401, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Displayed as the centerpiece of\nEmperor Nero’s Domus Aurea palace complex," }, { "start": 202.949, "duration": 4.921, "text": "this gruesome sculpture was one of the\nmost talked about artworks of its time." }, { "start": 208.579, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Renowned Roman writer Pliny the Elder\neven went so far as to call it" }, { "start": 213.292, "duration": 5.839, "text": "“preferable to any other production\nof the art of painting or of statuary.”" }, { "start": 219.59, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Unfortunately, the statue was lost " }, { "start": 222.176, "duration": 5.047, "text": "when Domus Aurea\nwas consumed by fire in 109 CE." }, { "start": 227.598, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But Laocoön's tale was far from finished." }, { "start": 230.851, "duration": 6.132, "text": "In 1506, Michelangelo Buonarotti—\nthen the most famous sculptor in Rome—" }, { "start": 237.108, "duration": 5.714, "text": "received a message that Pope Julius II\nhad unearthed something marvelous." }, { "start": 243.656, "duration": 5.881, "text": "Even caked with dirt, “Laocoön\nand His Sons” astonished Michelangelo." }, { "start": 249.954, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The dramatic musculature was over-the-top," }, { "start": 252.832, "duration": 3.128, "text": "but all the more powerful\nfor being so extreme." }, { "start": 256.127, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And the curving shapes of its serpent\nand human figures" }, { "start": 260.131, "duration": 2.627, "text": "drew his eyes in constant motion." }, { "start": 263.301, "duration": 3.586, "text": "Pope Julius prominently displayed\nthe piece at the Vatican," }, { "start": 266.971, "duration": 4.546, "text": "but its influence on Michelangelo is\nwhat made the statue truly famous." }, { "start": 271.934, "duration": 4.88, "text": "The sculpture's emotive, exaggerated\nelements transformed his approach" }, { "start": 276.814, "duration": 1.793, "text": "to representing the human body." }, { "start": 279.4, "duration": 4.379, "text": "His paintings and sculptures began\nto feature contorted poses," }, { "start": 283.779, "duration": 5.548, "text": "referred to as “figura serpentinata,”\nmeaning snake-like shapes." }, { "start": 289.577, "duration": 2.919, "text": "And his celebrated work\nin the Sistine Chapel" }, { "start": 292.496, "duration": 3.462, "text": "centered on muscular,\nhyperextended figures." }, { "start": 296.208, "duration": 5.131, "text": "Soon, Michelangelo’s new style sparked\nan entire artistic movement" }, { "start": 301.589, "duration": 1.501, "text": "called Mannerism—" }, { "start": 303.466, "duration": 5.797, "text": "influencing artists throughout the 1500s\nto exaggerate and twist human bodies" }, { "start": 309.388, "duration": 1.502, "text": "for dramatic effect." }, { "start": 311.432, "duration": 5.505, "text": "Since artists of the Renaissance revered\nancient Greco-Roman art above all else," }, { "start": 317.021, "duration": 5.38, "text": "perhaps it’s not surprising that “Laocoön\nand His Sons” made such a large impact." }, { "start": 322.735, "duration": 4.713, "text": "But not even the real Laocoön could have\npredicted that his likeness" }, { "start": 327.448, "duration": 3.962, "text": "would become one of the most influential\nsculptures ever made." } ] }, { "video_id": "Xj5nH5JtJAQ", "title": "How to increase your happiness", "description": "Dig into the benefits of practicing gratitude in your everyday life, and discover how being thankful can impact your happiness.\n\n--\n\nMany people would say the connection between happiness and gratefulness is very simple: when you are happy, you are grateful. But think again. Is it really the happy people that are grateful? Quite a number of people have everything that it would take to be happy, and they are not happy. So, how does gratefulness work? Explore the key components to living gratefully.\n\nDirected by Avi Ofer.\n\nGrab a copy of Chris Anderson’s book “Infectious Generosity” here: https://bit.ly/TEDEdInfectiousGenerosity\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-increase-your-happiness\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-increase-your-happiness/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon and Aleksandar Donev.", "publishedAt": "2024-05-02T15:01:00Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.089, "text": "For thousands of years, native Takhi \nhorses roamed the steppes of Central Asia." }, { "start": 12.175, "duration": 4.045, "text": "But by the late 1960s, \nthey’d become extinct in the wild—" }, { "start": 16.22, "duration": 3.128, "text": "the last herds struggling \nin meager habitats" }, { "start": 19.348, "duration": 3.254, "text": "against hunters and competition \nfrom local livestock." }, { "start": 22.935, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Some small groups of Takhi\nsurvived in European zoos," }, { "start": 26.981, "duration": 2.419, "text": "but their extinction \nstill seemed inevitable." }, { "start": 29.692, "duration": 1.668, "text": "To prevent this terrible fate," }, { "start": 31.36, "duration": 3.504, "text": "a coalition of scientists and zoos\npulled together" }, { "start": 34.864, "duration": 3.17, "text": "to start an international \nTakhi breeding program." }, { "start": 38.367, "duration": 3.921, "text": "By the 1990s, these collaborators\nin Europe and the US" }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 4.004, "text": "began releasing new generations \nof Asia’s ancient wild horse" }, { "start": 46.292, "duration": 1.752, "text": "back into their native habitat." }, { "start": 48.294, "duration": 3.796, "text": "This Takhi revival was a world-famous\nconservation victory," }, { "start": 52.09, "duration": 3.795, "text": "but the full story is much more\ncomplicated than it first appears." }, { "start": 56.135, "duration": 4.63, "text": "And its twists and turns raise serious\nquestions about the role of zoos" }, { "start": 60.765, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and what conservation even means." }, { "start": 63.226, "duration": 3.67, "text": "To get the whole story, \nwe need to start in the late 1800s" }, { "start": 66.896, "duration": 3.42, "text": "when Russian explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky\nwas gifted" }, { "start": 70.316, "duration": 2.586, "text": "the remains of one of these wild horses." }, { "start": 73.402, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Though the Takhi had long been\nknown to local Mongolians," }, { "start": 76.781, "duration": 3.211, "text": "European scientists were intrigued\nby the remains," }, { "start": 79.992, "duration": 4.922, "text": "which looked more like those of a donkey\nor zebra than any known domestic horse." }, { "start": 85.331, "duration": 3.212, "text": "They concluded the species was a sort\nof missing link" }, { "start": 88.543, "duration": 2.836, "text": "between wild asses and modern horses." }, { "start": 91.546, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And as reports of the newly dubbed \nPrzhevalsky’s horse" }, { "start": 95.216, "duration": 2.336, "text": "circulated through Europe and America," }, { "start": 97.552, "duration": 4.879, "text": "zoo proprietors became eager to acquire\nthe previously unknown species." }, { "start": 102.682, "duration": 5.505, "text": "At this time, zoos were focused primarily\non drawing visitors with exotic animals," }, { "start": 108.187, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and their exhibitions were more concerned\nwith entertainment than animal welfare." }, { "start": 112.525, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But in the early 1900s, the near\nextinction of the American bison" }, { "start": 116.946, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and the total extinction of other species\nlike the passenger pigeon" }, { "start": 120.992, "duration": 3.837, "text": "inspired zoos to rebrand \nas centers for conservation." }, { "start": 125.037, "duration": 4.755, "text": "And as it became clear that Przhevalsky’s\nhorse might be headed for a similar fate," }, { "start": 129.792, "duration": 4.463, "text": "zoos began breeding programs to sustain\nthe captive population." }, { "start": 134.672, "duration": 5.756, "text": "However, the individuals behind these\nprograms came to an interesting conclusion" }, { "start": 140.428, "duration": 2.544, "text": "about how the horses should be bred." }, { "start": 143.055, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Like their colleagues, they believed\nthe species represented a missing link" }, { "start": 147.393, "duration": 4.046, "text": "between modern domestic horses \nand their more primitive ancestors." }, { "start": 151.647, "duration": 4.755, "text": "They also knew that some of the horses in\ntheir collections weren’t purebred Takhi," }, { "start": 156.485, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and many didn’t even resemble \nthe species’ standard description." }, { "start": 160.448, "duration": 4.337, "text": "So breeders felt it was up to them\nto determine what a wild Takhi" }, { "start": 164.785, "duration": 1.21, "text": "should look like," }, { "start": 165.995, "duration": 1.543, "text": "and breed them accordingly." }, { "start": 167.83, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Basing their work on just a few specimens\nand broad beliefs" }, { "start": 171.375, "duration": 2.419, "text": "about what a primitive horse \nmight look like," }, { "start": 173.794, "duration": 3.587, "text": "they created a rigorous model \nfor the ideal Takhi." }, { "start": 177.84, "duration": 1.668, "text": "And over the 20th century," }, { "start": 179.508, "duration": 2.962, "text": "breeders in western zoos \nand private collections" }, { "start": 182.47, "duration": 2.961, "text": "created a population \nof thousands of horses" }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 4.213, "text": "all carefully bred to share the same\nphysical characteristics." }, { "start": 191.812, "duration": 2.128, "text": "Of course, in their native habitat," }, { "start": 193.94, "duration": 4.879, "text": "wild Takhi had regularly interbred \nwith domesticated horses for millennia," }, { "start": 198.819, "duration": 3.337, "text": "producing a population with much\nmore diverse appearances." }, { "start": 202.531, "duration": 3.713, "text": "So when it was time to introduce \nthe Takhi to their ancestral home," }, { "start": 206.244, "duration": 2.252, "text": "they were quite different from the horses" }, { "start": 208.496, "duration": 2.919, "text": "who’d been taken from those steppes\na century earlier." }, { "start": 211.582, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Complicating things even further," }, { "start": 213.459, "duration": 3.42, "text": "while these new Takhi herds were\nno longer in zoos," }, { "start": 216.879, "duration": 3.504, "text": "to this day, almost all \nremain closely monitored" }, { "start": 220.383, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and controlled for their own protection." }, { "start": 223.135, "duration": 5.005, "text": "So in a strange way, it’s hard to say \nif these animals are actually in the wild" }, { "start": 228.14, "duration": 2.253, "text": "or even if they’re truly Takhi." }, { "start": 231.269, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The story of the Takhi horse \nis not unique." }, { "start": 234.063, "duration": 2.169, "text": "In many of our conservation victories," }, { "start": 236.232, "duration": 2.961, "text": "it’s difficult to say exactly\nwhat was saved," }, { "start": 239.193, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and the role that zoos play \nin conservation can be very complicated." }, { "start": 243.322, "duration": 4.505, "text": "It's clear that zoos have been and can\ncontinue to be significant forces" }, { "start": 247.827, "duration": 1.501, "text": "for animal preservation," }, { "start": 249.328, "duration": 3.587, "text": "especially efforts to save \ncharismatic animals from extinction." }, { "start": 253.04, "duration": 3.671, "text": "But today, the most direct\ncause of animal extinctions" }, { "start": 256.711, "duration": 4.129, "text": "are humanity’s impacts on animal habitats\nand Earth’s climate." }, { "start": 261.132, "duration": 4.754, "text": "So if zoos truly want to help protect the\ndiversity of animal life on this planet," }, { "start": 266.012, "duration": 2.21, "text": "perhaps they should redirect their efforts" }, { "start": 268.222, "duration": 4.379, "text": "to preserving the natural habitats\nthese animals so desperately need." } ] }, { "video_id": "ke4kVFycpYY", "title": "How do gas masks actually work? - George Zaidan", "description": "Explore the science behind how gas masks work, and how the technology protects us from airborne threats and pollutants.\n\n--\n\nYou might think of gas masks as clunky military-looking devices. But in the near future, we may need to rely on these filters as part of our everyday lives. In addition to emerging diseases, wildfire frequency has more than tripled, and climate change has increased toxic ground level ozone. So how do these masks work, and can they protect us from airborne threats? George Zaidan investigates.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan, directed by Michael Kalopaidis, Zedem Media.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-gas-masks-actually-work-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-gas-masks-actually-work-george-zaidan/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan and Wes Winn.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-30T15:00:56Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.169, "text": "On June 16th 1976," }, { "start": 10.798, "duration": 5.047, "text": "over 10,000 student protesters flooded\nthe streets of Soweto, South Africa." }, { "start": 16.22, "duration": 4.255, "text": "For 28 years, South Africans\nhad been living under Apartheid," }, { "start": 20.6, "duration": 4.296, "text": "a strict policy of segregation that\nbarred the country’s Black majority" }, { "start": 24.896, "duration": 4.921, "text": "from skilled, high-paying jobs,\nquality education, and much more." }, { "start": 30.026, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And in 1974, the government announced\nschools would be forced to teach" }, { "start": 34.822, "duration": 2.002, "text": "many subjects in Afrikaans—" }, { "start": 36.824, "duration": 4.38, "text": "a language used primarily\nby the nation’s white ruling elites." }, { "start": 41.412, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But when protesters rose\nup to fight this injustice," }, { "start": 44.499, "duration": 2.168, "text": "the government's response was swift." }, { "start": 47.418, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Armed police officers turned\ntheir weapons onto the crowd," }, { "start": 50.922, "duration": 4.212, "text": "and over the following days\nthey killed over 150 students," }, { "start": 55.551, "duration": 2.545, "text": "including victims as young as 13." }, { "start": 59.18, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Even before Apartheid, South Africa’s\nlong history of racial violence" }, { "start": 63.976, "duration": 5.214, "text": "had already cost countless Black Africans\ntheir jobs, homes, and lives." }, { "start": 69.482, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Beginning in the 1600s," }, { "start": 71.734, "duration": 3.879, "text": "first Dutch and later British settlers\ncolonized the nation," }, { "start": 75.738, "duration": 3.754, "text": "displacing local populations\nfrom their ancestral lands." }, { "start": 81.202, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Over the following centuries," }, { "start": 82.912, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Black Africans were segregated\nonto so-called native reserves;" }, { "start": 87.75, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and by the 20th century,\nthat meant 70% of the population" }, { "start": 92.004, "duration": 3.671, "text": "was living on roughly 13%\nof the country’s land." }, { "start": 95.925, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Deprived of their traditional livelihoods" }, { "start": 98.344, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and seeking to escape these\noverpopulated regions," }, { "start": 101.639, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Black Africans began migrating\nto white-controlled areas." }, { "start": 106.811, "duration": 4.171, "text": "There, they worked for low wages\non white-owned farms and mines," }, { "start": 110.982, "duration": 3.628, "text": "alongside the descendants of enslaved\nand indentured workers" }, { "start": 114.61, "duration": 2.127, "text": "from across Africa and Asia." }, { "start": 117.113, "duration": 4.755, "text": "By 1948, this exploited labor force\nwas a primary driver" }, { "start": 121.868, "duration": 2.294, "text": "of South Africa’s booming economy." }, { "start": 124.203, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But economists argued that continued\ngrowth required a stable, educated," }, { "start": 129.041, "duration": 2.545, "text": "and urbanized African labor force." }, { "start": 131.878, "duration": 2.877, "text": "The ruling United Party\naccepted this logic," }, { "start": 134.755, "duration": 3.462, "text": "but the rival National Party argued\nsuch a workforce" }, { "start": 138.217, "duration": 2.086, "text": "would threaten the white ruling class." }, { "start": 140.303, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Naming their campaign Apartheid,\nthe Afrikaans word for “separateness,”" }, { "start": 144.891, "duration": 3.378, "text": "the National Party won the 1948 elections." }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 4.504, "text": "And once in power, they began\nforcibly relocating millions of Africans" }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 1.502, "text": "back to the reserves." }, { "start": 154.65, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Under Apartheid, Black workers were\nconsidered temporary visitors" }, { "start": 158.779, "duration": 1.293, "text": "in white areas." }, { "start": 160.156, "duration": 2.252, "text": "They were restricted to specific zones," }, { "start": 162.408, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and their trade unions received\nno official recognition." }, { "start": 166.704, "duration": 3.712, "text": "The government also abolished\nmixed race universities," }, { "start": 170.416, "duration": 4.63, "text": "outlawed mixed marriages,\nsegregated recreational spaces," }, { "start": 175.046, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and purged the non-white population\nfrom the voters’ roll." }, { "start": 178.799, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Within parliament at this time," }, { "start": 180.801, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Apartheid only had a small group\nof outspoken opponents." }, { "start": 184.805, "duration": 1.669, "text": "But outside the government," }, { "start": 186.474, "duration": 4.463, "text": "three political groups were leading a\npopular resistance against the regime:" }, { "start": 190.937, "duration": 4.17, "text": "the Communist Party,\nwhich was then legally banned in 1950," }, { "start": 195.107, "duration": 2.795, "text": "their allies\nin the African National Congress," }, { "start": 197.902, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and later, a splinter group called\nthe Pan-Africanist Congress." }, { "start": 201.948, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Despite some ideological differences," }, { "start": 204.659, "duration": 2.669, "text": "all three groups worked\nto mobilize the masses" }, { "start": 207.328, "duration": 3.003, "text": "against Apartheid\nby non-violent methods." }, { "start": 210.623, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But the National Party\nwasn’t as restrained." }, { "start": 213.376, "duration": 6.381, "text": "On March 21st, 1960, policemen massacred\ndemonstrators at a PAC rally," }, { "start": 220.883, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and within weeks,\nthe ANC and PAC were outlawed." }, { "start": 225.304, "duration": 3.379, "text": "These events radicalized\nanti-Apartheid leaders," }, { "start": 228.683, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and in December of 1961," }, { "start": 231.06, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Nelson Mandela and other ANC \nand Communist Party activists" }, { "start": 235.439, "duration": 2.962, "text": "established the resistance’s armed wing." }, { "start": 239.318, "duration": 2.67, "text": "While the conflict grew\nincreasingly violent," }, { "start": 241.988, "duration": 4.462, "text": "the 1960s saw consistent economic\ngrowth throughout South Africa." }, { "start": 246.784, "duration": 3.629, "text": "The National Party attributed this\nto the success of Apartheid," }, { "start": 250.413, "duration": 2.794, "text": "but it was actually due\nto further exploitation." }, { "start": 253.708, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Employers were illegally\nhiring Black laborers" }, { "start": 256.794, "duration": 3.629, "text": "for positions affluent white workers\ndidn’t want to fill." }, { "start": 260.423, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And since this prosperity\nwas flowing disproportionately" }, { "start": 263.467, "duration": 1.919, "text": "to the ruling white minority," }, { "start": 265.386, "duration": 2.544, "text": "the government happily turned a blind eye." }, { "start": 268.431, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Meanwhile, the National Party leveraged\nglobal anti-communist sentiment" }, { "start": 273.144, "duration": 2.043, "text": "to demonize its adversaries." }, { "start": 275.479, "duration": 5.548, "text": "In 1963, they tried Mandela and ten others\nfor advancing communism" }, { "start": 281.027, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and training recruits\nin guerrilla warfare." }, { "start": 284.697, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Eight of the defendants were sentenced\nto life in prison," }, { "start": 287.825, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and many remaining anti-Apartheid leaders\nwere forced into exile." }, { "start": 291.787, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Over the next decade," }, { "start": 293.289, "duration": 3.962, "text": "a generation of student activists\nrose up to continue the fight," }, { "start": 297.251, "duration": 4.588, "text": "led in part by Steve Biko and the\nSouth African Students Organization." }, { "start": 301.839, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Following the Soweto Massacre,\nstudent protesters spread nationwide." }, { "start": 306.218, "duration": 3.129, "text": "But police violently smothered\nthese demonstrations," }, { "start": 309.347, "duration": 4.504, "text": "killing over 600 protesters by early 1977." }, { "start": 314.31, "duration": 3.795, "text": "That same year,\nBiko was taken into police custody" }, { "start": 318.105, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and killed in a brutal assault." }, { "start": 321.776, "duration": 1.96, "text": "In response to this violence," }, { "start": 323.736, "duration": 4.338, "text": "the international community finally\ncalled for an end to Apartheid," }, { "start": 328.074, "duration": 3.92, "text": "with some countries enacting\ntrade embargoes against South Africa." }, { "start": 332.37, "duration": 3.211, "text": "The state attempted to launch\na reform process," }, { "start": 335.581, "duration": 3.003, "text": "creating separate parliaments\nfor the country's white," }, { "start": 338.584, "duration": 2.795, "text": "non-white, and Indian populations." }, { "start": 341.629, "duration": 4.546, "text": "But the exclusion of the African majority\nled to more nationwide rioting." }, { "start": 346.425, "duration": 4.421, "text": "So when F.W. de Klerk,\na long-time supporter of Apartheid," }, { "start": 350.846, "duration": 2.503, "text": "came to power in 1989," }, { "start": 353.349, "duration": 4.838, "text": "he concluded the only way to ensure\nwhite survival was to end the policy." }, { "start": 358.479, "duration": 2.711, "text": "On February 2nd, 1990," }, { "start": 361.19, "duration": 3.67, "text": "de Klerk shocked the world\nby unbanning the ANC," }, { "start": 365.319, "duration": 1.585, "text": "releasing Mandela," }, { "start": 366.904, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and calling for\nconstitutional negotiations." }, { "start": 370.324, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Four years later, in the nation’s\ninaugural all-inclusive elections," }, { "start": 375.83, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Mandela became South Africa’s\nfirst Black president." }, { "start": 379.667, "duration": 5.63, "text": "But today, the national trauma\nof Apartheid can still be keenly felt," }, { "start": 385.464, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and many wounds from this period\nhave yet to fully heal." } ] }, { "video_id": "qH0tUg4Enn0", "title": "The rise and fall of the Maya Empire’s most powerful city - Geoffrey E. Braswell", "description": "Trace the rise and fall of the Maya city Chichen Itza, and how Yucatán’s unpredictable environment contributed to its demise.\n\n--\n\nDuring the 8th century CE, warfare and failing agriculture forced Maya people to move north, to hotter, drier Yucatán. Because of its freshwater access, Chichen Itza became the most powerful Maya city, with nearly 50,000 citizens at its height. But the region presented its own challenges and the city's golden age wouldn’t last forever. Geoffrey E. Braswell traces the city's rise and fall.\n\nLesson by Geoffrey E. Braswell, directed by Hernando Bahamon, Globizco Studios.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-maya-empire-s-most-powerful-city-geoffrey-e-braswell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-maya-empire-s-most-powerful-city-geoffrey-e-braswell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.globizcostudios.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz and Victor E Karhel.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-25T15:00:01Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.922, "text": "It was 120 BCE, and Mithridates’ father,\nthe ruler of Pontus," }, { "start": 13.092, "duration": 1.961, "text": "had been poisoned by enemies." }, { "start": 15.261, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Fearing that his mother might poison\nhim to usurp the throne," }, { "start": 19.057, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Mithridates went into hiding." }, { "start": 21.184, "duration": 4.796, "text": "When he reappeared, he committed himself\nto building his tolerance to poison," }, { "start": 26.105, "duration": 3.963, "text": "allegedly micro-dosing various\ntoxins each day." }, { "start": 30.318, "duration": 4.087, "text": "He reached his 70s,\nand chose to die by sword," }, { "start": 34.405, "duration": 1.293, "text": "evading capture." }, { "start": 35.907, "duration": 6.548, "text": "No substance has perhaps been as constant\nan ally to insidious scheming as arsenic," }, { "start": 42.622, "duration": 2.502, "text": "the so-called “king of poisons.”" }, { "start": 45.458, "duration": 4.087, "text": "It’s a naturally occurring,\nwidely distributed metallic element." }, { "start": 49.712, "duration": 1.919, "text": "In its chemically pure form," }, { "start": 51.631, "duration": 3.837, "text": "it isn’t much of a threat because\nour bodies don’t absorb it well;" }, { "start": 55.593, "duration": 4.796, "text": "it’s when arsenic combines with other\nelements that things get dangerous." }, { "start": 60.765, "duration": 2.419, "text": "When arsenic reacts with oxygen," }, { "start": 63.184, "duration": 3.587, "text": "it may assume its most common\npoisonous form:" }, { "start": 66.771, "duration": 5.839, "text": "white arsenic, a powder that can be\nimmediately lethal or kill over time." }, { "start": 72.944, "duration": 3.92, "text": "At the molecular level,\nwhite arsenic resembles phosphate," }, { "start": 76.864, "duration": 3.629, "text": "which is essential to the body's\nbasic cellular reactions." }, { "start": 80.785, "duration": 4.421, "text": "When white arsenic enters the body,\nit replaces phosphates," }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 4.588, "text": "compromising critical processes\nlike cellular energy production." }, { "start": 90.128, "duration": 5.338, "text": "The symptoms of arsenic poisoning overlap\nwith common illnesses in history." }, { "start": 95.591, "duration": 4.797, "text": "And white arsenic is inconspicuously\nodorless and tasteless." }, { "start": 100.596, "duration": 3.671, "text": "These characteristics made it\na choice murder weapon." }, { "start": 104.517, "duration": 2.085, "text": "In ancient Egypt and Greece," }, { "start": 106.602, "duration": 4.046, "text": "people encountered arsenic while\nmining and smelting metals," }, { "start": 110.648, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and came to recognize its powers." }, { "start": 113.609, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The first preparation of white arsenic\non record" }, { "start": 116.821, "duration": 4.588, "text": "is attributed to Islamic Golden Age\nalchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan," }, { "start": 121.409, "duration": 1.877, "text": "around the 8th century. " }, { "start": 123.995, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Poisoning became prevalent\nin Renaissance Italy," }, { "start": 127.123, "duration": 4.88, "text": "where elites like the Venetian Council\nof Ten decided who to assassinate" }, { "start": 132.128, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and enlisted alchemists, pharmacists,\nand doctors" }, { "start": 135.631, "duration": 2.169, "text": "to prepare the appropriate poison." }, { "start": 138.134, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The House of Borgia mastered\nthe murderous art," }, { "start": 141.262, "duration": 4.63, "text": "reportedly wielding an arsenic-laced\npowder called Cantarella" }, { "start": 145.892, "duration": 3.378, "text": "that they’d sprinkle\ninto special guests’ goblets." }, { "start": 149.604, "duration": 3.169, "text": "And during French King Louis XIV's reign," }, { "start": 152.773, "duration": 3.879, "text": "arsenic ran rampant among\nParisian high society," }, { "start": 156.777, "duration": 3.254, "text": "earning it the moniker\nof “inheritance powder.”" }, { "start": 160.865, "duration": 5.297, "text": "In 1675, the five-year\nAffair of the Poisons kicked off" }, { "start": 166.162, "duration": 4.296, "text": "with a noblewoman confessing to murdering\nher father and brothers—" }, { "start": 170.583, "duration": 4.671, "text": "and revealing that Paris harbored\nan extensive underground network" }, { "start": 175.254, "duration": 1.794, "text": "of poison peddling." }, { "start": 177.423, "duration": 3.378, "text": "One of its central figures\nwas Catherine Monvoisin." }, { "start": 180.968, "duration": 3.42, "text": "In addition to performing divinations\nand black masses," }, { "start": 184.555, "duration": 5.172, "text": "she formulated so-called love potions\nas well as more ghastly concoctions" }, { "start": 189.727, "duration": 3.504, "text": "containing aconite, belladonna,\nand arsenic." }, { "start": 193.439, "duration": 3.212, "text": "One of her clients was a member\nof the royal court" }, { "start": 196.651, "duration": 3.253, "text": "whose husband died\nunder mysterious circumstances;" }, { "start": 200.071, "duration": 3.128, "text": "another was the king’s very own mistress." }, { "start": 203.324, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Arsenic became a more widespread weapon\nduring the Industrial Revolution." }, { "start": 208.287, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Demand for metals, like iron, skyrocketed." }, { "start": 212.124, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And as people melted impure ores\nin furnaces," }, { "start": 216.003, "duration": 4.63, "text": "some byproducts became airborne\nand accumulated on chimneys—" }, { "start": 220.633, "duration": 2.252, "text": "including white arsenic." }, { "start": 223.219, "duration": 5.213, "text": "The powder was scraped off in abundance\nand sold cheap to city-dwellers," }, { "start": 228.432, "duration": 4.672, "text": "who channeled its powers against pests—\nand sometimes, people." }, { "start": 233.521, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Arsenic also found its way\ninto ubiquitous goods." }, { "start": 237.149, "duration": 4.755, "text": "In 1775, Swedish chemist\nCarl Wilhelm Scheele" }, { "start": 241.904, "duration": 5.255, "text": "created a copper-arsenic mixture\nthat yielded a brilliant green hue." }, { "start": 247.618, "duration": 6.924, "text": "Scheele’s green soon pigmented paint,\ntextiles, toys, soaps, cosmetics," }, { "start": 254.625, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and food coloring. " }, { "start": 256.419, "duration": 5.297, "text": "By the late 1800s, 80% of English\nwallpaper contained arsenic." }, { "start": 261.966, "duration": 2.21, "text": "But its lethality loomed." }, { "start": 264.302, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Several children were said to have died\nfrom inadvertently ingesting arsenic," }, { "start": 269.223, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and a public campaign finally had\nit banned from households." }, { "start": 273.686, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Meanwhile, deliberate arsenic\npoisoning persisted." }, { "start": 277.398, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And because forensic arsenic tests\nremained rudimentary," }, { "start": 281.068, "duration": 1.919, "text": "people kept getting away with it." }, { "start": 283.529, "duration": 5.047, "text": "In 1832, chemist James Marsh consulted\non a homicide case" }, { "start": 288.576, "duration": 4.421, "text": "where a man was accused of arsenic-lacing\nhis grandfather’s coffee." }, { "start": 293.456, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Marsh ran the standard test,\nwhich yielded a yellowy deposit," }, { "start": 297.71, "duration": 3.211, "text": "confirming the sample was\npositive for arsenic." }, { "start": 301.088, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But the result was chemically unstable." }, { "start": 303.674, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And by the time Marsh presented\nit in court," }, { "start": 306.218, "duration": 4.38, "text": "the color had deteriorated,\nand the jury acquitted the accused." }, { "start": 311.057, "duration": 2.877, "text": "So, Marsh created a new test," }, { "start": 313.976, "duration": 4.963, "text": "whereby an arsenic-containing sample\nwould react with zinc and acid" }, { "start": 318.939, "duration": 2.211, "text": "to produce arsine gas." }, { "start": 321.359, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Once ignited, it would reveal\na solid arsenic deposit." }, { "start": 325.446, "duration": 3.629, "text": "It was the first truly reliable\narsenic test." }, { "start": 329.325, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Newer tests later took its place\nand antidotes became available," }, { "start": 333.579, "duration": 4.254, "text": "but history remains laced\nwith arsenic’s perverse power—" }, { "start": 337.958, "duration": 3.587, "text": "sprinkled with scandal\nand dashed with deceit." } ] }, { "video_id": "iKYHf22qVdM", "title": "Does math have a major flaw? - Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/teded\n\n--\n\nA mathematician with a knife and ball begins slicing and distributing the ball into an infinite number of boxes. She then recombines the parts into five precise sections. Moving and rotating these sections around, she recombines them to form two identical, flawless, and complete copies of the original ball. How is this possible? Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek explore the Banach-Tarski paradox.\n\nLesson by Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek, directed by Mads Lundgård.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-math-have-a-major-flaw-jacqueline-doan-and-alex-kazachek\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-math-have-a-major-flaw-jacqueline-doan-and-alex-kazachek/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.uptree.dk\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim and Phyllis Dubrow.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-23T15:01:21Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.836, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Right now, invisible signals are flying\nthrough the air all around you." }, { "start": 11.924, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Beyond the spectrum of light\nyour eyes can see," }, { "start": 14.594, "duration": 3.086, "text": "massive radio waves as wide as houses" }, { "start": 17.68, "duration": 5.631, "text": "carry information between computers,\nGPS systems, cell phones, and more." }, { "start": 23.394, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In fact, the signal your phone broadcasts\nis so strong," }, { "start": 27.69, "duration": 2.503, "text": "if your eyes could see radio waves," }, { "start": 30.193, "duration": 2.627, "text": "your phone would be visible from Jupiter." }, { "start": 32.945, "duration": 3.712, "text": "At least your special eyes would be able\nto see this if the sky" }, { "start": 36.657, "duration": 4.922, "text": "wasn’t flooded with interference\nfrom routers, satellites, and, of course," }, { "start": 41.579, "duration": 4.087, "text": "people flying who haven't put their\nphones on airplane mode." }, { "start": 46.084, "duration": 2.961, "text": "You see, this setting isn't\nto protect your flight," }, { "start": 49.045, "duration": 3.295, "text": "it's to protect everyone else\nin your flight path." }, { "start": 52.548, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Cell phones connect to networks\nby emitting information" }, { "start": 55.885, "duration": 2.586, "text": "in the form of electromagnetic waves;" }, { "start": 58.471, "duration": 2.127, "text": "specifically, radio waves," }, { "start": 60.598, "duration": 3.921, "text": "which occupy this band of the\nelectromagnetic spectrum." }, { "start": 64.727, "duration": 3.128, "text": "These radio waves come\nin a range of wavelengths," }, { "start": 67.855, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and let’s imagine your special eyes\nsee the various wavelengths" }, { "start": 72.026, "duration": 1.502, "text": "as different colors." }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 4.046, "text": "When you make a call,\nyour phone generates a radio wave signal" }, { "start": 77.615, "duration": 2.669, "text": "which it throws to the nearest cell tower." }, { "start": 80.409, "duration": 1.794, "text": "If you're far from service," }, { "start": 82.203, "duration": 4.88, "text": "your phone will expend more battery power\nto send a higher amplitude signal" }, { "start": 87.083, "duration": 1.835, "text": "in an effort to make a connection." }, { "start": 88.918, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Once connected, this signal is relayed\nbetween cell towers" }, { "start": 92.839, "duration": 2.043, "text": "all the way to your call’s recipient." }, { "start": 95.049, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Since your call isn’t the only\nsignal out here," }, { "start": 98.261, "duration": 5.213, "text": "cell towers managing the calls assign\neach phones involved their own wavelength." }, { "start": 103.683, "duration": 4.504, "text": "This specific color ensures you’re not\npicking up other people’s calls." }, { "start": 108.271, "duration": 2.752, "text": "It’s even slightly different\nfrom the wavelength" }, { "start": 111.023, "duration": 2.67, "text": "your phone is receiving information on," }, { "start": 113.943, "duration": 3.503, "text": "so as not to interfere\nwith that incoming signal." }, { "start": 117.697, "duration": 2.752, "text": "But there are only so many\ncolors to choose from." }, { "start": 120.449, "duration": 2.086, "text": "And since the advent of Wi-Fi," }, { "start": 122.535, "duration": 5.005, "text": "the demand for ownership of these\nwavelengths has increased dramatically." }, { "start": 127.54, "duration": 4.546, "text": "With all these signals in the air and\na limited number of colors to assign," }, { "start": 132.086, "duration": 2.795, "text": "avoiding interference is\nincreasingly difficult." }, { "start": 134.964, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Especially when cell towers receive\ntoo many signals at once," }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 4.88, "text": "such as during regional emergencies, when\neveryone's trying to use their phones." }, { "start": 144.807, "duration": 3.212, "text": "But other sources of interference\nare more preventable," }, { "start": 148.019, "duration": 4.588, "text": "like phones searching for signals\nfrom thousands of meters in the sky." }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Phones on planes are very\nfar from cell towers," }, { "start": 156.485, "duration": 3.629, "text": "so they work overtime to send\nthe loudest signals they can" }, { "start": 160.114, "duration": 1.46, "text": "in search of service." }, { "start": 161.574, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But since planes travel so quickly," }, { "start": 164.076, "duration": 4.547, "text": "the phones might find themselves much\ncloser to a cell tower than expected—" }, { "start": 168.789, "duration": 4.13, "text": "blasting it with a massive signal\nthat drowns out those on the ground." }, { "start": 173.294, "duration": 3.045, "text": "So when you fly without\nusing airplane mode," }, { "start": 176.339, "duration": 3.295, "text": "you’re essentially acting\nas a military radio jammer—" }, { "start": 179.634, "duration": 4.337, "text": "sending out giant radio waves \nthat interfere with nearby signals." }, { "start": 183.971, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Even on the ground, almost all our\nelectronics emit rogue radio waves," }, { "start": 189.268, "duration": 3.42, "text": "slowing down our internet\nand making our calls choppy." }, { "start": 192.897, "duration": 3.003, "text": "This leads consumers to pay\nfor more bandwidth," }, { "start": 195.9, "duration": 3.628, "text": "pushing service providers to take\nover more of the radio spectrum," }, { "start": 199.528, "duration": 3.546, "text": "and eventually, send more satellites\ninto the sky—" }, { "start": 203.282, "duration": 3.921, "text": "creating a vicious cycle that could\neventually blot out the stars." }, { "start": 207.286, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Though, even without these satellites," }, { "start": 209.372, "duration": 3.753, "text": "this system is threatening\nour relationship with the cosmos." }, { "start": 213.125, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Radio telescopes used for astronomy" }, { "start": 215.67, "duration": 4.212, "text": "rely on a specific band of wavelengths\nto see deep into space." }, { "start": 220.049, "duration": 3.086, "text": "However, while this range\nis supposedly protected," }, { "start": 223.135, "duration": 1.877, "text": "the cutoffs aren’t enforced." }, { "start": 225.346, "duration": 5.38, "text": "For example, the Very Large Array can see\nsignals throughout our solar system" }, { "start": 230.726, "duration": 2.169, "text": "from 1 to 50 GHz." }, { "start": 233.062, "duration": 3.754, "text": "But if it tries looking for signals\nbelow 5 GHz," }, { "start": 236.816, "duration": 4.463, "text": "its search could be drowned\nout by a sea of phones on 5G networks." }, { "start": 241.445, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Today, nowhere on Earth\nis truly radio quiet." }, { "start": 245.783, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Satellites relaying signals\naround the globe" }, { "start": 248.661, "duration": 2.794, "text": "have blanketed the planet in radio waves." }, { "start": 251.872, "duration": 3.421, "text": "But there are a few places\nwith less crowded skies," }, { "start": 255.293, "duration": 3.211, "text": "where radio telescopes\ncan look deep into space." }, { "start": 258.754, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Here, we can see the black hole\nat the center of the Milky Way," }, { "start": 262.55, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and uncover the secrets of galaxies\nup to 96 billion light years away." }, { "start": 268.139, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Well, so long as we’re\nnot blinded by phones" }, { "start": 270.891, "duration": 2.378, "text": "sending signals from first class." } ] }, { "video_id": "V8Bn0UPpGCw", "title": "Picture a perfect society. What does it look like? - Joseph Lacey", "description": "Dig into political philosopher John Rawls’ classic thought experiment about what principles we need to design a fair society.\n\n--\n\nA group of strangers have gathered to design a just society. To ensure none of them rig the system, they’ve been placed under a veil of ignorance. Under this veil, they’re blind to information about age, sex, profession, wealth, religion, and so on. Can they build a fair society where everyone has the resources they need? Joseph Lacey details John Rawls' classic thought experiment.\n\nLesson by Joseph Lacey, directed by Eoin Duffy.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-easy-steps-to-build-a-real-utopia-joseph-lacey\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-easy-steps-to-build-a-real-utopia-joseph-lacey/think\n\nAnimator's website: https://eoinduffy.me\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang and Abhishek Goel.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-18T15:00:59Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In 1891, newspapers reported\nthe story of James Bartley," }, { "start": 12.508, "duration": 3.42, "text": "a whaler who was swallowed\nwhole by his prey." }, { "start": 16.179, "duration": 5.797, "text": "Supposedly, Bartley spent as long\nas 36 hours in the belly of the beast" }, { "start": 21.976, "duration": 3.796, "text": "before his crew caught the whale\nand rescued their crewmate." }, { "start": 25.813, "duration": 2.544, "text": "And this tale is far from unique." }, { "start": 28.566, "duration": 6.215, "text": "Various novels, myths, and religious texts\ndepict figures swallowed at sea—" }, { "start": 34.906, "duration": 3.044, "text": "with some even making a home\nfor themselves" }, { "start": 37.95, "duration": 2.419, "text": "in the creatures’ cavernous mouths." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Unfortunately, if someone actually\nwere swallowed by a whale," }, { "start": 45.124, "duration": 1.835, "text": "they would likely be crushed." }, { "start": 46.959, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But if they somehow survived," }, { "start": 49.42, "duration": 4.922, "text": "they might have a chance to escape\nduring their captor’s bathroom break." }, { "start": 55.009, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Whales frequently surface to take in air" }, { "start": 58.387, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and let out massive plumes of waste." }, { "start": 62.517, "duration": 3.461, "text": "And while swimming in this slurry\nmight seem more disgusting" }, { "start": 65.978, "duration": 1.919, "text": "than living in these creatures," }, { "start": 68.147, "duration": 4.338, "text": "whale poop is much more\ndesirable than it may seem." }, { "start": 72.819, "duration": 4.796, "text": "In fact, it may be one of the most\nimportant substances in the ocean—" }, { "start": 77.865, "duration": 1.418, "text": "and the world. " }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 1.46, "text": "To understand why," }, { "start": 81.744, "duration": 5.631, "text": "we need to look at some of the ocean’s\nmost ubiquitous organisms: phytoplankton." }, { "start": 87.75, "duration": 4.213, "text": "These creatures survive off sunlight,\ncarbon dioxide," }, { "start": 91.963, "duration": 4.129, "text": " and nutrients like\nphosphates, nitrogen, and iron." }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And since the ocean’s surface waters\ngenerally have an abundance" }, { "start": 100.221, "duration": 1.627, "text": "of these resources," }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 2.252, "text": "phytoplankton are everywhere." }, { "start": 104.308, "duration": 4.046, "text": "A single drop of seawater can contain\nthousands of these creatures" }, { "start": 108.354, "duration": 4.505, "text": "and phytoplankton blooms are large\nenough to be seen from space." }, { "start": 112.984, "duration": 4.963, "text": "These phytoplankton then become food\nfor countless microscopic grazers," }, { "start": 118.072, "duration": 2.461, "text": "including copepods and krill," }, { "start": 120.533, "duration": 3.462, "text": "which in turn feed\na huge swath of marine life." }, { "start": 124.328, "duration": 4.421, "text": "In this way, these surface-dwellers\nare the base of a food chain" }, { "start": 128.749, "duration": 2.795, "text": "supporting countless marine life forms." }, { "start": 131.961, "duration": 5.464, "text": "But when phytoplankton die, their bodies\ncan sink far below the surface," }, { "start": 137.633, "duration": 5.798, "text": "taking with them the carbon and iron\ntheir living peers need to survive." }, { "start": 143.556, "duration": 2.377, "text": "And this is where whales come in." }, { "start": 146.142, "duration": 1.626, "text": "Hunting at these depths," }, { "start": 147.768, "duration": 4.505, "text": "whales consume huge amounts\nof these phytoplankton predators." }, { "start": 152.398, "duration": 2.753, "text": "For example, species like the blue whale" }, { "start": 155.276, "duration": 4.63, "text": "can consume up to 16 tons\nof krill every day," }, { "start": 160.239, "duration": 6.715, "text": "leading them to regularly surface and\nrelease a slick of feces red with iron." }, { "start": 167.496, "duration": 1.419, "text": "Through this cycle," }, { "start": 168.915, "duration": 6.631, "text": "whales act as a living pump to bring iron\nfrom deeper waters back to the surface." }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 3.546, "text": "However, if we take whales\nout of the equation—" }, { "start": 179.217, "duration": 2.877, "text": "much as centuries\nof commercial whaling did—" }, { "start": 182.303, "duration": 3.003, "text": "this natural system starts to break down." }, { "start": 185.765, "duration": 1.418, "text": "Over enough time," }, { "start": 187.183, "duration": 5.13, "text": "this broken cycle could lead to surface\nwaters completely devoid of life" }, { "start": 192.313, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and similarly major problems\nfor us land dwellers." }, { "start": 196.484, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Phytoplankton’s massive\nphotosynthetic blooms" }, { "start": 199.654, "duration": 3.67, "text": "produce as much as half of Earth’s oxygen." }, { "start": 203.449, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And in addition to taking in iron," }, { "start": 205.868, "duration": 3.462, "text": "phytoplankton helps sequester\nhuge amounts of carbon—" }, { "start": 209.33, "duration": 4.421, "text": "an element we need to extract from the air\nto address climate change." }, { "start": 214.168, "duration": 5.38, "text": "According to one report, phytoplankton\nare estimated to capture four times" }, { "start": 219.548, "duration": 4.213, "text": "the amount of carbon contained\nin the plant life of the Amazon." }, { "start": 224.136, "duration": 1.418, "text": "From these calculations," }, { "start": 225.554, "duration": 4.088, "text": "every 1% increase\nin phytoplankton population" }, { "start": 229.642, "duration": 5.088, "text": "is the carbon capture equivalent\nof 2 billion fully grown trees" }, { "start": 234.73, "duration": 2.127, "text": "springing into existence." }, { "start": 237.066, "duration": 3.378, "text": "While there’s still debate about exactly\nhow much of this carbon" }, { "start": 240.444, "duration": 2.169, "text": "stays in the ocean long term," }, { "start": 242.78, "duration": 4.087, "text": "researchers are working to increase\nphytoplankton populations" }, { "start": 246.993, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and bury as much carbon as possible." }, { "start": 250.663, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Some groups are doing this simply\nby sprinkling iron in the ocean." }, { "start": 254.792, "duration": 3.045, "text": "However, this approach is\nmuch less impactful" }, { "start": 257.837, "duration": 4.129, "text": "than supporting the ocean’s\nnatural phytoplankton farmers." }, { "start": 262.466, "duration": 5.84, "text": "Whale poop’s complex matrix of nutrients\nis the result of millennia of co-evolution" }, { "start": 268.306, "duration": 1.459, "text": "among these creatures," }, { "start": 269.765, "duration": 4.255, "text": "making it vastly superior to cheap,\nman-made supplements." }, { "start": 274.562, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Right now, whale populations are still\nrecovering from industrial whaling." }, { "start": 279.483, "duration": 4.338, "text": "But if we can help these species rebound\nthrough whaling moratoriums," }, { "start": 283.821, "duration": 4.129, "text": "safer fishing and shipping practices,\nand cleaning up pollution," }, { "start": 288.117, "duration": 3.462, "text": "it would do wonders for restoring\nthis nutrient cycle." }, { "start": 291.704, "duration": 4.212, "text": "And even when these newly protected\nwhales die natural deaths," }, { "start": 295.916, "duration": 2.253, "text": "they'll still be fighting climate change." }, { "start": 298.252, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Not only can a whale’s body sequester\nup to 33 tons of carbon" }, { "start": 302.631, "duration": 1.711, "text": "at the bottom of the ocean," }, { "start": 304.342, "duration": 4.379, "text": "but their remains can also\nbecome an entire ecosystem—" }, { "start": 308.888, "duration": 5.589, "text": "continuing to support life both\nabove and below the surface." } ] }, { "video_id": "gn4S7lQ111M", "title": "The Nazis recruited to win the Cold War - Brian Crim", "description": "Dig into Operation Paperclip, a secret intelligence program which brought scientists from Nazi Germany to the US after WWII.\n\n--\n\nIn May of 1945 the Third Reich was in chaos. Adolf Hitler was dead and German surrender was imminent. But while World War II was almost over, a new war was brewing. And the US was eager to recruit the smartest minds in Germany before the Soviets got the chance— regardless of their affiliation with the Nazis. This became known as Operation Paperclip. Brian Crim digs into the clandestine campaign.\n\nLesson by Brian Crim, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-program-that-brought-nazis-to-america-brian-crim\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-program-that-brought-nazis-to-america-brian-crim/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel and Talia Sari.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-16T15:00:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 6.381, "text": "On October 23, 2015, Mcebisi Jonas,\nSouth Africa’s deputy finance minister," }, { "start": 13.259, "duration": 2.753, "text": "faced a harrowing, yet enticing, decision." }, { "start": 16.137, "duration": 2.961, "text": "He had thought he was attending\na normal business meeting" }, { "start": 19.098, "duration": 3.295, "text": "but ended up in the home\nof the powerful Gupta family," }, { "start": 22.393, "duration": 4.838, "text": "sitting with the Gupta brothers\nand the president, Jacob Zuma’s, son." }, { "start": 27.732, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Jonas was offered a promotion\nand $45 million." }, { "start": 31.861, "duration": 3.42, "text": "In return, he would be expected\nto use his position" }, { "start": 35.323, "duration": 2.961, "text": "to advance the Gupta’s\nmany business interests." }, { "start": 38.367, "duration": 3.546, "text": "This included firing officials\nwho opposed the construction" }, { "start": 41.913, "duration": 1.585, "text": "of new power plants," }, { "start": 43.539, "duration": 4.088, "text": "which were slated to run on fuel\nfrom Gupta-owned mines." }, { "start": 47.877, "duration": 3.086, "text": "The deal was simple—\nbut would Jonas accept?" }, { "start": 51.589, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This kind of corruption in politics\nis nothing new." }, { "start": 54.926, "duration": 1.918, "text": "It plagued the ancient world—" }, { "start": 57.095, "duration": 3.128, "text": "the “Arthasastra,”\nan Indian political treatise" }, { "start": 60.223, "duration": 3.253, "text": "that dates back to the 3rd century BCE," }, { "start": 63.559, "duration": 3.045, "text": "lists 40 types of embezzlement alone." }, { "start": 66.813, "duration": 4.671, "text": "So, what exactly is corruption,\nand what can we do to combat it?" }, { "start": 71.818, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Corruption is often defined as a misuse\nof a position of power for personal gain." }, { "start": 77.24, "duration": 3.67, "text": "For example, this could be a city clerk\naccepting bribes" }, { "start": 80.91, "duration": 2.127, "text": "in exchange for issuing permits;" }, { "start": 83.162, "duration": 4.588, "text": "or a mayor appointing a campaign donor\nto an influential position." }, { "start": 88.584, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But corruption isn’t limited\nto the political sphere;" }, { "start": 91.712, "duration": 4.964, "text": "it can happen in schools, sports,\nbusinesses, or religious institutions." }, { "start": 96.926, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In ancient Greece,\nthe power-hungry Alcmaeonid family" }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 5.756, "text": "notoriously bribed the priestesses\nat Delphi to deliver false prophecies," }, { "start": 106.477, "duration": 3.379, "text": "like telling the Spartans\nthey should invade Athens." }, { "start": 110.189, "duration": 3.379, "text": "It may seem like all corruption\nis driven by greed," }, { "start": 113.568, "duration": 3.211, "text": "but individual motives are often complex." }, { "start": 116.904, "duration": 1.877, "text": "There can be economic drivers," }, { "start": 118.781, "duration": 3.504, "text": "like family pressure\non an underpaid civil servant" }, { "start": 122.285, "duration": 3.628, "text": "who exaggerates his expenses\nto get more money back." }, { "start": 126.122, "duration": 4.379, "text": "This might not seem like a big problem,\nbut corruption can snowball." }, { "start": 130.71, "duration": 2.711, "text": "If anti-corruption laws aren’t enforced," }, { "start": 133.421, "duration": 3.003, "text": "or if loopholes are\ncontinuously exploited," }, { "start": 136.424, "duration": 2.878, "text": "a larger culture of corruption can emerge." }, { "start": 139.427, "duration": 5.088, "text": "For example, in 2009,\nnumerous British MPs were exposed" }, { "start": 144.515, "duration": 3.629, "text": "for using taxpayer money\nto cover personal expenses," }, { "start": 148.144, "duration": 5.505, "text": "from home renovations to luxury purchases,\nand even having a moat cleaned." }, { "start": 153.858, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And corruption isn't always\ndirectly about money." }, { "start": 157.32, "duration": 5.338, "text": "In 2016, a Department of Justice\ninvestigation found widespread patterns" }, { "start": 162.658, "duration": 3.879, "text": "of unconstitutional policing,\nabuse, and corruption" }, { "start": 166.579, "duration": 2.21, "text": "within the Baltimore Police Department." }, { "start": 168.873, "duration": 5.339, "text": "In just one elite task force,\neight officers were convicted of crimes," }, { "start": 174.212, "duration": 4.587, "text": "including planting evidence\nand robbing citizens during traffic stops." }, { "start": 179.133, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Corruption like this causes people\nto lose faith in government" }, { "start": 182.678, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and can deplete much needed resources." }, { "start": 185.598, "duration": 3.211, "text": "The more taxpayer money\nthat goes into people’s pockets," }, { "start": 188.809, "duration": 3.671, "text": "the less there is to spend on services\nthat benefit the community—" }, { "start": 192.563, "duration": 4.338, "text": "like repairing roads, building schools,\nor providing healthcare." }, { "start": 197.443, "duration": 1.71, "text": "In the case of South Africa," }, { "start": 199.153, "duration": 4.338, "text": "the Gupta family plundered billions\nof dollars from the country’s funds" }, { "start": 203.491, "duration": 2.586, "text": "through their wide-ranging\ncorruption schemes," }, { "start": 206.077, "duration": 2.085, "text": "devastating the nation's economy." }, { "start": 208.496, "duration": 5.63, "text": "In Baltimore, the police department cost\ntaxpayers more than $22 million" }, { "start": 214.126, "duration": 3.838, "text": "in court settlements\nand gravely eroded public trust." }, { "start": 218.172, "duration": 2.461, "text": "So, how can we prevent corruption?" }, { "start": 220.758, "duration": 4.129, "text": "While it’s important that laws set\na high price for corrupt behavior," }, { "start": 224.887, "duration": 2.461, "text": "punishment is only one piece\nof the puzzle." }, { "start": 227.556, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Transparency in terms of budget\nand paper trails" }, { "start": 231.143, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and support for freedom of the press\nare hugely important." }, { "start": 235.147, "duration": 3.254, "text": "In Botswana, the government\nhas built public trust" }, { "start": 238.401, "duration": 3.169, "text": "through their ongoing commitment\nto respond to corruption" }, { "start": 241.57, "duration": 2.586, "text": "openly, quickly, and decisively." }, { "start": 244.365, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In Denmark, government ministers must\npublish monthly reports" }, { "start": 248.411, "duration": 2.586, "text": "cataloging their spending\non entertainment," }, { "start": 250.997, "duration": 3.378, "text": "official travel,\nand any gifts they’ve received." }, { "start": 254.959, "duration": 3.795, "text": "As citizens, we can vote out those\nwho engage in corruption" }, { "start": 258.754, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and question officials who push\nback against transparency measures." }, { "start": 262.717, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And we can stand up against corruption\nwhen we see it." }, { "start": 265.97, "duration": 3.628, "text": "In South Africa,\nJonas refused the Guptas’ offer," }, { "start": 269.724, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and despite threats against his life,\nspoke out," }, { "start": 272.685, "duration": 4.88, "text": "exposing a sprawling web of corruption\nthat toppled Zuma’s regime," }, { "start": 277.565, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and sent the Gupta family into exile." }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But it wasn’t just Jonas’ revelation\nthat mattered." }, { "start": 283.863, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Once the scale of corruption\nwas unearthed," }, { "start": 286.49, "duration": 2.837, "text": "everyday South Africans\ntook to the streets," }, { "start": 289.327, "duration": 2.836, "text": "insisting that “Zuma must fall.”" }, { "start": 292.788, "duration": 1.752, "text": "By using our civic voices," }, { "start": 294.54, "duration": 4.129, "text": "we can fight back to ensure\nthat tax dollars don’t line pockets," }, { "start": 298.669, "duration": 2.127, "text": "but instead benefit everyone." } ] }, { "video_id": "X7j8F16eSqs", "title": "How to prevent political corruption - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Explore common types of corruption and find out what we can do to combat it and promote transparency in our institutions.\n\n--\n\nCorruption is often defined as misuse of a position of power for personal gain. And while corruption in politics is nothing new, it isn’t limited to the political sphere; it can happen in schools, sports, businesses, or religious institutions. So, what exactly is corruption, and what can we do to combat it? Stephanie Honchell Smith explores the importance of transparency in building public trust.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-political-corruption-inevitable-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-political-corruption-inevitable-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon and Geoffrey Bultitude.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-11T15:01:11Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.379, "duration": 4.254, "text": "In a 2011 study, researchers followed\na group of judges" }, { "start": 12.633, "duration": 4.797, "text": "deciding whether or not to offer\nimprisoned individuals a chance at parole." }, { "start": 18.556, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Logically, one might expect things\nlike an imprisoned person’s crime," }, { "start": 22.935, "duration": 4.839, "text": "existing sentence, and current behavior\nto be the primary considerations." }, { "start": 27.899, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But while those details\nwere duly examined," }, { "start": 30.86, "duration": 3.879, "text": "one variable had\na remarkably large impact:" }, { "start": 35.156, "duration": 1.418, "text": "the time of day." }, { "start": 38.326, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Imprisoned people who met\nwith the board in the morning" }, { "start": 41.37, "duration": 2.461, "text": "were far more likely to receive parole" }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 3.462, "text": "than those whose cases\nwere reviewed in the afternoon," }, { "start": 47.46, "duration": 3.754, "text": "even if their crimes and sentences\nwere practically identical." }, { "start": 51.839, "duration": 4.546, "text": "This finding might seem strange, but the\nresearchers’ explanation was simple:" }, { "start": 57.011, "duration": 3.796, "text": "in the afternoon,\nthe judges were likely exhausted." }, { "start": 61.057, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Specifically, they were experiencing\ndecision fatigue." }, { "start": 65.144, "duration": 5.422, "text": "This kind of cognitive exhaustion occurs\nafter a period of extended decision making" }, { "start": 70.691, "duration": 4.422, "text": "and it can make people more impulsive\nand less confident while making choices." }, { "start": 75.863, "duration": 5.297, "text": "The dangers of decision fatigue are clear\nin high-stakes scenarios like this study," }, { "start": 81.16, "duration": 3.963, "text": "but it can have a serious impact\non our day-to-day lives as well." }, { "start": 85.498, "duration": 3.045, "text": "So what kinds of choices\nlead us to this state," }, { "start": 88.543, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and what can we do to fight fatigue?" }, { "start": 92.922, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Everything our bodies do—\nwhether physical or mental— uses energy." }, { "start": 98.344, "duration": 2.377, "text": "But while it’s unclear\nexactly what resources" }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 2.169, "text": "are depleted during mental strain," }, { "start": 102.89, "duration": 4.171, "text": "studies have found many individuals\nseem to have a daily threshold" }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 1.543, "text": "for making decisions." }, { "start": 109.063, "duration": 2.002, "text": "And once that threshold is met," }, { "start": 111.065, "duration": 3.629, "text": "most people make the conscious choice\nto “take it easy”" }, { "start": 114.777, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and save serious thinking\nabout any new decisions for another day." }, { "start": 118.99, "duration": 4.171, "text": "How quickly you reach this threshold\ndepends on several variables," }, { "start": 123.161, "duration": 4.671, "text": "including the frequency, complexity, and\nnovelty of the decisions you have to make." }, { "start": 128.207, "duration": 3.963, "text": "For example, choosing what to eat\nfor breakfast isn't very taxing." }, { "start": 132.42, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Not only is this decision limited\nby what's available," }, { "start": 135.506, "duration": 4.88, "text": "it's also a choice you expect to make\nonce a day with fairly low stakes." }, { "start": 140.678, "duration": 2.836, "text": "And even when you’re not quite sure\nwhat to eat," }, { "start": 143.556, "duration": 3.92, "text": "the time between this minor decision\nand the next one" }, { "start": 147.476, "duration": 4.714, "text": "should give you ample room to recover\nwhatever cognitive energy you expend." }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But let’s imagine\nsomething much trickier." }, { "start": 155.067, "duration": 2.795, "text": "For example, your car\nsuddenly breaks down" }, { "start": 157.862, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and you need to replace it right away." }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 4.963, "text": "This is an unexpected, complicated\ndecision with serious consequences." }, { "start": 166.204, "duration": 4.087, "text": "In this case, there are countless options\nto choose from," }, { "start": 170.291, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and you won't find them all in one place." }, { "start": 173.419, "duration": 1.627, "text": "To make the optimal choice," }, { "start": 175.046, "duration": 3.044, "text": "you’ll need to do hours\nof thoughtful research" }, { "start": 178.09, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to consider the various pros and cons." }, { "start": 181.135, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And since this is a decision\nyou don’t often make," }, { "start": 183.721, "duration": 3.837, "text": "you’ll also have to identify\nwhat considerations are most important." }, { "start": 188.017, "duration": 2.502, "text": "The time pressure can\nadd additional stress" }, { "start": 190.519, "duration": 3.713, "text": "both during the decision-making process\nand afterward," }, { "start": 194.398, "duration": 3.17, "text": "as you expend more energy wondering\nif you would have made" }, { "start": 197.568, "duration": 2.294, "text": "a different decision with more time." }, { "start": 202.49, "duration": 3.211, "text": "After just a single decision\nof this magnitude," }, { "start": 205.701, "duration": 3.462, "text": "most people would have already reached\ntheir decision-making threshold." }, { "start": 209.455, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But in professions where individuals need\nto make multiple high-stakes decisions" }, { "start": 214.21, "duration": 1.293, "text": "every day," }, { "start": 215.503, "duration": 3.253, "text": "decision fatigue can\nbe much more dangerous." }, { "start": 219.423, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Judges, like those in the 2011 study," }, { "start": 222.385, "duration": 3.378, "text": "often encounter difficult decisions\nback-to-back," }, { "start": 225.805, "duration": 1.835, "text": "with no time to recover." }, { "start": 228.015, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Many researchers are especially concerned\nabout decision fatigue in medicine." }, { "start": 233.771, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Doctors often work long shifts\nfull of life-or-death decisions," }, { "start": 238.276, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and some studies have found that medical\nworkers" }, { "start": 240.528, "duration": 2.878, "text": "are much more likely\nto make critical mistakes" }, { "start": 243.406, "duration": 2.168, "text": "when working extended shifts." }, { "start": 246.033, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Addressing these issues requires\ninstitutional changes," }, { "start": 249.954, "duration": 3.045, "text": "but there are much more direct ways most\nof us can avoid fatigue" }, { "start": 252.999, "duration": 1.334, "text": "in our daily lives." }, { "start": 254.959, "duration": 3.837, "text": "One simple strategy is to make\nfewer daily decisions," }, { "start": 258.879, "duration": 2.92, "text": "tackling your to-do list\nover multiple days," }, { "start": 261.799, "duration": 3.587, "text": "or even removing some rote decisions\nfrom your day altogether." }, { "start": 265.72, "duration": 5.088, "text": "It’s also typically less draining\nto offer advice on a hard decision" }, { "start": 270.808, "duration": 2.419, "text": "than it is to make that choice yourself." }, { "start": 273.811, "duration": 3.962, "text": "So it can be helpful to imagine\nyour decisions as someone else’s" }, { "start": 277.773, "duration": 3.629, "text": "before considering how the consequences\nimpact you specifically." }, { "start": 281.819, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Finally, it's essential to remember that\nnot every choice is equally important," }, { "start": 287.074, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and learning how to relax about the\nsmall stuff can help you save energy" }, { "start": 291.746, "duration": 2.669, "text": "for the decisions that truly matter." } ] }, { "video_id": "HsaSaYcnTKg", "title": "The true story behind the legend of the 47 Rōnin - Adam Clulow", "description": "Dig into one of Japan’s most infamous stories about the 47 samurai who take revenge for the loss of their leader.\n\n--\n\nAsano Naganori, lord of Akō domain, fixed his gaze on Kira Yoshinaka, a senior master of ceremony. Asano extended his short sword, charged through the castle, and struck Kira. While the wound wasn’t fatal, its consequences would be. What brought about this violent quarrel? And what would come of Asano and his samurai? Adam Clulow shares the legend of the 47 Rōnin and their quest for revenge.\n\nLesson by Adam Clulow, directed by Arvind Singh Jeena, Anantha Krishnan, Totem Creative.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-true-story-behind-the-legend-of-the-47-ronin-adam-clulow\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-true-story-behind-the-legend-of-the-47-ronin-adam-clulow/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.totemcreative.in\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen and Igor Stavchanskiy.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-09T15:00:44Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 6.34, "text": "By 1975, Richard Davis had been shot\nin the chest at close range 192 times." }, { "start": 13.634, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But not only was he completely healthy," }, { "start": 15.928, "duration": 3.42, "text": "each of these bullets had been shot\nby Davis himself" }, { "start": 19.557, "duration": 3.128, "text": "as part of a demonstration\nto sell his new product:" }, { "start": 22.81, "duration": 1.669, "text": "the bulletproof vest." }, { "start": 25.104, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Playing with firearms\nis always a bad idea," }, { "start": 28.274, "duration": 2.92, "text": "but after testing his design\non empty vests," }, { "start": 31.194, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Davis became convinced that taking\na bullet himself was the only way" }, { "start": 35.615, "duration": 2.043, "text": "to prove the vest’s efficacy." }, { "start": 38.159, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And when people saw Davis walk away\nwith just some stinging pain" }, { "start": 41.829, "duration": 1.21, "text": "a minor cut, " }, { "start": 43.039, "duration": 2.586, "text": "they may have stopped\nquestioning his sanity" }, { "start": 45.625, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and started wondering how such\na light, flexible piece of clothing" }, { "start": 49.921, "duration": 1.626, "text": "could stop a bullet." }, { "start": 52.256, "duration": 2.086, "text": "The secret was in the material:" }, { "start": 54.425, "duration": 3.42, "text": "a synthetic fiber invented\na decade earlier" }, { "start": 57.845, "duration": 3.629, "text": "by a material chemist\nnamed Stephanie Kwolek." }, { "start": 61.682, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Her employers at DuPont had found\nhuge success with nylon," }, { "start": 66.02, "duration": 2.252, "text": "the world's first synthetic fiber," }, { "start": 68.272, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and they wanted Kwolek to create\nsomething even stronger" }, { "start": 71.651, "duration": 4.171, "text": "they could use to mass produce\ndurable, lightweight tires." }, { "start": 76.364, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Like all synthetic fibers,\nnylon is a polymer:" }, { "start": 79.534, "duration": 3.628, "text": "a long chain of repeating molecules,\nor monomers." }, { "start": 83.579, "duration": 3.42, "text": "While some polymers repeat\nthe same monomer over and over," }, { "start": 86.999, "duration": 3.379, "text": "others chain multiple monomers\nin a steady pattern." }, { "start": 90.461, "duration": 1.752, "text": "It’s these two variables—" }, { "start": 92.213, "duration": 3.503, "text": "which molecules are involved\nand how they bond to one another—" }, { "start": 95.716, "duration": 2.962, "text": "that give each polymer\nits unique properties." }, { "start": 99.178, "duration": 3.087, "text": "So, seeking to build on the\nstrengths of nylon," }, { "start": 102.265, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Kwolek began a lengthy process\nof trial and error," }, { "start": 105.768, "duration": 2.92, "text": "combining various monomers in novel ways." }, { "start": 108.688, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And one of these resulting polymers was\nimmediately very weird." }, { "start": 113.276, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Named Kevlar, this alternating blend\nof 1,4-phenylene-diamine" }, { "start": 118.614, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and terephthaloyl chloride combine\nat the molecular level" }, { "start": 122.618, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to form a series of parallel chains." }, { "start": 125.872, "duration": 3.628, "text": "At rest, these chains align\nin strict rows," }, { "start": 129.625, "duration": 3.128, "text": "giving the polymer order\nand crystalline strength." }, { "start": 132.92, "duration": 3.545, "text": "But when pressure is applied,\nthe chains wriggle around," }, { "start": 136.465, "duration": 3.045, "text": "allowing the material to flow\nlike a liquid." }, { "start": 140.011, "duration": 3.962, "text": "This so-called liquid crystal polymer\nwas unprecedented," }, { "start": 144.056, "duration": 3.963, "text": "and when Kwolek’s team spun\nthe viscous fluid into a fiber," }, { "start": 148.019, "duration": 2.419, "text": "the results were better than\nthey could have hoped." }, { "start": 150.563, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Not only were the fibers flexible\nand resistant to heat, acid," }, { "start": 154.483, "duration": 1.502, "text": "and various chemicals, " }, { "start": 155.985, "duration": 4.504, "text": "when woven together,\nthey were also stronger than steel." }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Metals are incredibly sturdy because\nof their unique atomic bonds." }, { "start": 164.619, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Where non-metal molecules are typically\nheld together by the attraction" }, { "start": 168.08, "duration": 3.212, "text": "between a nucleus and a set number\nof electrons," }, { "start": 171.417, "duration": 4.171, "text": "metal nuclei are surrounded\nby a sea of shared electrons." }, { "start": 175.838, "duration": 4.63, "text": "It takes a ton of energy to overcome\nthe strength and resiliency" }, { "start": 180.468, "duration": 1.71, "text": " of these countless bonds." }, { "start": 182.595, "duration": 2.21, "text": "So when a bullet hits a steel plate," }, { "start": 184.805, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the material can usually absorb\nall the impact’s energy" }, { "start": 188.392, "duration": 1.919, "text": "before the metal is pierced. " }, { "start": 190.311, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Compare this to a bullet hitting wood." }, { "start": 193.147, "duration": 3.796, "text": "The bonds holding wood together require\nmuch less energy to break," }, { "start": 197.068, "duration": 3.503, "text": "which is why bullets can travel much\nfurther through wood than metal." }, { "start": 200.821, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Kevlar’s atomic bonds are also weaker\nthan metal’s." }, { "start": 204.492, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But it compensates with a huge number\nof hydrogen bonds." }, { "start": 208.996, "duration": 3.504, "text": "While not as strong as the atomic bonds\nwithin molecules," }, { "start": 212.5, "duration": 5.38, "text": "the attraction of hydrogen atoms\nand oxygen atoms between molecules" }, { "start": 218.005, "duration": 3.504, "text": "also requires a huge amount of energy\nto overcome." }, { "start": 221.801, "duration": 4.588, "text": "And when threads of Kevlar’s polymer\nchains are woven into fabric," }, { "start": 226.389, "duration": 2.168, "text": "this strength is multiplied." }, { "start": 228.933, "duration": 5.339, "text": "When a bullet hits Kevlar, the mesh\nof highly aligned, liquid-like chains" }, { "start": 234.272, "duration": 1.918, "text": "absorb huge amounts of energy," }, { "start": 236.399, "duration": 3.837, "text": "wiggling wildly while still clinging\nto their neighboring chains" }, { "start": 240.236, "duration": 1.793, "text": "via hydrogen bonds. " }, { "start": 242.446, "duration": 4.046, "text": "And even if a bullet does have enough\nenergy to penetrate the Kevlar," }, { "start": 246.575, "duration": 4.755, "text": "it would be moving considerably slower\nwith much less destructive force." }, { "start": 251.664, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Of course, Kevlar is not\nimmune to everything." }, { "start": 254.917, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Strong forces can still be felt\nthrough the fabric," }, { "start": 257.92, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and its fibers gradually lose strength\nunder ultraviolet light." }, { "start": 262.133, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Additionally, new liquid crystal fibers\nhold up better against acid." }, { "start": 267.013, "duration": 3.044, "text": "But Kwolek’s invention remains\none of the most versatile" }, { "start": 270.057, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and widely used materials on Earth." }, { "start": 272.893, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Today, companies rely on Kevlar’s\nlightweight impact resistance" }, { "start": 277.315, "duration": 5.171, "text": "and durability in helmets, kayaks,\nspacecraft, and automobiles." }, { "start": 282.653, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Speakers sometimes use Kevlar because\nit can push air efficiently" }, { "start": 286.907, "duration": 3.421, "text": "and quickly come to a dead stop\nwhen you pause your music." }, { "start": 290.661, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And yes, it also makes excellent tires." } ] }, { "video_id": "O18-FA83BaM", "title": "Why is \"The Scream\" screaming? - Noah Charney", "description": "Explore Edvard Munch’s masterpiece “The Scream,” and find out why this artwork became one of the world’s most famous paintings.\n\n--\n\nAn undulating sky melds into the landscape, two silhouettes move along a balustraded walkway, and a ghostly figure’s features extend in agony. Since Norwegian artist Edvard Munch created \"The Scream\" in 1893, it’s become one of the world’s most famous artworks. But why has its cry traveled so far and endured so long? Noah Charney shares the inspiration behind the dramatic and haunting masterpiece.\n\nLesson by Noah Charney, directed by Martina Meštrović.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-person-isn-t-actually-screaming-noah-charney\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-person-isn-t-actually-screaming-noah-charney/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/martinamestrovic\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li and Cristóbal Moenne.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-04T15:00:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Before, her hair was a\nwrithing nest of snakes" }, { "start": 10.131, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and her eyes had the power to petrify," }, { "start": 12.592, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Medusa was a young woman who\nworshipped at the temple of Athena," }, { "start": 16.512, "duration": 2.461, "text": "the goddess of wisdom and war." }, { "start": 19.265, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But all the while, as Medusa tended\nto Athena’s shrine," }, { "start": 23.728, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Poseidon, god of the seas and horses,\nwas watching her." }, { "start": 28.357, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And one night, he crept into the temple\nas Medusa prayed," }, { "start": 33.696, "duration": 1.543, "text": "and assaulted her." }, { "start": 35.782, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Athena reacted swiftly\nto the desecration of her shrine." }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But instead of punishing Poseidon,\nshe focused her wrath on Medusa." }, { "start": 45.416, "duration": 4.838, "text": "The young woman felt her body transform\nuntil she was a monstrous Gorgon," }, { "start": 50.505, "duration": 3.169, "text": "her face framed by coils\nof hissing snakes." }, { "start": 53.841, "duration": 4.421, "text": "No man could freely look upon her again,\nfor if they met her eyes," }, { "start": 58.429, "duration": 2.461, "text": "they'd instantly turn to stone." }, { "start": 62.6, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Medusa sought refuge in a hidden cave" }, { "start": 65.478, "duration": 5.714, "text": "inhabited by the world’s two other\nGorgons, Stheno and Euryale." }, { "start": 71.776, "duration": 4.504, "text": "However, unlike Stheno and Euryale,\nwho could never die," }, { "start": 76.781, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Medusa remained mortal." }, { "start": 79.992, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Time passed and would-be heroes\njourneyed to the cave" }, { "start": 83.788, "duration": 5.005, "text": "to make their names by murdering Medusa—\nbut fell to her gaze every time." }, { "start": 89.752, "duration": 4.254, "text": "This was the way of things until another\nyoung man, named Perseus," }, { "start": 94.006, "duration": 4.421, "text": "began his quest for glory—\nMedusa his intended trophy." }, { "start": 99.387, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Perseus was born of the mortal\nprincess Danae" }, { "start": 103.057, "duration": 4.463, "text": "after Zeus impregnated her\nin the form of golden rain." }, { "start": 108.02, "duration": 4.046, "text": "However, Danae’s father had\nreceived a prophecy" }, { "start": 112.15, "duration": 2.419, "text": "foretelling that her son would kill him," }, { "start": 114.819, "duration": 5.464, "text": "so he locked Danae and Perseus\nin a chest and threw it into the sea." }, { "start": 120.825, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Safeguarded by the gods, they survived." }, { "start": 124.37, "duration": 4.63, "text": "But the king of their new land,\nPolydektes, lusted after Danae." }, { "start": 129.292, "duration": 3.587, "text": "She tried turning King Polydektes\naway to no avail," }, { "start": 133.004, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and Perseus grew protective." }, { "start": 135.798, "duration": 5.881, "text": "To distract Perseus, Polydektes feigned\nthat he’d finally given up on Danae" }, { "start": 141.679, "duration": 1.793, "text": "and would be wedding another." }, { "start": 143.89, "duration": 4.087, "text": "When Perseus offered Polydektes\nwhatever wedding gift he desired," }, { "start": 147.977, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Polydektes saw the opportunity\nto be rid of Perseus," }, { "start": 151.939, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and suggested that he prove his manhood\nby fetching a Gorgon's head." }, { "start": 158.905, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Perseus accepted the foolhardy mission,\ngathered a crew," }, { "start": 163.075, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and set sail towards Graeae,\nthree ancient sisters." }, { "start": 167.413, "duration": 4.588, "text": "They shared a single eye and tooth\nand harbored numerous secrets." }, { "start": 172.126, "duration": 2.878, "text": "As one sister passed their eye to another," }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Perseus grabbed it and forced them\nto reveal the locations" }, { "start": 178.925, "duration": 4.17, "text": "of the nymphs of the River Styx\nand the cave of the Gorgons." }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 3.504, "text": "With the nymphs’ help,\nhe obtained Hermes’ winged sandals," }, { "start": 188.059, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Hades’ cap of invisibility,\nand a special satchel." }, { "start": 192.063, "duration": 3.128, "text": "And he accepted a gleaming sickle\nfrom Hermes," }, { "start": 195.441, "duration": 4.338, "text": "and a shield that shone like a mirror\nfrom Athena herself," }, { "start": 200.154, "duration": 4.755, "text": "the goddess who'd cursed Medusa\nwith her monstrous form to begin with." }, { "start": 205.66, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Then, one night, Perseus approached\nand Medusa fell asleep." }, { "start": 211.29, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Perseus entered, crept towards\nthe Gorgons’ slumbering forms," }, { "start": 215.92, "duration": 3.545, "text": " guiding his way with the reflections\non Athena’s shield." }, { "start": 219.548, "duration": 3.003, "text": "When he came upon Medusa\nresting peacefully," }, { "start": 222.551, "duration": 2.753, "text": "he bore his sword down upon her neck." }, { "start": 225.513, "duration": 4.421, "text": "From the wound sprung Medusa\nand Poseidon’s hybrid offspring:" }, { "start": 230.017, "duration": 4.797, "text": "a winged horse named Pegasus\nand a warrior called Chrysaor." }, { "start": 235.564, "duration": 3.212, "text": "As Perseus stuffed\nMedusa's head in his satchel," }, { "start": 239.068, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Stheno and Euryale awoke\nto the horrific scene and attacked." }, { "start": 243.781, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But donning the cap of invisibility\nand winged sandals," }, { "start": 247.785, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Perseus escaped unscathed," }, { "start": 250.579, "duration": 5.089, "text": "reached only by Euryale’s pained cry\nof despair echoing through the cave." }, { "start": 256.752, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Perseus was met by his crew’s adulation." }, { "start": 259.422, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And because death had failed to dim\nthe power of Medusa’s gaze," }, { "start": 263.259, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Perseus used her severed head\nto kill Polydektes," }, { "start": 267.68, "duration": 4.296, "text": "then gave it to Athena,\nwho placed it on her shield." }, { "start": 272.226, "duration": 4.463, "text": "But Athena’s wasn’t the only shield\nemblazoned with Medusa’s face." }, { "start": 276.731, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Ancient Greek and Roman artists\ncommitted Medusa’s image to everything" }, { "start": 281.485, "duration": 4.421, "text": "from armor and paintings\nto ceramics and mosaic floors." }, { "start": 286.365, "duration": 4.672, "text": "And while it was customary for ancient\nGreek subjects to appear in profile," }, { "start": 291.287, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Medusa was almost always facing\ndirectly outwards." }, { "start": 295.833, "duration": 6.465, "text": "She was an apotropaic symbol, one that\nimbued both fear and protection at once." }, { "start": 302.798, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Her story reverberated through time." }, { "start": 305.76, "duration": 4.629, "text": "In many versions, including the earliest,\nshe was always a Gorgon;" }, { "start": 310.598, "duration": 3.253, "text": "in others, like the ancient Roman\npoet Ovid’s," }, { "start": 313.934, "duration": 3.003, "text": "she had a sympathetic, human backstory—" }, { "start": 316.937, "duration": 4.088, "text": "as a woman who’d experienced\ncruelty and injustice," }, { "start": 321.567, "duration": 3.003, "text": "not just a simple monster to slay." } ] }, { "video_id": "HEpJBuPIb4o", "title": "What is earwax — and should you get rid of it? - Henry C. Ou", "description": "Explore why earwax forms, its purpose in our health, and whether or not we should be trying to get rid of it.\n\n--\n\nGrooming paraphernalia has been found in numerous archeological sites, many of which have included earwax removal tools. And earwax evacuation remains a popular hygienic habit today. But what is earwax? And are the efforts to eliminate it actually good for us? Henry C. Ou explores the important role earwax plays in our health.\n\nLesson by Henry C. Ou, directed by Yuriy Polyashko, Max Zaglotskyi, Darvideo Animation Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-earwax-and-should-you-get-rid-of-it-henry-c-ou\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-earwax-and-should-you-get-rid-of-it-henry-c-ou/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://darvideo.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea and Aaron Henson.", "publishedAt": "2024-04-02T15:01:13Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.712, "duration": 3.003, "text": "At dawn one morning in 1030 CE," }, { "start": 10.715, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Chu Hong wakes to the sound\nof fast-approaching footsteps." }, { "start": 14.343, "duration": 3.212, "text": "His best friend, Liang Gao, rushes to him." }, { "start": 17.597, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The local magistrate has been spotted\nholding a surprise archery competition" }, { "start": 21.851, "duration": 3.212, "text": "in a nearby town and will arrive\nat their village soon." }, { "start": 25.188, "duration": 2.46, "text": "This is Hong’s chance\nto showcase his talents—" }, { "start": 27.648, "duration": 2.67, "text": "and secure some much-needed money\nfor his family," }, { "start": 30.318, "duration": 2.502, "text": " which is still reeling\nfrom the loss of his father." }, { "start": 33.905, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The news clouds Hong’s mind\nas he tends his family’s millet field." }, { "start": 38.493, "duration": 5.422, "text": "When he returns home, his sister, Zhi,\nand mother, Lihua, have already heard." }, { "start": 44.415, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Lihua serves breakfast," }, { "start": 45.917, "duration": 4.171, "text": "then returns to the task that kept\nher up last night: her silkworms." }, { "start": 50.296, "duration": 2.711, "text": "There’s little money left\nfrom her husband’s farm work," }, { "start": 53.007, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which she's meagerly supplemented\nwith her weavings," }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and the silk she painstakingly harvests\nwith Zhi." }, { "start": 59.388, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Silkworms are finicky creatures." }, { "start": 61.474, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Lihua and Zhi to keep the house warm" }, { "start": 63.851, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and feed the caterpillar\nmulberry leaves constantly" }, { "start": 66.604, "duration": 2.586, "text": "before they unravel the silken cocoons" }, { "start": 69.19, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and sell them to be made into fine cloths\nthey’ll never wear themselves." }, { "start": 73.694, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The family is struggling\nto survive long-term," }, { "start": 76.405, "duration": 3.087, "text": "and Hong wants to give his mother\nand sister some hope." }, { "start": 80.118, "duration": 2.585, "text": "He heads off to train\nwith his martial arts teacher." }, { "start": 82.703, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Li Qiangbiang had been an imperial soldier\nuntil he injured himself" }, { "start": 86.916, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and returned to his home village\nand devoted himself to teaching." }, { "start": 90.503, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Like many towns on China's\nnorthern border," }, { "start": 92.797, "duration": 3.67, "text": "they stay vigilant to raids from the north\nand roving bandits." }, { "start": 96.551, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The border has been fairly\nquiet since 1005," }, { "start": 99.804, "duration": 3.462, "text": "when China established a peace treaty\nwith the Liao dynasty," }, { "start": 103.266, "duration": 4.254, "text": "which encompasses the nomadic and\npastoral groups of the northern steppe." }, { "start": 107.854, "duration": 5.046, "text": "But the village maintains an active,\nlocal militia of conscripted townspeople." }, { "start": 113.192, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Hong's father was his first\nmartial arts teacher." }, { "start": 116.404, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Together they practiced\nspear fighting, wrestling," }, { "start": 120.032, "duration": 2.92, "text": "and the most important\nmartial skill: archery." }, { "start": 123.244, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Hong has since become Qiangbing’s\nmost committed student." }, { "start": 126.789, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Now, Qiangbing tests his strength." }, { "start": 129.041, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Hong successfully draws a heavily\nweighted bow" }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 1.876, "text": "while standing and on horseback," }, { "start": 133.88, "duration": 3.461, "text": "then fires it,\nsurpassing his personal record." }, { "start": 137.508, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Hearing the commotion accompanying\nthe magistrate's arrival," }, { "start": 140.803, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Hong and Qiangbing share a glance,\nthen march to the village center," }, { "start": 144.807, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Gao joining them on the way." }, { "start": 146.434, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Confucius himself emphasized\nthe importance of archery" }, { "start": 149.562, "duration": 1.627, "text": " in fostering social harmony." }, { "start": 151.272, "duration": 3.921, "text": "And the Song dynasty uses archery\ncompetitions to recruit talent" }, { "start": 155.193, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and ensure that villagers\nare practicing defense." }, { "start": 158.446, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Spectators gather and the magistrate\narranges a target," }, { "start": 161.908, "duration": 1.626, "text": "places a piece of silver on it," }, { "start": 163.534, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and announces that anyone whose\narrow hits it can keep it." }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 3.712, "text": "One by one, young men dance\ninto position and take aim." }, { "start": 171.042, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Some get close, including Gao,\nbut no one is successful." }, { "start": 175.254, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Hong finally raises his bow and arrow," }, { "start": 177.34, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and the composure he learned\nfrom his father washes over him." }, { "start": 180.927, "duration": 2.627, "text": "He strikes the target\nand the crowd cheers." }, { "start": 183.638, "duration": 4.546, "text": "The magistrate sets up another silver\npiece and Hong hits it again— and again." }, { "start": 188.309, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This much silver could support\nhis family for an entire year." }, { "start": 191.812, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But then the magistrate offers something\neven greater:" }, { "start": 194.941, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a position in the provincial army\nwith a regular salary." }, { "start": 198.486, "duration": 2.294, "text": "This would allow Hong\nto take care of his family" }, { "start": 200.78, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and provide his sister a dowry\nfor a good marriage match." }, { "start": 203.95, "duration": 2.168, "text": "He accepts without hesitation." }, { "start": 206.494, "duration": 1.501, "text": "As Hong and Gao walk home," }, { "start": 207.995, "duration": 2.878, "text": "it sinks in that they won't be\ntaking this journey together." }, { "start": 210.998, "duration": 3.837, "text": "They relish each other’s company\nthen part at the usual fork in the road." }, { "start": 215.253, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Gao will continue farming to make\na living for his family" }, { "start": 218.422, "duration": 2.628, "text": "while Hong will begin advanced\nmartial arts training." }, { "start": 221.133, "duration": 2.92, "text": "If he excels, he could\nenter the imperial army" }, { "start": 224.053, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and his family could join him\nin the capital city of Kaifeng," }, { "start": 227.306, "duration": 1.835, "text": "home to over a million people." }, { "start": 229.725, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Maybe one day, Hong could even pass\nthe military exams" }, { "start": 232.895, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and join the Bureau of Military Affairs." }, { "start": 235.815, "duration": 2.627, "text": "The Chu family sits\nfor a celebratory dinner," }, { "start": 238.442, "duration": 4.672, "text": "and Hong’s emotions stir as he considers\nthe secure future ahead for his family—" }, { "start": 243.322, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and all he wishes he could bring\nalong with him." } ] }, { "video_id": "vc8UBSp1tz0", "title": "What Earth in 2050 could look like - Shannon Odell", "description": "What could our future world look like if we continue to do nothing about climate change? Take a look at the possibilities.\n\n--\n\nWhile we’re already feeling the devastating effects of human-caused climate change, governments continue to fall short on making and executing emissions pledges that would help thwart further warming. So, what will our world look like in the next 30 to 80 years, if we continue on the current path? Shannon Odell offers a glimpse at Earth's possible future.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Sofia Pashaei.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Mark Maslin who provided information and insights for the development of this video. \n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-earth-in-2050-could-look-like-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-earth-in-2050-could-look-like-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-28T15:01:38Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.587, "duration": 4.671, "text": "A drop of gasoline, a match,\nand a battery, all store energy—" }, { "start": 12.425, "duration": 4.796, "text": "but, after each expends its energy,\nonly the battery is recyclable." }, { "start": 17.472, "duration": 1.793, "text": "That's because, chemically speaking," }, { "start": 19.265, "duration": 3.42, "text": "a dead battery is actually not\nthat different from a fresh one." }, { "start": 23.227, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Most of the batteries we use\ntoday take advantage" }, { "start": 25.646, "duration": 3.295, "text": "of the fact that some metals like\nto release electrons" }, { "start": 28.941, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and others like to accept them." }, { "start": 31.527, "duration": 2.92, "text": "For example, in a typical\nalkaline double-A battery," }, { "start": 34.447, "duration": 3.045, "text": "zinc metal reacts with hydroxide ions," }, { "start": 37.492, "duration": 4.713, "text": "changing into zinc oxide and releasing\nelectrons at the negative terminal." }, { "start": 42.371, "duration": 2.67, "text": "The electrons travel through, say,\na light bulb," }, { "start": 45.041, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and then return to the battery\nat the positive terminal," }, { "start": 47.877, "duration": 3.086, "text": "where they’re accepted\nby manganese dioxide." }, { "start": 51.297, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Different batteries use different\ncombinations of metals," }, { "start": 54.217, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and sometimes non-metals like graphite," }, { "start": 56.469, "duration": 3.462, "text": "but the basic idea is to use\na pair of chemical reactions" }, { "start": 59.931, "duration": 2.544, "text": "to generate a stream of electrons." }, { "start": 62.934, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Almost all batteries,\neven single-use batteries," }, { "start": 66.104, "duration": 2.21, "text": "are theoretically rechargeable." }, { "start": 68.356, "duration": 3.378, "text": "That's because the metals and other\nchemicals are still right there." }, { "start": 71.901, "duration": 2.336, "text": "That’s very different than in,\nsay, gasoline," }, { "start": 74.237, "duration": 4.129, "text": "where the liquid hydrocarbon molecules\nare converted to gases." }, { "start": 78.533, "duration": 3.169, "text": "You can't convert exhaust\nback into gasoline," }, { "start": 81.702, "duration": 4.422, "text": "but, with some work you can convert,\nsay, zinc oxide back to zinc." }, { "start": 86.916, "duration": 3.921, "text": "So then what's the difference\nbetween these and these?" }, { "start": 91.045, "duration": 3.796, "text": "The short answer is that trying\nto recharge a single-use battery" }, { "start": 94.841, "duration": 3.42, "text": "doesn’t just force these reactions\nto run in reverse." }, { "start": 98.511, "duration": 3.17, "text": "It also results in a bunch of side\nreactions that produce" }, { "start": 101.681, "duration": 1.334, "text": "useless contaminants," }, { "start": 103.015, "duration": 2.086, "text": "reducing a battery’s capacity;" }, { "start": 105.184, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and it could even damage\nthe internal structure of the battery," }, { "start": 108.354, "duration": 3.17, "text": "leading to a loss of electrical contact\nand failure." }, { "start": 112.4, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Rechargeable batteries are engineered\nto avoid these issues." }, { "start": 116.362, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Look at this lithium-ion battery." }, { "start": 118.322, "duration": 4.839, "text": "Both sides have an atomic-level structure\nthat you can imagine as lots of docks." }, { "start": 123.161, "duration": 2.002, "text": "So when the battery is powering something," }, { "start": 125.163, "duration": 3.378, "text": "the lithium “ships” give up their\nelectrons to power the circuit," }, { "start": 128.541, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and then sail over to the other side\nof the battery," }, { "start": 131.419, "duration": 2.544, "text": "dock in an orderly, organized way," }, { "start": 133.963, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and meet up with their\nnow-lower-energy electrons." }, { "start": 138.134, "duration": 3.003, "text": "When the battery is being charged,\nthe opposite happens." }, { "start": 141.387, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Over the course of hundreds,\nsometimes thousands, of charge cycles," }, { "start": 144.932, "duration": 3.545, "text": "some of the lithium ion ships\nsort of veer off course" }, { "start": 148.477, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and engage in side reactions," }, { "start": 150.521, "duration": 3.796, "text": "producing stuff that increases\nthe internal resistance of the battery," }, { "start": 154.317, "duration": 2.961, "text": "which in turn makes it lose\nefficiency and power" }, { "start": 157.278, "duration": 2.461, "text": "until it inevitably dies." }, { "start": 160.323, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Even when that happens,\nyou can bring dead batteries back to life—" }, { "start": 164.368, "duration": 3.295, "text": "whether they’re rechargeable or not—\nby recycling them." }, { "start": 167.872, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The heart of most battery recycling\nis a process called smelting," }, { "start": 171.876, "duration": 2.544, "text": "which is basically just melting\nthe metallic parts." }, { "start": 174.42, "duration": 1.71, "text": "This drives off impurities," }, { "start": 176.13, "duration": 3.378, "text": "returning metals back to their\ninitial, orderly state." }, { "start": 179.884, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Unfortunately, in many countries you can’t\njust toss household batteries" }, { "start": 183.804, "duration": 1.836, "text": "in with your regular recycling." }, { "start": 185.64, "duration": 3.545, "text": "You have to take them to a battery\ncollection point or recycling center." }, { "start": 189.185, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Same goes for more complicated\nrechargeable batteries:" }, { "start": 192.063, "duration": 2.085, "text": "you need to bring them\nto a collection point" }, { "start": 194.148, "duration": 2.586, "text": "or send them back to the company\nyou bought them from." }, { "start": 196.859, "duration": 3.087, "text": "It’s a pain, but absolutely\nworth the time and effort," }, { "start": 199.946, "duration": 2.46, "text": "because recycling batteries is critical." }, { "start": 202.406, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Not only does it prevent\npotentially toxic battery metals" }, { "start": 205.117, "duration": 1.794, "text": "from leaking into the environment," }, { "start": 206.911, "duration": 3.42, "text": "it conserves scarce— and vital— resources." }, { "start": 210.623, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Earth has about 22 million tons\nof lithium—" }, { "start": 213.751, "duration": 2.794, "text": "enough for about 2.5 billion EVs." }, { "start": 216.545, "duration": 4.171, "text": "That sounds like plenty, but it’s only\n25% higher than the number of EVs" }, { "start": 220.716, "duration": 4.171, "text": "experts believe it’ll take to reach\nnet zero emissions by 2050," }, { "start": 224.887, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and that doesn’t even account for laptops,\nphones, and anything else" }, { "start": 228.099, "duration": 2.127, "text": "that uses a lithium-ion battery." }, { "start": 230.601, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Currently, though, most lithium-ion\nbatteries are not manufactured" }, { "start": 234.021, "duration": 1.752, "text": "with recycling in mind." }, { "start": 235.815, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The designs are intricate\nand non-standard," }, { "start": 238.359, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and the components are held together\nby almost indestructible glues." }, { "start": 242.113, "duration": 4.546, "text": "So today, less than 5% of lithium-ion\nbatteries are recycled." }, { "start": 247.618, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Regulations that clearly define\nwho is responsible for a spent battery" }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and what should happen to it\ncan boost recycling dramatically." }, { "start": 255.751, "duration": 4.672, "text": "For example, lead-acid batteries are\ngenerally subject to stringent regulations" }, { "start": 260.423, "duration": 4.087, "text": "and are recycled at much higher rates\nthan lithium-ion batteries." }, { "start": 265.136, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Over the next century, we’ll need\nto recycle huge numbers of EV batteries," }, { "start": 269.724, "duration": 3.837, "text": "so scientists are working on making\nthe battery recycling process cheaper" }, { "start": 273.561, "duration": 1.793, "text": "and more environmentally friendly." }, { "start": 275.396, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Smelting uses a lot of energy and,\ndepending on the type of battery," }, { "start": 278.816, "duration": 2.044, "text": "can release harmful by-products." }, { "start": 281.235, "duration": 4.296, "text": "In addition to regulations, industrial\nprocesses, and our own individual choices," }, { "start": 285.531, "duration": 2.669, "text": "battery tech will also continue to evolve." }, { "start": 288.2, "duration": 3.42, "text": "There are proof-of-concept batteries\nbeing developed that can convert" }, { "start": 291.62, "duration": 5.089, "text": "physical force, ambient sound,\nand even pee into electricity." }, { "start": 297.001, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But if your top priority is to make your\nnumber one source of power, number one," }, { "start": 301.297, "duration": 2.711, "text": "sorry to say, but urine for a long wait." } ] }, { "video_id": "Rnln3C-Las4", "title": "The Greek myth of Demeter's revenge - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Dig into the Greek myth of Mestra and her father King Erysichthon, who angered the gods and was cursed with insatiable hunger.\n\n--\n\nMestra, princess of Thessaly, was far from home. She had watched her father, King Erysichthon, plunge into a ruin of his own making. Now, to save himself, he’d sold his own daughter to the highest bidder. But Mestra refused to accept this fate and began to plan her escape. Iseult Gillespie shares the Greek myth of Mestra's bid for freedom.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-greek-myth-of-demeter-s-revenge-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-greek-myth-of-demeter-s-revenge-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.and-action.net\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-26T15:00:48Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Since humanity's earliest days," }, { "start": 9.213, "duration": 4.296, "text": "we’ve been plagued by countless\ndisease-causing pathogens." }, { "start": 13.634, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Invisible and persistent," }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 3.379, "text": "these microorganisms\nand the illnesses they incur" }, { "start": 19.057, "duration": 3.712, "text": "have killed more humans \nthan anything else in history." }, { "start": 22.894, "duration": 4.713, "text": "But which disease is deadliest\nvaries across time and place." }, { "start": 27.732, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Because while the march of progress\nhas made us safer" }, { "start": 30.526, "duration": 2.211, "text": "from some infectious threats," }, { "start": 32.737, "duration": 4.713, "text": "human innovation often exposes\nus to surprising new maladies." }, { "start": 37.575, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Our tour of history’s\ndeadliest diseases begins" }, { "start": 40.953, "duration": 3.671, "text": "when humans lived in small \nhunter-gatherer communities." }, { "start": 44.749, "duration": 3.712, "text": "The illnesses these pre-agricultural\nnomads encountered" }, { "start": 48.461, "duration": 3.17, "text": "most likely came from the various\nanimals they ate," }, { "start": 51.631, "duration": 3.044, "text": "and the soil and water\nthey interacted with." }, { "start": 54.926, "duration": 3.712, "text": "There are no written records to help\nus identify these diseases," }, { "start": 58.638, "duration": 4.963, "text": "however, some illnesses leave distinct\ngrowths or lesions on the skeleton," }, { "start": 63.601, "duration": 4.254, "text": "allowing bioarchaeologists\nto diagnose ancient remains." }, { "start": 68.022, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And researchers have found\nthat bones from this era" }, { "start": 70.733, "duration": 4.671, "text": "suggest the presence of tuberculosis\nand treponemal infections." }, { "start": 75.571, "duration": 2.211, "text": "While these conditions\nare life-threatening," }, { "start": 77.907, "duration": 4.838, "text": "the deadliest diseases are invariably\npart of widespread epidemics," }, { "start": 82.745, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and there’s no evidence\nof any large-scale outbreaks" }, { "start": 85.915, "duration": 2.753, "text": "in this lengthy pre-agricultural period." }, { "start": 88.793, "duration": 5.255, "text": "However, when humans started developing\nagriculture around 12,000 years ago," }, { "start": 94.048, "duration": 3.003, "text": "it brought a whole new crop of diseases." }, { "start": 97.176, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Early farmers knew little about\nwaste and water management," }, { "start": 100.972, "duration": 3.837, "text": "setting the stage for diarrheal\ndiseases like dysentery." }, { "start": 105.101, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Much worse, the proliferation\nof open fields and irrigation" }, { "start": 109.73, "duration": 5.631, "text": "created standing pools of water which\nbrought mosquitoes and in turn malaria—" }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 3.212, "text": "one of history’s oldest\nand deadliest diseases." }, { "start": 118.823, "duration": 4.046, "text": "We don’t know exactly how many\nearly farmers malaria killed," }, { "start": 122.869, "duration": 3.67, "text": "or how many it left vulnerable\nto other lethal infections." }, { "start": 126.664, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But we do know this mosquito-borne illness\ncontinued to spread" }, { "start": 131.085, "duration": 3.837, "text": "through humanity’s next major development:\nurbanization." }, { "start": 135.173, "duration": 1.251, "text": "In small communities," }, { "start": 136.424, "duration": 4.921, "text": "infectious diseases like measles\nand smallpox can only circulate so long" }, { "start": 141.345, "duration": 1.627, "text": "before running out of hosts." }, { "start": 143.014, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But in densely populated regions\nwith high birth rates," }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 5.464, "text": "fast-evolving viruses like the flu can\ncontinually infect new individuals" }, { "start": 152.106, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and morph into various strains." }, { "start": 154.358, "duration": 2.336, "text": "When large settlements became common," }, { "start": 156.694, "duration": 3.754, "text": "medical science hadn't advanced\nenough to effectively treat" }, { "start": 160.448, "duration": 2.252, "text": "or even distinguish these variants." }, { "start": 162.7, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Nor was it prepared to deal with one\nof the deadliest pandemics of all time:" }, { "start": 167.413, "duration": 1.335, "text": "the Black Death." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 2.836, "text": "From the 1330s to the 1350s," }, { "start": 171.876, "duration": 3.795, "text": "the bubonic plague\nswept Asia, Africa and Europe," }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 6.924, "text": "reducing the global population\nfrom 475 million to roughly 350 million." }, { "start": 182.845, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Like most Afro-Eurasian diseases," }, { "start": 185.431, "duration": 5.047, "text": "the plague didn’t cross the Atlantic\nuntil Europeans did in the late 1400s." }, { "start": 190.519, "duration": 3.504, "text": "But at the height of the plague\nin Europe, Asia, and North Africa," }, { "start": 194.023, "duration": 2.461, "text": "infection was almost guaranteed," }, { "start": 196.484, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and the plague’s fatality rate\nranged from 30 to 75%." }, { "start": 201.364, "duration": 4.129, "text": "However, the illness wasn't equally\ndistributed among the population." }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Many wealthy lords and landowners were\nable to stay safe" }, { "start": 209.413, "duration": 2.837, "text": "by hiding away in their spacious homes." }, { "start": 212.333, "duration": 2.294, "text": "As medical knowledge became more robust," }, { "start": 214.627, "duration": 5.422, "text": "this kind of class disparity began\nreflecting who had access to medical care." }, { "start": 220.132, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And that divide became particularly\napparent during the reign" }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 2.086, "text": "of our next deadly disease." }, { "start": 226.18, "duration": 1.877, "text": "By the beginning of the 19th century," }, { "start": 228.057, "duration": 4.004, "text": "tuberculosis was already one\nof the most common causes of death" }, { "start": 232.061, "duration": 1.835, "text": "in Europe and the Americas." }, { "start": 233.98, "duration": 4.546, "text": "But the Industrial Revolution led\nto working and living conditions" }, { "start": 238.526, "duration": 2.919, "text": "that were overcrowded\nand poorly ventilated," }, { "start": 241.57, "duration": 5.881, "text": "turning TB into an epidemic that killed\na quarter of Europe’s adult population." }, { "start": 247.535, "duration": 4.796, "text": "The unhealthiest environments were largely\npopulated by impoverished individuals" }, { "start": 252.331, "duration": 1.502, "text": "who often went untreated," }, { "start": 253.833, "duration": 4.713, "text": "while doctors provided wealthier victims\nwith the era’s most cutting-edge care." }, { "start": 258.879, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Throughout the 20th century, vaccines\nbecame common in many countries," }, { "start": 263.175, "duration": 4.171, "text": "even eradicating the centuries-old\nviral threat of smallpox." }, { "start": 267.513, "duration": 1.627, "text": "The advent of vaccination," }, { "start": 269.14, "duration": 3.378, "text": "alongside improvements\nin nutrition and hygiene," }, { "start": 272.518, "duration": 3.003, "text": "have helped people live longer\nlives on average." }, { "start": 275.563, "duration": 4.629, "text": "And today, medical advances\nin rapid testing and mRNA vaccines" }, { "start": 280.192, "duration": 3.087, "text": "can help us tackle new outbreaks\nin record time." }, { "start": 283.487, "duration": 2.67, "text": "However, countless regions\naround the world" }, { "start": 286.157, "duration": 2.669, "text": "remain unable to access vaccines," }, { "start": 288.826, "duration": 2.669, "text": "leaving them vulnerable to older threats." }, { "start": 291.495, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Malaria still takes the lives\nof over 600,000 people every year," }, { "start": 296.917, "duration": 4.505, "text": "with 96% of deaths occurring\nin communities across Africa." }, { "start": 301.547, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Tuberculosis continues to infect millions," }, { "start": 304.55, "duration": 2.711, "text": "almost half of whom live\nin Southeast Asia." }, { "start": 307.428, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Addressing these ailments\nand those yet to emerge" }, { "start": 310.598, "duration": 4.212, "text": "will require scientists to develop\nnew and more effective medicines." }, { "start": 314.852, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But something governments and health care\nsystems can do today" }, { "start": 318.314, "duration": 4.546, "text": "is working to make the treatments we have\nalready accessible to all." } ] }, { "video_id": "SzC11Ce-ID8", "title": "The underground cities of the Byzantine Empire - Veronica Kalas", "description": "Uncover the history of the ancient underground cities beneath Cappadocia, which were built during the Byzantine Empire.\n\n--\n\nThe breathtaking geological formations of Cappadocia are one of the most astonishing landscapes on Earth. Also known as “fairy chimneys,” this impressive terrain hides an equally remarkable feat of pre-modern engineering: a network of extensive underground cities stretching deep below the surface. Who inhabited these cities, and why? Veronica Kalas uncovers the secrets of this buried history.\n\nLesson by Veronica Kalas, directed by Serin İnan, Tolga Yıldız, Kozmonot Animation Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-underground-cities-of-the-byzantine-empire-veronica-kalas\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-underground-cities-of-the-byzantine-empire-veronica-kalas/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.kozmonot.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle and Laurel-Ann Rice.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-21T15:01:30Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 3.38, "duration": 2.46, "text": "The gods granted Pandora many gifts," }, { "start": 5.946, "duration": 2.818, "text": "and one abominable box." }, { "start": 9.117, "duration": 5.084, "text": "Curiosity got the better of her and\nchaos was unleashed upon the world." }, { "start": 14.461, "duration": 2.178, "text": "But that's only the beginning of the story..." }, { "start": 16.807, "duration": 2.728, "text": "What if instead of accepting\nthe new world order," }, { "start": 19.535, "duration": 2.115, "text": "Pandora tried to fix it?" }, { "start": 23.79, "duration": 4.018, "text": "Pandora’s Legacy is a jigsaw unlike \nany you’ve experienced before." }, { "start": 28.0, "duration": 4.051, "text": "You’ll start by assembling the pieces \nand find areas missing." }, { "start": 32.572, "duration": 3.072, "text": "To unlock the next section\nand advance the story," }, { "start": 35.644, "duration": 4.015, "text": "you’ll need to solve puzzles \nembedded within the jigsaw." }, { "start": 39.946, "duration": 2.545, "text": "The puzzles, crafted by\nrenowned constructors," }, { "start": 42.491, "duration": 1.74, "text": "are deep and challenging." }, { "start": 44.461, "duration": 2.241, "text": "Some will reward you \nwith physical artifacts," }, { "start": 46.702, "duration": 1.694, "text": "that you'll then you’ll then figure \nout how to use" }, { "start": 48.396, "duration": 2.434, "text": "in ways that will surprise\nand delight you—" }, { "start": 51.045, "duration": 1.824, "text": " just like in an escape room." }, { "start": 68.96, "duration": 2.312, "text": "1,200 plus pieces to assemble." }, { "start": 71.272, "duration": 1.873, "text": "17 boxes to unlock." }, { "start": 73.321, "duration": 2.419, "text": "16 devious puzzles to solve." }, { "start": 75.878, "duration": 2.602, "text": "1 infernal box." }, { "start": 82.96, "duration": 2.516, "text": "Turn your living room \ninto an escape room;" }, { "start": 85.476, "duration": 2.02, "text": "let loose the curiosities inside." }, { "start": 87.634, "duration": 3.66, "text": "This epic experience is available\non Kickstarter now!" }, { "start": 91.356, "duration": 2.846, "text": "Do you dare open Pandora's Box?" } ] }, { "video_id": "z-t-l8vjQQI", "title": "What causes addiction, and why is it so hard to treat? - Judy Grisel", "description": "Take a look at the science of how addictive drugs affect your body and why substance addiction can be so difficult to treat.\n\n--\n\nAs of 2021, more than 36 million people were estimated to be experiencing substance use disorder. This condition spans a spectrum of patterned drug use that causes issues in a person’s life, with substance addiction at the more severe end. Why are some people more susceptible to addiction, and why can it be so difficult to treat? Judy Grisel takes a look at how addictive drugs affect the body.\n\nLesson by Judy Grisel, directed by Gabriella Marsh.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-causes-addiction-and-why-is-it-so-hard-to-treat-judy-grisel\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-causes-addiction-and-why-is-it-so-hard-to-treat-judy-grisel/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://gabriella-marsh.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice and Jing Chen.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-19T15:01:46Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.211, "duration": 2.586, "text": "10th century jester Jing Xinmo" }, { "start": 9.797, "duration": 3.754, "text": "may have overstepped\nwhen he got chased by a dog," }, { "start": 13.551, "duration": 2.669, "text": "then teasingly told the Chinese emperor" }, { "start": 16.22, "duration": 3.212, "text": "that he shouldn’t let his kids\ngo around biting people." }, { "start": 19.432, "duration": 3.92, "text": "The emperor took offense\nand trained an arrow on Jing." }, { "start": 23.352, "duration": 3.379, "text": "But instead of begging for his life,\nJing cracked another joke." }, { "start": 26.981, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Luckily, this pun landed—\nso the emperor’s arrow did not." }, { "start": 31.527, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Contrary to common belief," }, { "start": 33.154, "duration": 3.211, "text": "jesters weren't just a medieval\nEuropean phenomenon," }, { "start": 36.365, "duration": 2.67, "text": "but flourished \nin other times and cultures." }, { "start": 39.243, "duration": 4.088, "text": "The first reliably recorded jester\nis thought to be You Shi," }, { "start": 43.331, "duration": 2.836, "text": "of 7th century BCE China." }, { "start": 46.584, "duration": 4.087, "text": "He declared that, as a jester,\nhis words could not give offense." }, { "start": 50.671, "duration": 2.878, "text": "This privilege was important\nto the jester’s position—" }, { "start": 53.549, "duration": 2.253, "text": "but was sometimes violated." }, { "start": 57.386, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Jesters had unique relationships to power:" }, { "start": 60.264, "duration": 2.545, "text": "they could be viewed as objects of mockery" }, { "start": 62.809, "duration": 4.462, "text": "and also as entertainers\nand trusted companions." }, { "start": 67.563, "duration": 2.711, "text": "People became jesters by various routes." }, { "start": 70.274, "duration": 3.754, "text": "They could be appointed due to physical\nor neurological differences," }, { "start": 74.028, "duration": 4.088, "text": "plucked from a pool of entertainers,\nor recruited by a traveling courtier." }, { "start": 78.533, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Such was the case when a royal servant" }, { "start": 80.785, "duration": 4.129, "text": "wrote King Henry VIII’s chief minister\nin the 1530s." }, { "start": 85.081, "duration": 4.379, "text": "He recommended a young boy to replace\nthe king’s aging jester, Sexten," }, { "start": 89.585, "duration": 4.797, "text": "with the assurance that he’d be much more\npleasant than Sexten ever was." }, { "start": 95.299, "duration": 3.838, "text": "Some jesters boasted unique talents,\nlike Roland the Farter," }, { "start": 99.137, "duration": 2.168, "text": "of Henry II’s 12th Century court." }, { "start": 101.556, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Every Christmas,\nhe performed a special routine," }, { "start": 104.1, "duration": 3.795, "text": "the finale of which was\na simultaneous jump, whistle, and fart." }, { "start": 109.772, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Additionally, jesters could influence\nimportant decisions." }, { "start": 113.568, "duration": 3.253, "text": "For example,\nif the clowns of the Tübatulabal nation" }, { "start": 116.821, "duration": 1.668, "text": "of the Sierra Nevada mountains" }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 1.919, "text": "thought a chief was leading poorly," }, { "start": 120.408, "duration": 3.044, "text": "they could apparently\nget the elders to appoint a new one." }, { "start": 123.619, "duration": 4.797, "text": "And, of course, Jing Xinmo knew\nhow to sway the Chinese emperor." }, { "start": 128.499, "duration": 4.88, "text": "A local magistrate once requested\nthat the emperor stop trampling farmland" }, { "start": 133.379, "duration": 1.543, "text": "during his hunting sprees." }, { "start": 135.339, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Infuriated, the emperor\nhad the magistrate hauled before him." }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Jing facetiously suggested that\nthe magistrate be put to death immediately" }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and that the emperor\nlet the peasants starve" }, { "start": 147.435, "duration": 2.586, "text": "instead of harvesting the land\nand paying taxes," }, { "start": 150.021, "duration": 2.669, "text": "all so he could gallop about freely." }, { "start": 153.524, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Presumably seeing the absurdity\nof his own behavior," }, { "start": 156.527, "duration": 2.836, "text": "the emperor laughed \nand pardoned the magistrate." }, { "start": 159.697, "duration": 3.462, "text": "In 1596, a French man\nwas condemned to death." }, { "start": 163.534, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But Mathurine, one of the relatively few\nfemale jesters on record," }, { "start": 167.955, "duration": 2.253, "text": "intervened in return for payment." }, { "start": 170.416, "duration": 4.087, "text": "With her help, the man’s wife\nsuccessfully pleaded with King Henry IV" }, { "start": 174.503, "duration": 1.252, "text": "for her husband’s life." }, { "start": 176.505, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Although rare, jesters were\nsometimes fired or even killed" }, { "start": 181.26, "duration": 3.045, "text": "for taking their mockery or criticism\ntoo far." }, { "start": 184.931, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In 1638, Scottish jester Archy Armstrong" }, { "start": 188.643, "duration": 2.836, "text": "worsened his already\ncontentious relationship" }, { "start": 191.479, "duration": 2.169, "text": "with the Archbishop of Canterbury." }, { "start": 193.94, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The Archbishop had recently revised\nthe Scottish Book of Common Prayer—" }, { "start": 197.777, "duration": 4.504, "text": "an act that garnered strong opposition\nand incited riots." }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Taking the opportunity\nto further humiliate him," }, { "start": 205.701, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Archy asked the Archbishop,\n“Who’s the fool now?”" }, { "start": 209.497, "duration": 2.294, "text": "For which he was banished from the court." }, { "start": 212.291, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Three years later,\nafter the Archbishop’s arrest," }, { "start": 215.878, "duration": 3.087, "text": "a pamphlet began circulating\nthat ridiculed him," }, { "start": 218.965, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which was said to be the work\nof none other than Archy." }, { "start": 222.677, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Meanwhile, some jesters openly mocked\ntheir royal bosses without consequence." }, { "start": 228.182, "duration": 5.13, "text": "11th century Persian jester Talhak\nsuggested the sultan was a cuckold," }, { "start": 233.312, "duration": 2.503, "text": "implying his wife was unfaithful to him." }, { "start": 236.274, "duration": 3.461, "text": "One day, as the sultan rested\nhis head on Talhak’s knee," }, { "start": 240.027, "duration": 4.213, "text": "he is said to have inquired,\n“What is your relation to cuckolds?”" }, { "start": 244.49, "duration": 3.212, "text": "To which Talhak replied,\n“I am their pillow.”" }, { "start": 248.536, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And when 19th century Persian shah asked\nwhether there was a food shortage," }, { "start": 252.957, "duration": 2.419, "text": "jester Karim Shir’ei joked," }, { "start": 255.376, "duration": 3.712, "text": "“Yes, I see Your Majesty is eating\nonly five times a day.”" }, { "start": 259.755, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Even when rulers were considered\ndivinely appointed," }, { "start": 263.259, "duration": 3.754, "text": "some jesters managed to speak truth\ndirectly to power," }, { "start": 267.013, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and reveal— in so many riddles,\njokes, or skits—" }, { "start": 270.474, "duration": 1.794, "text": "who the real fools were." } ] }, { "video_id": "ilQKTIu2V1E", "title": "Why was the Rosetta Stone so important? - Franziska Naether", "description": "Dig into how scholars decoded the writing on the Rosetta Stone, and how this helped them understand ancient hieroglyphs.\n\n--\n\nFor centuries, scholars puzzled over the hieroglyphs they found carved onto ancient Egyptian ruins, tablets, and papyri. But in 1799, a unique discovery would finally help unlock their meaning. It was a stone inscribed with three different texts: Egyptian Hieroglyphs, Demotic Egyptian, and Ancient Greek. Franziska Naether shares how scholars decoded the ancient message of the Rosetta Stone.\n\nLesson by Franziska Naether, directed by Tim Rauch.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-was-the-rosetta-stone-so-important-franziska-naether\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-was-the-rosetta-stone-so-important-franziska-naether/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/tim_rauch\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee and Filip Dabrowski.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-14T15:01:33Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 2.878, "text": "“Do you remember my grudge\nfrom these past days?”" }, { "start": 10.089, "duration": 2.836, "text": "cried Asano Naganori,\nlord of Akō domain," }, { "start": 12.925, "duration": 4.38, "text": "his gaze fixed on Kira Yoshinaka,\na senior master of ceremony." }, { "start": 17.43, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Asano extended his short sword,\ncharged through the castle corridor," }, { "start": 21.726, "duration": 1.46, "text": "and struck Kira." }, { "start": 23.311, "duration": 3.712, "text": "While the wound wasn’t fatal,\nits consequences would be." }, { "start": 27.19, "duration": 5.714, "text": "The incident took place in April 1701\nin Edo, Japan— modern-day Tokyo." }, { "start": 32.987, "duration": 4.213, "text": "The Tokugawa military government had\ngained power about a century before." }, { "start": 37.241, "duration": 3.045, "text": "This ushered in a period\nof peace and stability" }, { "start": 40.286, "duration": 3.545, "text": "following the Warring States\nor Sengoku era," }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 3.128, "text": "which was marked by constant\nbloodshed and conflict" }, { "start": 46.959, "duration": 2.503, "text": "wrought by warlords and their samurai." }, { "start": 49.629, "duration": 1.251, "text": "To secure their rule," }, { "start": 50.88, "duration": 3.795, "text": "the Tokugawa government aimed\nto tame the samurai class." }, { "start": 54.717, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Individual samurai carried two swords\nand served a single lord till death," }, { "start": 60.139, "duration": 4.338, "text": "but their duties became primarily\nbureaucratic and administrative." }, { "start": 64.644, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Meanwhile, Tokugawa legal practice\nstipulated that both sides" }, { "start": 68.189, "duration": 2.92, "text": "would be disciplined\nin the event of a violent quarrel." }, { "start": 71.4, "duration": 4.046, "text": "However, when officials convened following\nAsano's attack on Kira," }, { "start": 75.446, "duration": 4.421, "text": "they decided to punish only Asano,\nthe incident’s perpetrator." }, { "start": 80.159, "duration": 4.63, "text": "They ordered Asano to commit seppuku,\nor ritual suicide." }, { "start": 84.914, "duration": 1.585, "text": "But they didn’t stop there." }, { "start": 86.707, "duration": 3.254, "text": "They also commanded the seizure\nof Asano’s castle," }, { "start": 89.961, "duration": 3.837, "text": "the disbandment of his house,\nand the arrest of his younger brother." }, { "start": 94.006, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The news traveled quickly\nback to Asano’s domain." }, { "start": 97.135, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Overnight, the roughly 300 samurai\nin Asano’s retainer band" }, { "start": 101.514, "duration": 3.503, "text": "found themselves dispossessed\nof their homes and stipends" }, { "start": 105.017, "duration": 3.546, "text": "and turned into rōnin,\nor masterless samurai." }, { "start": 109.105, "duration": 3.42, "text": "They didn’t know why Asano attacked Kira—\nno one did." }, { "start": 112.525, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Some have speculated that Asano\nrefused to pay a bribe to Kira," }, { "start": 116.154, "duration": 2.669, "text": "who was supposed to be guiding him\nin proper etiquette," }, { "start": 118.823, "duration": 1.71, "text": "so Kira humiliated him;" }, { "start": 120.95, "duration": 3.128, "text": "others, that Asano had simply “gone mad.”" }, { "start": 124.412, "duration": 3.044, "text": "This left the samurai of Akō domain\nin crisis," }, { "start": 127.456, "duration": 4.046, "text": "facing a tension that lay at the very\nheart of the Tokugawa period." }, { "start": 131.794, "duration": 2.544, "text": "They were a privileged class of warriors" }, { "start": 134.338, "duration": 5.714, "text": "inundated with epic legends of samurai\nloyalty, heroism, and martial glory." }, { "start": 140.178, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But they were forbidden\nfrom using violence—" }, { "start": 142.68, "duration": 3.504, "text": "their traditional role at once\ncelebrated and restricted." }, { "start": 146.684, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Some of Asano’s samurai said they should\npeacefully comply with government orders;" }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 3.545, "text": "others, that they should immediately\nfollow their lord into death." }, { "start": 154.859, "duration": 3.086, "text": "One faction, led by Horibe Yasubei," }, { "start": 158.112, "duration": 4.546, "text": "argued that they must see their lord’s\napparent wishes through by killing Kira," }, { "start": 162.783, "duration": 3.129, "text": "claiming that so long as Asano’s enemy\nwas alive," }, { "start": 165.912, "duration": 1.584, "text": "they were dishonored." }, { "start": 167.622, "duration": 4.713, "text": "However, the effective leader\nof Akō domain’s samurai, Ōishi Yoshio," }, { "start": 172.418, "duration": 2.836, "text": "believed that if they complied\nwith official orders," }, { "start": 175.254, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Tokugawa authorities might show mercy\nand permit Asano’s brother to succeed him." }, { "start": 180.76, "duration": 2.836, "text": "So, the samurai peacefully\nsurrendered the castle." }, { "start": 183.721, "duration": 4.463, "text": "But their hopes were dashed when Tokugawa\nofficials placed Asano’s brother" }, { "start": 188.184, "duration": 1.96, "text": "in another family’s custody," }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 3.295, "text": "leaving them without a path\nto restore their status." }, { "start": 193.773, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Most accepted the government’s terms." }, { "start": 195.942, "duration": 6.506, "text": "But in the end, 47 of Asano’s samurai,\nincluding Horibe and Ōishi, didn’t." }, { "start": 202.615, "duration": 2.878, "text": "And instead of formally asking permission\nto take revenge" }, { "start": 205.493, "duration": 2.043, "text": "via the government’s vendetta system," }, { "start": 207.536, "duration": 3.212, "text": "they began plotting to kill Kira covertly." }, { "start": 211.499, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Almost two years after Asano’s death," }, { "start": 214.043, "duration": 3.545, "text": "the rōnin, led by Ōishi,\nbroke into Kira’s residence" }, { "start": 217.588, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and killed 16 of his samurai\nand wounded 23 others" }, { "start": 221.717, "duration": 2.336, "text": "before beheading Kira himself." }, { "start": 224.262, "duration": 2.836, "text": "They presented Kira's head\nat Asano's grave," }, { "start": 227.098, "duration": 2.586, "text": "then surrendered to the\nTokugawa officials," }, { "start": 229.767, "duration": 4.546, "text": "justifying their violence by saying they\ncouldn't live under the same heaven" }, { "start": 234.313, "duration": 1.627, "text": "as their lord’s enemy." }, { "start": 236.274, "duration": 5.088, "text": "The rōnin’s actions created considerable\nproblems for the Tokugawa government." }, { "start": 241.612, "duration": 3.087, "text": "The rōnin had broken the peace\nand a range of laws." }, { "start": 244.699, "duration": 4.963, "text": "But authorities also knew the importance\nof honor and loyalty among samurai." }, { "start": 249.787, "duration": 4.546, "text": "After weeks of deliberations, officials\ndecided the rōnin could be praised—" }, { "start": 254.333, "duration": 1.71, "text": "but must be punished." }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 2.127, "text": "They were permitted to commit seppuku," }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 4.63, "text": "which offered them honorable deaths,\nand they were laid to rest next to Asano." }, { "start": 263.384, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But their story soon morphed into legend." }, { "start": 266.345, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Within weeks, it was dramatized\nfor the stage." }, { "start": 269.14, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And soon after, scholars began\ndebating the rōnin’s actions," }, { "start": 273.019, "duration": 3.586, "text": "some praising them\nas perfectly loyal and dutiful samurai;" }, { "start": 276.605, "duration": 2.795, "text": "others condemning them\nas delusional criminals." }, { "start": 279.525, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Over the next three centuries," }, { "start": 281.444, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Japan continued examining\nand adapting the story—" }, { "start": 285.197, "duration": 2.837, "text": "in theater, film, propaganda, and beyond—" }, { "start": 288.034, "duration": 4.838, "text": "grappling with the tensions\nbetween law and culture, past and present," }, { "start": 292.872, "duration": 2.335, "text": "and repeatedly relitigating the incident" }, { "start": 295.207, "duration": 3.254, "text": "long after an official verdict\nwas rendered." } ] }, { "video_id": "eEWa7cpiyD8", "title": "One of the world’s oldest condiments - Dan Kwartler", "description": "Trace the history of ketchup, from the condiment’s origins in 3rd century China to becoming a staple of American cuisine.\n\n--\n\nIn the mid-18th century, England was crazy for ketchup. The sauce was a staple, but this ketchup wasn’t the ubiquitous red goop you’re familiar with today. In fact, it was a sweet and savory brown sauce that didn’t even have tomatoes in it. So where did this early ketchup come from, and how did it become the dip we know and love? Dan Kwartler traces the condiment's history.\n\nLesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-world-s-oldest-condiments-dan-kwartler\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/one-of-the-world-s-oldest-condiments-dan-kwartler/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev and Penelope Misquitta.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-12T15:01:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.087, "text": "While most people avoid spending\nthe night in jail," }, { "start": 10.048, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Jean Béliveau jumped at the opportunity." }, { "start": 13.217, "duration": 4.463, "text": "For the past three years, Béliveau had\nbeen walking from country to country," }, { "start": 17.764, "duration": 3.712, "text": "with the goal of circumnavigating\nthe globe on foot." }, { "start": 21.684, "duration": 1.919, "text": "This required sleeping in tents," }, { "start": 23.603, "duration": 3.879, "text": "strangers’ homes, and the\noccasional jail cell along the way." }, { "start": 27.565, "duration": 3.086, "text": "But this morning, as Béliveau\nwas ready to leave," }, { "start": 30.735, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the police chief, who had agreed\nto his sleeping arrangement," }, { "start": 34.113, "duration": 4.63, "text": "was nowhere to be found,\nand the guards weren’t buying his story." }, { "start": 39.494, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Few people have the time or desire\nto walk such extreme lengths." }, { "start": 44.248, "duration": 4.463, "text": "However, research shows that adding even\na modest amount of walking" }, { "start": 48.711, "duration": 3.796, "text": "to your daily routine can\ndramatically improve your health." }, { "start": 52.84, "duration": 5.13, "text": "So, what exactly happens to your body\nwhen you increase your daily step count?" }, { "start": 58.346, "duration": 2.794, "text": "A single afternoon stroll\ncan improve your mood" }, { "start": 61.14, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and ease symptoms of anxiety\nand depression." }, { "start": 64.393, "duration": 2.712, "text": "Walking, especially at a brisk pace," }, { "start": 67.188, "duration": 3.545, "text": "is thought to trigger the release\nof pain-relieving endorphins" }, { "start": 70.733, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and curb the release of the stress\nhormone cortisol." }, { "start": 74.779, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Within weeks of adding more steps\nto your routine, your body adapts." }, { "start": 79.784, "duration": 4.296, "text": "While it may seem simple, walking\nrequires the coordination and effort" }, { "start": 84.08, "duration": 3.462, "text": "of many muscles in your legs,\ntorso, and back." }, { "start": 87.667, "duration": 2.627, "text": "To keep up with the increase\nin energy demand," }, { "start": 90.294, "duration": 4.797, "text": "the vessels around these muscles are\nremodeled to deliver more oxygen." }, { "start": 95.133, "duration": 4.546, "text": "At the same time, your heart becomes\nmore efficient at pumping blood." }, { "start": 100.012, "duration": 3.254, "text": "In a few months, these changes\ncan lower your blood pressure" }, { "start": 103.266, "duration": 3.169, "text": "and reduce your risk\nof heart attack and stroke." }, { "start": 106.769, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Carrying the weight of your body\nas you walk places stress on the bones." }, { "start": 111.774, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But this stress actually makes\nthe bones stronger," }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 3.545, "text": "as it stimulates the absorption\nof calcium and minerals." }, { "start": 119.031, "duration": 4.588, "text": "That's why years of consistent walking\ncan help retain bone density," }, { "start": 123.703, "duration": 2.419, "text": "which usually declines with age." }, { "start": 126.414, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Building a lifelong walking habit\ncomes with many other benefits," }, { "start": 130.751, "duration": 4.839, "text": "from aiding in weight management\nto reducing your risk for type 2 diabetes," }, { "start": 135.715, "duration": 2.419, "text": "numerous cancers, and dementia." }, { "start": 138.384, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Simply put, walking is exercise." }, { "start": 141.429, "duration": 3.378, "text": "And unlike other forms,\nit doesn’t require equipment," }, { "start": 144.891, "duration": 4.838, "text": "and is often more accessible to people\nof varying ages and fitness levels." }, { "start": 149.979, "duration": 5.005, "text": "While activity trackers usually bill\n10,000 steps as the ideal benchmark," }, { "start": 155.109, "duration": 5.881, "text": "studies show that any increase in steps\nper day can yield health benefits." }, { "start": 161.699, "duration": 3.128, "text": "And these steps don't need\nto be taken continuously." }, { "start": 164.994, "duration": 2.377, "text": "For those who live\nin walkable neighborhoods," }, { "start": 167.371, "duration": 3.17, "text": "steps are easily accumulated\nthroughout the day;" }, { "start": 170.666, "duration": 3.796, "text": "walking to work, to pick up groceries,\nor to meet with friends." }, { "start": 174.629, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And living where shops and amenities\nare easy to get to on foot" }, { "start": 178.633, "duration": 2.043, "text": "comes with its own set of perks." }, { "start": 180.76, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Residents in these communities are\noften less reliant on vehicles," }, { "start": 184.931, "duration": 2.502, "text": "which translates to improved air quality" }, { "start": 187.433, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and reduced local greenhouse\ngas emissions." }, { "start": 190.686, "duration": 2.795, "text": "And it can even change the way\nyou see the world." }, { "start": 193.606, "duration": 2.252, "text": "One study of seniors in Hong Kong" }, { "start": 195.858, "duration": 2.92, "text": "found that those living in more\nwalkable neighborhoods" }, { "start": 198.778, "duration": 3.92, "text": "reported feeling less loneliness\nand more life satisfaction" }, { "start": 202.823, "duration": 3.045, "text": "than those living in less\nwalkable neighborhoods." }, { "start": 206.535, "duration": 2.753, "text": "So, why doesn’t everyone just walk more?" }, { "start": 209.58, "duration": 3.545, "text": "One big reason is that many people\ndon’t have access" }, { "start": 213.125, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to safe, well-maintained places to stroll." }, { "start": 216.17, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Despite the known benefits of walking," }, { "start": 218.756, "duration": 4.129, "text": "many cities and towns have been designed\nwith only driving in mind." }, { "start": 223.261, "duration": 4.004, "text": "State and local governments across the\nglobe often prioritize" }, { "start": 227.265, "duration": 4.379, "text": "funding for highways and roads\nover sidewalks and public parks." }, { "start": 231.852, "duration": 2.461, "text": "And even when walkable spaces exist," }, { "start": 234.313, "duration": 3.629, "text": "the routes to get to them aren’t\nalways pedestrian-friendly." }, { "start": 238.192, "duration": 4.546, "text": "In the US, residential and commercial\nareas are typically zoned separately" }, { "start": 242.738, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and often only connected by busy roadways." }, { "start": 246.742, "duration": 3.379, "text": "But there are ways to make places\nmore foot-friendly." }, { "start": 250.329, "duration": 5.339, "text": "In 2013, Vancouver city officials opened\nthe Comox-Helmcken Greenway," }, { "start": 255.668, "duration": 1.71, "text": "taking a two-kilometer road" }, { "start": 257.378, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and converting it into a walkable\nand bikeable space." }, { "start": 260.923, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Studies found that after opening," }, { "start": 263.384, "duration": 3.295, "text": "people living close to the greenway\ngot more exercise," }, { "start": 266.679, "duration": 3.503, "text": "reduced their daily car trips by 23%," }, { "start": 270.308, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and cut their personal greenhouse\ngas emissions by 21%." }, { "start": 274.854, "duration": 2.127, "text": "And even small measures can help." }, { "start": 277.023, "duration": 2.585, "text": "In places like Bethel, Vermont,\nfor example, " }, { "start": 279.608, "duration": 3.462, "text": "community members have improved\nthe walkability of their downtowns" }, { "start": 283.07, "duration": 4.838, "text": "by adding simple features like painted\ncrosswalks and curb extensions." }, { "start": 288.617, "duration": 3.963, "text": "As for Béliveau, the guards\neventually let him out." }, { "start": 292.747, "duration": 5.672, "text": "He’d walk over 75,000 kilometers in total\nto complete his journey." }, { "start": 298.753, "duration": 5.547, "text": "But it’s clear you don’t have to take\nquite this many steps to see an impact." } ] }, { "video_id": "5EsICTVo2dM", "title": "5 philosophers on anger - Delaney Thull", "description": "Explore different philosophers’ ideas about anger and dig into their theories on how we should handle this complicated emotion.\n\n--\n\nAnger is a complicated emotion. It can feel reasonable and righteous or impulsive and uncontrollable. Anger can be an important part of letting us know when something immoral is happening, but finding the right response to those psychological alarm bells can be tricky. So, is it ever right to be angry? And if so, when? Delaney Thull takes a philosophical look at this powerful emotion.\n\nLesson by Delaney Thull, directed by Cara Watson.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/when-is-anger-justified-a-philosophical-inquiry-delaney-thull\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/when-is-anger-justified-a-philosophical-inquiry-delaney-thull/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://cara-watson.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco and Rayo.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-07T16:00:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.754, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Soft percussion and a toasty scent mark\nthe violent transformation" }, { "start": 12.3, "duration": 3.295, "text": "of tough seeds into cloud-like puffs." }, { "start": 15.928, "duration": 3.796, "text": "This is the almost magical process\nof popcorn-making." }, { "start": 20.391, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But how did we actually \nend up with this whimsical food?" }, { "start": 24.854, "duration": 5.631, "text": "All the corn eaten today is derived \nfrom a tall grass called teosinte," }, { "start": 30.61, "duration": 3.211, "text": "which Indigenous people \nin what is now southern Mexico" }, { "start": 33.821, "duration": 3.796, "text": "began selectively breeding\nabout 9,000 years ago." }, { "start": 38.242, "duration": 6.298, "text": "An ear of teosinte originally yielded \nsomewhere between 5 and 12 small kernels," }, { "start": 44.54, "duration": 2.962, "text": "each with a hard shell called a pericarp." }, { "start": 47.877, "duration": 3.587, "text": "And some varieties had\na fantastic feature:" }, { "start": 51.464, "duration": 4.212, "text": "if they reached a certain temperature,\ntheir kernels exploded." }, { "start": 56.385, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Popcorn kernels pop \nbecause water and starch" }, { "start": 59.68, "duration": 2.628, "text": "are sealed tightly within the pericarp." }, { "start": 62.85, "duration": 3.921, "text": "When heated, \nthe moisture inside becomes steam." }, { "start": 66.771, "duration": 3.754, "text": "As it expands, it increases \nthe internal pressure" }, { "start": 70.525, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and the solid starch transforms\ninto a gel-like substance." }, { "start": 75.113, "duration": 4.629, "text": "The pressure finally overcomes\nthe pericarp’s resistance and it bursts—" }, { "start": 79.867, "duration": 3.337, "text": "the steam and starch expanding \nto form a foam" }, { "start": 83.204, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that quickly cools and dries in the air." }, { "start": 86.749, "duration": 4.463, "text": "From this small-scale explosion \nalso rush forth the compounds" }, { "start": 91.212, "duration": 2.92, "text": "that give popcorn its powerful aroma." }, { "start": 94.465, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Ancient Indigenous American people\ncultivated other maize varieties" }, { "start": 98.803, "duration": 3.837, "text": "with larger, more flavorful kernels\nand thinner pericarps." }, { "start": 102.807, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But the hard-shelled, poppable\nvariety also persisted" }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and spread through parts of the Americas." }, { "start": 110.022, "duration": 4.13, "text": "By the time European colonizers\narrived in the late 1400s," }, { "start": 114.152, "duration": 5.171, "text": "Indigenous American people were preparing\nand eating corn in myriad manners." }, { "start": 119.657, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Popcorn wasn’t a major\npart of their diets." }, { "start": 122.535, "duration": 2.669, "text": "But it popped up in European accounts," }, { "start": 125.204, "duration": 4.171, "text": "which described the preparation\nof “toasted” or “parched” corn" }, { "start": 129.375, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and its use in some Aztec\nfeasts and celebrations." }, { "start": 133.254, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Despite initial reluctance," }, { "start": 135.131, "duration": 4.421, "text": "colonizers eventually began cultivating—\nand popping— corn." }, { "start": 140.011, "duration": 3.503, "text": "The methods they used at first\nwere inconsistent and messy." }, { "start": 143.681, "duration": 5.38, "text": "But with the invention of \n“wire over the fire” baskets around 1837," }, { "start": 149.061, "duration": 1.585, "text": "the process got easier." }, { "start": 150.98, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Soon, popcorn picked up steam" }, { "start": 153.232, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and exploded with a reputation\nas a low-cost, entertaining snack." }, { "start": 157.737, "duration": 1.501, "text": "Over the following decades," }, { "start": 159.238, "duration": 4.254, "text": "it became a mainstay at events and\nhundreds of recipes materialized," }, { "start": 163.618, "duration": 3.253, "text": "mixing popcorn with sweet\nand savory ingredients." }, { "start": 167.205, "duration": 2.46, "text": "But popcorn hadn't yet reached its height." }, { "start": 169.999, "duration": 5.881, "text": "At the 1893 World’s Fair, an inventor\nshowcased the first popcorn machine:" }, { "start": 176.38, "duration": 4.129, "text": "a wagon that tossed popcorn\nin seasoning as it cooked." }, { "start": 180.76, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Soon enough, vendors could be seen roving\nUS city streets with similar machines." }, { "start": 186.974, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Interestingly, movie theaters\nwere some of the only American venues" }, { "start": 191.52, "duration": 2.795, "text": "where you wouldn’t find popcorn \nat the time." }, { "start": 194.69, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Many cinema operators saw \ntheir establishments" }, { "start": 197.568, "duration": 3.587, "text": "as part of a grand theater tradition\nat odds with popcorn—" }, { "start": 201.197, "duration": 3.211, "text": "what they considered a messy,\nlow-brow street food." }, { "start": 204.951, "duration": 3.712, "text": "However, when the Great Depression\nhit in 1929," }, { "start": 208.663, "duration": 3.253, "text": "movies provided the public \nwith a welcome distraction." }, { "start": 212.041, "duration": 4.922, "text": "And they had recently gone from being\nsilent and subtitled to acquiring sound," }, { "start": 217.088, "duration": 2.711, "text": "making them accessible \nto a wider audience," }, { "start": 219.799, "duration": 2.043, "text": "including non-literate people." }, { "start": 222.26, "duration": 2.293, "text": "At about five or ten cents a bag," }, { "start": 224.553, "duration": 3.713, "text": "popcorn proved an inexpensive luxury\nfor moviegoers," }, { "start": 228.266, "duration": 3.712, "text": "so theater operators pounced \non the money-making opportunity." }, { "start": 232.311, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Today, a medium bag of popcorn might\ncost about 60 cents to make," }, { "start": 237.275, "duration": 5.38, "text": "but retail for around $6—\na 1,000% markup." }, { "start": 243.489, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Popcorn sales generate nearly 40%\nof all movie theater profits," }, { "start": 248.452, "duration": 4.338, "text": "helping to offset the high prices\nthat theaters pay film studios." }, { "start": 253.124, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Over the last century, people throughout\nthe Americas continued popping corn," }, { "start": 257.586, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and different preparations took\nhold in markets worldwide." }, { "start": 262.3, "duration": 3.962, "text": "When microwavable popcorn was launched \nin the 1980s," }, { "start": 266.262, "duration": 2.335, "text": "popcorn popped off yet again." }, { "start": 268.973, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Dozens of kinds of popcorn are\nnow grown in the US." }, { "start": 272.476, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Different strains assume distinctive\nshapes when their kernels explode," }, { "start": 276.731, "duration": 4.087, "text": "most commonly taking so-called\n“mushroom” and “butterfly” forms." }, { "start": 281.11, "duration": 3.128, "text": "And they’ve been bred \nfor supreme poppability." }, { "start": 284.53, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Over the last century, the amount \nthat popcorn expands has doubled:" }, { "start": 289.285, "duration": 5.547, "text": "now, kernels can reach up to 50 times\ntheir original size upon popping." }, { "start": 295.082, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Not to be corny, \nbut popcorn’s come a long way." }, { "start": 300.504, "duration": 3.546, "text": "This video was made possible with support\nfrom Marriott Hotels." }, { "start": 304.091, "duration": 3.837, "text": "With over 590 hotels and resorts \nacross the globe," }, { "start": 307.928, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Marriott Hotels celebrates the curiosity\nthat propels us to travel." }, { "start": 312.266, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Check out some of the exciting ways \nTED-Ed and Marriott are working together" }, { "start": 316.27, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and book your next journey\nat Marriott Hotels." } ] }, { "video_id": "MzzOKh6gbGg", "title": "How humanity got hooked on coffee - Jonathan Morris", "description": "Trace the history of coffee, from its first known origins to its rise in popularity due to trade routes and cultivation.\n\n--\n\nOne day around 850 CE, a goatherd observed that his goats started acting abnormally after nibbling on some berries. The herder tried them himself, and soon enough, he was just as hyper. As the story goes, this was humanity’s first run-in with coffee. So, how did coffee go from humble plant to one of the world's most consumed beverages? Jonathan Morris traces the history of this energizing elixir.\n\nLesson by Jonathan Morris, directed by Harry Tennant.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-humanity-got-hooked-on-coffee-jonathan-morris\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-humanity-got-hooked-on-coffee-jonathan-morris/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://harrytennant.co.uk\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek and Dennis.", "publishedAt": "2024-03-05T16:01:19Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.628, "duration": 3.129, "text": "In the 5th century, \nGreek physician Hippocrates," }, { "start": 10.757, "duration": 4.004, "text": "creator of the Hippocratic Oath,\nwas sailing with a very ill shipmaster." }, { "start": 15.178, "duration": 2.335, "text": "The captain was suffering\na nasty infection" }, { "start": 17.513, "duration": 3.921, "text": "that caused his jaws to press together,\nhis teeth to lock up," }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and the muscles in his neck and spine\nto spasm." }, { "start": 24.562, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Hippocrates dutifully recorded\nthese symptoms," }, { "start": 27.065, "duration": 2.502, "text": "but he was unable to treat\nthe mysterious disease." }, { "start": 29.567, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And six days later,\nthe shipmaster succumbed to his illness." }, { "start": 34.072, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Today, we know this account to be one\nof the first recorded cases of tetanus," }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and thankfully, modern physicians\nare much more prepared" }, { "start": 41.12, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to handle this peculiar infection. " }, { "start": 43.498, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Unlike other common bacterial infections\nlike tuberculosis and strep throat," }, { "start": 48.169, "duration": 2.586, "text": "tetanus doesn’t pass\nfrom person to person." }, { "start": 51.005, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Instead, the offending bacterium,\nknown as Clostridium tetani," }, { "start": 55.343, "duration": 2.544, "text": "infects the body\nthrough cuts and abrasions." }, { "start": 58.137, "duration": 3.671, "text": "These infection sites are why tetanus\nis so strongly associated" }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 3.795, "text": "with rusty nails and scrap metal,\nwhich can cause such wounds," }, { "start": 66.187, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but the condition's connection to rust\nis actually much less direct." }, { "start": 70.983, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Clostridium tetani bacteria are often\nfound in soil, manure, and dead leaves," }, { "start": 76.03, "duration": 2.795, "text": "where they can survive for years\nin the form of spores," }, { "start": 78.825, "duration": 2.627, "text": "even amidst extreme heat and dryness." }, { "start": 81.452, "duration": 3.921, "text": "These piles of organic material can\nsit undisturbed for long periods," }, { "start": 85.373, "duration": 3.462, "text": "potentially concealing old metal,\nwhich rusts over time." }, { "start": 89.043, "duration": 3.837, "text": "So, if someone does blunder into this\nenvironment and cuts themselves," }, { "start": 92.964, "duration": 2.46, "text": "it would likely increase\ntheir odds of infection." }, { "start": 95.55, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Especially since rusty metal can create\njagged wounds" }, { "start": 98.761, "duration": 3.962, "text": "with lots of deoxygenated dead tissue\nfor them to latch on to." }, { "start": 103.224, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Once in the body, the spores\nbegin to germinate." }, { "start": 105.852, "duration": 4.879, "text": "This process releases several toxins,\nincluding deadly tetanus toxin." }, { "start": 110.94, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Nerve endings soak up this toxin," }, { "start": 113.025, "duration": 4.046, "text": "drawing it into the brain and spinal cord\nwhere it wreaks havoc on interneurons." }, { "start": 117.405, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Typically, these work alongside motor\nneurons to regulate our muscle actions," }, { "start": 121.742, "duration": 4.171, "text": "from endeavors as complex as kicking\na ball to those as simple as breathing." }, { "start": 126.122, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But by blocking neurotransmitters\nreleased by interneurons," }, { "start": 129.375, "duration": 4.338, "text": "tetanus toxin causes uncontrollable\nmuscle contractions and spasms." }, { "start": 134.088, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Typically within 7 to 10 days\nof infection," }, { "start": 136.924, "duration": 4.713, "text": "patients begin experiencing general aches,\ntrouble swallowing, and lockjaw." }, { "start": 142.054, "duration": 2.336, "text": "The head and neck tend\nto show symptoms first." }, { "start": 144.557, "duration": 3.879, "text": "But as the toxin spreads,\nstronger muscle groups become more rigid," }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 2.335, "text": "leading to a frightening arching\nof the back." }, { "start": 151.606, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Left untreated, these spasms\nbecome more extreme," }, { "start": 154.734, "duration": 3.211, "text": "eventually seizing the muscles\nin the windpipe and chest," }, { "start": 158.07, "duration": 4.088, "text": "leading patients to suffocate\nwithin 72 hours of symptoms appearing." }, { "start": 162.825, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Without treatment, tetanus has\nan extremely low rate of survival." }, { "start": 167.163, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But fortunately, medical professionals\nhave developed a robust plan" }, { "start": 171.209, "duration": 2.043, "text": "to handle a tetanus diagnosis." }, { "start": 173.628, "duration": 4.337, "text": "First, doctors clean the infected wound\nand administer antibiotics," }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 3.462, "text": "killing the bacteria and preventing\nfurther toxin production." }, { "start": 181.886, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Then, they inject antitoxin to neutralize\nany tetanus toxin" }, { "start": 186.39, "duration": 3.379, "text": "still in the body that has yet to enter\nthe central nervous system." }, { "start": 190.228, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Finally, patients begin a several week\nperiod of supportive care," }, { "start": 194.44, "duration": 3.003, "text": "which can include muscle relaxants\nto stop spasms" }, { "start": 197.526, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and ventilators to prevent suffocation." }, { "start": 200.321, "duration": 4.713, "text": "In the days of Hippocrates, the only\ncourse of treatment was to wait and hope." }, { "start": 205.66, "duration": 3.878, "text": "But now we know the best time to tackle\nClostridium tetani" }, { "start": 209.538, "duration": 2.586, "text": "is before an infection even takes place." }, { "start": 212.667, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Tetanus vaccines— originally developed\nin the early 1920s—" }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 3.253, "text": "are crucial to preventing tetanus\nand stopping its spread." }, { "start": 219.465, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Experts recommend a series of shots and\nboosters beginning at two months old" }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and ending around age 12." }, { "start": 225.763, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Yet over 20,000 infants still die\nof tetanus every year," }, { "start": 230.184, "duration": 4.254, "text": "mostly in low and middle income countries\nwhere vaccine access is limited," }, { "start": 234.438, "duration": 2.92, "text": "including South Asia\nand sub-Saharan Africa." }, { "start": 237.858, "duration": 4.38, "text": "And newborn babies are especially at risk\nif their mothers are unvaccinated," }, { "start": 242.446, "duration": 3.838, "text": "as Clostridium tetani can infect\na newborn's umbilical stump." }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Though vaccinating mothers during\npregnancy can help with this problem." }, { "start": 250.454, "duration": 3.879, "text": "The fact is tetanus remains a significant\nthreat to human health." }, { "start": 254.542, "duration": 1.543, "text": "So people should get vaccinated" }, { "start": 256.085, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and take measures to prevent infection\nafter cutting themselves—" }, { "start": 259.255, "duration": 4.129, "text": "whether it’s on a rusty nail\nor a 2,400-year-old ship anchor." } ] }, { "video_id": "5wVJeq4mLL0", "title": "Will the real Fernando please stand up? - Ilan Stavans", "description": "Get to know the life of enigmatic poet and writer Fernando Pessoa, who wrote not as himself but as other people he invented.\n\n--\n\nOn November 30th, 1935, dozens of writers passed away. They came from different backgrounds, espoused divergent beliefs, and wrote in a variety of styles. Yet almost 30,000 pages of their work was stashed in a trunk in an apartment in Lisbon, Portugal. So, what mysterious string tied all these writers together? Ilan Stavans explores the enigmatic life of Fernando Pessoa and his many identities.\n\nLesson by Ilan Stavans, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/these-70-writers-are-actually-all-the-same-person-ilan-stavans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/these-70-writers-are-actually-all-the-same-person-ilan-stavans/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr/?hl=fr \nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu and David D.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-29T16:00:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.42, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In the 1980s, the world\nfaced a huge problem:" }, { "start": 11.34, "duration": 3.212, "text": "there was a rapidly expanding hole \nin the ozone layer." }, { "start": 14.719, "duration": 2.586, "text": "So, what happened? \nAnd is it still there?" }, { "start": 17.889, "duration": 1.501, "text": "Let’s go back to the beginning." }, { "start": 19.39, "duration": 2.211, "text": "The Sun makes life on Earth possible," }, { "start": 21.601, "duration": 5.213, "text": "but too much exposure to its UV radiation\ndamages plant and animal DNA." }, { "start": 27.023, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Thankfully, about 98% of that radiation \nis absorbed by ozone molecules" }, { "start": 32.612, "duration": 1.668, "text": "dispersed in the stratosphere," }, { "start": 34.405, "duration": 3.671, "text": "which are continuously broken apart \nand reformed in this process," }, { "start": 38.076, "duration": 2.21, "text": "maintaining a delicate equilibrium." }, { "start": 40.578, "duration": 5.839, "text": "But in the early 1970s, two chemists—\nMario Molina and Sherwood Rowland—" }, { "start": 46.417, "duration": 5.756, "text": "demonstrated that widely used chemicals\ncalled chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs," }, { "start": 52.173, "duration": 1.418, "text": "could upset this balance." }, { "start": 54.3, "duration": 4.463, "text": "CFCs were developed in the 1920s \nby three US-based corporations" }, { "start": 58.763, "duration": 1.96, "text": "as coolants for refrigerators." }, { "start": 61.057, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Unlike existing alternatives— \nsuch as ammonia or methyl chloride—" }, { "start": 65.144, "duration": 2.962, "text": "CFCs were non-flammable and non-toxic—" }, { "start": 68.106, "duration": 3.503, "text": "meaning they wouldn't burst into flames\nor cause deadly gas leaks." }, { "start": 72.11, "duration": 4.129, "text": "They also made great propellants, \nfoaming agents, and fire-retardants." }, { "start": 76.656, "duration": 4.045, "text": "CFCs soon found their way into a variety\nof everyday items" }, { "start": 80.701, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and became a multi-billion dollar\nper year industry." }, { "start": 83.996, "duration": 5.047, "text": "In the lower atmosphere, CFCs don’t\nbreak down or react with other molecules." }, { "start": 89.21, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But Molina and Rowland showed\nthat in the stratosphere," }, { "start": 92.38, "duration": 3.545, "text": "they're broken apart by UV light,\nreleasing chlorine atoms." }, { "start": 96.175, "duration": 1.752, "text": "These then react with ozone," }, { "start": 97.927, "duration": 2.461, "text": "destroying it faster \nthan it can be replenished." }, { "start": 100.429, "duration": 4.13, "text": "A single chlorine atom can destroy\nthousands of ozone molecules" }, { "start": 104.559, "duration": 4.129, "text": "before finally reacting with something \nelse and forming a stable molecule." }, { "start": 108.855, "duration": 1.876, "text": "Seeing the threat to their bottom line," }, { "start": 110.731, "duration": 3.671, "text": "CFC producers pushed back \nto discredit the scientists," }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 2.836, "text": "even accusing them of working for the KGB." }, { "start": 117.864, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Initial estimates showed\nthat within 60 years," }, { "start": 121.033, "duration": 3.629, "text": "CFCs could reduce ozone\nconcentrations by 7%." }, { "start": 124.745, "duration": 5.423, "text": "But by 1985, it became clear that ozone\ndepletion, especially over Antarctica," }, { "start": 130.168, "duration": 1.793, "text": "was happening much faster." }, { "start": 132.128, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Here, the extremely cold temperatures\nand unique structure of Antarctic clouds" }, { "start": 136.757, "duration": 1.544, "text": "accelerated ozone loss." }, { "start": 138.384, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Scientists stationed in Antarctica \nnoticed a massive drop" }, { "start": 141.721, "duration": 2.711, "text": "in overhead ozone occurring every spring." }, { "start": 144.432, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Satellite data revealed the vast\nextent of these losses" }, { "start": 147.935, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and chemical tests confirmed \nthat the cause was unquestionably CFCs." }, { "start": 153.608, "duration": 3.712, "text": "NASA soon released visualizations, \nwhich were broadcast around the world" }, { "start": 157.32, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and captured public attention." }, { "start": 159.405, "duration": 4.213, "text": "If ozone depletion continued, \nrates of skin cancer would skyrocket." }, { "start": 163.868, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Photosynthesis would be impaired,\nmaking plants—" }, { "start": 166.829, "duration": 1.835, "text": "including rice, wheat, and corn—" }, { "start": 168.664, "duration": 2.962, "text": "less productive and more susceptible\nto disease." }, { "start": 172.084, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Global agricultural production\nwould plummet," }, { "start": 174.795, "duration": 2.545, "text": "and entire ecosystems would collapse." }, { "start": 177.34, "duration": 5.046, "text": "But many politicians— weighing immediate\neconomic concerns over long-term ones—" }, { "start": 182.386, "duration": 1.71, "text": "disagreed about what to do." }, { "start": 184.222, "duration": 3.169, "text": "The fight to ban CFCs found\ntwo unlikely allies" }, { "start": 187.391, "duration": 4.255, "text": "in US President Ronald Reagan \nand UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher." }, { "start": 191.896, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Despite their general opposition\nto government regulation," }, { "start": 194.857, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Reagan, who had undergone treatment\nfor skin cancer," }, { "start": 197.61, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and Thatcher, \nwho was trained as a chemist," }, { "start": 200.112, "duration": 2.378, "text": "recognized the need for immediate action." }, { "start": 203.157, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The US and UK, along with Canada, Norway,\nSweden, and Finland," }, { "start": 207.453, "duration": 3.128, "text": "led calls for an international\nban on CFCs." }, { "start": 210.79, "duration": 3.545, "text": "In 1987, representatives signed\nthe Montreal Protocol," }, { "start": 214.335, "duration": 2.461, "text": "requiring the rapid phasing out of CFCs" }, { "start": 216.796, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and creating a fund to assist \nGlobal South countries" }, { "start": 219.799, "duration": 3.295, "text": "in obtaining affordable, \nnon-ozone depleting alternatives." }, { "start": 223.427, "duration": 2.837, "text": "It was later ratified by every country \non Earth—" }, { "start": 226.264, "duration": 2.502, "text": "the only treaty in history\nto achieve this." }, { "start": 229.392, "duration": 4.713, "text": "In 1995, Molina, Rowland, \nand their Dutch colleague Paul Crutzen," }, { "start": 234.105, "duration": 2.752, "text": "were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize \nin Chemistry." }, { "start": 237.233, "duration": 2.002, "text": "As the use of CFCs declined," }, { "start": 239.235, "duration": 1.793, "text": "the ozone hole began shrinking," }, { "start": 241.028, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and is predicted to disappear \nentirely by 2070." }, { "start": 244.824, "duration": 1.71, "text": "But we’re not out of the woods yet." }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 4.463, "text": "While the ban was a win for the climate,\nas CFCs are potent greenhouse gases," }, { "start": 250.997, "duration": 5.213, "text": "the alternatives that replaced them—\nhydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs— are too." }, { "start": 256.544, "duration": 2.294, "text": "While generally less potent than CFCs," }, { "start": 258.838, "duration": 3.253, "text": "HFCs still trap more heat\nthan carbon dioxide" }, { "start": 262.091, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and are contributing to climate change." }, { "start": 264.26, "duration": 3.295, "text": "To address this, in 2016, \nthe Kigali Amendment" }, { "start": 267.555, "duration": 1.877, "text": "was added to the Montreal Protocol," }, { "start": 269.432, "duration": 4.504, "text": "calling for an 85% cut \nin global HFCs by 2047." }, { "start": 273.936, "duration": 5.672, "text": "This alone could avoid up to 0.5°C of\nglobal warming by the end of the century." }, { "start": 279.984, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Today, as we face the existential threat\nof climate change," }, { "start": 283.279, "duration": 3.92, "text": "the Montreal Protocol serves as a model\nfor the decisive global cooperation" }, { "start": 287.199, "duration": 1.293, "text": "we need to combat it." }, { "start": 288.826, "duration": 3.42, "text": "The question is, what will it take \nfor us to come together again?" } ] }, { "video_id": "TXldnrwrBws", "title": "Can you solve the magical maze riddle? - Alex Rosenthal", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nToday is the annual wizard tournament featuring competitors from three schools, and you’re in charge. The wizards have entered the maze and compete in your chosen events in utmost secrecy; only you and they see what happens. But a dark wizard appears and casts a forgetting curse— throwing the results into question. Can you figure out who won the tournament? Alex Rosenthal shows how.\n\nLesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-wizard-tournament-riddle-alex-rosenthal\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-wizard-tournament-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-27T16:00:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 5.714, "text": "It was 1861, and Lone Bear was leading\nEagle Plume on his first-ever hunt." }, { "start": 12.967, "duration": 2.586, "text": "He paused and told Eagle Plume the rules:" }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 4.838, "text": "once he saw the bison herd, he needed\nto wait until someone older signaled;" }, { "start": 20.6, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and when it came time,\nto kill only what his horse could carry." }, { "start": 25.271, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Lone Bear advanced, then beckoned,\nand suddenly they were off." }, { "start": 30.985, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Eagle Plume and Lone Bear were Kiowa," }, { "start": 33.446, "duration": 4.129, "text": "which was one of several Indigenous groups\nthat lived on the Great Plains." }, { "start": 37.95, "duration": 4.296, "text": "By the mid-1700s, many Plains nations\nwere using horses" }, { "start": 42.246, "duration": 5.256, "text": "to hunt the area’s plentiful bison,\nNorth America’s largest land mammals." }, { "start": 47.877, "duration": 1.96, "text": "They survived on bison meat," }, { "start": 49.837, "duration": 4.838, "text": "made the bison’s summer hides into lodges,\nand winter coats into blankets," }, { "start": 54.675, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and used bison bones and horns for tools\nand sinew as thread." }, { "start": 60.264, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But in the decades to come,\nmillions of bison will be slaughtered," }, { "start": 64.06, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and the Plains societies’ survival\nand cultures fundamentally—" }, { "start": 68.231, "duration": 1.96, "text": "and deliberately— threatened." }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 1.918, "text": "After the American Civil War," }, { "start": 73.027, "duration": 3.462, "text": "thousands of US settlers began\noccupying the Plains," }, { "start": 76.489, "duration": 2.586, "text": "intent on exploiting\nits natural resources." }, { "start": 79.242, "duration": 4.838, "text": "During the 1860s, Plains nations pushed\nback against the US military." }, { "start": 84.705, "duration": 2.795, "text": "William Sherman resented\nthe army’s defeats." }, { "start": 87.625, "duration": 4.963, "text": "His ruthless military tactics had recently\nhelped end the American Civil War." }, { "start": 92.672, "duration": 4.504, "text": "And, in 1869, he was appointed\nthe US Army’s Commanding General." }, { "start": 97.593, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Now, his focus was on what he called\n“the Indian problem.”" }, { "start": 102.265, "duration": 3.92, "text": "US government officials were determined\nto force Native American people" }, { "start": 106.185, "duration": 3.337, "text": "into designated areas\nthey called reservations." }, { "start": 109.897, "duration": 2.503, "text": "This way, they could\ncontrol Indigenous people" }, { "start": 112.4, "duration": 3.545, "text": "while US settlers and companies\nprofited off their land." }, { "start": 116.237, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Sherman pledged to stay out west,\nin his words," }, { "start": 119.615, "duration": 5.214, "text": "“till the Indians are all killed or taken\nto a country where they can be watched.”" }, { "start": 125.58, "duration": 2.168, "text": "Meanwhile, the demand for leather," }, { "start": 127.748, "duration": 4.547, "text": "like the kind used for belting to connect\nindustrial machinery, boomed." }, { "start": 132.545, "duration": 3.295, "text": "To meet the demand, US hunters\narmed with rifles" }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 2.669, "text": "killed bison all across the Plains." }, { "start": 138.801, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Sherman and other military officials" }, { "start": 141.095, "duration": 2.92, "text": "realized they could meet\ntheir goal passively," }, { "start": 144.015, "duration": 4.212, "text": "by letting this lurching\nindustrial economy run unchecked." }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Their idea was that,\nif hunters depleted the bison," }, { "start": 151.814, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Plains Indigenous peoples would be\nstarved into submission." }, { "start": 156.444, "duration": 3.211, "text": "One US colonel told\na visiting British lieutenant," }, { "start": 159.655, "duration": 5.923, "text": "“Kill every buffalo you can!\nEvery buffalo dead is an Indian gone.”" }, { "start": 166.537, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The US military refused to enforce\ntreaties that barred civilian hunters" }, { "start": 170.917, "duration": 1.501, "text": "from tribal territory," }, { "start": 172.418, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and it sometimes provided hunters\nwith protection and ammunition." }, { "start": 177.715, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Many hide hunters killed 50 bison a day." }, { "start": 180.968, "duration": 3.045, "text": "During a two-month span in 1876," }, { "start": 184.013, "duration": 4.546, "text": "one hunter killed 5,855 bison," }, { "start": 188.809, "duration": 4.505, "text": "the near-constant firing of his rifle\nleaving him deaf in one ear." }, { "start": 193.814, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Some of the bison the hunters shot\nwandered away and died." }, { "start": 196.901, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Commonly, the hunters would only retrieve\nthe bison's hides and tongues," }, { "start": 201.155, "duration": 1.752, "text": "leaving the rest to rot." }, { "start": 203.241, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Inexperienced skinners destroyed hides\nas they flayed them." }, { "start": 207.036, "duration": 4.463, "text": "And bison carcasses that were left\nwere torn to pieces by other animals." }, { "start": 211.749, "duration": 3.378, "text": "So hunters began lacing bison meat\nwith poison" }, { "start": 215.127, "duration": 2.461, "text": "so they could also collect wolf pelts." }, { "start": 218.339, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Native American people protested," }, { "start": 220.258, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and humanitarian and animal rights groups\ntried to intervene" }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 2.169, "text": "as the bison population plummeted." }, { "start": 226.472, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Legislation that would make bison hunting\nillegal in federal territories" }, { "start": 230.434, "duration": 4.964, "text": "even passed Congress in 1874—\nbut the US President vetoed it." }, { "start": 235.648, "duration": 2.753, "text": "After all, the sordid strategy\nwas working:" }, { "start": 238.401, "duration": 5.213, "text": "many Plains nations faced starvation\nand were being forced onto reservations." }, { "start": 244.156, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Back in 1800, tens of millions of bison\nswept the Great Plains." }, { "start": 248.786, "duration": 3.67, "text": "By 1900, there were\nfewer than 1,000 in existence." }, { "start": 252.623, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Some wealthy US citizens created bison\npreserves which helped save the species." }, { "start": 257.878, "duration": 3.254, "text": "But the preserves functioned mainly\nas tourist attractions," }, { "start": 261.132, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and some of them carved even more land\noff Native American reservations." }, { "start": 266.262, "duration": 5.505, "text": "As of 2021, the bison population\nhad grown to around 500,000." }, { "start": 271.976, "duration": 2.794, "text": "A vast majority live on private ranches." }, { "start": 274.77, "duration": 4.672, "text": "In recent years, Plains nations have\nreintroduced some 20,000 bison" }, { "start": 279.442, "duration": 1.334, "text": "to tribal lands." }, { "start": 280.943, "duration": 2.586, "text": "They aim to heal and restore\nthe relationship" }, { "start": 283.529, "duration": 3.337, "text": "that was so flagrantly attacked\nduring the bison slaughter." } ] }, { "video_id": "kOVdiDUlNsg", "title": "The warrior who defeated the mighty Mughals - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Trace Malik Ambar’s historic rise from enslaved youth to brilliant military tactician and kingmaker in the Indian sultanate.\n\n--\n\nIn 1624, Mughal Emperor Jahangir received word of yet another defeat at the hands of his greatest enemy: Malik Ambar. Jahangir was so obsessed with defeating his rival, he commissioned a painting of himself shooting an arrow at Ambar’s skull. So, who was this brilliant tactician? And how did he come into power? Stephanie Honchell Smith shares Ambar's rise from enslaved youth to kingmaker.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Layron DeJarnette, Gumboyo.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/from-enslaved-to-kingmaker-malik-ambar-s-legendary-rise-to-power-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/from-enslaved-to-kingmaker-malik-ambar-s-legendary-rise-to-power-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.gumboyo.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús and Karthik Cherala.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-22T16:00:44Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 1.502, "text": "In a 2008 study," }, { "start": 8.463, "duration": 4.045, "text": "psychologists asked participants\nto rate the steepness of a hill." }, { "start": 12.967, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Those who were accompanied\nby a good friend" }, { "start": 15.428, "duration": 4.087, "text": "judged the hill to be less steep\nthan people who were alone." }, { "start": 20.308, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This is just one of many ways friendships\ncan change how we see and move" }, { "start": 24.479, "duration": 1.167, "text": "through the world." }, { "start": 25.98, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Friendships can boost\nour academic performance," }, { "start": 28.524, "duration": 3.837, "text": "help us deal with setbacks,\nand even improve our health." }, { "start": 32.904, "duration": 3.795, "text": "And the relationships we form\nin our childhood and teenage years" }, { "start": 36.699, "duration": 3.796, "text": "can shape our beliefs, values,\nand emotional growth." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 2.253, "text": "It's clear that friendships are important," }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 3.92, "text": "but making and maintaining friends\nisn't always easy." }, { "start": 47.251, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Let's start at the beginning." }, { "start": 48.753, "duration": 3.837, "text": "If you struggle with approaching new\npeople, you are far from alone." }, { "start": 52.84, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In a series of studies, participants had\nconversations of varying lengths " }, { "start": 56.969, "duration": 1.21, "text": "with strangers." }, { "start": 58.179, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Afterward, they were asked to estimate\nhow much they thought" }, { "start": 61.265, "duration": 1.585, "text": "each stranger liked them." }, { "start": 63.267, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Across the board,\nparticipants rated their own likability" }, { "start": 67.063, "duration": 3.295, "text": "much lower than others\nhad actually rated them." }, { "start": 70.858, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Scientists dubbed this tendency\nto underestimate how much others" }, { "start": 74.57, "duration": 2.836, "text": "enjoy our company as the “liking gap.”" }, { "start": 77.74, "duration": 1.919, "text": "So, before meeting new people," }, { "start": 79.659, "duration": 2.669, "text": "it may be helpful to psych yourself up" }, { "start": 82.328, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and remember that others like you\nmore than you think." }, { "start": 86.082, "duration": 3.336, "text": "You may even want to enter these\nconversations assuming" }, { "start": 89.418, "duration": 2.002, "text": "that the other person will like you." }, { "start": 91.754, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Known as the “acceptance prophecy,”" }, { "start": 94.257, "duration": 3.42, "text": "psychologists find that when people\nexpect to be well-liked," }, { "start": 97.885, "duration": 4.505, "text": "they often unknowingly come\nacross as warmer and friendlier." }, { "start": 102.64, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And the more new people you meet,\nthe more confident you’ll likely feel." }, { "start": 107.353, "duration": 4.838, "text": "In one study, people who talked to just\none new person each day for a week" }, { "start": 112.275, "duration": 2.586, "text": "reported feeling less afraid of rejection," }, { "start": 115.111, "duration": 2.586, "text": "more secure in their\nconversational skills," }, { "start": 117.697, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and more excited to meet\nnew people overall." }, { "start": 121.45, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Next, what’s happening when relationships\ngrow from casual acquaintances" }, { "start": 125.621, "duration": 1.335, "text": "to confidants?" }, { "start": 127.331, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Psychologists have identified two key\nfeatures of more intimate friendships:" }, { "start": 132.086, "duration": 2.169, "text": "companionship and closeness." }, { "start": 134.547, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Companionship is defined as the rapport\nor understanding" }, { "start": 138.176, "duration": 4.212, "text": "that blooms between people with \nsimilar hobbies, interests, or values." }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Sometimes, just being in the same class\nor team is enough" }, { "start": 146.184, "duration": 1.501, "text": "to build this connection." }, { "start": 147.768, "duration": 2.837, "text": "And companionship has many benefits—" }, { "start": 150.688, "duration": 5.38, "text": "it’s been shown to improve self-esteem\nand increase our resilience to stress." }, { "start": 156.235, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Closeness, on the other hand,\nlooks different for every relationship." }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 3.42, "text": "It might mean supporting each other\nthrough difficult times" }, { "start": 164.243, "duration": 3.212, "text": "or feeling comfortable sharing\nyour thoughts and feelings." }, { "start": 167.705, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But not every friendship has to get deeply\npersonal, especially at first." }, { "start": 172.293, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Simply telling a friend about your day\nor sharing your interests" }, { "start": 175.796, "duration": 1.877, "text": "can help build closeness." }, { "start": 177.965, "duration": 2.878, "text": "While every friendship develops\non its own timeline," }, { "start": 180.843, "duration": 1.752, "text": "consistency can help," }, { "start": 182.678, "duration": 3.796, "text": "which can include sticking to plans,\nchatting regularly," }, { "start": 186.515, "duration": 2.837, "text": "and remembering the things that\nare important to each other." }, { "start": 189.56, "duration": 3.003, "text": "This holds true even for\nlong-distance friendships." }, { "start": 192.688, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Chatting and texting can keep these\nrelationships strong—" }, { "start": 196.609, "duration": 3.629, "text": "as long as they remain intimate,\ntrusting, and consistent." }, { "start": 201.072, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Yet even the closest friendships\nhit rough patches." }, { "start": 204.408, "duration": 2.711, "text": "This is especially true\nfor teenage friendships," }, { "start": 207.119, "duration": 4.046, "text": "when people often navigate different types\nof challenges for the first time." }, { "start": 211.749, "duration": 4.296, "text": "For example, there might be a situation\nthat puts two friends in competition—" }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 2.294, "text": "like applying to the same college." }, { "start": 218.756, "duration": 3.795, "text": "One might betray the other's confidence\nor make a hurtful comment." }, { "start": 223.01, "duration": 5.464, "text": "And these relationships can also falter\nwhen one person feels unable or unwilling" }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 3.045, "text": "to support the other\nthrough challenging situations—" }, { "start": 231.519, "duration": 3.628, "text": "like breakups, illnesses,\nor personal tragedies." }, { "start": 235.648, "duration": 4.379, "text": "The most surefire way to deal\nwith rifts is to talk about them." }, { "start": 240.403, "duration": 3.128, "text": "These conversations can\nbe tough and awkward." }, { "start": 243.698, "duration": 2.043, "text": "But if they’re approached\nin the right way," }, { "start": 245.825, "duration": 2.878, "text": "they can strengthen friendships\nin the long run." }, { "start": 249.245, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Before these difficult conversations," }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 3.42, "text": "try to remind yourselves\nto show up without judgment." }, { "start": 255.209, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Avoid getting too defensive\nor making accusations—" }, { "start": 258.629, "duration": 6.507, "text": "instead, share how the situation is making\nyou feel and invite them to do the same." }, { "start": 265.678, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Some friendships naturally come to an end." }, { "start": 268.764, "duration": 1.335, "text": "Others change." }, { "start": 270.266, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Whether new buddies or lifelong pals," }, { "start": 273.227, "duration": 3.629, "text": "all friendships can benefit\nfrom building healthy habits." }, { "start": 276.939, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And it’s never too late\nto make a new friend." } ] }, { "video_id": "teJAmgiMVIo", "title": "When ancient wisdom beats modern industry - Rebecca Webster", "description": "Get to know the story of the Three Sisters, and what we can learn about sustainably growing food from Indigenous practices.\n\n--\n\nSuffering illness and despair, Chief Handsome Lake prepared for death. Then, he had a vision. He was walking through a planted field and heard a woman call out. She told him that the recent devastation had left her and her sisters with little hope for the future and asked if they could join him on his journey toward death. Who were these women? Rebecca Webster shares the tale of the Three Sisters.\n\nLesson by Rebecca Webster, directed by Luisa Holanda.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-mystery-of-the-lost-sisters-rebecca-webster\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-mystery-of-the-lost-sisters-rebecca-webster/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.luisaholanda.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia and Denise A Pitts.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-20T16:01:43Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.212, "text": "An undulating sky melds\ninto the landscape," }, { "start": 10.339, "duration": 3.212, "text": "two silhouettes move\nalong a balustraded walkway," }, { "start": 13.634, "duration": 3.838, "text": "and a ghostly figure’s features\nextend in agony." }, { "start": 17.764, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Since Norwegian artist Edvard Munch\ncreated “The Scream” in 1893," }, { "start": 22.894, "duration": 3.128, "text": "it’s become one of the world’s\nmost famous artworks." }, { "start": 26.147, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But why has its cry traveled so far\nand endured so long?" }, { "start": 31.277, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Munch was born in 1863,\none of five children." }, { "start": 34.947, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Tuberculosis devastated Europe\nthroughout the 1800s," }, { "start": 38.451, "duration": 2.502, "text": "killing almost a quarter of all adults." }, { "start": 41.037, "duration": 2.794, "text": "It took Munch’s mother’s life,\nthen his elder sister’s." }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Soon after, Munch had his own bout\nof the disease." }, { "start": 46.751, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Another of his sisters experienced\nmental illness" }, { "start": 49.545, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and lived much of her life\nin an institution." }, { "start": 52.673, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Meanwhile, Munch flitted in and out\nof school due to illness," }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 2.127, "text": "often spending days at home," }, { "start": 58.304, "duration": 4.171, "text": "drawing and listening to the ominous\nstories his father read aloud." }, { "start": 62.767, "duration": 5.088, "text": "A devout Lutheran, his father considered\nMunch’s artistic ambitions unholy." }, { "start": 68.022, "duration": 4.046, "text": "“I inherited the seeds of madness,”\nMunch wrote." }, { "start": 72.068, "duration": 4.421, "text": "“The angels of fear, sorrow, and death\nstood by my side" }, { "start": 76.489, "duration": 2.169, "text": "since the day I was born.”" }, { "start": 79.45, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Eventually, Munch moved to Berlin,\nwhere he frequented creative circles" }, { "start": 83.579, "duration": 2.586, "text": "committed to breaking\nwith academic tradition" }, { "start": 86.165, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and instead developing\ntheir crafts organically." }, { "start": 89.46, "duration": 2.211, "text": "While Munch had trained classically," }, { "start": 91.671, "duration": 4.087, "text": "he began immersing himself\nin what he called “soul painting”—" }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 5.547, "text": "compositions that prized raw, subjective\naffect over realistic rendering." }, { "start": 102.014, "duration": 2.962, "text": "“It’s not the chair that should\nbe painted,” he wrote," }, { "start": 105.059, "duration": 3.295, "text": "“but what a person has felt\nat the sight of it.”" }, { "start": 108.604, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Many of Munch’s works dealt\nwith personal suffering." }, { "start": 111.732, "duration": 2.586, "text": "This may have also led to what\ncertain critics observed" }, { "start": 114.318, "duration": 2.586, "text": "as unsympathetic portrayals of women" }, { "start": 116.904, "duration": 5.422, "text": "in works where Munch represented them as\ncruel predators victimizing hapless men." }, { "start": 122.493, "duration": 3.253, "text": "And death often haunted\nMunch’s compositions—" }, { "start": 125.746, "duration": 3.796, "text": "from a skeleton helming a boat\nto a morbid self-portrait" }, { "start": 129.542, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and his sister's final moments\nto a mother on her deathbed," }, { "start": 133.129, "duration": 3.545, "text": "her child assuming\na now-familiar expression." }, { "start": 137.008, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Munch’s art generated controversy—" }, { "start": 139.26, "duration": 3.545, "text": "some critics characterizing him\nas “absolutely demented”—" }, { "start": 142.805, "duration": 2.127, "text": "but it also drew acclaim." }, { "start": 145.016, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And what would become his most famous work\nwas just around the corner." }, { "start": 149.145, "duration": 3.67, "text": "“The Scream” was inspired by a moment\nthat overwhelmed Munch" }, { "start": 152.815, "duration": 2.211, "text": "with an acute sense of anguish." }, { "start": 155.151, "duration": 3.962, "text": "In a diary entry marked\nJanuary 22nd, 1892," }, { "start": 159.113, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Munch described walking with\ntwo friends along a fjord" }, { "start": 162.2, "duration": 2.836, "text": "overlooking what’s now Oslo at sunset." }, { "start": 165.453, "duration": 5.088, "text": "He leaned against a fence, exhausted,\nas he saw the sky change suddenly." }, { "start": 170.666, "duration": 6.215, "text": "He described “blood and tongues of fire\nabove the blue-black fjord and the city.”" }, { "start": 177.048, "duration": 5.13, "text": "As his friends walked on, Munch wrote,\n“I stood there trembling with anxiety—" }, { "start": 182.303, "duration": 4.546, "text": "and I sensed an infinite scream\npassing through nature.”" }, { "start": 187.225, "duration": 5.005, "text": "As with other painful experiences,\nMunch revisited the scene repeatedly." }, { "start": 192.563, "duration": 3.879, "text": "First, he depicted it with a more\nrecognizably human subject." }, { "start": 196.442, "duration": 4.087, "text": "But the following year, he surrendered\nit to dramatic, abstracted symbolism," }, { "start": 200.529, "duration": 3.087, "text": "the haunting expression\non the figure’s skull-like face" }, { "start": 203.616, "duration": 2.252, "text": "meeting the viewer’s gaze directly." }, { "start": 206.118, "duration": 4.046, "text": "On this first version,\nhe added a subtle, wry inscription:" }, { "start": 210.289, "duration": 3.128, "text": "“Could only have been painted\nby a madman!”" }, { "start": 213.668, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Based on Munch’s account, many think\nthe figure isn’t emitting the shriek" }, { "start": 217.63, "duration": 1.793, "text": "but reacting to it." }, { "start": 219.465, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Munch eventually made four versions\nof “The Scream”—" }, { "start": 222.26, "duration": 3.461, "text": "all on cardboard, two with pastel,\ntwo with paint—" }, { "start": 225.721, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and he created numerous prints\nand lithographs." }, { "start": 228.849, "duration": 3.796, "text": "The year following the first “Scream,”\nhe depicted the same setting" }, { "start": 232.645, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but featured a collection\nof despairing faces." }, { "start": 235.94, "duration": 5.13, "text": "In late 1893, Munch premiered “The Scream”\nat a solo exhibit in Berlin." }, { "start": 241.153, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The artwork’s bold composition helped\nfuel the Expressionist movement," }, { "start": 245.157, "duration": 3.504, "text": "which likewise emphasized\nstark psychological states," }, { "start": 248.661, "duration": 4.046, "text": "mapping the emotional contours\nof World War I and beyond." }, { "start": 252.915, "duration": 2.211, "text": "“The Scream” continued its crescendo." }, { "start": 255.209, "duration": 2.753, "text": "When it entered the public domain\nin the mid-1900s," }, { "start": 257.962, "duration": 3.378, "text": "new renditions and reproductions\nbolstered its fame." }, { "start": 261.424, "duration": 2.919, "text": "It featured in popular films\nduring the 1990s," }, { "start": 264.343, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and both painted versions of “The Scream”\nwere stolen and recovered" }, { "start": 267.763, "duration": 4.296, "text": "in separate heists in 1994 and 2004." }, { "start": 272.268, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Soon enough, it was a widely accepted\narchetypal symbol for horror and angst." }, { "start": 278.024, "duration": 3.169, "text": "A “Scream”-inspired emoji was\neventually implemented." }, { "start": 281.235, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And, considering how to mark hazardous\nsites so far-off future generations" }, { "start": 285.197, "duration": 1.377, "text": "could know to avoid them," }, { "start": 286.574, "duration": 3.962, "text": "the US government has considered\nusing “The Scream” expression." }, { "start": 290.661, "duration": 3.587, "text": "While its myriad cultural influences\nmay not always reflect" }, { "start": 294.248, "duration": 2.795, "text": "the personal agony\nMunch initially rendered," }, { "start": 297.043, "duration": 4.713, "text": "“The Scream” has certainly found\na near universal echo." } ] }, { "video_id": "asbbhyHBSKU", "title": "Why can't you put metal in a microwave? - Aaron Slepkov", "description": "Dig into the science of how microwave ovens use electromagnetic waves to heat your food, and what you should avoid cooking in them.\n\n--\n\nIn 1945, engineer Percy Spencer was standing near a RADAR device that produced high-intensity microwaves and noticed that his candy bar had melted. He then exposed popcorn kernels to the magnetron device, and sure enough, they popped. Soon after, the first microwave oven became available, using the very same technology. So, how does it work? Aaron Slepkov explores the science of microwave ovens.\n\nLesson by Aaron Slepkov, directed by Yuriy Polyashko, Darvideo Animation Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-can-t-you-put-metal-in-a-microwave-aaron-slepkov\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-can-t-you-put-metal-in-a-microwave-aaron-slepkov/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://darvideo.tv\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson and Thawsitt.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-15T16:00:07Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Pandora was having a decisively bad day." }, { "start": 11.132, "duration": 2.628, "text": "She didn’t set out to open the box;" }, { "start": 13.76, "duration": 3.461, "text": "if anything, she’d resisted\nwith every ounce of her will." }, { "start": 17.346, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But her curiosity got the better of her," }, { "start": 20.391, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and a cavalcade of evils\nof every shape and size spilled out." }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 3.795, "text": "By the time she'd slammed\nthe front door of her home shut," }, { "start": 28.066, "duration": 6.631, "text": "only 10 minor imps— of wrath, greed,\ngluttony, and sloth varieties—" }, { "start": 34.864, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and three greater demons remained." }, { "start": 38.201, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Pandora tried desperately\nto get them under control," }, { "start": 42.371, "duration": 3.045, "text": "but they resisted and pounded\nat the windows." }, { "start": 45.5, "duration": 2.127, "text": "“This is hopeless!” she cried." }, { "start": 48.086, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The first greater demon turned\nto Pandora and said," }, { "start": 52.507, "duration": 4.421, "text": "“Hope? Hope is still here.\nI just made her look like an imp." }, { "start": 56.928, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Because that’s the kind of bad guy I am!”" }, { "start": 59.639, "duration": 4.921, "text": "He whispered in the ears of the two\nother demons and continued." }, { "start": 64.936, "duration": 1.668, "text": "“To make things interesting," }, { "start": 66.604, "duration": 5.464, "text": "I just told Abaddon which variety\nof imp Hope is," }, { "start": 72.193, "duration": 5.255, "text": "and Beelzebub how many eyes\nshe has. Bye!”" }, { "start": 77.907, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Abaddon taunted Beelzebub by saying," }, { "start": 81.077, "duration": 2.753, "text": "“I know you don’t know which one she is.”" }, { "start": 84.163, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Beelzebub responded, “Well, I didn’t\nbefore, but now I know.”" }, { "start": 89.085, "duration": 5.38, "text": "To which Abaddon replied in a huff,\n“Then I also know which one she is.”" }, { "start": 94.799, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And both left in a hurry,\nwithout so much as a farewell." }, { "start": 100.096, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Pandora knows her only chance\nto fix this mess is to capture Hope" }, { "start": 105.852, "duration": 3.253, "text": "before the imps all escape her home." }, { "start": 109.438, "duration": 1.711, "text": "But which one is she?" }, { "start": 111.149, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 113.651, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 116.154, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 118.656, "duration": 4.922, "text": "This problem originally took\nthe world by storm in 2015" }, { "start": 123.661, "duration": 4.963, "text": "when Dr. Joseph Yeo Boon Wooi\nposed it as Cheryl’s birthday problem," }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 1.293, "text": "and for good reason." }, { "start": 130.001, "duration": 5.422, "text": "The logic requires simultaneously\nmodeling three different perspectives—" }, { "start": 135.506, "duration": 6.507, "text": "ours, Abaddon’s and Beelzebub’s,\nwhom we’ll call A and B from now on." }, { "start": 142.763, "duration": 6.09, "text": "This puzzle is much more approachable if\nwe start by doing what Pandora could not:" }, { "start": 149.103, "duration": 3.253, "text": "cramming all of these imps into a box..." }, { "start": 152.44, "duration": 2.294, "text": "in this case, of the table variety." }, { "start": 155.151, "duration": 4.254, "text": "One key thing to note is that unlike\nmany logic problems," }, { "start": 159.447, "duration": 2.377, "text": "the order of statements matters here," }, { "start": 161.824, "duration": 4.797, "text": "because the two demons’ knowledge\nchanges over the course of the dialogue." }, { "start": 166.746, "duration": 2.294, "text": "So let's start with the first statement" }, { "start": 169.04, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and milk it for all it's worth\nbefore moving on." }, { "start": 172.752, "duration": 4.921, "text": "In it, A says to B, “I know you don’t know\nwhich one she is.”" }, { "start": 178.382, "duration": 3.212, "text": "At this point, A knows the imp type," }, { "start": 181.594, "duration": 5.464, "text": "but since there are multiple imps\nof each type, A doesn’t know who Hope is." }, { "start": 187.683, "duration": 2.336, "text": "The eyes, however, work differently;" }, { "start": 190.228, "duration": 4.838, "text": "if Hope had 3 or 5 eyes,\nB would know who she is." }, { "start": 195.816, "duration": 4.422, "text": "This step is where a lot of people\nsuccumb to a common pitfall." }, { "start": 200.488, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Because the important takeaway\nhere isn’t to just eliminate" }, { "start": 204.2, "duration": 2.377, "text": "the three- and five-eyed imps." }, { "start": 206.744, "duration": 4.213, "text": "It’s to eliminate the entire rows\nof the table that they’re in." }, { "start": 211.29, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Why?" }, { "start": 212.291, "duration": 5.381, "text": "The trick is to think about B’s\nperspective from A’s perspective." }, { "start": 218.172, "duration": 6.173, "text": "Through A’s eyes, the entire table\nboils down to one of these four options," }, { "start": 224.387, "duration": 3.044, "text": "because he knows which type the imp is." }, { "start": 227.723, "duration": 4.964, "text": "If he knew Hope was a greed imp,\nshe could have five eyes." }, { "start": 233.229, "duration": 5.297, "text": "There’s only one imp with five eyes,\nso B could know who Hope is." }, { "start": 238.734, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But A knows that B doesn’t know," }, { "start": 241.696, "duration": 4.754, "text": "so greed isn’t possible,\nnor, by the same reasoning, is wrath." }, { "start": 247.243, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Now we’re down to just five possible imps,\nand we can move on to the next statement," }, { "start": 252.832, "duration": 3.211, "text": "which we have to consider\nthrough B’s eyes." }, { "start": 256.377, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Critically, B is an expert logician,\nso anything we’ve figured out—" }, { "start": 261.549, "duration": 3.044, "text": "like that wrath and greed\nare off the table—" }, { "start": 264.76, "duration": 1.71, "text": "he’s also figured out." }, { "start": 266.929, "duration": 3.879, "text": "That, plus knowing how many eyes Hope has," }, { "start": 270.808, "duration": 2.503, "text": "allows him to figure out who she is." }, { "start": 273.519, "duration": 4.588, "text": "So she must be in a column\nthat has only one imp left," }, { "start": 278.232, "duration": 3.796, "text": "meaning we can eliminate\nboth one-eyed imps." }, { "start": 282.278, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Finally, let’s examine the last statement\nand switch back to A’s perspective." }, { "start": 287.95, "duration": 2.753, "text": "For A to now know who Hope is," }, { "start": 290.87, "duration": 3.003, "text": "there must be only one option\nleft in that row." }, { "start": 294.206, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Therefore, Hope must be\nthe six-eyed sloth imp." }, { "start": 299.795, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Before anyone else can escape," }, { "start": 301.922, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Pandora leaps into action\nand wrestles Hope to the ground." }, { "start": 306.344, "duration": 2.043, "text": "The world may be a mess," }, { "start": 308.387, "duration": 5.214, "text": "but at least she’s got a glimmer of...\nwell, you know." } ] }, { "video_id": "qWG2f9DwwpY", "title": "The Fijian myth of the greedy god - Raiana McKinney and Esther Wozniak", "description": "Dig into the Fijian myth of Dakuwaqa, the shape-shifting shark god who is determined to take over all of Fiji's islands.\n\n--\n\nLong ago, the ancestral gods of Fiji settled on the Pacific archipelago. They eventually metamorphosed into various forms, with the god Dakuwaqa transforming into a shark. But he was unsatisfied. He became proud and greedy and wanted to establish himself as the mightiest god, and dominate all of Fiji’s islands. Raiana McKinney and Esther Wozniak share the tale of Dakuwaqa’s quest for power. \n\nLesson by Raiana McKinney and Esther Wozniak, directed by KERO Animation.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-god-who-wanted-to-rule-the-seas-raiana-mckinney-and-esther-wozniak\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-god-who-wanted-to-rule-the-seas-raiana-mckinney-and-esther-wozniak/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.keroanimation.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O and Weronika Falkowska.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-13T16:00:38Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.545, "text": "These humpback whales have already\ncovered thousands of kilometers" }, { "start": 10.631, "duration": 3.963, "text": "on their migration from tropical breeding\ngrounds to colder feeding grounds." }, { "start": 14.802, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But one of these whales is about\nto take a detour." }, { "start": 17.263, "duration": 4.421, "text": "From several kilometers away, it hears\na group of orcas harassing a seal," }, { "start": 21.809, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and— as if answering a distress signal—\nit races off." }, { "start": 25.188, "duration": 2.627, "text": "The humpback charges\nthe 8-meter-long orcas," }, { "start": 27.815, "duration": 2.711, "text": "driving them away with its\nmassive pectoral flukes." }, { "start": 30.61, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Then, when the threat is gone,\nit swiftly returns to its journey." }, { "start": 34.447, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Humpbacks are known to mount these kinds\nof impromptu rescue missions." }, { "start": 38.034, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But why would they expend time and energy\nrisking their lives for a stray seal?" }, { "start": 42.538, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Isn’t nature a cruel and vicious place,\nwithout room for generosity?" }, { "start": 46.793, "duration": 1.126, "text": "Well, sort of." }, { "start": 48.044, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The publication of Charles Darwin’s\n“On the Origin of Species”" }, { "start": 51.798, "duration": 2.46, "text": "introduced the notion\nof survival of the fittest," }, { "start": 54.258, "duration": 3.087, "text": "creating a lasting vision of Earth’s\nstrongest animals dominating" }, { "start": 57.345, "duration": 1.209, "text": "the natural world. " }, { "start": 58.596, "duration": 2.628, "text": "But this isn’t what Darwin meant\nby fitness," }, { "start": 61.224, "duration": 2.419, "text": "nor is it how modern biologists define it." }, { "start": 64.143, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Rather than describing an animal’s\nphysical strength," }, { "start": 67.522, "duration": 3.587, "text": "fitness refers to how likely an organism\nis to pass on its genes" }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 1.418, "text": "to the next generation." }, { "start": 72.568, "duration": 3.212, "text": "This means the fittest animals are those\nwho can survive long enough" }, { "start": 75.78, "duration": 1.626, "text": "to produce healthy offspring. " }, { "start": 77.74, "duration": 3.045, "text": "And while that might occasionally\ndescribe a powerful predator," }, { "start": 80.952, "duration": 3.879, "text": "the fittest animal can also be the\nmost stealthy, resourceful," }, { "start": 84.831, "duration": 1.751, "text": "or even the most cooperative." }, { "start": 87.416, "duration": 3.587, "text": "So what exactly does cooperation look like\nin the animal kingdom?" }, { "start": 91.671, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Sometimes it's fairly straightforward." }, { "start": 94.006, "duration": 2.795, "text": "In the sun-dappled waters\nof the Great Barrier Reef," }, { "start": 96.801, "duration": 3.211, "text": "cleaner wrasse diligently inspect\nother fish for parasites," }, { "start": 100.221, "duration": 2.586, "text": "eating up any blood suckers\nwith a precise nibble." }, { "start": 103.099, "duration": 4.921, "text": "This kind of arrangement, in which both\nsides benefit, is known as mutualism." }, { "start": 108.771, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But this particular relationship\ncan also be parasitic." }, { "start": 112.483, "duration": 2.169, "text": "If a wrasse thinks it can\nget away with it," }, { "start": 114.819, "duration": 2.544, "text": "it will try to take a bite\nof the fish it’s cleaning." }, { "start": 117.446, "duration": 2.795, "text": "This parasitic turn is only temporary,\nof course," }, { "start": 120.241, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and the wrasse will quickly return\nto its usual gourmet grooming." }, { "start": 123.786, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Meanwhile, in the Kalahari Desert,\nmeerkat mobs dig for buried prey." }, { "start": 128.624, "duration": 2.503, "text": "This technique leaves the\nforagers vulnerable," }, { "start": 131.127, "duration": 2.419, "text": "but when an eagle swoops down for a snack," }, { "start": 133.546, "duration": 2.294, "text": "the mob’s appointed sentry cries out." }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 3.837, "text": "With lightning speed, the meerkats\nretreat to the safety of their burrows," }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 1.585, "text": "leaving the bird in their dust." }, { "start": 141.47, "duration": 2.878, "text": "While this arrangement is essential\nfor the foragers," }, { "start": 144.348, "duration": 2.336, "text": "the sentries can't eat while on duty," }, { "start": 146.684, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and sounding a warning puts them directly\nin the eagles’ line of fire." }, { "start": 149.979, "duration": 4.087, "text": "But despite this roll’s dangers,\nit might actually increase their fitness." }, { "start": 154.692, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Many evolutionary biologists believe\nanimals improve their odds" }, { "start": 157.904, "duration": 3.628, "text": "of passing their genes to the next\ngeneration in one of two ways." }, { "start": 161.699, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Either directly by having\ntheir own offspring," }, { "start": 163.951, "duration": 3.629, "text": "or indirectly by helping genetic\nrelatives have offspring." }, { "start": 168.08, "duration": 3.129, "text": "Meerkat sentries may gain\nthis indirect fitness benefit" }, { "start": 171.209, "duration": 3.461, "text": "since groups tend to be comprised\nof closely related individuals." }, { "start": 174.921, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Of course, animals don't have to be\nfamily to protect each other." }, { "start": 178.925, "duration": 4.921, "text": "For Costa Rican vampire bats, just a few\nunsuccessful hunts can mean starvation." }, { "start": 184.513, "duration": 2.837, "text": "So it's fortunate that when\na bat is dying of hunger," }, { "start": 187.35, "duration": 3.461, "text": "another bat might regurgitate some\nof its own meal to help its roost mate" }, { "start": 190.811, "duration": 1.252, "text": "through this lean period." }, { "start": 192.48, "duration": 2.836, "text": "This is a considerable cost\nfor the gifting bat." }, { "start": 195.566, "duration": 2.628, "text": "But this practice develops\na “you scratch my back" }, { "start": 198.194, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and I’ll scratch yours” arrangement," }, { "start": 200.112, "duration": 2.837, "text": "more formally known\nas reciprocal altruism." }, { "start": 203.324, "duration": 2.21, "text": "This isn’t altruism in its purest sense" }, { "start": 205.534, "duration": 2.795, "text": "because when the donor gives\naway its hard-won food," }, { "start": 208.329, "duration": 3.17, "text": "it does so expecting to receive\nsimilar help in the future." }, { "start": 212.041, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But while it’s true that we usually see\nanimals help one another" }, { "start": 215.044, "duration": 2.294, "text": "in exchange for food, fitness, or favors," }, { "start": 217.338, "duration": 3.503, "text": "that doesn’t mean the animal kingdom\nis devoid of truly selfless altruism." }, { "start": 220.925, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Researchers still don't know why humpbacks\nprotect unrelated whales" }, { "start": 224.47, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and the occasional seal\nfrom powerful predators." }, { "start": 227.181, "duration": 4.046, "text": "And while it might seem hard to believe\nthis heroic feat is an act of generosity," }, { "start": 231.227, "duration": 2.252, "text": "who knows what kinds of kindness\nwe may discover" }, { "start": 233.479, "duration": 3.629, "text": "as we continue investigating Earth’s\ncountless cooperative creatures." } ] }, { "video_id": "TyuGBi6joxY", "title": "Is Chandigarh a perfectly planned city? - Vikramāditya Prakāsh", "description": "Explore the construction of the futurist city Chandigarh, a project of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and planned by Le Corbusier.\n\n--\n\nIn 1947, India achieved independence from British rule — but this freedom came at a tremendous cost. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, was eager to usher his country towards a brighter, united future. And one of the projects that would prove most essential to realizing this vision was the construction of Chandigarh. Vikramāditya Prakāsh details the creation of the futurist city.\n\nLesson by Vikramāditya Prakāsh, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-chandigarh-a-perfectly-planned-city-vikramaditya-prakash\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-chandigarh-a-perfectly-planned-city-vikramaditya-prakash/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang and Chau Hong Diem.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-08T16:01:31Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.381, "text": "In the late 1700s, a German doctor named\nSamuel Hahnemann began publishing" }, { "start": 12.467, "duration": 4.337, "text": "articles about a new treatment\napproach he called homeopathy." }, { "start": 17.638, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Hahnemann’s theory had\ntwo central hypotheses." }, { "start": 21.225, "duration": 3.671, "text": "First, the treatment for an ailment\nshould be a dose of something" }, { "start": 24.896, "duration": 2.043, "text": "that might cause that ailment." }, { "start": 27.19, "duration": 5.505, "text": "And second, diluted medicines are more\npowerful than concentrated ones." }, { "start": 33.071, "duration": 3.378, "text": "So, a homeopathic remedy for insomnia" }, { "start": 36.449, "duration": 4.296, "text": "might include an extremely diluted\nsolution of caffeine." }, { "start": 41.496, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Over the following 300 years," }, { "start": 43.623, "duration": 3.67, "text": "numerous physicians and patients\nturned to homeopathy," }, { "start": 47.293, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and entire hospitals were built\nto focus on homeopathic treatments." }, { "start": 51.839, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But despite all this, many studies have\nshown that homeopathy" }, { "start": 55.843, "duration": 2.044, "text": "has no therapeutic effect," }, { "start": 57.887, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and homeopathic treatments often\nperform no better than placebos." }, { "start": 62.85, "duration": 3.629, "text": "So why do so many practitioners\nand institutions" }, { "start": 66.479, "duration": 2.127, "text": "still support this practice?" }, { "start": 69.44, "duration": 3.462, "text": "The answer is that homeopathy\nis a pseudoscience—" }, { "start": 72.902, "duration": 2.878, "text": "a collection of theories, methods,\nand assumptions" }, { "start": 75.78, "duration": 2.169, "text": "that appear scientific,\nbut aren’t." }, { "start": 78.324, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In the worst cases, pseudoscience\npractitioners encourage this confusion" }, { "start": 82.954, "duration": 1.334, "text": "to exploit people." }, { "start": 84.288, "duration": 1.877, "text": "But even when they’re well-intentioned," }, { "start": 86.165, "duration": 4.296, "text": "pseudoscience still prevents people\nfrom getting the help they need." }, { "start": 90.795, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So how are you supposed to tell what’s\nscience and what’s pseudoscience?" }, { "start": 95.716, "duration": 3.087, "text": "This question is known as\nthe demarcation problem," }, { "start": 98.803, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and there's no easy answer." }, { "start": 100.68, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Part of the issue is that defining\nscience is surprisingly tricky." }, { "start": 104.934, "duration": 3.795, "text": "There's a common idea that all science\nshould, in some form or another," }, { "start": 108.729, "duration": 3.337, "text": "be related to testing\nagainst empirical evidence." }, { "start": 112.191, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But some scientific activities\nare primarily theoretical," }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and different disciplines\napproach empiricism" }, { "start": 118.865, "duration": 3.628, "text": "with varying goals, methodologies,\nand standards." }, { "start": 123.161, "duration": 4.879, "text": "20th century philosopher Karl Popper\ntried to solve the demarcation problem" }, { "start": 128.04, "duration": 1.335, "text": "with a simple rule." }, { "start": 129.709, "duration": 3.295, "text": "He argued that in order\nfor a theory to be scientific" }, { "start": 133.004, "duration": 4.588, "text": "it must be falsifiable,\nor able to be proven wrong." }, { "start": 137.842, "duration": 3.545, "text": "This requires a theory to make\nspecific predictions—" }, { "start": 141.387, "duration": 4.213, "text": "for example, if you’re theorizing\nthat the Earth revolves around the Sun," }, { "start": 145.6, "duration": 4.754, "text": "you should be able to predict the path of\nother celestial bodies in the night sky." }, { "start": 150.479, "duration": 3.003, "text": "This could then be disproven\nbased on whether or not" }, { "start": 153.482, "duration": 3.045, "text": "your prediction corresponds\nto your observations." }, { "start": 157.278, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Popper’s falsification criterion \nis a great way" }, { "start": 160.615, "duration": 3.503, "text": "to identify pseudoscientific fields\nlike astrology," }, { "start": 164.118, "duration": 4.421, "text": "which makes overly broad predictions\nthat adapt to any observation." }, { "start": 168.706, "duration": 5.339, "text": "However, falsification alone doesn't\ncompletely solve the demarcation issue." }, { "start": 174.17, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Many things we now consider science\nwere once untestable" }, { "start": 178.257, "duration": 2.586, "text": "due to a lack of knowledge or technology." }, { "start": 182.011, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Fortunately, there are other factors\nwe can use to identify pseudoscience," }, { "start": 186.599, "duration": 3.128, "text": "including how a field responds\nto criticism." }, { "start": 190.394, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Scientists should always be open\nto the possibility" }, { "start": 193.731, "duration": 4.171, "text": "that new observations could change\nwhat they previously thought," }, { "start": 197.902, "duration": 5.756, "text": "and thoroughly disproven theories should\nbe rejected in favor of new explanations." }, { "start": 203.866, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Conversely, pseudoscientific theories are\noften continually modified" }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 3.254, "text": "to explain away any contradictory results." }, { "start": 212.333, "duration": 2.586, "text": "This kind of behavior shows a resistance" }, { "start": 214.919, "duration": 4.629, "text": "to what philosopher Helen Longino\ncalls transformative criticism." }, { "start": 220.091, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Pseudoscientific fields don't seek\nto address their internal biases" }, { "start": 224.553, "duration": 3.629, "text": "or meaningfully engage\nin transparent peer review." }, { "start": 229.016, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Another key marker of science\nis overall consistency." }, { "start": 233.229, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Science relies on a network\nof shared information" }, { "start": 236.357, "duration": 3.378, "text": "that ongoing research \ndevelops across disciplines." }, { "start": 240.027, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But pseudoscience often ignores\nor denies this shared pool of data." }, { "start": 245.032, "duration": 3.796, "text": "For example, creationists claim\nthat animals didn’t evolve" }, { "start": 248.828, "duration": 1.418, "text": "from a common ancestor," }, { "start": 250.246, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and that Earth is\nless than 20,000 years old." }, { "start": 253.165, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But these claims contradict\nhuge amounts of evidence" }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 2.336, "text": "across multiple scientific disciplines," }, { "start": 258.379, "duration": 3.67, "text": "including geology, paleontology,\nand biology." }, { "start": 262.675, "duration": 3.045, "text": "While the scientific method\nis our most reliable tool" }, { "start": 265.72, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to analyze empirical evidence\nfrom the world around us," }, { "start": 268.723, "duration": 3.628, "text": "it certainly doesn't reveal everything\nabout the human condition." }, { "start": 272.351, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Faith-based beliefs can play an important\nrole in our lives and cultural traditions." }, { "start": 276.897, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But the reason it’s so important\nto draw a line" }, { "start": 279.942, "duration": 4.129, "text": "is that people often dress up\nbelief systems as science" }, { "start": 284.071, "duration": 2.002, "text": "in efforts to manipulate others" }, { "start": 286.073, "duration": 2.962, "text": "or undermine legitimate\nscientific discoveries." }, { "start": 289.201, "duration": 3.045, "text": "And even in cases where this\nmight seem harmless," }, { "start": 292.246, "duration": 4.588, "text": "legitimizing pseudoscience can impede\ngenuine scientific progress." }, { "start": 297.501, "duration": 4.171, "text": "In a world where it's increasingly\ndifficult to tell fact from fiction," }, { "start": 301.672, "duration": 3.504, "text": "it's essential to keep your critical\nthinking skills sharp." }, { "start": 306.344, "duration": 3.253, "text": "So the next time you hear\nan amazing new claim," }, { "start": 309.597, "duration": 1.084, "text": "ask yourself:" }, { "start": 310.681, "duration": 1.251, "text": "could we test this?" }, { "start": 311.932, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Are the individuals behind this theory\nupdating their claims with new findings?" }, { "start": 316.437, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Is this consistent with our broader\nscientific understanding of the world?" }, { "start": 320.483, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Because looking scientific\nand actually being scientific" }, { "start": 324.236, "duration": 2.128, "text": "are two very different things." } ] }, { "video_id": "4HZCPTiyAVY", "title": "The corpse flower may keep you up at night - Daniel Nickrent", "description": "Explore how the Rafflesia plant uses parasitic strategies to grow the world’s largest flower, and find out why it smells so bad.\n\n--\n\nDeep inside the Sumatran rainforest, a carrion fly descends, guided by the scent of its favorite place to lay eggs: rotting animal carcasses. But when it lands, it isn’t on liquifying flesh, but instead on the world’s biggest, and perhaps strangest, flower— Rafflesia arnoldii. So, how does this giant flower grow? Daniel Nickrent explores the parasitic tendencies of the foul-smelling plant.\n\nLesson by Daniel Nickrent, directed by Igor Ćorić, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-does-this-flower-smell-like-a-dead-body-daniel-nickrent\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-does-this-flower-smell-like-a-dead-body-daniel-nickrent/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-06T16:01:29Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.673, "text": "Investigating a nearly 5,000-year-old\nSumerian burial site," }, { "start": 12.759, "duration": 4.129, "text": "archaeologists came across intriguing\nsets of artifacts." }, { "start": 16.929, "duration": 2.962, "text": "They judged them to be toiletry kits" }, { "start": 19.891, "duration": 5.172, "text": "comprising pointed tools, tweezers,\nand ear scoops." }, { "start": 25.188, "duration": 5.881, "text": "In fact, grooming paraphernalia,\nincluding earwax removal tools," }, { "start": 31.069, "duration": 3.628, "text": "have popped up in many different\narchaeological sites—" }, { "start": 34.781, "duration": 5.38, "text": "and earwax evacuation remains\na popular hygienic habit today." }, { "start": 40.328, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But what is earwax?" }, { "start": 42.872, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And are the efforts to eliminate it\nactually good for us?" }, { "start": 46.834, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Well, to start, we’re not alone\nin our waxy ways." }, { "start": 51.214, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Other mammals also produce earwax." }, { "start": 54.217, "duration": 4.504, "text": "A 12-year-old blue whale was discovered\nwith an earwax earplug" }, { "start": 58.721, "duration": 3.545, "text": "that was 25 centimeters long." }, { "start": 62.35, "duration": 6.465, "text": "Earwax— technically called cerumen—\nforms in our outer ear canals." }, { "start": 69.023, "duration": 6.673, "text": "There, skin cells slough off and mix\nwith other substances, including sweat." }, { "start": 75.822, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But the sweat inside our ears\ndoesn’t function to cool us off" }, { "start": 79.617, "duration": 5.13, "text": "like the kind that comes out of the\neccrine glands dotting our bodies." }, { "start": 84.872, "duration": 6.548, "text": "Instead, it comes from apocrine glands,\nlike those in our armpits, and is oilier." }, { "start": 91.796, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Dead skin and oily sweat mix with sebum—" }, { "start": 95.466, "duration": 4.213, "text": "the fatty oil that’s also found on our\nfaces and scalps—" }, { "start": 99.679, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and voila: it’s earwax." }, { "start": 103.599, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But earwax ranges in odor, \ncolor, and consistency." }, { "start": 108.354, "duration": 5.964, "text": "Some is flaky and dry;\nother kinds are sticky and gooey." }, { "start": 114.694, "duration": 4.504, "text": "A change in a single nucleotide\non one gene" }, { "start": 119.198, "duration": 2.503, "text": "determines which type you have" }, { "start": 121.701, "duration": 5.922, "text": "by affecting how much fat\nyour ear’s apocrine sweat glands secrete." }, { "start": 127.748, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And the kind someone has\nmay track with their ancestry." }, { "start": 131.961, "duration": 6.298, "text": "For example, drier earwax is common\namong people with East Asian heritage," }, { "start": 138.342, "duration": 5.923, "text": "while people of African and European\ndescent more often have wetter earwax." }, { "start": 144.807, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Just to get this out of the way,\nno human earwax— wet or dry—" }, { "start": 150.479, "duration": 2.086, "text": "would make a good candle." }, { "start": 152.565, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Okay, but why have earwax at all?" }, { "start": 156.777, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Well, it seems these secretions actually\nhelp keep our ears healthy." }, { "start": 161.949, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Earwax can act as a lubricator that\nprevents ear dryness and itchiness;" }, { "start": 168.039, "duration": 4.212, "text": "it traps debris and microbes\nand forms a physical barrier" }, { "start": 172.251, "duration": 2.711, "text": "that protects the ear canal’s skin." }, { "start": 174.962, "duration": 3.254, "text": "And it’s an active line of defense:" }, { "start": 178.549, "duration": 3.796, "text": "researchers have identified\nseveral proteins in earwax" }, { "start": 182.345, "duration": 2.961, "text": "that combat bacterial infections." }, { "start": 185.932, "duration": 5.338, "text": "Generally, the ear also has its own way\nof getting rid of earwax." }, { "start": 191.312, "duration": 4.212, "text": "As new skin cells form and grow\nat the center of the eardrum," }, { "start": 195.524, "duration": 3.671, "text": "they push the older ones\ntoward the opening of the ear canal," }, { "start": 199.195, "duration": 6.006, "text": "forming a conveyor belt where dead skin\ncells mix with those oily secretions." }, { "start": 205.284, "duration": 6.966, "text": "Every day, the skin within the ear canal\nmigrates outwards about 100 micrometers." }, { "start": 212.416, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Eventually, this process should\npush the wax out of your ear." }, { "start": 216.921, "duration": 5.839, "text": "Meanwhile, sticking items in your ears\nto extract earwax yourself" }, { "start": 222.76, "duration": 1.752, "text": "can make things worse." }, { "start": 224.637, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Even if swabbing removes\na little earwax," }, { "start": 227.64, "duration": 2.544, "text": "it may push more back in." }, { "start": 230.309, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And it can leave scratches\nin the ear canal’s skin," }, { "start": 234.23, "duration": 3.795, "text": "disrupting its natural barrier\nagainst infections." }, { "start": 238.067, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Deep cleaning also runs the risk\nof perforating your eardrum," }, { "start": 242.405, "duration": 3.42, "text": "which can cause permanent damage\nand hearing loss." }, { "start": 246.242, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Some services promise to clear earwax—\nbut should be avoided." }, { "start": 251.08, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Ear candling or coning involves\na hollow candle lit on fire" }, { "start": 256.794, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and placed over the ear canal." }, { "start": 259.297, "duration": 4.838, "text": "It’s claimed that this generates\nenough air current to pull earwax out." }, { "start": 264.593, "duration": 5.131, "text": "However, researchers have found that\nthe amount of suction generated is minimal" }, { "start": 269.724, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and that what’s visible at the end\nis likely debris from the candle itself—" }, { "start": 274.729, "duration": 2.502, "text": "not extracted earwax." }, { "start": 277.481, "duration": 5.589, "text": "In reality, the practice can lead\nto injuries and leave debris in the ears." }, { "start": 283.279, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But some folks are more prone\nto earwax buildup," }, { "start": 287.116, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and may find it becomes\nmore of an issue with age." }, { "start": 290.369, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Earwax accumulation can be uncomfortable\nand affect your hearing," }, { "start": 294.915, "duration": 3.421, "text": "and there are definitely times\nwhen intervention is needed." }, { "start": 298.711, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But there are safer ways to go about it." }, { "start": 301.464, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Over-the-counter eardrops\nhelp soften earwax" }, { "start": 305.301, "duration": 2.461, "text": "so it can make its way out on its own." }, { "start": 307.887, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And health care providers\nhave tried-and-true methods" }, { "start": 311.057, "duration": 2.294, "text": "of gently clearing blockages." }, { "start": 313.768, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Otherwise, to prevent earwax buildup," }, { "start": 316.562, "duration": 5.881, "text": "doctors recommend gently cleaning the\noutside of the ear canal with a damp cloth" }, { "start": 322.443, "duration": 5.088, "text": "and giving your ears a break\nfrom earplugs and earbuds when possible." }, { "start": 327.573, "duration": 3.879, "text": "In the absence\nof earwax obstructions, however," }, { "start": 331.452, "duration": 5.339, "text": "it’s generally best not to mess\nwith the ways of the wax." } ] }, { "video_id": "iyOVbs_mO7o", "title": "How does alcohol cause blackouts? - Shannon Odell", "description": "Explore how alcohol interacts with your brain, and how it can interrupt the brain’s memory networks, leading to blackouts.\n\n--\n\nAlcohol has been shown to have strange and selective effects on the brain. Many intoxicated people can perform complex tasks like holding a detailed conversation or navigating a walk home. Yet for those experiencing a blackout, the memory of these events is quickly forgotten. So, how does alcohol cause these memory lapses? Shannon Odell explores how ethanol interrupts the brain’s processes.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-alcohol-cause-blackouts-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-alcohol-cause-blackouts-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/anton_bogaty\nMusic: https://www.yessian.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart and Tyron Jung.", "publishedAt": "2024-02-01T16:01:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 4.38, "text": "In November 2010, NASA announced\nthe discovery of a strange," }, { "start": 11.716, "duration": 3.086, "text": "never-before-seen galactic object:" }, { "start": 14.969, "duration": 3.295, "text": "two gigantic gaseous bubbles," }, { "start": 18.347, "duration": 3.504, "text": "each emanating an impressive\n25,000 light years" }, { "start": 21.851, "duration": 3.253, "text": "from the center of our home galaxy,\nthe Milky Way." }, { "start": 25.48, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Inside the structures,\nnamed the Fermi Bubbles," }, { "start": 28.9, "duration": 4.504, "text": "streams of high energy particles traveling\nfaster than the surrounding medium," }, { "start": 33.404, "duration": 2.586, "text": "collide with dust, gas, and light," }, { "start": 35.99, "duration": 3.962, "text": "to create gamma rays,\nthe most energetic form of light." }, { "start": 40.453, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Astronomers were perplexed." }, { "start": 42.622, "duration": 3.086, "text": "While gamma rays are not\nuncommon in space," }, { "start": 45.708, "duration": 4.505, "text": "radiation of this magnitude had only\nbeen observed in distant galaxies." }, { "start": 50.254, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And they are typically produced\nby large-scale powerful events," }, { "start": 54.258, "duration": 2.419, "text": "like explosions of supernova." }, { "start": 56.969, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Yet, compared to our galactic neighbors," }, { "start": 59.388, "duration": 3.546, "text": "the center of the Milky Way\nand the supermassive black hole" }, { "start": 62.934, "duration": 1.376, "text": "that resides within it," }, { "start": 64.31, "duration": 3.045, "text": "was always thought to have\nbeen relatively calm." }, { "start": 67.772, "duration": 5.422, "text": "So, what was the powerful event that\ncreated these massive structures?" }, { "start": 73.319, "duration": 4.421, "text": "And is the center of our galaxy\nnot so sleepy after all?" }, { "start": 78.574, "duration": 3.963, "text": "A clue to answering these questions\ncame in December 2020," }, { "start": 82.537, "duration": 1.96, "text": "when astronomers announced\nthe discovery" }, { "start": 84.497, "duration": 3.045, "text": "of yet another set of radiating spheres." }, { "start": 88.0, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Entitled the eROSITA bubbles,\nthese structures are even wider," }, { "start": 92.672, "duration": 5.088, "text": "extending nearly half the distance of the\nentire Milky Way in both directions," }, { "start": 97.802, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and fully encapsulating the Fermi Bubbles." }, { "start": 101.222, "duration": 4.129, "text": "They emit soft X-rays, which have\nfrequencies lower than gamma rays," }, { "start": 105.351, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but are still highly energetic\nforms of light." }, { "start": 108.813, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Astronomers quickly surmised\nthat the overlapping bubbles" }, { "start": 111.566, "duration": 2.46, "text": "most likely share a single origin." }, { "start": 114.026, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And the event that formed them must have\ngenerated a massive amount of energy—" }, { "start": 118.948, "duration": 3.879, "text": "approximately 1 million times\nthat which the Sun will produce" }, { "start": 122.827, "duration": 2.085, "text": "during its entire lifetime." }, { "start": 125.413, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Based on the speed of the jets\nof energetic electrons within the bubbles," }, { "start": 129.125, "duration": 2.461, "text": "they calculated the event\nmost likely took place" }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 2.335, "text": "less than 3 million years ago." }, { "start": 134.297, "duration": 5.13, "text": "This is relatively recent compared to the\ngalaxy’s 13-billion-year lifespan," }, { "start": 139.51, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and means our early ancestors might have\neven witnessed the powerful event," }, { "start": 144.265, "duration": 4.671, "text": "as a gigantic ball of heated mass\nilluminating the night sky." }, { "start": 149.395, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But what exactly was the powerful event?" }, { "start": 152.523, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Two theories quickly emerged about what\ncould have created the bubbles" }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and the high energy particle jets within." }, { "start": 158.446, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And both are still debated today." }, { "start": 161.699, "duration": 2.044, "text": "The first theory is that the bubbles" }, { "start": 163.743, "duration": 3.587, "text": "stem from a recent massive burst\nof star formation" }, { "start": 167.33, "duration": 2.127, "text": "toward the center of our galaxy." }, { "start": 169.707, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Newly forming stars produce\na vast outflowing of hot gas," }, { "start": 174.003, "duration": 1.835, "text": "called stellar winds." }, { "start": 175.922, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Meanwhile, young massive stars\ndie quickly," }, { "start": 178.966, "duration": 3.128, "text": "causing energetic supernova explosions." }, { "start": 182.511, "duration": 2.42, "text": "Stellar winds combined\nwith these explosions" }, { "start": 184.931, "duration": 4.129, "text": "can lead to the formation of large-scale\ngalactic winds." }, { "start": 189.393, "duration": 3.42, "text": "These galactic winds can push\naway the surrounding material," }, { "start": 192.813, "duration": 2.545, "text": "creating gigantic bubbles." }, { "start": 195.942, "duration": 4.212, "text": "The second theory is that the structures\nare the result of a powerful outburst" }, { "start": 200.154, "duration": 3.212, "text": "from the supermassive black hole\nat the center of our galaxy." }, { "start": 203.449, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Named Sagittarius A*," }, { "start": 206.244, "duration": 3.42, "text": "this black hole lives\nup to its title of supermassive," }, { "start": 209.664, "duration": 4.129, "text": "as it’s approximately 4 million times\nthe mass of the Sun." }, { "start": 214.043, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And scientists have documented similar\njets of energy" }, { "start": 216.796, "duration": 4.504, "text": "emanating from similar black holes\nin other distant active galaxies." }, { "start": 221.55, "duration": 4.505, "text": "These jets are found in active\ngalactic nuclei known as quasars," }, { "start": 226.055, "duration": 5.505, "text": "and they're created as dust and gases\nrapidly fall into the feeding black hole." }, { "start": 232.061, "duration": 3.212, "text": "This gathers hot ionized gas\naround the vicinity," }, { "start": 235.273, "duration": 4.212, "text": "which is then ejected from the center\nat ultra-fast velocities." }, { "start": 239.694, "duration": 5.171, "text": "This theory suggests that Sagittarius A*,\nwhich is thought to be relatively quiet," }, { "start": 244.949, "duration": 2.961, "text": "may have been active relatively recently." }, { "start": 248.202, "duration": 3.545, "text": "And it begs the question:\nwill it wake up again?" }, { "start": 252.832, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Scientists use supercomputers" }, { "start": 255.001, "duration": 4.129, "text": "to run what is known as\nhydrodynamic numerical simulations," }, { "start": 259.13, "duration": 3.461, "text": "where different physical conditions that\nmay have led to bubble formation" }, { "start": 262.591, "duration": 1.168, "text": "are explored." }, { "start": 264.051, "duration": 5.172, "text": "While several results suggest that\nextreme outbursts from Sagittarius A*" }, { "start": 269.223, "duration": 2.711, "text": "likely contributed to the creation\nof the bubbles," }, { "start": 272.018, "duration": 5.38, "text": "it remains to be seen whether past star\nformations may have also played a role." }, { "start": 277.815, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Other simulations show evidence\nof other contributing factors," }, { "start": 281.36, "duration": 4.63, "text": "like the influence of circumgalactic\nmedium winds from outside our galaxy," }, { "start": 285.99, "duration": 3.545, "text": "which may explain some of the\nbubbles’ unique features." }, { "start": 290.119, "duration": 3.295, "text": "These computational simulations\nwill only get more precise" }, { "start": 293.414, "duration": 4.463, "text": "as we continue to launch more sensitive\nand dynamic telescopes into space." }, { "start": 298.044, "duration": 4.254, "text": "But whatever answers we unlock will\nundoubtedly lead to more surprises" }, { "start": 302.298, "duration": 5.005, "text": "about our mysterious,\nand perhaps not so calm, galaxy." } ] }, { "video_id": "6keLhobjwbU", "title": "The real reason dodo birds went extinct - Leon Claessens", "description": "Uncover the most common misperceptions about dodos, and find out the truth of how the flightless birds actually went extinct.\n\n--\n\nDodos are commonly considered brainless, blundering birds that were poorly adapted and doomed to die off, making their human-mediated extinction effortless and inevitable. But that’s not the case. So, what were dodos actually like? And what really caused their downfall? Leon Claessens uncovers the truth about these misunderstood and maligned creatures.\n\nLesson by Leon Claessens, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-dodo-birds-went-extinct-leon-claessens\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-real-reason-dodo-birds-went-extinct-leon-claessens/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/denysspolitak\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey and Yelena Baykova.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-30T16:00:43Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Throughout history, people have attributed\nwarts to contact with things" }, { "start": 10.506, "duration": 3.671, "text": "like sea foam, boiled egg water,\nand, of course, toads." }, { "start": 14.469, "duration": 3.044, "text": "We now know that toads are totally\ninnocent in the matter." }, { "start": 17.68, "duration": 4.296, "text": "They're bumpy because mucus- and poison-\nsecreting glands dot their skin." }, { "start": 22.101, "duration": 4.546, "text": "And we've figured out that warts are\nactually caused by papillomaviruses." }, { "start": 27.19, "duration": 4.588, "text": "They form a broad virus family that\ninfects various species, including us." }, { "start": 32.195, "duration": 4.713, "text": "There are more than 200 different types\nof specifically human papillomaviruses," }, { "start": 36.908, "duration": 1.751, "text": "or HPVs." }, { "start": 39.118, "duration": 5.047, "text": "As is the case with all viruses,\nHPVs can't multiply independently." }, { "start": 44.415, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Instead, HPVs use our skin cells\nto replicate." }, { "start": 49.128, "duration": 5.047, "text": "They do this by infecting the basal cells\nthat constantly produce new skin cells" }, { "start": 54.175, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and line the base of our skin's\noutermost layer, the epidermis." }, { "start": 58.221, "duration": 1.96, "text": "Your skin is your largest organ." }, { "start": 60.348, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It functions like a waterproof,\nactive immune barrier" }, { "start": 63.351, "duration": 2.502, "text": "that protects your body\nfrom the many pathogens" }, { "start": 65.853, "duration": 2.503, "text": "perpetually poised to penetrate it." }, { "start": 68.731, "duration": 4.838, "text": "If any HPVs do make it past the skin's\noutermost surveillance system," }, { "start": 73.569, "duration": 2.503, "text": "it can activate a barrage of defenses. " }, { "start": 76.489, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But sometimes, HPVs still make it through." }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 3.754, "text": "They have a better chance of getting all\nthe way to the skin's basal cell layer" }, { "start": 84.038, "duration": 3.17, "text": "when your skin is wet, softened,\nor injured," }, { "start": 87.208, "duration": 1.919, "text": "even with the tiniest of cuts." }, { "start": 89.377, "duration": 3.044, "text": "You're most likely to develop warts\non your hands and feet" }, { "start": 92.421, "duration": 3.337, "text": "because they're most likely\nto encounter foreign surfaces" }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and get superficially injured," }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 3.837, "text": "especially in shared, wet environments\nlike shower rooms." }, { "start": 102.306, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Once HPV reaches your skin's\nbasal cell layer," }, { "start": 105.476, "duration": 1.877, "text": "it unleashes its genome," }, { "start": 107.353, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which instructs the basal cells\nto multiply at higher rates," }, { "start": 110.731, "duration": 2.962, "text": "defer cell death,\nand replicate the virus." }, { "start": 114.068, "duration": 3.42, "text": "From there, the infected\nskin cells proliferate," }, { "start": 117.488, "duration": 2.836, "text": "piling up as they move towards\nthe skin's surface," }, { "start": 120.491, "duration": 1.96, "text": "forming that telltale wart." }, { "start": 123.035, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But what exactly the wart looks\nlike depends on a few factors." }, { "start": 126.873, "duration": 1.835, "text": "It's not totally clear why," }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 4.171, "text": "but different HPV types tend to infect\ndifferent parts of the body," }, { "start": 132.879, "duration": 3.503, "text": "cause unique-looking warts,\nand range in seriousness." }, { "start": 136.924, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Common warts are often domed\nand found on hands, elbows, and knees;" }, { "start": 141.512, "duration": 3.879, "text": "plantar warts occur on the soles of feet,\nwhere walking may flatten them;" }, { "start": 145.808, "duration": 5.172, "text": "filiform warts, around the mouth and eyes;\nand flat warts, on the legs and face." }, { "start": 151.48, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Warts can also feature little black dots," }, { "start": 154.108, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which are actually tiny blood clots\nwhere capillaries in the skin" }, { "start": 157.945, "duration": 1.335, "text": "have become obstructed." }, { "start": 159.906, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Regardless of how exactly the wart forms," }, { "start": 162.366, "duration": 2.878, "text": "when the infected skin cells\nit's made of die," }, { "start": 165.328, "duration": 2.085, "text": "they release thousands of HPVs." }, { "start": 167.997, "duration": 4.421, "text": "This is why one wart can theoretically\ninfect other parts of someone's body—" }, { "start": 172.418, "duration": 3.086, "text": "or other people, directly or indirectly." }, { "start": 175.963, "duration": 4.922, "text": "However, the likelihood of this happening\ndepends on what kind of HPV is involved" }, { "start": 180.927, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and what part of the body\nit's best at infecting." }, { "start": 184.222, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Most HPVs infect different areas of\nthe skin and cause benign warts." }, { "start": 189.143, "duration": 5.005, "text": "However, some HPVs prefer\nthe body's mucosal epithelia," }, { "start": 194.315, "duration": 4.254, "text": "the soft, moist tissues that line our\nreproductive, digestive, " }, { "start": 198.569, "duration": 1.46, "text": "and respiratory tracts." }, { "start": 200.529, "duration": 3.879, "text": "These HPVs are the most common sexually\ntransmitted infections." }, { "start": 204.617, "duration": 4.087, "text": "And while they're also usually benign,\nthey're more likely to be persistent" }, { "start": 208.704, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and some types can cause cancers." }, { "start": 211.207, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Doctors might recommend topical\nor surgical treatment" }, { "start": 214.21, "duration": 1.293, "text": "for these infections. " }, { "start": 215.711, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And HPV vaccines that are almost\n100% effective in preventing infections" }, { "start": 220.758, "duration": 4.296, "text": "from the riskiest HPV types\nbecame available in 2006." }, { "start": 225.471, "duration": 2.503, "text": "The body often keeps HPV at bay" }, { "start": 227.974, "duration": 2.669, "text": "or resolves infections\nwithin a couple of years." }, { "start": 230.851, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But some people are more susceptible,\nand some HPV types are more persistent." }, { "start": 236.023, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Handling meat and fish puts people\nin contact with specific HPV types." }, { "start": 241.07, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Children and elderly people are thought\nto be more vulnerable to HPV infections" }, { "start": 245.866, "duration": 4.422, "text": "because their skin tends to be thinner\nand have less organized immune defenses." }, { "start": 250.621, "duration": 2.961, "text": "And compromised immunity or skin flora—" }, { "start": 253.582, "duration": 5.548, "text": "caused by things like smoking,\nchemotherapy, HIV, and genetic variation—" }, { "start": 259.171, "duration": 3.587, "text": "can make it harder for the body\nto suppress HPV infections." }, { "start": 263.259, "duration": 4.129, "text": "And although most warts are harmless\nand go away without intervention," }, { "start": 267.388, "duration": 1.501, "text": "they're still contagious, " }, { "start": 268.889, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and dermatologists have methods\nto help the body clear them." }, { "start": 272.685, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Some treatments work by stimulating\nthe immune system directly," }, { "start": 276.063, "duration": 3.462, "text": "while others— like salicylic acid\nand cryotherapy—" }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 4.588, "text": "irritate the infected area,\nindirectly activating an immune response." }, { "start": 284.447, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Thankfully, there are lots of options\navailable in addressing our wart worries—" }, { "start": 288.784, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and simply no need to slander toads." } ] }, { "video_id": "0rIjFCNay2Q", "title": "Would you raise the baby that ate your siblings? - Francesca Barbero", "description": "Explore how the offspring of parasitic butterflies trick their way into ant colonies for food and protection.\n\n--\n\nYou might not guess it, but Alcon blue butterflies are just one of over 200 parasitic butterfly species, all of which target ants. And their offspring live highly unusual lives, tricking their way into ant colonies using mimicry. So, how do these butterflies do it— and why? Francesa Barbero explores the strategies caterpillars use to survive among ants on their journey to become butterflies.\n\nLesson by Francesca Barbero, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-raise-the-baby-that-ate-your-siblings-francesca-barbero\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-raise-the-baby-that-ate-your-siblings-francesca-barbero/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com & https://www.jagritikhirwar.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq and Gerardo Castro.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-25T16:00:37Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.336, "duration": 2.586, "text": "A tennis player wins\nher second straight set," }, { "start": 9.922, "duration": 2.837, "text": "feeling like she can predict\nher opponent's next move." }, { "start": 12.759, "duration": 2.627, "text": "A musician works to master\na chord progression," }, { "start": 15.386, "duration": 4.505, "text": "unfazed by mistakes as he repeatedly\nplays the same four bars." }, { "start": 20.141, "duration": 3.629, "text": "A scientist fails to notice her morning\nalarm blare from the next room," }, { "start": 23.77, "duration": 2.627, "text": "having analyzed data through the night." }, { "start": 26.606, "duration": 3.295, "text": "While each of these people is immersed\nin a different activity," }, { "start": 29.901, "duration": 2.502, "text": "requiring specific skills\nand knowledge sets," }, { "start": 32.403, "duration": 3.212, "text": "all three are experiencing\nwhat is known as flow—" }, { "start": 35.865, "duration": 3.921, "text": "a unique mental state\nof effortless engagement." }, { "start": 40.703, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And while you may not be a scientist\nor professional athlete," }, { "start": 44.165, "duration": 1.71, "text": "anyone can find flow." }, { "start": 46.084, "duration": 1.001, "text": "This is a good thing," }, { "start": 47.085, "duration": 3.461, "text": "as those who more frequently \nexperience flow report higher levels" }, { "start": 50.546, "duration": 4.88, "text": "of positive emotions, creativity,\nand feelings of accomplishment." }, { "start": 55.927, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Further, research has linked it\nto increased productivity," }, { "start": 59.43, "duration": 3.545, "text": "enhanced learning,\nand academic achievement." }, { "start": 63.392, "duration": 5.047, "text": "But what exactly is flow?\nAnd how can we find it in our daily lives?" }, { "start": 68.856, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Flow is more than just concentrating\nor paying attention." }, { "start": 72.401, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Psychologists go so far as to define flow\nas an altered state of consciousness" }, { "start": 77.448, "duration": 2.294, "text": "with several defining features." }, { "start": 80.034, "duration": 5.631, "text": "First, those in flow tend to feel\nso effortlessly engaged in a task" }, { "start": 85.665, "duration": 2.586, "text": "that time seems to fly by." }, { "start": 88.584, "duration": 2.044, "text": "They are not easily distracted." }, { "start": 90.628, "duration": 2.669, "text": "In contrast with cycles\nof procrastination," }, { "start": 93.297, "duration": 2.545, "text": "when it can feel impossible\nto start an activity," }, { "start": 95.842, "duration": 3.461, "text": "during flow it can feel difficult to stop." }, { "start": 99.512, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Flow also tends to diminish feelings\nof worry or self-judgment," }, { "start": 104.016, "duration": 2.378, "text": "in turn fostering creativity." }, { "start": 106.561, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And people report experiencing a sense\nof oneness with what they’re doing," }, { "start": 110.231, "duration": 2.085, "text": "allowing for peak performance." }, { "start": 112.358, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Further, brain imaging studies have shown\nthat flow is accompanied by changes" }, { "start": 116.445, "duration": 1.46, "text": "in neural activity," }, { "start": 117.905, "duration": 1.835, "text": "notably in regions that play a role" }, { "start": 119.74, "duration": 3.295, "text": "in attention, self-awareness,\nand self-consciousness." }, { "start": 123.161, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Despite decades of research, \nmany questions still remain." }, { "start": 127.248, "duration": 2.336, "text": "How do the brains of those in flow compare" }, { "start": 129.584, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to those in other states of consciousness,\nlike meditation?" }, { "start": 132.587, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Does flow arising from physical\nactivities like sports" }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 4.504, "text": "recruit the same brain areas\nas more mental tasks like writing or math?" }, { "start": 140.511, "duration": 3.545, "text": "And scientists are still working\nto understand why certain activities" }, { "start": 144.056, "duration": 3.212, "text": "are more likely to elicit flow\nthan others." }, { "start": 147.31, "duration": 3.67, "text": "While we don't know for sure,\nthere are several theories." }, { "start": 151.189, "duration": 3.67, "text": "For example, people more often report\nfinding flow when doing things" }, { "start": 154.859, "duration": 2.294, "text": "they find intrinsically motivating," }, { "start": 157.153, "duration": 4.379, "text": "meaning activities they find purpose,\nmeaning, or enjoyment in." }, { "start": 161.824, "duration": 3.087, "text": "This may include participating\nin a favorite hobby," }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 3.628, "text": "but also tackling gratifying\nassignments at work," }, { "start": 168.789, "duration": 5.548, "text": "studying topics you find interesting,\nor even completing satisfying chores." }, { "start": 174.545, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Likewise, it may be more difficult\nto find flow in tasks you do" }, { "start": 178.466, "duration": 3.378, "text": "only because you have to, \nnot because you want to." }, { "start": 182.22, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Other research suggests balancing\npersonal skill level" }, { "start": 185.765, "duration": 4.337, "text": "with the activity’s challenge\nis key for finding flow." }, { "start": 190.519, "duration": 4.755, "text": "In other words, if a task is too easy,\nyou may get distracted or feel bored." }, { "start": 195.274, "duration": 3.42, "text": "If it’s too challenging,\nyou may become discouraged." }, { "start": 198.819, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The classically mesmerizing game\nof Tetris, for example," }, { "start": 203.282, "duration": 5.464, "text": "keeps skill-challenge levels in balance\nby increasing the fall speed of blocks" }, { "start": 208.746, "duration": 2.127, "text": "as players get better at the game." }, { "start": 211.207, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Still, other studies suggest \nthat it’s most important" }, { "start": 214.585, "duration": 2.086, "text": "that activities have clear goals" }, { "start": 216.671, "duration": 3.044, "text": "and allow you to assess\nyour progress along the way." }, { "start": 219.757, "duration": 4.546, "text": "For example, practicing a song allows\nyou to gauge your performance" }, { "start": 224.303, "duration": 1.293, "text": "with each note." }, { "start": 225.68, "duration": 3.378, "text": "This also may be why people find\nflow when playing games of chance," }, { "start": 229.058, "duration": 2.419, "text": "even though those games\ndon't require skill." }, { "start": 231.894, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Moment-to-moment feedback may be enough\nto motivate deep engagement." }, { "start": 236.524, "duration": 2.961, "text": "While no single protocol\ncan guarantee flow," }, { "start": 239.485, "duration": 3.17, "text": "there are steps you can take\nto increase your chances." }, { "start": 242.655, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Find a quiet environment free\nfrom distracting noises or devices." }, { "start": 247.368, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Break your tasks into small, specific\nsegments that are easy to track" }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 1.209, "text": "and learn from." }, { "start": 252.915, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Set clear end goals that are\nchallenging but not frustratingly so." }, { "start": 257.044, "duration": 1.919, "text": "If you find the task to be tedious," }, { "start": 258.963, "duration": 2.919, "text": "set additional parameters\nto up the stakes." }, { "start": 262.049, "duration": 2.336, "text": "For example, when cleaning your dishes," }, { "start": 264.385, "duration": 2.753, "text": "attempt to finish them all\nin a certain amount of time." }, { "start": 267.221, "duration": 3.212, "text": "When running, try to keep pace\nwith the beat of a song." }, { "start": 271.017, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Most importantly,\nand perhaps most frustratingly," }, { "start": 274.395, "duration": 2.669, "text": "don't focus too much on reaching flow." }, { "start": 277.148, "duration": 3.628, "text": "That sort of distraction might just\nprevent you from finding it." } ] }, { "video_id": "CBWgOe8HsV0", "title": "How to know if you're selfish (and whether or not that's bad) - Mark Hopwood", "description": "Explore a classic philosophical debate and decide: is it human nature to be selfish? And if so, is it possible to overcome it?\n\n--\n\nThe question of whether or not humans are inherently selfish is one of philosophy’s oldest debates. The idea that we only act out of self-interest is an extreme stance that few philosophers would endorse. However, the idea that all humans have a deep selfish streak is something many philosophers would agree with. So, are we innately selfish? Mark Hopwood explores this classic conundrum.\n\nLesson by Mark Hopwood, directed by Avi Ofer.\n\nGrab a copy of Chris Anderson’s book “Infectious Generosity” here: https://bit.ly/TEDEdInfectiousGenerosity\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-know-if-you-re-being-selfish-and-whether-or-not-that-s-bad-mark-hopwood\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-know-if-you-re-being-selfish-and-whether-or-not-that-s-bad-mark-hopwood/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\nEducator's website: https://new.sewanee.edu/programs-of-study/philosophy/faculty-staff/mark-hopwood\nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-23T16:00:52Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.836, "duration": 3.295, "text": "With his appetite for conquest\nand knack for combat," }, { "start": 10.131, "duration": 5.714, "text": "the shark god Dakuwaqa was determined\nto vanquish all his rivals." }, { "start": 16.471, "duration": 6.715, "text": "Long ago, the ancestral gods of Fiji,\nknown as kalou vu or simply vu," }, { "start": 23.186, "duration": 2.377, "text": "settled on the Pacific archipelago," }, { "start": 25.563, "duration": 2.586, "text": "each establishing a village\nin a different area." }, { "start": 29.275, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Eventually, they metamorphosed\ninto various forms." }, { "start": 32.195, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Dakuwaqa settled\non resource-rich Cakaudrove" }, { "start": 36.074, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and transformed into a shark." }, { "start": 39.702, "duration": 1.919, "text": "But he was unsatisfied." }, { "start": 41.788, "duration": 3.712, "text": "He became proud and greedy,\nand wanted to challenge every vu," }, { "start": 45.5, "duration": 5.338, "text": "establish himself as the mightiest,\nand dominate all of Fiji’s islands." }, { "start": 52.131, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In his quest for power, Dakuwaqa sped\nthrough the waters toward Rewa," }, { "start": 56.928, "duration": 4.838, "text": "where a quick and cunning eel-shaped vu\ntried to stop him in the mouth of a river." }, { "start": 61.891, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Soon, the two were tumbling\nthrough the water, locked in combat." }, { "start": 66.104, "duration": 3.044, "text": "The brawling vu created towering waves," }, { "start": 69.148, "duration": 5.13, "text": "stretching the river further inshore\nand flooding nearby coastal communities." }, { "start": 74.445, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In the end, the eel was no match\nfor Dakuwaqa’s ferocity." }, { "start": 79.117, "duration": 5.463, "text": "After the fight, the Rewa River became\nthe longest and widest in Fiji," }, { "start": 84.914, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which made nearby communities\nespecially prone to flooding." }, { "start": 88.96, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But Dakuwaqa didn’t care\nwhat damage he caused," }, { "start": 92.213, "duration": 3.128, "text": "so long as he remained undefeated." }, { "start": 95.967, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Dakuwaqa continued on his rampage,\nlater vanquishing Masilaca," }, { "start": 100.388, "duration": 4.171, "text": "the small, mischievous shark vu\nthat lived near Beqa Island." }, { "start": 104.892, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Despite their rocky start,\nthe two became friends." }, { "start": 108.855, "duration": 5.13, "text": "But one day, Masilaca— perhaps growing\ntired of Dakuwaqa’s proud, selfish ways" }, { "start": 113.985, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and the chaos he’d caused\nacross the archipelago—" }, { "start": 117.155, "duration": 4.17, "text": "presented a challenge he knew\nDakuwaqa couldn’t resist." }, { "start": 121.325, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Masilaca spoke about a fierce vu\ncalled Rokobakaniceva," }, { "start": 125.746, "duration": 2.628, "text": "who guarded the outer island of Kadavu," }, { "start": 128.374, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and teased that,\nuntil Dakuwaqa defeated them," }, { "start": 131.627, "duration": 3.212, "text": "he couldn’t claim the title\nof strongest vu." }, { "start": 134.964, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Before Masilaca could even finish \ndescribing Rokobakaniceva," }, { "start": 139.719, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Dakuwaqa was jetting through the water\nin the direction of Kadavu." }, { "start": 144.64, "duration": 4.004, "text": "As he came close,\nDakuwaqa saw a giant octopus" }, { "start": 148.644, "duration": 2.294, "text": "hovering at the entrance to a reef." }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 5.422, "text": "The octopus vu, Rokobakaniceva,\ncared greatly for the people of Kadavu" }, { "start": 156.694, "duration": 5.964, "text": "and asked Dakuwaqa politely to stay away\nand not intimidate the villagers." }, { "start": 163.075, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Dakuwaqa was only emboldened\nby the request." }, { "start": 166.704, "duration": 3.837, "text": "He showed his imposing teeth\nand lunged forward to attack." }, { "start": 170.958, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But Rokobakaniceva was prepared." }, { "start": 174.378, "duration": 4.713, "text": "With four tentacles, the octopus vu\nremained rooted to a rock on the seafloor" }, { "start": 179.091, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and with the remaining four,\ncaptured Dakuwaqa’s body" }, { "start": 182.094, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and flipped him over." }, { "start": 184.013, "duration": 5.756, "text": "In this position, his breathing slowed\nand his muscles relaxed." }, { "start": 190.102, "duration": 5.881, "text": "He was paralyzed and powerless in a\nmysterious state called tonic immobility" }, { "start": 195.983, "duration": 2.92, "text": "that some sharks assume when flipped over" }, { "start": 198.903, "duration": 3.587, "text": "or when the sensitive pores\nof their snout are stimulated." }, { "start": 202.657, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Dakuwaqa was stuck upside down\nand struggling to breathe," }, { "start": 206.41, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and Rokobakaniceva’s tentacles wrapped\ntighter and tighter around his body." }, { "start": 211.165, "duration": 1.293, "text": "Though still shocked," }, { "start": 212.458, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Dakuwaqa realized the battle was lost\nfor the first time in his life." }, { "start": 218.047, "duration": 5.923, "text": "In exchange for Rokobakaniceva’s mercy,\nhe promised that he would change his ways." }, { "start": 224.262, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Instead of menacing the villagers\nand other vu," }, { "start": 226.931, "duration": 5.13, "text": "he vowed to protect Fijian fishers\nfrom Kadavu and beyond." }, { "start": 233.062, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Pleased with the pact,\nRokobakaniceva agreed and freed Dakuwaqa." }, { "start": 238.359, "duration": 5.297, "text": "He stayed true to his word—\nno longer bragging about dueling vu," }, { "start": 243.656, "duration": 2.878, "text": "conquering coastlines,\nand taking tributes." }, { "start": 246.659, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Instead, he began finding satisfaction\nin guiding lost people back to their homes" }, { "start": 252.79, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and warning local fishers of bad weather\nand sinister sea creatures." }, { "start": 257.545, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In return, some of Fiji’s people would\npay homage to Dakuwaqa" }, { "start": 261.34, "duration": 5.172, "text": "by pouring a traditional drink— yaqona,\nalso known as kava— into the ocean." }, { "start": 267.346, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And upon returning safely from fishing\ntrips with an abundance of catch," }, { "start": 271.434, "duration": 3.211, "text": "they’d throw fish heads back\ninto the ocean for the sharks—" }, { "start": 274.645, "duration": 3.253, "text": "gestures of mutual care to elicit luck" }, { "start": 277.898, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and protection from Dakuwaqa himself." } ] }, { "video_id": "fGPPy__YnrI", "title": "History vs. Egypt’s \"most powerful\" pharaoh - Jessica Tomkins", "description": "Pharaoh Ramesses II presided over a golden age of Egyptian prosperity— but was he a model leader or a master of propaganda?\n\n--\n\nPharaoh Ramesses II reigned for almost 70 years in the 13th century BCE. He presided over a golden age of Egyptian prosperity, power, and wealth. But was he a model leader or a shameless egomaniac and master of propaganda? Jessica Tomkins puts this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Ramesses the Great.\n\nLesson by Jessica Tomkins, directed by Brett Underhill, PorkchopBob Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-vs-egypt-s-most-powerful-pharaoh-jessica-tomkins\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-vs-egypt-s-most-powerful-pharaoh-jessica-tomkins/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://www.porkchopbob.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon and Eddy Trochez.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-18T16:00:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.671, "duration": 2.878, "text": "It’s a cold morning\nin 15th century France," }, { "start": 11.549, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and you're off to the barber\nfor a shave and a haircut." }, { "start": 15.011, "duration": 3.17, "text": "You hear the familiar sound\nof singing inside" }, { "start": 18.181, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and eye a bowl of blood in the window." }, { "start": 24.437, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Both chairs are taken." }, { "start": 26.898, "duration": 5.046, "text": "You grab a cup of ale and examine\nthe array of teeth strung from the walls." }, { "start": 32.153, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Suddenly, a scream." }, { "start": 34.864, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The barber’s apprentice wipes pus\nfrom the boil he’s just lanced." }, { "start": 39.077, "duration": 1.084, "text": "By the other chair," }, { "start": 40.161, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the barber fixes a pair of pliers\nover a blackened, rotting tooth." }, { "start": 45.833, "duration": 4.922, "text": "For centuries, barbers in western and\nnorthern Europe didn’t just cut hair," }, { "start": 50.755, "duration": 3.045, "text": "they also performed a range of surgeries;" }, { "start": 53.8, "duration": 4.587, "text": "from tooth extraction to stitches,\nand even amputation." }, { "start": 59.013, "duration": 3.962, "text": "There were two main factors that led\nto barbers filling this position." }, { "start": 63.142, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Before this, these surgical procedures\nwere mostly performed by monks." }, { "start": 68.231, "duration": 2.377, "text": "The clergymen were required\nby the Catholic Church" }, { "start": 70.608, "duration": 4.505, "text": "to sport a very specific haircut,\ncalled tonsures," }, { "start": 75.113, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and to remove all facial hair," }, { "start": 77.323, "duration": 3.253, "text": "so the monasteries generally\nhad at least one barber." }, { "start": 81.077, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Given their proximity and ability\nto work with sharp blades," }, { "start": 84.58, "duration": 3.295, "text": "these barbers often assisted in surgeries." }, { "start": 88.209, "duration": 3.795, "text": "And in 1215, the church issued an edict" }, { "start": 92.004, "duration": 4.505, "text": "banning monks from any act\nthat purposefully spilled blood." }, { "start": 97.051, "duration": 3.045, "text": "At the same time,\nuniversities with medical schools" }, { "start": 100.096, "duration": 1.793, "text": "were opening across Europe." }, { "start": 102.014, "duration": 3.838, "text": "However, these doctors saw themselves\nas academic scholars" }, { "start": 105.852, "duration": 4.963, "text": "who would never dirty their hands\nby touching blood or wielding knives." }, { "start": 111.107, "duration": 5.672, "text": "Medicine and surgery became two separate,\nyet complementary, disciplines—" }, { "start": 116.779, "duration": 2.503, "text": "like geometry and carpentry." }, { "start": 120.032, "duration": 4.797, "text": "So operations were left in the hands\nand shears of barber-surgeons." }, { "start": 125.163, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Rather than studying anatomy in textbooks," }, { "start": 128.207, "duration": 3.545, "text": "barber-surgeons trained\nthrough extended apprenticeships." }, { "start": 131.878, "duration": 3.795, "text": "They often combined knowledge\nof anatomy with astrology," }, { "start": 135.673, "duration": 4.254, "text": "taking both the patient’s symptoms\nand corresponding astrological events—" }, { "start": 139.927, "duration": 4.672, "text": "such as lunar phases—\ninto account when deciding on treatment." }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Like many people of the time," }, { "start": 146.434, "duration": 5.088, "text": "they regarded the position of the sun,\nmoon, and stars to be highly significant." }, { "start": 151.856, "duration": 3.587, "text": "They also memorized poems to commit\ninformation to memory—" }, { "start": 155.443, "duration": 4.629, "text": "such as one identifying where on the body\nbloodletting should be performed." }, { "start": 160.323, "duration": 1.751, "text": "For headaches, the temples;" }, { "start": 162.074, "duration": 3.045, "text": "for liver problems, \nthe little finger on the right hand;" }, { "start": 165.119, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and for hemorrhoids,\nthe back of the legs." }, { "start": 168.08, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Barber-surgeons certainly kept busy." }, { "start": 171.042, "duration": 2.586, "text": "From around 1300 CE," }, { "start": 173.628, "duration": 2.544, "text": "unpredictable weather\nacross the North Atlantic" }, { "start": 176.172, "duration": 3.462, "text": "caused by what is now called \nthe Little Ice Age," }, { "start": 179.634, "duration": 1.96, "text": "led to regular famines." }, { "start": 181.969, "duration": 2.795, "text": "People often had to choose\nbetween starvation" }, { "start": 184.764, "duration": 4.629, "text": "or eating rye flour that was contaminated\nwith the fungus ergot." }, { "start": 189.644, "duration": 2.377, "text": "This led to widespread illnesses," }, { "start": 192.021, "duration": 4.504, "text": "which in extreme cases caused gangrene,\nor the rotting of body tissue." }, { "start": 196.984, "duration": 1.669, "text": "When gangrene set in," }, { "start": 198.653, "duration": 3.92, "text": "the only hope of saving a patient\nwas through amputation." }, { "start": 202.823, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Barbers would saw off infected limbs," }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 4.088, "text": "covering the stumps with cow or pig\nbladders while they healed." }, { "start": 210.498, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And their work wasn’t limited\nto just shops and monasteries." }, { "start": 214.377, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Armies needed both hairdressing\nand wound care," }, { "start": 217.546, "duration": 4.714, "text": "and barber-surgeons accompanied them\non campaigns near and far." }, { "start": 222.802, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Through the centuries, barber-surgeons\ncontributed important knowledge" }, { "start": 226.305, "duration": 1.543, "text": "to the medical establishment." }, { "start": 227.974, "duration": 2.752, "text": "One of the most famous, Ambroise Paré," }, { "start": 230.893, "duration": 3.295, "text": "blurred the lines\nbetween doctor and barber-surgeon" }, { "start": 234.188, "duration": 2.127, "text": "by publishing medical textbooks" }, { "start": 236.315, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and teaching at France’s\nfirst surgical college." }, { "start": 239.652, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In the 16th century, \nhe gained renown as a military surgeon," }, { "start": 243.572, "duration": 4.672, "text": "in part for advocating against the\npainful and medically useless practice" }, { "start": 248.244, "duration": 3.211, "text": "of pouring boiling oil\ninto gunshot wounds." }, { "start": 251.706, "duration": 6.089, "text": "Instead, he applied an antiseptic salve\nof egg yolks, rosewater, and turpentine," }, { "start": 257.962, "duration": 4.254, "text": "which soon became standard treatment\non battlefields across Europe." }, { "start": 262.758, "duration": 4.255, "text": "By the 18th century, medical knowledge\nstarted advancing rapidly." }, { "start": 267.179, "duration": 3.129, "text": "New surgical techniques emerged\nfor closing wounds," }, { "start": 270.308, "duration": 4.004, "text": "controlling blood loss,\nand performing complex procedures," }, { "start": 274.312, "duration": 2.168, "text": "like removing cancerous tissue." }, { "start": 276.689, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Surgery became more specialized—" }, { "start": 278.899, "duration": 2.67, "text": "and under pressure\nfrom the medical establishment—" }, { "start": 281.569, "duration": 5.088, "text": "barbers and surgeons soon split\ninto clear-cut occupations." }, { "start": 286.949, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Surgeons and dentists entered the ranks" }, { "start": 289.201, "duration": 2.586, "text": "of university-trained\nmedical practitioners," }, { "start": 291.787, "duration": 3.42, "text": "while barbers remained craftsmen\nwho learned their trade" }, { "start": 295.207, "duration": 1.502, "text": "through apprenticeships." }, { "start": 297.168, "duration": 4.379, "text": "However, the legacy of the barber-surgeon\ncan still be seen today," }, { "start": 301.672, "duration": 5.005, "text": "perhaps most prominently in the\nred and white stripes on the barber pole—" }, { "start": 307.136, "duration": 1.793, "text": "which, according to legend," }, { "start": 308.929, "duration": 4.964, "text": "represent blood and the bandages used\nby their pre-modern counterparts." } ] }, { "video_id": "__nlupHISg0", "title": "How much would it cost to buy the ocean? - Astrid J. Hsu", "description": "Dig into the monetary value of the ocean, from global trade, to tourism, fishing, and more, as Poseidon contemplates selling it.\n\n--\n\nSurveying his vast domain, Poseidon considers retirement. What if someone else donned the coral crown so he could spend his immortality harmonizing with whales and cozying up to hydrothermal vents? Poseidon decides he needs to prioritize himself for once. So, he summons his accountant and asks: how much could he sell the ocean for? Astrid J. Hsu conducts a financial analysis of our oceans’ worth.\n\nLesson by Astrid J. Hsu, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-would-it-cost-to-buy-the-ocean-astrid-j-hsu\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-much-would-it-cost-to-buy-the-ocean-astrid-j-hsu/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law and Hiroshi Uchiyama.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-16T16:00:52Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.671, "duration": 6.006, "text": "On October 17th, 1902, Paris detectives\narrived at a grisly scene." }, { "start": 14.927, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Joseph Reibel had been murdered\nat his workplace." }, { "start": 18.848, "duration": 3.545, "text": "With no eyewitnesses,\nthe officers had little to work from," }, { "start": 22.435, "duration": 3.295, "text": "until they discovered a shard\nof broken glass" }, { "start": 25.897, "duration": 2.46, "text": "with several bloody fingerprints." }, { "start": 28.691, "duration": 3.67, "text": "An investigator manually searched\nthe police station's fingerprint records" }, { "start": 32.361, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and eventually found a match." }, { "start": 35.156, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Henri Scheffer, who had been arrested\nfor theft the year before," }, { "start": 38.618, "duration": 3.378, "text": "was detained and later\nconfessed to the murder." }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 2.294, "text": "This marked the first time\nin Europe" }, { "start": 44.582, "duration": 4.004, "text": "that investigators solved a crime\nusing fingerprints alone." }, { "start": 48.92, "duration": 1.334, "text": "Over a century later," }, { "start": 50.254, "duration": 3.504, "text": "fingerprints remain one of the most\ncommon types of evidence" }, { "start": 53.758, "duration": 1.376, "text": "in criminal courts." }, { "start": 55.134, "duration": 2.252, "text": "But just how reliable are they?" }, { "start": 57.804, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Humans, like other climbing species," }, { "start": 60.389, "duration": 3.796, "text": "are born with patterns of raised ridges\nand recessed furrows" }, { "start": 64.185, "duration": 3.921, "text": "not only on their fingers\nbut also along their hands and feet." }, { "start": 68.106, "duration": 2.961, "text": "These friction ridges help provide\na firmer grip," }, { "start": 71.15, "duration": 4.38, "text": "especially on wet surfaces,\nand increase our sensitivity to touch." }, { "start": 75.613, "duration": 2.836, "text": "They begin to develop in the womb\nat about seven weeks," }, { "start": 78.449, "duration": 5.047, "text": "when the skin on the hands and feet\nswell to form smooth raised pads." }, { "start": 83.788, "duration": 4.296, "text": "At around ten weeks, deeper layers begin\nto grow faster than the upper layers," }, { "start": 88.084, "duration": 2.711, "text": "causing the pads to buckle and fold." }, { "start": 90.878, "duration": 3.796, "text": "This folding is guided by genetics\nand environmental factors" }, { "start": 94.674, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and continues over the next\nseveral months." }, { "start": 97.51, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Scientists have yet to fully understand\nthe exact environmental factors at play," }, { "start": 101.472, "duration": 2.628, "text": "but it’s their randomness\nthat leads to the formation" }, { "start": 104.1, "duration": 2.002, "text": "of unique fingerprint patterns." }, { "start": 106.435, "duration": 4.338, "text": "In fact, many experts believe\nit’s improbable that any two fingerprints," }, { "start": 110.773, "duration": 2.336, "text": "past or present, are exactly alike." }, { "start": 113.276, "duration": 2.669, "text": "They're even different\namong identical twins." }, { "start": 116.028, "duration": 3.254, "text": "People have likely known about\nthe individual nature of fingerprints" }, { "start": 119.282, "duration": 1.001, "text": "for centuries, " }, { "start": 120.283, "duration": 4.796, "text": "but it wasn’t until the late 1800s that\nscientists began studying and classifying" }, { "start": 125.079, "duration": 1.418, "text": "their different features." }, { "start": 126.622, "duration": 5.172, "text": "By the early 1900s, prosecutors\nbegan utilizing fingerprints in courts," }, { "start": 131.919, "duration": 3.712, "text": "forever changing how detectives\napproach and analyze crime scenes." }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Today, investigators often begin\nby searching for visible prints." }, { "start": 140.386, "duration": 2.002, "text": "These include patent prints," }, { "start": 142.388, "duration": 3.295, "text": "left by transferable substances\nlike blood or dirt," }, { "start": 145.85, "duration": 4.338, "text": "and plastic prints, which are impressions\nin soft, malleable materials," }, { "start": 150.271, "duration": 3.545, "text": "like caulking, wax,\nor even a newly painted fence." }, { "start": 154.15, "duration": 3.628, "text": "However, most fingerprints\naren't visible to the naked eye." }, { "start": 157.945, "duration": 1.71, "text": "These are called latent prints," }, { "start": 159.655, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and they’re composed of the water,\noils, proteins, and salts" }, { "start": 163.826, "duration": 2.378, "text": "that ridge patterns leave on surfaces." }, { "start": 166.329, "duration": 2.669, "text": "They can be revealed by dusting\nwith a fine powder," }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 2.377, "text": "which sticks to the water and oil trail." }, { "start": 171.5, "duration": 2.42, "text": "If surfaces are porous\nor difficult to dust," }, { "start": 173.92, "duration": 3.461, "text": "investigators use chemical developers\nlike Ninhydrin," }, { "start": 177.381, "duration": 2.586, "text": "which reacts with proteins\nleft by fingers." }, { "start": 180.509, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Forensic scientists continue to develop\nmore sensitive and surface-specific tools." }, { "start": 185.264, "duration": 4.088, "text": "For example, one experimental\ntechnique uses an electrical charge" }, { "start": 189.352, "duration": 3.545, "text": "to capture the corrosion that fingerprint\nsalts leave on metals," }, { "start": 192.98, "duration": 1.877, "text": "even if they have been wiped down." }, { "start": 195.274, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Once investigators have collected prints," }, { "start": 197.526, "duration": 3.129, "text": "then they get to work matching them\nwith potential suspects." }, { "start": 200.738, "duration": 4.171, "text": "In certain cases, investigators\nwill use automated computing systems" }, { "start": 204.909, "duration": 1.877, "text": "that can narrow down potential matches" }, { "start": 206.786, "duration": 2.461, "text": "found in national fingerprint databases." }, { "start": 209.413, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Certified experts then compare\nminor fingerprint details," }, { "start": 212.959, "duration": 2.919, "text": "such as how the ridges\nbranch and intersect," }, { "start": 215.962, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and the spacing of oil pores." }, { "start": 218.005, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Any result must be blindly\nverified by a second expert" }, { "start": 221.55, "duration": 3.254, "text": "before information is handed\nover to justice departments." }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 3.254, "text": "The fact that fingerprint patterns\nare unique for every individual" }, { "start": 228.391, "duration": 3.461, "text": "makes them particularly strong\nevidence in criminal cases." }, { "start": 231.936, "duration": 3.045, "text": "However, the system isn't infallible." }, { "start": 235.314, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Prints are often smudged, distorted,\nor overlapped with other prints," }, { "start": 239.443, "duration": 1.961, "text": "which can make matching more challenging." }, { "start": 241.487, "duration": 1.668, "text": "And it’s prone to human error—" }, { "start": 243.489, "duration": 4.463, "text": "one 2011 study found that fingerprint\nexperts falsely identified" }, { "start": 247.994, "duration": 3.712, "text": "two different fingerprints\nas a match 0.1% of the time." }, { "start": 251.914, "duration": 5.214, "text": "While this may seem low, the stakes are\nhigh for a wrongly accused defendant." }, { "start": 257.628, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Further, there’s no universal standard\non the number of ridge details" }, { "start": 261.632, "duration": 2.336, "text": "that experts must analyze to make a match." }, { "start": 264.176, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Many investigators stress\nthat no conviction should be made" }, { "start": 267.763, "duration": 1.794, "text": "on fingerprint evidence alone." }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 3.712, "text": "For these reasons, forensic experts\ncontinue to work to improve" }, { "start": 273.894, "duration": 2.211, "text": "and standardize\nthe fingerprinting process." }, { "start": 276.397, "duration": 2.711, "text": "After all, when it comes\nto investigating crime," }, { "start": 279.15, "duration": 2.878, "text": "fingerprints have certainly\nleft their mark." } ] }, { "video_id": "7Vhu433hkys", "title": "Why is rice so popular? - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Dig into how rice became a staple in the world’s diet, and the surprising consequences of its traditional production practices.\n\n--\n\nRice contributes over 20% of the calories consumed by humans each year. Korean bibimbap, Nigerian jollof, Indian biryani, Spanish paella, and countless other culinary masterpieces all begin with rice. So how did this humble grain end up in so many cuisines? Carolyn Beans investigates the global expansion of this beloved crop and the unintended consequences of its popularity.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Na Na Na Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Michele Reba who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-rice-so-popular-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-rice-so-popular-carolyn-beans/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://nananastudio.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti and Hoai Nam Tran.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-11T16:01:03Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.963, "text": "From 1952 to 1953, Sydney\ndetectives investigated" }, { "start": 12.008, "duration": 3.336, "text": "a staggering number of murder\nand attempted murder cases" }, { "start": 15.344, "duration": 2.628, "text": "that were unrelated yet shared\na common element:" }, { "start": 18.139, "duration": 1.585, "text": "thallium poisoning." }, { "start": 20.433, "duration": 4.588, "text": "The secret to thallium toxicity lies in\nits structural similarity to potassium—" }, { "start": 25.146, "duration": 2.502, "text": "an element that helps regulate\nthe body's fluids," }, { "start": 27.648, "duration": 3.212, "text": "initiate muscle contraction,\nand transmit nerve signals." }, { "start": 31.486, "duration": 3.795, "text": "If even a small amount of thallium\nsneaks its way into the body—" }, { "start": 35.281, "duration": 3.17, "text": "for example, through a tainted tea\nor a slice of cake—" }, { "start": 38.576, "duration": 1.96, "text": "it easily supplants potassium," }, { "start": 40.536, "duration": 3.295, "text": "causing the body to slowly\nand painfully shut down." }, { "start": 44.207, "duration": 2.586, "text": "At the time, thallium's\nrisks were well known," }, { "start": 47.001, "duration": 3.921, "text": "so how were the perpetrators able to get\ntheir hands on such a lethal element?" }, { "start": 51.172, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And thallium isn't the only dangerous\nelement on the periodic table." }, { "start": 55.218, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Within this tabular array loom\nseveral potential threats," }, { "start": 58.679, "duration": 2.962, "text": "each with their own unique method\nof imposing destruction." }, { "start": 61.849, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Some elements, like thallium,\nare dangerous due to their toxicity." }, { "start": 66.02, "duration": 1.376, "text": "Once they enter the body," }, { "start": 67.396, "duration": 3.254, "text": "they wreak havoc on the biological systems\nthat keep us alive." }, { "start": 71.109, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Lead, for example, switches places with\nthe body's essential metals like calcium," }, { "start": 75.53, "duration": 2.919, "text": "in turn disrupting neuronal communication\nin the brain." }, { "start": 78.825, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Traveling through the bloodstream, it also\ngenerates toxic levels of molecules" }, { "start": 82.995, "duration": 4.922, "text": "known as reactive oxygen species,\nwhich over time can stress and kill cells." }, { "start": 88.042, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Mercury's toxicity was made famous\nin the 19th century" }, { "start": 91.671, "duration": 2.794, "text": "due to its widespread use\nin felt hat production." }, { "start": 95.133, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Prolonged exposure made hat makers ill" }, { "start": 97.677, "duration": 2.752, "text": "with what was later known\nas \"Mad Hatter\" disease," }, { "start": 100.805, "duration": 2.836, "text": "with symptoms that included\npersonality changes," }, { "start": 103.641, "duration": 2.461, "text": "emotional disturbances, and tremors." }, { "start": 106.936, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Mercury is quick to react\nwith certain parts of proteins" }, { "start": 109.647, "duration": 1.251, "text": "found throughout the body." }, { "start": 110.898, "duration": 4.255, "text": "And upon binding, mercury twists\nthe proteins into different shapes," }, { "start": 115.153, "duration": 1.376, "text": "rendering them useless. " }, { "start": 117.196, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Some elements are dangerous because of\nhow they respond, react, or even explode" }, { "start": 122.118, "duration": 1.334, "text": "in the outside environment." }, { "start": 123.578, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Top reactive elements reside in the\nfirst column of the periodic table" }, { "start": 127.79, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and are known as alkali metals." }, { "start": 130.042, "duration": 2.378, "text": "They're rarely found in their\npure elemental form," }, { "start": 132.42, "duration": 4.171, "text": "as alkalis readily donate the single\nelectron in their outer shell" }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 3.086, "text": "to whatever's around to form more\nstable ionic compounds." }, { "start": 139.886, "duration": 1.96, "text": "This can lead to violent results—" }, { "start": 141.846, "duration": 4.254, "text": "pure cesium, for example, bursts\ninto flames when exposed to air," }, { "start": 146.1, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and explodes when dropped in water." }, { "start": 148.936, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Francium is likely the\nmost reactive alkali" }, { "start": 151.606, "duration": 2.21, "text": "based on its position\nin the periodic table," }, { "start": 153.816, "duration": 1.335, "text": "but we don't know for sure." }, { "start": 155.359, "duration": 2.586, "text": "With a half-life of 22 minutes at most," }, { "start": 157.945, "duration": 3.629, "text": "it's thought that less than an ounce\nexists on Earth at any one time." }, { "start": 162.575, "duration": 3.629, "text": "But perhaps the most threatening elements\nare those that silently emit." }, { "start": 166.746, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Known as radioactive elements," }, { "start": 168.748, "duration": 3.795, "text": "the substances readily release energy,\nor decay," }, { "start": 172.627, "duration": 3.044, "text": "due to their highly unstable\nnuclear composition." }, { "start": 176.047, "duration": 2.627, "text": "This reactive nature is what's\nharnessed to create" }, { "start": 178.674, "duration": 2.753, "text": "some of the world's most dangerous\nnuclear weapons." }, { "start": 181.719, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Radioactive elements typically emit energy\nin the form of alpha particles," }, { "start": 186.015, "duration": 3.962, "text": "beta particles, neutrons,\nor electromagnetic radiation." }, { "start": 190.561, "duration": 1.502, "text": "While all dangerous," }, { "start": 192.063, "duration": 3.42, "text": "alpha particles, which consist\nof two neutrons and protons" }, { "start": 195.483, "duration": 1.46, "text": "bound tightly together," }, { "start": 196.943, "duration": 1.793, "text": "can be particularly hazardous. " }, { "start": 199.195, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Heavy and positively charged," }, { "start": 201.072, "duration": 2.544, "text": "if alpha particles find their\nway into the body," }, { "start": 203.699, "duration": 3.087, "text": "they can easily bombard and kill\nany cell in their path." }, { "start": 207.453, "duration": 4.963, "text": "In fact, it's theorized that a single\ngram of one alpha emitter, polonium," }, { "start": 212.541, "duration": 2.336, "text": "could kill upwards of 50 million people." }, { "start": 215.294, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Polonium was first discovered\nby Marie Curie," }, { "start": 218.631, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and tragically her daughter,\nresearcher Irene Joliot-Curie," }, { "start": 222.802, "duration": 4.337, "text": "may have been one of its first victims\nafter she was exposed in a lab accident." }, { "start": 227.807, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Polonium is rare in nature\nwith few commercial uses," }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 2.836, "text": "so only a small amount is\nsynthesized each year." }, { "start": 234.438, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Thallium, on the other hand,\nwasn't so difficult to find" }, { "start": 237.316, "duration": 2.378, "text": "in the early 1950s in Austalia." }, { "start": 239.86, "duration": 3.587, "text": "At the time, Sydney was plagued\nwith chronic rat infestations." }, { "start": 243.614, "duration": 3.379, "text": "And thallium was the main ingredient\nin the popular and cheap" }, { "start": 246.993, "duration": 2.127, "text": "rat poison called Thall-Rat." }, { "start": 249.37, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Thankfully, detectives were\nable to connect the dots," }, { "start": 252.039, "duration": 5.047, "text": "and in 1953 Australian Parliament\neffectively banned all sale of thallium." } ] }, { "video_id": "fl1i6RtM4o8", "title": "Are pandas the most misunderstood animal? - Lucy Cooke", "description": "Uncover the most common misperceptions about pandas, and find out why it's so difficult for them to breed in captivity.\n\n--\n\nIn the 1930’s, a grand panda drama unfolded at the Chicago Zoo. Zookeepers procured a female panda named Mei Mei, and they were determined to find her a mate. They found a prospective suitor named Mei Lan, and the public eagerly awaited the patter of tiny panda paws. But the wait dragged on... and on. Why weren’t the bears breeding? Lucy Cooke shares common misperceptions about pandas.\n\nLesson by Lucy Cooke, directed by Keegan Thornhill.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-sex-lives-of-pandas-lucy-cooke\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-secret-sex-lives-of-pandas-lucy-cooke/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/cosmiconionring\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley and Elija Peterson.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-09T16:00:54Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In 1624, 23-year-old King Louis the XIII\nof France was in crisis." }, { "start": 12.925, "duration": 1.252, "text": "He was balding." }, { "start": 14.719, "duration": 3.378, "text": "What would people say, at a time\nwhen a monarch's hair" }, { "start": 18.097, "duration": 2.711, "text": " had come to symbolize\nhis power and nobility?" }, { "start": 20.975, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Louis was not interested in finding out." }, { "start": 23.644, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Instead, he made a decision that kicked\noff a 150-year fashion craze:" }, { "start": 28.775, "duration": 3.336, "text": "he wore a particularly full wig." }, { "start": 32.862, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Long before Louis people adopted wigs\nfor various reasons—" }, { "start": 36.407, "duration": 3.629, "text": "including hygiene, theater,\nand anti-aging endeavors." }, { "start": 40.203, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Wigs date at least as far back\nas ancient Egypt," }, { "start": 43.372, "duration": 4.213, "text": "where well-regarded hairdressers crafted\nthem into intricate styles." }, { "start": 48.211, "duration": 5.171, "text": "And under certain ancient Roman dynasties,\nwomen's wigs became particularly ornate," }, { "start": 53.549, "duration": 3.379, "text": "one poet mocking their numerous tiers." }, { "start": 57.261, "duration": 4.129, "text": "During the Middle Ages, the Catholic\nChurch discouraged wig-wearing," }, { "start": 61.39, "duration": 3.546, "text": "emphasizing instead humility\nand austerity." }, { "start": 65.228, "duration": 3.044, "text": "So, those who did wig\nin medieval western Europe" }, { "start": 68.272, "duration": 3.17, "text": "generally wore more\nnatural-looking styles." }, { "start": 72.193, "duration": 6.381, "text": "But as rules relaxed in the 1500s,\nwigs became more acceptable accessories." }, { "start": 79.075, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Queen Elizabeth I of England\nowned over 80 red wigs," }, { "start": 83.871, "duration": 4.088, "text": "which she used to augment her hair\nand conceal it as it thinned and grayed." }, { "start": 88.209, "duration": 3.42, "text": "One of these wigs even adorned\nher funeral effigy." }, { "start": 92.296, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Yet it wasn't until Louis XIII unveiled\nhis magnificent mane" }, { "start": 96.801, "duration": 4.421, "text": "a couple of decades later that\nbig wigs truly began booming." }, { "start": 101.722, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Members of Louis' court,\nperhaps eager to gain favor," }, { "start": 105.017, "duration": 4.463, "text": "bewigged themselves and aristocrats\nelsewhere soon followed suit." }, { "start": 109.73, "duration": 3.546, "text": "The fast-growing popularity of wigs\nmight have been accentuated" }, { "start": 113.276, "duration": 3.169, "text": "by concerns over hair loss\ncaused by mercury," }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 4.547, "text": "which doctors then prescribed to treat\nsyphilis and other ailments." }, { "start": 121.45, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But people also heralded wigs\nas convenient," }, { "start": 124.495, "duration": 4.254, "text": "since they eliminated the need for daily\nhair cleaning and styling." }, { "start": 129.333, "duration": 6.09, "text": "In the mid-1600s, the trend amplified\nunder Louis XIII's son, Louis XIV." }, { "start": 135.923, "duration": 4.213, "text": "At the time, Europe took its couture cues\nfrom Madrid." }, { "start": 140.303, "duration": 2.752, "text": "But Louis XIV's government changed that" }, { "start": 143.055, "duration": 3.546, "text": "by investing heavily\nin France's luxury industry." }, { "start": 147.268, "duration": 3.962, "text": "They created specialized guilds,\nformalized seasonal releases," }, { "start": 151.23, "duration": 1.71, "text": "enforced a dress code at court," }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 4.38, "text": "and banned imports that could have been\nmade in France or its colonies." }, { "start": 157.612, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Louis XIV once even ordered his son—\nyet another Louis—" }, { "start": 161.449, "duration": 3.295, "text": "to burn his coat because it was made\nof foreign cloth." }, { "start": 165.411, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Buoyed by its growing colonial empire," }, { "start": 168.08, "duration": 2.378, "text": "France amassed wealth and influence, " }, { "start": 170.458, "duration": 5.589, "text": "and Parisian-style big wigs soon\nperched atop many European heads." }, { "start": 176.505, "duration": 5.131, "text": "These full-bottom men's hairpieces\ndemanded such thick, long locks" }, { "start": 181.636, "duration": 3.545, "text": "that ten heads of hair\ncould go into just one." }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Within a century, the number of Parisian\nwigmakers quadrupled." }, { "start": 189.56, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Even small villages often boasted\nat least one wigmaker." }, { "start": 193.689, "duration": 3.754, "text": "They generally fabricated their\nmerchandise from human hair—" }, { "start": 197.443, "duration": 2.211, "text": "probably sourced from poor women—" }, { "start": 199.779, "duration": 2.961, "text": "or from cheaper materials like wool\nor horsehair." }, { "start": 203.282, "duration": 3.921, "text": "To clean their wigs, eliminate odors,\nand absorb sweat," }, { "start": 207.328, "duration": 5.631, "text": "people showered them in perfumed powders\nof flour, chalk, and aromatics" }, { "start": 212.959, "duration": 2.877, "text": "like violet, rose, clove, and lemon." }, { "start": 216.587, "duration": 4.505, "text": "It was a messy business,\nwith entire rooms designated for the task." }, { "start": 221.259, "duration": 4.421, "text": "In fact, that's where the term \"powder\nroom\" is thought to have originated." }, { "start": 226.681, "duration": 5.13, "text": "By the mid-1700s, men's wigs remained\npopular but became simpler," }, { "start": 231.894, "duration": 4.505, "text": "often styled with curls around the face\nand a ponytail in back." }, { "start": 236.816, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Women's wigs, however,\nsoared to new heights," }, { "start": 239.902, "duration": 2.461, "text": "literally towering up to a meter." }, { "start": 242.738, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Wigmakers often constructed these using\nrods, ribbons, and wool stuffing." }, { "start": 247.702, "duration": 1.293, "text": "And once covered with hair," }, { "start": 248.995, "duration": 3.169, "text": "the wig could be adorned\nwith all manner of accoutrements." }, { "start": 252.498, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Lighter colored wigs became fashionable\nand were only enhanced with powders," }, { "start": 257.503, "duration": 3.212, "text": "sometimes tinted purple, pink, or blue." }, { "start": 261.007, "duration": 2.168, "text": "But not everyone bought into the trend." }, { "start": 263.301, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Caricaturists mocked big wig-wearers,\nframing them as frivolously flamboyant." }, { "start": 268.264, "duration": 2.794, "text": "And the hotter temperatures\nin some of Europe's colonies" }, { "start": 271.058, "duration": 2.878, "text": "might have made heavy powdered wigs\na nuisance." }, { "start": 274.353, "duration": 5.089, "text": "In 1740, a visitor in Maryland observed\nthat so few people wore wigs," }, { "start": 279.442, "duration": 4.421, "text": "he said, \"you would imagine they\nwere all sick, or going to bed.\"" }, { "start": 284.572, "duration": 1.585, "text": "In the late 1700s," }, { "start": 286.157, "duration": 4.629, "text": "a popular backlash against aristocratic\ndecadence gained steam." }, { "start": 291.162, "duration": 2.21, "text": "As France faced a bread shortage," }, { "start": 293.372, "duration": 3.963, "text": "flour-powdered wigs were viewed\nas particularly problematic." }, { "start": 297.793, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And in 1789, the French Revolution\nkicked off." }, { "start": 302.631, "duration": 3.754, "text": "In 1795, England's parliament\npassed a \"powder tax\"" }, { "start": 306.385, "duration": 2.67, "text": "that led many to abandon their big wigs." }, { "start": 309.388, "duration": 4.797, "text": "And so, they fell out of fashion,\nleft high and powder-dry," }, { "start": 314.31, "duration": 3.879, "text": "like mere relics of a hair-brained\npast craze." } ] }, { "video_id": "2njn71TqkjA", "title": "Why is Texas hold 'em so popular? - James McManus", "description": "Dig into the history of poker, from the game’s invention in the American South to its explosion of popularity across the world.\n\n--\n\nFrom its earliest incarnations, poker has always been a contest of guile, guts, and gambling. The game first emerged around 1800 in the melting pot of New Orleans, and soon spread up the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri rivers. So, how did this simple game of the American South skyrocket in popularity? James McManus shares how the card game became an international affair. \n\nLesson by James McManus, directed by Chintis Lundgren.\n\nLearn more about the history of poker with James McManus' book, \"Cowboys Full: The story of poker\" here: https://bit.ly/4ajF5Ar\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/bluffing-betting-and-busting-the-history-of-poker-james-mcmanus\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/bluffing-betting-and-busting-the-history-of-poker-james-mcmanus/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://chintislundgren.com \nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath and Dan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-04T16:00:20Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 2.419, "text": "While we’re already feeling\nthe devastating effects" }, { "start": 9.422, "duration": 1.877, "text": "of human-caused climate change," }, { "start": 11.382, "duration": 4.421, "text": "governments continue to fall short\non making and executing emissions pledges" }, { "start": 15.803, "duration": 1.919, "text": "that would help thwart further warming." }, { "start": 17.764, "duration": 4.087, "text": "So, what will our world look like\nin the next 30 to 80 years," }, { "start": 21.851, "duration": 1.919, "text": "if we continue on the current path?" }, { "start": 23.978, "duration": 3.545, "text": "While it’s impossible to know exactly\nhow the next decade will unfold," }, { "start": 27.523, "duration": 3.379, "text": "scientists and climate experts have\nmade projections," }, { "start": 30.902, "duration": 2.085, "text": "factoring in the current state of affairs." }, { "start": 33.112, "duration": 2.461, "text": "This future we’re about to describe\nis bleak," }, { "start": 35.573, "duration": 4.338, "text": "but remember there’s still time to ensure\nit doesn’t become our reality." }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 1.21, "text": "It’s 2050." }, { "start": 41.329, "duration": 4.546, "text": "We’ve blown past the 1.5 degree target\nthat world leaders promised to stick to." }, { "start": 45.875, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The Earth has warmed 2 degrees\nsince the 1800s," }, { "start": 49.045, "duration": 3.42, "text": "when the world first started burning\nfossil fuels in mass scale." }, { "start": 52.715, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Reports on heatwaves and wildfires\nregularly fill the evening news." }, { "start": 57.345, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Summer days exceed 40 degrees in London\nand 45 degrees in Delhi," }, { "start": 61.557, "duration": 3.42, "text": "as extreme heat waves are now\n8 to 9 times more common." }, { "start": 65.269, "duration": 2.753, "text": "These high temperatures prompt\nwidespread blackouts," }, { "start": 68.022, "duration": 2.92, "text": "as power grids struggle to keep\nup with the energy demands" }, { "start": 70.942, "duration": 1.96, "text": "needed to properly cool homes." }, { "start": 73.069, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Ambulance sirens blare through the night," }, { "start": 75.196, "duration": 4.087, "text": "carrying patients suffering from\nheatstroke, dehydration, and exhaustion." }, { "start": 79.534, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The southwestern United States,\nsouthern Africa, and eastern Australia" }, { "start": 83.83, "duration": 3.336, "text": "experience longer, more frequent,\nand more severe droughts." }, { "start": 87.208, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Meanwhile, the Philippines, Indonesia,\nand Japan" }, { "start": 90.294, "duration": 1.794, "text": "face more frequent heavy rainfall" }, { "start": 92.13, "duration": 3.211, "text": "as rising temperatures cause water\nto evaporate faster," }, { "start": 95.341, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and trap more water in the atmosphere." }, { "start": 97.885, "duration": 1.794, "text": "As the weather becomes more erratic," }, { "start": 99.804, "duration": 2.794, "text": "some communities are unable\nto keep pace with rebuilding" }, { "start": 102.598, "duration": 1.669, "text": "what’s constantly destroyed." }, { "start": 104.35, "duration": 1.21, "text": "Many move to cities," }, { "start": 105.56, "duration": 2.752, "text": "where they face housing shortages\nand a lack of jobs." }, { "start": 108.437, "duration": 3.379, "text": "A resource squeeze is felt\nin newborn intensive care wards," }, { "start": 111.816, "duration": 2.127, "text": "as the rising temperature\nand air pollution" }, { "start": 113.943, "duration": 3.003, "text": "cause higher rates of premature\nand underweight births." }, { "start": 117.029, "duration": 2.962, "text": "More children develop asthma\nand respiratory disease," }, { "start": 119.991, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and rates balloon in communities regularly\nexposed to forest fire smoke." }, { "start": 124.036, "duration": 2.92, "text": "The global emissions added\nto the atmosphere each year" }, { "start": 126.956, "duration": 2.92, "text": "finally start to level off,\nthanks to government action," }, { "start": 129.876, "duration": 1.543, "text": "but it’s decades too late." }, { "start": 131.419, "duration": 2.085, "text": "We fail to reach net zero in time." }, { "start": 133.713, "duration": 5.797, "text": "As a result, by 2100 the Earth has\nwarmed another 0.5 to 1.5 degrees." }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Over half of our remaining\nglaciers have melted." }, { "start": 142.263, "duration": 3.837, "text": "As the sea heats up, its volume increases\ndue to thermal expansion." }, { "start": 146.184, "duration": 3.169, "text": "Together, this elevates sea level\nby well over a meter." }, { "start": 149.395, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Entire nations, like the Marshall Islands\nand Tuvalu, are uninhabitable" }, { "start": 153.691, "duration": 2.836, "text": "as large swaths of their islands\nare submerged." }, { "start": 156.819, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Some islands, like the Maldives," }, { "start": 158.738, "duration": 2.294, "text": "spend billions building\ninterconnected rafts" }, { "start": 161.032, "duration": 2.752, "text": "that house apartments,\nschools, and restaurants" }, { "start": 163.826, "duration": 2.002, "text": "that float above its drowned cities." }, { "start": 165.912, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Resettled climate migrants\nin Jakarta, Mumbai, and Lagos" }, { "start": 169.79, "duration": 2.378, "text": "are forced to abandon\ntheir homes once again," }, { "start": 172.168, "duration": 4.463, "text": "as rising tides and extreme storms flood\nbuildings and crumble infrastructure." }, { "start": 176.672, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Overall, 250 million people are displaced." }, { "start": 180.509, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Some affluent cities like New York\nand Shanghai attempt to adapt," }, { "start": 184.68, "duration": 1.919, "text": "elevating buildings and roadways." }, { "start": 186.891, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Ten-meter-tall seawalls line\nthe cities’ coasts." }, { "start": 190.019, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Children learn about extinct sea life\nwhich once inhabited the ocean’s reefs," }, { "start": 193.898, "duration": 3.879, "text": "all of which have vanished thanks\nto rising surface water temperatures." }, { "start": 198.361, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Grocery prices skyrocket," }, { "start": 200.154, "duration": 3.253, "text": "as food and water scarcity\ntouch all communities." }, { "start": 203.658, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Fruits and products long grown\nin the tropics and subtropics" }, { "start": 206.994, "duration": 1.627, "text": "rarely show up on shelves," }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 2.836, "text": "as intense heat waves paired\nwith increasing humidity" }, { "start": 211.457, "duration": 2.294, "text": "make it deadly for farmers\nto work outdoors." }, { "start": 213.96, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Unpredictable heatwaves,\ndroughts, and floods" }, { "start": 216.462, "duration": 4.087, "text": "cripple small-scale farmers\nin Africa, Asia, and South America," }, { "start": 220.591, "duration": 3.003, "text": "who previously produced one-third\nof the world’s food." }, { "start": 223.719, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Hundreds of millions of people are\npushed into hunger and famine." }, { "start": 227.932, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Climate predictions can feel\noverwhelming and terrifying." }, { "start": 231.185, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Yet many of the experts responsible\nfor these assessments remain optimistic." }, { "start": 235.398, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Since countries have first begun\ntaking steps to lower their emissions," }, { "start": 238.734, "duration": 2.545, "text": "warming projections have\nshifted downwards." }, { "start": 241.32, "duration": 3.629, "text": "In less than a decade,\nwe’ve reduced our projected emission rates" }, { "start": 244.949, "duration": 3.378, "text": "so that we’re no longer on track\nto hit nearly 4 degrees of warming." }, { "start": 248.452, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Policies that invest\nin renewable energy sources," }, { "start": 251.247, "duration": 3.462, "text": "cut fossil fuel production,\nsupport electric transportation," }, { "start": 254.709, "duration": 2.836, "text": "protect our forests,\nand regulate industry" }, { "start": 257.628, "duration": 3.128, "text": "can help mitigate the worst effects\nof climate change." }, { "start": 260.965, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But climate experts have also stressed\nthat current policies and pledges" }, { "start": 265.094, "duration": 2.961, "text": "don’t go far enough—\nin speed or scale." }, { "start": 268.055, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Enacting real change will\nrequire bold solutions," }, { "start": 271.017, "duration": 2.127, "text": "innovations, and collective action." }, { "start": 273.185, "duration": 4.547, "text": "There’s still time to rewrite our future,\nand every tenth of a degree counts." } ] }, { "video_id": "Wb0UgdRFj2A", "title": "How to get motivated even when you don’t feel like it", "description": "Explore the psychology of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and dig into how these forces contribute to our drive.\n\n--\n\nMotivation is complicated. Psychologists define motivation as the desire or impetus to initiate and maintain a particular behavior. But sometimes, no matter how passionate you are about a goal or hobby, finding the motivation to actually do it can be difficult. Why is motivation so fickle? Explore intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and dig into how these forces contribute to our drive.\n\nDirected by Magali García.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Ayelet Fishbach who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-get-motivated-even-when-you-don-t-feel-like-it\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-get-motivated-even-when-you-don-t-feel-like-it/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale and Gatsby Dkdc.", "publishedAt": "2024-01-02T16:01:20Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 4.129, "text": "According to legend, an emperor long\nago declared that he would build" }, { "start": 11.257, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a great wall spanning thousands\nof kilometers" }, { "start": 14.635, "duration": 4.13, "text": "to protect his new empire\nand ensure his sustained power." }, { "start": 19.098, "duration": 3.045, "text": "He ordered many men across China\nto leave their homes" }, { "start": 22.143, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and submit to the grueling labor\nrequired for its construction." }, { "start": 26.147, "duration": 4.588, "text": "As years passed and the wall grew,\nfew returned home." }, { "start": 31.235, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Nestled in the foothills\nof a remote mountain," }, { "start": 34.197, "duration": 2.419, "text": "the Mengs and their neighbors, the Jiangs," }, { "start": 36.616, "duration": 3.795, "text": "hadn’t yet had to worry about being\ndrafted by the emperor’s soldiers." }, { "start": 40.787, "duration": 5.13, "text": "One year, the Mengs grew gourds that\nflourished along their shared fence." }, { "start": 46.084, "duration": 5.213, "text": "One particular gourd crossed the fence\nand extended into the Jiang’s yard," }, { "start": 51.297, "duration": 1.502, "text": "so they cared for it. " }, { "start": 52.924, "duration": 2.586, "text": "The gourd grew to be the biggest of all." }, { "start": 55.635, "duration": 4.546, "text": "At harvest, the Mengs and the Jiangs\ndecided to take equal halves." }, { "start": 60.348, "duration": 4.796, "text": "But as they went to split the gourd,\nsomething remarkable happened." }, { "start": 65.311, "duration": 5.047, "text": "It cracked open to reveal\na beautiful baby curled inside," }, { "start": 70.358, "duration": 1.543, "text": "smiling up at them." }, { "start": 72.026, "duration": 2.086, "text": "They agreed to raise her together" }, { "start": 74.112, "duration": 4.796, "text": "and named their magical,\nboundary-breaking daughter, Meng Jiang." }, { "start": 79.117, "duration": 5.547, "text": "She grew into a virtuous, accomplished\nyoung woman who infused life with joy." }, { "start": 84.872, "duration": 3.754, "text": "She cared for her elderly parents\nand their land with dedication." }, { "start": 88.751, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But the surrounding world\nremained turbulent." }, { "start": 92.13, "duration": 4.587, "text": "One day, Meng Jiang stumbled upon a\nyoung man hiding in the garden." }, { "start": 96.884, "duration": 4.505, "text": "The emperor’s soldiers had come\nto conscript him into building the wall." }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But he had an elderly mother to care for" }, { "start": 103.516, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and knew that obeying the soldiers’ orders\nwould mean almost certain death," }, { "start": 108.062, "duration": 1.543, "text": "so he escaped." }, { "start": 109.814, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Meng Jiang and Fan Xiliang\nconnected instantly," }, { "start": 114.735, "duration": 1.961, "text": "and soon enough, they married." }, { "start": 116.863, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But their happiness wouldn’t last long." }, { "start": 119.615, "duration": 3.254, "text": "When the emperor’s soldiers descended\nthe next time," }, { "start": 122.869, "duration": 2.544, "text": "they captured Fan Xiliang." }, { "start": 125.872, "duration": 2.377, "text": "For months, she watched the horizon," }, { "start": 128.249, "duration": 4.338, "text": "hoping the world would do right\nand deliver her love back to her safely." }, { "start": 132.795, "duration": 1.835, "text": "But he never came." }, { "start": 134.881, "duration": 4.671, "text": "And as the air grew frigid,\nMeng Jiang’s worries only grew," }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 2.878, "text": "so she set out to find him herself." }, { "start": 143.097, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Through bitter snow and howling winds,\nacross rivers and mountains," }, { "start": 147.226, "duration": 4.505, "text": "she undertook the dangerous journey that\nmany others had been forced to complete." }, { "start": 151.856, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Finally, she reached\nthe construction site," }, { "start": 153.983, "duration": 2.794, "text": "where thousands of workers toiled,\nday and night," }, { "start": 156.903, "duration": 2.252, "text": "to realize the emperor’s vision." }, { "start": 159.28, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Stealing into the fray, Meng Jiang\nwhispered her husband’s name" }, { "start": 163.826, "duration": 5.005, "text": "to the workers until, eventually, one\nman’s eyes glimmered with recognition—" }, { "start": 169.04, "duration": 5.881, "text": "only for him to reveal the tragic news\nthat Fan Xiliang had recently died." }, { "start": 175.129, "duration": 5.089, "text": "He was rumored to be buried\nunder the wall alongside many others." }, { "start": 180.426, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Heartbroken beyond words,\nMeng Jiang could only weep." }, { "start": 184.555, "duration": 2.795, "text": "As her tears filled\nthe construction halls," }, { "start": 187.35, "duration": 3.545, "text": "seeped into the cracks of the wall,\nand soaked its stone," }, { "start": 190.895, "duration": 4.713, "text": "whole portions crumbled and washed away\nin the flood of her grief." }, { "start": 196.359, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Livid, the emperor ordered that the person\nwho’d sabotaged his grand project" }, { "start": 201.072, "duration": 3.295, "text": "be captured and brought to his palace\nfor punishment." }, { "start": 204.492, "duration": 5.255, "text": "But when he beheld the otherworldly\nbeauty and virtue Meng Jiang radiated," }, { "start": 209.914, "duration": 1.71, "text": "his plan changed." }, { "start": 211.791, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Leering at the devastated widow," }, { "start": 214.085, "duration": 5.297, "text": "the emperor instead suggested that she\nbecome one of his imperial concubines." }, { "start": 219.674, "duration": 5.714, "text": "She had few options, but she realized\nshe could leverage the wretched proposal" }, { "start": 225.388, "duration": 3.962, "text": "to honor Fan Xiliang\nand humiliate the emperor." }, { "start": 229.517, "duration": 1.96, "text": "She said she agreed— " }, { "start": 231.477, "duration": 4.087, "text": "but only if the emperor gave her\ndeceased husband a grand funeral" }, { "start": 235.564, "duration": 3.713, "text": " and that the emperor attend dressed\nin the traditional mourning attire" }, { "start": 239.277, "duration": 3.962, "text": "he would wear had Fan Xiliang\nbeen his own father." }, { "start": 243.614, "duration": 2.795, "text": "The emperor begrudgingly\nmade the arrangements" }, { "start": 246.409, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and Meng Jiang bid her beloved farewell." }, { "start": 250.246, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Finally, with her wish carried out, she\nrefused to either submit to the emperor," }, { "start": 255.626, "duration": 4.63, "text": "who now awaited her in his palace,\nor to face his punishment." }, { "start": 260.506, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Instead, she cast herself\ninto the nearby water," }, { "start": 264.593, "duration": 4.255, "text": "as all-enveloping as her own tears,\nnever to emerge again." }, { "start": 269.015, "duration": 4.129, "text": "She had left an unjust world\nas mysteriously as she’d entered it." }, { "start": 273.227, "duration": 4.922, "text": "But her tears flowed on,\na reminder of her virtue and defiance." } ] }, { "video_id": "Bl2-u7HcheQ", "title": "The science of laughter - Sasha Winkler", "description": "Explore the common scientific theories about why humans laugh, and how this universal behavior evolved.\n\n--\n\nIsn’t it odd that, when something’s funny, you might show your teeth, change your breathing, become weak and achy in some places, and maybe even cry? In other words, why do we do this bizarre thing that is laughter? Since there’s no archaeological record of laughter, it’s impossible to say exactly how and why it evolved, but scientists have some theories. Sasha Winkler digs into the reflex.\n\nLesson by Sasha Winkler, directed by Hanna Rybak.\n\nAnimal vocalization sounds are courtesy of Dr. Jaak Panksepp, Schwing, R., Nelson, X. J., Wein, A., & Parsons, S. (2017). Positive emotional contagion in a New Zealand parrot. Current Biology, 27(6), R213-R214.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-laughter-sasha-winkler\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-laughter-sasha-winkler/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/hannarybak, https://www.behance.net/hanna_rybak, https://www.instagram.com/hannarybak_\nMusic: https://www.instagram.com/fazfarkas\nSound design: https://yessian.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman and Edgardo Cuellar.", "publishedAt": "2023-12-21T16:01:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Daedalus, ancient Greece’s\ngenius inventor," }, { "start": 10.548, "duration": 4.922, "text": "hasn’t been the same since losing\nhis child, Icarus, to the Sun." }, { "start": 15.636, "duration": 3.379, "text": "But suddenly,\nhe’s suspiciously reinvigorated" }, { "start": 19.015, "duration": 4.713, "text": "and has expressed interest in buying\nthe Sun from Helios," }, { "start": 23.811, "duration": 1.919, "text": "the Sun God himself." }, { "start": 26.147, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Some rumors hold that Daedalus is aspiring\nto destroy it to avenge Icarus—" }, { "start": 32.195, "duration": 5.505, "text": "or channel its immense power\ntowards other imprudent aims." }, { "start": 38.201, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Whatever the reason,\nthis is a job for the divine accountant;" }, { "start": 42.955, "duration": 4.88, "text": "top-ranked financial analyst\nto the world’s movers and shakers," }, { "start": 47.96, "duration": 2.711, "text": "its literal titans of industry." }, { "start": 51.047, "duration": 3.795, "text": "When it comes to boiling complex systems\nof intrinsic value" }, { "start": 54.842, "duration": 3.337, "text": "down to monetary sums,\nhe’s your guy." }, { "start": 58.638, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Once gathered, Daedalus remarks that\nHelios might as well relinquish the Sun," }, { "start": 63.893, "duration": 5.547, "text": "since it’s bound to die anyways,\nwhich is chilling news to Helios." }, { "start": 69.524, "duration": 2.919, "text": "But the divine accountant interrupts." }, { "start": 72.735, "duration": 5.339, "text": "“The Sun provides Earth with all its\nenergy aside from geothermal and nuclear." }, { "start": 78.074, "duration": 6.798, "text": "As of 2023, the global solar market was\nworth between $100 and 300 billion." }, { "start": 84.956, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Wind energy, which comes from the Sun\nunevenly heating the atmosphere," }, { "start": 89.085, "duration": 4.713, "text": "was valued somewhere\nbetween $85 and 150 billion." }, { "start": 93.798, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And hydropower, generated by the Sun\nmoving the world’s water," }, { "start": 97.718, "duration": 3.462, "text": "was worth around $230 billion. " }, { "start": 101.347, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Sunshine also grows all kinds of food,\nand in 2022," }, { "start": 105.852, "duration": 4.838, "text": "the global agriculture market\nreached approximately $5 trillion.”" }, { "start": 111.315, "duration": 4.088, "text": "The divine accountant knows\nDaedalus can’t afford the Sun" }, { "start": 115.403, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and that this is more of a cry for help\nthan anything." }, { "start": 118.781, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Helios, meanwhile,\nis still freshly horrified." }, { "start": 122.243, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But the divine accountant’s\nnot done enlightening the pair." }, { "start": 126.372, "duration": 1.877, "text": "“As with any natural phenomenon," }, { "start": 128.249, "duration": 3.253, "text": "many of the Sun’s assets\nare tougher to quantify." }, { "start": 131.544, "duration": 5.839, "text": "Of the 100 billion stars in the Milky Way,\nthe Sun is unremarkably medium sized." }, { "start": 137.466, "duration": 2.253, "text": "But to earthlings, it’s everything." }, { "start": 139.719, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Earth likely formed from the Sun’s\nleftover materials," }, { "start": 143.097, "duration": 3.087, "text": "at just the right distance\nfor water to remain liquid," }, { "start": 146.184, "duration": 1.459, "text": "so life could evolve." }, { "start": 147.894, "duration": 3.044, "text": "The Sun also helped generate\nEarth’s atmosphere," }, { "start": 150.938, "duration": 3.545, "text": "which traps heat by absorbing\napproximately 70%" }, { "start": 154.483, "duration": 2.211, "text": "of incoming solar radiation." }, { "start": 156.819, "duration": 3.045, "text": "All of this has fundamentally\nshaped life on Earth." }, { "start": 159.906, "duration": 3.169, "text": "So, just in case this wasn’t clear,\nwithout the Sun," }, { "start": 163.075, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Earth would be untethered, frozen,\nand generally inhospitable.”" }, { "start": 167.413, "duration": 3.587, "text": "“But what’s most monetarily\nexciting here is the future." }, { "start": 171.0, "duration": 3.629, "text": "After all, the Sun has another\n5 billion years left." }, { "start": 174.712, "duration": 1.293, "text": "With the right investments," }, { "start": 176.005, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the Sun and Earth can maintain\ntheir delicate balance" }, { "start": 179.3, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and their assets can be ever appreciating." }, { "start": 181.719, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Just looking directly at solar energy," }, { "start": 184.18, "duration": 5.047, "text": "the amount Earth receives from the Sun\nin one hour is enough to power humanity" }, { "start": 189.268, "duration": 1.001, "text": "for a year." }, { "start": 190.519, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Solar panel technology\nonly started taking off in the 1970s" }, { "start": 194.523, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and has since grown\nat an unprecedented pace," }, { "start": 197.401, "duration": 4.296, "text": "making leaps in efficiency, affordability,\nand implementation." }, { "start": 201.739, "duration": 2.002, "text": "In the far future— who knows—" }, { "start": 203.741, "duration": 4.379, "text": "perhaps humanity could even achieve\nthe tantalizing theoretical physics feat" }, { "start": 208.12, "duration": 4.421, "text": "of a so-called Dyson sphere or swarm\nthat surrounds the Sun," }, { "start": 212.541, "duration": 3.879, "text": "capturing immense amounts\nof energy closer to the surface.”" }, { "start": 216.545, "duration": 3.337, "text": "“Overall, the Sun is valued at orders\nof magnitude" }, { "start": 219.882, "duration": 2.836, "text": "more than the earthly economy it enables," }, { "start": 222.718, "duration": 3.045, "text": "which is worth over $100 trillion total." }, { "start": 225.846, "duration": 3.129, "text": "So, no one would be able\nto purchase it outright." }, { "start": 228.975, "duration": 4.754, "text": "However, suppose Helios leased\nthe Sun’s solar energy to Daedalus" }, { "start": 233.729, "duration": 2.545, "text": "for whatever his project might be." }, { "start": 236.482, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Going off what could reasonably be\nharvested in the near future," }, { "start": 239.86, "duration": 3.879, "text": "we can look at 2050, at which point,\nwith the right investments," }, { "start": 243.739, "duration": 5.589, "text": "solar energy could generate\nan estimated 8,519 gigawatts annually." }, { "start": 249.495, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Assuming a cost of 17 cents\nper kilowatt-hour—" }, { "start": 252.415, "duration": 2.252, "text": "the US average—\nreally rough approximation..." }, { "start": 254.667, "duration": 4.463, "text": "but one year of exclusive use might\nreach about... $2 trillion.”" }, { "start": 259.88, "duration": 3.087, "text": "The divine accountant is\ninterrupted by laughter." }, { "start": 263.05, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Daedalus confirms he can't\nafford the whole ordeal," }, { "start": 266.429, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and thanks the divine accountant\nfor illuminating the Sun’s immense value" }, { "start": 270.683, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and his own humble place in the universe." }, { "start": 273.894, "duration": 2.545, "text": "He no longer wants to destroy anything." }, { "start": 276.564, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Helios, meanwhile, is just relieved\nthat the Sun’s death isn’t imminent," }, { "start": 281.152, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and apologizes for the loss\nof Daedalus’ son." }, { "start": 284.864, "duration": 4.629, "text": "It dawns on them they actually have a lot\nmore in common than they thought." }, { "start": 289.66, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And as is typical of finance discussions," }, { "start": 292.872, "duration": 3.503, "text": "they both leave feeling\nhopeful and revitalised." } ] }, { "video_id": "PUptWlp-hoI", "title": "Does planting trees actually cool the planet? - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Dig into common mistakes that tree-planting programs make, and explore strategies that can successfully re-green the planet.\n\n--\n\nIn fighting climate change, few solutions are discussed more than planting lots and lots of trees. It sounds simple enough: trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, so planting more should help eliminate greenhouse gasses. The trouble is, tree planting efforts don’t always work as planned. So, when is it bad to plant trees? Carolyn Beans explores strategies to successfully re-green the planet.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Ivana Bošnjak, Thomas Johnson Volda.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Robert Heilmayr who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-planting-trees-actually-fight-climate-change-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-planting-trees-actually-fight-climate-change-carolyn-beans/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/ivanavolda/?hl=en \nMusic: https://www.wonderboyaudio.com/who-we-are\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, and Tejas Dc.", "publishedAt": "2023-12-19T16:00:24Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.714, "text": "66 million years ago,\nnear what’s now the Yucatán Peninsula," }, { "start": 12.967, "duration": 5.547, "text": "a juvenile sauropod feasted\non horsetail plants on a riverbank." }, { "start": 18.639, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Earth was a tropical planet." }, { "start": 21.017, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Behemoth and tiny dinosaurs alike\nroamed its lands," }, { "start": 25.48, "duration": 4.754, "text": "while reptiles and tentacled ammonites\nswept its seas." }, { "start": 30.693, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But, in an instant,\neverything would change." }, { "start": 34.739, "duration": 4.796, "text": "A roughly 12-kilometer-wide asteroid\nwas careening toward Earth" }, { "start": 39.535, "duration": 2.878, "text": "at around 20 kilometers per second." }, { "start": 42.747, "duration": 2.085, "text": "From where the sauropod stood," }, { "start": 44.832, "duration": 2.711, "text": "there would have been\nno early warning signs." }, { "start": 47.668, "duration": 4.046, "text": "The asteroid barreled through Earth's\natmosphere in a matter of seconds" }, { "start": 51.798, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and struck the Yucatán’s\nsubmerged continental shelf." }, { "start": 55.885, "duration": 2.044, "text": "It exploded upon impact," }, { "start": 57.929, "duration": 3.879, "text": "instantaneously creating\na 100-kilometer-wide hole" }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and ejecting sedimentary\nand crystalline rocks." }, { "start": 65.394, "duration": 4.714, "text": "Within minutes, the impact crater,\nknown today as Chicxulub," }, { "start": 70.108, "duration": 2.127, "text": "began collapsing inwards." }, { "start": 72.568, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Meanwhile, the base rebounded some\n20 kilometers above the Earth’s surface," }, { "start": 77.323, "duration": 5.047, "text": "then fell back down and moved outwards,\ncreating a ring of mountains." }, { "start": 82.954, "duration": 3.92, "text": "The energy released from the asteroid’s\nimpact is estimated to have been" }, { "start": 86.874, "duration": 4.046, "text": "several billion times that\nof a nuclear bomb." }, { "start": 91.42, "duration": 2.837, "text": "The force sent seismic energy\nacross the planet" }, { "start": 94.257, "duration": 3.044, "text": "at a much greater magnitude\nthan any earthquake" }, { "start": 97.301, "duration": 2.503, "text": "a tectonic fault could ever produce." }, { "start": 100.179, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Massive landslides ensued." }, { "start": 102.557, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And a tsunami sped\nfrom the newly formed crater," }, { "start": 105.601, "duration": 4.129, "text": "potentially reaching 1,500 meters high." }, { "start": 110.064, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Countless lives were extinguished." }, { "start": 112.859, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Some instantly: all life\nwithin 1,500 kilometers of the impact site" }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 1.377, "text": "was incinerated;" }, { "start": 120.032, "duration": 6.173, "text": "others right after: by colossal waves,\nlandslides, and hurricane force winds." }, { "start": 126.747, "duration": 3.129, "text": "But many organisms\nacross the planet survived." }, { "start": 130.293, "duration": 4.462, "text": "It was what came next that would bring\nabout the end for many species," }, { "start": 134.755, "duration": 2.503, "text": "including almost all dinosaurs." }, { "start": 137.884, "duration": 4.129, "text": "This was just the beginning of one\nof the most devastating periods" }, { "start": 142.013, "duration": 2.252, "text": "in the history of life on Earth." }, { "start": 145.099, "duration": 3.837, "text": "When the asteroid struck,\nit sent hundreds of gigatons" }, { "start": 148.936, "duration": 4.38, "text": "of carbon-dioxide-rich limestone\nand sulfur-saturated-sediments" }, { "start": 153.316, "duration": 1.334, "text": "into the atmosphere." }, { "start": 154.65, "duration": 4.213, "text": "The sulfur combined with water vapor\nto create sulfate aerosols." }, { "start": 159.03, "duration": 4.796, "text": "This plume of limestone dust,\nsoot, and sulfate aerosols" }, { "start": 163.826, "duration": 3.962, "text": "spread from the impact site\nat several kilometers per second," }, { "start": 167.872, "duration": 3.003, "text": "blanketing the globe in a matter of hours." }, { "start": 171.292, "duration": 1.835, "text": "It’s thought to have blocked the Sun," }, { "start": 173.127, "duration": 3.295, "text": "plunging Earth into an extended period\nof darkness" }, { "start": 176.422, "duration": 4.797, "text": "and dropping the temperature\nin many places by at least 25°C." }, { "start": 181.802, "duration": 3.337, "text": "The asteroid’s immediate\nimpact was devastating," }, { "start": 185.139, "duration": 3.587, "text": "but it seems to have been\nthe rapid climate change it triggered" }, { "start": 188.726, "duration": 5.422, "text": "that ended the roughly 165-million-year\nreign of the dinosaurs." }, { "start": 194.357, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Plants and plankton rapidly died," }, { "start": 197.109, "duration": 3.17, "text": "causing the collapse\nof food webs worldwide." }, { "start": 200.446, "duration": 5.255, "text": "An estimated 75% of life on Earth\nwent extinct," }, { "start": 205.701, "duration": 2.378, "text": "including almost all dinosaurs." }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Small birds were the only\nkinds that remained," }, { "start": 212.083, "duration": 5.255, "text": "perhaps because they relied on hardy seeds\nthat weathered the catastrophe." }, { "start": 217.797, "duration": 5.63, "text": "It's unclear why exactly the lifeforms\nthat survived the extinction did." }, { "start": 223.552, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Many smaller organisms,\nlike insects, persisted." }, { "start": 227.848, "duration": 5.506, "text": "So did early mammals— perhaps because\nof their ability to burrow and hibernate." }, { "start": 233.396, "duration": 3.086, "text": "And photosynthetic lifeforms like algae," }, { "start": 236.482, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that had ways of withstanding\nlow-light conditions," }, { "start": 239.485, "duration": 1.376, "text": "also survived." }, { "start": 241.612, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Traces of the asteroid scattered worldwide\nand the scar of the Chicxulub crater" }, { "start": 247.868, "duration": 3.754, "text": "attest to this period\nof monumental destruction." }, { "start": 252.123, "duration": 3.92, "text": "So, what are the chances of another\nChicxulub happening?" }, { "start": 256.335, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Space programs are continuously\nidentifying and tracking" }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 2.002, "text": "near-Earth asteroids." }, { "start": 262.55, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Fortunately, the likelihood of one\nas large and cataclysmic" }, { "start": 267.221, "duration": 4.755, "text": "striking in the next thousand or so years\nseems to be small—" }, { "start": 272.018, "duration": 3.336, "text": "something like a 7 in a million chance." }, { "start": 275.438, "duration": 6.089, "text": "However, we are facing the consequences\nof another kind of rapid climate change," }, { "start": 281.527, "duration": 3.67, "text": "this time because of humanity's\nown emissions." }, { "start": 285.489, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Animals are going extinct faster\nthan ever in our history," }, { "start": 290.077, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and people are being displaced\nfrom their homes." }, { "start": 292.913, "duration": 2.545, "text": "But, unlike the dinosaurs," }, { "start": 295.458, "duration": 5.755, "text": "we have the opportunity to avoid the\nlarge-scale devastation that will come" }, { "start": 301.213, "duration": 3.504, "text": "if governments continue\nwith the status quo." } ] }, { "video_id": "QF59xcceqrc", "title": "How does whale communication work? - David Gruber and Shane Gero", "description": "Explore how sperm whales use an array of complex vocalizations to communicate with each other, hunt, and assess their surroundings. \n\n--\n\nSoon after whaling ships began operating in the North Pacific, an interesting trend emerged. Within just a few years, whalers saw a 58% drop in their successful strikes. Sperm whales had suddenly become harder to kill— they had begun fleeing the boats instead of forming their usual defensive circles. Were whales communicating new strategies to each other? David Gruber and Shane Gero investigate.\n\nLesson by David Gruber and Shane Gero, directed by Anna Benner.\n\nThe recordings of whale codas included in this video were courtesy of Project CETI. Learn more about the initiative here: https://www.audaciousproject.org/grantees/project-ceti\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-advanced-is-whale-talk-david-gruber-and-shane-gero\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-advanced-is-whale-talk-david-gruber-and-shane-gero/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://annabennerstudio.com\nMuic: https://www.tschernuth.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.", "publishedAt": "2023-12-14T16:00:35Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.838, "text": "At dawn on July 29th, 1364,\nJohn Hawkwood—" }, { "start": 11.883, "duration": 3.086, "text": "an English soldier turned\ncontract mercenary—" }, { "start": 14.969, "duration": 5.255, "text": "led a surprise attack against an army\nof sleeping Florentine mercenaries." }, { "start": 20.558, "duration": 3.295, "text": "The enemy commander quickly awoke \nand gathered his men" }, { "start": 23.853, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to launch a counterattack." }, { "start": 25.938, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But as soon as the defending army\nwas ready to fight," }, { "start": 28.649, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Hawkwood’s fighters simply turned\nand walked away." }, { "start": 32.278, "duration": 2.461, "text": "This wasn't an act of cowardice." }, { "start": 34.739, "duration": 2.794, "text": "These mercenaries, known as condottieri," }, { "start": 37.533, "duration": 4.547, "text": "had simply done just enough fighting\nto fulfill their contracts." }, { "start": 42.08, "duration": 4.963, "text": "And for Italy’s condottieri,\nwar wasn’t about glory or conquest:" }, { "start": 47.043, "duration": 2.836, "text": "it was purely about getting paid." }, { "start": 50.129, "duration": 5.923, "text": "For much of the 14th and 15th centuries,\nthe condottieri dominated Italian warfare," }, { "start": 56.219, "duration": 4.963, "text": "profiting from— and encouraging—\nthe region’s intense political rivalries." }, { "start": 61.265, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The most powerful of these regions were\nruled either by wealthy representatives" }, { "start": 65.394, "duration": 1.377, "text": "of the Catholic Church" }, { "start": 66.771, "duration": 3.503, "text": "or merchants who’d grown rich\nfrom international trade." }, { "start": 70.566, "duration": 3.087, "text": "These rulers competed\nfor power and prestige" }, { "start": 73.653, "duration": 4.588, "text": "by working to attract the most talented\nartists and thinkers to their courts," }, { "start": 78.366, "duration": 5.088, "text": "leading to a cultural explosion\nnow known as the Italian Renaissance." }, { "start": 83.621, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But local rivalries also played \nout in military conflicts," }, { "start": 87.708, "duration": 3.462, "text": "fought almost entirely by the condottieri." }, { "start": 92.004, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Many of these elite mercenaries were\nveterans of the Hundred Years’ War," }, { "start": 96.092, "duration": 2.085, "text": "hailing from France and England." }, { "start": 98.177, "duration": 3.879, "text": "When that war reached\na temporary truce in 1360," }, { "start": 102.056, "duration": 4.046, "text": "some soldiers began pillaging\nFrance in search of fortune." }, { "start": 106.269, "duration": 2.502, "text": "And the riches they found \nin Catholic churches" }, { "start": 108.771, "duration": 5.172, "text": "drew their raiding parties to the center\nof the Church’s operations: Italy." }, { "start": 114.36, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But here, savvy ruling merchants\nsaw these bandits’ arrival" }, { "start": 118.531, "duration": 1.877, "text": "as a golden opportunity." }, { "start": 120.408, "duration": 2.21, "text": "By hiring the soldiers as mercenaries," }, { "start": 122.618, "duration": 3.629, "text": "they could control the violence\nand gain an experienced army" }, { "start": 126.247, "duration": 3.295, "text": "without the cost of outfitting\nand training locals." }, { "start": 130.293, "duration": 3.92, "text": "The mercenaries liked this deal as well,\nas it offered regular income" }, { "start": 134.213, "duration": 3.796, "text": "and the ability to play these rulers\noff each other for their own benefit." }, { "start": 138.134, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Of course, these soldiers had\nto be kept on a tight leash." }, { "start": 141.762, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Rulers forced them to sign\nelaborate contracts, or condotta," }, { "start": 146.559, "duration": 3.337, "text": "a word that became synonymous\nwith the mercenaries themselves." }, { "start": 149.979, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Divisions of payment, distribution\nof plunder, non-compete agreements—" }, { "start": 154.192, "duration": 1.876, "text": "it was all spelled out clearly," }, { "start": 156.068, "duration": 3.337, "text": "making war merely another\ndimension of business." }, { "start": 159.572, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Contracts specified the number of men\na commander would provide," }, { "start": 163.201, "duration": 4.295, "text": "and the resulting armies ranged\nfrom a few hundred to several thousand." }, { "start": 167.747, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Individual soldiers regularly moved\nbetween armies" }, { "start": 170.917, "duration": 1.626, "text": "in search of higher payments." }, { "start": 172.543, "duration": 1.919, "text": "And when their contracts expired," }, { "start": 174.462, "duration": 5.505, "text": "condottieri commanders became free agents\nwith no expectation of ongoing loyalty." }, { "start": 180.343, "duration": 2.752, "text": "When John Hawkwood launched his\nsurprise attack" }, { "start": 183.095, "duration": 2.294, "text": "against the Florentine condottieri," }, { "start": 185.389, "duration": 1.627, "text": "he was working for Pisa." }, { "start": 187.141, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Later, he would fight for Florence\nand many of Pisa’s other enemies." }, { "start": 192.438, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But regardless of who was\ncontracting them," }, { "start": 194.774, "duration": 3.086, "text": "the condottieri fought primarily\nfor themselves." }, { "start": 197.985, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Their extensive military experience\nallowed them to avoid" }, { "start": 201.113, "duration": 2.837, "text": "taking unnecessary risks\nin the heat of battle." }, { "start": 203.991, "duration": 4.838, "text": "And— while still deadly— their clashes\nrarely led to crushing victories" }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 1.21, "text": "or defeats." }, { "start": 210.206, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Condottieri commanders wanted battles\nto be inconclusive—" }, { "start": 214.001, "duration": 4.713, "text": "after all, if they established peace,\nthey’d put themselves out of business." }, { "start": 219.006, "duration": 2.127, "text": "So even when one side did win," }, { "start": 221.133, "duration": 4.755, "text": "enemy combatants were typically held\nhostage and released to fight another day." }, { "start": 227.014, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But there was nothing merciful\nabout these decisions." }, { "start": 229.934, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Contracts could just as easily turn them\ninto ruthless killers," }, { "start": 233.521, "duration": 5.255, "text": "as in 1377, when Hawkwood led the massacre\nof a famine-stricken town" }, { "start": 238.776, "duration": 3.17, "text": "who’d tried to revolt\nagainst the local government." }, { "start": 242.53, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Over time, foreign condottieri were\nincreasingly replaced by native Italians." }, { "start": 247.66, "duration": 2.252, "text": "For young men from humble origins," }, { "start": 249.912, "duration": 4.713, "text": "war-for-profit offered an attractive\nalternative to farming or the church." }, { "start": 254.625, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And this new generation of condottieri\nleveraged their military power" }, { "start": 258.963, "duration": 2.127, "text": "into political influence," }, { "start": 261.09, "duration": 3.67, "text": "in some cases even founding\nruling dynasties." }, { "start": 264.969, "duration": 4.921, "text": "However, despite cornering the market on\nItalian warfare for nearly two centuries," }, { "start": 269.89, "duration": 4.213, "text": "the condottieri only truly excelled\nat engaging in just enough" }, { "start": 274.103, "duration": 3.17, "text": "close-range combat \nto fulfill their contracts." }, { "start": 277.356, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Over time, they became outclassed\nby the gunpowder weaponry" }, { "start": 280.818, "duration": 2.753, "text": "of France and Spain’s\nlarge standing armies," }, { "start": 283.571, "duration": 2.794, "text": "as well as the naval might\nof the Ottomans." }, { "start": 286.449, "duration": 1.71, "text": "By the mid 16th century," }, { "start": 288.159, "duration": 5.13, "text": "these state-sponsored militaries forced\nall of Europe into a new era of warfare," }, { "start": 293.289, "duration": 3.92, "text": "putting an end to the condottieri’s\nconniving war games." } ] }, { "video_id": "TXv085TttHw", "title": "The largest river on Earth is actually in the sky - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Explore the Amazon rainforest’s flying rivers, and dig into why these invisible waterways are essential to life on Earth.\n\n--\n\nThe largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon, exists between two rivers — but not in the way you might think. At ground level, the Amazon River and its tributaries weave their path. But above the canopy, bigger waterways are on the move. These flying rivers are almost invisible, but are essential to life on Earth. Iseult Gillespie explores how this crucial system keeps the rainforest alive.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Upamanyu Bhattacharyya, Otter Studios.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-largest-river-on-earth-is-actually-in-the-sky-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-largest-river-on-earth-is-actually-in-the-sky-iseult-gillespie/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://upamanyubhattacharyya.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez and Brian A. Dunn.", "publishedAt": "2023-12-12T16:00:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Mestra, Princess of Thessaly,\nwas far from home." }, { "start": 11.591, "duration": 3.211, "text": "She had watched her father,\nKing Erysichthon," }, { "start": 14.802, "duration": 3.42, "text": "plunge into a ruin of his own making." }, { "start": 18.431, "duration": 5.964, "text": "Now, to save himself, he sold\nhis own daughter to the highest bidder." }, { "start": 24.604, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But Mestra refused to accept this fate." }, { "start": 28.066, "duration": 5.296, "text": "Finding herself momentarily alone,\nshe began to plan her escape." }, { "start": 34.03, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Months earlier, Erysichthon had decided\nto build himself a gleaming new hall," }, { "start": 40.161, "duration": 3.712, "text": "declaring that only the finest wood\nwould suffice." }, { "start": 44.248, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The king was well known\nfor spurning the gods," }, { "start": 47.835, "duration": 3.671, "text": "as he was more interested\nin honoring himself." }, { "start": 51.631, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But in an unprecedented act of disrespect," }, { "start": 55.343, "duration": 4.045, "text": "he marched his men into the sacred grove\nof Demeter," }, { "start": 59.388, "duration": 2.461, "text": "goddess of food and agriculture." }, { "start": 62.308, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Ignoring the prayer offerings\nthat hung from the trees," }, { "start": 65.812, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Erysichthon headed straight\nfor the most magnificent oak." }, { "start": 71.567, "duration": 4.964, "text": "As he swung his axe,\nthe tree trembled and turned pale." }, { "start": 76.697, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Blood gushed from the wound,\nand a strangled cry rung out." }, { "start": 82.036, "duration": 4.546, "text": "It was the voice of one of Demeter’s\nwood nymphs who resided in the tree." }, { "start": 87.125, "duration": 5.463, "text": "With her last breaths, she called\nout to her patron for revenge." }, { "start": 92.839, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Erysichthon, though, was unfazed." }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 5.172, "text": "He decimated the rest of the forest\nand dragged the wood back to his palace." }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Upon learning of the loss and destruction," }, { "start": 104.725, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Demeter quaked the earth with her anger." }, { "start": 107.937, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Swiftly, she ordered a mountain nymph\nto go and enlist the help" }, { "start": 112.608, "duration": 2.169, "text": "of another fearsome goddess." }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 2.419, "text": "In a dragon-drawn chariot," }, { "start": 117.78, "duration": 5.005, "text": "the mountain nymph soared\nover barren lands and icy seas." }, { "start": 122.994, "duration": 5.255, "text": "At last, she reached the remote lair\nof Hunger, goddess of famine." }, { "start": 128.666, "duration": 4.838, "text": "She found her picking through weeds\nwith her rotten nails and teeth," }, { "start": 133.588, "duration": 4.838, "text": "clutching her hollow stomach\nand twisting her knotted limbs." }, { "start": 138.718, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Not daring to come too close," }, { "start": 140.928, "duration": 5.214, "text": "the nymph called for Hunger\nand shared Demeter’s vengeful plan." }, { "start": 146.851, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Hunger usually kept to her lair—\nbut she relished this gruesome mission." }, { "start": 152.773, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Under the cover of night,\nshe crept into the palace" }, { "start": 156.569, "duration": 4.838, "text": "and released her famished breath\ninto the sleeping king." }, { "start": 161.782, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Erysichthon immediately began\nto dream of a lavish feast," }, { "start": 166.746, "duration": 3.128, "text": "gulping air and grinding his teeth." }, { "start": 170.249, "duration": 5.923, "text": "He awoke to a ravenous hunger,\nwhich only seemed to increase as he ate." }, { "start": 176.631, "duration": 3.128, "text": "As Mestra looked on in horror," }, { "start": 179.759, "duration": 3.545, "text": "her father devoured all the food\nin the palace," }, { "start": 183.304, "duration": 3.462, "text": "before calling for the city’s\ncrops and goods." }, { "start": 187.058, "duration": 5.13, "text": "But no matter how many feasts he devoured,\nhe felt empty and weak." }, { "start": 192.563, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Before long, Erysichthon had sold\nhis entire estate for food—" }, { "start": 197.526, "duration": 2.628, "text": "with only Mestra left by his side." }, { "start": 200.363, "duration": 4.754, "text": "But not even his loyal daughter could\nescape the depths of his greed," }, { "start": 205.117, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and he shamelessly sold her into slavery." }, { "start": 208.955, "duration": 4.629, "text": "As she set sail with her captor,\nMestra stared at the sea." }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 3.837, "text": "This wasn’t the first time\nshe’d suffered at the hands of men—" }, { "start": 218.214, "duration": 6.214, "text": "years before, she’d been violently pursued\nand assaulted by the god Poseidon." }, { "start": 224.762, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Now, she demanded his help." }, { "start": 227.807, "duration": 1.835, "text": "As an act of repentance," }, { "start": 229.642, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Poseidon granted her the power\nto change her shape at will." }, { "start": 234.063, "duration": 4.755, "text": "With this, Mestra immediately\ntransformed into a fisherman." }, { "start": 238.943, "duration": 4.546, "text": "And distracting her captor\nwith a bounty of fish, she escaped." }, { "start": 243.906, "duration": 4.004, "text": "For the first time, Mestra was in control," }, { "start": 248.077, "duration": 4.504, "text": "able to freely adapt\nand slip away from any situation." }, { "start": 252.999, "duration": 4.17, "text": "But she felt compelled to return\nto her tortured father." }, { "start": 257.586, "duration": 4.922, "text": "However, when Erysichthon discovered\nMestra’s new powers," }, { "start": 262.508, "duration": 3.545, "text": "he only saw an opportunity for himself." }, { "start": 266.47, "duration": 5.589, "text": "He exploited his talented daughter,\nselling her again and again for food." }, { "start": 272.351, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Each time, she gracefully\ntransformed herself—" }, { "start": 276.147, "duration": 5.881, "text": "morphing into a swift-footed mare,\na soaring bird, or an elusive deer" }, { "start": 282.194, "duration": 3.671, "text": "to steal more meals while evading capture." }, { "start": 286.073, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But as her father continued to sell her\nat higher and higher prices," }, { "start": 290.911, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Mestra was left with little hope." }, { "start": 294.04, "duration": 4.296, "text": "One day, when arriving home\nin one of her many forms," }, { "start": 298.336, "duration": 6.006, "text": "Mestra entered the hollow palace\nonly to discover the king’s lifeless body—" }, { "start": 304.675, "duration": 6.59, "text": "Erysichthon’s hunger had grown so great\nthat he had consumed his own limbs." }, { "start": 311.807, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Gazing upon her wasted father,\nMestra’s hope returned." }, { "start": 317.313, "duration": 4.546, "text": "She was no longer unfairly burdened\nwith the wrath of the gods" }, { "start": 321.859, "duration": 2.127, "text": "that the king had courted." }, { "start": 324.236, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Untethered from her father’s\nselfish agenda" }, { "start": 327.74, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and buoyed by her ability\nto transform herself at will," }, { "start": 332.286, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Mestra was finally free." } ] }, { "video_id": "awhOrqGb-TU", "title": "The rights you might not realize you have - Shannon Odell", "description": "Do you have a right to a healthy planet? Dig into the movement to hold governments accountable for climate change inaction.\n\n--\n\nSince 2015, an unprecedented movement has been sweeping courts around the world. Groups of young plaintiffs are suing their governments for their inaction on tackling climate change. These suits argue that climate inaction violates their basic human rights. But what do human rights have to do with the environment? Shannon Odell examines our right to a healthy environment, food, health, and water.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Lorenzo Mercanti, AIM Creative Studios.\n\nThis video was made possible with support from the Open Society Foundations. To learn more about human rights visit: https://ed.ted.com/knowyourrights\n\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to John Knox who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-you-be-suing-your-government-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-you-be-suing-your-government-shannon-odell/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aimcreativestudios.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory and Blas Borde.", "publishedAt": "2023-12-07T16:01:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Your eyes dilate as the room\nsnaps into focus." }, { "start": 12.967, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Fatigue dissipates, leaving heart-pounding\nvigilance in its wake." }, { "start": 18.806, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Your muscles tense, injected with energy." }, { "start": 24.353, "duration": 5.131, "text": "And for a moment,\ntime seems to slow down." }, { "start": 31.569, "duration": 1.001, "text": "The reason? " }, { "start": 33.571, "duration": 4.963, "text": "You clumsily dropped your tray\nin the middle of the cafeteria." }, { "start": 39.702, "duration": 2.961, "text": "It’s not unusual for our minds and bodies" }, { "start": 42.663, "duration": 4.88, "text": "to have seemingly exaggerated responses\nto everyday situations." }, { "start": 47.877, "duration": 2.127, "text": "An upcoming project deadline," }, { "start": 50.088, "duration": 4.295, "text": "a fight with a family member,\nor even an embarrassing moment" }, { "start": 54.383, "duration": 5.047, "text": "can easily trigger what’s known as\nthe body’s fight or flight response." }, { "start": 59.806, "duration": 2.961, "text": "It’s a set of hormonal\nand physiological changes" }, { "start": 62.767, "duration": 5.088, "text": "that evolved to help our ancestors\nescape life-threatening situations," }, { "start": 67.98, "duration": 4.255, "text": "like avoiding a venomous snake\nor fleeing a charging hyena." }, { "start": 72.527, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Yet, this fight or flight response\nmay feel less appropriate" }, { "start": 77.115, "duration": 2.669, "text": "for the types of stressors we face today." }, { "start": 80.451, "duration": 4.505, "text": "When we perceive something as threatening,\noverwhelming, or even embarrassing," }, { "start": 84.956, "duration": 4.921, "text": "a signaling pathway known as the HPA-axis\nis triggered." }, { "start": 90.545, "duration": 3.086, "text": "It starts with activation\nof the hypothalamus," }, { "start": 93.756, "duration": 2.669, "text": "the hormonal control center of the brain." }, { "start": 96.884, "duration": 2.211, "text": "The hypothalamus sounds the alarm," }, { "start": 99.137, "duration": 3.628, "text": "alerting the pituitary gland\nand the adrenal glands," }, { "start": 102.849, "duration": 4.087, "text": "leading to the release of stress hormones\nlike adrenaline and cortisol." }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 2.127, "text": "These hormones travel\nthrough the bloodstream" }, { "start": 109.188, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and relay all sorts of effects," }, { "start": 111.774, "duration": 2.961, "text": "like increasing heart rate to improve\noxygen flow" }, { "start": 114.735, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and boosting the amount of energy\navailable to the brain." }, { "start": 118.156, "duration": 3.92, "text": "If this sounds like a good thing,\nthat’s because it can be!" }, { "start": 122.493, "duration": 3.379, "text": "This stress response helps you react\nquickly and efficiently" }, { "start": 125.872, "duration": 3.92, "text": "in the face of immediate danger,\nlike dodging a swerving car." }, { "start": 130.376, "duration": 4.88, "text": "However, it can also be beneficial\nin less than life-threatening situations." }, { "start": 135.464, "duration": 4.296, "text": "For example, stress, in small doses,\ncan be very motivating." }, { "start": 140.011, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Nothing quite drives you to practice\na piano solo" }, { "start": 142.93, "duration": 2.795, "text": "like the pressure of an upcoming recital." }, { "start": 145.892, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Feeling a little stressed\nmay even help you learn." }, { "start": 149.145, "duration": 3.42, "text": "The hippocampus, a brain region\nessential to learning," }, { "start": 152.565, "duration": 4.63, "text": "is rich in receptors that respond\nto the stress hormone cortisol." }, { "start": 157.57, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Lab studies have found that adding\na mild stressor," }, { "start": 160.573, "duration": 3.42, "text": "such as a sudden temperature change\nbefore a memory task," }, { "start": 163.993, "duration": 1.793, "text": "can enhance performance." }, { "start": 165.953, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Further, during your teen years," }, { "start": 167.83, "duration": 4.254, "text": "the brain is rewired to promote\nexploration and learning." }, { "start": 172.627, "duration": 5.547, "text": "And one way it does this is by making\nthe HPA-axis more reactive." }, { "start": 178.841, "duration": 5.047, "text": "The problem is when this stress response\nis triggered too often or for too long." }, { "start": 184.222, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Normally when we experience\na stressful event," }, { "start": 186.891, "duration": 4.004, "text": "stress hormones are released\nfor about 15 to 30 minutes." }, { "start": 191.062, "duration": 4.671, "text": "But if we face multiple or persistent\nstressors, day after day," }, { "start": 195.942, "duration": 3.253, "text": "the HPA-axis starts to adapt." }, { "start": 199.487, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Anticipating future stressful events," }, { "start": 202.073, "duration": 6.631, "text": "the HPA-axis stays activated for longer,\nand continuously releases stress hormones." }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 2.628, "text": "This causes issues throughout the body," }, { "start": 211.457, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and can lead to problems like\nsleeplessness, brain fog," }, { "start": 214.919, "duration": 3.128, "text": "digestive issues, and even heart disease." }, { "start": 218.422, "duration": 2.878, "text": "So how much stress is too much stress?" }, { "start": 221.509, "duration": 4.546, "text": "It’s difficult to say, as not everyone\nexperiences stress in the same way." }, { "start": 226.222, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Different factors like your genetics,\nenvironment, and even your age," }, { "start": 230.768, "duration": 2.753, "text": "can influence the way your body responds." }, { "start": 233.854, "duration": 1.752, "text": "But no matter your situation," }, { "start": 235.606, "duration": 4.129, "text": "there are tools that can make dealing\nwith stress a bit easier." }, { "start": 240.069, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Exercise, for example, is thought\nto prompt the production of new neurons," }, { "start": 244.865, "duration": 3.838, "text": "which may help our brains become\nmore resilient to stress." }, { "start": 248.869, "duration": 3.212, "text": "A run through the park or\na basketball game with friends" }, { "start": 252.081, "duration": 4.087, "text": "can also be a great distraction\nfrom whatever’s stressing you out." }, { "start": 256.419, "duration": 1.209, "text": "Speaking of friends," }, { "start": 257.628, "duration": 4.963, "text": "spending time with others can actually\nbuffer your body’s response to stress." }, { "start": 262.967, "duration": 2.627, "text": "This may be due to the actions\nof oxytocin," }, { "start": 265.594, "duration": 3.045, "text": "a hormone that helps us feel\ncloser to others," }, { "start": 268.639, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and can also dampen activity\nof the HPA-axis." }, { "start": 273.06, "duration": 4.505, "text": "And simple actions, like pausing\nto breathe during stressful situations" }, { "start": 277.565, "duration": 4.045, "text": "or journaling every day,\ncan have a huge impact." }, { "start": 281.902, "duration": 4.964, "text": "These are also known as mindfulness\npractices, which can, over time," }, { "start": 286.866, "duration": 3.962, "text": "help you build a greater understanding\nof your thoughts and feelings" }, { "start": 290.828, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and remain grounded in the present moment." }, { "start": 294.29, "duration": 3.462, "text": "We can’t always control what life\nthrows at us." }, { "start": 297.835, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But there are ways to better prepare\nour minds and bodies" }, { "start": 301.255, "duration": 4.922, "text": "for the many deadlines,\nawkward conversations, and spills, ahead." } ] }, { "video_id": "j1EXBeBA89w", "title": "How did South African Apartheid happen, and how did it finally end? - Thula Simpson", "description": "Explore how Dutch and British colonization of South Africa led to Apartheid, the strict national policy of racial segregation.\n\n--\n\nFor 46 years, South Africans lived under Apartheid, a strict policy of segregation that barred the country’s Black majority from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, voting, and much more. So, how did these laws come to be? And how did this era of institutionalized discrimination finally come to an end? Thula Simpson explores how colonization led to the national trauma of Apartheid.\n\nLesson by Thula Simpson, directed by Aya Marzouk, Giraffics.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-apartheid-happen-and-how-did-it-finally-end-thula-simpson\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-apartheid-happen-and-how-did-it-finally-end-thula-simpson/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://ayamarzouk.com & https://www.giraffics.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski and Noah Webb.", "publishedAt": "2023-12-05T16:00:48Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.212, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Consider these six plants." }, { "start": 10.256, "duration": 4.421, "text": "It might not seem like going out\non a limb to call them all trees." }, { "start": 14.886, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But botanically speaking,\nonly three make the cut." }, { "start": 18.931, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Take a guess which." }, { "start": 24.02, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Generally, true trees\nare tall, woody plants" }, { "start": 27.815, "duration": 2.795, "text": " that have leaves\nand one load-bearing trunk." }, { "start": 30.902, "duration": 2.46, "text": "They begin their lives\nwith primary growth," }, { "start": 33.404, "duration": 4.546, "text": "where a soft stem develops upwards\nuntil secondary growth kicks in" }, { "start": 37.95, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and the stem bulks out into a woody trunk." }, { "start": 41.037, "duration": 3.795, "text": "From there, trees keep growing\ntaller from their crown," }, { "start": 44.916, "duration": 4.462, "text": "and wider, so new rings\nexpand their trunks annually." }, { "start": 49.921, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Working off that rubric,\nidentifying a tree might seem simple." }, { "start": 53.8, "duration": 1.71, "text": "But not so fast." }, { "start": 55.76, "duration": 4.796, "text": "What makes or breaks a tree can come down\nto some pretty specific characteristics," }, { "start": 60.681, "duration": 4.004, "text": "based on how the plant develops\nas a result of how it evolved." }, { "start": 64.894, "duration": 5.047, "text": "We only see trees among seed plants,\nwhich consist of two groups:" }, { "start": 69.941, "duration": 2.252, "text": "gymnosperms and angiosperms." }, { "start": 72.235, "duration": 4.045, "text": "All gymnosperms are woody plants,\nand some of those are trees." }, { "start": 76.364, "duration": 2.544, "text": "All angiosperms are flowering plants—" }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 3.587, "text": "some of which are woody,\nand some of those are trees." }, { "start": 82.787, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Plants assume a variety of forms." }, { "start": 85.289, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Tree is one of them." }, { "start": 86.958, "duration": 5.297, "text": "There are also shrubs, which grow \nas clusters of larger, woody stems—" }, { "start": 92.338, "duration": 4.213, "text": "like lavender, an angiosperm,\nand ephedra, a gymnosperm." }, { "start": 96.843, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And then some angiosperms, like mint,\nare herbs," }, { "start": 100.513, "duration": 3.754, "text": "because they grow from herbaceous,\nnon-woody stems." }, { "start": 104.517, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But mint and lavender are actually\npart of the same family—" }, { "start": 108.855, "duration": 4.296, "text": "one that also includes\nhardwood teak trees." }, { "start": 113.693, "duration": 4.463, "text": "That’s because these planty forms\nare all evolutionarily tangled up," }, { "start": 118.156, "duration": 4.295, "text": "and all trees don’t comprise one\nclosely related group," }, { "start": 122.451, "duration": 1.585, "text": "like insects or mammals." }, { "start": 124.245, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Many plants actually charted\nentirely different evolutionary paths" }, { "start": 128.916, "duration": 2.169, "text": "to reach tree status." }, { "start": 131.419, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Apple trees, for example," }, { "start": 132.962, "duration": 4.755, "text": "are closer kin to rose shrubs\nand herbaceous strawberry plants," }, { "start": 137.717, "duration": 5.464, "text": "than to avocados and guava trees,\nwhich are also pretty distantly related." }, { "start": 143.556, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Over millions of years, some plant\nlineages became less tree-like," }, { "start": 148.227, "duration": 4.004, "text": "while others became\nincreasingly arborescent." }, { "start": 152.773, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But not every lineage has what\nit takes to become a tree." }, { "start": 157.653, "duration": 2.878, "text": "All plants exhibit primary growth." }, { "start": 160.615, "duration": 3.878, "text": "And all gymnosperms also display\nsecondary growth," }, { "start": 164.493, "duration": 1.252, "text": "making them woody." }, { "start": 166.12, "duration": 3.629, "text": "However, angiosperms tend\nto fall into two groups," }, { "start": 169.749, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and only one yields woody plants." }, { "start": 172.543, "duration": 4.88, "text": "All angiosperms sprout early leaves\ndistinct from those that grow later;" }, { "start": 177.59, "duration": 5.297, "text": "some— dicots— sprout two seed leaves,\nwhile monocots sprout just one." }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Monocots and dicots also\ngrow differently from there." }, { "start": 187.141, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Monocots don’t undergo woody\nsecondary growth," }, { "start": 190.603, "duration": 2.044, "text": "so none of them are trees." }, { "start": 192.897, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Some dicots, however, do,\nand some woody dicots are trees," }, { "start": 198.736, "duration": 1.96, "text": "though plenty aren't." }, { "start": 201.28, "duration": 5.089, "text": "But why can dicots grow wood and be trees—\nand monocots can’t?" }, { "start": 206.577, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Well, the earliest angiosperms\nwere probably woody," }, { "start": 209.83, "duration": 3.337, "text": "much like their non-flowering relatives,\nthe gymnosperms," }, { "start": 213.167, "duration": 1.835, "text": "which likely evolved first." }, { "start": 215.294, "duration": 5.089, "text": "Dicots seem to have kept the propensity\nfor woodiness embedded in their DNA," }, { "start": 220.466, "duration": 3.67, "text": "even as the characteristic has switched\noff at different points," }, { "start": 224.22, "duration": 3.545, "text": "while monocots seem\nto have lost it completely." }, { "start": 228.808, "duration": 2.419, "text": "So, okay, back to these six." }, { "start": 231.56, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Each has its quirks, but these\nare the true trees of the bunch." }, { "start": 236.232, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The Brazilian grape tree\njust looks like that" }, { "start": 238.776, "duration": 3.629, "text": "because its fruit grows directly\nfrom its trunk and branches—" }, { "start": 242.53, "duration": 2.085, "text": "a trait called cauliflory." }, { "start": 244.991, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Giant baobabs’ bulbous trunks store water." }, { "start": 249.12, "duration": 3.545, "text": "And bristlecone pines,\nsome of the oldest trees," }, { "start": 252.665, "duration": 3.128, "text": "grow slow and sturdy\nin their cold habitats," }, { "start": 255.835, "duration": 2.794, "text": "twisted by millennia of high winds." }, { "start": 259.088, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The remaining three plants grow\n in tree-ish shapes" }, { "start": 262.675, "duration": 2.294, "text": "but lack critical qualities." }, { "start": 265.553, "duration": 4.254, "text": "All three are angiosperms,\nand more specifically, monocots." }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Their stems are tall and thick,\nbut made of herbaceous primary growth," }, { "start": 275.187, "duration": 2.253, "text": "not wood from secondary growth." }, { "start": 277.648, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Bananas have pseudostems\nwith soft centers," }, { "start": 281.235, "duration": 3.128, "text": "surrounded by hardened,\noverlapping leaves," }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and are related to bird-of-paradise\nand ginger plants." }, { "start": 288.659, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Joshua trees are succulents, like agaves." }, { "start": 292.204, "duration": 3.838, "text": "And palms are pretty closely related\nto grasses." }, { "start": 296.208, "duration": 4.296, "text": "However, among angiosperm dicots\nthat do produce wood," }, { "start": 300.504, "duration": 3.712, "text": "the line between shrub and tree\ncan be blurry." }, { "start": 304.633, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Characteristics like height\nand trunk diameter" }, { "start": 307.428, "duration": 1.919, "text": "might be used to reach a verdict." }, { "start": 309.805, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But because those metrics\nchange over time," }, { "start": 312.808, "duration": 5.214, "text": "a plant like juniper may switch from\nshrub to tree within its own lifetime." }, { "start": 318.356, "duration": 4.879, "text": "Plant evolution is twisty and complex,\nand tree-ness is no exception." }, { "start": 323.527, "duration": 3.254, "text": "And even the arborescent plants\nthat don't technically make it" }, { "start": 326.781, "duration": 1.626, "text": "into the official tree club" }, { "start": 328.407, "duration": 3.212, "text": "are certainly tree enough\nby other measures." }, { "start": 331.66, "duration": 2.545, "text": "So, no shade to them." } ] }, { "video_id": "oT5pDvdMzhk", "title": "How to make smart decisions more easily", "description": "Explore the psychology of decision fatigue, what kinds of choices lead us to this state and what we can do to fight it.\n\n--\n\nEverything our bodies do— whether physical or mental— uses energy. Studies have found that many individuals seem to have a daily threshold for making decisions, and an extended period of decision-making can lead to cognitive exhaustion. So, what kinds of choices lead us to this state, and what can we do to fight fatigue? Explore the psychology of decision fatigue and ways you can avoid fatigue.\n\nDirected by Jolene Tan.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Evan Polman who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-make-smart-decisions-more-easily\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-make-smart-decisions-more-easily/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.fakejol.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles and Heather Slater.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-30T16:00:38Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Around the world, tens of millions\nof people have Alzheimer's disease," }, { "start": 11.34, "duration": 4.296, "text": "a debilitating brain disorder that\ngradually destroys a person's memory" }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 1.96, "text": "and other cognitive abilities." }, { "start": 17.847, "duration": 3.253, "text": "It takes a heavy toll on both\npatients and families," }, { "start": 21.1, "duration": 4.38, "text": "as caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's\ncan be emotionally overwhelming" }, { "start": 25.48, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and financially difficult." }, { "start": 27.523, "duration": 2.836, "text": "While doctors have studied\nAlzheimer's for decades," }, { "start": 30.359, "duration": 2.294, "text": "conducting hundreds of clinical trials," }, { "start": 32.653, "duration": 3.671, "text": "there is still no effective preventive\ntreatment or cure." }, { "start": 36.699, "duration": 3.629, "text": "So, why is Alzheimer's disease\nso difficult to treat?" }, { "start": 40.745, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Alzheimer's accounts for 60 to 80%\nof all dementia patients worldwide." }, { "start": 46.501, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Dementia is a broader term,\nused to describe a variety of conditions" }, { "start": 50.88, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that affect a patient's memory,\nthinking skills, and everyday functions." }, { "start": 55.384, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Most Alzheimer's patients first notice\nsymptoms in their 60s," }, { "start": 59.597, "duration": 2.419, "text": " experiencing mild memory problems," }, { "start": 62.016, "duration": 3.67, "text": "like losing track of dates\nor forgetting what they just learned." }, { "start": 66.27, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Some experience other changes,\nlike frequent shifts in mood," }, { "start": 70.233, "duration": 2.502, "text": "increased anxiety and agitation," }, { "start": 72.735, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and problems with coping\nin new situations." }, { "start": 76.572, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Symptoms typically progress\ngradually over years" }, { "start": 79.909, "duration": 4.546, "text": "and eventually a person with Alzheimer's\nmay require constant care." }, { "start": 84.914, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Some rare forms of Alzheimer's are caused\nby a single inherited gene variant." }, { "start": 90.169, "duration": 4.213, "text": "But most of the time Alzheimer's\nis due to the complex interaction" }, { "start": 94.382, "duration": 5.13, "text": "of multiple genes in combination with\nlifestyle and environmental factors," }, { "start": 99.929, "duration": 4.046, "text": "so it's impossible to predict\nwho will develop the disease." }, { "start": 104.725, "duration": 2.837, "text": "Alzheimer's involves a long,\nchronic process," }, { "start": 107.562, "duration": 2.419, "text": "resulting in many changes to the brain," }, { "start": 109.981, "duration": 5.839, "text": "that likely starts to unfold at least 1 to\n2 decades before symptoms first appear." }, { "start": 116.154, "duration": 3.169, "text": "So it's been difficult\nfor scientists to pinpoint" }, { "start": 119.323, "duration": 2.461, "text": "exactly what triggers this process" }, { "start": 121.784, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and what causes the many symptoms\nof Alzheimer's." }, { "start": 124.954, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But thanks to continued research, they're\nbeginning to put this puzzle together." }, { "start": 129.876, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Initially, scientists noticed that\nthe brains of Alzheimer's patients" }, { "start": 134.088, "duration": 4.379, "text": "display an abnormal buildup of\na compound called beta-amyloid." }, { "start": 138.885, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Beta-amyloid is created\nwhen a large protein," }, { "start": 142.138, "duration": 4.629, "text": "amyloid-beta precursor protein, or APP,\nis broken down." }, { "start": 147.226, "duration": 5.756, "text": "APP plays an essential role in the brain,\naiding in neural growth and repair." }, { "start": 153.441, "duration": 6.131, "text": "However, in Alzheimer's patients, it's\nthought that APP is improperly cleaved," }, { "start": 159.78, "duration": 5.089, "text": "creating sticky beta-amyloid byproducts,\nwhich easily clump together." }, { "start": 165.578, "duration": 3.795, "text": "These plaques can build up in the spaces\nbetween neurons," }, { "start": 169.373, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and interfere with normal brain signaling." }, { "start": 172.21, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But this likely isn't the full story." }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 3.128, "text": "While all patients with Alzheimer's\nhave plaques," }, { "start": 178.132, "duration": 4.463, "text": "not all people with plaques have\nor will develop dementia." }, { "start": 182.803, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And Alzheimer's symptoms don't\nalways become more severe" }, { "start": 186.515, "duration": 2.586, "text": "as plaques accumulate in the brain." }, { "start": 189.81, "duration": 5.589, "text": "In the 1980s, another protein, tau,\nemerged as a possible contributor." }, { "start": 195.65, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Tau's normal role is as\na scaffolding protein," }, { "start": 199.153, "duration": 4.63, "text": "to help reinforce the internal structure\nof neurons and give them their shape." }, { "start": 204.283, "duration": 4.254, "text": "But in Alzheimer's patients,\ntau is modified and misfolded," }, { "start": 208.663, "duration": 4.129, "text": "causing it, like beta-amyloid,\nto become sticky and to clump." }, { "start": 213.084, "duration": 4.88, "text": "These tau tangles accumulate\nwithin neurons and are toxic," }, { "start": 218.047, "duration": 2.544, "text": "causing the cells to eventually die." }, { "start": 221.509, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In patients, plaques normally\nappear before tangles," }, { "start": 225.221, "duration": 2.085, "text": "yet questions still remain. " }, { "start": 227.515, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Do amyloid plaques trigger\ntau dysfunction?" }, { "start": 230.768, "duration": 5.881, "text": "And why exactly do these abnormal proteins\nlead to such specific disease symptoms?" }, { "start": 237.191, "duration": 1.96, "text": "To make matters more complex," }, { "start": 239.151, "duration": 4.38, "text": "recent studies have found that Alzheimer's\nis closely linked to changes" }, { "start": 243.531, "duration": 5.005, "text": "in the way immune cells, called microglia,\nfunction in the brain." }, { "start": 248.744, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Others have found that Alzheimer's\nmay also be caused by problems" }, { "start": 252.665, "duration": 3.42, "text": "in the junctions between neurons,\ncalled synapses." }, { "start": 256.419, "duration": 4.504, "text": "And alterations in the way the brain\nproduces and burns energy" }, { "start": 260.923, "duration": 2.419, "text": "may also be an underlying factor." }, { "start": 263.551, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Together, all this suggests that \nAlzheimer's is likely caused" }, { "start": 267.763, "duration": 2.753, "text": "by a complex cascade of events." }, { "start": 270.766, "duration": 4.63, "text": "And teasing out the order of events,\nand how to stop it once it starts," }, { "start": 275.396, "duration": 1.376, "text": "will take more research." }, { "start": 277.356, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But there are things patients can\ndo to better manage symptoms." }, { "start": 281.485, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Staying active, learning new skills," }, { "start": 284.03, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and even participating\nin daily activities," }, { "start": 286.574, "duration": 1.668, "text": "like household chores," }, { "start": 288.242, "duration": 2.252, "text": "seems to slow disease progression." }, { "start": 290.703, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Medications that target neurotransmitters,\nthe brain's signaling molecules," }, { "start": 295.583, "duration": 3.587, "text": "can slow memory loss\nand help with learning and reasoning." }, { "start": 299.879, "duration": 3.086, "text": "And scientists continue to develop\nnew therapies." }, { "start": 303.174, "duration": 3.962, "text": "For example, drugs that target\nbeta-amyloid have shown promise" }, { "start": 307.136, "duration": 4.463, "text": "in slowing the disease and reducing plaque\naccumulation in the brain." }, { "start": 312.058, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Alzheimer's disease won't\ngo away anytime soon." }, { "start": 315.394, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Dementia cases are expected \nto double in the next 20 years." }, { "start": 319.607, "duration": 3.378, "text": "But continued research holds\nthe promise of better treatment" }, { "start": 323.069, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and perhaps one day, prevention," }, { "start": 325.279, "duration": 3.545, "text": "as scientists piece the Alzheimer's\npuzzle together." } ] }, { "video_id": "5pBGutEhZes", "title": "The diseases that changed humanity forever - Dan Kwartler", "description": "Explore the history of humanity’s deadliest diseases, and find out how our progress and innovation exposed us to new pathogens.\n\n--\n\nSince humanity’s earliest days, we’ve been plagued by countless disease-causing pathogens. Invisible and persistent, these microorganisms and the illnesses they incur have killed more humans than anything else in history. But which disease has been the deadliest? Dan Kwartler digs into how human progress and innovation throughout history exposed us to surprising new maladies.\n\nLesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by BASA.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-diseases-that-changed-humanity-forever-dan-kwartler\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-diseases-that-changed-humanity-forever-dan-kwartler/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.basaestudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango and alessandra tasso.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-28T16:01:20Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 2.919, "text": "I called upon my friend,\nMr. Sherlock Holmes," }, { "start": 10.089, "duration": 4.004, "text": "one day in the autumn of last year\nand found him in deep conversation" }, { "start": 14.343, "duration": 5.214, "text": "with a very stout, florid-faced,\nelderly gentleman with fiery red hair." }, { "start": 20.183, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Where I saw merely an unhappy tradesman," }, { "start": 23.102, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Sherlock observed a Freemason\nwho had done manual labor," }, { "start": 27.19, "duration": 3.753, "text": "visited China,\nand written quite a bit recently." }, { "start": 31.069, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And this last inference was\nat the heart of the matter." }, { "start": 35.406, "duration": 4.046, "text": "This gentleman, Mr. Jabez Wilson,\nwas a pawnbroker." }, { "start": 39.619, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Two months ago he answered\na peculiar newspaper advertisement." }, { "start": 43.748, "duration": 4.212, "text": "The mysterious League of Red-Headed Men\nhad announced an opening" }, { "start": 47.96, "duration": 2.837, "text": "that came with a significant\ncash incentive," }, { "start": 51.13, "duration": 5.631, "text": "and every red-headed man above the age\nof 21 in London was encouraged to apply." }, { "start": 57.22, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Wilson was hesitant to go;\nit seemed too strange to be true," }, { "start": 61.599, "duration": 4.338, "text": "but his assistant of recent employ,\nwho found the ad in the first place," }, { "start": 65.937, "duration": 1.209, "text": "convinced him to." }, { "start": 67.438, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Outside the League’s office,\nthey found hundreds of men," }, { "start": 71.15, "duration": 2.586, "text": "all awaiting their shots at the position." }, { "start": 74.153, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Seeing Wilson's particularly\nmagnificent hair," }, { "start": 77.74, "duration": 5.589, "text": "the hosts parted the red sea and ushered\nhim through to a room with a little man." }, { "start": 83.579, "duration": 2.795, "text": "This interviewer, one Duncan Ross," }, { "start": 86.374, "duration": 3.128, "text": "subjected Wilson\nto a single, painful test," }, { "start": 89.502, "duration": 2.419, "text": "then inducted him into the League." }, { "start": 92.213, "duration": 5.547, "text": "All he had to do to receive his stipend\nwas spend four hours here every day" }, { "start": 97.76, "duration": 2.378, "text": "transcribing the encyclopedia." }, { "start": 100.263, "duration": 3.336, "text": "He’d be paid handsomely;\nmuch more than his day job." }, { "start": 103.641, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Wilson, of course, accepted," }, { "start": 106.435, "duration": 4.422, "text": "and showed up to that address every day\nwithout fail for two months." }, { "start": 110.94, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Including today,\nwhen he was shocked to discover a sign" }, { "start": 115.57, "duration": 2.752, "text": "saying that the League had been disbanded." }, { "start": 118.656, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Ross, meanwhile, had disappeared\nwithout a trace." }, { "start": 121.742, "duration": 4.88, "text": "So Wilson turned to the one man who might\nmake red heads or red tails" }, { "start": 126.622, "duration": 1.46, "text": "of these events." }, { "start": 128.583, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Sherlock accepted the remarkable case" }, { "start": 131.002, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and whisked me\nto Wilson’s place of business," }, { "start": 133.504, "duration": 3.671, "text": "where his assistant,\na young man named Vincent Spaulding," }, { "start": 137.175, "duration": 1.126, "text": "answered the door." }, { "start": 138.301, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Sherlock asked him nothing more\nthan walking directions to the Strand" }, { "start": 142.305, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and concluded the interview." }, { "start": 144.515, "duration": 3.045, "text": "The great detective proceeded\nto examine the area," }, { "start": 147.643, "duration": 2.461, "text": "then led me on a stroll around the block." }, { "start": 150.73, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Satisfied, he instructed me,\nto my great surprise," }, { "start": 154.066, "duration": 5.339, "text": "to meet him at Baker Street at 10 pm\nto thwart a considerable crime." }, { "start": 159.572, "duration": 5.297, "text": "I ask you this: what was the crime\nand who was going to commit it?" }, { "start": 165.536, "duration": 4.171, "text": "That night, at the doorstep\nof 221B Baker Street," }, { "start": 169.707, "duration": 1.793, "text": "I discovered a carriage waiting." }, { "start": 171.584, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Inside, Sherlock and two other men:\na bank director and a police officer." }, { "start": 176.964, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Sherlock explained:\nwe’d gathered to prevent a robbery." }, { "start": 180.968, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Not just any robbery, the banker added;" }, { "start": 183.471, "duration": 3.67, "text": "the theft of a massive quantity\nof French gold," }, { "start": 187.266, "duration": 3.837, "text": "on temporary storage in his bank’s\nsubterranean vault." }, { "start": 191.395, "duration": 4.505, "text": "The carriage let us out, and there, in the\ncold recesses of the bank's basement," }, { "start": 195.9, "duration": 4.421, "text": "we found ... absolutely nothing\nof criminal consequence." }, { "start": 200.78, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Sherlock told us to hide ourselves\nin the darkness," }, { "start": 204.116, "duration": 1.293, "text": "ready for a fight." }, { "start": 205.701, "duration": 4.588, "text": "And at long last we heard a scratching,\nthen a sliding sound." }, { "start": 210.748, "duration": 4.254, "text": "We leapt into action and, after a scuffle,\ndetained two men:" }, { "start": 215.086, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Wilson’s assistant Spaulding,\nand the man Wilson knew as Duncan Ross." }, { "start": 221.55, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Sherlock explained: the target\nall along had been the French gold." }, { "start": 226.347, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Spaulding knew it would be here,\nso he got himself employed by Wilson" }, { "start": 230.101, "duration": 3.712, "text": "on account of the proximity\nof the pawnshop to the bank." }, { "start": 233.98, "duration": 2.877, "text": "But in order to dig a tunnel undetected," }, { "start": 236.857, "duration": 3.504, "text": "he’d need Wilson out of the way\nfor long stretches." }, { "start": 240.611, "duration": 3.796, "text": "And that was when he dreamed\nup the Red-Headed League," }, { "start": 244.573, "duration": 2.545, "text": "for which he recruited his accomplice." }, { "start": 247.326, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Every day while Wilson toiled\naway for a pittance" }, { "start": 250.621, "duration": 1.919, "text": "compared to the value they’d steal," }, { "start": 252.54, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Spaulding and Ross dug their tunnel,\nfinally reaching the bank vault today." }, { "start": 258.587, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Sherlock wasn’t sure exactly what\nSpaulding was up to" }, { "start": 261.924, "duration": 3.42, "text": "until he saw the worn and dusty knees\nof his trousers," }, { "start": 265.344, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and recognized him as notorious\nthief John Clay." }, { "start": 270.182, "duration": 4.463, "text": "He tested the pavement by the pawn shop,\nand finding it hollow, rounded the block," }, { "start": 274.854, "duration": 2.461, "text": "where he discovered the true target." }, { "start": 277.606, "duration": 2.128, "text": "“Poor Wilson,” I concluded." }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 3.003, "text": "“Out of the best job of his life\nand 4 pounds per week.”" }, { "start": 283.112, "duration": 3.045, "text": "To which Sherlock retorted,\n“Have no pity, Watson;" }, { "start": 286.157, "duration": 4.713, "text": "the man is richer by far in his newfound\nknowledge of aardvarks, Abbasids," }, { "start": 290.87, "duration": 4.796, "text": "acupuncture, and assorted other subjects\nthat begin with the letter A.”" } ] }, { "video_id": "zs-zATBh_Ho", "title": "Why was the US government obsessed with this animal? - Andrew C. Isenberg", "description": "Explore how the US government hunted bison to near-extinction in the 1800s to force Native Americans onto reservations.\n\n--\n\nBy the mid-1700s, many Plains nations survived on North America’s largest land mammals: bison. They ate its meat, made the hides into winter coats and blankets, and used the bones and horns for tools. But in the following decades, millions of bison would be deliberately slaughtered, threatening the survival of Plains societies. Andrew C. Isenberg shares what led to the animal's near-extinction.\n\nLesson by Andrew C. Isenberg, directed by Rémi Cans, Atypicalist.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-the-us-try-to-kill-all-the-bison-andrew-c-isenberg\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-the-us-try-to-kill-all-the-bison-andrew-c-isenberg/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.atypicalist.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey and Akinola Emmanuel.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-21T16:00:11Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The breathtaking geological formations\nof Cappadocia" }, { "start": 10.548, "duration": 3.504, "text": "present one of the most astonishing\nlandscapes on Earth." }, { "start": 14.302, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Also known as fairy chimneys," }, { "start": 16.596, "duration": 4.796, "text": "these sturdy stone cones were created\nby massive volcanic eruptions," }, { "start": 21.392, "duration": 4.129, "text": "which poured countless tons of ash\nacross what would eventually become" }, { "start": 25.521, "duration": 1.835, "text": "part of central Türkiye." }, { "start": 27.607, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Over millions of years," }, { "start": 29.15, "duration": 5.213, "text": "that volcanic fallout hardened\ninto a porous rock known as ignimbrite," }, { "start": 34.363, "duration": 2.837, "text": "which was sculpted by centuries\nof wind and rain" }, { "start": 37.2, "duration": 2.669, "text": "into the colorful spires we see today." }, { "start": 40.078, "duration": 3.878, "text": "But this impressive terrain hides\nan equally remarkable feat" }, { "start": 43.956, "duration": 2.419, "text": "of pre-modern engineering:" }, { "start": 46.417, "duration": 5.673, "text": "a network of extensive underground cities\nstretching deep below the surface." }, { "start": 52.381, "duration": 5.256, "text": "Archaeological work on these mysterious\nruins only started in the 1960s," }, { "start": 57.637, "duration": 3.253, "text": "so researchers still have many\nunanswered questions." }, { "start": 60.89, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But they have been able to determine\nsome of the basics." }, { "start": 65.019, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Cappadocia’s underground settlements\ndate back to the Middle Ages" }, { "start": 69.065, "duration": 4.755, "text": "when the region was part of the eastern\nterritories of the Byzantine Empire." }, { "start": 73.986, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries," }, { "start": 76.447, "duration": 4.588, "text": "this border region was frequently\nunder siege from Arab invaders," }, { "start": 81.035, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which may have led locals\nto seek refuge underground." }, { "start": 85.456, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Initially, archaeologists assumed\nthese subterranean cities and sanctuaries" }, { "start": 90.378, "duration": 3.754, "text": "were created by Greek-speaking\nOrthodox Christian monks" }, { "start": 94.132, "duration": 4.546, "text": "due to the numerous Byzantine churches\nand copious religious imagery." }, { "start": 98.928, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But further investigation revealed\nintricately designed layouts" }, { "start": 102.765, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and elements of domestic architecture" }, { "start": 105.059, "duration": 3.587, "text": "that could only have been\nproduced by master masons." }, { "start": 108.896, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Typically, these craftsmen would have\nbuilt such structures" }, { "start": 112.066, "duration": 1.627, "text": "with brick and stone," }, { "start": 113.734, "duration": 4.755, "text": "but under the surface they carved\ntheir designs directly into the rock." }, { "start": 118.865, "duration": 3.67, "text": "All these complexes were\nconnected by stairs and tunnels" }, { "start": 122.535, "duration": 3.545, "text": "which could be sealed off\nwith large boulders for protection." }, { "start": 127.79, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Residents dug deep enough\nto reach the water table," }, { "start": 131.335, "duration": 3.462, "text": "ensuring their access to water\nduring lengthy sieges." }, { "start": 134.881, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And vertical ventilation shafts connect\nthese cities to the sky," }, { "start": 139.218, "duration": 3.754, "text": "circulating cool, fresh air\nto the residences inside." }, { "start": 143.264, "duration": 1.835, "text": "In addition to living spaces," }, { "start": 145.099, "duration": 5.422, "text": "these dwellings had wine presses,\ncooking areas, and stables for livestock." }, { "start": 150.855, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Some chambers even offered\nold-fashioned lavatories," }, { "start": 154.317, "duration": 4.337, "text": "where waste could be washed\ninto deep pits or covered with lime." }, { "start": 158.863, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Normally, this approach would\nstill have left some stench," }, { "start": 161.866, "duration": 2.627, "text": "but the region’s absorbent volcanic rock" }, { "start": 164.493, "duration": 3.295, "text": "helped maintain a dry\nand odor-free environment." }, { "start": 167.955, "duration": 4.63, "text": "The rock’s composition also helped ensure\nstable temperatures throughout the year," }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 4.63, "text": "making these spaces ideal\nfor long-term living and food storage." }, { "start": 177.465, "duration": 4.713, "text": "By the 11th century, the Byzantine Empire\nsecured its eastern frontier," }, { "start": 182.178, "duration": 2.669, "text": "bringing peace and stability\nback to the region." }, { "start": 184.972, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But rather than abandoning\ntheir underground settlements," }, { "start": 187.892, "duration": 3.545, "text": "locals expanded them\ninto the landscapes above." }, { "start": 191.604, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Building directly into the region’s\nrocky cliffsides," }, { "start": 194.982, "duration": 4.672, "text": "stoneworkers skillfully carved dwellings\nwith open courtyards" }, { "start": 199.654, "duration": 3.336, "text": "and adorned their entrances\nwith elegant facades." }, { "start": 203.241, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Numerous churches were also\ncarved from the rock," }, { "start": 206.619, "duration": 4.254, "text": "all designed in the standard architectural\nstyles of the Byzantine Empire" }, { "start": 210.873, "duration": 2.127, "text": "during the 9th to the 11th centuries." }, { "start": 213.209, "duration": 3.336, "text": "This included simple structures\nwith altars and apses" }, { "start": 216.545, "duration": 3.879, "text": "as well as intricate designs\nfeaturing columns and domes." }, { "start": 220.549, "duration": 3.671, "text": "And on the inside, many showcased\nvibrant wall paintings" }, { "start": 224.22, "duration": 2.794, "text": "depicting detailed Christian iconography." }, { "start": 227.265, "duration": 2.502, "text": "These paintings\nare still visible today," }, { "start": 229.767, "duration": 4.713, "text": "making Cappadocia one of the most\nsignificant repositories of Byzantine art" }, { "start": 234.48, "duration": 1.043, "text": "in the world." }, { "start": 235.731, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But while these paintings\nand stony structures endured," }, { "start": 238.776, "duration": 2.836, "text": "their inhabitants were forced to move on." }, { "start": 241.946, "duration": 3.587, "text": "It’s believed that the Byzantines started\nvacating the region" }, { "start": 245.533, "duration": 4.463, "text": "when the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks\ntook hold of it in the late 11th century." }, { "start": 250.079, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Over the following centuries," }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 4.838, "text": "local farmers and villagers used these\nspaces for storage and squatting," }, { "start": 256.627, "duration": 4.672, "text": "and there's evidence of some inhabitants\nas recent as the early 20th century." }, { "start": 261.59, "duration": 2.169, "text": "However, in the past few decades," }, { "start": 263.801, "duration": 4.171, "text": "these cities have been recognized\nas international heritage sites" }, { "start": 268.055, "duration": 2.544, "text": "requiring care and preservation." }, { "start": 270.85, "duration": 3.211, "text": "This designation has earned\nthem government protection" }, { "start": 274.061, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and attracted both\ncurious researchers and tourists" }, { "start": 277.732, "duration": 3.128, "text": "eager to explore\ntheir labyrinthine passageways." }, { "start": 281.235, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Derinkuyu, which stretches up to 85 meters\nbelow the ground," }, { "start": 285.573, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and Kaymakli are the two best known \nand most visited." }, { "start": 289.827, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But Göreme, Ihlara, and many other valleys" }, { "start": 293.831, "duration": 2.92, "text": "are where you can see\nthe finest preserved churches," }, { "start": 296.751, "duration": 4.087, "text": "all with spectacular Byzantine\narchitecture and wall paintings." }, { "start": 300.838, "duration": 3.212, "text": "And as researchers continue\nto excavate these sites," }, { "start": 304.05, "duration": 4.671, "text": "they'll undoubtedly uncover even more\nsecrets from this buried history." } ] }, { "video_id": "3GWqM-IoAgM", "title": "Where did these gigantic space bubbles come from? - Ashkbiz Danehkar", "description": "Explore the massive structures known as the Fermi bubbles, and dig into the prevailing theories about how they came to be.\n\n--\n\nIn 2010, NASA announced the discovery of a never-before-seen galactic object: two gigantic gaseous bubbles, each emanating an impressive 25,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way. Astronomers were perplexed: what created these structures? And could this mean that the black hole at the center of our galaxy was waking up? Ashkbiz Danehkar explores the possible origins of the Fermi bubbles.\n\nLesson by Ashkbiz Danehkar, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nCredits for images, videos, and simulations featured in the animation:\n- Fermi Bubble graphic image in thumbnail: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\n- eROSITA telescope logo: MPE, Johannes Buchner\n- Crab Supernova Explosion: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)\n- Westerlund 2, Hubble’s 25th anniversary image: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), A. Nota (ESA/STScI), and the Westerlund 2 Science Team\n- The Veil Supernova Explosion: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)\n- Galactic centre region: NASA, ESA, SSC, CXC and STScI\n- Artist’s impression of the quasar 3C 279: ESO/M. Kornmesser\n- Fermi gamma-ray lobes animation: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center\n- Launch of the James Webb Space Telescope: NASA/Bill Ingalls\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/something-weird-is-happening-in-our-galaxy-ashkbiz-danehkar\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/something-weird-is-happening-in-our-galaxy-ashkbiz-danehkar/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem and Ujjwal Dasu.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-20T16:01:10Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 3.378, "text": "From the 1650s through the late 1800s," }, { "start": 10.506, "duration": 3.087, "text": "European colonists descended\non South Africa." }, { "start": 14.26, "duration": 4.88, "text": "First, Dutch and later British forces\nsought to claim the region for themselves," }, { "start": 19.14, "duration": 2.294, "text": "with their struggle becoming\neven more aggressive" }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 3.378, "text": "after discovering the area’s\nabundant natural resources." }, { "start": 25.354, "duration": 1.752, "text": "In their ruthless scramble," }, { "start": 27.106, "duration": 3.921, "text": "both colonial powers violently removed\nnumerous Indigenous communities" }, { "start": 31.027, "duration": 1.918, "text": "from their ancestral lands." }, { "start": 34.322, "duration": 1.626, "text": "Yet despite these conflicts," }, { "start": 35.948, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the colonizers often claimed\nthey were settling in empty land" }, { "start": 39.368, "duration": 1.502, "text": "devoid of local people." }, { "start": 41.454, "duration": 2.919, "text": "These reports were corroborated\nin letters and travelogues" }, { "start": 44.373, "duration": 3.462, "text": "by various administrators,\nsoldiers, and missionaries." }, { "start": 48.377, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Maps were drawn reflecting these claims," }, { "start": 50.671, "duration": 3.254, "text": "and prominent British historians\nsupported this narrative." }, { "start": 54.425, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Publications codifying the so-called\nEmpty Land Theory" }, { "start": 57.47, "duration": 1.918, "text": "had three central arguments." }, { "start": 59.555, "duration": 3.087, "text": "First, most of the land\nbeing settled by Europeans" }, { "start": 62.642, "duration": 3.42, "text": "had no established communities\nor agricultural infrastructure." }, { "start": 66.562, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Second, any African communities\nthat were in those regions" }, { "start": 70.233, "duration": 2.961, "text": "had actually entered the area\nat the same time as Europeans," }, { "start": 73.194, "duration": 2.794, "text": "so they didn’t have an ancestral claim\nto the land." }, { "start": 76.322, "duration": 4.087, "text": "And third, since these African communities\nhad probably stolen the land" }, { "start": 80.409, "duration": 2.92, "text": "from earlier, \nno-longer-present Indigenous people," }, { "start": 83.329, "duration": 4.004, "text": "the Europeans were within their rights\nto displace these African settlers." }, { "start": 87.875, "duration": 4.088, "text": "The problem is that all three of these\narguments were completely false." }, { "start": 92.421, "duration": 4.422, "text": "Almost none of this land was empty\nand Africans had lived here for millennia." }, { "start": 97.176, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Indigenous South Africans\nsimply had a different practice" }, { "start": 100.179, "duration": 2.67, "text": "of land ownership \nfrom the Dutch and British." }, { "start": 103.224, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Land belonged to families or groups,\nnot individuals." }, { "start": 107.186, "duration": 2.086, "text": "And even that ownership\nwas more focused" }, { "start": 109.272, "duration": 3.295, "text": "on the land’s agricultural products\nthan the land itself." }, { "start": 113.401, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Community leaders would distribute\nseasonal land rights," }, { "start": 116.32, "duration": 4.672, "text": "allowing various nomadic groups\nto graze cattle or forage for vegetation." }, { "start": 121.367, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Even the groups that did live\nin large agricultural settlements" }, { "start": 124.579, "duration": 2.961, "text": "didn’t believe they owned the land\nas private property." }, { "start": 127.707, "duration": 4.004, "text": "But the colonizing Europeans had\nno respect for this system of ownership." }, { "start": 131.836, "duration": 2.836, "text": "They concluded the land\nbelonged to no one" }, { "start": 134.672, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and could therefore be divided\namongst themselves." }, { "start": 138.259, "duration": 3.253, "text": "In this context, claims that\nthe land was “empty”" }, { "start": 141.512, "duration": 4.254, "text": "were an ignorant oversimplification\nof a much more complex reality." }, { "start": 146.1, "duration": 4.213, "text": "But the Empty Land Theory allowed\nBritish academics to rewrite history" }, { "start": 150.313, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and minimize native populations." }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 3.628, "text": "In 1894, the European parliament\nin Cape Town" }, { "start": 156.777, "duration": 4.463, "text": "took this exploitation even further\nby passing the Glen Grey Act." }, { "start": 161.49, "duration": 2.461, "text": "This decree made it\nfunctionally impossible" }, { "start": 163.951, "duration": 2.169, "text": "for native Africans to own land," }, { "start": 166.12, "duration": 2.711, "text": "shattering the system of collective\ntribal ownership" }, { "start": 168.831, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and creating a class of landless people." }, { "start": 171.834, "duration": 4.505, "text": "To justify the theft, Europeans painted\nthe locals as barbarians" }, { "start": 176.339, "duration": 1.918, "text": "who lacked the capacity for reason" }, { "start": 178.257, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and were better off being ruled\nby the colonizers." }, { "start": 181.761, "duration": 3.753, "text": "This strategy of stripping locals\nof their right to ancestral lands" }, { "start": 185.514, "duration": 4.38, "text": "and casting native people as savages has\nbeen employed by many colonizers." }, { "start": 190.394, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Now known as the Empty Land Myth," }, { "start": 192.855, "duration": 3.337, "text": "this is a well-established technique\nin the colonial playbook," }, { "start": 196.192, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and its impact can be found \nin the history of many countries," }, { "start": 199.237, "duration": 3.628, "text": "including Australia, Canada,\nand the United States." }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 3.546, "text": "And in South Africa, the influence \nof this narrative can be traced" }, { "start": 207.078, "duration": 4.212, "text": "directly to a brutal campaign\nof institutionalized racism." }, { "start": 212.792, "duration": 1.209, "text": "Barred from their lands," }, { "start": 214.001, "duration": 4.88, "text": "the once self-sufficient population\nstruggled as migrant laborers and miners" }, { "start": 218.881, "duration": 1.877, "text": "on European-owned property." }, { "start": 221.467, "duration": 2.669, "text": "The law forbade them from working\ncertain skilled jobs," }, { "start": 224.136, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and forced Africans to live\nin racially segregated areas." }, { "start": 227.765, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Over time,\nthese racist policies intensified," }, { "start": 230.81, "duration": 2.377, "text": "mandating separation in urban areas," }, { "start": 233.187, "duration": 3.879, "text": "restricting voting rights,\nand eventually building to apartheid." }, { "start": 238.526, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Under this system,\nAfrican people had no voting rights," }, { "start": 241.988, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and the education of native Africans \nwas overhauled" }, { "start": 245.199, "duration": 4.296, "text": "to emphasize their legal and social\nsubservience to white settlers." }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 4.88, "text": "This state of legally enforced racism\npersisted through the early 1990s," }, { "start": 255.084, "duration": 1.46, "text": "and throughout this period," }, { "start": 256.544, "duration": 2.961, "text": "colonists frequently invoked\nthe Empty Land Theory" }, { "start": 259.505, "duration": 2.795, "text": "to justify the unequal distribution\nof land." }, { "start": 263.217, "duration": 3.754, "text": "South African resistance movements\nfought throughout the 20th century" }, { "start": 266.971, "duration": 2.794, "text": "to gain political and economic freedom." }, { "start": 270.057, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And since the 1980s, South African\nscholars have been using" }, { "start": 273.561, "duration": 3.378, "text": "archaeological evidence\nto correct the historical record." }, { "start": 277.523, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Today, South African schools are finally\nteaching the region's true history." }, { "start": 282.653, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But the legacy of the Empty Land Myth\nstill persists" }, { "start": 285.906, "duration": 2.92, "text": "as one of the most harmful stories\never told." } ] }, { "video_id": "iRGrY9F1cCE", "title": "The gory history of barber surgeons - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Trace the history of barber-surgeons, and find out what led to barbers performing medical procedures in medieval Europe.\n\n--\n\nIt’s a cold morning in 15th century France and you’re off to the barber for a shave and haircut. You hear the familiar sound of singing inside and eye a bowl of blood in the window. You grab a cup of ale and examine the array of teeth strung from the walls. Suddenly, a scream sounds from one of the chairs. What's going on? Stephanie Honchell Smith shares the surprising history of barber-surgeons.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Arvind Singh Jeena, Anantha Krishnan, Totem Creative.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-gory-history-of-barber-surgeons-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-gory-history-of-barber-surgeons-stephanie-honchell-smith/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.totemcreative.in\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND and Samyogita Hardikar.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-16T16:08:36Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.046, "text": "A spy presses a button on their suit\nand blinks out of sight." }, { "start": 11.215, "duration": 4.213, "text": "A wizard wraps himself in a cloak\nand disappears limb by limb." }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 5.464, "text": "A star pilot flicks a switch\nand their ship vanishes into space." }, { "start": 21.434, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Invisibility is one of the most\ntantalizing powers in fiction," }, { "start": 26.23, "duration": 2.211, "text": "spanning all kinds of stories." }, { "start": 28.524, "duration": 3.546, "text": "But could this fantasy\never become a reality?" }, { "start": 32.57, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Well, invisibility is a relative term." }, { "start": 36.157, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Researchers and engineers working\nin stealth technology" }, { "start": 39.786, "duration": 3.753, "text": "have developed planes\nnearly undetectable to radar," }, { "start": 43.706, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and cloaks that conceal tanks\nfrom thermal cameras." }, { "start": 48.127, "duration": 4.713, "text": "But these innovations don't make things\ninvisible to the human eye." }, { "start": 53.424, "duration": 5.798, "text": "Our eyes see by taking in the visible\nlight waves that reflect off objects." }, { "start": 59.43, "duration": 4.046, "text": "So to make an object invisible without\nturning off the lights," }, { "start": 63.559, "duration": 4.004, "text": "our eyes would need to see the light\nfrom behind that object," }, { "start": 67.647, "duration": 3.67, "text": "rather than the light bouncing\noff the object itself." }, { "start": 71.567, "duration": 5.422, "text": "And to do that, we need to be able\nto control these visible light waves." }, { "start": 77.448, "duration": 2.878, "text": "One way to do this is through reflection." }, { "start": 80.576, "duration": 1.752, "text": "This method is predictable," }, { "start": 82.328, "duration": 5.547, "text": "but it requires maintaining angles\ntoo precise for most moving targets." }, { "start": 88.292, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Researchers can also absorb light\nwith ultra-black surfaces" }, { "start": 92.922, "duration": 2.836, "text": "covered in light-capturing nanotubes," }, { "start": 95.758, "duration": 4.004, "text": "but painting something black\ndoesn’t exactly make it invisible." }, { "start": 100.346, "duration": 6.381, "text": "So instead, many researchers are trying\nto reroute wavelengths around an object" }, { "start": 106.727, "duration": 1.752, "text": "using refraction." }, { "start": 109.105, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Refraction describes how light\nchanges direction" }, { "start": 112.9, "duration": 3.629, "text": "when it passes between materials\nof differing density." }, { "start": 117.071, "duration": 3.962, "text": "When light passes from a less dense\nmedium into a denser one," }, { "start": 121.117, "duration": 2.335, "text": "its path gets slightly bent." }, { "start": 123.953, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Consider how someone’s legs look\nwhen you sit at the edge of a pool." }, { "start": 128.666, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Since water is denser than air," }, { "start": 131.377, "duration": 5.047, "text": "the light waves reflecting from the water\nto your eyes speed up and bend." }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 2.419, "text": "In nature, this effect has limits." }, { "start": 139.135, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Even when passing\nthrough natural materials" }, { "start": 141.679, "duration": 2.544, "text": "with the highest refractive indexes," }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 2.503, "text": "light can only bend so far." }, { "start": 147.226, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But in the lab,\nwe can shatter those limits." }, { "start": 150.813, "duration": 4.046, "text": "In the 1990s, theoretical physicist\nJohn Pendry" }, { "start": 154.859, "duration": 5.547, "text": "was working with a defense lab to create\na way to absorb radar signals." }, { "start": 160.865, "duration": 5.13, "text": "The result was a mesh of carbon fibers\nso thin and densely woven" }, { "start": 166.078, "duration": 3.963, "text": "that they interacted with light\nin an entirely different way" }, { "start": 170.082, "duration": 1.418, "text": "from regular carbon." }, { "start": 172.126, "duration": 4.797, "text": "This inspired Pendry to try similar tricks\nwith other materials." }, { "start": 177.298, "duration": 2.92, "text": "By altering them at the microscopic level," }, { "start": 180.218, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Pendry could add tiny microstructures" }, { "start": 183.179, "duration": 6.006, "text": "capable of capturing and bending light\nin ways previously thought impossible." }, { "start": 189.81, "duration": 5.673, "text": "He called this technology metamaterials\nand developed his most famous example:" }, { "start": 195.608, "duration": 2.336, "text": "a split ring resonator—" }, { "start": 198.277, "duration": 6.173, "text": "a metamaterial structure which allowed him\nto bend light past the theorized limit." }, { "start": 204.951, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The discovery of negative refraction" }, { "start": 207.495, "duration": 3.754, "text": "kicked off the modern wave\nof invisibility research." }, { "start": 211.457, "duration": 6.757, "text": "To date, labs have designed metamaterials\nthat can completely steer away microwaves." }, { "start": 218.339, "duration": 6.381, "text": "But a true invisibility cloak would need\nto bend all wavelengths of visible light" }, { "start": 224.845, "duration": 3.295, "text": "simultaneously and without distortion," }, { "start": 228.266, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and refraction doesn’t treat\nall wavelengths equally." }, { "start": 232.937, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Consider how refractive materials produce\nrainbows with varying colors." }, { "start": 238.818, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Despite leading the field, metamaterials\naren't the only route toward invisibility." }, { "start": 244.532, "duration": 5.38, "text": "One lab was able to create a controlled\ndesert mirage using hot air" }, { "start": 249.912, "duration": 4.713, "text": "just above the ground to refract light\nfrom the cooler air around it" }, { "start": 254.709, "duration": 3.461, "text": " to create distortions and illusions." }, { "start": 258.504, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Unfortunately, this model only operates\nat thousands of degrees." }, { "start": 264.635, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Another lab created a unique configuration\nof glass lenses" }, { "start": 269.181, "duration": 4.463, "text": "which can bend the light around an object\nwithin a ring-shaped area" }, { "start": 273.644, "duration": 1.21, "text": "in the lens." }, { "start": 275.104, "duration": 4.88, "text": "This lens could be made large\nenough to obscure an entire person," }, { "start": 280.151, "duration": 4.796, "text": "but its effect only works when both\nthe observer and the obscured" }, { "start": 284.947, "duration": 2.669, "text": "stand in the exact right positions." }, { "start": 287.992, "duration": 5.255, "text": "And attempts using cameras to record\nenvironments and project them over a cloak" }, { "start": 293.372, "duration": 3.545, "text": "have been hindered by lag\nand color distortion." }, { "start": 297.501, "duration": 1.752, "text": "These efforts, and many more," }, { "start": 299.253, "duration": 4.88, "text": "still have a ways to go towards bringing\nthis magical technology to life." }, { "start": 304.633, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But if one thing is true about science," }, { "start": 307.053, "duration": 4.796, "text": "it’s that the limitations we see today\ncould simply disappear." } ] }, { "video_id": "4UJTtk_2ly0", "title": "The asteroid that almost wiped out life on Earth - Sean P. S. Gulick", "description": "Dig into what happened after the Chicxulub asteroid hit the Earth, and how it caused a mass extinction— including dinosaurs.\n\n--\n\nSixty-six million years ago, near what’s now the Yucatán Peninsula, a juvenile sauropod feasted on horsetail plants on a riverbank. Earth was a tropical planet. Behemoth and tiny dinosaurs alike soared its skies and roamed its lands while reptiles and tentacled ammonites swept its seas. But, in an instant, everything would change. Sean P. S. Gulick details one of Earth's most devastating periods.\n\nLesson by Sean P. S. Gulick, directed by Jeff Le Bars, JetPropulsion.space\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-killed-the-dinosaurs-it-wasn-t-just-the-asteroid-sean-p-s-gulick\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-killed-the-dinosaurs-it-wasn-t-just-the-asteroid-sean-p-s-gulick/digdeeper\n\nEducator's website: https://www.jsg.utexas.edu\nAnimator's website: https://jetpropulsion.space\nMusic: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com\nSound design: https://yessian.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham and Adrian Rotaru.\n----------------------------------------------\n\nImages and references used in the creation of this animation: \n\nStock Images from https://pixabay.com: \nSunflower - RayMark\nGrass - Hundankbar\ngarbage - ds_30\nIceberg - Makabera\nPolar bear - iribagrova8176\n\nSketchfab, https://sketchfab.com: \nTriceratops - Zacxophone\nCarnotaurus - Magorius\nTyrannosaurus Rex - Rigsters\nTemple - Maks Sokolowski\nHuman skeleton - Ruslan Gadzhiev\nMouse - Just8\nSaberwing - MooreLab\nFrog - https://ffish.asia / https://florazia.com\nRhododendron - https://ffish.asia / https://florazia.com\nTsukushi Rose - https://ffish.asia / https://florazia.com\nOrchid - sarahGB\nWood stick - 3dhdscan\nWood louse - .hapto GmbH\nBush - Marbles\nLichen - Frank McMains\nAloa Vera - nedo\nLab - viklia\nLab gear - dercruz926\nVHS - Terrible Hard\nOld computers - sudreyskr\nLab machine - guillemvilah\nFloppy disk - ocean\nMachine - Klinepeter\nMission control console - TheoClarke\nOld computer - Freepoly.org\nOld nuclear computer - P3TroV\nOsborne - Denis Afanasjev\nvintage terminal - NoMoreFeelings\nAll Sketchfab models are licensed under Creative Commons attribution: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0\n\nPaintings in the public domain: \nStarry Night - Vincent Van Gogh\nThe Great Wave - Katsushika Hokusaï\nEiffel Tower - Georges Seurat\nBlack Mesa - Georgia O'Keeffe\nGuernica - Pablo Picasso\nSkrik & Solen - Edvard Munch\nThe Great Day of His Wrath - John Martin\nThe Slave Ship - William Turner", "publishedAt": "2023-11-14T16:02:39Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Faced with the realities\nof current crises," }, { "start": 9.213, "duration": 4.255, "text": "it's easy to assume our world is headed\nin a bleak direction." }, { "start": 13.801, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But there’s good reason to be hopeful—" }, { "start": 16.512, "duration": 2.503, "text": "with developments\nin science and technology," }, { "start": 19.015, "duration": 3.67, "text": "a positive future is more\nviable than ever before." }, { "start": 22.894, "duration": 2.878, "text": "So, what if the future was awesome?" }, { "start": 26.689, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Let’s explore what the future\nof three cities could look like," }, { "start": 30.526, "duration": 2.67, "text": "if we harness the tools\nwe already have at our disposal" }, { "start": 33.279, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to solve today's problems." }, { "start": 35.531, "duration": 2.586, "text": "These visions are inspired by solarpunk," }, { "start": 38.117, "duration": 2.962, "text": "an art and social movement that imagines\nsustainable worlds" }, { "start": 41.079, "duration": 4.337, "text": "in which humans, nature, and technology\nexist in harmony." }, { "start": 45.875, "duration": 1.919, "text": "It’s 2125." }, { "start": 48.086, "duration": 2.794, "text": "In the past, Los Angeles was\nrunning out of water" }, { "start": 50.88, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and its citizens were dependent\non 5 million cars." }, { "start": 54.717, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Today, people glide down highway 101\non electric bikes, buses, and trains." }, { "start": 61.057, "duration": 2.044, "text": "There’s no fee for these services—" }, { "start": 63.101, "duration": 3.169, "text": "instead, folks contribute\ntheir technical or gardening skills," }, { "start": 66.27, "duration": 3.212, "text": "or provide entertainment\nfor others as they go." }, { "start": 70.149, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Year-round sunlight makes LA well-suited\nto solar infrastructure," }, { "start": 75.238, "duration": 2.127, "text": "but water is still limited." }, { "start": 77.573, "duration": 4.964, "text": "City dwellers manage this by maintaining\nwater-efficient farms in high rises," }, { "start": 82.537, "duration": 5.88, "text": "and within the 17 million square meters of\nland that once housed parking spaces." }, { "start": 88.668, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Here, students and scientists mist\nlocal fruit, vegetables, and grains" }, { "start": 93.005, "duration": 1.043, "text": "with nutrients." }, { "start": 94.215, "duration": 4.338, "text": "They also create portable farms,\nstacking layers of plant and fertilizer" }, { "start": 98.553, "duration": 2.627, "text": "into temperature-controlled\nshipping containers" }, { "start": 101.18, "duration": 3.587, "text": "that can be transported out to city\nresidents and beyond." }, { "start": 105.226, "duration": 4.463, "text": "In Lagos, Nigeria, the city’s coast\nis completely transformed." }, { "start": 109.939, "duration": 2.794, "text": "In the past, sand mining\nand urban expansion" }, { "start": 112.733, "duration": 2.92, "text": "eroded roughly 84% of the shoreline," }, { "start": 115.653, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which put the city at risk\nof catastrophic flooding." }, { "start": 119.615, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But the city responded\nby restoring the wetlands," }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 2.503, "text": "which now act as natural sponges." }, { "start": 125.538, "duration": 3.128, "text": "An intricate array of pipes,\nequipped with turbines," }, { "start": 128.666, "duration": 4.129, "text": "capture the energy of flowing water\nand convert it into electricity." }, { "start": 133.421, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This powers buildings and services\nall over Lagos," }, { "start": 137.133, "duration": 2.21, "text": "like the city’s famous Balogun market," }, { "start": 139.343, "duration": 3.629, "text": "where people come together\nto trade, socialize, and entertain." }, { "start": 143.347, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Along the coast, people steward\nthousands of native mangrove plants," }, { "start": 147.852, "duration": 1.585, "text": "which act as carbon sinks," }, { "start": 149.562, "duration": 3.92, "text": "clean up the pollutants of the past,\nand support biodiversity." }, { "start": 154.066, "duration": 3.295, "text": "This area celebrates\nthe mangrove in many forms—" }, { "start": 157.486, "duration": 3.295, "text": "local designers use\nits tannins to dye fabrics," }, { "start": 160.948, "duration": 2.962, "text": "while scientists research\nits pharmaceutical potential" }, { "start": 163.951, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and its uses as a natural pesticide." }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Further out to sea, people embrace\nsustainable fishing practices" }, { "start": 171.417, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and repurpose fish processing waste" }, { "start": 173.878, "duration": 3.545, "text": "to power ships, floating farms,\nand public housing." }, { "start": 177.632, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Meanwhile, São Paulo, Brazil\nhas fully reimagined housing." }, { "start": 182.803, "duration": 3.754, "text": "In its industrial past,\nthe city battled heavy pollution," }, { "start": 186.641, "duration": 3.92, "text": "and up to a third of the population lived\nin unsanitary conditions." }, { "start": 190.77, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But today, homes, schools,\nlocal government buildings," }, { "start": 194.232, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and entertainment spaces\nare made from repurposed materials" }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 1.919, "text": "from the former auto industry." }, { "start": 200.029, "duration": 4.922, "text": "These buildings generate their own solar\npower and capture rainwater to reuse." }, { "start": 205.243, "duration": 3.211, "text": "At the center sits a new\nsolar football stadium," }, { "start": 208.537, "duration": 2.837, "text": "which generates energy\nand doubles as an incubator" }, { "start": 211.374, "duration": 1.543, "text": "for growing native plants." }, { "start": 213.376, "duration": 2.752, "text": "In areas where the land remains toxic," }, { "start": 216.212, "duration": 3.962, "text": "citizen scientists are stewarding\nthousands of mushrooms." }, { "start": 220.341, "duration": 3.503, "text": "These mushrooms break down the bonds\nin the decades-old chemicals" }, { "start": 223.844, "duration": 2.253, "text": "which remain in soil\nlong after the burning" }, { "start": 226.097, "duration": 2.169, "text": "of oil, gas, and household garbage." }, { "start": 228.516, "duration": 2.043, "text": "They then produce new spores, " }, { "start": 230.559, "duration": 3.671, "text": "attracting insects and birds\nto the area once again." }, { "start": 234.605, "duration": 4.672, "text": "These versions of LA, Lagos, and São Paulo\nembody the principle of life " }, { "start": 239.277, "duration": 3.962, "text": "enmeshed with the promises\nand limitations of its surroundings." }, { "start": 243.572, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And while this future may seem\nfar from reach," }, { "start": 246.158, "duration": 4.505, "text": "it is achievable, and it might not even\ntake us 100 years to get there." }, { "start": 250.913, "duration": 4.129, "text": "All over the world, communities are\nembracing these and similar ideas" }, { "start": 255.042, "duration": 2.67, "text": "to build more sustainable systems." }, { "start": 257.962, "duration": 4.838, "text": "In Vancouver, Indigenous First Nations\nare building affordable, net-zero" }, { "start": 262.8, "duration": 4.046, "text": "housing projects incorporating\ngreen spaces and bike infrastructure." }, { "start": 267.054, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In Singapore, urban farms\nflourish on skyscrapers" }, { "start": 270.766, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and in the shells of former prisons." }, { "start": 272.977, "duration": 4.921, "text": "In Prague, urban beekeeping takes flight\nin hotels and theaters." }, { "start": 278.274, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Optimism can be a powerful\nmobilizing force." }, { "start": 281.694, "duration": 2.669, "text": "From natural technologies\nto renewable energy," }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 3.712, "text": "we have so many transformative tools\nat our disposal." }, { "start": 288.409, "duration": 3.003, "text": "All we need is the will to implement them." } ] }, { "video_id": "_vDZmVXtA7k", "title": "Sherlock Holmes and the crime of the century - Alex Rosenthal", "description": "Download the Audible Original podcast “Moriarty: The Silent Order” and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed \n\n--\n\nOne day in the fall, you called upon your friend, Sherlock Holmes, and found him in conversation with Jabez Wilson. Wilson had been working for the mysterious League of Red-Headed Men. Today, he arrived at work to find the group had disappeared, and now turns to Holmes to make sense of the events. Follow the detective and see if you can solve this adaptation of one of Sherlock’s most famous cases.\n\nLesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Skirmanta Jakaitė, Art Shot.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Audible\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/sherlock-holmes-and-the-case-of-the-red-headed-league-alex-rosenthal\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/sherlock-holmes-and-the-case-of-the-red-headed-league-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong and Bev Millar.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-09T16:21:00Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 5.547, "text": "In summer 1997, a full-page ad appeared\nin The New York Times." }, { "start": 12.842, "duration": 3.212, "text": "The message, from the\nGlobal Climate Coalition," }, { "start": 16.054, "duration": 5.38, "text": "issued a dire economic warning about the\nUS embracing the Kyoto Protocol," }, { "start": 21.684, "duration": 3.629, "text": "a treaty to curb greenhouse gas emissions." }, { "start": 25.396, "duration": 4.797, "text": "But beneath the veneer of smiling children\nwas something much more insidious:" }, { "start": 30.318, "duration": 4.713, "text": "a multi-million dollar campaign\npropped up by questionable data" }, { "start": 35.114, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and backed by some of the world's\nmost powerful companies." }, { "start": 38.618, "duration": 5.38, "text": "The Global Climate Coalition was itself\na front for the oil industry—" }, { "start": 44.165, "duration": 4.504, "text": "established to sow doubt and confusion\nabout climate action." }, { "start": 48.92, "duration": 2.752, "text": "But the real story starts decades earlier." }, { "start": 51.798, "duration": 5.755, "text": "In the 1970s, oil companies employed some\nof the world's top atmospheric scientists," }, { "start": 57.553, "duration": 4.129, "text": "as they needed to understand\nweather-related risks to their equipment" }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and to assess the environmental\nimpact of new projects." }, { "start": 65.645, "duration": 5.589, "text": "By the late 1970s, these scientists,\nalong with their counterparts in academia," }, { "start": 71.275, "duration": 5.84, "text": "had concluded that burning fossil fuels\ncreated a build up of atmospheric carbon," }, { "start": 77.24, "duration": 2.794, "text": "which would impact the climate\nby trapping heat" }, { "start": 80.034, "duration": 2.211, "text": "and increasing surface temperatures." }, { "start": 82.37, "duration": 5.756, "text": "They warned that an increase of even\na few degrees could be catastrophic" }, { "start": 88.167, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and accurately predicted events\nsuch as rapid Arctic warming" }, { "start": 93.172, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and the melting of Antarctic ice sheets." }, { "start": 97.301, "duration": 6.048, "text": "Throughout the 1980s, oil industry reps\nmet repeatedly to discuss these dangers," }, { "start": 103.349, "duration": 5.047, "text": "acknowledging the risk that their product\nposed to the future of humanity." }, { "start": 108.521, "duration": 2.628, "text": "However, instead of warning the public," }, { "start": 111.149, "duration": 4.796, "text": "or using this knowledge to pivot\ntowards renewable energy sources," }, { "start": 115.945, "duration": 2.252, "text": "they doubled down on oil." }, { "start": 118.364, "duration": 5.255, "text": "But in the late 1980s, scientists sounded\nthe alarm about climate change," }, { "start": 123.619, "duration": 4.505, "text": "raising public awareness, and\nleading to calls for government action." }, { "start": 128.374, "duration": 5.214, "text": "In response, the oil industry launched\nwhat would become a decades-long," }, { "start": 133.588, "duration": 3.003, "text": "multi-billion-dollar PR campaign" }, { "start": 136.591, "duration": 4.254, "text": "to discredit the very science\nthey helped pioneer." }, { "start": 141.429, "duration": 5.38, "text": "They utilized the same PR firms that had\npreviously helped the tobacco industry" }, { "start": 146.809, "duration": 3.462, "text": " mislead the public\nabout the harms of smoking." }, { "start": 150.354, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Oil companies directly lobbied\ngovernment officials" }, { "start": 154.192, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and covertly funded dozens\nof organizations" }, { "start": 157.904, "duration": 3.253, "text": "like the Global Climate Coalition," }, { "start": 161.449, "duration": 5.922, "text": "whose objective was to obscure the\nscientific consensus on climate change" }, { "start": 167.371, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and humanity's role in creating it." }, { "start": 170.75, "duration": 2.335, "text": "They attacked credible scientists " }, { "start": 173.085, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and bankrolled advertisements\ndisguised as op-eds," }, { "start": 177.089, "duration": 3.087, "text": "which falsely exaggerated the degree\nand significance" }, { "start": 180.176, "duration": 2.627, "text": "of uncertainty in climate models" }, { "start": 182.97, "duration": 5.631, "text": "and used that uncertainty as an excuse\nto dismiss the science entirely." }, { "start": 189.06, "duration": 5.13, "text": "These \"advertorials\" grabbed\nreader's attention with titles like" }, { "start": 194.232, "duration": 6.089, "text": "\"Lies They Tell Our Children,\"\nand \"Unsettled Science.\"" }, { "start": 200.613, "duration": 5.339, "text": "The industry also capitalized\non lingering Cold War anxieties" }, { "start": 205.952, "duration": 3.753, "text": "that equated government regulation\nwith socialism." }, { "start": 210.081, "duration": 4.296, "text": " Thus, at the very moment\nthe world was poised to act," }, { "start": 214.377, "duration": 5.255, "text": "oil companies shifted the conversation\naway from the actual science" }, { "start": 219.715, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and turned it into a debate\nabout protecting freedom." }, { "start": 224.011, "duration": 4.755, "text": "By doing so, they took a non-partisan,\nuncontentious topic" }, { "start": 228.766, "duration": 4.671, "text": "and transformed it into a\nhot-button political issue." }, { "start": 233.896, "duration": 4.588, "text": "After George W. Bush became\npresident in 2001," }, { "start": 238.484, "duration": 5.339, "text": "oil lobbyists successfully pushed his\nadministration to replace officials" }, { "start": 243.823, "duration": 2.377, "text": "who agreed with mainstream science " }, { "start": 246.242, "duration": 3.92, "text": "with ones who opposed\nenvironmental regulations." }, { "start": 250.496, "duration": 4.254, "text": "When Bush pushed the US\nout of the Kyoto Protocol," }, { "start": 254.75, "duration": 3.837, "text": "his administration credited\nthe Global Climate Coalition" }, { "start": 258.587, "duration": 2.128, "text": "with influencing his decision." }, { "start": 261.173, "duration": 5.923, "text": "But the oil industry's PR campaigns\ndidn't end with their Kyoto victory." }, { "start": 267.346, "duration": 3.128, "text": "They've continued to shape\nthe climate conversation," }, { "start": 270.474, "duration": 4.296, "text": "pushing propaganda and co-opting\nclimate language." }, { "start": 274.979, "duration": 6.006, "text": "British Petroleum, for example,\npopularized the phrase \"carbon footprint,\"" }, { "start": 281.319, "duration": 5.255, "text": "an idea which in practice effectively\nshifts climate responsibility" }, { "start": 286.574, "duration": 2.878, "text": "from the industry to the consumer." }, { "start": 289.994, "duration": 5.339, "text": "To this day, the industry massively\noveremphasizes their investment " }, { "start": 295.333, "duration": 3.253, "text": "in green energies,\nsuch as biofuels, " }, { "start": 298.627, "duration": 3.421, "text": "which represent just 1% of their budgets." }, { "start": 302.173, "duration": 5.338, "text": "And they employ legions of lobbyists,\nwho attend UN climate meetings" }, { "start": 307.511, "duration": 6.715, "text": "and work to water down the language\nof IPCC climate assessment reports." }, { "start": 314.393, "duration": 3.379, "text": "In this, they're allied with\noil-producing countries," }, { "start": 317.855, "duration": 4.796, "text": "which also have a vested interest\nin continued fossil fuel use." }, { "start": 322.777, "duration": 3.795, "text": "While the oil companies now acknowledge\nthat burning fossil fuels " }, { "start": 326.572, "duration": 2.085, "text": "contributes to climate change," }, { "start": 328.657, "duration": 2.586, "text": "they deny having misled the public," }, { "start": 331.243, "duration": 4.88, "text": "arguing that their messaging always\nreflected the scientific consensus." }, { "start": 336.248, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But an extensive paper trail\nshows otherwise." }, { "start": 340.878, "duration": 4.004, "text": "While oil companies' profits\nreach all-time highs," }, { "start": 344.882, "duration": 4.379, "text": "climate change costs the public\nbillions of dollars each year." }, { "start": 349.678, "duration": 6.716, "text": "Extreme weather events and decreasing air\nquality kill millions of people annually." }, { "start": 356.936, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Meanwhile, the culture of doubt the\noil industry created remains widespread," }, { "start": 362.691, "duration": 4.63, "text": "polarizing the issue,\nand delaying meaningful action." }, { "start": 367.53, "duration": 2.377, "text": "But it doesn't have to be this way." }, { "start": 370.032, "duration": 4.963, "text": "We can still reclaim the conversation\nand change course," }, { "start": 375.162, "duration": 4.546, "text": "embracing renewable energies\nand sustainable practices" }, { "start": 379.917, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to protect both our planet and our future." } ] }, { "video_id": "XkHJyqZqjxE", "title": "Can you solve the secret assassin society riddle? - Alex Rosenthal", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nYour agent has infiltrated a life or death poker game in a hidden back room of a grand casino. Your team is on the trail of an elite society of assassins, each of whom carries a signature playing card corresponding to their role— everyone at the table is either an assassin or a potential victim. Can you identify the assassins and save the victims? Alex Rosenthal shows how.\n\nLesson by Alex Rosenthal, directed by Igor Coric, Artake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-secret-assassin-society-riddle-alex-rosenthal\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-secret-assassin-society-riddle-alex-rosenthal/digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz and Edla Paniguel.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-07T16:00:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.253, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Your agent is about to infiltrate\na life or death poker game" }, { "start": 11.34, "duration": 3.003, "text": "in a hidden back room of the grand casino." }, { "start": 14.385, "duration": 3.337, "text": "You’re on the trail of an elite society\nof assassins," }, { "start": 17.93, "duration": 4.338, "text": "each of whom carries a signature\nplaying card corresponding to their role." }, { "start": 22.643, "duration": 4.88, "text": "You’ve received intel from a 100% reliable\nsource about how they operate." }, { "start": 27.732, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Their M.O. is to invite their victims\nto a high stakes game" }, { "start": 31.11, "duration": 2.252, "text": "with one or more killers at the table." }, { "start": 33.738, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The game is a variant of poker\nplayed with a single, fair deck" }, { "start": 37.742, "duration": 3.378, "text": "where every player receives\ntwo cards in secret." }, { "start": 41.245, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Each assassin immediately and covertly\nswaps one of the cards" }, { "start": 45.833, "duration": 3.003, "text": "they’ve been fairly dealt\nwith their signature card." }, { "start": 49.212, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Then the robo-dealer reveals\nthree shared cards on the table." }, { "start": 53.674, "duration": 3.337, "text": "After betting, the assassins play\ntheir signature cards" }, { "start": 57.011, "duration": 1.835, "text": "as a signal that they’re ready." }, { "start": 59.097, "duration": 4.129, "text": "When the last one comes out,\nthey go about their grim business." }, { "start": 63.351, "duration": 1.418, "text": "Today's game is no different," }, { "start": 64.769, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and your mission is to identify the\nassassins and save all the victims." }, { "start": 69.649, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Everyone at the table is either\nan assassin or a victim," }, { "start": 73.069, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and there must be at least one of each." }, { "start": 76.114, "duration": 3.878, "text": "The game is about to begin when\nyour agent finds the secret passage" }, { "start": 79.992, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and talks her way into a seat\nat the table." }, { "start": 83.329, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Meanwhile, you’re monitoring\nthe proceedings with an insect drone." }, { "start": 87.416, "duration": 5.047, "text": "If you can figure out who has swapped\nout a fairly dealt card with a new one," }, { "start": 92.547, "duration": 4.796, "text": "you can identify the assassins\nand alert your agent through her earpiece." }, { "start": 97.635, "duration": 1.251, "text": "The game begins." }, { "start": 98.886, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Your drone doesn’t catch\nanyone’s sleight of hand," }, { "start": 101.764, "duration": 4.004, "text": "but it does manage to get a look\nat the cards each player holds." }, { "start": 106.06, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Suddenly — disaster." }, { "start": 107.937, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Someone swats the drone," }, { "start": 109.772, "duration": 3.796, "text": "breaking your video feed\nbefore the reveal of the shared cards." }, { "start": 113.734, "duration": 4.13, "text": "It goes into emergency mode\nand is just operational enough" }, { "start": 117.864, "duration": 3.878, "text": "to send the following string of data\nabout those three shared cards" }, { "start": 121.742, "duration": 1.794, "text": "before shutting down for good." }, { "start": 123.661, "duration": 3.629, "text": "And that’s it; you’ve lost\nyour eyes and ears in the room." }, { "start": 127.415, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Your spy can’t see anyone else’s cards\nor tell you anything," }, { "start": 131.919, "duration": 3.17, "text": "so it’s up to you to figure this out,\nand fast." }, { "start": 135.131, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Who are the assassins?" }, { "start": 137.508, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself." }, { "start": 139.302, "duration": 1.459, "text": "Answer in 3" }, { "start": 140.761, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 142.221, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 144.557, "duration": 2.919, "text": "You can start by combining\nthe first two rules." }, { "start": 147.56, "duration": 3.295, "text": "The second tells us that there\nare at least two queens," }, { "start": 150.855, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and the first that there's\nat least one king." }, { "start": 153.649, "duration": 2.67, "text": "So we must have two queens and a king." }, { "start": 156.611, "duration": 4.546, "text": "The first rule then tells us that the king\nis either in the middle or the left." }, { "start": 161.24, "duration": 3.42, "text": "That’s all we can do for now,\nso let’s look at the suits." }, { "start": 164.702, "duration": 4.421, "text": "By the same logic, we know that there\nmust be two spades and one heart." }, { "start": 169.123, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And by the third rule, that heart must\nbe in the middle or on the right." }, { "start": 174.503, "duration": 3.129, "text": "We can now make a table\nwith our four possibilities." }, { "start": 177.632, "duration": 1.626, "text": "We can eliminate this one," }, { "start": 179.258, "duration": 3.504, "text": "because it would require the deck\nhaving two queens of spades." }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 4.296, "text": "We can’t rule out any other options,\nbut we don’t actually need to;" }, { "start": 187.225, "duration": 4.629, "text": "in every case, the three cards are the\nking of spades, the queen of hearts," }, { "start": 191.854, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and the queen of spades,\nin different orders." }, { "start": 195.233, "duration": 4.212, "text": "And it just so happens that each\nof these players holds one of those cards." }, { "start": 199.528, "duration": 1.752, "text": "So, they’re the assassins, right?" }, { "start": 201.447, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Well, hold on, there’s something odd." }, { "start": 203.741, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Player 2 and the agent both hold\nthe same card." }, { "start": 207.328, "duration": 4.004, "text": "So, one of those must be\na signature assassin card." }, { "start": 211.54, "duration": 4.797, "text": "But you know from your Intel that there’s\nat least one victim who is not the agent." }, { "start": 216.42, "duration": 1.168, "text": "How can that be?" }, { "start": 217.797, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Oh, no.\nThere’s only one possibility:" }, { "start": 220.716, "duration": 3.712, "text": "your spy is the assassin known\nas the king of diamonds," }, { "start": 224.512, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and she’s been playing you\nthis whole time." }, { "start": 227.39, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The only victim is player 2." }, { "start": 230.059, "duration": 3.795, "text": "You rush in, grab hold of player 2\njust before the bidding ends," }, { "start": 233.854, "duration": 1.293, "text": "and make a run for it." }, { "start": 235.147, "duration": 3.42, "text": "On your way out, you lock eyes\nwith your backstabbing partner." }, { "start": 238.734, "duration": 4.296, "text": "You search her features, desperate for\nany sign of remorse or apology." }, { "start": 243.114, "duration": 2.377, "text": "All you get back is a poker face." } ] }, { "video_id": "uDaFgNcTVSE", "title": "What really caused the Irish Potato Famine - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Dig into what caused the Irish potato famine, and explore how the UK government’s response turned the crisis into a catastrophe.\n\n--\n\nFor over 200 years, potatoes thrived in Ireland; roughly half the country’s residents lived almost entirely on potatoes. But when harvesting began in 1845, farmers found their potatoes blackened and shriveled. While this failed harvest created a crisis, the government’s response turned it into a national catastrophe. Stephanie Honchell Smith digs into Ireland's Great Famine. \n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Denys Spolitak.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-caused-the-irish-potato-famine-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-really-caused-the-irish-potato-famine-stephanie-honchell-smith#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://vimeo.com/user50965180\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti and Helen Lee.", "publishedAt": "2023-11-02T15:00:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.74, "duration": 6.82, "text": "ah summer a time for fun in the sun" }, { "start": 5.22, "duration": 5.4, "text": "so many options available how do you" }, { "start": 7.56, "duration": 5.159, "text": "choose the right sunscreen there are" }, { "start": 10.62, "duration": 4.74, "text": "three things to keep in mind SPF" }, { "start": 12.719, "duration": 5.4, "text": "ingredients and app application" }, { "start": 15.36, "duration": 6.06, "text": "let's start with SPF make sure to opt" }, { "start": 18.119, "duration": 9.361, "text": "for at least 15 which blocks 93 percent" }, { "start": 21.42, "duration": 7.939, "text": "of UVB rays SPF 30 blocks 97 and 50" }, { "start": 27.48, "duration": 5.04, "text": "blocks 98" }, { "start": 29.359, "duration": 5.561, "text": "next ingredients if you're concerned" }, { "start": 32.52, "duration": 5.039, "text": "about irritants look for mineral-based" }, { "start": 34.92, "duration": 5.52, "text": "formulas with zinc oxide and titanium" }, { "start": 37.559, "duration": 4.261, "text": "dioxide and don't worry if they go on a" }, { "start": 40.44, "duration": 3.54, "text": "little bit thick" }, { "start": 41.82, "duration": 4.739, "text": "lastly application" }, { "start": 43.98, "duration": 4.32, "text": "sprays can be convenient to put on but" }, { "start": 46.559, "duration": 4.561, "text": "make sure you're applying a thick enough" }, { "start": 48.3, "duration": 3.9, "text": "layer for full protection most people" }, { "start": 51.12, "duration": 3.419, "text": "don't" }, { "start": 52.2, "duration": 6.14, "text": "whichever you choose remember to lather" }, { "start": 54.539, "duration": 3.801, "text": "up and keep your skin health" } ] }, { "video_id": "A-oxDZ3AO74", "title": "Japan's scariest ghost story - Kit Brooks", "description": "Follow the chilling Japanese tale of Oiwa, a ghost seeking revenge after her husband poisoned her and killed her father.\n\n--\n\nOiwa’s only hope for ending her marriage to the cruel and dishonorable samurai, Iemon, was her father. But after he tried to end the union, Iemon murdered him in cold blood. With plans to marry another, Iemon conspired to poison his wife and left her for dead. But unfortunately for Iemon, it wouldn’t be the last of Oiwa. Kit Brooks shares the chilling tale of Oiwa’s ghostly revenge.\n\nLesson by Kit Brooks, directed by Adriana Monteforte Lahera.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/japan-s-scariest-ghost-story-kit-brooks\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/japan-s-scariest-ghost-story-kit-brooks#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://adrianamonteforte.myportfolio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk and Aaron Torres.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-31T15:00:10Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 9.422, "duration": 5.631, "text": "After wreaking havoc across the heavens,\npilfering a potion of immortality," }, { "start": 15.136, "duration": 4.504, "text": "and defeating the strongest warriors\nin the Jade Emperor’s court," }, { "start": 19.64, "duration": 6.257, "text": "the Monkey King had finally been captured\nin a white-hot prison cell." }, { "start": 26.105, "duration": 2.378, "text": "But rather than cooking him to a crisp," }, { "start": 28.566, "duration": 4.505, "text": "the sweltering cage had inflamed\nits captive’s strength." }, { "start": 33.362, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Now he was free once more\nand itching for a fight." }, { "start": 38.076, "duration": 5.63, "text": "Desperate, the Jade Emperor called on\nthe only being stronger than he," }, { "start": 43.79, "duration": 5.255, "text": "the supreme power in all the heavens:\nthe Buddha himself. " }, { "start": 49.545, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Even in the face\nof this almighty opponent," }, { "start": 52.381, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Sun Wukong was not one to grovel." }, { "start": 55.802, "duration": 4.17, "text": "He began boasting of his many talents\nand demanded the Emperor's crown." }, { "start": 59.972, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Smiling, the Buddha declared\nhe would grant that wish—" }, { "start": 64.185, "duration": 4.421, "text": "if Sun Wukong could somersault\nout of his palm." }, { "start": 68.648, "duration": 5.005, "text": "The Monkey King gladly pranced onto the\nBuddha’s hand and shot into the air," }, { "start": 73.653, "duration": 2.002, "text": "landing in a far-off region" }, { "start": 75.655, "duration": 4.629, "text": "where five pink pillars seemed to mark\nthe edge of the Heavens." }, { "start": 80.535, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Cackling with glee, Sun Wukong\nproudly marked his territory." }, { "start": 85.79, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Returning to the Buddha,\nhe demanded his new title—" }, { "start": 89.293, "duration": 4.046, "text": "but he was distracted by a familiar odor." }, { "start": 93.548, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Looking back, he was shocked to find\nhe'd never left the Buddha's hand." }, { "start": 98.386, "duration": 5.797, "text": "Suddenly, those five fingers transformed\ninto a mountain range," }, { "start": 104.183, "duration": 3.879, "text": "which flipped and pinned\nSun Wukong to the ground." }, { "start": 108.146, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Using a sacred seal,\nthe Buddha secured the prison," }, { "start": 112.108, "duration": 5.005, "text": "trapping the Monkey King for good—\nunless he could learn to change." }, { "start": 117.363, "duration": 6.089, "text": "Seeing the mystical tag, Sun Wukong\nknew he couldn’t escape unaided." }, { "start": 123.619, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But it took centuries\nbefore he truly admitted defeat." }, { "start": 128.457, "duration": 5.506, "text": "After 500 years of imprisonment,\nhe'd grown increasingly desperate," }, { "start": 133.963, "duration": 2.711, "text": "finally vowing to mend his ways." }, { "start": 136.841, "duration": 5.339, "text": "So when the Bodhisattva Guanyin happened\nby his prison on a sacred journey," }, { "start": 142.221, "duration": 4.171, "text": "he promised to pursue enlightenment\nif she would end his torment." }, { "start": 146.517, "duration": 5.089, "text": "The goddess of compassion was skeptical\nof Sun Wukong's change of heart," }, { "start": 151.606, "duration": 3.295, "text": "but decided to give him\nan opportunity to prove himself." }, { "start": 155.401, "duration": 3.962, "text": "At that time, the goddess was overseeing\nanother sacred quest," }, { "start": 159.363, "duration": 3.838, "text": "pursued by a righteous monk\nnamed Tripitaka." }, { "start": 163.576, "duration": 3.42, "text": "He had set out to retrieve\nscriptures from the West," }, { "start": 166.996, "duration": 4.171, "text": "but the path was too long\nand dangerous to travel alone." }, { "start": 171.542, "duration": 4.296, "text": "So Guanyin promised to arrange\nSun Wukong’s freedom" }, { "start": 175.838, "duration": 2.878, "text": "if he would serve as a monk’s\nfaithful disciple." }, { "start": 179.217, "duration": 3.294, "text": "The Monkey King agreed without hesitation," }, { "start": 182.511, "duration": 4.255, "text": "and Guanyin directed Tripitaka\nto his mountain prison." }, { "start": 187.725, "duration": 5.005, "text": "After centuries of waiting,\nSun Wukong was finally free—" }, { "start": 192.897, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but he knew he had to behave himself." }, { "start": 196.359, "duration": 3.253, "text": "While the pair walked peacefully at first," }, { "start": 199.612, "duration": 3.378, "text": "they were soon accosted\nby fearsome bandits" }, { "start": 202.99, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and Sun Wukong’s old habits bubbled up." }, { "start": 206.702, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Tripitaka scolded the Monkey King,\nbut this only enraged him further." }, { "start": 211.707, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Being good was far more boring\nthan he had imagined—" }, { "start": 215.544, "duration": 2.67, "text": "so he swiftly abandoned his companion." }, { "start": 218.547, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Unable to continue alone,\nTripitaka sat dejected," }, { "start": 222.927, "duration": 2.336, "text": "until a strange woman approached him." }, { "start": 225.429, "duration": 5.297, "text": "She gave him a sumptuous silk shirt\nand a cap hiding a band of gold" }, { "start": 231.018, "duration": 2.67, "text": "alongside a mysterious spell." }, { "start": 234.272, "duration": 4.129, "text": "It was only when she vanished\nthat Tripitaka recognized her" }, { "start": 238.526, "duration": 1.71, "text": "as his holy patron." }, { "start": 240.653, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Meanwhile, Sun Wukong was having\nsecond thoughts." }, { "start": 245.533, "duration": 2.878, "text": "He'd sought refuge\nin the Dragon King's lair," }, { "start": 248.411, "duration": 2.669, "text": "where he discussed his troubles over tea." }, { "start": 251.205, "duration": 4.797, "text": "But the Dragon King only scoffed\nat his guest’s wounded pride." }, { "start": 256.46, "duration": 4.672, "text": "He told Sun Wukong that if he truly wanted\nto attain enlightenment," }, { "start": 261.132, "duration": 4.838, "text": "he would have to abandon his ego—\nhowever painful that might be." }, { "start": 266.47, "duration": 2.67, "text": "His determination renewed," }, { "start": 269.14, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Sun Wukong Kong returned\nto Tripitaka to apologize," }, { "start": 274.27, "duration": 4.004, "text": "but quickly spotted\nthe luxurious shirt and cap." }, { "start": 279.4, "duration": 2.544, "text": "They fit the Monkey King perfectly—" }, { "start": 281.944, "duration": 4.922, "text": "prompting Tripitaka to recite the spell\nout of curiosity." }, { "start": 287.7, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Suddenly, the golden band tightened\naround Sun Wukong’s head," }, { "start": 292.496, "duration": 2.253, "text": "causing explosive pain." }, { "start": 295.666, "duration": 4.296, "text": "He became too weak to use\nhis cudgel or somersault away." }, { "start": 300.755, "duration": 4.879, "text": "Only now did Tripitaka recognize\nthe spell’s power." }, { "start": 305.718, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Until Sun Wukong could control himself," }, { "start": 309.472, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Guanyin had given him control\nof the Monkey King." }, { "start": 315.561, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Both parties were uneasy\nabout this new arrangement." }, { "start": 321.108, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But they agreed it was for the good\nof their mission." }, { "start": 325.321, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Finally, the Monkey King was ready\nfor his greatest challenge yet:" }, { "start": 330.701, "duration": 2.67, "text": "an epic journey to the West." }, { "start": 333.662, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And perhaps, to redemption." } ] }, { "video_id": "brdrOzVgZX0", "title": "The dark history of werewolves - Craig Thomson", "description": "Explore how werewolves have evolved in folklore, literature, and pop culture throughout history, and where these stories originated.\n\n--\n\nStories of werewolves have existed for thousands of years and continue to live on today. They’re especially prominent in European literature and folklore, and often found in cultures where the wolf is the largest natural predator. Over the years its image has continuously evolved, often reflecting the fears and prejudices of that time. Craig Thomson traces the history of werewolves.\n\nLesson by Craig Thomson, directed by Avi Ofer.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dark-history-of-werewolves-craig-thomson\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-dark-history-of-werewolves-craig-thomson#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll and Eddy.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-26T15:00:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 5.005, "text": "In 1997, a fire began in Indonesia\nthat would rage for almost a year." }, { "start": 12.216, "duration": 2.67, "text": "It spanned several thousand\nsquare kilometers," }, { "start": 15.136, "duration": 2.002, "text": "halted numerous international flights," }, { "start": 17.263, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and spread an acrid haze\nall the way to China." }, { "start": 20.641, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Yet, despite being one of the largest\nfires in recorded history," }, { "start": 23.895, "duration": 2.377, "text": "for months at a time it burned\nwithout a flame—" }, { "start": 26.481, "duration": 2.544, "text": "blazing on entirely underground." }, { "start": 29.65, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This might sound like a uniquely\nfreaky fire, but each year," }, { "start": 32.987, "duration": 4.755, "text": "subterranean fires produce roughly 15%\nof global greenhouse gas emissions—" }, { "start": 37.825, "duration": 2.836, "text": "that’s six times more than\ninternational aviation." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 2.378, "text": "And these burns are virtually unstoppable," }, { "start": 43.206, "duration": 3.253, "text": "earning them the ominous\ntitle of zombie fires." }, { "start": 46.709, "duration": 3.462, "text": "So, is it possible to snuff\nout these bizarre blazes?" }, { "start": 50.254, "duration": 2.503, "text": "And how do they even form\nin the first place?" }, { "start": 53.132, "duration": 5.005, "text": "A standard fire requires three\ningredients: fuel, heat, and oxygen." }, { "start": 58.513, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Every fuel has what’s known\nas an ignition point—" }, { "start": 61.265, "duration": 2.586, "text": "a temperature at which\nit begins to break down." }, { "start": 64.143, "duration": 2.586, "text": "This process, also known as pyrolysis," }, { "start": 66.896, "duration": 3.754, "text": "releases gaseous compounds that mix\nwith nearby oxygen molecules" }, { "start": 70.65, "duration": 1.46, "text": "to produce combustion." }, { "start": 72.443, "duration": 4.546, "text": "And it’s this chemical reaction that\nreleases large amounts of heat and light" }, { "start": 76.989, "duration": 1.46, "text": "in the form of flames." }, { "start": 78.783, "duration": 2.169, "text": "But not all combustion leads to flames." }, { "start": 81.119, "duration": 3.294, "text": "Pyrolysis leaves behind a solid\nmaterial called char—" }, { "start": 84.664, "duration": 1.626, "text": "like what’s found in charcoal." }, { "start": 86.541, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Char contains no combustible gases\nbut it’s rich in highly flammable carbon." }, { "start": 91.17, "duration": 1.71, "text": "And under hot enough conditions," }, { "start": 92.964, "duration": 2.502, "text": "its surface reacts with the\nsurrounding oxygen," }, { "start": 95.466, "duration": 3.212, "text": "creating a slow, glowing burn\ncalled smoldering." }, { "start": 99.011, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Instead of flame,\nthis process releases smoke;" }, { "start": 102.64, "duration": 4.505, "text": "specifically, smoke full of emissions\nlike carbon monoxide, methane," }, { "start": 107.145, "duration": 1.668, "text": "and particulate matter. " }, { "start": 109.105, "duration": 2.794, "text": "All these factors come into play\nin zombie fires," }, { "start": 111.899, "duration": 2.92, "text": "which are more scientifically\nknown as peat fires." }, { "start": 115.111, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Peat is a type of soil that forms when\norganic matter builds up more rapidly" }, { "start": 119.115, "duration": 1.501, "text": "than it decomposes, " }, { "start": 120.616, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and it’s typically found in regions\nthat are very cold or very wet—" }, { "start": 124.453, "duration": 2.545, "text": "two factors that can slow\ndown decomposition." }, { "start": 127.498, "duration": 2.294, "text": "When plants shed and die in peatland," }, { "start": 129.959, "duration": 3.503, "text": "the carbon they've absorbed during their\nlifetime gets locked inside," }, { "start": 133.462, "duration": 3.754, "text": "making peatlands one of the planet's\nlargest natural carbon stores." }, { "start": 137.508, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But just like char, that also makes this\ncarbon-rich material extremely flammable." }, { "start": 142.763, "duration": 3.129, "text": "Historically, the moisture and cold\ntemperatures of peatlands" }, { "start": 145.892, "duration": 1.96, "text": "made them unlikely to catch fire." }, { "start": 147.977, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But today, droughts caused\nby climate change" }, { "start": 150.73, "duration": 2.294, "text": "are drying out these landscapes worldwide," }, { "start": 153.024, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and other peatlands have been drained\nto make way for farms." }, { "start": 156.36, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Under these conditions, " }, { "start": 157.82, "duration": 3.253, "text": "a fire at the surface can more\neasily ignite the peat below," }, { "start": 161.24, "duration": 3.128, "text": "transforming it into char\nwhich will continue to smolder." }, { "start": 164.952, "duration": 3.128, "text": "As heat builds in the soil,\nit further dries the peat" }, { "start": 168.08, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and eventually,\ndeeper layers begin to burn." }, { "start": 171.375, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Peat fires are slow, creeping along\nat just one millimeter a minute." }, { "start": 176.088, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But what they lack in speed, \nthey make up for in persistence." }, { "start": 179.425, "duration": 3.045, "text": "These fires can burn for months\nor even years," }, { "start": 182.511, "duration": 2.795, "text": "all while spewing smoke\nfull of poisonous gases." }, { "start": 185.431, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And since they show few signs\nof burning above ground," }, { "start": 188.351, "duration": 3.795, "text": "they’re incredibly difficult to track\nuntil they ignite dry surface soil," }, { "start": 192.355, "duration": 2.127, "text": "potentially miles away from the source." }, { "start": 194.69, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Zombie fires can even burn\nbeneath snow-caked soil," }, { "start": 198.152, "duration": 3.42, "text": "overwintering until they spark\nnew blazes in the spring." }, { "start": 202.073, "duration": 1.835, "text": "So how can we fight these fires?" }, { "start": 204.158, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Well, dousing them with water\nis surprisingly tricky." }, { "start": 207.37, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Water's molecules form close bonds," }, { "start": 209.789, "duration": 3.92, "text": "resulting in a high surface tension\nthat stops it from filtering evenly" }, { "start": 213.709, "duration": 1.21, "text": "through burning peat." }, { "start": 215.211, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Researchers are experimenting with ways\nto reduce water’s surface tension," }, { "start": 218.839, "duration": 2.378, "text": " allowing it to permeate\nthe simmering soil." }, { "start": 221.842, "duration": 3.212, "text": "And some countries are trying to stop\nthe fires before they start" }, { "start": 225.221, "duration": 2.753, "text": "by running controlled burns\nin peatland habitats." }, { "start": 228.182, "duration": 3.087, "text": "But many others are simply working\nto prevent peatland drainage," }, { "start": 231.269, "duration": 3.336, "text": "which keeps these landscapes\nwet and resilient to fires." }, { "start": 234.814, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Despite accounting for only\n3% of Earth's land," }, { "start": 237.775, "duration": 3.003, "text": "peatlands hold more than a quarter\nof the planet's carbon." }, { "start": 240.945, "duration": 3.587, "text": "And as climate change continues\nto increase the risk of extreme weather," }, { "start": 244.615, "duration": 2.294, "text": "including the droughts plaguing\nthese landscapes," }, { "start": 246.909, "duration": 3.879, "text": "keeping that carbon out of the atmosphere\nhas never been more important." } ] }, { "video_id": "hBC7i-vHWsU", "title": "A tour of the ancient Greek Underworld - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Download a free audiobook version of “The Song of Achilles\" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed \n\n--\n\nAchilles, just slain in the Trojan War, arrives in the Underworld and is greeted by Sibyl of Cumae— a prophetess and also the realm’s local guide. Though it gets a bad rap, Sibyl is determined to prove to the newcomer that hell is actually a lovely place to live; bursting with historic charm and eccentric neighbors. Iseult Gillespie takes a tour of the Underworld and its most infamous inhabitants.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Arvind Singh Jeena, Nikhita Prabhudesai Jeena, Totem Creative.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Audible\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-tour-of-the-ancient-greek-underworld-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-tour-of-the-ancient-greek-underworld-iseult-gillespie#digdeeper \nCheck out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/the-song-of-achilles\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.totemcreative.in\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's and Olha Bahatiuk.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-24T15:00:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 4.713, "text": "As of 2021, more than 36 million\npeople worldwide" }, { "start": 11.591, "duration": 3.879, "text": "were estimated to be experiencing\nsubstance abuse disorder." }, { "start": 15.803, "duration": 3.295, "text": "This condition spans a spectrum\nof patterned drug use" }, { "start": 19.098, "duration": 2.503, "text": "that causes issues in a person’s life." }, { "start": 22.06, "duration": 3.753, "text": "At the more severe end of the spectrum\nis substance addiction." }, { "start": 25.938, "duration": 3.546, "text": "To understand why some people are\nmore susceptible to addiction" }, { "start": 29.484, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and why it can be so difficult to treat," }, { "start": 31.986, "duration": 3.712, "text": "let’s take a look at how addictive drugs\naffect the body." }, { "start": 36.616, "duration": 3.128, "text": "When someone repeatedly uses\nan addictive substance," }, { "start": 39.744, "duration": 4.046, "text": "their brain may adjust to account\nfor its regular presence." }, { "start": 43.998, "duration": 3.921, "text": "This is called tolerance;\nit diminishes the drug’s effect" }, { "start": 47.919, "duration": 4.212, "text": "and means more is required\nto produce the same experience." }, { "start": 52.632, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Alcohol, for instance, increases the\ntransmission of chemical messengers" }, { "start": 56.677, "duration": 1.836, "text": "like endorphin and GABA," }, { "start": 58.513, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which promote sensations\nof pleasure and calmness." }, { "start": 62.183, "duration": 4.713, "text": "When someone uses alcohol frequently,\ntheir brain will adapt to its presence." }, { "start": 66.979, "duration": 3.838, "text": "So when they don’t use it,\ntheir brain receives fewer signals" }, { "start": 70.817, "duration": 3.336, "text": "from those pleasure- and\ncalm-inducing neurotransmitters," }, { "start": 74.153, "duration": 2.544, "text": "which impacts their energy and mood." }, { "start": 77.073, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In addition to the unique effects\neach addictive substance has," }, { "start": 80.66, "duration": 2.794, "text": "all of them alter the release of dopamine" }, { "start": 83.454, "duration": 3.045, "text": "in a brain region called\nthe nucleus accumbens." }, { "start": 86.999, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This area is part of the brain’s\nreward pathway," }, { "start": 90.336, "duration": 2.961, "text": "which is sensitive to experiences\nthat give us pleasure" }, { "start": 93.297, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and drives us to repeatedly seek them out." }, { "start": 96.217, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The reward pathway is essential\nto our well-being—" }, { "start": 99.387, "duration": 3.17, "text": "but addictive substances also exploit it." }, { "start": 102.89, "duration": 2.461, "text": "When someone is repeatedly\nusing a substance" }, { "start": 105.351, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and their body has adapted\nto its presence," }, { "start": 107.812, "duration": 2.044, "text": "they may develop dependence" }, { "start": 109.856, "duration": 3.461, "text": "where the drug is necessary\nfor them to function comfortably." }, { "start": 113.484, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Meanwhile, repeated use can decrease\nthe influence of the brain’s cortex," }, { "start": 117.989, "duration": 3.295, "text": "which is responsible for driving\ndeliberate decision-making" }, { "start": 121.284, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and limiting impulsive behaviors." }, { "start": 123.703, "duration": 4.254, "text": "And it can increase the influence\nof the brain’s subcortex," }, { "start": 127.957, "duration": 3.462, "text": "which is crucial in habit-learning\nand impulsivity." }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 4.17, "text": "Together, these changes can make\nsomeone feel a lack of control" }, { "start": 135.756, "duration": 2.211, "text": "over how they’re using a substance." }, { "start": 138.384, "duration": 3.045, "text": "This can mean suffering\nin other facets of their life" }, { "start": 141.429, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and taking risks to continue using it." }, { "start": 144.932, "duration": 4.338, "text": "If the substance leaves their system,\ntheir body's equilibrium is disrupted," }, { "start": 149.27, "duration": 3.879, "text": "so they may experience cravings\nthat motivate thoughts and behaviors" }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 1.918, "text": "of seeking and using the drug." }, { "start": 155.359, "duration": 2.253, "text": "And if they continue without\nthe substance," }, { "start": 157.612, "duration": 2.335, "text": "they may experience withdrawal." }, { "start": 160.031, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Opioids, for example,\nrelieve pain and induce sedation." }, { "start": 164.035, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Withdrawal from them causes\nheightened pain, anxiety, and insomnia." }, { "start": 169.248, "duration": 4.338, "text": "The faster a drug reaches the brain\nand stimulates the reward pathway," }, { "start": 173.586, "duration": 2.085, "text": "the more addictive it is." }, { "start": 175.713, "duration": 3.629, "text": "For example,\nheroin and morphine have similar effects," }, { "start": 179.383, "duration": 3.42, "text": "but heroin’s chemical structure\nenhances its ability" }, { "start": 182.803, "duration": 4.505, "text": "to penetrate the blood-brain barrier\nand bind to specific receptors." }, { "start": 187.558, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This makes it faster acting\nand more addictive than morphine." }, { "start": 192.146, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Meanwhile, compared to nicotine patches\nand gum," }, { "start": 195.441, "duration": 3.337, "text": "regular and electronic cigarettes\nare more addictive" }, { "start": 198.778, "duration": 4.588, "text": "because smoking and vaping\ndeliver nicotine to the brain fastest." }, { "start": 204.242, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Depending on their chemical structure\nand mode of delivery," }, { "start": 207.286, "duration": 2.67, "text": "drugs vary in how addictive they are—" }, { "start": 209.956, "duration": 5.171, "text": "but people also vary in how susceptible\nthey are to substance use disorder." }, { "start": 215.711, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Scientists think this is due to a mix\nof life experiences" }, { "start": 219.257, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and genetically inherited traits," }, { "start": 221.759, "duration": 2.419, "text": "though neither predetermines addiction." }, { "start": 224.637, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Trauma and mental health conditions appear\nto make people more susceptible." }, { "start": 228.724, "duration": 3.963, "text": "And, overall, using addictive substances\nbefore 18" }, { "start": 232.687, "duration": 2.252, "text": "is considered a strong risk factor." }, { "start": 235.231, "duration": 3.879, "text": "This is in part because the reward\npathways of younger brains" }, { "start": 239.11, "duration": 1.751, "text": "are especially sensitive." }, { "start": 241.07, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Many of the genetic factors at play\nremain unknown," }, { "start": 244.699, "duration": 4.713, "text": "but some genes do seem to track\nwith certain substance use disorders." }, { "start": 249.62, "duration": 4.254, "text": "For example, specific genes increase\nthe risk for nicotine addiction" }, { "start": 253.874, "duration": 3.546, "text": "by making certain receptors\nmore sensitive to nicotine" }, { "start": 257.503, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and withdrawal from it more difficult." }, { "start": 259.839, "duration": 1.084, "text": "At the same time," }, { "start": 260.923, "duration": 4.546, "text": "some genes actually make people\nmore resistant to substance use disorders," }, { "start": 265.511, "duration": 2.92, "text": "such as genes that slow\nthe breakdown of alcohol," }, { "start": 268.431, "duration": 4.296, "text": "leading to unpleasant side effects that\nmake people less interested in drinking." }, { "start": 273.185, "duration": 3.546, "text": "In fact, one drug that treats\nalcohol use disorder" }, { "start": 276.731, "duration": 2.168, "text": "operates with this very mechanism." }, { "start": 279.233, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Detoxing from a substance the body\nhas become dependent on" }, { "start": 282.611, "duration": 1.711, "text": "can be extremely difficult." }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 4.672, "text": "And in some cases, abruptly quitting\ncan also be physically risky," }, { "start": 289.035, "duration": 1.876, "text": "so it isn’t always advised." }, { "start": 291.162, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Beyond detoxing, quitting is\noften a long-term process." }, { "start": 295.499, "duration": 2.586, "text": "It’s aided by treatment plans\nthat prioritize" }, { "start": 298.085, "duration": 2.461, "text": "addressing underlying conditions;" }, { "start": 300.588, "duration": 2.419, "text": "developing new associations\nwith experiences" }, { "start": 303.007, "duration": 1.96, "text": "previously linked with drug use;" }, { "start": 304.967, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and creating safe,\nsupportive environments." }, { "start": 308.262, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Ultimately, both addiction and recovery\nare the results of a brain" }, { "start": 312.391, "duration": 3.629, "text": "with an incredible ability to adapt\nfrom experience." } ] }, { "video_id": "IwYut9qF-jM", "title": "How to overcome your mistakes", "description": "Explore what prevents us from learning from our failures, and how to become more resilient through cultivating a growth mindset.\n\n--\n\nPeople often describe failure as a teachable moment— a necessary stumble on our way to improvement. But learning from our mistakes isn’t always easy, especially when those failures are demoralizing, overwhelming, or just downright confusing. So what prevents us from turning our mistakes into mastery? Explore the biggest obstacles of learning from failure, and how to cultivate a growth mindset.\n\nDirected by Luiz Stockler.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Lauren Eskreis-Winkler who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-overcome-your-mistakes\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-overcome-your-mistakes#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.luizstockler.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh and Abhijit Kiran Valluri.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-19T15:00:38Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Whatever you were doing, there was no way\nto anticipate what came next." }, { "start": 12.05, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The back of your elbow smacked\nagainst a hard surface" }, { "start": 15.595, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and the impact sent a sensation\nso distinctly disquieting" }, { "start": 19.849, "duration": 4.963, "text": "shooting down your arm that it took\nseveral moments to regain composure." }, { "start": 24.979, "duration": 3.295, "text": "So, why does hitting this spot\non your elbow—" }, { "start": 28.357, "duration": 3.963, "text": "often referred to as your funny bone—\nfeel so weird?" }, { "start": 32.612, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Well, to start, your elbow is one of the\nmost complicated joints in your body." }, { "start": 38.534, "duration": 2.795, "text": "It's where your upper arm bone,\nthe humerus," }, { "start": 41.329, "duration": 2.127, "text": "meets the two bones of your forearm. " }, { "start": 43.623, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Three main nerves run through your elbow." }, { "start": 45.75, "duration": 4.671, "text": "One of them, the ulnar nerve, is\nparticularly relevant for our purposes." }, { "start": 50.463, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Your ulnar nerve is composed of both\nsensory and motor nerve fibers." }, { "start": 55.76, "duration": 4.338, "text": "It extends from your spine to the tips\nof your fourth and fifth fingers," }, { "start": 60.098, "duration": 4.754, "text": "providing them with sensation along with\nswaths of your forearm and hand." }, { "start": 65.228, "duration": 4.212, "text": "So, say your little finger gets\ncrushed by a car door." }, { "start": 69.565, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Sensory receptors in your\npinky finger's tissues" }, { "start": 72.944, "duration": 2.586, "text": "register that unfortunate information" }, { "start": 75.53, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and send electrical impulses\nup the ulnar nerve," }, { "start": 78.741, "duration": 3.17, "text": " which are then processed\nin your central nervous system." }, { "start": 82.036, "duration": 3.67, "text": "This leads to the perception\nof acute, sharp pain," }, { "start": 85.706, "duration": 1.585, "text": "followed by aching." }, { "start": 87.416, "duration": 2.628, "text": "So that's how your ulnar nerve\ngenerally works." }, { "start": 90.044, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But your elbow has an anatomical quirk\nthat leaves your ulnar nerve vulnerable" }, { "start": 94.924, "duration": 2.836, "text": "to getting activated in a different way." }, { "start": 97.844, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Along almost all of its length,\nyour ulnar nerve is protected," }, { "start": 102.223, "duration": 2.753, "text": "hidden beneath muscle, fat, and bone." }, { "start": 105.017, "duration": 2.837, "text": "Thankfully, this is generally true\nof your nerves." }, { "start": 107.854, "duration": 2.627, "text": "But when your ulnar nerve\nreaches your elbow," }, { "start": 110.481, "duration": 4.171, "text": "it runs beneath the bony bump\nat the bottom of your humerus," }, { "start": 114.652, "duration": 2.002, "text": "named the medial epicondyle," }, { "start": 116.654, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and it passes through a tunnel of ligament\nand muscle tissue" }, { "start": 119.907, "duration": 1.627, "text": "called the cubital tunnel. " }, { "start": 121.617, "duration": 1.21, "text": "When you bend your elbow," }, { "start": 122.827, "duration": 3.795, "text": "your ulnar nerve gets flattened\nagainst the medial epicondyle" }, { "start": 126.622, "duration": 3.254, "text": "and the protective tissue\nin the area gets displaced," }, { "start": 129.917, "duration": 3.337, "text": "bringing the nerve especially close\nto the skin's surface." }, { "start": 133.296, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In this position, the ulnar nerve\nis covered only by skin" }, { "start": 137.216, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and cubital tunnel ligament tissue," }, { "start": 139.427, "duration": 5.13, "text": "making it perhaps the longest area\nof semi-exposed nerve in your body." }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 4.546, "text": "So, when the area is struck at the\nright angle with enough force," }, { "start": 149.395, "duration": 2.461, "text": "something interesting happens." }, { "start": 151.939, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Instead of the sensation simply activating\nperipheral receptors" }, { "start": 155.943, "duration": 3.087, "text": "that send electrical signals\nalong your ulnar nerve," }, { "start": 159.03, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the nerve's fibers are\nstimulated directly." }, { "start": 162.491, "duration": 4.672, "text": "This is why hitting your so-called\nfunny bone hits different." }, { "start": 167.246, "duration": 2.962, "text": "The exact mechanisms aren't\nyet fully understood." }, { "start": 170.208, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But the impact alters\nthe ulnar nerve's signaling," }, { "start": 173.169, "duration": 2.919, "text": "perhaps by causing a proliferation\nof nerve signals," }, { "start": 176.088, "duration": 3.295, "text": "leading to that intense\npins-and-needles sensation" }, { "start": 179.383, "duration": 2.211, "text": "called transient paresthesia," }, { "start": 181.677, "duration": 2.545, "text": "which radiates down the length\nof your arm." }, { "start": 184.347, "duration": 3.169, "text": "In rare cases, whacks to this special spot" }, { "start": 187.516, "duration": 2.795, "text": "have led to temporary loss\nof consciousness," }, { "start": 190.311, "duration": 3.962, "text": "perhaps because a hard enough strike\ncould disrupt nerve signaling" }, { "start": 194.273, "duration": 1.251, "text": "and blood flow. " }, { "start": 195.608, "duration": 3.42, "text": "In addition to these more\nimmediately distressing moments," }, { "start": 199.028, "duration": 3.629, "text": "regular bent-elbow activities are\nthought to put pressure" }, { "start": 202.657, "duration": 1.793, "text": "on the ulnar nerve over time." }, { "start": 204.7, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Ulnar nerve entrapment is a relatively\ncommon condition." }, { "start": 208.829, "duration": 3.462, "text": "It happens when the ulnar nerve becomes\ncompressed and obstructed," }, { "start": 212.291, "duration": 2.544, "text": "most commonly with the cubital tunnel." }, { "start": 214.835, "duration": 4.338, "text": "The result of this chronic ulnar nerve\npain can be persistent paresthesia," }, { "start": 219.173, "duration": 2.795, "text": "as well as weakness\nin the forearm and hand." }, { "start": 222.426, "duration": 2.294, "text": "In the hopes of preventing\nsuch conditions," }, { "start": 224.72, "duration": 3.087, "text": "doctors recommend conscientious\nelbow usage." }, { "start": 227.848, "duration": 3.337, "text": "That includes stretching your arms\nand straightening your elbows," }, { "start": 231.185, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and generally taking breaks that\nhelp provide regular relief" }, { "start": 234.48, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and maximal blood flow\nto your ulnar nerve." } ] }, { "video_id": "OUieqzVZdQc", "title": "Confused about recycling? It’s not your fault - Shannon Odell", "description": "Dig into the biggest problems facing our current plastic recycling process, and explore potential solutions to these systems. \n\n--\n\nIf you’ve ever looked at the bottom of a disposable bottle or cup, you’ve probably noticed a recycling symbol. Seeing this, many people assume the item should be put in a recycling bin. Yet many plastics are incapable of being recycled at most centers. In fact, only 9% is recycled each year. So why are so few plastics recycled? And what do these symbols actually mean? Shannon Odell investigates.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Yuval Haker, Alon Sivan.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Rebecca Altman who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-recycling-your-plastic-actually-work-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-recycling-your-plastic-actually-work-shannon-odell#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://yuvalhaker.com & https://www.alonsiv.com\nMusic: http://danaroth.art/index.html\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-17T15:00:43Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.837, "text": "In the fall of 1845, the bright green\nleaves of potato plants" }, { "start": 10.923, "duration": 1.669, "text": "dotted the Irish countryside." }, { "start": 13.176, "duration": 3.795, "text": "For over 200 years, \nthe South American vegetable had thrived" }, { "start": 16.971, "duration": 2.753, "text": "in Ireland’s rough terrain\nand unpredictable weather." }, { "start": 20.349, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Packed with carbohydrates,\nvitamins, and minerals," }, { "start": 23.227, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the potato was a remarkably\nnutrient-rich crop" }, { "start": 26.23, "duration": 3.754, "text": "that made it easy for less wealthy\nfamilies to maintain a balanced diet." }, { "start": 30.443, "duration": 4.171, "text": "By the mid-19th century, potatoes had\nsupplanted other staple foods." }, { "start": 34.739, "duration": 3.045, "text": "And since British mandates ensured\nIreland’s more valuable" }, { "start": 37.784, "duration": 2.002, "text": "agricultural products were exported," }, { "start": 39.786, "duration": 3.128, "text": "roughly half the country’s\n8.5 million residents" }, { "start": 42.914, "duration": 2.419, "text": "lived almost entirely on potatoes." }, { "start": 46.0, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But when harvesting began in 1845," }, { "start": 48.795, "duration": 3.086, "text": "farmers found their potatoes\nblackened and shriveled." }, { "start": 52.381, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Those who ate them suffered severe\nstomach cramps and even death." }, { "start": 56.886, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Today, we know the culprit was\nPhytophthora infestans—" }, { "start": 60.681, "duration": 3.546, "text": "a fungus that flourished in the season’s\nunusually damp weather." }, { "start": 64.602, "duration": 2.794, "text": "But at the time it was simply\ncalled “the blight.”" }, { "start": 67.98, "duration": 2.628, "text": "The fungus likely originated\nin the Americas," }, { "start": 70.608, "duration": 2.211, "text": "traveling across the Atlantic on ships." }, { "start": 72.944, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And while it destroyed potato harvests\nacross Europe," }, { "start": 75.988, "duration": 3.546, "text": "wealthier countries— then as today—\ngenerally fared better," }, { "start": 79.534, "duration": 2.168, "text": "as they had more resources to draw on." }, { "start": 81.869, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Meanwhile, the southern and western\nregions of Ireland" }, { "start": 85.206, "duration": 3.879, "text": "were already impoverished\nand entirely dependent on the single crop," }, { "start": 89.085, "duration": 2.502, "text": "making them disproportionately vulnerable." }, { "start": 91.921, "duration": 3.879, "text": "The impacts of food insecurity are often\nmost severe at the poverty line." }, { "start": 95.925, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But while the failed harvest\ncreated a class crisis," }, { "start": 98.886, "duration": 3.337, "text": "the government's response turned\nit into a national catastrophe." }, { "start": 102.64, "duration": 3.962, "text": "For centuries, Ireland had been\nunder varying degrees of English control," }, { "start": 106.644, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and by 1845,\nit was part of the United Kingdom" }, { "start": 110.064, "duration": 1.919, "text": "with its government based in London." }, { "start": 112.567, "duration": 1.751, "text": "During the famine’s first year," }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 4.087, "text": "this distant ruling body imported corn\nfrom North America" }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and offered the Irish employment\non public works projects." }, { "start": 121.784, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But this relief only caused more problems." }, { "start": 124.579, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Imported food was poorly distributed\nand offered insufficient nutrition," }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 3.92, "text": "making the previously healthy population\nmore vulnerable to disease," }, { "start": 132.628, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and increasing maternal\nand child mortality." }, { "start": 135.298, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Worse still, the British continued\nto export Ireland’s grain and livestock." }, { "start": 139.802, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Meanwhile, the public works projects\nrequired lengthy shifts" }, { "start": 143.306, "duration": 3.628, "text": "of grueling manual labour and\nwere far from where most workers lived." }, { "start": 147.31, "duration": 5.005, "text": "For example, just one of countless tragic\nincidences is the story of Thomas Malone," }, { "start": 152.315, "duration": 3.169, "text": "who walked 18 kilometers roundtrip\nto work every day." }, { "start": 155.985, "duration": 2.336, "text": "One night, exhausted and starving," }, { "start": 158.321, "duration": 3.003, "text": "he collapsed and died\njust before reaching home," }, { "start": 161.449, "duration": 2.335, "text": "leaving behind his wife and six children." }, { "start": 164.577, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Despite the year’s countless tragedies,\nmany families managed to scrape by." }, { "start": 168.998, "duration": 4.338, "text": "But in 1846, the damp weather returned\nand the blight worsened," }, { "start": 173.336, "duration": 3.044, "text": "impacting 75% of Ireland's potato yield." }, { "start": 176.923, "duration": 3.628, "text": "British relief efforts diminished\nsubstantially in the famine’s second year." }, { "start": 180.635, "duration": 2.46, "text": "And while international aid\nhelped save lives," }, { "start": 183.095, "duration": 1.919, "text": "the overall need was enormous." }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 4.088, "text": "As the crisis wore on, the government\nlimited who was eligible for relief" }, { "start": 189.644, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and tasked Ireland with funding the relief\nefforts themselves" }, { "start": 193.022, "duration": 1.71, "text": "by increasing local taxes." }, { "start": 194.982, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Most modern historians view these\ndisastrous policies" }, { "start": 198.236, "duration": 2.961, "text": "as stemming from a mix\nof toxic religious ideology," }, { "start": 201.197, "duration": 3.503, "text": "laissez-faire economic policies,\nand political infighting." }, { "start": 205.284, "duration": 2.67, "text": "British news sources callously\ndepicted the Irish" }, { "start": 207.954, "duration": 2.544, "text": "as lazy, simple-minded alcoholics," }, { "start": 210.498, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and some London decision-makers believed\nthe famine was God’s punishment" }, { "start": 214.001, "duration": 1.543, "text": "for these sinful behaviors." }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Other government officials purposefully\nblocked efforts" }, { "start": 218.881, "duration": 3.42, "text": "to provide meaningful relief\ndue to internal political rivalries." }, { "start": 222.468, "duration": 2.669, "text": "As with famines and food insecurity today," }, { "start": 225.137, "duration": 3.462, "text": "it wasn't a lack of resources preventing\nthe British from aiding Ireland," }, { "start": 228.599, "duration": 2.002, "text": "but rather a lack of political will." }, { "start": 231.185, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Seven years after the blight began," }, { "start": 233.187, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Ireland’s weather patterns\nreturned to normal" }, { "start": 235.648, "duration": 2.044, "text": "and the potato crop finally stabilised." }, { "start": 237.9, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But over 1 million people had perished\nfrom starvation," }, { "start": 240.945, "duration": 1.71, "text": "malnutrition, and disease." }, { "start": 242.78, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Between 1 and 2 million more\nfled the country," }, { "start": 245.658, "duration": 3.92, "text": "beginning a trend that dropped Ireland’s\npopulation to half its pre-famine levels" }, { "start": 249.578, "duration": 1.252, "text": "by the 1920s." }, { "start": 251.247, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Today, climate change is making\nextreme weather more common and sustained," }, { "start": 255.001, "duration": 3.461, "text": "leading countless agricultural communities\nto face similar struggles." }, { "start": 259.005, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Just as in Ireland,\nfarmers living on the margins" }, { "start": 261.632, "duration": 3.754, "text": "are increasingly facing starvation,\nmalnutrition, and disease" }, { "start": 265.386, "duration": 3.545, "text": "due to global weather patterns\nfor which they bear little responsibility." }, { "start": 269.181, "duration": 3.671, "text": "But history doesn’t have to repeat itself\nif governments and institutions" }, { "start": 272.852, "duration": 2.544, "text": "can provide the kind of aid\nthese regions need:" }, { "start": 275.521, "duration": 2.419, "text": "relief efforts that are coordinated\nand ongoing," }, { "start": 277.94, "duration": 2.586, "text": "provide sufficient nutrition\nto prevent disease," }, { "start": 280.526, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and are offered with compassion\nrather than judgment." } ] }, { "video_id": "46RDkiy5h3U", "title": "3 tips on how to study effectively", "description": "Explore how the brain learns and stores information, and find out how to apply this for more effective study techniques.\n\n--\n\nA 2006 study took a class of surgical residents and split them into two groups. Each received the same study materials, but one group was told to use specific study methods. When tested a month later, this group performed significantly better than the other residents. So, what were these methods? Explore how the brain learns and stores information and how to apply this to your study habits.\n\nDirected by Biljana Labović.\nAnimation by Laura Angelucci and Teresa Marques Lopes.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Robert Bjork and Elizabeth Bjork who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-tips-on-how-to-study-effectively\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/3-tips-on-how-to-study-effectively#digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang and Bethany Connor.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-12T15:01:04Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.211, "duration": 2.67, "text": "For centuries, to build any device," }, { "start": 9.881, "duration": 6.381, "text": "artisans had to painstakingly cut\nevery screw, bolt, or nut by hand." }, { "start": 16.429, "duration": 2.836, "text": "But all this changed in the 1790s," }, { "start": 19.265, "duration": 6.215, "text": "when British metalworker Henry Maudslay\ndeveloped this highly precise lathe." }, { "start": 25.855, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Suddenly, these previously\nhandmade components" }, { "start": 29.233, "duration": 3.587, "text": "could be reproduced mechanically,\nand at scale." }, { "start": 33.279, "duration": 5.38, "text": "This may seem like a simple innovation,\nbut it had a profound effect on the world." }, { "start": 39.577, "duration": 5.38, "text": "The standardization of these parts\nhelped usher in the Industrial Revolution." }, { "start": 45.208, "duration": 2.127, "text": "From cars to home appliances," }, { "start": 47.335, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the 20th century was defined\nby mass production" }, { "start": 50.922, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and readily available\ninterchangeable parts." }, { "start": 55.051, "duration": 3.295, "text": "This made repairing items relatively easy." }, { "start": 59.013, "duration": 2.127, "text": "If your shower head gasket failed " }, { "start": 61.14, "duration": 3.295, "text": "or the hose for your washing machine\nsprang a leak," }, { "start": 64.435, "duration": 3.42, "text": "a hardware store likely\ncarried replacements." }, { "start": 68.064, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Today, interchangeable parts are as\nimportant as ever for mass production." }, { "start": 73.653, "duration": 5.255, "text": "However, some companies are working hard\nto prevent consumers" }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 2.878, "text": "from swapping out components on their own." }, { "start": 82.161, "duration": 6.34, "text": "In many cases, repair can only be done\nby the original manufacturer, if at all." }, { "start": 89.46, "duration": 2.711, "text": "With limited repair options available," }, { "start": 92.171, "duration": 4.088, "text": "we end up buying new\nand throwing more items out." }, { "start": 96.676, "duration": 3.128, "text": "This is especially true for electronics." }, { "start": 100.471, "duration": 5.964, "text": "In 2022, we discarded about\n62 million tons of e-waste," }, { "start": 106.519, "duration": 5.464, "text": "along with billions of dollars’ worth\nof precious metals inside of them." }, { "start": 112.483, "duration": 4.004, "text": "So how exactly do companies\nprevent repair?" }, { "start": 117.071, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Some make it physically more\ndifficult to fix items." }, { "start": 121.325, "duration": 4.046, "text": "They can glue parts in place\nrather than using screws." }, { "start": 125.58, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Others limit the information\nthey share with consumers," }, { "start": 129.0, "duration": 4.504, "text": "like blocking public access to product\ninformation and schematics." }, { "start": 133.88, "duration": 1.835, "text": "During the pandemic, for instance," }, { "start": 135.715, "duration": 3.962, "text": "when hospitals struggled to maintain\nbreaking medical equipment," }, { "start": 139.802, "duration": 4.838, "text": "the repair company iFixit compiled\na comprehensive database" }, { "start": 144.64, "duration": 3.17, "text": "of repair manuals for hospitals to use." }, { "start": 148.144, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Yet manufacturers like Steris fought\nfor them to be taken down." }, { "start": 153.399, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Yet perhaps the most important, yet least\nobvious, way companies limit repair" }, { "start": 159.071, "duration": 3.587, "text": "is by preventing the\ninterchangeability of parts." }, { "start": 162.909, "duration": 3.044, "text": "In a process known as parts pairings," }, { "start": 166.12, "duration": 5.589, "text": "companies assign individual parts\nlike screens, batteries, or sensors" }, { "start": 171.709, "duration": 1.877, "text": "a unique serial number." }, { "start": 174.212, "duration": 5.88, "text": "The device's internal software can then\ndetect if those components are replaced" }, { "start": 180.218, "duration": 3.169, "text": "and limit their functionality as a result." }, { "start": 184.013, "duration": 4.463, "text": "If you swap the screen on two brand\nnew iPhones, for example," }, { "start": 188.517, "duration": 3.504, "text": "the automatic brightness adjustment\nwill no longer work." }, { "start": 192.772, "duration": 4.004, "text": "In other cases, unauthorized replacements\n can cause the device" }, { "start": 196.776, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to stop functioning altogether." }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 4.254, "text": "If a farmer uses an independent shop\nto repair certain parts" }, { "start": 203.699, "duration": 1.752, "text": "in a John Deere tractor," }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 5.172, "text": "it won’t operate until a company\ntechnician authenticates the new part" }, { "start": 210.873, "duration": 2.127, "text": "using authorized software." }, { "start": 213.793, "duration": 3.628, "text": "With only a limited number of company\ntechnicians available," }, { "start": 217.421, "duration": 2.545, "text": "this can easily create a bottleneck," }, { "start": 220.091, "duration": 4.88, "text": "costing farmers precious time and money,\nand even jeopardizing crops." }, { "start": 225.388, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Manufacturers can also use software\nto give devices " }, { "start": 229.267, "duration": 2.293, "text": "predetermined end-of-life dates," }, { "start": 231.727, "duration": 3.42, "text": "after which, they no longer\nreceive important updates," }, { "start": 235.189, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and slowly become unusable." }, { "start": 237.775, "duration": 5.589, "text": "All this gives manufacturers unprecedented\ncontrol over the products we buy" }, { "start": 243.364, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and limits the way we repair them." }, { "start": 246.2, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Critics liken these tactics to a form\nof planned obsolescence," }, { "start": 250.955, "duration": 5.297, "text": "a manufacturing strategy where a product\nis deliberately designed to fail," }, { "start": 256.377, "duration": 3.378, "text": "to keep both demand and profits high." }, { "start": 260.172, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But companies pose two main arguments\nin defense of these practices." }, { "start": 265.303, "duration": 4.421, "text": "First, they claim that giving consumers\nand third-party repair shops" }, { "start": 269.724, "duration": 4.296, "text": "access to their software could\ncreate cybersecurity risks." }, { "start": 274.478, "duration": 4.547, "text": "They also argue that they could be liable\nif a product malfunctions" }, { "start": 279.108, "duration": 3.003, "text": "after a third party or consumer repair." }, { "start": 282.737, "duration": 3.128, "text": "A shoddy repair to a medical device,\nfor instance," }, { "start": 285.865, "duration": 4.337, "text": "could have deadly consequences,\nand the manufacturer could be blamed." }, { "start": 290.828, "duration": 4.546, "text": "However, major reports, like those\nfrom the US Federal Trade Commission" }, { "start": 295.374, "duration": 5.13, "text": "and the Food and Drug Administration find\nlittle support for these company claims." }, { "start": 301.297, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Parts pairing and repair\nlimiting practices" }, { "start": 304.3, "duration": 3.962, "text": "are now being closely scrutinized\nin courts all over the world," }, { "start": 308.471, "duration": 3.044, "text": "as consumers fight\nfor the right to repair." }, { "start": 312.099, "duration": 6.006, "text": "And states, including Colorado and Oregon,\nhave passed laws banning parts pairing." }, { "start": 318.356, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Community-led movements\nhave also taken root." }, { "start": 321.984, "duration": 6.548, "text": "Over 2,500 cities across the globe,\nfrom Amsterdam to Boise to Bangalore," }, { "start": 328.616, "duration": 2.753, "text": "have established repair cafes." }, { "start": 332.078, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Here, people trade and share\ntheir knowledge," }, { "start": 334.83, "duration": 2.711, "text": "reinvigorating a culture of repair" }, { "start": 337.541, "duration": 5.089, "text": "at a time when it often feels easier\nto toss our things than fix them." } ] }, { "video_id": "Z8dZSySRX_g", "title": "How you survive the coldest place on Earth - Nadia Frontier", "description": "Explore how marine creatures survive the frigid waters of Antarctica, and what traits allow them to live in such conditions.\n\n--\n\nThe vast, white surface of Antarctica stretches for over 3 million square kilometers. On the coast of this expanse, just a few meters beneath the ice, lies a remarkably diverse realm that is home to over 8,000 species of sea denizens who rely on an arsenal of otherworldly traits to survive. So how do these species not only live, but thrive, in such harsh conditions? Nadia Frontier investigates.\n\nLesson by Nadia Frontier, directed by Sharon Colman.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/surviving-the-coldest-place-on-earth-nadia-frontier\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/surviving-the-coldest-place-on-earth-nadia-frontier#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.youtube.com/@sharoncolman\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon and Aleksandar Donev.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-10T15:02:08Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 2.544, "text": "For centuries, scholars puzzled\nover the hieroglyphs" }, { "start": 9.589, "duration": 4.212, "text": "they found carved onto ancient Egyptian\nruins, tablets, and papyri." }, { "start": 13.968, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But a unique discovery would\nfinally help unlock their meaning." }, { "start": 17.472, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In 1799, as the French military\ninvaded Egypt," }, { "start": 21.184, "duration": 5.422, "text": "an officer encountered a curious stone\non the outskirts of Rashid, or Rosetta." }, { "start": 27.023, "duration": 2.836, "text": "It was inscribed with three different\nportions of text:" }, { "start": 29.859, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Egyptian hieroglyphs,\nwhich is the oldest Egyptian script," }, { "start": 33.196, "duration": 2.043, "text": "dating back some 5,000 years;" }, { "start": 35.364, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Demotic Egyptian,\nwhich is a later derivative of Egyptian;" }, { "start": 38.868, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and Ancient Greek." }, { "start": 40.661, "duration": 3.587, "text": "It seemed that each section was\na rough translation of the others," }, { "start": 44.373, "duration": 3.003, "text": "meaning the stone presented\nan unprecedented key" }, { "start": 47.376, "duration": 1.544, "text": "to unlocking hieroglyphs." }, { "start": 49.295, "duration": 2.628, "text": "English troops soon intercepted the stone" }, { "start": 51.923, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and brought it to the British Museum\nin 1802," }, { "start": 54.55, "duration": 2.503, "text": "where it became one of the\nmost popular displays." }, { "start": 57.678, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Various European scholars—" }, { "start": 59.138, "duration": 5.005, "text": "including Johan Åkerblad, Thomas Young,\nand Jean-François Champollion—" }, { "start": 64.227, "duration": 2.252, "text": "worked to decode the Egyptian scripts." }, { "start": 67.063, "duration": 1.96, "text": "There were some crucial initial clues." }, { "start": 69.023, "duration": 2.836, "text": "The Greek section included\nthe names of royal figures," }, { "start": 71.859, "duration": 3.42, "text": "while certain areas in the Demotic section\nhad bracket-like forms" }, { "start": 75.279, "duration": 2.545, "text": "and some hieroglyphic sections\nwere encircled." }, { "start": 78.116, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Could these portions encode\nthe same royal names?" }, { "start": 81.828, "duration": 3.586, "text": "Åkerblad matched some characters up and,\nin 1802," }, { "start": 85.414, "duration": 3.504, "text": "successfully decoded the royal names\nand some simple words," }, { "start": 88.918, "duration": 3.045, "text": "like “much” and “temples”\nin the Demotic script." }, { "start": 92.338, "duration": 3.921, "text": "This led Åkerblad to believe that all\nDemotic signs were alphabetic," }, { "start": 96.342, "duration": 2.878, "text": "meaning each letter represented\na discrete sound—" }, { "start": 99.22, "duration": 1.46, "text": "much like in English." }, { "start": 100.763, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Thomas Young, in contrast, suspected that\nsome of the Demotic signs were logograms—" }, { "start": 105.893, "duration": 3.254, "text": "that is, symbols encoding\nentire words or phrases." }, { "start": 109.397, "duration": 5.714, "text": "For example, he believed a sun disk with\na stroke indicated the sun or sun god." }, { "start": 115.153, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Around 1814, he deciphered some recurring\nDemotic words like “pharaoh” and “Egypt.”" }, { "start": 121.742, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Young also had the critical insight" }, { "start": 123.661, "duration": 2.836, "text": "that Demotic was a later iteration\nof hieroglyphs." }, { "start": 126.539, "duration": 2.044, "text": "And, studying the hieroglyphic text," }, { "start": 128.583, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Young successfully decoded\nthe royal name “Ptolemy.”" }, { "start": 131.752, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But he still believed\nthe prevailing misconception" }, { "start": 134.213, "duration": 4.546, "text": "that most hieroglyphs were logograms\nrepresenting ideas— not sounds." }, { "start": 139.01, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Using his knowledge of other\nscripts and languages," }, { "start": 141.762, "duration": 3.712, "text": "like the Egyptian Coptic he’d learned\nfrom a Coptic Christian priest," }, { "start": 145.725, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Champollion realized that most encircled\nhieroglyphs were phonetic." }, { "start": 149.979, "duration": 3.962, "text": "They represented sounds:\nthe Egyptian vulture, an “a”;" }, { "start": 153.983, "duration": 3.086, "text": "the three fox skins, “m-s”,\nand so on." }, { "start": 157.195, "duration": 4.838, "text": "This finally allowed him to read the\nEgyptian names “Ramses” and “Thutmose.”" }, { "start": 162.408, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Cross-referencing other\nhieroglyphic texts," }, { "start": 164.827, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Champollion confirmed\nthat many hieroglyphs" }, { "start": 167.121, "duration": 2.503, "text": "beyond the encircled names were phonetic." }, { "start": 169.707, "duration": 2.878, "text": "And on September 14th, 1822," }, { "start": 172.752, "duration": 2.836, "text": "he ran to his brother’s house\nand declared the breakthrough." }, { "start": 175.755, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Later, Champollion determined that beyond\nalphabetic and logographic hieroglyphs," }, { "start": 180.551, "duration": 3.671, "text": "some were classifiers that sorted words\ninto categories," }, { "start": 184.222, "duration": 3.753, "text": "like occupations, plants,\nand abstract concepts." }, { "start": 188.351, "duration": 2.669, "text": "The first complete translation\nof the Rosetta Stone" }, { "start": 191.02, "duration": 2.753, "text": "was finally published in the early 1850s." }, { "start": 193.814, "duration": 2.294, "text": "So, what did it actually say?" }, { "start": 196.651, "duration": 3.336, "text": "The inscription was marked 196 BCE." }, { "start": 200.238, "duration": 1.793, "text": "It honored the first anniversary" }, { "start": 202.031, "duration": 3.587, "text": "of 13-year-old\nPharaoh Ptolemy V’s coronation" }, { "start": 205.618, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and outlined a series of benefits\nfor the Egyptian priesthood." }, { "start": 208.955, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The inscriptions described laws\nfor maintaining temples" }, { "start": 211.666, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and performing rituals," }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 1.919, "text": "like the burial of sacred animals." }, { "start": 215.127, "duration": 3.129, "text": "At the time,\nEgypt was a multicultural society." }, { "start": 218.381, "duration": 1.751, "text": "Two main languages were spoken:" }, { "start": 220.132, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Ancient Greek,\nbrought by Egypt’s conquerors," }, { "start": 222.593, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and Demotic Egyptian, the native language." }, { "start": 225.179, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Hieroglyphs represented Middle Egyptian," }, { "start": 227.64, "duration": 3.295, "text": "a language that was already antiquated\nbut may have been included" }, { "start": 230.935, "duration": 1.71, "text": "to convey a sense of authority." }, { "start": 233.062, "duration": 3.67, "text": "The decree was copied onto many stones\nand erected in temples." }, { "start": 236.983, "duration": 2.294, "text": "However, as regimes shifted," }, { "start": 239.277, "duration": 2.961, "text": "edifices were deconstructed\nand reconstructed." }, { "start": 242.738, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Some scholars think the Rosetta Stone\nwas originally placed in a temple in Sais." }, { "start": 247.535, "duration": 2.711, "text": "It’s unclear how it ended\nup 80 kilometers away," }, { "start": 250.246, "duration": 3.879, "text": "but it may have been transported\nup the Nile after the late 15th century." }, { "start": 254.5, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Once deciphered, hieroglyphs helped\noverturn misconceptions." }, { "start": 258.254, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Subterranean chambers\nwithin Egyptian pyramids" }, { "start": 260.631, "duration": 3.379, "text": "were once thought to be secret sites\nof priestly initiation and study." }, { "start": 264.176, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But it was finally confirmed\nthat pyramids were tombs" }, { "start": 266.887, "duration": 2.503, "text": "housing sacred preparations\nfor the afterlife." }, { "start": 270.016, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Soon, entire texts could be\ntranslated that showcased" }, { "start": 273.352, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the complexity of ancient Egyptian\nreligious compositions." }, { "start": 277.148, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Experts are still decoding new\nhieroglyphs as they arise" }, { "start": 280.067, "duration": 3.504, "text": "and untangling instances\nof tricky grammar and wordplay." }, { "start": 283.654, "duration": 4.088, "text": "The Rosetta Stone helped illuminate one\nof the world’s oldest written languages" }, { "start": 287.742, "duration": 2.043, "text": "and the vibrant history it emerged from." }, { "start": 289.869, "duration": 4.337, "text": "And yet, the pillaged artifact\nremains far from its provenance today." } ] }, { "video_id": "mpRJhhbKLFc", "title": "Changing the future, one student voice at a time #shorts", "description": "Did you know that TED-Ed offers free and customizable activities for students that help turn their big ideas into TED-style talks? TED-Ed Student Talk activities are designed to support teachers, parents and community leaders who want to create opportunities for their students to learn, grow and connect. Explore how to make these free, customizable tools work for you and sign up at https://ed.ted.com/student_talks\n\n#shorts #studenttalk #studentvoice #teded", "publishedAt": "2023-10-06T17:56:03Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 6.298, "text": "In 326 BCE, the mighty army\nof Alexander the Great was exhausted." }, { "start": 13.342, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Tired of monsoon rains\nand fruitless fighting in India," }, { "start": 16.679, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Alexander’s forces mutinied\nand demanded a retreat." }, { "start": 21.059, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But their bad luck followed them home." }, { "start": 23.269, "duration": 5.631, "text": "While marching along the Indus River,\nthe water’s current suddenly reversed" }, { "start": 29.15, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and a massive wave crashed\ndown on the weary soldiers." }, { "start": 34.447, "duration": 3.17, "text": "This unexpected event was a tidal bore," }, { "start": 37.825, "duration": 6.048, "text": "a phenomenon that occurs when extremely\nhigh tides push seawater up a river." }, { "start": 44.123, "duration": 2.67, "text": "The wave was likely quite\nthe shock for Alexander," }, { "start": 46.793, "duration": 3.545, "text": "who was accustomed to the\nMediterranean’s mild tides." }, { "start": 50.338, "duration": 4.838, "text": "But tidal bores are just one of many ways\ntides can surprise." }, { "start": 55.927, "duration": 5.422, "text": "2,000 years after Alexander, Isaac Newton\ndeciphered the laws of gravity" }, { "start": 61.349, "duration": 3.92, "text": "and offered the first gravitational\nexplanation of tides." }, { "start": 65.728, "duration": 2.211, "text": "As Newton correctly identified," }, { "start": 67.939, "duration": 4.254, "text": "tides are choreographed by the motions\nof celestial objects," }, { "start": 72.36, "duration": 4.629, "text": "and Earth’s tides in particular\nare mostly driven by the Moon." }, { "start": 77.49, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Many coastal communities connected lunar\nand tidal activity long before Newton," }, { "start": 82.829, "duration": 4.879, "text": "but the precise nature of this\nrelationship is actually quite nuanced." }, { "start": 88.417, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The attractive force of gravity\ngets weaker with distance," }, { "start": 92.922, "duration": 5.464, "text": "so the Moon’s gravity tugs strongest\non the side of the Earth that faces it." }, { "start": 98.553, "duration": 5.839, "text": "There, gravity pulls the oceans up\ninto what’s called a tidal bulge." }, { "start": 105.143, "duration": 5.505, "text": "Yet at the same time, another tidal bulge\nforms on the planet’s opposite side." }, { "start": 110.898, "duration": 3.087, "text": "This might seem like\ngravity defying behavior." }, { "start": 114.152, "duration": 3.878, "text": "But that’s because we often think\nof the Moon as orbiting the Earth," }, { "start": 118.281, "duration": 3.837, "text": "when in reality, the Earth and Moon\norbit each other" }, { "start": 122.16, "duration": 5.088, "text": "around a shared center of mass\nroughly 1,700 kilometers" }, { "start": 127.248, "duration": 2.127, "text": "below the planet’s surface." }, { "start": 130.168, "duration": 4.504, "text": "In this context, the Earth is like a child\nholding on to a carousel." }, { "start": 134.922, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And just like a rider’s hair\nflies out behind them," }, { "start": 138.092, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Earth's water stretches away\nto create that second tidal bulge." }, { "start": 144.182, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Within that orbit,\nthe Earth rotates once a day," }, { "start": 148.686, "duration": 3.962, "text": "moving points on its surface\nin and out of these bulges." }, { "start": 153.399, "duration": 5.464, "text": "This results in two daily high tides\nwhen areas are inside each bulge," }, { "start": 158.946, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and two daily low tides\nwhen places are between them." }, { "start": 163.91, "duration": 4.671, "text": "But as Newton recognized, it’s not just\nthe Moon’s gravity that pulls on Earth—" }, { "start": 168.706, "duration": 3.337, "text": "our Sun tugs the tides, too." }, { "start": 172.335, "duration": 4.921, "text": "In fact, the Sun is why tidal strength\nvaries with the phases of the Moon." }, { "start": 177.757, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Lunar phases coincide with different\ngravitational lineups" }, { "start": 181.677, "duration": 2.002, "text": "of the Moon, Sun, and Earth." }, { "start": 183.971, "duration": 4.004, "text": "For example, high tides are highest\nwhen the Moon is full," }, { "start": 188.142, "duration": 2.753, "text": "creating extreme spring tides." }, { "start": 191.062, "duration": 3.795, "text": "And low tides are lowest when the Moon\nis half-full," }, { "start": 194.941, "duration": 2.627, "text": "making tiny neap tides." }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Subtleties in the orbits\nof these celestial bodies" }, { "start": 200.863, "duration": 3.629, "text": "introduce even more complexities\nand tidal varieties." }, { "start": 204.659, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And the strength of all these tides\ndepends on the local landscape." }, { "start": 209.83, "duration": 4.422, "text": "Flat, enclosed lakes and seas\ngenerate the weakest tides," }, { "start": 214.335, "duration": 3.921, "text": "while bays and narrow inlets\nproduce the strongest." }, { "start": 218.589, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Well, at least the strongest\ntides on Earth—" }, { "start": 221.592, "duration": 2.294, "text": "there are even more dramatic tidal forces" }, { "start": 223.886, "duration": 3.337, "text": "on our solar system's\nother celestial bodies." }, { "start": 227.598, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Millennia of Jupiter and Saturn’s\ngravitational kneading" }, { "start": 231.018, "duration": 5.381, "text": "has generated enough heat on their\nrespective moons of Enceladus and Europa" }, { "start": 236.399, "duration": 3.461, "text": "to create oceans\nbeneath their icy crusts." }, { "start": 240.194, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Jupiter’s moon Io endures the strongest\ntidal forces in the solar system," }, { "start": 245.116, "duration": 2.878, "text": "fueling intense volcanic activity." }, { "start": 248.286, "duration": 4.462, "text": "And in other planetary systems,\nsome planets orbit so close to their stars" }, { "start": 252.748, "duration": 3.796, "text": "that extreme tidal forces\nlock them in place." }, { "start": 256.711, "duration": 4.421, "text": "This tidal locking can leave\nthe sun-facing hemisphere boiling" }, { "start": 261.257, "duration": 2.919, "text": "while the other freezes in eternal night." }, { "start": 264.468, "duration": 4.922, "text": "You won’t find a half-melting,\ntidally-locked planet in our solar system," }, { "start": 269.557, "duration": 4.755, "text": "but given enough time, tidal forces\nwould lock the Earth to the Moon." }, { "start": 274.687, "duration": 3.92, "text": "As Earth’s oceans churn\nto keep pace with the Moon," }, { "start": 278.607, "duration": 4.463, "text": "the water creates friction\nthat slows our planet's rotation." }, { "start": 283.321, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And after roughly 50 billion years," }, { "start": 285.74, "duration": 2.961, "text": "this process will have slowed Earth\ndown enough" }, { "start": 288.701, "duration": 3.003, "text": "for it to become tidally locked\nto the Moon." }, { "start": 292.079, "duration": 1.71, "text": "But before you start to sweat," }, { "start": 293.873, "duration": 3.795, "text": "you can take solace in the knowledge\nthat the Sun will have already died" }, { "start": 297.668, "duration": 4.254, "text": "and taken Earth with it\nbillions of years earlier." } ] }, { "video_id": "MQu7DEhpr-8", "title": "What would happen if everyone stopped eating meat tomorrow? - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Explore the possibilities and challenges of what a vegetarian world could look like if we all immediately stopped eating meat. \n\n--\n\nImagine if a wizard of meatless dining suddenly appeared on Earth and with one wave of a wand wiped away all meat from our shelves— along with any desire to eat it. Farm animals destined for food vanish, whisked away to another planet. What happens in the following days, years, and even millennia? Carolyn Beans explores what a vegetarian world could look like.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Mitchelle Tamariz.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Marco Springmann who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-everyone-stopped-eating-meat-tomorrow-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-everyone-stopped-eating-meat-tomorrow-carolyn-beans#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.mitchelletamariz.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan and Wes Winn.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-05T15:00:58Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.919, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Looking at her father’s brutally\nmurdered body," }, { "start": 10.339, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Oiwa was sick with despair." }, { "start": 13.509, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Her father had been Oiwa’s only hope\nfor ending her marriage" }, { "start": 17.889, "duration": 3.795, "text": "to the cruel and dishonorable\nsamurai Iemon." }, { "start": 22.268, "duration": 5.255, "text": "And now, while her husband and \nbrother-in-law vowed to find the culprit," }, { "start": 27.523, "duration": 6.173, "text": "Oiwa was trapped in her unhappy home\nwith only the household servant Kohei" }, { "start": 33.696, "duration": 1.71, "text": "to witness her suffering." }, { "start": 36.157, "duration": 2.294, "text": "What the grieving woman couldn’t guess," }, { "start": 38.451, "duration": 3.962, "text": "however, was just how close\nthe killer was." }, { "start": 42.872, "duration": 3.337, "text": "After Oiwa’s father tried \nto end the marriage," }, { "start": 46.209, "duration": 4.254, "text": "it was Iemon who murdered him\nin cold blood." }, { "start": 51.255, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Hearing of her troubles," }, { "start": 53.216, "duration": 4.796, "text": "Oiwa’s wealthy doctor neighbor sent\nsome medicine to soothe her." }, { "start": 58.221, "duration": 4.004, "text": "However, when Iemon went to offer thanks," }, { "start": 62.225, "duration": 4.754, "text": "the doctor revealed his gift was\npart of a sordid scheme." }, { "start": 67.438, "duration": 4.38, "text": "His beautiful young granddaughter\nwas madly in love with Iemon," }, { "start": 71.943, "duration": 6.006, "text": "and if the samurai left Oiwa for her,\nthe doctor would offer him great riches." }, { "start": 78.157, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Iemon happily accepted this bargain,\nand eager to marry his new bride," }, { "start": 83.538, "duration": 5.38, "text": "he sent a man called Takuetsu\nto dispose of his poisoned wife." }, { "start": 89.877, "duration": 5.422, "text": "But when Takuetsu arrived in Oiwa’s room,\nhe was appalled." }, { "start": 95.383, "duration": 3.086, "text": "The poison had swollen her eye" }, { "start": 98.469, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and her hair fell to the floor\nin bloody clumps." }, { "start": 102.64, "duration": 5.464, "text": "Taking pity, Takuetsu told Oiwa\nabout the doctor’s scheme." }, { "start": 109.021, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Furious, Oiwa lunged for a sword." }, { "start": 112.358, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Takuetsu wrestled it away and flung\nthe blade across the room." }, { "start": 117.28, "duration": 4.087, "text": "But when Oiwa ran to confront her husband,\nshe stumbled," }, { "start": 121.367, "duration": 2.503, "text": "falling against the sword." }, { "start": 123.995, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Wounded and poisoned,\nOiwa cursed Iemon’s name" }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 2.586, "text": "as the life left her body." }, { "start": 131.794, "duration": 2.211, "text": "At the discovery of his wife's demise," }, { "start": 134.005, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Iemon arranged to remarry\nthat very night—" }, { "start": 137.884, "duration": 5.463, "text": "but not before killing his servant Kohei,\nwho heard Oiwa’s death." }, { "start": 143.347, "duration": 2.461, "text": "While Iemon celebrated his wedding," }, { "start": 145.808, "duration": 3.879, "text": "his friends nailed both corpses\nto a heavy door" }, { "start": 149.687, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and sunk them in a nearby river." }, { "start": 153.065, "duration": 4.63, "text": "That night, Iemon reveled\nin his successful scheme." }, { "start": 157.945, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But suddenly his bride’s sleeping face" }, { "start": 161.532, "duration": 3.879, "text": "shifted into Oiwa’s tortured features." }, { "start": 165.494, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Iemon acted on his violent instincts,\nslashing her throat." }, { "start": 170.416, "duration": 5.589, "text": "But when his fear subsided,\nhe realized that he’d killed his new wife." }, { "start": 176.422, "duration": 3.545, "text": "He stumbled out of the room \nand into another monstrous figure" }, { "start": 179.967, "duration": 3.087, "text": "wearing the face of his deceased servant." }, { "start": 183.179, "duration": 2.419, "text": "The samurai ran his sword through the man—" }, { "start": 185.806, "duration": 5.089, "text": "only to discover he’d slain his new\ngrandfather-in-law as well." }, { "start": 191.729, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Iemon fled the house, running frantically\nuntil he came upon a moonlit river." }, { "start": 197.401, "duration": 5.256, "text": "Here, he stopped to plot his next move,\nfishing as he thought." }, { "start": 202.74, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Soon his fishing rod began to twitch," }, { "start": 205.451, "duration": 3.17, "text": "but the harder he pulled,\nthe heavier his catch became." }, { "start": 209.038, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Finally, a wooden door broke\nthe river’s surface—" }, { "start": 213.125, "duration": 5.256, "text": "with Oiwa’s writhing body on one side\nand Kohei’s on the other." }, { "start": 219.298, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Iemon ran for days," }, { "start": 223.094, "duration": 3.295, "text": "finally taking shelter\nin a mountain hermitage." }, { "start": 226.597, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Over the following months," }, { "start": 228.057, "duration": 5.297, "text": "he tried to convince himself these\nhorrible visions were just illusions—" }, { "start": 233.854, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but his nightmares never relented." }, { "start": 237.066, "duration": 3.879, "text": "One night, as he attempted\nto walk off another bad dream," }, { "start": 240.945, "duration": 4.254, "text": "a nearby lantern began\nto crackle and tear." }, { "start": 245.741, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The paper stretched larger and larger" }, { "start": 249.578, "duration": 4.63, "text": "until Oiwa’s ghost appeared\nin a blaze of fire." }, { "start": 254.333, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Iemon begged for mercy, \nbut Oiwa had none to offer." }, { "start": 260.214, "duration": 5.631, "text": "Over just 24 hours, the spirit slaughtered\nhis parents and friends," }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and tortured the samurai\nwith ravenous rats." }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 6.715, "text": "Only when Iemon was truly hopeless\ndid Oiwa enlist her brother-in-law" }, { "start": 276.647, "duration": 4.797, "text": "to secure bloody justice\nfor her and her father." }, { "start": 281.777, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In the 19th century,\nOiwa’s quest for vengeance" }, { "start": 285.489, "duration": 3.462, "text": "was one of the most popular\nkabuki theater performances," }, { "start": 288.951, "duration": 4.88, "text": "renowned for its grisly narrative\nand groundbreaking special effects." }, { "start": 294.206, "duration": 3.003, "text": "To depict Oiwa’s iconic transformation," }, { "start": 297.335, "duration": 3.503, "text": "designers hid bags of fake blood\nin her wig." }, { "start": 301.005, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And for her grand, ghostly entrance," }, { "start": 304.3, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Oiwa’s actor really would emerge\nfrom a flaming lantern," }, { "start": 308.929, "duration": 5.381, "text": "doing an assisted handstand to look\nas though she’s descending from above." }, { "start": 314.727, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Today, Oiwa is considered\nJapan’s most famous ghost," }, { "start": 319.482, "duration": 5.213, "text": "and her image continues to inspire\ncounterparts in film and television." }, { "start": 324.945, "duration": 3.921, "text": "But those who retell her story\nstill tread carefully," }, { "start": 329.283, "duration": 4.88, "text": "often asking her spirit’s permission\nat her rumored grave in Tokyo." }, { "start": 334.455, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In this way, modern storytellers continue\nto give Oiwa" }, { "start": 339.877, "duration": 2.252, "text": "the respect— and fear—" }, { "start": 342.129, "duration": 2.586, "text": "she so rightfully deserves." } ] }, { "video_id": "XLjdNXBZm3I", "title": "Ethical dilemma: What makes life worth living? - Douglas MacLean", "description": "Puzzle through a classic ethical dilemma and decide: can human existence be meaningful without its creativity and culture? \n\n--\n\nLife on your planet depends entirely on Nuronium for normal cognition. Unfortunately, its source has been compromised and you are now at risk of extinction. Scientists have found an alternate energy source, Polixate, but it can’t sustain cognition and would mean the loss of people's creativity. So, what shall it be: extinction or life without culture? Douglas MacLean explores this classic dilemma.\n\nLesson by Douglas MacLean, directed by Asparuh Petrov, Compote Collective.\n\nThis video was produced in collaboration with the Parr Center for Ethics, housed within the renowned Philosophy Department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Parr Center is committed to integrating abstract work in ethical theory with the informed discussion of practical ethical issues, and prides itself on the development of innovative and inclusive approaches to moral and civic education.\n\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ethical-dilemma-what-makes-life-worth-living-douglas-maclean\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/ethical-dilemma-what-makes-life-worth-living-douglas-maclean#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://asipetrov.com\nMusic: https://www.soundscapers.org\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz and Victor E Karhel.", "publishedAt": "2023-10-03T15:01:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.962, "text": "A hydrogen atom travels high\nwithin the outermost layer" }, { "start": 11.007, "duration": 1.793, "text": "of the Earth’s atmosphere." }, { "start": 13.009, "duration": 4.171, "text": "This particular atom first entered\nthe exosphere millions of years ago," }, { "start": 17.18, "duration": 1.877, "text": "and during its tenure on Earth," }, { "start": 19.057, "duration": 3.211, "text": "it’s spent time in the waves\nof the Atlantic Ocean," }, { "start": 22.31, "duration": 2.169, "text": "the ground soil of the Amazon," }, { "start": 24.479, "duration": 3.753, "text": "and even the steam rising\noff a boiling pot of spaghetti." }, { "start": 28.357, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But today, traveling 30 times faster\nthan the speed of sound," }, { "start": 32.945, "duration": 4.171, "text": "it overcomes the Earth’s gravitational\npull and escapes," }, { "start": 37.2, "duration": 6.089, "text": "joining the roughly 90 tons of material\nthat leak out of our atmosphere each day." }, { "start": 44.165, "duration": 4.63, "text": "This daily whale-sized atmospheric loss\nis just one example" }, { "start": 48.795, "duration": 2.085, "text": "of how the Earth is leaking." }, { "start": 51.047, "duration": 5.797, "text": "Atoms, energy, and molecules seep\nfrom one layer of the planet to another." }, { "start": 56.844, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And for Earth, whose stability\nis necessary to sustain life," }, { "start": 60.598, "duration": 2.127, "text": "these leaks can seem troubling." }, { "start": 62.975, "duration": 3.754, "text": "To better understand the extent\nof the planet’s imperfect plumbing," }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and when it becomes a problem," }, { "start": 68.648, "duration": 2.961, "text": "let’s visit two more leakage sites." }, { "start": 72.693, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Our second spot takes us\nto the Earth’s surface," }, { "start": 75.78, "duration": 2.377, "text": "to a field in Central Appalachia." }, { "start": 78.407, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Below, a 1,500 meter deep shaft connects\nan oil reservoir" }, { "start": 84.33, "duration": 1.794, "text": "with the Earth’s surface." }, { "start": 86.457, "duration": 4.755, "text": "The oil supply here is dried up,\nleaving the site neglected and abandoned." }, { "start": 91.379, "duration": 5.881, "text": "But this underground reservoir also houses\nthe potent greenhouse gas methane," }, { "start": 97.26, "duration": 4.88, "text": "which continues to travel up the shaft\nand escape through cracks and loose pipes." }, { "start": 102.14, "duration": 5.005, "text": "This leaky well joins the more than\n3 million abandoned wells" }, { "start": 107.145, "duration": 2.002, "text": "scattered throughout the US," }, { "start": 109.147, "duration": 2.711, "text": "that collectively emit,\nby lower estimates," }, { "start": 111.858, "duration": 5.046, "text": "280,000 metric tons of methane each year." }, { "start": 117.53, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Our final leakage point takes us deep\nwithin the innermost boundary" }, { "start": 121.325, "duration": 1.794, "text": "of the Earth, the core." }, { "start": 123.286, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Heat, originating from the formation\nof our solar system," }, { "start": 126.789, "duration": 4.546, "text": "drives the rotation of liquid metal\naround the solid inner core." }, { "start": 131.836, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The motion, in turn,\ncreates the planet’s magnetic field," }, { "start": 135.84, "duration": 4.338, "text": "a barrier that protects it\nfrom cosmic radiation and solar wind." }, { "start": 140.344, "duration": 4.964, "text": "But the core isn't perfectly insulated,\nso heat constantly leaks," }, { "start": 145.308, "duration": 2.127, "text": "escaping to the surrounding mantle" }, { "start": 147.435, "duration": 3.336, "text": "and driving plate tectonics\nand magmatic activity." }, { "start": 150.897, "duration": 4.671, "text": "As a result, the core’s outer molten metal\nis slowly solidifying." }, { "start": 155.651, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Once fully cooled,\nthe magnetic field will disappear," }, { "start": 159.113, "duration": 3.921, "text": "leaving us exposed\nto the Sun’s harshest rays." }, { "start": 163.117, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The Earth clearly has\nsome cracks and bleeds." }, { "start": 166.954, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Should we be worried?" }, { "start": 168.789, "duration": 3.838, "text": "Thankfully, the immediate risks\nof our hydrogen leak are low." }, { "start": 172.835, "duration": 4.171, "text": "At its current rate, it would take \nover 150 billion years" }, { "start": 177.006, "duration": 2.628, "text": "to lose all our hydrogen to space." }, { "start": 179.759, "duration": 2.085, "text": "The same goes for our core leak." }, { "start": 181.844, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Scientists estimate the core\nwon't completely cool" }, { "start": 184.972, "duration": 4.213, "text": "for another 700 million \nto several billion years." }, { "start": 190.102, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Methane emissions, however," }, { "start": 192.063, "duration": 4.296, "text": "have the power to alter our Earth's\nclimate within the next decade." }, { "start": 196.359, "duration": 5.005, "text": "The gas’s unique structure efficiently\nabsorbs energy radiating off the Earth," }, { "start": 201.364, "duration": 2.669, "text": "trapping it in the atmosphere as heat." }, { "start": 204.075, "duration": 3.086, "text": "This gives methane incredible\nwarming potential," }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 3.17, "text": "86 times that of carbon dioxide." }, { "start": 210.414, "duration": 3.546, "text": "The impact of methane escaping\nfrom abandoned wells in the US" }, { "start": 213.96, "duration": 5.088, "text": "is comparable to burning\n10 billion pounds of coal each year." }, { "start": 219.298, "duration": 3.587, "text": "As abandoned wells in most\nof the world’s top oil producers" }, { "start": 222.885, "duration": 2.836, "text": "have yet to be extensively\ncounted or surveyed," }, { "start": 226.013, "duration": 5.256, "text": "the global emissions of all abandoned\nwells is likely much, much higher." }, { "start": 231.435, "duration": 4.839, "text": "And they join the estimated\n570 million tons of methane" }, { "start": 236.274, "duration": 4.671, "text": "emitted by other anthropological\nand natural sources each year." }, { "start": 241.57, "duration": 1.711, "text": "Beyond their climate impact," }, { "start": 243.281, "duration": 3.795, "text": "these unsealed wells can leach methane\nand other toxic gases" }, { "start": 247.076, "duration": 1.835, "text": "into nearby groundwater," }, { "start": 248.911, "duration": 4.171, "text": "contaminating drinking water\nand impacting local ecosystems." }, { "start": 253.582, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Luckily, non-producing oil wells can be\nplugged by pumping cement" }, { "start": 257.461, "duration": 1.335, "text": "into their depths." }, { "start": 258.921, "duration": 3.879, "text": "While many state and federal governments\nrequire oil and gas companies" }, { "start": 262.8, "duration": 1.835, "text": "to plug defunct wells," }, { "start": 264.635, "duration": 2.252, "text": "plugging comes at a high expense," }, { "start": 266.887, "duration": 3.129, "text": "so companies have historically\ndodged policies." }, { "start": 270.099, "duration": 5.172, "text": "For decades, these leaky, low-producing,\nand economically non-viable wells" }, { "start": 275.271, "duration": 2.419, "text": "were sold off and abandoned." }, { "start": 277.773, "duration": 4.255, "text": "It's clear that oil and gas companies\nwon't fix this problem on their own." }, { "start": 282.028, "duration": 2.335, "text": "It'll take concerted governmental efforts," }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 2.795, "text": "such as placing high fees\non methane emission" }, { "start": 287.158, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and coordinated oversight on plugging," }, { "start": 289.785, "duration": 2.378, "text": "to make sure companies\nare held accountable." }, { "start": 292.413, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But the problem starts before\nthese wells are abandoned." }, { "start": 295.875, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Within the US, \nactive oil and gas production" }, { "start": 299.462, "duration": 2.335, "text": "emits massive amounts of methane," }, { "start": 302.048, "duration": 3.503, "text": "about 28 times that of abandoned wells." }, { "start": 305.551, "duration": 4.88, "text": "The best way to eliminate this leak\nis to stop drilling oil and gas wells" }, { "start": 310.431, "duration": 1.251, "text": "in the first place." } ] }, { "video_id": "5-J1t0rAlOU", "title": "The plot to overthrow the Inca Empire - Gabriel Prieto", "description": "Follow Maxo, a warrior of the Chimu Empire, as he navigates the Inca-conquered streets of Chan Chan to receive a secret message.\n\n--\n\nIt’s daybreak in the city of Chan Chan, and former soldier Maxo has been up all night fretting. Last night, a friend stopped by and instructed him to go to the plaza at noon to receive an important message. But with the recent defeat of their army and the overthrow of the king, answering this mysterious summons will be dangerous. Gabriel Prieto outlines a day in the life of a Chimu warrior.\n\nLesson by Gabriel Prieto, directed by Qian Shi.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-conspiracy-to-take-down-the-inca-empire-gabriel-prieto\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-conspiracy-to-take-down-the-inca-empire-gabriel-prieto#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.qianshi.art\nMusic: https://www.tschernuth.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim and Phyllis Dubrow.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-28T15:00:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.211, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Floating 350 kilometers\nabove the Earth's surface," }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 5.381, "text": "astronauts aboard the Soviet space station\nMir made a frightening discovery." }, { "start": 16.429, "duration": 6.048, "text": "Their once clear porthole was clouded\nwith a green and black web-like substance." }, { "start": 22.935, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Soon, these growths were found\nthroughout the shuttle," }, { "start": 25.48, "duration": 3.461, "text": "blanketing air conditioners\nand corroding control panels," }, { "start": 28.983, "duration": 4.588, "text": "putting both the station's integrity\nand the astronauts' lives at risk." }, { "start": 34.03, "duration": 4.796, "text": "The invaders were identified as several\nspecies of Earth-derived fungi" }, { "start": 39.035, "duration": 4.296, "text": "that had, against all odds,\nsurvived the journey to space." }, { "start": 43.79, "duration": 3.336, "text": "And once there, they'd adapted\nto the microgravity" }, { "start": 47.126, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and radiation-dense environment." }, { "start": 49.879, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Thankfully, the crew managed\nto keep these threats at bay," }, { "start": 53.341, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and Mir remained in orbit\nfor the next 13 years." }, { "start": 57.386, "duration": 4.755, "text": "During that time, scientists have learned\nthat fungi have the potential" }, { "start": 62.141, "duration": 3.337, "text": "not to hinder space travel,\nbut to help it." }, { "start": 65.77, "duration": 3.42, "text": "In fact, these resilient,\noften overlooked organisms" }, { "start": 69.19, "duration": 3.42, "text": "may be the key to our future\non other planets." }, { "start": 73.152, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Once outside the Earth's protective\nmagnetic field," }, { "start": 76.697, "duration": 2.753, "text": "most living things need serious protection" }, { "start": 79.45, "duration": 4.129, "text": "to survive the DNA-damaging\ncosmic radiation in space." }, { "start": 84.33, "duration": 2.336, "text": "But that's not the case for some fungi." }, { "start": 86.791, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Many species produce a unique\nform of melanin," }, { "start": 90.044, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a pigment that safely absorbs\nhigh levels of radiation" }, { "start": 93.506, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and, in some cases,\nuses this energy to fuel growth." }, { "start": 98.261, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Even if dangerous levels of radiation make\nit past this homegrown armor" }, { "start": 102.098, "duration": 1.251, "text": "to damage DNA, " }, { "start": 103.349, "duration": 4.379, "text": "many fungi have robust repair\nsystems that spring into action," }, { "start": 107.728, "duration": 2.837, "text": "cutting out and restoring\ndefective sequences." }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And radiation isn't the only cosmic\nelement fungi can withstand." }, { "start": 114.944, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Their hardy spores sport thick cell walls" }, { "start": 118.03, "duration": 3.087, "text": "that allow them to survive\nextreme temperatures." }, { "start": 121.909, "duration": 2.795, "text": "So, how might we utilize fungi in space?" }, { "start": 125.246, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Well, a big obstacle to settling \non other planets" }, { "start": 128.708, "duration": 2.502, "text": "is figuring out how to source \nthe materials" }, { "start": 131.21, "duration": 2.711, "text": "needed to build suitable habitats." }, { "start": 134.38, "duration": 1.627, "text": "There are two common solutions." }, { "start": 136.09, "duration": 2.795, "text": "First, we could send these supplies \nup from Earth." }, { "start": 139.26, "duration": 1.376, "text": "But this is expensive—" }, { "start": 140.761, "duration": 5.506, "text": "it costs roughly $10,000 for each\nkilogram of weight added to a launch." }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Alternatively, we could use\nwhat's already there." }, { "start": 149.937, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Homes could be built from the dust\nand fragmented rock" }, { "start": 152.773, "duration": 3.629, "text": "that coat the surface of other planets,\nwhich is called regolith." }, { "start": 156.736, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Yet this would require a shipment of\nlarge, heavy, energy-intensive machinery" }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 4.421, "text": "to collect, heat, and compact the loose\nregolith into something usable." }, { "start": 165.453, "duration": 1.877, "text": "That's where fungi come in." }, { "start": 167.622, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Most fungi have hair-like root structures\ncalled mycelia." }, { "start": 171.709, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And as they grow, they easily bind\nnearby materials," }, { "start": 175.379, "duration": 3.295, "text": "whether it be wood chips,\nsawdust, or regolith." }, { "start": 179.383, "duration": 2.253, "text": "The result is a dense, interconnected web" }, { "start": 181.636, "duration": 3.169, "text": "that makes a surprisingly durable\nbuilding material" }, { "start": 184.972, "duration": 2.878, "text": "that's both thermal and\nradiation protective." }, { "start": 188.434, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Scientists working with NASA's Innovative\nAdvanced Concepts program" }, { "start": 192.855, "duration": 2.336, "text": "have devised plans for using\nthis technology" }, { "start": 195.191, "duration": 2.711, "text": "to grow fungal homes on other planets." }, { "start": 198.444, "duration": 3.962, "text": "First, lightweight, flexible bags seeded\nwith dehydrated spores" }, { "start": 202.406, "duration": 1.961, "text": "are launched to their new home." }, { "start": 204.45, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Once they've arrived, accompanying rovers\nsource water for rehydration" }, { "start": 208.704, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and regolith for binding." }, { "start": 210.539, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Alternatively, the bags could be preseeded\nwith a lightweight binding material," }, { "start": 215.294, "duration": 1.877, "text": "like dehydrated wood chips." }, { "start": 217.296, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And there's another essential ingredient\nto these packages, cyanobacteria," }, { "start": 222.551, "duration": 4.296, "text": "which provide the fungi with nutrients\nand convert sunlight into oxygen." }, { "start": 227.265, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The mycelia grow to fit the shape\nof their bags," }, { "start": 229.976, "duration": 5.005, "text": "creating the walls, roof, and even the\nfurniture of these fungal abodes." }, { "start": 235.523, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Once completed,\nmaintaining these buildings" }, { "start": 238.025, "duration": 1.961, "text": "would likely be relatively simple," }, { "start": 240.194, "duration": 3.67, "text": "as any cracks could be\nreseeded and regrown." }, { "start": 244.365, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Scientists could engineer cyanobacteria\nto alert residents if repair is needed," }, { "start": 249.203, "duration": 3.587, "text": "by glowing when oxygen or pressure levels\nin the habitat dip." }, { "start": 253.374, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Of course, there's still a lot of work\nout there" }, { "start": 255.626, "duration": 3.253, "text": "before these lightweight habitat packs\nare ready for launch." }, { "start": 259.297, "duration": 3.503, "text": "In the meantime, researchers have begun\nto iron out the details" }, { "start": 262.8, "duration": 3.921, "text": "by growing these sustainable,\ncarbon-negative fungal habitats" }, { "start": 266.762, "duration": 1.502, "text": "right here on Earth." }, { "start": 268.848, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And housing is just one of many possible\nuses for fungi in space." }, { "start": 273.936, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Communities will need to grow\ntheir own food," }, { "start": 276.314, "duration": 3.837, "text": "yet soil suitable for plants isn't\nreadily available off Earth." }, { "start": 280.609, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Fungi can release a variety\nof chemical-degrading enzymes" }, { "start": 284.739, "duration": 4.129, "text": "capable of dissolving\ncarbon-rich asteroids into soil." }, { "start": 289.368, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And they can also be engineered\nto mine and extract metals," }, { "start": 293.122, "duration": 1.71, "text": "like aluminum and iron," }, { "start": 294.832, "duration": 4.254, "text": "which could allow space colonies\nto source these valuable ores locally." }, { "start": 299.67, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Fungi have come a long way\nfrom their space hazard beginnings" }, { "start": 303.341, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and will undoubtedly continue\nto break the mold." } ] }, { "video_id": "mAxFB3vbt7c", "title": "Why mosquitoes bite some people more than others - Maria Elena De Obaldia", "description": "Explore the science of what attracts mosquitos, and find out why mosquitos bite some people more than others.\n\n--\n\nSome swear they’re cursed to be hunted by mosquitos while their close-by companions are regularly left unscathed. Are mosquitos really attracted to some people more than others? And if so, is there anything we can do about it? Maria Elena De Obaldia digs into what factors make people tasty targets for these pesky insects.\n\nLesson by Maria Elena De Obaldia, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-mosquitoes-actually-bite-some-people-more-than-others-maria-elena-de-obaldia\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-mosquitoes-actually-bite-some-people-more-than-others-maria-elena-de-obaldia#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang and Abhishek Goel.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-26T15:00:56Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 4.379, "text": "In the mid-18th century,\nEngland was crazy for ketchup." }, { "start": 11.632, "duration": 1.377, "text": "The sauce was a staple," }, { "start": 13.009, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and countless cookbooks\nencouraged adding ketchup" }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 3.087, "text": "to stews, vegetables, and even desserts." }, { "start": 18.973, "duration": 4.338, "text": "If these seem like odd places\nfor ketchup’s tangy tomato flavor," }, { "start": 23.311, "duration": 4.004, "text": "that’s because this ketchup wasn’t the\nubiquitous red goop you’re thinking of." }, { "start": 27.732, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In fact, this sweet and savory brown sauce\ndidn't even have tomatoes in it." }, { "start": 33.529, "duration": 2.378, "text": "So where did this early ketchup come from?" }, { "start": 35.99, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And how did it become the dip\nwe know and love today?" }, { "start": 40.036, "duration": 1.46, "text": "To answer these questions," }, { "start": 41.496, "duration": 4.337, "text": "we’ll need to turn to ketchup’s\ncondiment cousin: fish sauce." }, { "start": 46.042, "duration": 6.798, "text": "As early as 300 BCE, Chinese fishermen\nroutinely caught batches of small fish" }, { "start": 52.84, "duration": 2.753, "text": "that were too plentiful\nto eat all at once," }, { "start": 55.593, "duration": 3.128, "text": "but too time consuming\nto individually preserve." }, { "start": 59.305, "duration": 4.63, "text": "So often, the day’s catch would be\nsalted and stored together." }, { "start": 64.018, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Over several months,\nthe fish would ferment" }, { "start": 66.437, "duration": 3.629, "text": "as their internal enzymes broke\ndown their bodies’ proteins." }, { "start": 70.233, "duration": 2.627, "text": "The result was a rich, salty liquid" }, { "start": 72.902, "duration": 3.337, "text": "which would be strained and stored\nas fish sauce." }, { "start": 76.572, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Chinese fishermen weren’t the only ones\nto figure out this savory seasoning." }, { "start": 80.827, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans\nthat conquered them," }, { "start": 83.83, "duration": 4.963, "text": "built their entire cuisine\naround fish sauce’s strong umami flavor." }, { "start": 89.293, "duration": 2.127, "text": "The sauce, which they called garum," }, { "start": 91.42, "duration": 3.629, "text": "traveled with every soldier\nto the Empire’s front lines." }, { "start": 95.133, "duration": 5.171, "text": "And they constructed dozens of fish sauce\nfactories throughout the Mediterranean," }, { "start": 100.304, "duration": 3.754, "text": "each capable of producing thousands\nof gallons of garum." }, { "start": 104.267, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But when the Roman Empire collapsed,\nso did their condiment business." }, { "start": 108.062, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Most Europeans continued to cook without\nfish sauce for a thousand years," }, { "start": 112.775, "duration": 6.048, "text": "until the Dutch East India Company arrived\nin Southeast Asia in the early 1600s." }, { "start": 119.323, "duration": 4.38, "text": "The Dutch and English exploited\nthis region for countless goods," }, { "start": 123.703, "duration": 3.837, "text": "including barrels of their most common\nlocal condiment." }, { "start": 127.832, "duration": 3.337, "text": "This familiar, fishy liquid\nhad many names," }, { "start": 131.169, "duration": 2.669, "text": "including “ke-tsiap” and “koe-cheup.”" }, { "start": 133.921, "duration": 5.464, "text": "But upon arrival in British ports,\nits title was bastardized into ketchup," }, { "start": 139.385, "duration": 4.129, "text": "thus beginning Europe’s second wave\nof fish sauce supremacy." }, { "start": 143.89, "duration": 4.087, "text": "European ships supplied ketchup\nthroughout the Western Hemisphere" }, { "start": 147.977, "duration": 4.463, "text": "until they were kicked out of Asian\ntrade hubs in the mid-1700s." }, { "start": 152.607, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But the public refused to let ketchup\ngo the way of garum." }, { "start": 156.235, "duration": 5.589, "text": "A whole crop of British cookbooks emerged\nwith recipes for knockoff ketchups," }, { "start": 161.908, "duration": 5.38, "text": "containing everything from oysters\nand anchovies to mushrooms and walnuts." }, { "start": 167.33, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Soon, ketchup became a catch-all name\nfor any brown sauce." }, { "start": 171.834, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And this great ketchup hunt produced some\nof England’s most enduring condiments," }, { "start": 176.881, "duration": 3.587, "text": "including Worcestershire, A1,\nand HP sauce." }, { "start": 180.593, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But it was a chef across the Atlantic" }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 3.253, "text": "who would introduce a new color\nto the equation." }, { "start": 186.474, "duration": 3.044, "text": "While tomatoes varied\nin popularity across Europe," }, { "start": 189.518, "duration": 4.797, "text": "American chefs were putting the New World\nfruit in all kinds of dishes." }, { "start": 194.315, "duration": 5.797, "text": "And in 1812, Philadelphian physician\nand food hobbyist James Mease" }, { "start": 200.112, "duration": 3.17, "text": "debuted the first tomato-based ketchup—" }, { "start": 203.407, "duration": 6.882, "text": "a thin, watery concoction of tomato pulp,\nspices, raw shallots, and brandy." }, { "start": 210.456, "duration": 2.503, "text": "This was a far-cry from fish sauce," }, { "start": 212.959, "duration": 3.086, "text": "but tomatoes have high levels\nof glutamate—" }, { "start": 216.17, "duration": 4.338, "text": "the same chemical responsible\nfor fish sauce’s rich umami flavor." }, { "start": 220.716, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And Mease’s timing was perfect." }, { "start": 223.511, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The back half of the 1800s\nsaw a surge in bottled foods," }, { "start": 227.807, "duration": 4.379, "text": "and tomato ketchup was adopted\nby several burgeoning bottle businesses." }, { "start": 232.353, "duration": 5.172, "text": "By the 1870s, most tomato ketchups\nhad dropped the shallots and brandy" }, { "start": 237.525, "duration": 3.044, "text": "for sugar, salt, and sodium benzoate—" }, { "start": 240.569, "duration": 3.713, "text": "a questionable preservative\nfound in most bottled foods." }, { "start": 244.365, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But the most important change\nto this recipe was yet to come." }, { "start": 248.494, "duration": 3.295, "text": "After a slow start selling\npickled vegetables," }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Henry J. Heinz began selling\na wide variety of popular ketchups." }, { "start": 256.627, "duration": 1.96, "text": "And at the turn of the 20th century," }, { "start": 258.587, "duration": 3.337, "text": "his desire to use healthier,\nnatural ingredients" }, { "start": 261.924, "duration": 2.878, "text": "led Heinz to swap the sodium benzoate" }, { "start": 264.802, "duration": 3.587, "text": "for riper tomatoes\nand a huge amount of vinegar." }, { "start": 268.681, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The resulting thick, goopy formula\nwas an instant best seller—" }, { "start": 272.935, "duration": 2.628, "text": "despite being much harder\nto get out of the bottle." }, { "start": 275.938, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Over the 20th century,\nthis salty red sauce covered the globe—" }, { "start": 280.318, "duration": 3.795, "text": "pairing perfectly with the ambassadors\nof American cuisine." }, { "start": 284.322, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Today, 90% of American households\nhave ketchup in their kitchens," }, { "start": 288.451, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and Heinz’s recipe has\neven become the base" }, { "start": 291.412, "duration": 3.045, "text": "for dozens of other sauces and dressings—" }, { "start": 294.457, "duration": 3.92, "text": "all descendants of the same\nfishy family tree." } ] }, { "video_id": "idrbwnWLJ7w", "title": "Why were scientists so obsessed with these frogs? - Carly Anne York", "description": "Dig into how African clawed frogs can help detect human pregnancy, and how their use in experiments had unintended consequences.\n\n--\n\nIn the early 20th century, pregnancy testing required a slippery piece of equipment: a female African clawed frog. For decades, hospitals and research labs had a trusted supply of these handy creatures, employing their help in testing for pregnancy and in numerous other scientific endeavors. So what makes these frogs so special? Carly Anne York shares the secrets of these remarkable amphibians.\n\nLesson by Carly Anne York, directed by Yajun Shi.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/want-to-know-if-you-re-pregnant-use-this-frog-carly-anne-york\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/want-to-know-if-you-re-pregnant-use-this-frog-carly-anne-york#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.yajunshiportfolio.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel and Talia Sari.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-21T15:01:03Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.67, "duration": 4.254, "text": "You’re just one Roman Empire\nhistory final away" }, { "start": 11.924, "duration": 2.67, "text": "from a relaxing spring break." }, { "start": 15.511, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But you still have so much to study!" }, { "start": 17.847, "duration": 4.046, "text": "So you decide to follow in the footsteps\nof many students before you" }, { "start": 21.893, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and pull an all-nighter." }, { "start": 27.44, "duration": 1.877, "text": "When you stay up all night," }, { "start": 29.317, "duration": 4.671, "text": "you're fighting against your body's\nnatural circadian rhythms." }, { "start": 34.238, "duration": 4.547, "text": "These are the cyclical changes that\nvirtually all living things experience" }, { "start": 38.785, "duration": 4.838, "text": "over the course of a 24-hour period—\nsuch as sleeping and waking—" }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 2.628, "text": "and they’re heavily influenced by light." }, { "start": 46.751, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But for the moment, you're alert\nand powering through" }, { "start": 50.046, "duration": 2.377, "text": "the rule of Julius Caesar." }, { "start": 53.591, "duration": 4.546, "text": "As the sun sets, your eyes send signals\nabout the dwindling light" }, { "start": 58.137, "duration": 4.546, "text": "to a part of your brain called\nsuprachiasmatic nucleus." }, { "start": 63.851, "duration": 3.128, "text": "This is basically your circadian\nrhythm’s clock." }, { "start": 67.105, "duration": 4.045, "text": "It alerts your pineal gland\nto start producing melatonin." }, { "start": 71.359, "duration": 3.044, "text": "That’s the hormone that helps\nprepare your body for sleep," }, { "start": 74.529, "duration": 4.796, "text": "and levels start to rise about two hours\nbefore your normal bedtime." }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 4.505, "text": "At the same time, neurons in the\nhypothalamus and brain stem" }, { "start": 84.205, "duration": 2.753, "text": "release a compound called GABA." }, { "start": 87.125, "duration": 5.505, "text": "This slows down activity in your brain\nand can have a calming effect." }, { "start": 94.09, "duration": 2.419, "text": "You’re approaching your normal bedtime." }, { "start": 96.884, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Since the brain needs to cool down\nbefore sleep," }, { "start": 99.971, "duration": 3.17, "text": "your core body temperature\nstarts to drop." }, { "start": 104.642, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Huh, that map kind of looks like a face." }, { "start": 108.563, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Uh-oh, your attention has\nstarted to drift." }, { "start": 111.732, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Throughout the day, your brain has been\nreleasing a waste product" }, { "start": 115.069, "duration": 1.919, "text": "called adenosine." }, { "start": 117.28, "duration": 3.253, "text": "The more adenosine latching\nonto receptors in your brain," }, { "start": 120.533, "duration": 2.794, "text": "the more tired and inattentive you become." }, { "start": 123.536, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Time for a cup of coffee." }, { "start": 125.538, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Caffeine blocks adenosine\nfrom binding to receptors," }, { "start": 129.333, "duration": 2.086, "text": "which can give you a boost of energy." }, { "start": 131.794, "duration": 4.838, "text": "However, it might also make you jittery\nand increase your anxiety." }, { "start": 138.009, "duration": 2.294, "text": "You’re acing these flashcards!" }, { "start": 140.303, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Right now these dates and names\nare being stored" }, { "start": 142.972, "duration": 3.67, "text": "in an area of the brain\ncalled the hippocampus." }, { "start": 146.934, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Normally when you go to sleep,\nmemories like these are consolidated" }, { "start": 151.23, "duration": 4.63, "text": "and slotted into long-term storage\nin your brain’s neocortex." }, { "start": 155.985, "duration": 3.295, "text": "So it’s a good thing you only need\nto remember this information" }, { "start": 159.28, "duration": 1.251, "text": "through tomorrow." }, { "start": 164.202, "duration": 5.463, "text": "Microsleeps are unpredictable periods\nof sleep that last for only a few seconds" }, { "start": 169.665, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and are triggered by sleep deprivation." }, { "start": 172.627, "duration": 2.836, "text": "You stretch in an attempt to stay awake." }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But at this point your motor skills\nhave also taken a hit." }, { "start": 179.008, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Studies have found that people\nwho have been awake for 19 hours" }, { "start": 182.803, "duration": 4.964, "text": "have similar coordination and reaction\ntimes as those who have been drinking." }, { "start": 189.727, "duration": 4.213, "text": "As the sun rises, your pineal gland\nstops releasing melatonin." }, { "start": 194.232, "duration": 2.919, "text": "You feel a “second wind” come on." }, { "start": 197.443, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And despite everything, you leave\nfor school in a really good mood." }, { "start": 201.739, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Sleep deprivation can briefly\ninduce euphoria." }, { "start": 205.409, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It's caused a temporary boost\nin dopamine levels," }, { "start": 208.412, "duration": 4.296, "text": "which can unfortunately\nalso lead to poor choices." }, { "start": 214.293, "duration": 1.752, "text": "The final starts off well." }, { "start": 216.295, "duration": 1.585, "text": "It’s all multiple choice!" }, { "start": 217.964, "duration": 2.627, "text": "But then you get to the essay portion." }, { "start": 221.634, "duration": 1.835, "text": "It’s thought that during sleep," }, { "start": 223.469, "duration": 4.171, "text": "our brains process ideas and draw\nconnections between new memories" }, { "start": 227.64, "duration": 1.126, "text": "and old ones." }, { "start": 228.891, "duration": 4.088, "text": "So your sleepless brain\nmight be able to regurgitate facts," }, { "start": 233.229, "duration": 4.379, "text": "but you're finding it more difficult\nto find patterns or problem solve." }, { "start": 238.067, "duration": 3.212, "text": "You stare at the blank page, defeated." }, { "start": 243.281, "duration": 3.211, "text": "You head up to your room,\nanxious and irritable." }, { "start": 246.617, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Your amygdala, the part of the brain\ninvolved with processing emotion," }, { "start": 250.371, "duration": 1.752, "text": "is going haywire. " }, { "start": 252.373, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Your prefrontal cortex usually keeps\nyour amygdala in check," }, { "start": 255.751, "duration": 2.461, "text": "but it still isn't firing\non all cylinders." }, { "start": 258.296, "duration": 3.294, "text": "Your bed has never felt so sweet." }, { "start": 263.05, "duration": 4.713, "text": "After one sleepless night, your body\nand brain bounce back pretty quickly." }, { "start": 268.014, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Which is a good thing since we can’t\nalways control how much sleep we get." }, { "start": 272.727, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But going for long periods without\na good night's sleep" }, { "start": 275.73, "duration": 3.92, "text": "or constantly changing your bedtime,\ncan take its toll." }, { "start": 279.817, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Regularly getting less than seven hours\nof sleep each night " }, { "start": 283.237, "duration": 2.503, "text": "is linked to all sorts of health issues," }, { "start": 285.74, "duration": 3.295, "text": "from diabetes to stroke to chronic pain." }, { "start": 289.41, "duration": 3.462, "text": "It also leaves you more vulnerable\nto developing mental health issues" }, { "start": 292.872, "duration": 1.126, "text": "like depression." }, { "start": 294.332, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Your sleep schedule\ncan even affect your grades." }, { "start": 297.877, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Studies have shown that college students\nwho keep regular sleep hours have," }, { "start": 301.797, "duration": 3.754, "text": "on average, a higher GPA than\nstudents who don't." }, { "start": 305.926, "duration": 3.129, "text": "So the next time you’re thinking\nof pulling an all-nighter," }, { "start": 309.055, "duration": 3.253, "text": "remember that Rome wasn’t built in a day," }, { "start": 312.641, "duration": 3.17, "text": "or for that matter, one night." } ] }, { "video_id": "9sNpMb4M7XM", "title": "Why is this painting of a black square famous? - Allison Leigh", "description": "Discover the symbolism of Kazimir Malevich’s “Black Square,” and how it pushed the boundaries of what art is and what it can be.\n\n--\n\nIn 1915, an exhibition of radical artworks opened in Russia. Many pieces pushed the boundaries of form and style, but one was particularly controversial: Kazimir Malevich’s “Black Square.” Criticized as simple and uninspired, Malevich’s work is more complicated than it first appears— and may not be a painting of a black square at all. Allison Leigh digs into the art style known as Suprematism.\n\nLesson by Allison Leigh, directed by Alexia Roider, Zedem Media.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-this-black-square-famous-allison-leigh\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-this-black-square-famous-allison-leigh#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.zedemanimations.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon and Geoffrey Bultitude.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-19T15:00:52Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 4.421, "text": "In 2018, an orca called\nTahlequah gave birth." }, { "start": 11.799, "duration": 2.628, "text": "But her daughter died within an hour." }, { "start": 14.594, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Tahlequah, however, didn’t leave her body." }, { "start": 18.347, "duration": 6.215, "text": "And over the next 17 days \nand 1,600 kilometers," }, { "start": 24.687, "duration": 2.961, "text": "she kept it afloat atop her own," }, { "start": 27.774, "duration": 3.545, "text": "diving to retrieve the body \nwhenever it slipped away," }, { "start": 31.486, "duration": 2.794, "text": "even after it began deteriorating." }, { "start": 34.947, "duration": 2.837, "text": "By altering her feeding \nand travel patterns," }, { "start": 37.825, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Tahlequah’s behavior\nwas certainly unusual." }, { "start": 41.996, "duration": 2.92, "text": "But was she mourning— or just confused?" }, { "start": 45.083, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Do non-human animals grieve?" }, { "start": 48.294, "duration": 1.835, "text": "This question is tricky." }, { "start": 50.505, "duration": 4.129, "text": "In 1871, Charles Darwin argued\nthat other animals" }, { "start": 54.634, "duration": 4.045, "text": "experience a wide range of emotions,\nincluding grief." }, { "start": 59.138, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But, especially in the absence \nof a dependable bridge" }, { "start": 63.184, "duration": 2.336, "text": "between our minds and theirs," }, { "start": 65.603, "duration": 2.753, "text": "many scientists have long been wary" }, { "start": 68.356, "duration": 3.712, "text": "of projecting human emotions\nonto other animals." }, { "start": 72.318, "duration": 5.005, "text": "It’s also been thought that they might\ndisplay irregular behaviors after a death" }, { "start": 77.323, "duration": 2.211, "text": "for other adaptive reasons." }, { "start": 79.784, "duration": 5.714, "text": "And, for a while, the paradigm was\nthat humans were exceptional:" }, { "start": 85.498, "duration": 3.003, "text": "other animals were reacting and surviving," }, { "start": 88.501, "duration": 3.837, "text": "while we alone were thinking and feeling." }, { "start": 92.964, "duration": 4.671, "text": "This conception was increasingly\nchallenged during the 20th century." }, { "start": 97.844, "duration": 3.92, "text": "In 1985, for example, \na gorilla called Koko," }, { "start": 101.764, "duration": 4.129, "text": "who'd been trained to use some signs\nfrom American Sign Language," }, { "start": 105.893, "duration": 3.128, "text": "was told that her kitten\ncompanion had died." }, { "start": 109.063, "duration": 3.295, "text": "She made distress calls,\nand several weeks later," }, { "start": 112.358, "duration": 6.548, "text": "looking at a photo of another kitten\nsigned “cry,” “sad,” and “frown.”" }, { "start": 119.824, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Now there’s a growing pool\nof data and observations" }, { "start": 123.786, "duration": 4.171, "text": "suggesting that some animals,\nincluding mammals and birds," }, { "start": 127.957, "duration": 3.42, "text": "might experience what we call grief." }, { "start": 132.253, "duration": 5.38, "text": "In 2003, Eleanor, \nan elephant matriarch, collapsed." }, { "start": 138.259, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Within minutes, another matriarch called\nGrace neared and helped Eleanor stand," }, { "start": 144.056, "duration": 2.211, "text": "only for her to fall again." }, { "start": 146.934, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Grace vocalized, stayed by Eleanor’s side,\nand tried pushing her back up." }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 4.171, "text": "When Eleanor died,\na female named Maui approached," }, { "start": 157.361, "duration": 5.089, "text": "positioned herself over Eleanor’s body,\nand rocked back and forth." }, { "start": 162.825, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Over the course of one week," }, { "start": 165.036, "duration": 4.421, "text": "elephants from five different families\nvisited Eleanor’s body." }, { "start": 169.874, "duration": 1.877, "text": "On separate occasions," }, { "start": 171.751, "duration": 4.129, "text": "elephants have been observed carrying\nthe remains of family members," }, { "start": 175.88, "duration": 2.669, "text": "including jawbones and tusks." }, { "start": 179.759, "duration": 5.589, "text": "In 2010, a giraffe was born with a\ndeformed foot and had trouble walking." }, { "start": 185.64, "duration": 2.586, "text": "The calf lived just four weeks." }, { "start": 188.392, "duration": 5.84, "text": "On the day the calf died,\n22 other females and four juveniles" }, { "start": 194.232, "duration": 4.087, "text": "closely attended and occasionally\nnuzzled the body." }, { "start": 198.527, "duration": 4.88, "text": "On the third morning, the mother\nwas alone and still not eating," }, { "start": 203.407, "duration": 2.962, "text": "which giraffes usually do constantly." }, { "start": 206.619, "duration": 6.715, "text": "Instead, she stayed by her dead calf,\neven after hyenas ate away at the body." }, { "start": 213.96, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Scientists have also begun quantitatively\nassessing other animals’" }, { "start": 218.422, "duration": 1.502, "text": "responses to death." }, { "start": 220.466, "duration": 6.381, "text": "In 2006, researchers analyzed\nbaboon fecal samples for glucocorticoids," }, { "start": 226.973, "duration": 3.962, "text": "stress hormones that spike\nwhen humans are bereaved." }, { "start": 231.31, "duration": 4.171, "text": "They compared the samples from females\nwho had lost a close relative" }, { "start": 235.523, "duration": 3.253, "text": "in a predator attack \nwith those who hadn’t." }, { "start": 239.068, "duration": 4.504, "text": "And they found that the glucocorticoid\nlevels of baboons who had" }, { "start": 243.572, "duration": 3.754, "text": "were significantly higher the month\nfollowing the death." }, { "start": 247.91, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Those baboons then increased\ntheir grooming behavior" }, { "start": 251.33, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and the number of their grooming partners," }, { "start": 254.166, "duration": 3.254, "text": "broadening and strengthening\ntheir social networks." }, { "start": 257.712, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Within two months, their glucocorticoid\nlevels returned to the baseline." }, { "start": 263.551, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Researchers have also observed primate\nmothers engaging in apparently" }, { "start": 268.306, "duration": 3.878, "text": "contradictory behaviors while carrying\ntheir dead children." }, { "start": 272.601, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Like switching between cannibalizing\nor dragging their child’s corpse" }, { "start": 277.356, "duration": 2.67, "text": "and carefully carrying or grooming it," }, { "start": 280.276, "duration": 4.171, "text": "suggesting that the mothers were\nexperiencing conflicting impulses" }, { "start": 284.447, "duration": 1.543, "text": "towards the bodies." }, { "start": 287.074, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Our current understanding \nof the emotional landscapes" }, { "start": 289.785, "duration": 2.795, "text": "of other animals is severely limited." }, { "start": 292.872, "duration": 3.462, "text": "To get a better grasp on mourning\nin the animal kingdom," }, { "start": 296.334, "duration": 2.711, "text": "we need a lot more research." }, { "start": 299.42, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But where does this leave us for now?" }, { "start": 301.881, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Conversations around whether non-human\nanimals experience emotions, like grief," }, { "start": 308.262, "duration": 2.086, "text": "can be emotional," }, { "start": 310.639, "duration": 4.463, "text": "in part because their outcomes\nhave very real implications—" }, { "start": 315.269, "duration": 4.421, "text": "like determining if orcas should be\nisolated and kept in captivity," }, { "start": 319.857, "duration": 4.421, "text": "or whether dairy cows should be separated\nfrom their newborn calves." }, { "start": 324.695, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Until we do have more data on the subject," }, { "start": 327.823, "duration": 5.464, "text": "should we treat non-human animals like\nthey may have the capacity to grieve?" }, { "start": 333.788, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Or assume they don’t?" }, { "start": 336.665, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Which belief could cause more harm?" } ] }, { "video_id": "43qXqa8Q8o4", "title": "Do you ever feel isolated amongst your peers? #shorts", "description": "Our animated interpretation of Clint Smith’s poem “Ode to the Only Black Kid in the Class\" directed by Niv Sekar. \n\nThis animation is part of our series, \"There's a Poem for That,\" which features animated interpretations of poems both old and new that give language to some of life's biggest feelings. Check out the full series here: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTheresAPoemForThat \n\n#shorts", "publishedAt": "2023-09-18T17:14:28Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 4.838, "text": "In 1731, a fire broke out\nin London’s Cotton Library." }, { "start": 11.924, "duration": 3.754, "text": "To protect some of the world’s\nmost prized manuscripts—" }, { "start": 15.678, "duration": 3.003, "text": "including one-of-a-kind\nilluminated Bibles," }, { "start": 18.681, "duration": 5.13, "text": "centuries-old Arthurian literature,\nand even a copy of the Magna Carta—" }, { "start": 23.811, "duration": 4.046, "text": "librarians frantically flung texts\nout of the windows." }, { "start": 28.149, "duration": 2.502, "text": "But while they couldn’t save everything," }, { "start": 30.651, "duration": 6.048, "text": "they did manage to salvage the only known\ncopy of a strange Scandinavian poem." }, { "start": 36.991, "duration": 2.878, "text": "An epic written in Old English," }, { "start": 39.869, "duration": 3.503, "text": "“Beowulf” is known\nfor its haunting monsters," }, { "start": 43.372, "duration": 3.671, "text": "dream-like language\nand paranoid perspective," }, { "start": 47.043, "duration": 5.38, "text": "in which violent threats are always\nwaiting on the fringes of society." }, { "start": 53.299, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The action begins in the great hall\nof Denmark," }, { "start": 57.136, "duration": 5.089, "text": "as King Hrothgar and his people\ncelebrate what they hope will be the start" }, { "start": 62.225, "duration": 2.127, "text": "of a peaceful new era." }, { "start": 64.727, "duration": 5.506, "text": "But in the marshy moors outside the city,\na grisly monster lays in wait." }, { "start": 70.525, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Said to be a “misshapen man”" }, { "start": 72.819, "duration": 5.13, "text": "descended from those who first unleashed\nevil into the world," }, { "start": 78.116, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Grendel was roused by the clamor\nof human joy." }, { "start": 83.162, "duration": 3.796, "text": "He burst into the hall,\ndevouring anyone he could snatch." }, { "start": 87.041, "duration": 4.963, "text": "But while countless fell,\nhis reign of terror was only beginning." }, { "start": 92.38, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Every night for the next 12 years," }, { "start": 95.591, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Grendel descended to feast\non more unlucky souls." }, { "start": 101.013, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Tales of Denmark’s plight\nstretched far and wide—" }, { "start": 105.351, "duration": 3.378, "text": "but only one was bold enough\nto offer his aid." }, { "start": 108.938, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Beowulf, a prince of Geats\nfrom what is now Sweden," }, { "start": 113.067, "duration": 4.046, "text": "had a burning desire\nto perform great deeds." }, { "start": 117.321, "duration": 4.296, "text": "So he sailed the treacherous\nwhale-road to help the Danes." }, { "start": 121.993, "duration": 1.71, "text": "And after a warm welcome." }, { "start": 123.703, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Beowulf stationed himself in the hall,\nwaiting for nightfall." }, { "start": 128.416, "duration": 5.422, "text": "The moment Grendel flung open the doors,\nhe seized the creature’s battle talons." }, { "start": 133.963, "duration": 3.795, "text": "As they wrestled, fixtures fell,\ngoblets shattered," }, { "start": 137.758, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and mead benches exploded into splinters." }, { "start": 141.387, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Finally, Grendel gave a mighty wrench,\ntearing his own arm at the shoulder." }, { "start": 146.851, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Mortally wounded, he fled\nto his desolate swamp to die." }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 3.796, "text": "When the Danes saw Beowulf holding\nGrendel’s arm," }, { "start": 156.152, "duration": 2.044, "text": "they were overjoyed." }, { "start": 158.613, "duration": 5.38, "text": "But little did they know,\nan even deadlier beast was stirring." }, { "start": 164.41, "duration": 5.214, "text": "The next night, Grendel’s mother\ncame to avenge her son," }, { "start": 169.874, "duration": 4.921, "text": "ripping through the celebrations\nand stealing her son's severed limb." }, { "start": 175.296, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Ever the hero, Beowulf journeyed\nover endless moors and jagged rocks" }, { "start": 179.842, "duration": 3.337, "text": "to track the bride of hell to her lair:" }, { "start": 183.387, "duration": 3.712, "text": "a sinister lake infested\nwith demonic reptiles." }, { "start": 187.308, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Beowulf fearlessly plunged into the water," }, { "start": 190.144, "duration": 5.631, "text": "sinking to the lake’s eerily dry bottom\nwhere Grendel’s mother lay waiting." }, { "start": 195.983, "duration": 4.922, "text": "The warrior quickly realized\nhis sword was useless against the demon," }, { "start": 200.905, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and his fists were barely better." }, { "start": 203.449, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Then, as Grendel’s mother\ntightened her grip on Beowulf’s throat," }, { "start": 208.496, "duration": 3.17, "text": "his gaze fell upon a legendary blade." }, { "start": 211.791, "duration": 2.711, "text": "He recognized it as a giant’s weapon—" }, { "start": 214.502, "duration": 3.837, "text": "so heavy that only a worthy man\ncould wield it." }, { "start": 218.714, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Unfortunately for the monster,\nthe prince was one such warrior." }, { "start": 224.178, "duration": 4.296, "text": "With a swift strike,\nBeowulf beheaded Grendel’s mother," }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 4.296, "text": "flooding her lair\nwith cleansing holy light." }, { "start": 233.646, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Returning to the hall triumphant," }, { "start": 236.399, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Beowulf was hailed\nas the greatest hero in generations." }, { "start": 241.028, "duration": 2.044, "text": "But amidst the celebration," }, { "start": 243.155, "duration": 5.089, "text": "King Hrothgar cautioned the prince\nto stay humble and alert to evil—" }, { "start": 248.369, "duration": 3.462, "text": "which he would not always be able\nto fend off alone." }, { "start": 252.54, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Beowulf returned home and for decades\nruled a peaceful kingdom." }, { "start": 258.17, "duration": 6.757, "text": "Yet after 50 years upon the throne,\nhe began to feel a rising unease." }, { "start": 265.094, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Sure enough, violence was brewing\non the outskirts of his realm." }, { "start": 269.849, "duration": 4.463, "text": "A servant had fled underground\nto escape his cruel master," }, { "start": 274.395, "duration": 3.503, "text": "disturbing a sleeping dragon\nin the process." }, { "start": 278.232, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Knowing he could no longer defeat\nsuch a fearsome foe by himself," }, { "start": 282.945, "duration": 2.294, "text": "the king marshaled his soldiers." }, { "start": 285.448, "duration": 4.337, "text": "But his hand-picked warriors\nwere too cowardly to fight." }, { "start": 289.994, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Only young Wiglaf, seeing his king\nin the heat of battle," }, { "start": 294.415, "duration": 2.127, "text": "rose to meet this challenge." }, { "start": 296.667, "duration": 4.922, "text": "The heroes dodged blasts of flame\nand talons sharp as sickles," }, { "start": 301.589, "duration": 4.463, "text": "until suddenly, the dragon snapped\nits fangs into Beowulf’s neck." }, { "start": 306.302, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Seeing his opportunity,\nWiglaf punctured the beast’s belly." }, { "start": 310.348, "duration": 2.252, "text": "And as it howled in pain," }, { "start": 312.6, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Beowulf summoned his last ounce\nof strength to finish the dragon" }, { "start": 317.355, "duration": 1.793, "text": "with a simple dagger." }, { "start": 319.774, "duration": 4.629, "text": "With the monster gone and his final act\nof heroism complete," }, { "start": 324.57, "duration": 3.837, "text": "the King of the Geats\npassed his title on to Wiglaf—" }, { "start": 328.824, "duration": 3.796, "text": "finally leaving the mortal plane\nto join his ancestors" }, { "start": 332.62, "duration": 2.669, "text": "in the next great adventure." } ] }, { "video_id": "dzX8hvoGtT8", "title": "What happens when you fall into piranha-infested waters? - Antonio Machado-Allison", "description": "Dig into the truth about piranhas and their feeding frenzies, and find out what would likely happen if you fell into their waters.\n\n--\n\nYou’re peering into the Amazon River when, suddenly, you lose your footing and fall. Piranhas dart about in the rapidly approaching water. So, are you doomed? Will your fall trigger a feeding frenzy that will skeletonize your body within minutes? Antonio Machado-Allison shares what we know about these purportedly ferocious fish.\n\nLesson by Antonio Machado-Allison, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-you-fall-into-piranha-infested-waters-antonio-machado-allison\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-when-you-fall-into-piranha-infested-waters-antonio-machado-allison#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/anton_bogaty\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart and Nathan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-14T15:00:34Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Could it be a succulent,\npink, wiggling worm?" }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 3.295, "text": "No, it was actually this\nalligator snapping turtle's" }, { "start": 13.968, "duration": 3.504, "text": "blood-engorged tongue appendage\nacting as a lure." }, { "start": 17.597, "duration": 3.587, "text": "It's far from the only animal\ndoing tongue trickery." }, { "start": 21.392, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Fish attracted to prey-like ripples\nat the water's surface" }, { "start": 24.854, "duration": 2.961, "text": "might find themselves in the jaws\nof water snakes" }, { "start": 27.815, "duration": 3.003, "text": "who used their tongues\nto put those ripples there." }, { "start": 30.902, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Snowy egrets do the same thing." }, { "start": 33.279, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And puff adders lingually mimic insect\nmovements to snag amphibians." }, { "start": 38.367, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Tongues are getting all kinds of busy\nacross the animal kingdom—" }, { "start": 42.455, "duration": 2.044, "text": "for many different reasons. " }, { "start": 44.665, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Some are used as murderous missiles\nin ambush attacks." }, { "start": 48.628, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Within the chameleon's mouth," }, { "start": 50.171, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a tongue muscle squeezes a series\nof concentric sheaths" }, { "start": 53.549, "duration": 3.963, "text": "around a cartilaginous rod,\nstoring elastic energy." }, { "start": 57.595, "duration": 1.752, "text": "As the muscle further contracts," }, { "start": 59.347, "duration": 2.878, "text": "the tongue tissues slip\nover the tip of the rod," }, { "start": 62.225, "duration": 4.004, "text": "releasing their stored energy and\naccelerating the tongue forward." }, { "start": 66.395, "duration": 4.255, "text": "With a suction-cup-like-tip\nand saliva 400 times thicker—" }, { "start": 70.65, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and therefore much stickier— than our own," }, { "start": 73.152, "duration": 4.254, "text": "the chameleon's tongue shoots\nout at almost 5 meters per second" }, { "start": 77.406, "duration": 1.836, "text": "and ensnares its target. " }, { "start": 79.325, "duration": 5.506, "text": "The rosette-nosed pygmy chameleon can\nshoot its tongue 2.5 times its body length" }, { "start": 84.831, "duration": 5.13, "text": "at speeds equivalent to a car going\nfrom 0 to 96 kilometers per hour" }, { "start": 89.961, "duration": 1.71, "text": "in a hundredth of a second." }, { "start": 91.838, "duration": 4.462, "text": "It might take the cake when it comes\nto the animal kingdom's fastest tongue—" }, { "start": 96.3, "duration": 3.087, "text": "and the one that stretches the longest\nrelative to body size." }, { "start": 99.387, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Except the cake is obviously a bug." }, { "start": 102.473, "duration": 3.754, "text": "A giant palm salamander's\nspring-loaded tongue, meanwhile," }, { "start": 106.227, "duration": 4.755, "text": "packs its punch from two long muscles\nthat stretch past its front legs." }, { "start": 111.19, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Once contracted, they compress the arms\nof the cartilaginous skeleton" }, { "start": 115.403, "duration": 2.252, "text": "at the base of the salamander's tongue," }, { "start": 117.738, "duration": 3.546, "text": "which then launches out with the rest\nof its tongue tissues." }, { "start": 121.534, "duration": 1.96, "text": "From this elastic energy release," }, { "start": 123.494, "duration": 4.296, "text": "the salamander achieves more instantaneous\npower per kilogram of muscle" }, { "start": 127.79, "duration": 4.296, "text": "than any vertebrate on record,\naffording it whip-quick captures." }, { "start": 132.211, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Certain amphibians have their tongues\nrouted to the front of their mouths." }, { "start": 136.924, "duration": 1.835, "text": "With the drop of its lower jaw," }, { "start": 138.759, "duration": 2.962, "text": "the northern leopard frog's\ntongue flips out." }, { "start": 141.721, "duration": 5.255, "text": "And because frog tongues are super soft—\nup to 10 times softer than our own—" }, { "start": 146.976, "duration": 2.794, "text": "they stretch to cover a wide surface area." }, { "start": 149.77, "duration": 3.337, "text": "They're also covered in glands\nthat secrete sticky saliva" }, { "start": 153.107, "duration": 2.503, "text": "to maximize those areas of contact. " }, { "start": 155.693, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Then, because the leopard frog's tongue\nis positioned so far forward," }, { "start": 159.864, "duration": 4.629, "text": "it can retract its eyes to help push\nthe prey down its throat." }, { "start": 164.702, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Blue-tongued skinks, meanwhile," }, { "start": 166.746, "duration": 3.587, "text": "seem to display their extraordinary\ntongues defensively," }, { "start": 170.333, "duration": 4.129, "text": "dazing predators and robbing\ntheir aerial attacks of momentum." }, { "start": 174.545, "duration": 3.337, "text": "For other animals,\nit's all about lingual length." }, { "start": 177.882, "duration": 3.712, "text": "When red-bellied woodpeckers'\nextended, barbed tongues" }, { "start": 181.594, "duration": 2.794, "text": "aren't probing for\nprotein-rich comestibles," }, { "start": 184.388, "duration": 2.336, "text": "they're wrapped around their skulls." }, { "start": 186.724, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And giant anteaters evoke the question," }, { "start": 189.143, "duration": 3.754, "text": "\"why have teeth or a mouth you can\nopen any considerable amount" }, { "start": 192.897, "duration": 2.377, "text": "when you could have\na 60-centimeter-long tongue" }, { "start": 195.274, "duration": 3.629, "text": "clad in backward-facing spines\nand adhesive saliva" }, { "start": 198.903, "duration": 2.753, "text": "that catches up to 30,000 termites\nand ants a day?\"" }, { "start": 202.031, "duration": 3.837, "text": "To which evolution answered,\n\"you actually have a really good point.\"" }, { "start": 206.285, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Tube-lipped nectar bats' food\nsources are less animated." }, { "start": 209.914, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But still, to reach bellflower nectar," }, { "start": 212.458, "duration": 2.753, "text": "their tongues are 50% longer\nthan their bodies—" }, { "start": 215.211, "duration": 3.378, "text": "the longest relative to body size\namong mammals." }, { "start": 218.756, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Tongue textures also vary widely." }, { "start": 221.55, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Tiny structures called papillae\ncover tongues," }, { "start": 224.929, "duration": 3.837, "text": "facilitating touch and taste sensitivity\nand more." }, { "start": 229.058, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Rainbow lorikeet papillae bloom into\nfeathery projections that sop up nectar." }, { "start": 234.48, "duration": 4.588, "text": "And penguins press their backward-facing,\ncentimeter-long, spiny tongue" }, { "start": 239.068, "duration": 3.962, "text": " and palate papillae together\nto secure their slippery catch" }, { "start": 243.03, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and direct it into their gullet." }, { "start": 244.74, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Meanwhile, sandpapery feline papillae are\nthought to retain saliva" }, { "start": 249.578, "duration": 1.502, "text": "during self-grooming," }, { "start": 251.08, "duration": 3.587, "text": "helping cats cool, detangle,\nand distribute scents." }, { "start": 254.792, "duration": 5.13, "text": "And, of course, some reptilian tongues\nreach a fork in their roads." }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Snakes spread their tongue tips\napart near the ground" }, { "start": 263.009, "duration": 2.043, "text": "and whip them up and down in the air," }, { "start": 265.052, "duration": 3.921, "text": "sending odor molecules back into their\nvomeronasal organs." }, { "start": 269.14, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Like having two ears, each tongue tip\ndelivers a slightly different" }, { "start": 273.06, "duration": 2.169, "text": "odor sampling from the environment, " }, { "start": 275.229, "duration": 4.004, "text": "helping establish a more\ncomprehensive stereo scent map." }, { "start": 279.233, "duration": 3.879, "text": "This way, snakes can determine\nwhere an odor cue is strongest" }, { "start": 283.112, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and stay on the trails of prey and mates." }, { "start": 286.407, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And that is just a taste of the\nfascinating things you'll find" }, { "start": 290.244, "duration": 4.088, "text": "when the animal kingdom opens wide\nand sticks its tongue out at you." } ] }, { "video_id": "hYo64qPEGw8", "title": "Can you change your sleep schedule?", "description": "Are you an early bird or a night owl? Explore how your circadian system acts as an internal clock to keep your body functioning.\n\n--\n\nAn early bird rises with the sun, springing out of bed abuzz with energy. Meanwhile, a night owl groggily rises much later, not hitting their stride until late in the day. How many people are truly night owls or early birds? And are our sleep schedules predetermined at birth, or can we change them? Explore how our circadian systems act as internal clocks to keep our bodies functioning properly.\n\nDirected by Avi Ofer.\n\nA special thanks to Jamie M. Zeitzer, Ph.D who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-change-your-sleep-schedule\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-change-your-sleep-schedule#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li and Cristóbal Moenne.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-12T15:01:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Ragnarok has been raging for far too long;" }, { "start": 11.007, "duration": 4.963, "text": "many gods and heroes have fallen,\nand the rest can barely stand." }, { "start": 16.512, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Loki, his bright eyes\ndimmed by exhaustion," }, { "start": 19.849, "duration": 1.376, "text": "asks to meet." }, { "start": 21.517, "duration": 4.672, "text": "He proposes that you and he settle\nthe conflict with a game" }, { "start": 26.189, "duration": 3.879, "text": "atop a sacred table engraved\nwith your names." }, { "start": 30.943, "duration": 1.919, "text": "It has the following rules:" }, { "start": 32.987, "duration": 4.963, "text": "one player will carve any number\nof crosses into the table," }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 2.086, "text": "then play begins." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Each turn, the active player\nmust carve a line" }, { "start": 44.791, "duration": 5.797, "text": "connecting two open ends without\ntouching itself or another line." }, { "start": 51.089, "duration": 4.295, "text": "Then, he must carve a short segment\nacross that new line" }, { "start": 55.384, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and pass the knife to the other player." }, { "start": 58.471, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Only crosses and\nend-of-turn segments are in play." }, { "start": 63.768, "duration": 5.505, "text": "Whoever makes the last valid move\nwins and will rule the new world." }, { "start": 69.69, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Loki will let you carve however many\ncrosses you want into the table," }, { "start": 75.071, "duration": 4.129, "text": "then he’ll choose whether he goes\nfirst or second." }, { "start": 79.951, "duration": 2.669, "text": "You’re certain the trickster\nis up to something," }, { "start": 83.412, "duration": 1.585, "text": "so how can you beat him?" }, { "start": 85.164, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 88.251, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 90.586, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 92.713, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Often the best way to analyze\na game like this—" }, { "start": 96.259, "duration": 4.17, "text": "which was invented by John Conway\nunder the name Brussels Sprouts—" }, { "start": 100.513, "duration": 1.293, "text": "is to try it out." }, { "start": 102.014, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Let’s start with the simplest case:\na single cross." }, { "start": 106.018, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Here, no matter how we play,\nthe game ends in three moves." }, { "start": 111.44, "duration": 4.046, "text": "With two crosses,\nthe game always ends in eight." }, { "start": 115.695, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And with three crosses, 13 moves." }, { "start": 118.948, "duration": 2.461, "text": "That’s a bad sign if it continues—" }, { "start": 121.409, "duration": 5.547, "text": "however many crosses you carve,\nLoki could choose the turn order and win." }, { "start": 127.29, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But this pattern doesn’t necessarily\nmean that every game is fixed—" }, { "start": 132.086, "duration": 5.798, "text": "perhaps 10 or 15 or 100 crosses\nhas some winnable condition." }, { "start": 138.426, "duration": 2.461, "text": "So let's try to understand\nwhat's happening." }, { "start": 141.179, "duration": 4.17, "text": "We can start by looking at the\nfinal states of a few games." }, { "start": 145.892, "duration": 3.712, "text": "As chaotic as they seem,\nthere’s something interesting here." }, { "start": 149.854, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Every game ends with a number\nof distinct regions," }, { "start": 153.816, "duration": 3.17, "text": "each with exactly one line poking in." }, { "start": 157.236, "duration": 5.464, "text": "The one cross game has four—\nthese three, and the one outside the blob." }, { "start": 162.95, "duration": 5.214, "text": "Two crosses produces eight regions,\nand three crosses, 12." }, { "start": 168.372, "duration": 1.293, "text": "That makes sense;" }, { "start": 169.665, "duration": 4.213, "text": "each cross started with exactly four\npoints that we could carve from—" }, { "start": 174.045, "duration": 2.419, "text": "we can think of those as lives." }, { "start": 176.756, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Each turn removes two ends,\nthen adds two more." }, { "start": 181.385, "duration": 3.295, "text": "But when one is stuck by itself\nin an enclosure," }, { "start": 184.68, "duration": 2.461, "text": "it’s unusable and we lose a life." }, { "start": 187.516, "duration": 1.419, "text": "By the end of the game" }, { "start": 188.935, "duration": 4.379, "text": "all but one of those lives has been\nclaimed by an enclosed shape," }, { "start": 193.481, "duration": 3.92, "text": "with the last poking out into the\ngreat blank beyond." }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And when do we make an enclosed shape?\nAlmost always." }, { "start": 201.864, "duration": 4.546, "text": "In this game, we closed one off there,\nand there, and there." }, { "start": 206.827, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Sometimes they immediately claim a life," }, { "start": 209.997, "duration": 3.712, "text": "but sometimes it happens later\nto two at once," }, { "start": 213.793, "duration": 2.878, "text": "like when we divide a region in half." }, { "start": 216.837, "duration": 4.38, "text": "But even that move added one more\nregion than we previously had—" }, { "start": 221.384, "duration": 2.252, "text": "we turned one into two." }, { "start": 223.928, "duration": 3.628, "text": "The only time we don’t create\na new enclosure" }, { "start": 227.556, "duration": 4.296, "text": "is when we connect two separate clusters,\nlike this." }, { "start": 232.144, "duration": 5.631, "text": "A cluster might involve a single cross\nor a blob that’s formed around multiple." }, { "start": 238.15, "duration": 3.838, "text": "We never end up with an enclosed\nregion without a line," }, { "start": 242.071, "duration": 3.337, "text": "because whenever we make a region,\nwe carve a new segment," }, { "start": 245.533, "duration": 1.793, "text": "half of which pokes in." }, { "start": 247.535, "duration": 3.628, "text": "We also never end with a region\nwith multiple lines," }, { "start": 251.163, "duration": 3.796, "text": "because then we could connect them\nand divide the region further." }, { "start": 255.584, "duration": 3.129, "text": "So back to the single cross game." }, { "start": 258.963, "duration": 3.462, "text": "We start with four lives\nin one giant region." }, { "start": 262.675, "duration": 3.545, "text": "After we carve the first line,\nwe have two regions." }, { "start": 266.304, "duration": 2.544, "text": "After the second line,\nthree regions." }, { "start": 268.973, "duration": 3.003, "text": "And after the third, four,\nso we’re done." }, { "start": 272.476, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Adding a second cross gives us\nfour more lives," }, { "start": 276.605, "duration": 4.338, "text": "and also a free move that\ndoesn’t make an enclosure," }, { "start": 281.027, "duration": 3.586, "text": "whenever we choose\nto connect these two clusters." }, { "start": 285.197, "duration": 5.089, "text": "The third cross adds four more lives\nand another free move." }, { "start": 290.494, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So that’s why the total number of turns\ngoes up by five each time—" }, { "start": 295.166, "duration": 3.461, "text": "four extra lives plus one free move." }, { "start": 298.794, "duration": 5.297, "text": "All of which is to say:\nLoki, true to form, has rigged the game." }, { "start": 304.425, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The only way to win is\nto trick the trickster..." }, { "start": 307.803, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and there is something he overlooked." }, { "start": 310.931, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Let's say you carve one cross." }, { "start": 313.768, "duration": 6.339, "text": "Loki chooses to go first, anticipating\na quick and easy win on turn three." }, { "start": 320.441, "duration": 2.878, "text": "So when, on your first move," }, { "start": 323.527, "duration": 4.63, "text": "you carve a line all the way \nto the last letter in your name," }, { "start": 328.324, "duration": 5.672, "text": "his triumphant sneer passes\nthrough shock, dismay, and rage." }, { "start": 334.246, "duration": 4.421, "text": "But rules are rules,\nand a cross is a cross." } ] }, { "video_id": "VP0fd2be71s", "title": "Can you solve the cursed dice riddle? - Dan Finkel", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nAh, spring. As Demeter, Goddess of the Harvest, it’s your favorite season. Humans and animals look to you to balance the bounty of the natural world which, like any self-respecting Goddess, you do with a pair of magical dice. But then, along comes the trickster god Loki, who invades your land and curses your dice. Can you fix the dice and keep the world in perfect harmony? Dan Finkel shows how.\n\nLesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-cursed-dice-riddle-dan-finkel\nDig deeper with additional resources: \n\nAnimator's website: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-cursed-dice-riddle-dan-finkel#digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea and Aaron Henson.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-07T15:00:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.087, "text": "In the fall of 1589,\nthe town of Bedburg, Germany," }, { "start": 11.09, "duration": 2.294, "text": "held a highly publicized trial." }, { "start": 13.76, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Peter Stubbe was accused\nof several gruesome crimes," }, { "start": 17.513, "duration": 3.17, "text": "including murder, assault,\nand cannibalism." }, { "start": 20.975, "duration": 3.212, "text": "But perhaps the most sinister accusation\nof them all," }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 2.002, "text": "was of being a werewolf." }, { "start": 26.314, "duration": 5.005, "text": "In his confession, Peter claimed that\nthe devil had given him a magic girdle," }, { "start": 31.319, "duration": 5.213, "text": "which allowed him to transform into a wolf\nand perform his horrific acts." }, { "start": 36.866, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Stories of werewolves existed well before\nthis trial and continue to live on today." }, { "start": 42.33, "duration": 3.67, "text": "They’re especially prominent\nin European literature and folklore," }, { "start": 46.0, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and often found in cultures where the wolf\nis the largest natural predator." }, { "start": 51.13, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Over the years, the image of the werewolf\nhas continuously evolved," }, { "start": 55.51, "duration": 3.837, "text": "often reflecting the fears and prejudices\nof that time." }, { "start": 60.098, "duration": 5.088, "text": "In early literature, werewolves were\nsometimes painted as sympathetic figures:" }, { "start": 65.186, "duration": 4.338, "text": "victims of curses who longed to return\nto their human form." }, { "start": 69.69, "duration": 1.794, "text": "In the story of Gilgamesh," }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 4.88, "text": "one of the earliest written accounts of\nwerewolves from over 4.000 years ago," }, { "start": 76.364, "duration": 4.129, "text": "a shepherd falls in love\nwith the goddess of love, Ishtar," }, { "start": 80.576, "duration": 4.838, "text": "who transforms him into a wolf\nwhen she grows tired of his affection." }, { "start": 85.54, "duration": 2.836, "text": "In this and several other\nstories that followed," }, { "start": 88.376, "duration": 5.38, "text": "werewolves were often men who had fallen\nprey to deceitful, alluring women." }, { "start": 93.923, "duration": 2.169, "text": "In the medieval story of “Bisclavret,”" }, { "start": 96.175, "duration": 3.963, "text": "a knight is trapped in wolf form\nby the cunning of his wife," }, { "start": 100.138, "duration": 2.544, "text": "who leaves him to elope with another man." }, { "start": 102.974, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Other early stories explored fears\nabout the darker side of human nature," }, { "start": 107.895, "duration": 3.295, "text": "including taboos such as\ncannibalism and murder." }, { "start": 111.357, "duration": 1.835, "text": "In ancient Greek mythology," }, { "start": 113.192, "duration": 3.963, "text": "King Lycaon was transformed\ninto a wolf by Zeus," }, { "start": 117.155, "duration": 4.254, "text": "after he attempted to trick the god\ninto eating human flesh." }, { "start": 121.826, "duration": 2.336, "text": "As Catholicism spread throughout Europe," }, { "start": 124.162, "duration": 5.338, "text": "werewolves became increasingly linked\nto magic, sorcery, and pagan belief." }, { "start": 129.75, "duration": 5.297, "text": "By the 16th century, many people struggled\nseparating werewolf fiction from fact." }, { "start": 135.214, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Political, economic,\nand religious upheavals" }, { "start": 138.134, "duration": 3.503, "text": "gave rise to the infamous\nEuropean witch trials." }, { "start": 141.888, "duration": 3.628, "text": "And while witches were the main\ntargets, in some areas," }, { "start": 145.516, "duration": 5.422, "text": "alleged werewolves like Peter Stubbe\nwere also tried and executed." }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Today, some historians view the trials\nas driven by a fear of outsiders," }, { "start": 156.235, "duration": 4.797, "text": "as well as society's early attempts\nto understand brutal crimes." }, { "start": 161.24, "duration": 4.338, "text": "While public belief in werewolves\ndied down by the 17th century" }, { "start": 165.578, "duration": 2.377, "text": "as medicine and psychology advanced," }, { "start": 167.955, "duration": 2.378, "text": "the myth would re-emerge in literature." }, { "start": 170.374, "duration": 3.838, "text": "By the Victorian period,\nwerewolves had transformed again," }, { "start": 174.212, "duration": 4.17, "text": "often embodying fears of moral\nand psychological decay." }, { "start": 178.716, "duration": 2.878, "text": "In George Reynolds’s\n“Wagner the Wehrwolf,”" }, { "start": 181.594, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the protagonist makes a pact with the\ndevil to achieve eternal youth." }, { "start": 186.515, "duration": 4.38, "text": "But in return, he transforms\ninto a violent howling wolf" }, { "start": 190.895, "duration": 1.877, "text": "at the end of every month." }, { "start": 193.147, "duration": 1.71, "text": "By the mid-20th century," }, { "start": 194.857, "duration": 3.629, "text": "werewolves found a new home to haunt—\nthe silver screen." }, { "start": 198.778, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Here, the werewolf began to take\nits modern form." }, { "start": 201.989, "duration": 4.213, "text": "For example, the idea that the curse\ncould be transmitted through bites" }, { "start": 206.202, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and triggered by a full moon" }, { "start": 208.12, "duration": 5.422, "text": "was first popularized with the\n1935 film “Werewolf of London.”" }, { "start": 213.918, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Produced in the United States," }, { "start": 215.628, "duration": 4.963, "text": "the film identifies the werewolf infection\nas originating from the east—" }, { "start": 220.591, "duration": 1.627, "text": "specifically Tibet." }, { "start": 222.635, "duration": 3.003, "text": "This mirrored xenophobic fears\nof the time—" }, { "start": 225.638, "duration": 3.378, "text": "that East Asian immigrants\ninto North America and Europe" }, { "start": 229.016, "duration": 3.128, "text": "threatened the stability and power\nof the west." }, { "start": 232.478, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Werewolf hunters adopted silver\nas their weapon of choice" }, { "start": 236.44, "duration": 3.42, "text": "after its use in 1941′s “The Wolf Man.”" }, { "start": 240.152, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Written by Jewish writer Curt Siodmak," }, { "start": 242.947, "duration": 5.213, "text": "the film is viewed by many scholars\nas an allegory for Nazi brutality." }, { "start": 248.244, "duration": 4.796, "text": "In the film, a pentagram appears on the\npalm of the werewolf’s next victim," }, { "start": 253.04, "duration": 4.213, "text": "which is thought to allude to the\ncompulsory Star of David badges" }, { "start": 257.253, "duration": 3.003, "text": "found in Europe during the 1930 and 40s." }, { "start": 260.506, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Since the 1950s, cinematic werewolves have\nfrequently infected" }, { "start": 264.844, "duration": 1.71, "text": "a new group of victims:" }, { "start": 266.554, "duration": 1.084, "text": "the teenager." }, { "start": 267.805, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Here, werewolves are often symbols\nof male aggression" }, { "start": 271.392, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and the uncertainty of adolescence." }, { "start": 273.769, "duration": 1.418, "text": "By the end of the century," }, { "start": 275.187, "duration": 3.462, "text": "some films began to use\nthe beastly transformation" }, { "start": 278.649, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to explore themes of puberty," }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 3.212, "text": "occasionally with a distinctly\nfeminist perspective." }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Yet, like all great monsters,\nthe werewolf lives on," }, { "start": 287.95, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and will continue changing to fit\nits future audience’s needs." }, { "start": 292.246, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But, for the time being, it may\nbe best to stock up on silver," }, { "start": 296.0, "duration": 2.627, "text": "keep to the road, and beware the moon." } ] }, { "video_id": "Ya9S6PyC1Sg", "title": "This is what happens when you hit the gas - Shannon Odell", "description": "Explore the differences between how a car’s internal combustion engine and an electric vehicle’s induction motor use fuel.\n\n--\n\nIn 2015, two men drove a Volkswagen across the US on just over 100 gallons of fuel. Their 81-mile-per-gallon performance doubled the car’s estimated fuel rating, and set the record for the lowest fuel consumption ride of a diesel car. The duo were experts in techniques that maximize fuel efficiency. So, how did their strategy save fuel? Shannon Odell explores what’s going on beneath a car’s hood.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Kevin Herrmann, AIM Creative Studios.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Daniel Sperling and Shima Nazari who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-is-what-happens-when-you-hit-the-gas-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/this-is-what-happens-when-you-hit-the-gas-shannon-odell#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aimcreativestudios.com\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez and Vinh-Thuy Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2023-09-05T15:03:04Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Your time traveling has caused a few\nissues with the space-time continuum," }, { "start": 11.716, "duration": 4.254, "text": "like your old high school bully, Riff,\nnow ruling the future with an iron fist." }, { "start": 16.137, "duration": 4.463, "text": "You and the professor have driven\nyour hovering DeLorean back to the past" }, { "start": 20.6, "duration": 1.793, "text": "to undo your own meddling." }, { "start": 22.685, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But shortly after you fix your mistakes," }, { "start": 25.271, "duration": 3.462, "text": "another DeLorean appears\nand crashes into yours." }, { "start": 28.858, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Out step older versions\nof you and the professor," }, { "start": 32.57, "duration": 4.254, "text": "who apparently had the same idea\nfrom somewhere else in the timeline." }, { "start": 36.949, "duration": 3.629, "text": "The professors panic and explain\nthat the universe could collapse" }, { "start": 40.578, "duration": 2.92, "text": "now that you’re both \nin the same time and place." }, { "start": 43.623, "duration": 5.005, "text": "The only hope is to merge the time streams\nby having each version of you" }, { "start": 48.628, "duration": 2.627, "text": "simultaneously time travel home." }, { "start": 51.714, "duration": 1.835, "text": "You both have plenty of fuel," }, { "start": 53.549, "duration": 3.462, "text": "but the crash broke your\nchrono-stabilizing gyroscopes" }, { "start": 57.011, "duration": 5.172, "text": "and your cars can only time travel\nunder very specific circumstances." }, { "start": 62.308, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Each of you will need to drive\na mile south, then a mile east," }, { "start": 66.229, "duration": 4.921, "text": "and then a mile north to get\nthe gyroscopes into temporal alignment." }, { "start": 71.484, "duration": 1.46, "text": "That would be easy," }, { "start": 72.944, "duration": 4.462, "text": "except each calibration requires placing\na portable time gate" }, { "start": 77.406, "duration": 1.502, "text": "at your starting point," }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 6.632, "text": "then driving into it at the precise end of\nyour three mile drive without it moving." }, { "start": 85.915, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Not only that, but your two time gates\nmust be placed at least 100 miles apart" }, { "start": 91.254, "duration": 2.46, "text": "so their signals don’t interfere." }, { "start": 94.173, "duration": 4.38, "text": "In other words, you need to find two\ndifferent locations where you can drive" }, { "start": 98.553, "duration": 3.712, "text": "a mile south, a mile east,\nand then a mile north" }, { "start": 102.265, "duration": 2.669, "text": "and end up exactly where you started." }, { "start": 105.101, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The professors are about to show you where\nyou can do this when they vanish," }, { "start": 109.23, "duration": 2.92, "text": "becoming victims \nof the collapsing timeline." }, { "start": 112.316, "duration": 1.252, "text": "It’s up to you now:" }, { "start": 113.568, "duration": 2.335, "text": "where can you place the time gates?" }, { "start": 115.903, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 118.573, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 121.325, "duration": 2.378, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 123.995, "duration": 3.92, "text": "If the earth were flat, there would\nbe no way to solve this riddle." }, { "start": 127.915, "duration": 4.463, "text": "What you need is some way to use the\nsphericalness of the planet," }, { "start": 132.378, "duration": 1.752, "text": "some of its notable features," }, { "start": 134.13, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and the fact that lines of latitude aren’t\nreally lines— they’re circles." }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The equator is the biggest of these\ncircles, but it doesn’t do much for you," }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and you can’t even go south\nfrom the South Pole." }, { "start": 147.226, "duration": 1.71, "text": "But let's try the North Pole." }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 4.796, "text": "When you go a mile south, you'll be\non a circle that runs east west." }, { "start": 153.941, "duration": 3.337, "text": "After a mile east, you’re still\non that same circle," }, { "start": 157.278, "duration": 3.754, "text": "so the final mile north brings you \nback to your starting point." }, { "start": 161.157, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Perfect." }, { "start": 162.491, "duration": 3.504, "text": "That’s one gate down, but where\nshould you place the second?" }, { "start": 166.162, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Well, the nice thing about circles is\nthat if you travel on them far enough," }, { "start": 170.416, "duration": 1.71, "text": "you come back to where you started." }, { "start": 172.376, "duration": 3.796, "text": "If there were a circle that had\na circumference of one mile," }, { "start": 176.172, "duration": 2.169, "text": "that would work marvelously." }, { "start": 178.341, "duration": 4.296, "text": "You could drive south a mile to reach it,\nmake the one mile rotation east," }, { "start": 182.637, "duration": 2.627, "text": "then go north a mile to return\nto where you started." }, { "start": 185.598, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Such a circle does exist just\nnorth of the South Pole." }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 1.501, "text": "To find your starting point," }, { "start": 191.687, "duration": 3.796, "text": "you can use the standard formula\nfor the circumference of a circle." }, { "start": 195.691, "duration": 2.378, "text": "If you wanted to be absolutely precise," }, { "start": 198.069, "duration": 2.544, "text": "you could use an equation\nthat takes into account" }, { "start": 200.613, "duration": 2.544, "text": "the roughly spherical shape of the Earth." }, { "start": 203.324, "duration": 3.17, "text": "But an area this small is\nso close to being flat" }, { "start": 206.494, "duration": 4.212, "text": "that the standard formula gives a solution\nwithin a fraction of an inch" }, { "start": 210.706, "duration": 1.794, "text": "of the actual distance." }, { "start": 212.917, "duration": 6.256, "text": "A circle with a one mile circumference has\na radius of just under 0.16 miles," }, { "start": 219.382, "duration": 3.253, "text": "so any point on the circle \none mile north of that" }, { "start": 222.635, "duration": 2.169, "text": "will be suitable for your time gate." }, { "start": 225.721, "duration": 2.127, "text": "In fact, there are other answers too:" }, { "start": 227.848, "duration": 1.794, "text": "start a little further south," }, { "start": 229.642, "duration": 4.546, "text": "and you could travel east around the\nEarth twice, three times, or more!" }, { "start": 234.522, "duration": 3.128, "text": "In theory, there are infinite\npossible starting points," }, { "start": 237.65, "duration": 4.129, "text": "but the circles get so tight that they\naren't actually practical to drive." }, { "start": 241.988, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Everything’s getting a little weird" }, { "start": 244.073, "duration": 2.419, "text": "by the time you reach \nyour starting points." }, { "start": 246.492, "duration": 3.128, "text": "You drop the time gates,\nsync up with your doppelgänger," }, { "start": 249.62, "duration": 1.627, "text": "and slam down the pedal." }, { "start": 251.247, "duration": 4.838, "text": "You both reach 88mph just as you complete\nyour three mile circuits," }, { "start": 256.085, "duration": 2.92, "text": "merge the timelines,\nand save the universe." } ] }, { "video_id": "9xf1T7-t1ak", "title": "Why is it so hard to break a bad habit?", "description": "Explore the psychology behind how good and bad habits are formed, and get tips on how to manage these behaviors.\n\n--\n\nMany people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives. Some will go to great lengths to try to stop, employing strategies like dipping their hands in salt or wearing gloves. And while not all of us are nail-biters, most of us do have a habit we’d like to kick. So, what's the best way to break one? Explore how habits are formed, and discover tips on how to manage these behaviors.\n\nDirected by Sacha Beeley.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartner\n\nA special thanks to Wendy Wood who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-hard-to-break-a-bad-habit\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-it-so-hard-to-break-a-bad-habit#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.sachabeeley.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry and Ghaith Tarawneh.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-31T15:01:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Anger is a complicated emotion." }, { "start": 9.13, "duration": 4.129, "text": "It can feel reasonable and righteous\nor impulsive and uncontrollable." }, { "start": 13.843, "duration": 5.172, "text": "But is it ever morally right to be angry?\nAnd if so, when?" }, { "start": 19.932, "duration": 2.586, "text": "One of the most foundational\nunderstandings of anger" }, { "start": 22.518, "duration": 2.169, "text": "comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle" }, { "start": 24.812, "duration": 3.087, "text": "who proposed an idea called\n“the doctrine of the mean.”" }, { "start": 28.274, "duration": 4.087, "text": "In this model, there’s a sweet spot\nfor our actions and emotional reactions," }, { "start": 32.361, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and it's up to you to develop practical\nwisdom about when you should feel what" }, { "start": 36.991, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and how strongly to feel it." }, { "start": 38.91, "duration": 2.544, "text": "For example, let’s say you’re going\nto sleep early" }, { "start": 41.454, "duration": 2.169, "text": "because you have\nan important meeting tomorrow" }, { "start": 43.623, "duration": 2.252, "text": "and your neighbor just started\nblasting music." }, { "start": 46.167, "duration": 2.878, "text": "If you can’t sleep,\nyou might botch your meeting," }, { "start": 49.128, "duration": 2.67, "text": "so feeling angry is\ndefinitely understandable." }, { "start": 52.048, "duration": 5.005, "text": "But how much anger should you feel?\nAnd what actions, if any, should you take?" }, { "start": 57.261, "duration": 3.879, "text": "To answer these questions,\nAristotle would need to know more details." }, { "start": 61.516, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Have you previously talked\nto your neighbor about this issue?" }, { "start": 64.644, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Is it a reasonable time\nto be playing music?" }, { "start": 67.438, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Is your neighbor trying to antagonize you,\nor are they just enjoying their evening?" }, { "start": 72.235, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Relying on practical wisdom\nin Aristotle’s case-by-case approach" }, { "start": 75.988, "duration": 3.42, "text": "makes a lot of sense for navigating\ninterpersonal conflicts." }, { "start": 79.742, "duration": 2.795, "text": "But what about when there’s\nno one to blame for your anger?" }, { "start": 83.037, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Imagine a tornado completely\ndestroys your house" }, { "start": 85.706, "duration": 1.919, "text": "while your neighbor’s home is untouched." }, { "start": 87.625, "duration": 2.669, "text": "No amount of anger\ncan undo the disaster," }, { "start": 90.294, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and there isn’t really a suitable target\nfor your frustration." }, { "start": 93.506, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Yet for the ancient Stoics," }, { "start": 95.299, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the tornado and the noisy neighbor\nare basically identical." }, { "start": 99.47, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The Stoics believed life is like an\nuncontrollable cart we’re all tied to," }, { "start": 103.933, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and we can either learn\nto go with the flow" }, { "start": 106.102, "duration": 2.502, "text": "or hurt ourselves fighting its momentum." }, { "start": 109.021, "duration": 3.003, "text": "In their logic, we all live\nat the whims of fate," }, { "start": 112.024, "duration": 2.545, "text": "and our actions can never\nactually change things—" }, { "start": 114.819, "duration": 4.087, "text": "whether it's a natural disaster\nor how others act towards us." }, { "start": 119.198, "duration": 3.42, "text": "So Stoics believe anger is always wrong," }, { "start": 122.618, "duration": 2.92, "text": "since it causes pain\nand is ultimately futile." }, { "start": 125.83, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The 8th century Indian Buddhist\nphilosopher Śāntideva" }, { "start": 129.375, "duration": 3.253, "text": "also questioned our free will\nand the value of anger," }, { "start": 132.837, "duration": 4.171, "text": "arguing that because people often lack\nrational control over their emotions," }, { "start": 137.091, "duration": 4.088, "text": "we should endeavor not to let their anger\nand cruelty spread to us." }, { "start": 141.554, "duration": 2.753, "text": "But even if it’s hard for us\nto control our anger," }, { "start": 144.307, "duration": 2.168, "text": "there might be something\nwe can learn from it." }, { "start": 146.475, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Philosopher PF Strawson’s\ntheory of reactive attitudes" }, { "start": 149.77, "duration": 3.963, "text": "suggests that experiencing anger\nis a natural part of human psychology" }, { "start": 153.816, "duration": 3.212, "text": "that helps us communicate blame\nand hold each other accountable." }, { "start": 157.486, "duration": 2.545, "text": "In this model, anger can be\nan important part" }, { "start": 160.031, "duration": 2.627, "text": "of letting us know when something immoral\nis happening," }, { "start": 162.658, "duration": 4.088, "text": "so removing it would impair\nour social lives and moral communities." }, { "start": 167.371, "duration": 4.088, "text": "But finding the right response to those\npsychological alarm bells can be tricky." }, { "start": 171.751, "duration": 4.588, "text": "For instance, if you were supervising\ncruel, disrespectful young children," }, { "start": 176.422, "duration": 2.085, "text": "it might be natural to feel anger," }, { "start": 178.507, "duration": 2.42, "text": "but it would be wrong to treat\ntheir moral mistakes" }, { "start": 180.927, "duration": 1.793, "text": "like those of fully formed adults." }, { "start": 182.72, "duration": 1.96, "text": "So when should you act on anger?" }, { "start": 184.805, "duration": 2.42, "text": "And can it ever help\nchange things for the better?" }, { "start": 187.475, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Let's imagine your community is\nexperiencing serious health issues" }, { "start": 190.645, "duration": 3.211, "text": "because a nearby factory is illegally\npolluting the water supply." }, { "start": 194.106, "duration": 3.838, "text": "A long tradition in political philosophy\nargues that the righteous anger" }, { "start": 197.944, "duration": 2.836, "text": "often invoked by witnessing\nthis kind of injustice" }, { "start": 200.78, "duration": 4.421, "text": "can be invaluable for fueling change\nand motivating community action." }, { "start": 205.409, "duration": 1.961, "text": "In unjust situations like this," }, { "start": 207.37, "duration": 2.419, "text": "it could be a moral mistake\nto suppress your anger," }, { "start": 209.789, "duration": 2.461, "text": "instead of channeling it\ninto positive action." }, { "start": 212.5, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But other philosophers argue that anger\nhas an inherent negative element" }, { "start": 216.17, "duration": 2.461, "text": "that limits its transformative power." }, { "start": 219.09, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Philosopher Martha Nussbaum pointed\nout that famous civil rights activists" }, { "start": 222.76, "duration": 3.921, "text": "such as Gandhi, Nelson Mandela,\nand Martin Luther King Jr" }, { "start": 226.681, "duration": 3.503, "text": "warned that giving yourself over to even\nthe most righteous anger" }, { "start": 230.184, "duration": 4.004, "text": "can lead one to become bitter, vengeful,\nor hateful of others." }, { "start": 234.647, "duration": 3.462, "text": "They cautioned that we should carefully\ncalibrate our emotional responses" }, { "start": 238.109, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to ensure that we see others\nnot as enemies" }, { "start": 240.444, "duration": 3.295, "text": "but as community members with whom\nwe must learn to coexist," }, { "start": 243.864, "duration": 2.42, "text": "regardless of our ever-changing emotions." } ] }, { "video_id": "Jp4m3kbE1gA", "title": "The one thing stopping jellyfish from taking over - Mariela Pajuelo & Javier Antonio Quinones", "description": "Dig into why jellyfish populations have increased, and how leatherback sea turtles can help get their numbers under control.\n\n--\n\nOver the past two decades, jellyfish have begun to overwhelm our oceans. If things stay on their current trajectory, we could be headed for a future where the entire ocean is thick with jellyfish. So, is there anything that can keep these gelatinous creatures under control? Mariela Pajuelo and Javier Antonio Quinones take a look at the jellyfish’s most ancient predator.\n\nLesson by Mariela Pajuelo and Javier Antonio Quinones, directed by Sinan Göksel, Emre Kanlıoğlu, Studio Big Box.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-one-thing-stopping-jellyfish-from-taking-over-mariela-pajuelo-javier-antonio-quinones\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-one-thing-stopping-jellyfish-from-taking-over-mariela-pajuelo-javier-antonio-quinones#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.studiobigbox.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle and Laurel-Ann Rice.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-29T15:01:42Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.836, "duration": 5.005, "text": "2,000 years after humanity\ndomesticated crops and livestock," }, { "start": 11.924, "duration": 6.34, "text": "some farmers kicked off humanity’s\nnext agricultural innovation: pastoralism." }, { "start": 18.514, "duration": 4.588, "text": "These pioneering livestock farmers\nstrategically guided animals" }, { "start": 23.102, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to seasonal grazing areas." }, { "start": 25.354, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Their mobile lifestyle allowed them\nto develop trade relationships" }, { "start": 29.275, "duration": 3.045, "text": "with communities and farmers\nalong their routes." }, { "start": 32.403, "duration": 4.922, "text": "And this way of life provided pastoralists\nwith wealth, social status," }, { "start": 37.325, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and political independence\nall the way to the 20th century." }, { "start": 42.038, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Today, there are hundreds of millions\nof mobile pastoralists," }, { "start": 46.542, "duration": 3.42, "text": "operating in every continent\nexcept Antarctica." }, { "start": 50.171, "duration": 2.878, "text": "From the Himalayas\nto the Andes to the Alps," }, { "start": 53.049, "duration": 3.795, "text": "they keep sheep, goats, cattle, and yaks." }, { "start": 57.011, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Saami pastoralists work\nwith reindeer in Arctic rangelands." }, { "start": 61.766, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Van Gujjar pastoralists in northern India\nkeep water buffalo." }, { "start": 66.437, "duration": 3.796, "text": "And all these communities work sustainably\nwith their environments" }, { "start": 70.233, "duration": 2.961, "text": "to produce food and other animal products." }, { "start": 73.236, "duration": 1.668, "text": "But in the last century," }, { "start": 74.904, "duration": 4.463, "text": "political and economic policies have\nworked against these communities," }, { "start": 79.367, "duration": 2.794, "text": "impeding their access to basic resources" }, { "start": 82.245, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and making them more vulnerable\nto climate change." }, { "start": 85.414, "duration": 5.464, "text": "And one region where these issues are\nespecially apparent is sub-Saharan Africa." }, { "start": 91.254, "duration": 3.086, "text": "This region is home\nto millions of pastoralists" }, { "start": 94.382, "duration": 5.13, "text": "who produce the majority of meat and milk\nconsumed across their continent." }, { "start": 99.679, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Yet throughout the late 20th century," }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 4.379, "text": "various programs tried to incentivize\nthese mobile communities" }, { "start": 106.227, "duration": 1.418, "text": "to put down roots." }, { "start": 107.77, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Governments limited their access\nto public services" }, { "start": 110.815, "duration": 2.085, "text": "like healthcare and education." }, { "start": 113.025, "duration": 2.378, "text": "They created designated watering holes" }, { "start": 115.403, "duration": 3.837, "text": "to keep pastoralists\nin specific regions year-round." }, { "start": 119.323, "duration": 4.672, "text": "And huge areas of rangeland historically\nshared by pastoralists" }, { "start": 123.995, "duration": 3.67, "text": "were privatized or converted\nto wildlife reserves." }, { "start": 127.79, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The motivation behind these policies\nvaried widely." }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Some programs were earnest\nbut misguided efforts" }, { "start": 134.63, "duration": 3.087, "text": "to modernize an ancient\nagricultural model." }, { "start": 137.758, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Others were attempts to control\nwhat governments perceived" }, { "start": 141.012, "duration": 2.335, "text": "as unmanageable populations." }, { "start": 143.431, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But the end result was always the same." }, { "start": 146.35, "duration": 4.129, "text": "By restricting how sub-Saharan\npastoralists could use the land," }, { "start": 150.563, "duration": 2.336, "text": "these communities became poorer," }, { "start": 152.94, "duration": 3.629, "text": "less sustainable,\nand less economically resilient." }, { "start": 156.694, "duration": 4.004, "text": "And in a region that’s relied\non pastoralism for millennia," }, { "start": 160.698, "duration": 2.544, "text": "these changes have had a huge impact." }, { "start": 163.576, "duration": 5.631, "text": "Historically, sub-Saharan pastoralists\nhelped keep African grasslands healthy" }, { "start": 169.29, "duration": 5.464, "text": "by guiding their livestock to graze\nspecific amounts in specific areas." }, { "start": 175.087, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Their seasonal migration prevented\nland from being overgrazed" }, { "start": 179.217, "duration": 4.17, "text": "and their livestock’s fertilizing manure\nregenerated the soil." }, { "start": 183.93, "duration": 2.46, "text": "But policies restricting their movement" }, { "start": 186.39, "duration": 3.587, "text": "have made this kind of land management\nincredibly difficult." }, { "start": 190.311, "duration": 4.963, "text": "These policies also make pastoralists\nless resilient to climate change." }, { "start": 195.524, "duration": 3.754, "text": "While global droughts are increasing\nas the planet heats up," }, { "start": 199.278, "duration": 4.797, "text": "pastoralists are experts at following rain\nand reading the landscape" }, { "start": 204.075, "duration": 3.545, "text": "to know how drought will impact\ndifferent areas." }, { "start": 207.745, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Historically, this allowed pastoralists\nto maintain their herds" }, { "start": 211.832, "duration": 1.627, "text": "regardless of the weather." }, { "start": 213.459, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But these techniques can’t\nhelp communities" }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 2.544, "text": "confined to drought-stricken lands." }, { "start": 218.756, "duration": 4.463, "text": "And when their herds become unhealthy,\nthe consequences can be deadly." }, { "start": 223.386, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Unhealthy herds can cause\ndisease outbreaks" }, { "start": 226.639, "duration": 2.628, "text": "that endanger livestock and humans." }, { "start": 229.517, "duration": 4.212, "text": "But even without outbreaks,\nsick herds become unproductive—" }, { "start": 233.729, "duration": 2.795, "text": "limiting what pastoralists have to sell." }, { "start": 236.732, "duration": 1.335, "text": "Making things worse," }, { "start": 238.067, "duration": 5.631, "text": "sub-Saharan pastoralists are forced\nto sell their wares in informal markets" }, { "start": 243.698, "duration": 2.294, "text": "that operate with minimal oversight." }, { "start": 246.284, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And since these markets function\non an international scale," }, { "start": 250.246, "duration": 3.253, "text": "they pit pastoralist communities\nagainst each other," }, { "start": 253.499, "duration": 5.255, "text": "resulting in sale prices that are\ngenerally low and extremely volatile." }, { "start": 259.005, "duration": 3.503, "text": "This leaves pastoralists\nwith unstable incomes," }, { "start": 262.508, "duration": 5.214, "text": "and a dependency on intermediaries\nwho charge high transaction prices." }, { "start": 268.18, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Pastoralists on every continent are facing\nsome version of these issues." }, { "start": 273.227, "duration": 4.546, "text": "But hopefully the solutions being pursued\nin sub-Saharan Africa" }, { "start": 277.773, "duration": 1.961, "text": "can inspire global change." }, { "start": 279.9, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Alongside government groups and NGOs," }, { "start": 282.945, "duration": 3.212, "text": "grassroots pastoralist movements\nare advocating" }, { "start": 286.157, "duration": 5.046, "text": "to restore protected grazing reserves\nand improve public services" }, { "start": 291.203, "duration": 5.172, "text": "like mobile health clinics and schools\ntailored to pastoral movement." }, { "start": 296.709, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Some groups are trying to create\nnew market systems" }, { "start": 300.129, "duration": 3.837, "text": "that would establish standards\nfor meat quality and sale price" }, { "start": 303.966, "duration": 2.461, "text": "to prevent exploitation by middlemen." }, { "start": 306.51, "duration": 4.547, "text": "Others are working to ensure\nfair prices for female herders," }, { "start": 311.14, "duration": 4.588, "text": "who already account for 50%\nof sub-Saharan pastoralists." }, { "start": 315.895, "duration": 5.255, "text": "And advocates are also working to improve\nanimal health with new vaccines," }, { "start": 321.15, "duration": 2.252, "text": "accessible veterinary services," }, { "start": 323.402, "duration": 4.463, "text": "and livestock tagging systems\nto track disease outbreaks." }, { "start": 328.074, "duration": 3.795, "text": "But perhaps the most important\nchange would be for governments" }, { "start": 331.869, "duration": 3.629, "text": "to recognize the value\nof pastoral mobility." }, { "start": 335.623, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Pastoralism has sustained countless\necosystems and economies for millennia—" }, { "start": 341.17, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and embracing the knowledge underpinning\nthat history" }, { "start": 344.382, "duration": 2.502, "text": "is essential for Earth’s future." } ] }, { "video_id": "H7ZhDe1K8uU", "title": "Can alligators survive this apex predator? - Kenny Coogan", "description": "Explore the diverse and vital ecosystem of the Everglades, and discover why the alligator is so essential to the region.\n\n--\n\nDespite alligators ruling the swamplands of the Everglades for millennia, the last 500 years have brought deadly new predators that challenge their reign. And the origins of these international invaders are just as unexpected as their impact on the Everglades. So, what exactly is threatening this biodiverse region? Kenny Coogan explores the unique and precious ecosystem.\n\nLesson by Kenny Coogan, directed by Doug Alberts, Noodle.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-alligators-survive-this-apex-predator-kenny-coogan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-alligators-survive-this-apex-predator-kenny-coogan#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.noodleanimation.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-24T15:01:24Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 2.336, "text": "When Cadmus walked the earth," }, { "start": 9.464, "duration": 5.255, "text": "just a few generations separated him\nfrom his divine ancestors." }, { "start": 15.053, "duration": 5.463, "text": "From atop Mount Olympus, they scrutinized\nand meddled with mortals like himself." }, { "start": 20.808, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Cadmus was a skilled warrior\nand heir to the Phoenician throne." }, { "start": 25.396, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But he wouldn't stay\nin the gods' favor for long." }, { "start": 28.9, "duration": 4.171, "text": "First, Zeus coveted\nCadmus' sister, Europa." }, { "start": 33.279, "duration": 5.047, "text": "So, he snuck into the palace garden\nin the form of a bull and stole her away." }, { "start": 38.534, "duration": 4.255, "text": "Their father tasked Cadmus and his men\nwith the impossible duty" }, { "start": 42.789, "duration": 2.043, "text": "of bringing Europa back." }, { "start": 45.041, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Cadmus journeyed to the sacred\nOracle of Delphi to plead for help," }, { "start": 49.253, "duration": 4.171, "text": "where he was told to find and follow\na sacred, wild cow." }, { "start": 53.8, "duration": 4.17, "text": "At the spot where the cow rested,\nhe was to found a new city." }, { "start": 58.387, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Cadmus and his men did as the oracle said," }, { "start": 60.973, "duration": 3.087, "text": "then ventured into the nearby\nforest for supplies." }, { "start": 64.227, "duration": 2.752, "text": "But a giant serpent soon appeared." }, { "start": 67.105, "duration": 4.087, "text": "It choked some of Cadmus' men\nand blasted others with venom." }, { "start": 71.4, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Cadmus leapt into action,\nhurled his javelin," }, { "start": 74.32, "duration": 1.877, "text": "and pinned the snake to a tree." }, { "start": 76.614, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Without knowing it, he had just slain\nAres', the god of war's, precious serpent—" }, { "start": 82.203, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and sealed tragedy into his own fate\nalong with it." }, { "start": 85.957, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Suddenly, a disembodied voice boomed:" }, { "start": 89.168, "duration": 3.629, "text": "\"You too shall be a serpent\nto be gazed on.\"" }, { "start": 92.964, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Taking pity on the prince," }, { "start": 94.674, "duration": 3.336, "text": "the goddess Athena instructed\nCadmus to till the earth" }, { "start": 98.01, "duration": 2.002, "text": "using the serpent's teeth." }, { "start": 100.179, "duration": 2.503, "text": "As he nestled its fangs into the soil, " }, { "start": 102.682, "duration": 3.17, "text": "a band of warriors sprouted\nfrom the ground." }, { "start": 106.144, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Together, they built the magnificent\ncity of Thebes." }, { "start": 109.772, "duration": 2.92, "text": "And eventually, Cadmus fell in love\nwith Harmonia," }, { "start": 112.692, "duration": 4.087, "text": "daughter of Ares and Aphrodite,\nand the two married." }, { "start": 116.946, "duration": 2.92, "text": "As years passed,\nand his city and family grew," }, { "start": 119.949, "duration": 4.004, "text": "hope that all strife might be forgotten\nbetween Cadmus and the gods " }, { "start": 123.953, "duration": 1.418, "text": "glimmered briefly." }, { "start": 125.705, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But, soon enough, his family's luck\nbegan souring once more." }, { "start": 130.668, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Tragedy struck when Cadmus'\ngrandson, Actaeon," }, { "start": 134.088, "duration": 3.42, "text": "was tracking a stag in the forest\nwith his hunting hounds." }, { "start": 137.8, "duration": 4.505, "text": "The young man unwittingly infringed\non the sacred grove of Artemis," }, { "start": 142.305, "duration": 3.003, "text": "goddess of the hunt,\nas she was bathing." }, { "start": 145.474, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Artemis punished Actaeon,\ntransforming him into a skittish stag." }, { "start": 150.271, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And in this form Actaeon's own hounds\ncould no longer distinguish him" }, { "start": 154.233, "duration": 3.545, "text": "from the object of the hunt—\nand they went in for the kill." }, { "start": 158.196, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Then, Zeus visited again—" }, { "start": 160.323, "duration": 4.754, "text": "this time taking advantage of Semele,\none of Cadmus' four daughters." }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 4.421, "text": "When Zeus' wife Hera learned\nthat he'd been unfaithful yet again" }, { "start": 169.624, "duration": 1.835, "text": "and that Semele was pregnant," }, { "start": 171.459, "duration": 4.379, "text": "she tricked Zeus into revealing himself\nto Semele in his divine form." }, { "start": 176.005, "duration": 5.255, "text": "But even the feeblest of his thunderstorms\nwas too much for a mortal to witness," }, { "start": 181.26, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and Semele perished." }, { "start": 183.679, "duration": 6.257, "text": "Zeus managed to save their unborn child,\nwho grew into Dionysus, god of wine." }, { "start": 190.311, "duration": 4.087, "text": "His wild, revelrous rituals\ndrew devoted followers." }, { "start": 194.482, "duration": 2.335, "text": "But they eventually got out of hand." }, { "start": 197.026, "duration": 3.42, "text": "On one occasion,\ntwo of Cadmus' four daughters," }, { "start": 200.446, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Agave and Autonoë—\nDionysus' own aunts—" }, { "start": 204.45, "duration": 4.129, "text": "had a hallucinatory fit and killed\nAgave's own son," }, { "start": 208.663, "duration": 2.127, "text": "believing he was a lion." }, { "start": 210.998, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Next, Hera targeted the family again. " }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Alongside the Furies,\nthe goddesses of vengeance," }, { "start": 216.921, "duration": 3.503, "text": "she cursed Cadmus' fourth daughter, Ino," }, { "start": 220.424, "duration": 3.504, "text": "with an intolerable madness\nthat drove her into the sea." }, { "start": 224.262, "duration": 3.294, "text": "Besieged by bad luck\nand overcome with grief," }, { "start": 227.723, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Cadmus and Harmonia wandered\nthe wilderness." }, { "start": 230.893, "duration": 3.712, "text": "They considered the many tragic turns\ntheir lives had taken—" }, { "start": 234.647, "duration": 3.92, "text": "which Cadmus traced back to the time\nhe killed the serpent." }, { "start": 238.818, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Realizing that the animal\ncould have been sacred" }, { "start": 241.279, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and that his act might have incited\nthe unabating wrath of the gods," }, { "start": 245.449, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Cadmus prayed to recompense his error." }, { "start": 248.619, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Suddenly, he felt his body change\nand he embraced Harmonia." }, { "start": 253.457, "duration": 3.963, "text": "The two melted to the ground\nand shed their human skins," }, { "start": 257.42, "duration": 4.296, "text": "until finally, two snakes were\nleft coiled in the field." }, { "start": 261.924, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Cadmus' debt was at last repaid— " }, { "start": 264.844, "duration": 2.669, "text": "to the snake he slayed\nin a desperate moment," }, { "start": 267.555, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and to the gods,\nwho guarded their grudges" }, { "start": 270.558, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and dispensed of their\npunishments liberally." } ] }, { "video_id": "tmwIhOCXLrQ", "title": "Is plant-based meat actually better for you? - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Explore the differences between farmed meat, plant-based meat, and lab-grown meat, and find out which is best for you and the planet.\n\n--\n\nIn 2021, a survey of over 1,000 Americans found that nearly two-thirds had eaten plant-based meat alternatives in the past year. Many cited potential health and environmental benefits as their motivation. But are these alternative meats actually better for us and the planet? Carolyn Beans investigates the differences between farmed meat, plant-based meat, and lab-grown meat.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Laura Jayne Hodkin.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to Raychel Santo and Keeve Nachman who provided information and insights for the development of this video. \n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/which-is-better-for-you-real-meat-or-fake-meat-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/which-is-better-for-you-real-meat-or-fake-meat-carolyn-beans#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.laurajaynehodkin.com\nMUSIC: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee and Filip Dabrowski.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-22T15:01:14Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.754, "text": "For some reason, your otherwise\npeaceful planet" }, { "start": 10.757, "duration": 3.753, "text": "attracts the most reckless drivers\nin the galaxy." }, { "start": 15.136, "duration": 5.172, "text": "So your government has introduced a\nplan to address the record-breaking rates" }, { "start": 20.308, "duration": 4.254, "text": " of traffic tickets and\ndeadly hovercar accidents." }, { "start": 24.979, "duration": 5.881, "text": "They propose assigning driver credit\nscores to every car-owning citizen." }, { "start": 31.235, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Drivers’ scores will go up when they drive\nin legal and considerate ways," }, { "start": 36.199, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and down when they drive recklessly." }, { "start": 38.91, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Citizens with high scores will then be\nrewarded with car-related benefits," }, { "start": 43.998, "duration": 5.422, "text": "like easier access to car loans\nand cheaper gas and toll payments." }, { "start": 49.754, "duration": 4.546, "text": "But drivers with low scores will see\nthe price of those things go up." }, { "start": 54.717, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Your planet's already tested this system," }, { "start": 57.637, "duration": 4.296, "text": "and researchers found a drastic decrease\nin car accidents" }, { "start": 61.933, "duration": 2.043, "text": "and inconsiderate driving." }, { "start": 64.602, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But to implement this planet-wide," }, { "start": 67.063, "duration": 3.92, "text": "the government needs to observe\nevery driver’s behavior." }, { "start": 71.609, "duration": 3.378, "text": "And because hover cars routinely\ndrive off-road," }, { "start": 74.987, "duration": 2.878, "text": "it won’t be enough simply\nto surveil the roads—" }, { "start": 78.032, "duration": 5.13, "text": "the government will need to install\ncameras and microphones in every vehicle." }, { "start": 83.287, "duration": 1.46, "text": "The recordings would be stored" }, { "start": 84.747, "duration": 4.963, "text": "on government servers to document\ndriver behavior and justify scores." }, { "start": 90.044, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Clearly it would be good for everyone\nif the roads were safer." }, { "start": 94.132, "duration": 5.505, "text": "But is this undeniable benefit worth\nthe cost to drivers’ privacy?" }, { "start": 99.971, "duration": 3.753, "text": "The government has put their\ncontroversial plan to a vote." }, { "start": 104.016, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Where do you stand? " }, { "start": 106.227, "duration": 5.255, "text": "Your answer will likely depend on what\nyou think the value of privacy is." }, { "start": 111.732, "duration": 5.423, "text": "Philosophers often understand privacy\nas the ability to control information" }, { "start": 117.155, "duration": 1.459, "text": "about oneself." }, { "start": 118.948, "duration": 2.711, "text": "From this perspective, privacy matters" }, { "start": 121.659, "duration": 4.171, "text": "because it impacts how each of us\nnavigates the social world," }, { "start": 125.83, "duration": 4.171, "text": "deciding when and to what extent\nto be in the public eye." }, { "start": 130.168, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Some think this kind of control\nis essential to being free," }, { "start": 134.255, "duration": 5.172, "text": "and that any policy which reduces privacy\ntherefore impairs our freedom." }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 5.005, "text": "For example, living in a surveillance\nstate would likely affect your actions" }, { "start": 144.765, "duration": 4.755, "text": "even if no one was using your private\ninformation against you." }, { "start": 150.104, "duration": 2.211, "text": "But in cases like your planet’s," }, { "start": 152.356, "duration": 3.212, "text": "the conflict is between your\nown personal freedom" }, { "start": 155.568, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and the good of the larger social world." }, { "start": 158.696, "duration": 3.795, "text": "And since society is really just\na collection of individuals" }, { "start": 162.491, "duration": 1.46, "text": "with their own rights," }, { "start": 163.993, "duration": 3.795, "text": "how can we determine what the\n“greater good” even is?" }, { "start": 168.497, "duration": 3.462, "text": "For the philosopher Plato,\nthis was very straightforward." }, { "start": 172.043, "duration": 4.963, "text": "He defined justice as referring to the\nwelfare of society as a whole—" }, { "start": 177.006, "duration": 4.004, "text": "not the well-being or liberty\nof its individual members." }, { "start": 181.427, "duration": 3.921, "text": "He likened this to the way we talk\nabout the health of a human body," }, { "start": 185.598, "duration": 4.129, "text": "where the condition of any single limb\nor organ matters only" }, { "start": 189.727, "duration": 1.793, "text": "as part of the bigger picture." }, { "start": 191.938, "duration": 4.587, "text": "For Plato, the same is true\nof individual members of society;" }, { "start": 196.525, "duration": 3.629, "text": "justice requires prioritizing\nthe collective good" }, { "start": 200.154, "duration": 2.377, "text": "over their own individual good." }, { "start": 202.99, "duration": 4.171, "text": "On the other hand, other philosophers\nhave defended privacy" }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 6.715, "text": "as a means of moderating the “tyrannical\nexcesses of an unchecked security state.”" }, { "start": 214.335, "duration": 4.796, "text": "In the present case, your government could\nmisuse this surveillance data." }, { "start": 219.507, "duration": 3.086, "text": "But even if your government were\nperfectly trustworthy," }, { "start": 222.635, "duration": 2.419, "text": "some feel your right to privacy" }, { "start": 225.054, "duration": 3.67, "text": "would still be an essential cornerstone\nof democracy." }, { "start": 229.308, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Ruth Gavison notes that the protection\nof privacy fosters “moral autonomy,”" }, { "start": 235.356, "duration": 5.756, "text": "which she argues is necessary for people\nto exercise their democratic rights." }, { "start": 241.612, "duration": 3.796, "text": "She maintains that democracy\ndepends on people’s ability" }, { "start": 245.408, "duration": 3.169, "text": " to form independent judgments\nand preferences," }, { "start": 248.577, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and this requires knowing that we're free\nfrom the threat of public hostility" }, { "start": 253.332, "duration": 1.502, "text": "or humiliation. " }, { "start": 255.376, "duration": 4.88, "text": "However, perhaps it’s worth questioning\nwhether privacy is really valuable" }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 1.376, "text": "in its own right." }, { "start": 261.757, "duration": 3.17, "text": "If privacy is only\ninstrumentally valuable—" }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 4.171, "text": "meaning valuable to the extent that it\nbrings about other valuable things" }, { "start": 269.098, "duration": 1.001, "text": "for society— " }, { "start": 270.099, "duration": 3.837, "text": "then its worth can be\noutweighed by other social goals." }, { "start": 274.103, "duration": 4.087, "text": "It’s also possible that our right\nto privacy doesn’t even exist" }, { "start": 278.19, "duration": 1.585, "text": "in the way we think it does." }, { "start": 280.192, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Judith Jarvis Thomson argues\nthat our so-called right to privacy" }, { "start": 284.989, "duration": 3.962, "text": "is really just a combination\nof other, more specific rights," }, { "start": 289.035, "duration": 4.629, "text": "like the right to own property\nor to use our bodies as we see fit." }, { "start": 294.081, "duration": 4.964, "text": "By this logic, all debates over privacy\nshould be refocused on the rights" }, { "start": 299.045, "duration": 2.752, "text": "which are actually being compromised." }, { "start": 302.214, "duration": 3.879, "text": "So is the safety afforded\nby this new system" }, { "start": 306.093, "duration": 2.962, "text": "worth the cost to individual privacy?" }, { "start": 309.305, "duration": 2.461, "text": "What will you do with your vote?" } ] }, { "video_id": "LBALm7CeEG4", "title": "A 5,300-year-old murder mystery - Albert Zink", "description": "Get to know the story of Ötzi the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old glacier mummy who researchers discovered had been murdered.\n\n--\n\nIn September 1991, two hikers discovered a corpse emerging from the ice. Researchers soon realized they were looking at the mummified body of a man who’d lived about 5,300 years ago, and theorized he got caught in bad weather and froze. However, a shocking discovery revealed his true cause of death and upended his story. So, how did he die? Albert Zink uncovers the truth about Özti the Iceman.\n\nLesson by Albert Zink, directed by Andrew Foerster, Rewfoe.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-5-300-year-old-murder-mystery-albert-zink\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-5-300-year-old-murder-mystery-albert-zink#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://rewfoe.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev and Penelope Misquitta.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-17T15:01:41Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 14.01, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Achilles, welcome!" }, { "start": 16.262, "duration": 5.172, "text": "I’m the Sibyl of Cumae,\nprophetess and avid reader of leaves." }, { "start": 21.851, "duration": 4.963, "text": "To clarify, you were just slain\nin the Trojan War." }, { "start": 26.814, "duration": 1.252, "text": "Sorry about that." }, { "start": 28.441, "duration": 2.669, "text": "It’s normal to feel mixed\nemotions right now." }, { "start": 31.36, "duration": 6.674, "text": "But you will be immortalized as one\nof the greatest warriors ever." }, { "start": 38.659, "duration": 2.42, "text": "And you’ll have endless distractions\ndown here." }, { "start": 41.079, "duration": 1.668, "text": "So, pros and cons." }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 6.256, "text": "It gets a bad rap, but the Underworld\nis actually a lovely place to “live.”" }, { "start": 50.004, "duration": 5.881, "text": "It boasts historic charm and eccentric\nneighbors with eternal ties to the area." }, { "start": 56.302, "duration": 3.629, "text": "The community even has\nits own guard dog, Cerberus." }, { "start": 60.223, "duration": 1.501, "text": "Heel, boy! Oh." }, { "start": 61.891, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Sorry, I know that’s a sensitive spot." }, { "start": 64.56, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Anyway, with Cerberus, you get\nthree for the price of one!" }, { "start": 69.482, "duration": 3.003, "text": "He’s just not a big fan of anyone leaving." }, { "start": 73.277, "duration": 2.461, "text": "And who would want to leave anyway?" }, { "start": 75.947, "duration": 4.921, "text": "This is the Styx—\nit’s like the subterranean riviera." }, { "start": 81.119, "duration": 1.543, "text": "But you’ve been here before;" }, { "start": 82.662, "duration": 5.088, "text": "it was the source of your almost\ncomplete invulnerability, of course!" }, { "start": 89.085, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The Underworld also features\nfour other waterways:" }, { "start": 92.63, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Acheron, the river of woe;\nCocytus, river of wailing;" }, { "start": 97.468, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Lethe, river of oblivion;" }, { "start": 100.221, "duration": 5.088, "text": "and Phlegethon, river of fire,\na great source of natural light." }, { "start": 106.31, "duration": 2.837, "text": "Now, on your left,\nyou’ll see the Mourning Fields," }, { "start": 109.147, "duration": 2.627, "text": "inhabited by souls tormented by love." }, { "start": 113.442, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Quite an attractive place, really," }, { "start": 115.611, "duration": 2.461, "text": "when you’re not in the throes\nof endless heartbreak." }, { "start": 118.447, "duration": 2.294, "text": "And without further ado:" }, { "start": 120.992, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Elysium, the Underworld’s\nexclusive VIP section—" }, { "start": 126.08, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and your permanent home." }, { "start": 129.292, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Here, you'll join the ranks\nof royalty and heroes." }, { "start": 133.045, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Cadmus over there once slayed a dragon!" }, { "start": 137.175, "duration": 5.213, "text": "And Patroclus is around here somewhere,\nalong with lots of other friends and foes." }, { "start": 142.847, "duration": 1.877, "text": "I'll let you two get reacquainted soon," }, { "start": 144.724, "duration": 3.67, "text": "but our tour wouldn’t be complete\nwithout a quick whirl" }, { "start": 148.394, "duration": 3.754, "text": "through the heart of Hades:\nTartarus." }, { "start": 153.399, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Tisiphone here guards the portal." }, { "start": 156.068, "duration": 1.961, "text": "She's one of the legendary Furies" }, { "start": 158.029, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and is particularly passionate about\navenging murder." }, { "start": 162.2, "duration": 1.459, "text": "She never sleeps." }, { "start": 163.659, "duration": 2.211, "text": "So, if you need anything, just ask!" }, { "start": 166.162, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Tartarus is reserved for a select\nfew who some might call" }, { "start": 170.124, "duration": 1.919, "text": "the greatest sinners of all time." }, { "start": 172.335, "duration": 1.167, "text": "Take Ixion." }, { "start": 173.669, "duration": 1.752, "text": "He was once a king." }, { "start": 175.671, "duration": 1.919, "text": "When he didn’t pay his wedding dowry," }, { "start": 177.59, "duration": 3.754, "text": "his father-in-law, Deioneus,\nstole his horses to get even." }, { "start": 181.552, "duration": 4.588, "text": "In retaliation, Ixion pitched\nDeioneus into a pit of fire." }, { "start": 188.309, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Ixion was banished, but Zeus miraculously\ntook pity on him," }, { "start": 192.438, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and invited him to a Mount Olympian feast." }, { "start": 196.817, "duration": 4.338, "text": "There, however, it soon became clear\nthat the disgraced king" }, { "start": 201.155, "duration": 3.003, "text": "was trying to seduce Zeus’s wife, Hera." }, { "start": 204.825, "duration": 2.753, "text": "So, Zeus contrived a trap:" }, { "start": 207.578, "duration": 3.045, "text": "a fluffy cloud that resembled\nHera exactly." }, { "start": 210.748, "duration": 4.838, "text": "When Zeus had proof of Ixion having\nhis way with the cumulus," }, { "start": 215.586, "duration": 3.796, "text": "well, you could say it was all nimbus\nfrom there." }, { "start": 220.216, "duration": 2.502, "text": "That landed Ixion on the flaming wheel." }, { "start": 223.052, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Poor thing." }, { "start": 224.971, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Oh, and don’t mind Tantalus here." }, { "start": 226.722, "duration": 2.461, "text": "He was part of the first generation\nof mortals," }, { "start": 229.267, "duration": 3.003, "text": "enjoying privileges \nlike dining with the gods." }, { "start": 232.687, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Some say Tantalus stole ambrosia\nfrom Zeus," }, { "start": 236.44, "duration": 2.837, "text": "others that he doubted\nthe omniscience of the gods" }, { "start": 239.277, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and cooked his own son into a stew\nto see if they would notice." }, { "start": 244.365, "duration": 1.71, "text": "Naturally, they did." }, { "start": 246.951, "duration": 3.962, "text": "And as eternal punishment,\nwhen Tantalus reaches for food," }, { "start": 250.913, "duration": 2.169, "text": "the branches grow taller." }, { "start": 253.499, "duration": 4.338, "text": "And when he stoops to quench his thirst,\nthe water recedes." }, { "start": 258.879, "duration": 2.253, "text": "And here we have the Danaids." }, { "start": 261.215, "duration": 4.254, "text": "At their father’s order, they beheaded\ntheir husbands on their wedding night." }, { "start": 268.556, "duration": 2.002, "text": "They must fill this basin with water." }, { "start": 271.267, "duration": 5.255, "text": "But, the trick is, their jars are cracked,\nso it always... just... leaks away." }, { "start": 277.189, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Oh, but don’t worry!\nNo leaky appliances for you." }, { "start": 280.526, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Finally, our last stop on the tour\nis one of our loveliest vistas." }, { "start": 285.865, "duration": 4.379, "text": "From here, you can see the hill where\nSisyphus pushes his boulder" }, { "start": 290.244, "duration": 2.795, "text": "day after day," }, { "start": 293.622, "duration": 2.795, "text": "only for it to roll back down again—" }, { "start": 297.001, "duration": 1.918, "text": "all for trying to cheat death." }, { "start": 299.712, "duration": 5.172, "text": "As you can see, Achilles, the Underworld\nis full of exciting amenities." }, { "start": 305.051, "duration": 5.463, "text": "Here, you don’t have to worry about\nbrutal wars or painful cycles of revenge." }, { "start": 310.723, "duration": 4.046, "text": "You can finally just put your feet up\nand relax." } ] }, { "video_id": "xQ156y4TtJs", "title": "How the water you flush becomes the water you drink - Francis de los Reyes", "description": "Explore the science of wastewater treatment, and find out why water reuse has become increasingly common worldwide.\n\n--\n\nIn 2003, Singapore’s national water agency launched an unprecedented program to provide more than 50% of their nation’s water supply by recycling wastewater. The program had been planned for decades to ensure the island nation never ran out of clean water. But is it really safe to reuse anything we flush down the toilet? Francis de los Reyes explains the science of wastewater treatment.\n\nLesson by Francis de los Reyes, directed by JodyPrody, The Animation Workshop.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-water-you-flush-becomes-the-water-you-drink-francis-de-los-reyes\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-water-you-flush-becomes-the-water-you-drink-francis-de-los-reyes#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://jodyprody.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco and Rayo.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-15T15:01:15Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.794, "duration": 5.464, "text": "One day around 850 CE,\na goatherd named Kaldi observed that," }, { "start": 12.258, "duration": 4.671, "text": "after nibbling on some berries,\nhis goats started acting abnormally." }, { "start": 17.555, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Kaldi tried them himself,\nand soon enough he was just as hyper." }, { "start": 22.351, "duration": 2.962, "text": "This was humanity’s first\nrun-in with coffee—" }, { "start": 25.313, "duration": 1.626, "text": "or so the story goes." }, { "start": 27.315, "duration": 3.67, "text": "When exactly people began\nconsuming coffee is unclear—" }, { "start": 31.027, "duration": 4.004, "text": "but at some point before the 1400s,\nin what’s now Ethiopia," }, { "start": 35.198, "duration": 4.212, "text": "people began foraging for wild coffee\nin the forest undergrowth." }, { "start": 39.702, "duration": 3.379, "text": "The reason coffee plants are equipped\nwith lots of caffeine" }, { "start": 43.081, "duration": 3.294, "text": "might be because it makes them\nunattractive to herbivores" }, { "start": 46.375, "duration": 2.42, "text": "or more attractive to pollinators." }, { "start": 49.045, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But either way, people caught\non to coffee’s advantages" }, { "start": 52.465, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and began making tea from its leaves;" }, { "start": 54.967, "duration": 4.13, "text": "combining its berries with butter and salt\nfor a sustaining snack;" }, { "start": 59.18, "duration": 5.631, "text": "and drying, roasting, and simmering\nits cherries into an energizing elixir." }, { "start": 65.478, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Coffee rode trade routes\ninto the Middle East," }, { "start": 68.314, "duration": 5.047, "text": "and its widespread popularity began\nbrewing in earnest in the 1450s." }, { "start": 73.486, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Upon returning from a visit to Ethiopia," }, { "start": 76.239, "duration": 3.503, "text": "a Sufi leader recommended\nthat worshippers in Yemen" }, { "start": 79.742, "duration": 3.253, "text": "use coffee during ritual chants\nand dances." }, { "start": 83.246, "duration": 2.669, "text": "Soon enough,\npeople within the Ottoman Empire" }, { "start": 85.915, "duration": 4.963, "text": "began roasting and grinding the beans\nto yield a darker, bolder beverage." }, { "start": 91.42, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Many gathered in guesthouses\nand outside mosques" }, { "start": 95.007, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to partake in coffee’s comforts." }, { "start": 97.093, "duration": 3.628, "text": "But authorities grew concerned\nabout whether coffee’s influence" }, { "start": 100.721, "duration": 2.086, "text": "was innocent or intoxicating," }, { "start": 102.807, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and if Muslims should be allowed\nto drink it." }, { "start": 105.601, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Indeed, in 1511, a religious court\nin Mecca put coffee on trial." }, { "start": 111.399, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Scholars finally deemed it permissible," }, { "start": 113.818, "duration": 4.379, "text": "so coffeehouses sprang up in Damascus,\nIstanbul, and beyond," }, { "start": 118.239, "duration": 5.047, "text": "where clientele could sip coffee, smoke,\nand enjoy a variety of entertainment." }, { "start": 124.245, "duration": 4.421, "text": "By the late 1500s, people in Yemen\nwere farming coffee" }, { "start": 128.666, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and exporting it\nfrom the port of Al-Makha," }, { "start": 131.711, "duration": 3.795, "text": "which became known in other parts\nof the world as Mocha." }, { "start": 136.007, "duration": 4.045, "text": "But coffee was eventually transported—\nor smuggled— into India," }, { "start": 140.052, "duration": 3.129, "text": "and soon took root in Java and beyond." }, { "start": 144.182, "duration": 4.587, "text": "Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire introduced\nthe stimulating substance to Europe." }, { "start": 149.312, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Central London’s first coffeehouses\nopened in the 1650s." }, { "start": 153.9, "duration": 2.794, "text": "By 1663 there were more than 80." }, { "start": 156.819, "duration": 5.047, "text": "And despite King Charles II’s\nattempt to ban them in 1675," }, { "start": 161.991, "duration": 4.463, "text": "coffeehouses kept simmering\nas social and intellectual hotbeds." }, { "start": 166.871, "duration": 4.755, "text": "In 1679, for instance,\npatrons of Garraway’s coffeehouse" }, { "start": 171.626, "duration": 4.754, "text": "had the pleasure of watching Robert Hooke,\nthe scientist who coined the term “cell,”" }, { "start": 176.38, "duration": 2.378, "text": "publicly dissect a porpoise." }, { "start": 179.175, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In France, people began mixing\ncoffee with milk and sugar." }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 2.002, "text": "And throughout the 1700s," }, { "start": 184.889, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Paris’ coffeehouses hosted Enlightenment\nfigures like Diderot and Voltaire," }, { "start": 190.186, "duration": 3.628, "text": "who allegedly drank 50 cups of coffee\na day." }, { "start": 193.981, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Granted, these were likely small servings\nof comparatively weak coffee—" }, { "start": 198.569, "duration": 1.543, "text": "but still, impressive." }, { "start": 200.279, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Meanwhile, European empires began\nprofiting off coffee-growing," }, { "start": 204.533, "duration": 3.713, "text": "establishing enslaved\nor exploited workforces" }, { "start": 208.246, "duration": 2.752, "text": "in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean." }, { "start": 211.582, "duration": 4.046, "text": "As cultivation boomed in Latin America,\nfueled by slavery," }, { "start": 215.795, "duration": 2.752, "text": "growers displaced Indigenous populations" }, { "start": 218.547, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and burned forests\nto establish ever-expanding plantations." }, { "start": 223.177, "duration": 5.339, "text": "By 1906, Brazil was exporting\nover 80% of the world’s coffee." }, { "start": 228.766, "duration": 3.253, "text": "That same year, \nthe Milan World’s Fair showcased" }, { "start": 232.019, "duration": 2.795, "text": "the first commercial espresso machine." }, { "start": 235.022, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And alongside the development\nof industrial roasting equipment" }, { "start": 238.567, "duration": 2.211, "text": "came various coffee brands." }, { "start": 241.028, "duration": 6.257, "text": "By the mid-1950s, about 60% of\nUS factories incorporated coffee breaks." }, { "start": 247.451, "duration": 5.047, "text": "As African countries cut colonial ties,\nmany ramped up coffee production." }, { "start": 252.707, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And coffee drinking also later\nmade inroads in East Asia," }, { "start": 256.544, "duration": 3.211, "text": "especially as canned,\npre-prepared beverages." }, { "start": 260.423, "duration": 1.376, "text": "In more recent decades," }, { "start": 261.799, "duration": 4.63, "text": "specialty coffees with an emphasis\non quality beans and brewing methods" }, { "start": 266.429, "duration": 4.713, "text": "grew popular and propelled farms\nin Central America and East Africa." }, { "start": 271.475, "duration": 5.214, "text": "Yet coffee workers worldwide continued\nto endure inhumane conditions" }, { "start": 276.689, "duration": 2.127, "text": "and insufficient compensation." }, { "start": 278.983, "duration": 2.377, "text": "This motivated certification efforts" }, { "start": 281.36, "duration": 2.878, "text": "for coffee production\nthat met ethical standards," }, { "start": 284.238, "duration": 3.045, "text": "including minimum wage\nand sustainable farming." }, { "start": 287.283, "duration": 2.627, "text": "But issues still loom over the industry." }, { "start": 290.202, "duration": 1.877, "text": "And because of climate change," }, { "start": 292.079, "duration": 3.254, "text": "the equatorial “Bean Belt” \nwhere coffee thrives" }, { "start": 295.333, "duration": 3.086, "text": "is projected to shrink\nin upcoming decades." }, { "start": 298.461, "duration": 2.878, "text": "It’s unclear exactly what\nthis might look like." }, { "start": 301.422, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But scientists are\ninvestigating possibilities" }, { "start": 304.467, "duration": 4.796, "text": "like resilient coffee hybrids that might\nhelp weather the unpredictable future—" }, { "start": 309.513, "duration": 3.42, "text": "all to protect the beverage\nthat’s become a cherished part" }, { "start": 312.933, "duration": 2.586, "text": "of daily rituals worldwide." } ] }, { "video_id": "xDNzz8yAH7I", "title": "Why is everyone fighting over these tiny spots of space? - Fabio Pacucci", "description": "Download a free audiobook version of “Project Hail Mary\" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed\n\n--\n\nSince the 1950s, governments, companies, and researchers have been planting flags among the stars. But while it might seem like there’s plenty of room in space, some pieces of celestial real estate are more valuable than others. As far as human space exploration is concerned, Lagrange points may be the most important places in our solar system. So what exactly are they? Fabio Pacucci explains.\n\nLesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Tim Rauch.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Audible\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/whoever-builds-something-here-will-be-rich-beyond-measure-fabio-pacucci\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/whoever-builds-something-here-will-be-rich-beyond-measure-fabio-pacucci#digdeeper \nCheck out our full book recommendation: https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/project-hail-mary\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/tim_rauch\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek and Dennis.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-10T15:00:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.12, "duration": 6.179, "text": "in July 1776 Congress voted to adopt the" }, { "start": 3.899, "duration": 4.74, "text": "Declaration of Independence nearly two" }, { "start": 6.299, "duration": 4.141, "text": "and a half centuries later that day is" }, { "start": 8.639, "duration": 3.121, "text": "celebrated as the birthday of the United" }, { "start": 10.44, "duration": 3.42, "text": "States" }, { "start": 11.76, "duration": 3.959, "text": "but there are some pieces of the story" }, { "start": 13.86, "duration": 4.38, "text": "you may not know" }, { "start": 15.719, "duration": 4.98, "text": "first while Thomas Jefferson gets credit" }, { "start": 18.24, "duration": 6.299, "text": "for writing the Declaration he was" }, { "start": 20.699, "duration": 6.061, "text": "actually one of five contributors" }, { "start": 24.539, "duration": 4.56, "text": "second some of Jefferson's most" }, { "start": 26.76, "duration": 4.46, "text": "memorable words and phrases were" }, { "start": 29.099, "duration": 5.341, "text": "borrowed and tweaked from other writers" }, { "start": 31.22, "duration": 6.4, "text": "lastly Jefferson had originally included" }, { "start": 34.44, "duration": 6.0, "text": "a passage on the evils of slavery but it" }, { "start": 37.62, "duration": 4.92, "text": "was cut from the final draft in part" }, { "start": 40.44, "duration": 3.779, "text": "because Congress wanted no mention of" }, { "start": 42.54, "duration": 3.9, "text": "slavery in the nation's founding" }, { "start": 44.219, "duration": 4.86, "text": "document this remains an important" }, { "start": 46.44, "duration": 7.58, "text": "reminder that the revolution did not" }, { "start": 49.079, "duration": 4.941, "text": "guarantee Liberty Inequality For All" } ] }, { "video_id": "eBYqlmS4A-E", "title": "What happens if you don’t put your phone in airplane mode? - Lindsay DeMarchi", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/teded\n\n--\n\nRight now, invisible signals are flying through the air all around you. Massive radio waves carry information between computers, GPS systems, cell phones, and more. And the sky is flooded with interference from routers, satellites, and, of course, people flying who haven’t put their phones on airplane mode. So, what exactly does airplane mode do? Lindsay DeMarchi explains the setting's importance.\n\nLesson by Lindsay DeMarchi, directed by Sofia Pashaei.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-if-you-don-t-put-your-phone-in-airplane-mode-lindsay-demarchi\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-if-you-don-t-put-your-phone-in-airplane-mode-lindsay-demarchi#digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu and David D.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-08T15:00:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Of all Shakespeare’s plays, perhaps none\nis stranger than “Macbeth.”" }, { "start": 12.925, "duration": 4.588, "text": "The piece opens on Scottish generals\nMacbeth and Banquo" }, { "start": 17.597, "duration": 2.294, "text": "encountering a trio of witches." }, { "start": 20.308, "duration": 2.878, "text": "They predict Macbeth\nwill become Scotland's king" }, { "start": 23.186, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and that Banquo’s descendants\nwill one day take the throne—" }, { "start": 27.565, "duration": 5.38, "text": "a pair of conspiratorial prophecies\nthat burrow into the men’s minds." }, { "start": 33.488, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Macbeth soon fulfills his role," }, { "start": 36.824, "duration": 5.381, "text": "killing both King Duncan and his fellow\ngeneral in a murderous frenzy." }, { "start": 42.413, "duration": 1.752, "text": "Wracked with paranoia," }, { "start": 44.248, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Macbeth summons the witches\nfor more arcane aid," }, { "start": 48.086, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and they predict he’ll be safe\nuntil a faraway forest" }, { "start": 52.423, "duration": 2.336, "text": "lays siege upon his castle." }, { "start": 55.593, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Macbeth takes solace\nin this impossible prophecy." }, { "start": 59.972, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Yet by the play’s end," }, { "start": 61.933, "duration": 4.629, "text": "his keep has been sacked\nby an army disguised as trees," }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 4.38, "text": "and Duncan's son Malcolm\nhas reclaimed the throne." }, { "start": 71.692, "duration": 1.419, "text": "Even for Shakespeare," }, { "start": 73.111, "duration": 4.004, "text": "these are exceptionally odd elements\nfor a parable on power." }, { "start": 77.281, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But according to at least six texts\nfrom the 11th century," }, { "start": 81.119, "duration": 3.753, "text": "this supernatural tragedy\nhas its roots in reality." }, { "start": 85.081, "duration": 4.671, "text": "In 1040, a Scottish general\nnamed Macbethad" }, { "start": 89.752, "duration": 3.253, "text": "was recorded to have killed\na predecessor named Duncan" }, { "start": 93.005, "duration": 1.877, "text": "to become king of Scotland." }, { "start": 95.383, "duration": 4.463, "text": "And in 1057, Duncan’s son,\nMalcolm Canmore," }, { "start": 99.929, "duration": 3.67, "text": "led a successful raid\nagainst this usurper." }, { "start": 103.933, "duration": 4.254, "text": "What's more, accounts from\nsubsequent historians mention witches," }, { "start": 108.187, "duration": 3.045, "text": "prophecies, and arboreal armies." }, { "start": 111.315, "duration": 2.211, "text": "All of which raises the question:" }, { "start": 113.651, "duration": 4.505, "text": "just how much of Shakespeare’s\nstrange story is true?" }, { "start": 118.781, "duration": 4.213, "text": "The answer lies in understanding\nwhat it meant to be a historian" }, { "start": 123.077, "duration": 1.627, "text": "in the Middle Ages." }, { "start": 125.288, "duration": 5.255, "text": "In the five centuries between Macbethad’s\ndeath and Shakespeare’s play," }, { "start": 130.71, "duration": 6.423, "text": "various clerics, chroniclers, and poets\nwrote about this medieval Scottish king." }, { "start": 137.592, "duration": 2.836, "text": "But while some of these writers may have\nseen themselves" }, { "start": 140.428, "duration": 2.502, "text": "as objective observers of history," }, { "start": 142.93, "duration": 3.295, "text": "they all operated more like storytellers." }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 2.169, "text": "It was standard practice at the time" }, { "start": 148.811, "duration": 5.589, "text": "to pull details from various historical\naccounts to craft new histories" }, { "start": 154.4, "duration": 2.586, "text": "that reflected current cultural norms," }, { "start": 157.069, "duration": 4.922, "text": "argued moral positions,\nor commented on royal politics." }, { "start": 162.325, "duration": 5.046, "text": "For example, in 1380,\nScottish cleric John of Fordun" }, { "start": 167.663, "duration": 4.672, "text": "penned a history of Scotland that\nincorporated Macbethad’s rule." }, { "start": 173.002, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Written amidst a war with England\nand in the wake of a great plague," }, { "start": 177.131, "duration": 5.964, "text": "Fordun wanted to instill Scottish pride\nin his devout, educated readers." }, { "start": 183.596, "duration": 6.423, "text": "So he glorified the Canmore dynasty\nand denounced Macbethad as a villain" }, { "start": 190.228, "duration": 2.002, "text": "who interrupted their rule." }, { "start": 192.939, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Decades later, the cleric Andrew of\nWyntoun further demonized Macbeth." }, { "start": 199.362, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Writing for audiences\nenthralled by the occult," }, { "start": 202.782, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Wyntoun imagined the murderous\nusurper as the devil’s spawn," }, { "start": 207.203, "duration": 2.836, "text": "who hallucinated ghostly greyhounds" }, { "start": 210.039, "duration": 5.13, "text": "and witches inspired by the Fates\nof Norse mythology." }, { "start": 215.461, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Wyntoun also introduced the rebels\nusing branches to camouflage their attack." }, { "start": 221.717, "duration": 5.631, "text": "Renaissance scholar Hector Boece\nhad slightly more sympathy for Macbeth," }, { "start": 227.473, "duration": 5.339, "text": "approaching him as a just ruler\nwho descended into ruthless paranoia." }, { "start": 233.02, "duration": 3.754, "text": "This cautionary tale may\nhave been intended as a criticism" }, { "start": 236.774, "duration": 5.506, "text": "of tyrannical contemporary kings\nlike Henry VIII or Francis I." }, { "start": 242.655, "duration": 5.714, "text": "An altered version of Boece’s Macbeth\nis likely what inspired Shakespeare" }, { "start": 248.536, "duration": 5.547, "text": "to partake in the grand tradition\nof rewriting Macbethad’s history." }, { "start": 254.333, "duration": 5.547, "text": "When the Bard was writing “Macbeth,”\nEngland was ruled by King James I." }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 3.295, "text": "James was a descendant of the Stuarts," }, { "start": 263.634, "duration": 6.423, "text": "a Scottish royal dynasty that included\nMacbeth's fictional friend Banquo." }, { "start": 270.516, "duration": 3.462, "text": "So it’s possible the Bard tried\nto flatter King James" }, { "start": 273.978, "duration": 1.918, "text": "by giving Banquo a bigger role" }, { "start": 275.896, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and introducing the prophecy that his\ndescendants would take the throne." }, { "start": 280.86, "duration": 2.377, "text": "And then there's the witches." }, { "start": 283.696, "duration": 2.002, "text": "James hated witchcraft," }, { "start": 285.865, "duration": 3.295, "text": "so Shakespeare might have been playing\nto the throne" }, { "start": 289.16, "duration": 4.588, "text": "by exaggerating the story’s\nsinister supernatural elements." }, { "start": 294.081, "duration": 3.254, "text": "Alternatively, the inclusion\nof the weird sisters" }, { "start": 297.335, "duration": 4.212, "text": "may have been the Bard rebelling\nagainst the king’s censorship" }, { "start": 301.547, "duration": 2.211, "text": "of other witchy plays." }, { "start": 304.091, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Either way, not all of his additions\nwere influenced by the throne." }, { "start": 308.763, "duration": 2.21, "text": "More than any previous telling," }, { "start": 310.973, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Shakespeare’s Scot is tormented\nand confused." }, { "start": 315.269, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Is he a devil or a saint?" }, { "start": 318.105, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Are these witches real or illusion?" }, { "start": 321.4, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Is he in charge of his own destiny," }, { "start": 323.819, "duration": 4.046, "text": "or is his legacy\ndetermined by external forces?" }, { "start": 328.199, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In asking these questions, Shakespeare’s\nMacbeth may be the truest of them all." }, { "start": 333.788, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Not because of similarities\nto his historical namesake." }, { "start": 337.375, "duration": 3.42, "text": "But because, just like those\nwho’ve written about him," }, { "start": 341.003, "duration": 4.421, "text": "this Macbeth is also trying\nto determine his role" }, { "start": 345.508, "duration": 3.044, "text": "in the ever-changing currents of history." } ] }, { "video_id": "VvxRnuE59K8", "title": "Why your phone battery gets worse over time - George Zaidan", "description": "Explore the science of why single-use and rechargeable batteries die, and find out why recycling batteries can be challenging.\n\n--\n\nAlmost all batteries, even single-use batteries, are theoretically rechargeable. That’s because the metals and other chemicals are still there in the battery. So chemically speaking, a dead battery is actually not that different from a fresh one. Then why do batteries die in the first place? And what should you do with them once they’re spent? George Zaidan digs into the science of batteries.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan, directed by Luisa Holanda.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to Sunil Mair who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-your-phone-battery-gets-worse-over-time-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-your-phone-battery-gets-worse-over-time-george-zaidan#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.luisaholanda.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam and Sid.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-03T14:09:24Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.462, "duration": 4.754, "text": "On November 30th, 1935,\ndozens of writers passed away." }, { "start": 12.592, "duration": 3.42, "text": "They came from different backgrounds,\nespoused divergent beliefs," }, { "start": 16.012, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and wrote in a variety of styles." }, { "start": 18.222, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Yet all of their work was stashed\nin a single trunk" }, { "start": 20.641, "duration": 1.919, "text": "in an apartment in Lisbon, Portugal." }, { "start": 22.685, "duration": 4.505, "text": "So, what mysterious string\ntied all these writers together?" }, { "start": 27.356, "duration": 5.423, "text": "Well, the trunk belonged\nto one enigmatic author, Fernando Pessoa," }, { "start": 32.779, "duration": 2.294, "text": "who was, in fact, all of them." }, { "start": 36.24, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Some authors use pseudonyms and pen names" }, { "start": 38.743, "duration": 3.295, "text": "to protect their identities\nor bolster their artistic personas." }, { "start": 42.622, "duration": 4.463, "text": "But Pessoa used what he called\n“heteronyms” to write not as himself" }, { "start": 47.085, "duration": 1.918, "text": "but as other people he invented," }, { "start": 49.003, "duration": 3.253, "text": "giving way to generative,\nartistic experimentation." }, { "start": 52.632, "duration": 3.879, "text": "He fleshed out their imagined lives,\ndevised their distinct quirks," }, { "start": 56.511, "duration": 2.46, "text": "and cultivated their unique\nliterary voices." }, { "start": 59.472, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Sometimes Pessoa's heteronyms\ninteracted with each other," }, { "start": 63.351, "duration": 2.169, "text": "even criticizing one another's work." }, { "start": 66.062, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Pessoa described himself as a “nomadic\nwanderer through [his own] consciousness,”" }, { "start": 71.651, "duration": 3.378, "text": "“a kind of medium,”\n“divided” among his heteronyms." }, { "start": 75.196, "duration": 3.545, "text": "“But,” he wrote, “I’m less real\nthan the others," }, { "start": 78.741, "duration": 4.755, "text": "less substantial, less personal,\nand easily influenced by them all.”" }, { "start": 85.706, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Born in Lisbon in 1888,\nPessoa began writing as different people" }, { "start": 90.044, "duration": 1.835, "text": "when he was around six years old," }, { "start": 91.921, "duration": 3.712, "text": "authoring letters as an imaginary\nFrenchman, Chevalier de Pas." }, { "start": 95.883, "duration": 3.504, "text": "When Pessoa’s stepfather moved\ntheir family to South Africa," }, { "start": 99.387, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Pessoa picked up new languages." }, { "start": 101.597, "duration": 3.212, "text": "He adopted several English-language\nheteronyms in high school" }, { "start": 104.809, "duration": 3.628, "text": "and published booklets of poems\nfeatured by the British press." }, { "start": 108.855, "duration": 3.503, "text": "In 1905, Pessoa returned\nto Lisbon for good." }, { "start": 112.567, "duration": 4.045, "text": "He gained a reputation for his\nformal dress, affinity for the occult," }, { "start": 116.612, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and for being cordial and charming while\nalways keeping people at arm’s length." }, { "start": 121.2, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Pessoa established art and literary\njournals and a publishing house." }, { "start": 125.705, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But while these public ventures\nfailed to take off" }, { "start": 128.166, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and Pessoa amassed debt\nand relocated frequently," }, { "start": 131.544, "duration": 2.711, "text": "his greatest experiments\nwere unfolding in private." }, { "start": 134.672, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Scrawling in various languages on\nenvelopes, book jackets and loose papers," }, { "start": 139.177, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Pessoa crafted a dreamy love letter\nas Maria José," }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 4.129, "text": "a teenager with a spinal disorder\nwho was infatuated with a metalworker;" }, { "start": 147.018, "duration": 2.919, "text": "he scribbled detective stories\nas Horace James Faber;" }, { "start": 149.937, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and analyzed astrological charts\nas Raphael Baldaya." }, { "start": 154.4, "duration": 2.628, "text": "He used three heteronyms most frequently." }, { "start": 157.195, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Alberto Caeiro was a shepherd-poet\nwho used simple diction" }, { "start": 161.574, "duration": 2.044, "text": "to describe the world as he saw it." }, { "start": 163.826, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Ricardo Reis, a doctor,\nfavored the epic style of Classical poets." }, { "start": 168.706, "duration": 4.129, "text": "And Álvaro de Campos,\na bisexual naval engineer and nomad," }, { "start": 172.96, "duration": 3.837, "text": "wrote poetry extolling the wonder\nand hardship of daily life." }, { "start": 177.215, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Using de Campos, Pessoa said he could\nchannel all the emotions" }, { "start": 180.301, "duration": 1.335, "text": "he denied himself." }, { "start": 182.136, "duration": 4.797, "text": "And at one point, de Campos claimed\nit was Pessoa who didn’t truly exist." }, { "start": 187.642, "duration": 1.251, "text": "During his lifetime," }, { "start": 188.893, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Pessoa published poems, letters,\nessays, and literary criticism—" }, { "start": 193.648, "duration": 3.211, "text": "some as heteronyms,\nothers under his own name." }, { "start": 197.235, "duration": 3.795, "text": "He also produced a handful of books,\njust one in Portuguese—" }, { "start": 201.155, "duration": 4.296, "text": "a poetry collection about Portugal’s\nmythic history called “Message.”" }, { "start": 205.576, "duration": 1.752, "text": "He gained local recognition," }, { "start": 207.328, "duration": 3.754, "text": "but the full scope of his creative\nendeavours only revealed itself" }, { "start": 211.082, "duration": 2.627, "text": "when Pessoa died a year\nafter the book’s release." }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 4.671, "text": "From among almost 30,000 pages\nof unpublished work stashed in his trunk," }, { "start": 218.756, "duration": 4.213, "text": "critics eventually assembled\n“The Book of Disquiet” in 1982," }, { "start": 223.219, "duration": 2.544, "text": "which Pessoa spent two decades developing." }, { "start": 226.18, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It declares itself,\nin typically cryptic fashion," }, { "start": 229.267, "duration": 2.877, "text": "“the autobiography of someone\nwho never existed.”" }, { "start": 232.603, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Pessoa wrote it as the fictional diary\nof his so-called semi-heteronym," }, { "start": 236.524, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Bernardo Soares," }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 4.17, "text": "whose personality he described\nas a “mere mutilation” of his own." }, { "start": 242.446, "duration": 2.253, "text": "Often frustrated by life’s demands," }, { "start": 244.699, "duration": 3.253, "text": "the book’s narrator explores how delving\ninwards through literature" }, { "start": 247.952, "duration": 2.252, "text": "helps him escape reality’s confines." }, { "start": 250.705, "duration": 5.005, "text": "He continuously challenges conceptions\nof the self as a singular, reliable unit—" }, { "start": 256.002, "duration": 3.169, "text": "instead grappling with identity\nas indefinite," }, { "start": 259.213, "duration": 2.836, "text": "each person a shifting sum of their parts." }, { "start": 262.55, "duration": 3.503, "text": "“My soul is a hidden orchestra,”\nthe first entry reads." }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 3.337, "text": "“I do not know what instruments,\nwhat violins and harps," }, { "start": 269.39, "duration": 3.295, "text": "drums and tambours\nsound and clash inside me." }, { "start": 272.768, "duration": 3.42, "text": "I know myself only as a symphony.”" } ] }, { "video_id": "6LGCk08zMbg", "title": "How dangerous was it to be a jester? - Beatrice K. Otto", "description": "Explore the history of court jesters, from 7th century China to medieval Europe, and how they were able to speak truth to power.\n\n--\n\nContrary to common belief, jesters weren’t just a medieval European phenomenon but flourished in other times and cultures. The first reliably recorded jester is thought to be You Shi, of 7th century BCE China. Jesters had unique relationships to power: they could be viewed as objects of mockery or as entertainers and trusted companions. Beatrice K. Otto digs into history's most infamous jokers.\n\nLesson by Beatrice K. Otto, directed by Yael Reisfeld.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-was-life-like-for-a-court-jester-beatrice-k-otto\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-was-life-like-for-a-court-jester-beatrice-k-otto#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com & https://www.instagram.com/yaelreisfeld\nEducator's website: https://www.foolsareeverywhere.com & https://www.instagram.com/foolsareeverywhereworld\nMusic: https://www.janwillemdewith.com & https://www.instagram.com/janwillemdewith\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús and Karthik Cherala.", "publishedAt": "2023-08-01T15:00:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.753, "duration": 6.298, "text": "In 1667, a Danish scientist finally\nconcluded that certain mysterious stones" }, { "start": 13.051, "duration": 2.836, "text": "prized for their supposed\nmedicinal powers," }, { "start": 15.887, "duration": 3.17, "text": "hadn’t fallen from the sky\nduring lunar eclipses" }, { "start": 19.057, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and weren’t serpent tongues." }, { "start": 21.726, "duration": 2.586, "text": "In fact, they were fossilized teeth—" }, { "start": 24.52, "duration": 5.297, "text": "many belonging to a prehistoric species\nthat would come to be called megalodon," }, { "start": 29.942, "duration": 2.878, "text": "the biggest shark to ever live." }, { "start": 33.446, "duration": 4.296, "text": "So what was it like when megalodon\nruled the seas?" }, { "start": 37.867, "duration": 3.629, "text": "And what brought this formidable\npredator to extinction?" }, { "start": 42.08, "duration": 2.46, "text": "Because their skeletons\nwere cartilaginous," }, { "start": 44.54, "duration": 3.671, "text": "what remains of megalodons are\nmostly scattered clues," }, { "start": 48.211, "duration": 4.963, "text": "like some isolated vertebrae and\nlots of their enamel-protected teeth." }, { "start": 53.466, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Like many sharks, megalodons could shed\nand replace thousands of teeth" }, { "start": 57.887, "duration": 1.627, "text": "over the course of their lives." }, { "start": 59.722, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Interestingly, some fossil sites harbor\nespecially high numbers" }, { "start": 63.81, "duration": 2.585, "text": "of small megalodon teeth." }, { "start": 66.479, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Experts believe these were nurseries\nthat supported countless generations" }, { "start": 71.234, "duration": 2.043, "text": "of budding megalodons." }, { "start": 73.402, "duration": 3.421, "text": "They grew up in sheltered \nand food-packed shallow waters" }, { "start": 76.823, "duration": 3.503, "text": "before becoming unrivaled\nadult marine hunters." }, { "start": 80.827, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Looking at the similarities \nwith great white shark teeth," }, { "start": 84.122, "duration": 5.213, "text": "scientists estimate that megalodons might\nhave stretched up to 20 meters—" }, { "start": 89.335, "duration": 2.961, "text": "three times longer than great whites." }, { "start": 92.505, "duration": 3.754, "text": "And during their reign, which began\naround 20 million years ago," }, { "start": 96.259, "duration": 2.919, "text": "megalodons lived just about everywhere," }, { "start": 99.262, "duration": 5.463, "text": "with individuals also potentially\nundertaking transoceanic migrations." }, { "start": 105.101, "duration": 3.962, "text": "The world was warmer and the ocean\nwas brimming with life." }, { "start": 109.063, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Otters and dugongs thrived \nin newly formed kelp forests," }, { "start": 113.067, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and baleen whales were\nat their most diverse." }, { "start": 116.404, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Megalodons had no shortage\nof high-energy, edible options." }, { "start": 120.158, "duration": 3.044, "text": "And it seems they were ambitious eaters." }, { "start": 123.244, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Generally, as carnivores consume\nprotein-rich meat," }, { "start": 126.706, "duration": 3.753, "text": "certain nitrogen isotopes accumulate\nin their tissues—" }, { "start": 130.459, "duration": 2.837, "text": "including the enamel of their teeth." }, { "start": 133.838, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Analyzing megalodon teeth, scientists\nconfirmed they were apex predators" }, { "start": 138.926, "duration": 3.003, "text": "that not only ate large prey species—" }, { "start": 142.18, "duration": 5.171, "text": "but also other predators,\nperhaps even each other." }, { "start": 147.518, "duration": 2.044, "text": "In addition to megalodon’s teeth," }, { "start": 149.562, "duration": 5.047, "text": "researchers have access to one\nexceptionally well-preserved spinal column" }, { "start": 154.609, "duration": 5.714, "text": "that comprises 141 vertebrae\nof a 46-year-old megalodon." }, { "start": 160.823, "duration": 4.38, "text": "A 3D model of the megalodon’s body\nsuggests that its stomach" }, { "start": 165.203, "duration": 3.67, "text": "could reach volumes\nof almost 10,000 liters—" }, { "start": 168.873, "duration": 3.003, "text": "big enough to fit an entire orca." }, { "start": 172.585, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Reconstructing their jaws,\nresearchers think megalodons could eat" }, { "start": 176.13, "duration": 5.13, "text": "a now-extinct 7-meter sperm whale\nin as few as four bites." }, { "start": 181.51, "duration": 4.213, "text": "And the fossilized bones of ancient\ncetaceans do indeed show evidence" }, { "start": 185.723, "duration": 3.921, "text": "of megalodon bite marks— \nincluding some that healed over," }, { "start": 189.644, "duration": 3.92, "text": "confirming that megalodons\npursued live prey." }, { "start": 194.232, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But if megalodons were so powerful,\nwhy did they go extinct?" }, { "start": 198.402, "duration": 2.837, "text": "It seems there were a few\ncontributing factors." }, { "start": 201.239, "duration": 3.962, "text": "By the time they disappeared\naround 3.5 million years ago," }, { "start": 205.201, "duration": 1.96, "text": "the global climate had cooled," }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 3.879, "text": "causing more glaciers to form\nand the sea level to drop." }, { "start": 211.249, "duration": 2.419, "text": "This dried up many coastal habitats," }, { "start": 213.668, "duration": 4.254, "text": "meaning some of the world’s most\nresource-rich marine sites were lost." }, { "start": 217.922, "duration": 3.628, "text": "About a third of all marine megafauna\neventually went extinct," }, { "start": 221.55, "duration": 2.712, "text": "so fewer prey species were available." }, { "start": 224.262, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And megalodons already faced high\nenergetic demands because of their size" }, { "start": 228.975, "duration": 3.586, "text": "and the mechanism they likely used\nto regulate their body temperature," }, { "start": 232.561, "duration": 2.67, "text": "which allowed them \nto navigate cold waters" }, { "start": 235.231, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and attack prey with bursts of speed." }, { "start": 238.442, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Environmental changes may have\nmade megalodons vulnerable" }, { "start": 241.779, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and increasingly put them in competition\nwith other predators," }, { "start": 245.449, "duration": 3.838, "text": "including the great white shark,\na relative newcomer." }, { "start": 249.704, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Because megalodons were highly\nmobile predators," }, { "start": 252.456, "duration": 2.378, "text": "their extinction had global consequences." }, { "start": 254.834, "duration": 4.337, "text": "The end of their long-distance travels\nprobably disrupted nutrient transport" }, { "start": 259.171, "duration": 1.794, "text": "between different ecosystems." }, { "start": 260.965, "duration": 2.377, "text": "And many animals were suddenly released" }, { "start": 263.342, "duration": 3.253, "text": "from the immense predatory pressure\nof their bite." }, { "start": 267.054, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Interestingly, some marine mammals\ndramatically increased in size afterwards," }, { "start": 271.642, "duration": 2.044, "text": "which was perhaps partially afforded" }, { "start": 273.686, "duration": 4.755, "text": "because they were no longer dealing\nwith such a mega-existential threat." }, { "start": 278.607, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Knowing that the decline of apex predators\ncan destabilize entire ecosystems," }, { "start": 283.779, "duration": 5.381, "text": "conservationists are working to prevent\ntoday’s sharks from facing a similar fate—" }, { "start": 289.16, "duration": 2.21, "text": "this time, because of humans." }, { "start": 291.37, "duration": 3.629, "text": "And meanwhile, the megalodon remains\na colossal testament" }, { "start": 294.999, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to ecological interdependence" }, { "start": 297.209, "duration": 5.172, "text": "and millions of years of bones well-bitten\nand waters well-wandered." } ] }, { "video_id": "eBz7iUJu9UM", "title": "How to enter flow state", "description": "Explore the defining features of being in a flow state, and get tips on how you can find flow in your daily life.\n\n--\n\nFlow is more than just concentrating or paying attention; it's a unique mental state of effortless engagement. And those who more frequently experience flow report higher levels of positive emotions, creativity, and feelings of accomplishment. But what exactly is flow? And how can we find it in our daily lives? Explore steps you can take to increase your chances of finding flow.\n\nDirected by Leah Putnam.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to David Melnikoff who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-enter-flow-state\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-enter-flow-state#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.leahputnamillustration.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia and Denise A Pitts.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-27T15:01:13Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 5.046, "text": "In a 2019 study, over 400 participants\nwere enlisted to learn" }, { "start": 12.216, "duration": 3.003, "text": "a mysterious, invented language." }, { "start": 15.72, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Individuals were asked\nabout three pairs of runes—" }, { "start": 19.14, "duration": 4.338, "text": "for example, which of these two characters\nrepresents an animal?" }, { "start": 23.853, "duration": 1.543, "text": "Then, after a brief break," }, { "start": 25.396, "duration": 3.921, "text": "they were asked about the same rune pairs\nwith questions flipped," }, { "start": 29.692, "duration": 4.713, "text": "as in, which of these two runes\nrepresents a non-living object?" }, { "start": 34.781, "duration": 2.043, "text": "But this game had a secret—" }, { "start": 37.408, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The subjects’ answers in round one" }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 2.92, "text": "determined the runes’ meanings\nin round two." }, { "start": 43.372, "duration": 1.21, "text": "In the first round," }, { "start": 44.582, "duration": 4.713, "text": "participants either had all their answers\nmarked as correct no matter what," }, { "start": 49.295, "duration": 3.003, "text": "or they were forced to fail\nevery question." }, { "start": 52.632, "duration": 1.751, "text": "This meant that at the break," }, { "start": 54.383, "duration": 3.295, "text": "every participant had\nthe same amount of information," }, { "start": 57.845, "duration": 2.711, "text": "and in round two\nthey were playing for real." }, { "start": 60.848, "duration": 2.378, "text": "But despite this even playing field," }, { "start": 63.226, "duration": 4.588, "text": "the successful participants from round one\nrose to the top of the ranks," }, { "start": 68.022, "duration": 5.172, "text": "while those cast as failures kept,\nwell, failing." }, { "start": 73.82, "duration": 3.503, "text": "People often describe failure\nas a teachable moment—" }, { "start": 77.323, "duration": 3.003, "text": "a necessary stumble\non our way to improvement." }, { "start": 80.493, "duration": 2.836, "text": "But learning from our mistakes\nisn't always easy," }, { "start": 83.329, "duration": 3.337, "text": "especially when those failures\nare demoralizing, overwhelming," }, { "start": 86.666, "duration": 2.335, "text": "or just downright confusing." }, { "start": 89.377, "duration": 5.255, "text": "So what exactly prevents us from turning\nour mistakes into mastery?" }, { "start": 95.341, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Perhaps the most obvious hurdle\nto learning from failure" }, { "start": 98.427, "duration": 2.128, "text": "is how painful it can be." }, { "start": 101.389, "duration": 4.379, "text": "People generally want to think\nof themselves as capable and competent," }, { "start": 105.768, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and experiencing failure threatens\nthat self-image." }, { "start": 109.355, "duration": 2.961, "text": "In a survey following a replication\nof the rune study," }, { "start": 112.316, "duration": 3.462, "text": "participants in the failure group\nindicated much lower levels" }, { "start": 115.778, "duration": 2.419, "text": "of self-confidence after participating." }, { "start": 118.948, "duration": 3.837, "text": "It’s tempting to dismiss this\npain as a temporary setback." }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 4.672, "text": "But some studies have found that when\npeople feel demoralized or incompetent," }, { "start": 127.665, "duration": 3.962, "text": "their brains often stop processing\nnew information." }, { "start": 131.961, "duration": 3.545, "text": "This suggests that if a threat\nto your self-esteem is large enough," }, { "start": 135.506, "duration": 2.544, "text": "it can undermine your ability to learn." }, { "start": 138.384, "duration": 4.004, "text": "However, your tolerance for failure\nalso depends on your relationship" }, { "start": 142.388, "duration": 1.502, "text": "with the task at hand." }, { "start": 144.015, "duration": 4.462, "text": "In a study from 2011, researchers surveyed\na group of American students" }, { "start": 148.477, "duration": 3.295, "text": "enrolled in introductory and advanced\nFrench courses." }, { "start": 152.106, "duration": 2.294, "text": "These students completed a questionnaire" }, { "start": 154.4, "duration": 2.586, "text": "asking what kind of teacher\nthey preferred—" }, { "start": 157.069, "duration": 3.42, "text": "one who emphasized their\nstrengths and successes," }, { "start": 160.489, "duration": 4.213, "text": "or one who highlighted their mistakes\nand corrected their weaknesses." }, { "start": 165.494, "duration": 3.045, "text": "In general, responses showed\nthat while beginner students" }, { "start": 168.539, "duration": 1.794, "text": "sought positive reinforcement," }, { "start": 170.333, "duration": 4.129, "text": "advanced students were more eager\nfor critical feedback." }, { "start": 174.921, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Researchers have theorized a handful\nof explanations for these results." }, { "start": 178.925, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Having just started out,\nbeginners are still determining" }, { "start": 181.969, "duration": 3.545, "text": "if they enjoy learning French \nand if they want to continue studying," }, { "start": 185.806, "duration": 3.546, "text": "so they might crave praise\nas a way to stay motivated." }, { "start": 190.144, "duration": 3.712, "text": "On the other hand, the advanced students\nare already invested," }, { "start": 194.065, "duration": 3.545, "text": "so they may want to improve their skills\nas efficiently as possible." }, { "start": 197.86, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The process of gaining expertise also\ncomes with its fair share of failure," }, { "start": 202.114, "duration": 3.963, "text": "so the advanced students may have built\na higher tolerance for making mistakes." }, { "start": 206.827, "duration": 2.044, "text": "But whether you're an expert or a novice," }, { "start": 208.871, "duration": 3.545, "text": "it’s usually much more straightforward\nto learn from your successes" }, { "start": 212.416, "duration": 1.418, "text": "than your failures." }, { "start": 213.834, "duration": 3.754, "text": "For example, imagine getting\nyour grade back on an exam." }, { "start": 218.13, "duration": 3.963, "text": "If you aced it, you could reasonably\nassume you made good choices" }, { "start": 222.093, "duration": 2.419, "text": "around when, what, and how much to study," }, { "start": 224.512, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and you can replicate those decisions\nfor the next test." }, { "start": 227.598, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But if you failed,\nit could be for any number of reasons." }, { "start": 231.435, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Maybe you didn’t study enough," }, { "start": 233.396, "duration": 4.963, "text": "maybe you studied the wrong information,\nor maybe you did everything right" }, { "start": 238.359, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and the test covered things you shouldn't\nhave been expected to know." }, { "start": 242.446, "duration": 3.295, "text": "In cases like this,\nit’s unclear exactly what went wrong," }, { "start": 245.825, "duration": 2.335, "text": "making it difficult to learn\nhow to improve." }, { "start": 248.828, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Wanting to learn from our failures\nis completely natural," }, { "start": 252.29, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and there’s a lot to gain\nby being resilient" }, { "start": 254.5, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and cultivating a growth mindset." }, { "start": 257.086, "duration": 5.088, "text": "But fixating on your failures can make\nit easy to forget all your successes." }, { "start": 262.341, "duration": 3.504, "text": "And building on what you’re doing right\ncan be more effective" }, { "start": 265.845, "duration": 2.294, "text": "than focusing on what you did wrong." } ] }, { "video_id": "bH3O69BscYg", "title": "3 questions to ask yourself before you believe something - Siska De Baerdemaeker", "description": "Get to know 3 factors that can help you identify pseudoscience, and find out how it differs from actual science.\n\n--\n\nPseudoscience is a set of theories, methods, and assumptions that appear scientific, but aren’t. In the worst cases, pseudoscience practitioners encourage this confusion to exploit people. But even when it's well-intentioned, pseudoscience can still prevent people from getting the help they need. So, how can you tell what’s science and what’s pseudoscience? Siska De Baerdemaeker investigates.\n\nLesson by Siska De Baerdemaeker, directed by Eoin Duffy. \n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Gates Ventures\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/science-vs-pseudoscience-siska-de-baerdemaeker\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/science-vs-pseudoscience-siska-de-baerdemaeker#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://eoinduffy.me\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson and Thawsitt.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-25T15:01:29Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 4.63, "text": "In 2019, Eliud Kipchoge finished\na Vienna marathon" }, { "start": 11.758, "duration": 4.004, "text": "in one hour, 59 minutes, and 40 seconds." }, { "start": 16.137, "duration": 3.128, "text": "This staggering time broke\nthe two-hour barrier" }, { "start": 19.265, "duration": 3.462, "text": "that most runners previously\ndeemed impossible." }, { "start": 23.061, "duration": 3.461, "text": "However, some researchers\nweren't as surprised." }, { "start": 26.647, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Recent studies investigating if humans\ncould maintain such a high pace" }, { "start": 31.402, "duration": 3.796, "text": "for the length of a marathon\nhad found that elite runners" }, { "start": 35.198, "duration": 4.087, "text": "can take in twice as much oxygen\nas non-runners." }, { "start": 39.619, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And it’s likely that this superhuman\nability played a role in Eliud’s victory." }, { "start": 44.582, "duration": 2.419, "text": "But when it comes\nto breathing efficiently," }, { "start": 47.001, "duration": 5.798, "text": "not even the best runners in the world\ncan compete with the average fish." }, { "start": 52.965, "duration": 4.421, "text": "That’s right— you’re looking at some\nof the best breathers on Earth;" }, { "start": 57.47, "duration": 4.671, "text": "which actually makes sense when you\nconsider how little oxygen there is" }, { "start": 62.141, "duration": 2.002, "text": "in their aquatic environments." }, { "start": 64.477, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Fish can breathe in a variety of ways," }, { "start": 67.021, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but the most common\nis through the use of gills." }, { "start": 70.149, "duration": 4.38, "text": "These branching organs typically\ncome in four pairs," }, { "start": 74.529, "duration": 2.877, "text": "all enclosed in gill chambers." }, { "start": 77.573, "duration": 4.588, "text": "These chambers are protected\nby opercle, or gill covers," }, { "start": 82.161, "duration": 4.463, "text": "which are just as essential to underwater\nbreathing as the gills themselves." }, { "start": 87.208, "duration": 1.96, "text": "When most fish take a breath," }, { "start": 89.168, "duration": 4.129, "text": "they first close these covers\nand take a gulp of water." }, { "start": 93.422, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Then, they open their opercle," }, { "start": 95.842, "duration": 4.212, "text": "creating a pressure differential\nthat pulls water through the gills," }, { "start": 100.054, "duration": 6.256, "text": "which are composed of thread-like\nfilaments spaced evenly along a gill arch." }, { "start": 106.519, "duration": 5.547, "text": "These filaments are covered in countless\nsmall blood vessels called capillaries," }, { "start": 112.066, "duration": 4.505, "text": "in addition to tiny extensions\nknown as gill lamellae" }, { "start": 116.654, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which further increase \nthe gill’s surface area." }, { "start": 120.199, "duration": 2.795, "text": "When water passes over these capillaries," }, { "start": 122.994, "duration": 4.129, "text": "the membrane is thin enough\nfor the fish’s red blood cells" }, { "start": 127.123, "duration": 4.296, "text": "to pull dissolved oxygen from the water\ninto the bloodstream." }, { "start": 131.752, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And just like when we breathe\nwith our lungs," }, { "start": 134.38, "duration": 2.92, "text": "this process releases carbon dioxide," }, { "start": 137.3, "duration": 4.004, "text": "which passes out into the water\nthrough the open gill cover." }, { "start": 141.804, "duration": 2.669, "text": "This technique only works underwater—" }, { "start": 144.473, "duration": 4.88, "text": "on the surface, the pressure differential\ncreated by opening and closing gill covers" }, { "start": 149.353, "duration": 3.087, "text": "isn’t strong enough to pull\nin sufficient air." }, { "start": 152.565, "duration": 3.128, "text": "But under the surface,\nit’s remarkably efficient." }, { "start": 155.86, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Inside the lamellae, blood flows\nin the opposite direction to the water," }, { "start": 160.615, "duration": 5.13, "text": "creating a counter-current system\nthat optimizes gas exchange." }, { "start": 165.912, "duration": 6.298, "text": "In fact, gills can absorb roughly 75%\nof the oxygen passing through them;" }, { "start": 172.376, "duration": 5.422, "text": "that’s twice the percentage of oxygen\nour lungs extract from a breath of air." }, { "start": 178.341, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Fish also breathe much more frequently\nthan we do." }, { "start": 182.345, "duration": 4.045, "text": "The average adult human breathes\n12 to 18 times a minute," }, { "start": 186.474, "duration": 3.086, "text": "while most fish pull water\nover their gills" }, { "start": 189.56, "duration": 3.045, "text": "anywhere from 20 to 80 times a minute." }, { "start": 192.813, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Those numbers would raise\neven a marathoner’s eyebrows." }, { "start": 196.901, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Thanks to this fast, frequent,\nand efficient breathing" }, { "start": 200.446, "duration": 3.086, "text": "fish process far more oxygen than we do." }, { "start": 203.741, "duration": 3.962, "text": "It's also why some species\ncan live at great depths." }, { "start": 207.912, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Bodies of water get most\nof their oxygen from the surface," }, { "start": 211.54, "duration": 4.088, "text": "where O2 dissolves into the water\nand begins circulating." }, { "start": 216.087, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But further down, there are\noxygen minimum zones," }, { "start": 219.757, "duration": 5.088, "text": "with concentrations as low as\n0.5 milligrams of oxygen per liter." }, { "start": 225.263, "duration": 1.918, "text": "To get the oxygen they need," }, { "start": 227.181, "duration": 4.671, "text": "fish living at these depths rely\non increased gill ventilation" }, { "start": 231.894, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and hearts that pump high volumes of\noxygenated blood throughout the body." }, { "start": 237.817, "duration": 5.088, "text": "Even with these tricks, sometimes there's\nstill not enough oxygen to go around," }, { "start": 243.03, "duration": 3.379, "text": "forcing fish to adapt\nmore extreme solutions." }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 4.129, "text": "For example, the Australian lungfish\nlives in a habitat" }, { "start": 250.663, "duration": 4.546, "text": "where the water level drops precipitously\nin August and September," }, { "start": 255.376, "duration": 4.046, "text": "making it almost impossible\nto survive with gills alone." }, { "start": 259.714, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Fortunately, these fish\nhave gills and lungs." }, { "start": 263.801, "duration": 2.127, "text": "Using their long, thin limbs," }, { "start": 265.928, "duration": 5.13, "text": "they can lift their mouths above the\nsurface and take deep breaths of air," }, { "start": 271.142, "duration": 4.296, "text": "allowing them to survive out of the water\nfor several days." }, { "start": 275.604, "duration": 4.755, "text": "And other species of lungfish can survive\nabove ground even longer" }, { "start": 280.359, "duration": 3.045, "text": "in cocoons of mud and mucus." }, { "start": 283.821, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Fortunately, for most fish these extreme\nadaptations aren’t necessary." }, { "start": 288.826, "duration": 4.254, "text": "After all, 71% of Earth is covered in H2O," }, { "start": 293.205, "duration": 5.506, "text": "giving these aquatic animals plenty\nof room to flaunt their gills’ skills." } ] }, { "video_id": "DXgrI8GlUB8", "title": "Become a patron of TED-Ed! #shorts", "description": "If you would like to help support TED-Ed’s nonprofit mission to bring free, high-quality educational resources to the world, join our community of supporters on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\n\n#shorts", "publishedAt": "2023-07-21T18:25:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 1.71, "text": "In the 19th century, " }, { "start": 8.838, "duration": 6.381, "text": "Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire\nlived as second-class citizens." }, { "start": 15.97, "duration": 2.544, "text": "They were taxed disproportionately," }, { "start": 18.723, "duration": 3.754, "text": "forbidden from giving testimony\nin Ottoman courts," }, { "start": 22.643, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and frequently attacked\nby local Kurdish tribes." }, { "start": 27.315, "duration": 6.882, "text": "In 1878, Armenian activists negotiated\na treaty to enact reforms," }, { "start": 34.655, "duration": 5.673, "text": "but Sultan Abdul Hamid II refused\nto make good on these promises." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And when an Armenian resistance\nmovement began to form," }, { "start": 44.957, "duration": 2.67, "text": "the sultan took decisive action." }, { "start": 48.377, "duration": 6.132, "text": "From 1894 to 1896, he led\nthe Hamidian Massacres—" }, { "start": 54.634, "duration": 6.548, "text": "a relentless campaign of violence that\ntook the lives of over 150,000 Armenians." }, { "start": 61.891, "duration": 5.464, "text": "These massacres were the culmination\nof centuries of Armenian oppression." }, { "start": 68.064, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Yet they were only the beginning\nof an even greater tragedy—" }, { "start": 72.652, "duration": 4.045, "text": "a genocide hidden under the guise\nof World War I" }, { "start": 76.697, "duration": 5.047, "text": "that would include the deportation,\nforced Islamization, " }, { "start": 81.744, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and mass murder of nearly\n1 million Armenians." }, { "start": 88.793, "duration": 3.378, "text": "As some of the most ancient\ninhabitants of this region," }, { "start": 92.338, "duration": 3.796, "text": "the Armenian people were\noriginally a collective of tribes" }, { "start": 96.217, "duration": 3.086, "text": "living in the mountains of Western Asia." }, { "start": 99.595, "duration": 5.548, "text": "By the 6th century BCE, these tribes\nwere living in one nation " }, { "start": 105.143, "duration": 1.584, "text": "called Armenia," }, { "start": 107.061, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which, over the following 2,000 years," }, { "start": 110.231, "duration": 4.254, "text": "was controlled by various local\nand invading leaders." }, { "start": 114.944, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But whoever ruled their homeland," }, { "start": 116.904, "duration": 5.464, "text": "a devotion to Christianity became \na vital part of their ethnic identity," }, { "start": 122.618, "duration": 3.963, "text": "even as their neighbors\nincreasingly adopted Islam." }, { "start": 127.206, "duration": 2.503, "text": "In what’s currently eastern Turkey," }, { "start": 129.709, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Christian Armenians shared the area\nwith Muslim Kurds for centuries," }, { "start": 135.464, "duration": 3.879, "text": "until Turkic-speaking peoples\ninvaded the region." }, { "start": 140.803, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Four centuries later, Ottoman Turks\nclaimed these communities" }, { "start": 145.85, "duration": 3.211, "text": "as part of the vast Ottoman Empire." }, { "start": 149.979, "duration": 3.462, "text": "While the empire’s systematic preference\ntowards Muslims" }, { "start": 153.441, "duration": 3.879, "text": "made life difficult \nfor Armenians, Greeks, and Jews," }, { "start": 157.528, "duration": 1.96, "text": "by the late 19th century," }, { "start": 159.53, "duration": 5.089, "text": "well-educated Armenian elites were able\nto attain prominent positions" }, { "start": 164.619, "duration": 3.295, "text": "in banking, commerce, and government." }, { "start": 168.206, "duration": 4.796, "text": "However, this rise in influence\nbecame a source of resentment," }, { "start": 173.252, "duration": 2.836, "text": "and many Muslim Ottomans\nbelieved Armenians" }, { "start": 176.088, "duration": 5.172, "text": "would eventually betray the empire\nto form their own independent state." }, { "start": 181.636, "duration": 6.798, "text": "This belief is partly what led Abdul Hamid\nto begin the Hamidian Massacres." }, { "start": 188.976, "duration": 5.631, "text": "Thankfully, the Ottoman Armenians fighting\nthe sultan’s forces weren’t alone." }, { "start": 195.233, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Armenians from neighboring Russia" }, { "start": 197.652, "duration": 3.42, "text": "had recently founded\ntwo resistance organizations" }, { "start": 201.113, "duration": 5.756, "text": "which offered a haven for refugees\nand supplied arms to villages under siege." }, { "start": 207.286, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Finally, in April 1909," }, { "start": 209.997, "duration": 4.38, "text": "the sultan was deposed following\nthe Young Turk Revolution." }, { "start": 214.919, "duration": 1.918, "text": "But despite initial promises," }, { "start": 216.837, "duration": 4.88, "text": "this new government also failed\nto pass meaningful reforms." }, { "start": 222.301, "duration": 4.713, "text": "A second wave of massacres ravaged\nthe Armenian population," }, { "start": 227.348, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and the era of international warfare\nto come would only make things worse." }, { "start": 233.271, "duration": 2.335, "text": "During the First Balkan War," }, { "start": 235.648, "duration": 6.048, "text": "thousands of Muslim refugees were sent\nto the Armenian stronghold of Anatolia," }, { "start": 242.238, "duration": 4.713, "text": "further increasing tensions between\nChristian and Muslim Ottomans." }, { "start": 247.159, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And in the first winter of World War I," }, { "start": 250.037, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Ottoman general Enver Pasha attempted\nto flank opposing Russian forces" }, { "start": 255.584, "duration": 4.422, "text": "by sending his troops through the\nfrigid Sarıkamış mountains." }, { "start": 260.214, "duration": 2.461, "text": "When their unit froze to death." }, { "start": 262.675, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Enver Pasha blamed the disaster\non “Armenian treachery,”" }, { "start": 267.722, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and ordered the immediate disarming\nof all non-Muslims—" }, { "start": 272.476, "duration": 5.256, "text": "a decision which moved many Armenians\nfrom the front lines of an external war" }, { "start": 277.982, "duration": 2.961, "text": "to the trenches of an internal one." }, { "start": 281.402, "duration": 4.296, "text": "By 1915, the Ottomans were\nenacting more violence" }, { "start": 285.698, "duration": 4.296, "text": "on their own Armenian citizens\nthan any foreign enemy." }, { "start": 290.411, "duration": 3.545, "text": "At this time, Turkish nationalist\nTalaat Pasha" }, { "start": 294.123, "duration": 3.462, "text": " had become the de facto leader\nof the Ottoman Empire," }, { "start": 297.752, "duration": 5.38, "text": "and he ordered the deportation\nof all Armenians in eastern Anatolia" }, { "start": 303.174, "duration": 2.502, "text": "on the grounds of national security." }, { "start": 305.968, "duration": 1.919, "text": "Talaat’s new legislation" }, { "start": 307.887, "duration": 5.589, "text": "allowed Armenian property and businesses\nto be seized as wartime necessities," }, { "start": 313.893, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and able-bodied Armenian men\nwere routinely killed" }, { "start": 318.147, "duration": 2.794, "text": "to lower the likelihood of resistance." }, { "start": 321.275, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Most Armenians were marched to\nconcentration camps in the Syrian desert," }, { "start": 326.864, "duration": 4.046, "text": "where they regularly suffered\nrobbery, abduction, and rape." }, { "start": 331.452, "duration": 3.67, "text": "The few women and children\nwho escaped deportation" }, { "start": 335.122, "duration": 2.628, "text": "were forcibly converted to Islam." }, { "start": 338.042, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The ruling Turks saw Muslim identity" }, { "start": 341.17, "duration": 3.42, "text": "as the cornerstone of their vision\nfor the empire," }, { "start": 344.715, "duration": 3.587, "text": "so escaped Armenian youths\nwere placed in orphanages" }, { "start": 348.302, "duration": 4.171, "text": "to indoctrinate them\nwith Muslim culture and traditions." }, { "start": 352.723, "duration": 4.922, "text": "Children who resisted were subjected\nto violence and torture." }, { "start": 358.437, "duration": 4.171, "text": "When the majority of these\nkillings ended in 1916," }, { "start": 362.733, "duration": 4.046, "text": "it was estimated that the population\nof Ottoman Armenians" }, { "start": 366.779, "duration": 5.756, "text": "had dropped from 1.5 million\nto roughly 500,000." }, { "start": 372.743, "duration": 1.752, "text": "In the decades that followed," }, { "start": 374.495, "duration": 4.63, "text": "many of the remaining Armenians\ndispersed across the globe." }, { "start": 379.458, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Families who immigrated to eastern Russia" }, { "start": 382.545, "duration": 5.255, "text": "may have eventually been incorporated\ninto the modern nation of Armenia," }, { "start": 387.967, "duration": 3.962, "text": "which received its independence in 1991." }, { "start": 393.431, "duration": 4.963, "text": "But to this day the Turkish government\ndenies this genocide occurred." }, { "start": 398.686, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Official government language\nacknowledges the violence" }, { "start": 402.148, "duration": 4.671, "text": "but defines the Ottoman’s actions\nas “necessary measures,”" }, { "start": 407.153, "duration": 5.005, "text": "and Armenian deaths\nas unfortunate consequences of war." }, { "start": 412.825, "duration": 4.796, "text": "In recent years, some Turkish historians\nhave refuted this stance" }, { "start": 417.621, "duration": 4.088, "text": "and begun writing about this period\nwith less fear of retribution." }, { "start": 422.585, "duration": 1.793, "text": "In the pursuit of justice," }, { "start": 424.503, "duration": 4.588, "text": "many Armenians and Armenian-led\nnon-profit organizations" }, { "start": 429.258, "duration": 5.047, "text": "work tirelessly to advocate for the\nrecognition of this genocide," }, { "start": 434.555, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and accountability for those responsible." } ] }, { "video_id": "fKja0y17vt4", "title": "The rise and fall of Italy’s warriors-for-hire - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Dig into the history of the elite mercenaries known as condottieri, who were soldiers for hire for Italy's rich and powerful.\n\n--\n\nDuring the 14th and 15th centuries, mercenaries known as condottieri dominated Italian warfare, profiting from— and encouraging— the region’s intense political rivalries. As rulers competed for power and prestige, their disputes often played out in military conflicts, fought almost entirely by the condottieri. So who were these elite and conniving warriors? Stephanie Honchell Smith investigates.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Yael Reisfeld.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-merciless-mercenaries-of-the-italian-renaissance-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-merciless-mercenaries-of-the-italian-renaissance-stephanie-honchell-smith#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.yaelreisfeld.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O and Weronika Falkowska.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-20T15:01:06Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Globally, around 23 million pregnancies\nend in miscarriage each year." }, { "start": 11.966, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Despite how common it is, miscarriage\nis still considered a taboo subject." }, { "start": 17.263, "duration": 4.713, "text": "The experience can feel isolating,\nand for some, emotionally traumatizing." }, { "start": 22.06, "duration": 2.585, "text": "And myths about miscarriage\nadd to the stigma," }, { "start": 24.729, "duration": 3.003, "text": "leading many to blame themselves\nfor the loss." }, { "start": 27.94, "duration": 3.462, "text": "However, most miscarriages\nare unpreventable" }, { "start": 31.527, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and caused by factors\nbeyond a person’s control." }, { "start": 35.031, "duration": 3.211, "text": "They happen because pregnancy\nis a complex process," }, { "start": 38.367, "duration": 4.964, "text": "which requires careful choreography\nbetween the fertilized egg and uterus." }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 2.711, "text": "In fact, of every three eggs\nthat are fertilized," }, { "start": 46.542, "duration": 2.545, "text": "only one progresses to a live birth." }, { "start": 49.837, "duration": 3.212, "text": "So, let’s take a closer look at what\nhappens in the body" }, { "start": 53.049, "duration": 2.335, "text": "during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy," }, { "start": 55.51, "duration": 2.586, "text": "when a majority of miscarriages occur." }, { "start": 58.93, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Pregnancy is maintained\nby several hormones:" }, { "start": 62.1, "duration": 3.169, "text": "progesterone and estrogen,\nproduced within the ovaries," }, { "start": 65.269, "duration": 5.84, "text": "and human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG,\nsent out by the fertilized egg." }, { "start": 71.317, "duration": 4.129, "text": "During the first half of each\nmenstrual cycle estrogen levels increase," }, { "start": 75.446, "duration": 2.211, "text": "followed by an increase in progesterone." }, { "start": 77.865, "duration": 4.588, "text": "These hormones signal to the uterine\nlining to enhance its blood supply" }, { "start": 82.453, "duration": 1.794, "text": "and thicken its mucosa," }, { "start": 84.413, "duration": 3.629, "text": "creating the conditions needed\nfor an early pregnancy to grow." }, { "start": 88.167, "duration": 2.962, "text": "If an egg arrives at the\nuterus unfertilized," }, { "start": 91.129, "duration": 2.502, "text": "these hormone levels naturally drop," }, { "start": 93.756, "duration": 4.463, "text": "triggering contractions and the shedding\nof the uterine lining in menstruation." }, { "start": 98.469, "duration": 6.34, "text": "Yet, if the egg arrives fertilized,\nits outermost layer begins producing hCG." }, { "start": 105.017, "duration": 4.38, "text": "This hormone travels to the ovaries\nand stimulates the continued release" }, { "start": 109.397, "duration": 2.043, "text": "of progesterone and estrogen," }, { "start": 111.44, "duration": 1.669, "text": "halting menstruation." }, { "start": 113.109, "duration": 3.67, "text": "hCG also binds to receptors\non the uterine lining" }, { "start": 116.779, "duration": 4.046, "text": "to prevent it from rejecting\nthe fertilized cell mass as it embeds." }, { "start": 121.117, "duration": 3.253, "text": "This is a stage where things\noften go awry." }, { "start": 124.495, "duration": 2.127, "text": "For reasons that are not fully understood," }, { "start": 126.622, "duration": 5.172, "text": "as many as one third of fertilized eggs\nfail to properly attach," }, { "start": 131.919, "duration": 3.879, "text": "passing undetected in a normal-seeming\nmenstrual period." }, { "start": 135.923, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And implantation is only the first hurdle\nfor fertilized eggs" }, { "start": 139.802, "duration": 1.668, "text": "that do properly attach." }, { "start": 141.596, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Once burrowed in the uterine lining," }, { "start": 143.848, "duration": 5.297, "text": "the rapidly dividing fertilized egg’s\nown DNA guides its growth." }, { "start": 149.478, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Chromosomal abnormalities can therefore\ncause irregular development," }, { "start": 153.774, "duration": 2.461, "text": "or stop embryo growth entirely." }, { "start": 156.36, "duration": 4.046, "text": "While many mistakenly believe their\nmiscarriage was caused by factors" }, { "start": 160.406, "duration": 4.63, "text": "like stress, exercise, vaccination,\nor past birth control use," }, { "start": 165.036, "duration": 4.671, "text": "a vast majority are in fact caused\nby these genetic issues" }, { "start": 169.79, "duration": 2.962, "text": "or other health factors\nbeyond a person’s control." }, { "start": 172.96, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Some pregnancy losses lead to few, if any,\nnoticeable physical symptoms." }, { "start": 178.424, "duration": 5.172, "text": "In other cases, hCG levels drop,\nfollowed by a decrease in progesterone," }, { "start": 183.596, "duration": 2.002, "text": "causing bleeding and cramping." }, { "start": 185.932, "duration": 3.461, "text": "In either situation,\nthere are three treatment options—" }, { "start": 189.393, "duration": 3.254, "text": "two of which are also used\nfor induced abortion procedures," }, { "start": 192.647, "duration": 2.294, "text": "when patients choose to end a pregnancy." }, { "start": 195.65, "duration": 2.961, "text": "The first of the three options is\nwhat’s commonly known" }, { "start": 198.611, "duration": 2.586, "text": "as the “watch-and-wait” method." }, { "start": 201.53, "duration": 3.295, "text": "A person waits for pregnancy hormones\nto drop further," }, { "start": 204.825, "duration": 4.422, "text": "allowing the pregnancy tissue to be\nreleased with the shedding uterine wall." }, { "start": 209.33, "duration": 3.003, "text": "This approach works up to 90% of the time," }, { "start": 212.333, "duration": 4.296, "text": "but it can involve several weeks\nof unpredictable pain and bleeding." }, { "start": 216.879, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Others may opt for option two," }, { "start": 218.923, "duration": 4.129, "text": "taking the pills mifepristone\nand misoprostol in sequence." }, { "start": 223.302, "duration": 3.921, "text": "The first works hormonally,\nby blocking progesterone receptors," }, { "start": 227.223, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and the second mimics a molecule\nwhich induces labor," }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 5.422, "text": "stimulating uterine contractions and\ncausing the cervix to soften and dilate." }, { "start": 236.732, "duration": 5.13, "text": "After taking the second pill,\nthe process normally takes 1 to 6 hours." }, { "start": 241.904, "duration": 4.213, "text": "It’s often safely self-managed,\nand can be done privately at home." }, { "start": 246.367, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The third possible treatment option\nis known as vacuum aspiration." }, { "start": 250.83, "duration": 4.588, "text": "During this five-minute procedure,\nthe healthcare provider numbs the cervix," }, { "start": 255.501, "duration": 3.837, "text": "then places a thin tube connected\nto a syringe-like device" }, { "start": 259.338, "duration": 1.961, "text": "to remove the pregnancy tissue." }, { "start": 261.716, "duration": 3.878, "text": "Treatment choice is often based\non the pregnant person’s medical history," }, { "start": 265.594, "duration": 3.629, "text": "timeline, expectations, \nand personal preferences," }, { "start": 269.265, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and all three methods have proven\nto be safe and effective." }, { "start": 273.269, "duration": 3.962, "text": "However, without the medication\nor vacuum aspiration options," }, { "start": 277.231, "duration": 5.297, "text": "an untreated or an incomplete miscarriage\ncan lead to life-threatening infections" }, { "start": 282.528, "duration": 1.251, "text": "and hemorrhage." }, { "start": 284.071, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And because they are the same treatments\nused in induced abortion care," }, { "start": 288.159, "duration": 3.92, "text": "they can be harder to access\nand even criminalized in some areas." }, { "start": 292.246, "duration": 4.088, "text": "Beyond this, over half the world’s\npopulation lacks access" }, { "start": 296.334, "duration": 2.127, "text": "to reliable basic healthcare," }, { "start": 298.753, "duration": 4.045, "text": "including these essential\nreproductive health services." }, { "start": 303.09, "duration": 3.087, "text": "While pregnancy means different\nthings to different people" }, { "start": 306.177, "duration": 1.96, "text": "at different points in their lives," }, { "start": 308.137, "duration": 4.379, "text": "for many, losing a pregnancy can be\ndevastating and overwhelming." }, { "start": 312.767, "duration": 1.626, "text": "During this difficult time," }, { "start": 314.393, "duration": 2.962, "text": "everyone deserves to be met\nwith care and support," }, { "start": 317.563, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and to have access to these\nlife-saving treatments." } ] }, { "video_id": "Wver27ebRWU", "title": "One of history's most dangerous myths - Anneliese Mehnert", "description": "Examine the empty land theory, which was created by European colonizers in South Africa to support their claims to the region.\n\n--\n\nFrom the 1650s through the late 1800’s, European colonists descended on South Africa. They sought to claim the region, becoming even more aggressive after discovering the area’s abundant natural resources. To support their claims to the land, the colonizers asserted they were settling in empty land devoid of local people. Was this argument true? Anneliese Mehnert debunks the Empty Land Theory.\n\nLesson by Anneliese Mehnert, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-s-most-dangerous-myth-anza-mehnert\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-s-most-dangerous-myth-anza-mehnert#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.heloisedr.com & https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co/\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang and Chau Hong Diem.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-18T15:00:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.045, "duration": 3.461, "text": "After helping develop the first\ninsulin therapy in 1921," }, { "start": 10.631, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Canadian physician Frederick Banting\ntransferred his patent rights" }, { "start": 14.302, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to the University of Toronto for $1," }, { "start": 16.721, "duration": 3.045, "text": "stating that insulin belonged\nto the world— not to him." }, { "start": 19.974, "duration": 4.338, "text": "A century later, insulin medications\nremain essential in treating diabetes," }, { "start": 24.312, "duration": 1.96, "text": "and have relatively low production costs," }, { "start": 26.272, "duration": 3.42, "text": "with a vial generally costing\nless than $6 to make." }, { "start": 29.859, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But how much it costs a patient to buy\nvaries greatly by country." }, { "start": 33.571, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Those in the US may pay thousands\nfor insulin annually—" }, { "start": 37.075, "duration": 3.294, "text": "on average 10 times more than those\nin many other countries—" }, { "start": 40.453, "duration": 2.669, "text": "leading some patients to take\nless than prescribed." }, { "start": 43.247, "duration": 2.127, "text": "And this is part of a much larger trend." }, { "start": 45.458, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Let’s take a look at the US drug\nsupply chain to understand why." }, { "start": 49.545, "duration": 2.002, "text": "First, there’s research and development," }, { "start": 51.547, "duration": 3.003, "text": "which ranges widely in cost,\ndepending on the drug." }, { "start": 54.675, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Expenses incurred by the many drugs\nthat don’t make it to market" }, { "start": 58.012, "duration": 1.835, "text": "also need to be factored in here." }, { "start": 60.056, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And almost every approved drug\nhas been subsidized by taxes." }, { "start": 64.352, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Before pharmaceutical companies\nactually release a drug," }, { "start": 67.396, "duration": 1.335, "text": "they set its price." }, { "start": 68.815, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Historically, they haven't been required\nto justify the pricing they land on." }, { "start": 73.653, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Pharmaceutical companies are also allowed\nterms of drug patent protection" }, { "start": 77.406, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and exclusivity rights that prevent\nother manufacturers" }, { "start": 80.409, "duration": 3.17, "text": "from launching identical drugs\nfor a set period of time." }, { "start": 83.788, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Once patents expire, competition\nusually causes prices to drop," }, { "start": 87.75, "duration": 3.295, "text": "so some companies invest heavily\nto extend their patents." }, { "start": 91.129, "duration": 1.251, "text": "They may make tweaks—" }, { "start": 92.38, "duration": 2.794, "text": "like small changes in dosage\nand modes of delivery—" }, { "start": 95.174, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to obtain new patents and sue competitors " }, { "start": 97.593, "duration": 2.211, "text": "into delaying the release\nof similar drugs." }, { "start": 99.929, "duration": 3.921, "text": "The companies responsible for Humira,\nthe best-selling autoimmune drug," }, { "start": 103.85, "duration": 5.964, "text": "for example, have defended its patents\nand raised its price 27 times since 2003." }, { "start": 109.939, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Without insurance, it can cost\nover $96,000 a year." }, { "start": 114.402, "duration": 3.462, "text": "And as three pharmaceutical companies\nhave dominated the insulin market" }, { "start": 117.864, "duration": 1.293, "text": "with similar tactics," }, { "start": 119.157, "duration": 4.379, "text": "average insulin list prices have tripled\nover the last two decades." }, { "start": 124.37, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Once a drug is approved, there are two\nmain distribution channels it can take:" }, { "start": 128.291, "duration": 3.128, "text": "the retail route includes drugs\nyou pick up at pharmacies;" }, { "start": 131.419, "duration": 3.503, "text": "the other consists of drugs administered\nat hospitals and clinics." }, { "start": 134.964, "duration": 2.211, "text": "This includes many of the more expensive," }, { "start": 137.175, "duration": 2.752, "text": "research-intensive therapies\nfor rare conditions." }, { "start": 140.052, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Each channel involves unique businesses." }, { "start": 143.014, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Most drugs— including insulin—\nfollow the retail channel." }, { "start": 146.684, "duration": 3.545, "text": "It starts with a pharmaceutical company\nselling the drug to wholesalers," }, { "start": 150.229, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which buy in bulk and sell to pharmacies,\nwhich sell to patients." }, { "start": 154.15, "duration": 2.544, "text": "But the US doesn't provide\nuniversal health care," }, { "start": 156.736, "duration": 2.377, "text": "so many Americans use health insurance." }, { "start": 159.28, "duration": 2.461, "text": "When an insured patient picks\nup their prescription," }, { "start": 161.741, "duration": 3.712, "text": "they often pay a portion while the\npharmacy bills their insurer the rest." }, { "start": 165.912, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Pharmacy benefit managers,\nor PBMs," }, { "start": 168.539, "duration": 2.294, "text": "which are companies unique\nto the US market," }, { "start": 170.875, "duration": 4.129, "text": "negotiate on behalf of insurers to get\ndiscounts from manufacturers" }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 2.252, "text": "in exchange for insurance coverage." }, { "start": 177.34, "duration": 3.545, "text": "PBMs may pass some of the\nnegotiated discount to insurers—" }, { "start": 181.01, "duration": 2.419, "text": "but they may also take\na considerable portion." }, { "start": 183.596, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Their role tends to limit patient choice," }, { "start": 185.932, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and they’ve sometimes covered more\nexpensive branded drugs" }, { "start": 188.726, "duration": 3.629, "text": "instead of cheaper generics because\nit earns them a greater profit." }, { "start": 192.563, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Without insurance, patients may be\nexpected to foot the bill entirely," }, { "start": 196.275, "duration": 1.835, "text": "at non-negotiated rates." }, { "start": 198.527, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Money flows between the different\nbusinesses as fees, rebates, discounts," }, { "start": 202.657, "duration": 1.418, "text": "and copay assistance. " }, { "start": 204.283, "duration": 2.753, "text": "If it feels hard to follow,\nthat's because it is." }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 2.836, "text": "And it's tough to know exactly\nhow much money goes where" }, { "start": 209.997, "duration": 2.67, "text": "because these transactions\nlack transparency." }, { "start": 213.0, "duration": 3.963, "text": "But for insulin in 2018, of all that\nwas spent on the medication:" }, { "start": 217.046, "duration": 6.548, "text": "manufacturers received about 46%;\nwholesalers got about 8%; pharmacies, 20%;" }, { "start": 223.803, "duration": 4.379, "text": "insurance companies, 10%;\nand PBMs, 14%." }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Interestingly, as insulin list prices\nincreased between 2014 and 2018," }, { "start": 233.604, "duration": 2.795, "text": "the amount manufacturers\nretained decreased," }, { "start": 236.399, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and more than half went to intermediaries." }, { "start": 239.36, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Where the US has businesses negotiate\nat various steps," }, { "start": 242.321, "duration": 4.213, "text": "other countries generally have government\nagencies evaluate a drug’s benefit," }, { "start": 246.659, "duration": 2.544, "text": "make bulk purchases, and regulate pricing." }, { "start": 249.37, "duration": 3.754, "text": "The US sees the most drug development—\nand profit— of any country." }, { "start": 253.207, "duration": 4.588, "text": "But about 1 in 4 Americans reported\ntrouble affording prescriptions in 2019." }, { "start": 258.337, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Many experts have called for measures\nlike increased regulation" }, { "start": 261.299, "duration": 3.294, "text": "in drug pricing, patenting,\nand intermediary profits," }, { "start": 264.593, "duration": 2.628, "text": "along with more national health\nand research funding." }, { "start": 267.263, "duration": 3.045, "text": "This way, the US could\nideally lower prices" }, { "start": 270.308, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and encourage more innovative,\nlifesaving drug development." }, { "start": 273.352, "duration": 2.002, "text": "And by making medications affordable," }, { "start": 275.354, "duration": 3.42, "text": "pharmaceutical companies could\ntheoretically maintain profits." }, { "start": 279.317, "duration": 4.045, "text": "In 2023, one of the largest insulin\nmanufacturers announced" }, { "start": 283.362, "duration": 2.836, "text": "it would substantially decrease\nthe drug’s list price," }, { "start": 286.198, "duration": 1.877, "text": "and two others followed suit." }, { "start": 288.659, "duration": 2.419, "text": "This should make insulin more affordable." }, { "start": 291.078, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But system-wide changes would\nhave to be instated" }, { "start": 293.664, "duration": 3.587, "text": "to make sure patients are getting\nthe medications they need." } ] }, { "video_id": "al_H8f1cG-I", "title": "3 ways to choose a sunscreen #shorts", "description": "An excerpt of our video “Which sunscreen should you choose?” written by Mary Poffenroth and animated by Rob Kohr and Travis Spangler.\n\nWatch the full video: https://bit.ly/TEDEdSunscreen\n\n#shorts", "publishedAt": "2023-07-14T16:15:01Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.669, "duration": 4.004, "text": "In the 1930s, doctors began\nexperimenting with a procedure" }, { "start": 10.673, "duration": 2.294, "text": " long thought to be medically impossible: " }, { "start": 12.967, "duration": 1.627, "text": "an organ transplant." }, { "start": 14.802, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Many pioneering surgeons\nfocused on the kidney," }, { "start": 17.847, "duration": 3.629, "text": "taking a healthy one from a living\nor recently deceased person" }, { "start": 21.601, "duration": 3.92, "text": "and transplanting it into a patient\ndying from kidney failure." }, { "start": 25.772, "duration": 3.336, "text": "But these early surgeries faced\na major problem:" }, { "start": 29.192, "duration": 4.087, "text": "patients’ immune systems would quickly\nrecognize the new kidney" }, { "start": 33.279, "duration": 3.128, "text": "as a foreign object\nand start to destroy it." }, { "start": 36.657, "duration": 3.546, "text": "Few patients survived\npast the first few days." }, { "start": 40.411, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Then, in 1954, Joseph Murray attempted\na type of kidney swap" }, { "start": 45.833, "duration": 2.294, "text": "that no doctor had tried before." }, { "start": 48.377, "duration": 1.961, "text": "The surgery was a success," }, { "start": 50.338, "duration": 4.963, "text": "and the patient would go on to live the\nnext 8 years with the transplanted organ," }, { "start": 55.384, "duration": 4.13, "text": "thanks to one key factor:\nit came from his identical twin" }, { "start": 59.931, "duration": 1.376, "text": "70 years later," }, { "start": 61.307, "duration": 5.798, "text": "upwards of 100,000 kidneys\nare transplanted annually in the US alone." }, { "start": 67.396, "duration": 2.545, "text": "So how does this surgery work today?" }, { "start": 70.274, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Kidneys are true workhorses—" }, { "start": 72.61, "duration": 2.628, "text": "these fist-sized organs filter" }, { "start": 75.238, "duration": 4.379, "text": "the equivalent of an entire bathtub’s\nworth of blood each day." }, { "start": 79.7, "duration": 4.171, "text": "In addition to removing this waste\nand extra fluid through urine," }, { "start": 83.955, "duration": 4.921, "text": "the kidneys also regulate the production\nof red blood cells, vitamin D," }, { "start": 88.876, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and other hormones." }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Certain medical conditions can prompt\nthe kidneys to work overtime," }, { "start": 95.299, "duration": 2.253, "text": "leading to gradual deterioration." }, { "start": 97.552, "duration": 5.005, "text": "For example, in diabetes, higher blood\nsugar concentrations can trigger" }, { "start": 102.557, "duration": 4.379, "text": "increased kidney filtration, swelling,\nand inflammation." }, { "start": 107.145, "duration": 2.544, "text": "High blood pressure can\nconstrict and damage" }, { "start": 109.689, "duration": 2.21, "text": "the organ’s delicate blood vessels." }, { "start": 112.15, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Over time, people can lose complete\nfunction of their kidneys" }, { "start": 115.945, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and must rely on a treatment\ncalled dialysis to survive." }, { "start": 119.699, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Yet dialysis is time consuming" }, { "start": 122.118, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and fraught with serious\nmedical complications." }, { "start": 125.496, "duration": 3.379, "text": "A kidney transplant offers a more\npermanent solution" }, { "start": 128.875, "duration": 2.627, "text": "with a dramatically improved\nquality of life." }, { "start": 131.586, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Once a patient is approved\nfor the surgery," }, { "start": 133.921, "duration": 2.544, "text": "the search for a suitable organ begins." }, { "start": 136.799, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Historically, the biggest barrier\nwas finding a donor" }, { "start": 139.969, "duration": 3.837, "text": "whose immune system makeup\nclosely resembled that of the patient’s," }, { "start": 143.89, "duration": 4.296, "text": " like an identical twin,\nas to reduce the risk of organ rejection." }, { "start": 148.311, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But today, thanks to medical advances," }, { "start": 150.605, "duration": 3.67, "text": "a patient’s family member, friend,\nor even a stranger" }, { "start": 154.275, "duration": 1.668, "text": "can donate one of their kidneys." }, { "start": 156.235, "duration": 4.505, "text": "New drug therapies can effectively\nsuppress a patient’s immune response" }, { "start": 160.74, "duration": 3.003, "text": "before and long after the transplant," }, { "start": 163.951, "duration": 4.713, "text": "meaning that patients and donor pairs\nno longer must be perfect matches." }, { "start": 168.915, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Still, the closer the match, the better." }, { "start": 171.375, "duration": 3.754, "text": "So another option is a paired\norgan exchange," }, { "start": 175.254, "duration": 5.214, "text": "where two or more incompatible donor\nand patient pairs are matched up," }, { "start": 180.509, "duration": 4.755, "text": "allowing each patient to receive a more\ncompatible kidney from the other pair." }, { "start": 185.473, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Once an organ is found, the surgery\nitself is straightforward." }, { "start": 189.727, "duration": 4.087, "text": "First, the living donor's kidney is\nremoved using minimally invasive" }, { "start": 193.814, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and often robotic techniques." }, { "start": 195.983, "duration": 1.794, "text": "As for the transplant patient," }, { "start": 197.944, "duration": 4.629, "text": "an incision is made in their lower abdomen\nand the donor organ is implanted." }, { "start": 202.782, "duration": 3.712, "text": "The new kidney’s artery and vein\nare connected to the recipient’s" }, { "start": 206.494, "duration": 1.418, "text": "to create blood flow," }, { "start": 207.912, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and its ureter is attached\nto the patient's bladder." }, { "start": 211.165, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The failed kidneys are typically\nleft in place," }, { "start": 214.293, "duration": 3.128, "text": "allowing them to continue to aid\nin filtration." }, { "start": 217.546, "duration": 4.422, "text": "After surgery, a patient is closely\nmonitored for the next several days" }, { "start": 221.968, "duration": 3.044, "text": "to ensure the new kidney starts\nfiltering their blood," }, { "start": 225.012, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and subsequently producing urine\non its own." }, { "start": 227.974, "duration": 4.045, "text": "This new kidney typically lasts\nbetween 12 to 20 years." }, { "start": 232.27, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Some people will have multiple kidney\ntransplants in their lifetime," }, { "start": 235.815, "duration": 5.005, "text": "meaning at some point they may have four\nor even five kidneys in their bodies." }, { "start": 240.945, "duration": 3.295, "text": "As for donors, most leave\nthe hospital the next day," }, { "start": 244.24, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and can resume normal activity\nwithin a few weeks." }, { "start": 247.493, "duration": 2.211, "text": "While all surgeries carry risks," }, { "start": 249.704, "duration": 3.128, "text": "most donors go on to lead\nnormal, healthy lives, " }, { "start": 252.832, "duration": 3.211, "text": "facing no, or relatively\nfew, complications" }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 2.169, "text": "related to living with a single kidney." }, { "start": 258.462, "duration": 3.379, "text": "But not all patients\nwill have a willing living donor." }, { "start": 262.174, "duration": 5.089, "text": "In the US alone, around 90,000 patients\nsit on the national waiting list" }, { "start": 267.263, "duration": 2.753, "text": "to be matched with a kidney\nfrom a deceased donor." }, { "start": 270.349, "duration": 2.67, "text": " While many people register\nas organ donors," }, { "start": 273.019, "duration": 4.504, "text": "only 0.3% will lose their lives\nin circumstances" }, { "start": 277.523, "duration": 1.877, "text": "that allow for organ donation. " }, { "start": 279.65, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Due to this organ shortage," }, { "start": 281.485, "duration": 4.63, "text": "about 17 patients die every day\nwaiting for a new kidney." }, { "start": 286.324, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Thankfully, doctors continue to push\nagainst the limits of what's possible," }, { "start": 290.536, "duration": 1.71, "text": "exploring new treatments" }, { "start": 292.246, "duration": 5.339, "text": "and the potential of lab-grown,\n3D printed, and even artificial kidneys." } ] }, { "video_id": "R03DjtCPkGE", "title": "What's happening to Earth's core? - Shannon Odell", "description": "Explore the science of why Earth’s atmosphere is losing hydrogen, and find out what other leaks could affect life on our planet.\n\n--\n\nA hydrogen atom is traveling high within the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere. This particular atom first entered the exosphere millions of years ago, but today it overcomes Earth’s gravitational pull and escapes, joining the roughly 90 tons of material that leak out of our atmosphere each day. Should we be worried about these leaks? Shannon Odell digs into our planet’s imperfect plumbing.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Eva Münnich, Strange Beast.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to Mary Kang and Jean-Baptiste Koehl who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-happening-to-earth-s-core-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-happening-to-earth-s-core-shannon-odell#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.studiocool.cool\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario and Dominik Kugelmann - they-them.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-13T15:01:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.836, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The Canary Islands are home\nto Mount Teide," }, { "start": 9.839, "duration": 3.128, "text": "one of the world’s largest\nactive volcanoes." }, { "start": 13.092, "duration": 5.881, "text": "Capable of spewing tens of millions of\ncubic meters of lava in a single eruption," }, { "start": 18.973, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Teide’s destructive power\nis nothing to scoff at." }, { "start": 22.769, "duration": 6.256, "text": "But there may be a way to use the basalt\nrock inside Teide to save humanity." }, { "start": 29.233, "duration": 4.839, "text": "That’s right— blowing up this volcano\ncould offset Earth’s emissions" }, { "start": 34.072, "duration": 1.876, "text": "for the foreseeable future." }, { "start": 36.324, "duration": 4.921, "text": "Obviously, destroying an ancient\nvolcano is not a good idea." }, { "start": 41.37, "duration": 3.921, "text": "The ecological fallout would be\ncatastrophic and unpredictable." }, { "start": 45.583, "duration": 3.212, "text": "But even if we harvested\nsome of that basalt," }, { "start": 48.878, "duration": 3.42, "text": "could we really use it\nto stop climate change?" }, { "start": 52.882, "duration": 3.67, "text": "This theoretical scheme is a\ndramatic way to enhance" }, { "start": 56.552, "duration": 3.546, "text": "one of Earth’s least\ndramatic natural processes:" }, { "start": 60.306, "duration": 1.126, "text": "rock weathering." }, { "start": 61.682, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Rock weathering occurs whenever it rains." }, { "start": 64.435, "duration": 4.088, "text": "As falling rainwater mixes\nwith atmospheric carbon dioxide," }, { "start": 68.731, "duration": 4.963, "text": "it becomes a weak acid that can eat away\nat minerals called silicates." }, { "start": 73.861, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And since silicates are in over 90%\nof Earth’s exposed rock," }, { "start": 78.282, "duration": 3.462, "text": "this happens pretty much anywhere\nrain hits stone." }, { "start": 81.953, "duration": 2.419, "text": "As this acid reacts with the stone," }, { "start": 84.539, "duration": 2.919, "text": "this dissolved carbon dioxide\nin the rainwater" }, { "start": 87.458, "duration": 3.045, "text": "turns into a new form called bicarbonate," }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 3.462, "text": "which trickles downstream\nalongside the rain to the ocean." }, { "start": 94.34, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Here marine critters use it\nto create structures like shells." }, { "start": 98.302, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And when they die,\nthose shells sink to the seafloor," }, { "start": 101.681, "duration": 3.712, "text": "trapping that carbon dioxide\nin the ocean for millennia." }, { "start": 105.643, "duration": 4.087, "text": "This process has a massive impact\non Earth's climate." }, { "start": 110.022, "duration": 3.212, "text": "When it's warm and wet,\nthe rock weathering speeds up," }, { "start": 113.234, "duration": 1.793, "text": "tempering greenhouse warming." }, { "start": 115.278, "duration": 3.128, "text": "When it's cold and dry,\nthe process slows down," }, { "start": 118.406, "duration": 2.627, "text": "building up atmospheric carbon dioxide." }, { "start": 121.45, "duration": 2.044, "text": "But these effects take time—" }, { "start": 123.494, "duration": 4.838, "text": "natural rock weathering balances\nEarth’s climate over millions of years." }, { "start": 129.083, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Thankfully, experts working to sequester\natmospheric carbon" }, { "start": 132.545, "duration": 1.877, "text": "have plans to speed things up." }, { "start": 134.881, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Two major factors determine the pace\nof this process:" }, { "start": 138.009, "duration": 4.379, "text": "the types of rock exposed to weather\nand the amount of rock that’s exposed." }, { "start": 142.555, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Silicates that form at higher temperatures\ntend to weather faster" }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 1.835, "text": "due to their chemical composition." }, { "start": 148.561, "duration": 2.919, "text": "These rocks include those\nfrom Earth’s deep mantle" }, { "start": 151.48, "duration": 2.378, "text": "and volcanic rocks like basalt." }, { "start": 154.066, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But piled up in a mountain,\nnot very much rock is exposed." }, { "start": 157.778, "duration": 4.463, "text": "So, some climate experts believe we should\nharvest that fast-weathering rock," }, { "start": 162.325, "duration": 4.254, "text": "crush it, and spread it out to weather\nmore rock in less time." }, { "start": 166.996, "duration": 3.253, "text": "This sped up process is called\nenhanced rock weathering," }, { "start": 170.249, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and it’s among the most practical plans\nwe have for drawing down carbon." }, { "start": 174.212, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Rather than needing to invent\nall-new technology," }, { "start": 177.59, "duration": 3.92, "text": "we can rely on existing systems\nfor mining and processing rock." }, { "start": 181.719, "duration": 4.755, "text": "And since agricultural communities have\nlong known that volcanic rocks and soils" }, { "start": 186.474, "duration": 1.626, "text": "can improve crop yield," }, { "start": 188.1, "duration": 3.212, "text": "farmlands could be the perfect\ndispersal sites." }, { "start": 191.604, "duration": 4.755, "text": "But for this approach to have impact,\nit needs to be deployed globally." }, { "start": 196.567, "duration": 2.795, "text": "And even without demolishing\nany volcanoes," }, { "start": 199.362, "duration": 4.671, "text": "large-scale solutions always come\nwith large-scale problems." }, { "start": 204.367, "duration": 3.879, "text": "First off, rock weathering—\nenhanced or otherwise—" }, { "start": 208.371, "duration": 3.42, "text": "runs through the entire\nglobal water cycle." }, { "start": 211.916, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Since this open system has more\nvariables than we could ever account for," }, { "start": 216.671, "duration": 4.337, "text": "it’s difficult to measure enhanced\nrock weathering’s precise impact." }, { "start": 221.259, "duration": 3.294, "text": "Second, despite existing\nmining technology," }, { "start": 224.679, "duration": 4.296, "text": "it would be a massive ecological\nand engineering challenge" }, { "start": 228.975, "duration": 5.63, "text": "to quarry, crush, transport,\nand spread this much rock." }, { "start": 234.689, "duration": 3.295, "text": "The logistical difficulty\nof distributing this material" }, { "start": 238.025, "duration": 1.961, "text": "would be similarly demanding." }, { "start": 240.027, "duration": 4.38, "text": "And unless the energy used for both\ntasks came from mostly clean sources," }, { "start": 244.573, "duration": 3.045, "text": "it would undermine the project's\nnet carbon impact." }, { "start": 247.994, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Finally, any endeavor that impacts\nEarth’s natural systems at this scale" }, { "start": 253.124, "duration": 2.711, "text": "might have unpredictable side effects." }, { "start": 255.96, "duration": 4.087, "text": "For example, quarried rocks\nmight contain dangerous heavy metals" }, { "start": 260.047, "duration": 2.253, "text": "or other unknown elements." }, { "start": 262.883, "duration": 3.963, "text": "But these challenges aren’t reasons\nto abandon enhanced rock weathering—" }, { "start": 267.013, "duration": 4.129, "text": "they’re just the first obstacles\nto implementing this promising strategy." }, { "start": 271.434, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Simulations suggest a global\nenhanced rock weathering program" }, { "start": 275.688, "duration": 4.963, "text": "that spreads 10 tons of basalt dust\non every hectare of global farmland" }, { "start": 280.651, "duration": 5.839, "text": "could sequester over 200 gigatons\nof CO2 over a 75-year period." }, { "start": 287.074, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Those are remarkable figures\nfor an approach this cheap and practical," }, { "start": 291.871, "duration": 5.297, "text": "and they prove you don't need to blow\nup a mountain to have big impact." } ] }, { "video_id": "_EF4LXLxquM", "title": "Can other animals understand death? - Barbara J. King", "description": "Do nonhuman animals experience grief? Explore mourning in the animal kingdom to find out the answer to this tricky question.\n\n--\n\nIn 2018, an orca called Tahlequah gave birth. But her daughter died within an hour. Tahlequah, however, didn’t leave her body. Over the next 17 days and 1,600 kilometers, she kept it afloat atop her own. By altering her feeding and travel patterns, Tahlequah’s behavior was certainly unusual. But was she mourning— or just confused? Barbara J. King explores whether nonhuman animals experience grief.\n\nLesson by Barbara J. King, directed by Denis Chapon, The Animation Workshop.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-animals-feel-grief-barbara-j-king\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-animals-feel-grief-barbara-j-king#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://denischapon.com & https://animationworkshop.via.dk\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart and Tyron Jung.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-11T15:01:14Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.961, "duration": 3.837, "text": "If you've ever looked at the bottom\nof a disposable bottle or cup," }, { "start": 10.798, "duration": 2.461, "text": "you've probably noticed this symbol." }, { "start": 13.926, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Seeing this, many people assume the item\nthey’re holding" }, { "start": 16.804, "duration": 2.044, "text": "should be tossed in a recycling bin." }, { "start": 19.474, "duration": 5.547, "text": "Yet many of these plastics are incapable\nof being recycled at most centers." }, { "start": 25.271, "duration": 6.215, "text": "In fact, of the 360 million tons\nof plastic created worldwide each year," }, { "start": 31.486, "duration": 2.711, "text": "only 9% is ever recycled." }, { "start": 34.447, "duration": 2.544, "text": "So why are so few plastics recycled?" }, { "start": 36.991, "duration": 2.669, "text": "And what do these codes actually mean?" }, { "start": 40.203, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Our recycling problem is multi-layered,\nbeginning at production." }, { "start": 44.207, "duration": 5.38, "text": "About 18% of plastics are made from what\nis known as thermosetting polymers." }, { "start": 49.754, "duration": 3.253, "text": "These plastics gain stability\nthrough curing," }, { "start": 53.007, "duration": 4.63, "text": "a process that hardens a material\nby irreversibly crosslinking" }, { "start": 57.637, "duration": 1.71, "text": "its molecular chains." }, { "start": 59.764, "duration": 4.338, "text": "The very properties that make\nthermoset plastics so useful," }, { "start": 64.102, "duration": 3.962, "text": "in that they keep their shape and\nintegrity under extreme conditions," }, { "start": 68.064, "duration": 2.878, "text": "mean that they can’t be\nbroken down and rebuilt" }, { "start": 70.942, "duration": 3.211, "text": "by the vast majority of recycling plants." }, { "start": 74.654, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Thankfully, most plastics\nare thermoplastics," }, { "start": 77.949, "duration": 2.169, "text": "which can be melted and remolded." }, { "start": 80.868, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But this category encompasses\na variety of materials" }, { "start": 84.33, "duration": 3.962, "text": "with unique chemical structures, \nweights, and properties," }, { "start": 88.292, "duration": 3.754, "text": "all of which require\ndifferent conditions for recycling." }, { "start": 92.338, "duration": 2.92, "text": "As a result, \nonly some of these thermoplastics" }, { "start": 95.258, "duration": 2.627, "text": "are accepted at most recycling centers." }, { "start": 98.094, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Which brings us to our next problem:\nthe confusing code system." }, { "start": 103.015, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Developed and introduced\nby the plastics industry in 1988," }, { "start": 107.395, "duration": 4.337, "text": "this code was presented as a way\nto help consumers and facilities" }, { "start": 111.732, "duration": 1.377, "text": "sort their trash." }, { "start": 113.484, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Each number indicates the material the\nplastic is made of," }, { "start": 116.946, "duration": 1.543, "text": "known as its resin." }, { "start": 118.781, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Some resin numbers are recyclable\nat most centers," }, { "start": 122.16, "duration": 1.543, "text": "while others are not." }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 1.627, "text": "And yet, within this system," }, { "start": 125.538, "duration": 4.463, "text": "all numbers are surrounded by the\nuniversally recognized recycling symbol," }, { "start": 130.126, "duration": 4.629, "text": "misleading consumers into thinking \nthat many unsalvageable plastics" }, { "start": 134.755, "duration": 2.044, "text": "have a chance at a second life." }, { "start": 137.592, "duration": 5.088, "text": "And just because a technically recyclable\nresin makes it to a recycling bin," }, { "start": 142.68, "duration": 2.628, "text": "doesn’t mean it will continue its journey." }, { "start": 145.683, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Plastics often contain multiple resins,\nare mixed with dyes and additives," }, { "start": 150.563, "duration": 4.421, "text": "or are affixed with difficult-to-remove\nstickers and labels," }, { "start": 155.109, "duration": 5.089, "text": "all of which can cause them to be rerouted\nto the incinerator or trash bin." }, { "start": 160.198, "duration": 5.422, "text": "In short, many companies don't design\npackaging with recovery in mind." }, { "start": 166.329, "duration": 2.294, "text": "Even under pristine conditions," }, { "start": 168.623, "duration": 5.13, "text": "plastic resins can only be melted down\nand remolded a handful of times," }, { "start": 173.753, "duration": 2.794, "text": "as their polymers degrade with each use." }, { "start": 177.006, "duration": 5.38, "text": "If all these issues make you feel\nas if recycling plastics is infeasible," }, { "start": 182.386, "duration": 1.544, "text": "you wouldn't be the first." }, { "start": 184.055, "duration": 5.463, "text": "This reality was well known to the\nplastics industry as early as the 1970s." }, { "start": 189.685, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Despite their doubts\nthat widespread recycling" }, { "start": 192.48, "duration": 2.335, "text": "would ever be economically viable," }, { "start": 194.815, "duration": 3.754, "text": "the industry threw millions of dollars\ninto ad campaigns." }, { "start": 198.778, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Within the US, the plastics industry\nquietly lobbied state governments," }, { "start": 203.532, "duration": 4.171, "text": "leading a majority to adopt laws\nrequiring that plastics" }, { "start": 207.703, "duration": 2.545, "text": "bear the confusing resin codes." }, { "start": 210.915, "duration": 4.796, "text": "And with this, the burden of “fixing”\nthe growing plastic waste problem" }, { "start": 215.711, "duration": 3.546, "text": "was pushed from the industry\nonto the consumer." }, { "start": 219.84, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Today, the situation\nhas only gotten worse." }, { "start": 222.718, "duration": 4.046, "text": "The rising costs to properly separate\nall this waste," }, { "start": 226.764, "duration": 4.296, "text": "paired with fewer international buyers\nof recyclable scraps," }, { "start": 231.06, "duration": 5.672, "text": "has forced many cities to shut down their\ncurbside recycling programs altogether." }, { "start": 237.4, "duration": 4.17, "text": "So how can we fix our growing\nplastic waste system?" }, { "start": 242.613, "duration": 3.337, "text": "It’s clear that we must reduce\nthe plastics we consume." }, { "start": 245.95, "duration": 4.338, "text": "More than a quarter of our plastic waste\ncomes from packaging materials." }, { "start": 250.579, "duration": 3.421, "text": "Many manufacturers have taken steps\nin the right direction," }, { "start": 254.083, "duration": 5.38, "text": "phasing out unnecessary plastic films,\nand switching out plastic tubs and tubes" }, { "start": 259.463, "duration": 4.213, "text": "with more easily recyclable materials,\nor compostable options." }, { "start": 264.093, "duration": 1.96, "text": "For the plastics that do remain," }, { "start": 266.053, "duration": 4.505, "text": "one solution is to work\ntowards a circular economy for plastics." }, { "start": 270.641, "duration": 4.963, "text": "This means creating fewer new plastics,\neliminating those that are single-use," }, { "start": 275.604, "duration": 4.964, "text": "and ensuring the plastics that remain can\nstay in circulation via recycling." }, { "start": 281.11, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Such a system would rely on policies that\nregulate plastics" }, { "start": 284.822, "duration": 1.96, "text": "starting at their production—" }, { "start": 286.782, "duration": 4.63, "text": "ensuring that all plastics created\nare free from contaminants" }, { "start": 291.412, "duration": 2.419, "text": "that could harm their ability\nto be recycled." }, { "start": 294.707, "duration": 4.004, "text": "In the meantime, many experts believe\nthe current resin code system" }, { "start": 298.711, "duration": 1.376, "text": "should be eliminated," }, { "start": 300.087, "duration": 5.714, "text": "and swapped out for clear, simplified\nrecyclable versus non-recyclable labels." }, { "start": 306.177, "duration": 4.796, "text": "This would help consumers more easily sort\ntheir waste, but more importantly," }, { "start": 310.973, "duration": 3.462, "text": "allow them to make informed\ndecisions at purchase," }, { "start": 314.435, "duration": 3.503, "text": "ultimately putting the pressure \nback on manufacturers" }, { "start": 317.938, "duration": 2.294, "text": "to ensure a recyclable future." } ] }, { "video_id": "kU8s_4HBG98", "title": "Can you solve the time traveling car riddle? - Dan Finkel", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n—\n\nYou and the professor have driven your DeLorean back to the past to fix issues with the spacetime continuum caused by your time traveling. But another DeLorean appears with older versions of you and the professor. The professors panic and explain that the universe could collapse now that you’re both in the same time and place. Can you merge the timestreams and travel home? Dan Finkel shows how.\n\nLesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-time-traveling-car-riddle-dan-finkel\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-solve-the-time-traveling-car-riddle-dan-finkel#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com \nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\nEducator's website: https://mathforlove.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey and Yelena Baykova.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-06T15:00:52Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 11.132, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Welcome one and all!" }, { "start": 13.301, "duration": 2.836, "text": "It’s time to grab your seat\nfor the biggest battle" }, { "start": 16.137, "duration": 2.252, "text": "in the soon-to-be-formed universe." }, { "start": 18.389, "duration": 4.088, "text": "That’s right— \nthe Big Bang is about to go down!" }, { "start": 22.685, "duration": 4.171, "text": "In one corner is the force that brings\nall matter together." }, { "start": 27.273, "duration": 4.379, "text": "It acts on any particle with mass,\nand its range is infinite—" }, { "start": 31.652, "duration": 4.338, "text": "give it up for gravity!" }, { "start": 36.574, "duration": 3.462, "text": "In the other corner, our contender can\npush matter away" }, { "start": 40.036, "duration": 2.252, "text": "with spectacular strength." }, { "start": 42.288, "duration": 3.545, "text": "When the going gets tough,\nthis fighter just gets tougher." }, { "start": 46.042, "duration": 4.379, "text": "That’s right, it’s pressure!" }, { "start": 50.88, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Over the next several\nhundred thousand years," }, { "start": 53.883, "duration": 4.379, "text": "these two contenders will be wrestling\nfor the fate of the universe." }, { "start": 58.262, "duration": 3.045, "text": "That’s right folks, the ripple effects\nof this historic match" }, { "start": 61.307, "duration": 3.629, "text": "will shape the structure of the universe\nas we know it today." }, { "start": 65.061, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But what are these powers fighting over?" }, { "start": 67.188, "duration": 6.423, "text": "We’ll find out when the Big Bang\nhits right... now!" }, { "start": 73.694, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Let’s zoom in for the play-by-play." }, { "start": 76.155, "duration": 4.964, "text": "This epic event has brought three\ncomponents into our infant universe." }, { "start": 81.119, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Dark matter, which only interacts\nwith gravity." }, { "start": 83.913, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Baryonic matter, which makes\nup all matter you’ve ever seen," }, { "start": 87.291, "duration": 2.795, "text": "is affected by both gravity and pressure." }, { "start": 90.086, "duration": 3.503, "text": "And radiation composed \nof innumerable particles of light," }, { "start": 93.589, "duration": 2.044, "text": "also known as photons." }, { "start": 95.842, "duration": 2.002, "text": "In the moments just after the Big Bang," }, { "start": 97.844, "duration": 2.752, "text": "all three components are in equilibrium," }, { "start": 100.596, "duration": 3.295, "text": "meaning no one location\nis denser than another." }, { "start": 103.891, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But as the universe starts expanding,\ndifferences in density start to emerge." }, { "start": 108.187, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Gravity immediately gets to work\npulling matter together." }, { "start": 111.524, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Dark matter begins to collect\nat the center" }, { "start": 113.734, "duration": 2.253, "text": "of these increasingly\ndense regions," }, { "start": 115.987, "duration": 2.919, "text": "forming the foundations\nof future galaxies." }, { "start": 118.906, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Meanwhile, pressure begins gathering\nits strength." }, { "start": 121.659, "duration": 2.252, "text": "In this hot, high-energy environment," }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 3.462, "text": "protons and electrons can’t come\ntogether to form atoms," }, { "start": 127.373, "duration": 5.088, "text": "so these loose particles zip around,\nfreely interacting with ambient photons." }, { "start": 132.503, "duration": 4.546, "text": "The result is almost a fluid\nof baryonic matter and radiation." }, { "start": 137.049, "duration": 4.171, "text": "But the closer these baryonic particles\nget, the hotter the fluid becomes," }, { "start": 141.22, "duration": 3.671, "text": "pushing photons to ping\naround with incredible force." }, { "start": 144.974, "duration": 4.671, "text": "This is the power of pressure,\nspecifically radiation pressure," }, { "start": 149.645, "duration": 2.211, "text": "battling to push things apart." }, { "start": 152.064, "duration": 4.38, "text": "With each of gravity’s vicious tugs\nsqueezing photons and matter together," }, { "start": 156.444, "duration": 2.836, "text": "pressure exerts a forceful shove back." }, { "start": 159.28, "duration": 4.296, "text": "And as the two giants struggle,\nthey heave this fluid back and forth—" }, { "start": 163.576, "duration": 4.338, "text": "creating massive waves called\nbaryonic acoustic oscillations." }, { "start": 168.039, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Moving at almost two thirds\nthe speed of light" }, { "start": 170.833, "duration": 2.711, "text": "these BAOs ripple across space," }, { "start": 173.544, "duration": 3.712, "text": "impacting the universe\non the biggest scale imaginable." }, { "start": 177.34, "duration": 4.045, "text": "These rolling waves determine the\ndistribution of matter throughout space," }, { "start": 181.385, "duration": 5.005, "text": "meaning that today— almost 14 billion\nyears after this fight began—" }, { "start": 186.39, "duration": 2.962, "text": "we're more likely to find\ngalaxies at their peaks" }, { "start": 189.352, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and empty space in their troughs." }, { "start": 191.646, "duration": 1.084, "text": "And that’s not all." }, { "start": 192.73, "duration": 4.463, "text": "We can still see these ripples in the\nbackground radiation of the universe," }, { "start": 197.193, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a permanent reminder of this epic brawl." }, { "start": 200.78, "duration": 4.754, "text": "But after being locked in a stalemate\nfor roughly 370,000 years," }, { "start": 205.534, "duration": 3.462, "text": "the tide of our battle finally\nbegins to turn." }, { "start": 208.996, "duration": 4.463, "text": "After all this time, the heat from the\nBig Bang has dissipated significantly," }, { "start": 213.459, "duration": 2.377, "text": "cooling the universe down to a temperature" }, { "start": 215.836, "duration": 3.838, "text": "at which loose electrons\nstart to pair up with protons." }, { "start": 219.715, "duration": 2.545, "text": "Known as the “era of recombination,”" }, { "start": 222.26, "duration": 2.919, "text": "this stops electrons\nfrom recklessly pinging around." }, { "start": 225.179, "duration": 3.712, "text": "This allows light to stream freely\nfor the first time," }, { "start": 228.891, "duration": 2.252, "text": "illuminating the universe." }, { "start": 231.143, "duration": 5.172, "text": "These photons now only exert a tiny force\non the neutral atoms they interact with," }, { "start": 236.315, "duration": 3.128, "text": "gradually reducing the power of pressure." }, { "start": 239.61, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And with that, it’s time to crown\nour champion!" }, { "start": 243.781, "duration": 3.837, "text": "The undefeated force,\nthe most pervasive power in the universe:" }, { "start": 247.618, "duration": 3.462, "text": "it’s gravity!" }, { "start": 251.08, "duration": 2.669, "text": "And yet, this rivalry isn’t over." }, { "start": 253.749, "duration": 4.129, "text": "A similar battle continues between these\ntwo sworn enemies today," }, { "start": 257.878, "duration": 2.336, "text": "within every single star." }, { "start": 260.214, "duration": 2.753, "text": "As gravity pulls a star’s gas inward," }, { "start": 262.967, "duration": 3.795, "text": "pressure increases and pushes\nthe matter back outward." }, { "start": 266.762, "duration": 3.379, "text": "This push and pull keeps the Sun,\nand all other stars," }, { "start": 270.141, "duration": 2.711, "text": "stable for billions of years." }, { "start": 272.852, "duration": 2.711, "text": "In fact, this clash of the titans\nis the same reason" }, { "start": 275.563, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Earth’s atmosphere doesn’t collapse\nto the ground." }, { "start": 278.524, "duration": 2.461, "text": "So while their greatest fight\nmight have ended," }, { "start": 280.985, "duration": 3.837, "text": "these two warriors are still\nto be locked in combat—" }, { "start": 288.034, "duration": 3.503, "text": "even as a new challenger approaches." } ] }, { "video_id": "USW8yf4L-R4", "title": "3 things you may not know about the Declaration of Independence #shorts", "description": "An excerpt of our video “What you might not know about the Declaration of Independence”, written by Kenneth C. Davis and animated by Karrot Animation\n\nWatch the full video: https://bit.ly/TEDEdDeclaration\n\n#shorts", "publishedAt": "2023-07-04T13:00:43Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.462, "duration": 2.335, "text": "Everyone needs time to themselves," }, { "start": 9.881, "duration": 3.378, "text": "and peaceful solitude\nhas stress-relieving benefits." }, { "start": 13.468, "duration": 5.964, "text": "But being alone takes on an entirely\ndifferent dimension when it creeps up" }, { "start": 19.432, "duration": 2.127, "text": "or is forced upon you." }, { "start": 22.143, "duration": 4.588, "text": "When that's the case,\nthe effects can be surprisingly extensive." }, { "start": 27.065, "duration": 4.879, "text": "And though different people experience\ndistinct effects at different times," }, { "start": 32.07, "duration": 6.423, "text": "symptoms tend to become more severe\nand persistent the longer one's isolated." }, { "start": 38.993, "duration": 5.13, "text": "When someone is involuntarily confined\nto one space indefinitely—" }, { "start": 44.29, "duration": 4.922, "text": "for days, weeks, months, or even years—" }, { "start": 49.337, "duration": 3.086, "text": "alone and without productive tasks," }, { "start": 52.59, "duration": 4.171, "text": "their body will likely\nundergo numerous changes." }, { "start": 57.386, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Let's take a look at what\nmay happen and why." }, { "start": 61.641, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Early on, stress hormones may spike,\nand as time passes," }, { "start": 66.479, "duration": 2.252, "text": "that stress can become chronic." }, { "start": 69.023, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Social interactions and meaningful\nactivities are essential" }, { "start": 73.361, "duration": 1.501, "text": "for emotional stability." }, { "start": 75.279, "duration": 3.838, "text": "This may be because they provide us\nwith what researchers call" }, { "start": 79.117, "duration": 2.252, "text": "“social reality testing”—" }, { "start": 82.12, "duration": 5.171, "text": "a sort of sounding board where we can\ngauge how rational our perceptions are." }, { "start": 87.792, "duration": 5.047, "text": "So, when someone’s deprived of those\nkinds of communication and tasks," }, { "start": 92.922, "duration": 4.046, "text": "their sense of identity and reality\nbecomes threatened." }, { "start": 97.218, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Their thoughts spiral\nand their impulses take the reins," }, { "start": 101.139, "duration": 4.796, "text": "setting the stage for depression,\nobsessions, suicidal ideation," }, { "start": 105.935, "duration": 3.879, "text": "and, for some, delusions\nand hallucinations." }, { "start": 110.398, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Over time, this prolonged agitation\ncan cause the brain's limbic system," }, { "start": 115.82, "duration": 2.252, "text": "which regulates fear and stress," }, { "start": 118.156, "duration": 3.628, "text": "to become especially\nresponsive and hyperactive." }, { "start": 122.41, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Meanwhile, the prefrontal cortex," }, { "start": 125.037, "duration": 3.295, "text": "the brain’s hub for reasoning\nand moral judgment," }, { "start": 128.457, "duration": 1.085, "text": "may shrink," }, { "start": 129.584, "duration": 3.962, "text": "impairing one's focus,\nmemory, and cognition." }, { "start": 134.338, "duration": 5.506, "text": "Overall, the balance shifts from\nrational thinking towards emotionality." }, { "start": 140.136, "duration": 4.88, "text": "And as someone remains in this state,\nthe imbalance becomes ingrained," }, { "start": 145.099, "duration": 5.881, "text": "making them more prone to bouts\nof anxiety, rage, and irrational actions." }, { "start": 151.689, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Isolation will also affect other parts\nof the person's health." }, { "start": 155.985, "duration": 4.004, "text": "They may lose sense of time\nand have difficulties sleeping." }, { "start": 160.573, "duration": 4.796, "text": "They're more likely to experience\nheart palpitations, headaches, dizziness," }, { "start": 165.453, "duration": 1.626, "text": "and hypersensitivity." }, { "start": 167.538, "duration": 1.96, "text": "And they may also lose weight" }, { "start": 169.498, "duration": 4.422, "text": "because of stress-induced\ndigestive issues and poor appetite." }, { "start": 174.503, "duration": 4.88, "text": "One can attempt to cope by establishing\nthe healthiest routine possible" }, { "start": 179.383, "duration": 2.211, "text": "under the extreme circumstances," }, { "start": 181.594, "duration": 3.67, "text": "including robust exercise,\nreading, and writing." }, { "start": 185.723, "duration": 2.127, "text": "But that can only do so much." }, { "start": 188.1, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The United Nations, many human\nrights organizations, and experts" }, { "start": 192.73, "duration": 4.963, "text": "classify this kind of forced,\nprolonged isolation as torture." }, { "start": 198.361, "duration": 4.963, "text": "And yet, it’s something imprisoned people\nin many countries endure." }, { "start": 203.658, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Also called “solitary confinement”\nor “restrictive housing,”" }, { "start": 208.037, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the practice is most common\nin the United States." }, { "start": 211.916, "duration": 7.007, "text": "In 2019, more than 120,000 US\nprisoners lived in solitary confinement," }, { "start": 219.048, "duration": 5.756, "text": "spending 22 to 24 hours a day\nin mostly windowless cells" }, { "start": 224.804, "duration": 2.878, "text": "spanning roughly six by nine feet." }, { "start": 228.099, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Quaker groups introduced\nsolitary confinement to US prisons" }, { "start": 232.228, "duration": 1.877, "text": "in the late 1700s," }, { "start": 234.146, "duration": 2.586, "text": "as an alternative to corporal punishment," }, { "start": 236.732, "duration": 3.671, "text": "believing it could bring\nabout reflection and penitence—" }, { "start": 240.486, "duration": 1.752, "text": "hence “penitentiary.”" }, { "start": 243.03, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But the practice quickly faced criticism," }, { "start": 245.616, "duration": 3.42, "text": "from public figures all the way\nto the Supreme Court." }, { "start": 249.662, "duration": 1.918, "text": "Charles Dickens, for one," }, { "start": 251.58, "duration": 5.381, "text": "condemned solitary confinement as\n“worse than any torture of the body.”" }, { "start": 257.628, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Its use dwindled, but then, in the 1980s," }, { "start": 261.215, "duration": 3.545, "text": "alongside more punitive,\ntough-on-crime laws," }, { "start": 264.927, "duration": 3.003, "text": "US prison populations skyrocketed." }, { "start": 268.556, "duration": 1.752, "text": "As prisons grew crowded," }, { "start": 270.308, "duration": 4.254, "text": "incidences of protests,\nrebellions, and violence grew," }, { "start": 274.687, "duration": 6.214, "text": "and prison authorities increasingly used\nsolitary confinement to maintain control." }, { "start": 281.819, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Many people have been placed\nin solitary confinement" }, { "start": 285.156, "duration": 5.338, "text": "for minor, nonviolent infractions,\nlike talking back to prison guards." }, { "start": 290.703, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And solitary confinement\nis harmful to everyone," }, { "start": 294.248, "duration": 4.797, "text": "but many who’ve experienced it have\npre-existing mental health disorders," }, { "start": 299.045, "duration": 2.127, "text": "which it only exacerbates." }, { "start": 301.672, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Solitary confinement also seems to have\nlasting effects" }, { "start": 305.426, "duration": 4.087, "text": "that make readjusting to life\noutside of a cell difficult." }, { "start": 309.93, "duration": 4.839, "text": "People who have gone through solitary\nconfinement are three times more likely" }, { "start": 314.769, "duration": 3.086, "text": "to show signs of post-traumatic\nstress disorder." }, { "start": 318.064, "duration": 4.212, "text": "And they commonly report experiencing\nshifts in their personalities," }, { "start": 322.276, "duration": 4.797, "text": "increased anxiety and paranoia\nin otherwise ordinary situations," }, { "start": 327.073, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and difficulty concentrating\nand connecting with others." }, { "start": 331.16, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Some states have restricted the use\nof solitary confinement" }, { "start": 334.455, "duration": 4.88, "text": "in cases involving serious mental illness,\nchildren, or pregnancy," }, { "start": 339.543, "duration": 4.547, "text": "and some have adopted 15 or 20 day\nlimits for everyone." }, { "start": 344.799, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But laws that regulate solitary\nconfinement aren’t always enforced—" }, { "start": 349.303, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and prison authorities\nhave created loopholes." }, { "start": 353.015, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Yet solitary confinement does immense\ndamage that is contrary to rehabilitation," }, { "start": 358.479, "duration": 2.669, "text": "while failing to reduce prison violence." }, { "start": 361.482, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Meanwhile, other countries have centered\nmore humane approaches." }, { "start": 365.236, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Norway, for example, imprisons far\nfewer people per capita than the US" }, { "start": 370.574, "duration": 4.463, "text": "while spending five times more\nper prisoner on accommodations," }, { "start": 375.121, "duration": 2.502, "text": "classes, and work-release programs." }, { "start": 377.915, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Norway also sees far fewer people return\nto prison after release," }, { "start": 383.337, "duration": 3.087, "text": "with one of the world’s lowest\nrates of recidivism," }, { "start": 386.632, "duration": 3.712, "text": "indicating we tend to get better together." } ] }, { "video_id": "O7O-3NeXm9g", "title": "Why did Megalodon go extinct? - Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento", "description": "Dive into the ocean’s depths to see how the gigantic megalodon ruled the seas, and find out what caused its extinction.\n\n—\n\n20 million years ago, the ocean housed a creature so colossal that its stomach could reach volumes of almost 10,000 liters— big enough to fit an entire orca. It was the megalodon, the biggest shark to ever live. So, what was it like when megalodon ruled the seas? And what brought this formidable predator to extinction? Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento investigate.\n\nLesson by Jack Cooper and Catalina Pimiento, directed by Vitalii Nebelskyi, and action creative agency.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-megalodon-go-extinct-jack-cooper-and-catalina-pimiento\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-did-megalodon-go-extinct-jack-cooper-and-catalina-pimiento#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: \n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman and Kurt Paolo Sevillano.", "publishedAt": "2023-07-03T15:00:06Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.211, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Today is the annual Sly Wizard Tournament\nfeaturing competitors" }, { "start": 11.215, "duration": 2.711, "text": "from the wizarding world’s\nthree greatest schools," }, { "start": 13.926, "duration": 3.045, "text": "and you’ve been entrusted\nwith an enormous responsibility." }, { "start": 17.221, "duration": 2.294, "text": "You are to administer the tournament." }, { "start": 19.515, "duration": 4.421, "text": "First, you and you alone will determine\nhow many events there will be" }, { "start": 23.936, "duration": 1.752, "text": "and their scoring system." }, { "start": 25.855, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Then the three wizards will\nenter your maze" }, { "start": 28.566, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and compete in your chosen\nevents in utmost secrecy;" }, { "start": 32.653, "duration": 2.878, "text": "only you and they will see what happens." }, { "start": 35.615, "duration": 2.419, "text": "The competition begins and..." }, { "start": 38.242, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Wow, that was one for the record books." }, { "start": 40.953, "duration": 3.921, "text": "The winner was... wait, you have no idea." }, { "start": 45.041, "duration": 3.462, "text": "The last thing you remember was\na dark wizard showing up" }, { "start": 48.503, "duration": 2.586, "text": "and casting a forgetting curse." }, { "start": 51.339, "duration": 5.088, "text": "The competitors seem even more confused—\neach is convinced they won." }, { "start": 56.552, "duration": 1.043, "text": "This is bad." }, { "start": 57.637, "duration": 1.877, "text": "There can be no do-overs," }, { "start": 59.514, "duration": 5.505, "text": "and the last failure to declare a winner\nset off the first Great Wizarding War." }, { "start": 65.186, "duration": 2.586, "text": "You’ve got to figure this out— and fast." }, { "start": 67.814, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But for the life of you,\nyou can’t remember a thing." }, { "start": 70.9, "duration": 2.502, "text": "You know you had to follow a few rules:" }, { "start": 73.444, "duration": 4.421, "text": "there had to be three or more events,\neach with a single winner and loser." }, { "start": 77.949, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Every event used the same scoring system," }, { "start": 80.868, "duration": 2.962, "text": "where first place received more points\nthan second," }, { "start": 83.83, "duration": 1.71, "text": "and second more than third." }, { "start": 85.581, "duration": 2.753, "text": "All points were positive integers." }, { "start": 88.417, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Maybe there’s a record somewhere...\noh, of course, your scorecard." }, { "start": 92.505, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Well, that leaves something to be desired." }, { "start": 94.841, "duration": 2.836, "text": "All that you wrote down was\nthat in Calchemy," }, { "start": 97.677, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Newt-niz won,\nLeib-ton took second," }, { "start": 100.304, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and that was the only time\nMagnificent Marigold’s Magical Macademy" }, { "start": 104.308, "duration": 1.919, "text": "got third all day." }, { "start": 106.519, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Oh, and some final scores:" }, { "start": 108.938, "duration": 4.463, "text": "one school got 22 points,\nand both of the others got 9." }, { "start": 113.734, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Why are you so bad at taking notes?!" }, { "start": 116.237, "duration": 2.127, "text": "No time for self-recrimination." }, { "start": 118.364, "duration": 1.835, "text": "The wizarding world is waiting." }, { "start": 120.616, "duration": 1.335, "text": "Who won the tournament?" }, { "start": 121.993, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Pause here to figure it out yourself.\nAnswer in 3" }, { "start": 124.495, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Answer in 2" }, { "start": 126.956, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Answer in 1" }, { "start": 129.417, "duration": 2.878, "text": "At first, it may seem like there are\nan overwhelming number" }, { "start": 132.295, "duration": 1.793, "text": "of possible scoring systems," }, { "start": 134.13, "duration": 2.627, "text": "so let's see if we can narrow our options." }, { "start": 136.966, "duration": 3.587, "text": "We can start by looking for clues\nin the total scores." }, { "start": 140.678, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Every event was scored the same way," }, { "start": 143.097, "duration": 2.669, "text": "so the sum of all points\nin the entire tournament" }, { "start": 145.808, "duration": 2.961, "text": "must be a multiple of one event’s total." }, { "start": 149.02, "duration": 4.254, "text": "In other words, if there were three events\nthat scored 3, 2, 1," }, { "start": 153.274, "duration": 4.504, "text": "which adds up to 6,\nthe total points for the day would be 18," }, { "start": 157.862, "duration": 2.627, "text": "which is three events times 6 points." }, { "start": 160.531, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Our total is 40." }, { "start": 162.241, "duration": 5.047, "text": "So we can make a table of possibilities:\none event totaling 40 points," }, { "start": 167.413, "duration": 3.962, "text": "two totaling 20, four totaling 10,\nand so on." }, { "start": 171.751, "duration": 4.296, "text": "We know there were at least three events,\nwhich eliminates these options," }, { "start": 176.172, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and we can also get rid of events\nwith fewer than 6 points," }, { "start": 179.467, "duration": 3.754, "text": "because the smallest possible total\nis 3 plus 2 plus 1." }, { "start": 183.387, "duration": 2.044, "text": "That leaves two prospects." }, { "start": 185.556, "duration": 4.046, "text": "Let’s try to narrow those further\nby breaking down the possible points" }, { "start": 189.602, "duration": 1.501, "text": "earned in each event:" }, { "start": 191.27, "duration": 2.544, "text": "if first place received 7 points," }, { "start": 193.981, "duration": 3.337, "text": "the teams that had totals of 9\ncouldn’t have won an event" }, { "start": 197.318, "duration": 2.586, "text": "because their total score\nwould be 10 or more." }, { "start": 200.029, "duration": 4.087, "text": "That means the team with 22\nwould have to have won all four." }, { "start": 204.2, "duration": 3.587, "text": "But then their total would be 28,\nso we can eliminate that option." }, { "start": 208.079, "duration": 4.337, "text": "And with four events, these numbers\ncan't be made to add up to 22." }, { "start": 212.667, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Finally, if first place got 5 points," }, { "start": 215.628, "duration": 3.629, "text": "the highest possible score \nwith four events would be 20," }, { "start": 219.298, "duration": 2.127, "text": "getting rid of these two as well." }, { "start": 221.634, "duration": 4.963, "text": "In fact, five events scoring 4 each\ncould only reach 20 as well." }, { "start": 226.722, "duration": 2.586, "text": "That leaves us with just one possibility:" }, { "start": 229.35, "duration": 3.712, "text": "five events each scored 5, 2, 1." }, { "start": 233.229, "duration": 3.879, "text": "There’s exactly one way to make\nthose scores add up to 22:" }, { "start": 237.275, "duration": 4.337, "text": "the winner finished first\nfour times and second once." }, { "start": 241.862, "duration": 4.755, "text": "The scores of 9 mean one team won once\nand lost four times," }, { "start": 246.659, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and the other lost once\nand took second four times." }, { "start": 250.329, "duration": 2.461, "text": "That must be Marigold’s Macademy," }, { "start": 252.79, "duration": 4.087, "text": "whose only third place finish\nwas Calchemy based on your note." }, { "start": 257.044, "duration": 5.089, "text": "And Leib-ton’s second place finish\nin Calchemy means they scored 22" }, { "start": 262.133, "duration": 2.21, "text": "and won the Sly Wizard Tournament." }, { "start": 264.51, "duration": 4.63, "text": "You have just enough evidence to prove it,\nkeep your job, and avert war." }, { "start": 269.348, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Phew!" } ] }, { "video_id": "dGr8VaITKbA", "title": "Gravity vs. Pressure: The battle that formed the universe - Fabio Pacucci", "description": "Explore what happened after the Big Bang and how the battle between gravity and pressure shaped the structure of our universe.\n\n--\n\nIt’s time for the biggest battle in the Universe: the Big Bang. In one corner is gravity— the force that brings all matter together. In the other is pressure— the force that can push matter away. Over the next several hundred thousand years, these two contenders will be wrestling for the fate of the Universe. But what are these powers fighting over? Fabio Pacucci digs into this historic matchup.\n\nLesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Joseph Clark.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-battle-that-formed-the-universe-fabio-pacucci\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-battle-that-formed-the-universe-fabio-pacucci#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://ohstudio.co.uk\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq and Gerardo Castro.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-29T15:01:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.878, "duration": 2.002, "text": "In the time it takes to snap your fingers," }, { "start": 8.88, "duration": 6.423, "text": "the Sun releases enough energy to power\nour entire civilization for 4,500 years." }, { "start": 15.72, "duration": 3.503, "text": "So naturally, scientists and engineers\nhave been working to build" }, { "start": 19.223, "duration": 3.963, "text": "a miniature star here on Earth...\nto plug into our power grid." }, { "start": 23.352, "duration": 3.212, "text": "And the thing is, we already kind of have." }, { "start": 26.689, "duration": 3.087, "text": "It just doesn’t look like a tiny star\nfloating in a lab." }, { "start": 30.026, "duration": 4.171, "text": "The stars are made of an almost\nincomprehensible number of particles," }, { "start": 34.197, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which gravity compresses\ninto a super dense core." }, { "start": 37.867, "duration": 4.296, "text": "This core is hot and dense enough\nto force atomic nuclei together," }, { "start": 42.163, "duration": 4.129, "text": "forming larger, heavier nuclei\nin a process known as fusion." }, { "start": 46.584, "duration": 4.254, "text": "The reverse process, where one atom\nsplits into two, is called fission." }, { "start": 51.214, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In both processes, the mass of the end\nproducts is slightly less" }, { "start": 55.009, "duration": 1.794, "text": "than the mass of the initial atoms." }, { "start": 56.928, "duration": 2.586, "text": "But that lost mass doesn’t disappear—" }, { "start": 59.555, "duration": 3.712, "text": "it’s converted to energy according\nto Einstein’s famous equation." }, { "start": 63.434, "duration": 2.252, "text": "And since c² is such\na massive number," }, { "start": 65.728, "duration": 3.712, "text": "both fission and fusion\ngenerate a lot of energy." }, { "start": 70.191, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Fusion in our Sun mostly\nproduces helium nuclei." }, { "start": 73.82, "duration": 4.462, "text": "In the most common pathway, two protons\nfuse to form a deuterium nucleus," }, { "start": 78.282, "duration": 4.421, "text": "which then fuses with another proton\nto form a helium-3 nucleus," }, { "start": 82.787, "duration": 5.505, "text": "which then fuses with another helium-3\nnucleus to form a helium-4 nucleus." }, { "start": 88.417, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But there’s a catch—\nthat first step is incredibly rare." }, { "start": 92.255, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Only 1 in 100 septillion collisions\nbetween protons" }, { "start": 96.3, "duration": 1.961, "text": "results in a deuterium nucleus." }, { "start": 98.678, "duration": 3.17, "text": "In the Sun this isn’t a problem\nbecause there are so many protons" }, { "start": 101.848, "duration": 3.253, "text": "that even a reaction this rare\nhappens all the time." }, { "start": 105.476, "duration": 4.338, "text": "But on Earth, researchers rely\non a more easily reproducible reaction," }, { "start": 109.814, "duration": 3.17, "text": "where a deuterium nucleus fuses\nwith a tritium nucleus" }, { "start": 112.984, "duration": 3.128, "text": "to form a helium-4 nucleus and a neutron." }, { "start": 116.737, "duration": 4.213, "text": "We’ve actually been doing reactions\nlike this one inside particle accelerators" }, { "start": 120.95, "duration": 1.793, "text": "since the 1930s." }, { "start": 122.91, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But these accelerators are not designed to\nharness the energy this reaction releases." }, { "start": 127.165, "duration": 2.043, "text": "Rather, they’re used to generate neutrons" }, { "start": 129.208, "duration": 3.045, "text": "for a variety of scientific\nand military purposes." }, { "start": 132.378, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Whereas if we want to use fusion\nto produce limitless energy," }, { "start": 136.09, "duration": 2.878, "text": "we’d need a device that can\nharness the energy released," }, { "start": 138.968, "duration": 4.671, "text": "channel enough of that energy back into\nthe device to keep the reaction going," }, { "start": 143.639, "duration": 2.503, "text": "and then send the rest\nout to our power grid." }, { "start": 146.35, "duration": 3.546, "text": "And for that job,\nwe need a nuclear fusion reactor." }, { "start": 150.396, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Like a particle accelerator, a reactor\nwould generate helium nuclei and neutrons." }, { "start": 155.276, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But that reaction would happen\nin a superhot core" }, { "start": 158.279, "duration": 2.169, "text": "and the resulting neutrons\nwould shoot outward" }, { "start": 160.448, "duration": 2.21, "text": "to heat up a layer of lithium metal." }, { "start": 162.909, "duration": 1.543, "text": "That heat would then boil water," }, { "start": 164.452, "duration": 3.253, "text": "generating steam to run turbines\nand produce electricity." }, { "start": 167.914, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Meanwhile, the helium nuclei\nwould stay in the core" }, { "start": 171.375, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and slam into other nuclei\nto keep the reaction going—" }, { "start": 174.754, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and the electricity flowing." }, { "start": 176.631, "duration": 1.96, "text": "This tech has many practical challenges," }, { "start": 178.591, "duration": 4.046, "text": "including how to confine a swirling\nmass of million-degree matter." }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But the biggest hurdle is achieving\nwhat's called ignition." }, { "start": 186.224, "duration": 2.669, "text": "An energy technology is only\ncommercially viable" }, { "start": 188.893, "duration": 2.419, "text": "if it puts out more energy than it uses." }, { "start": 191.354, "duration": 3.837, "text": "And a fusion reactor needs a lot of energy\nto get the core hot enough" }, { "start": 195.191, "duration": 1.71, "text": "for fusion to occur." }, { "start": 196.984, "duration": 1.335, "text": "So there’s a tipping point:" }, { "start": 198.319, "duration": 3.17, "text": "a moment when the fuel is hot\nenough to start the reaction" }, { "start": 201.489, "duration": 4.588, "text": "and release more energy than is needed\nto reach and maintain that temperature." }, { "start": 206.244, "duration": 1.251, "text": "This is ignition." }, { "start": 207.87, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Stars reach ignition under the force\nof huge amounts of gravity," }, { "start": 211.374, "duration": 1.96, "text": "but this approach is impossible on Earth" }, { "start": 213.334, "duration": 4.296, "text": "since you’d need thousands of times\nthe mass of, well, the entire Earth." }, { "start": 218.047, "duration": 3.587, "text": "So researchers typically rely\non vast arrays of lasers," }, { "start": 221.634, "duration": 3.462, "text": "or methods that combine magnets\nwith high energy particles" }, { "start": 225.096, "duration": 3.753, "text": "or electromagnetic waves similar\nto those in your microwave oven." }, { "start": 229.392, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In 2022, scientists at the\nUS National Ignition Facility" }, { "start": 232.979, "duration": 3.003, "text": "demonstrated ignition\nfor the first time ever," }, { "start": 235.982, "duration": 6.506, "text": "using 192 lasers to heat deuterium\nand tritium to 100 million degrees." }, { "start": 242.822, "duration": 2.002, "text": "While this was a huge step forward," }, { "start": 244.824, "duration": 3.628, "text": "we’re still a ways off from a\nself-sustaining, long-running reactor" }, { "start": 248.452, "duration": 2.503, "text": "that produces more energy than it uses." }, { "start": 251.038, "duration": 3.671, "text": "But once operational, these relatively\nsmall reactors could power a city" }, { "start": 254.709, "duration": 4.337, "text": "of a million people for a year\nwith just two pickup trucks of fuel." }, { "start": 259.547, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Today, you’d have to burn\nroughly 3 million tons of coal" }, { "start": 263.426, "duration": 1.585, "text": "to produce that much energy." }, { "start": 265.678, "duration": 2.169, "text": "That is the promise of fusion:" }, { "start": 267.847, "duration": 3.795, "text": "limitless, on-demand energy\nwith almost no emissions." }, { "start": 271.976, "duration": 2.753, "text": "True star power, right here on Earth." } ] }, { "video_id": "TjPFZaMe2yw", "title": "What caused the Rwandan Genocide? - Susanne Buckley-Zistel", "description": "Dig into the history of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, during which over one-tenth of the country’s population was killed.\n\n--\n\nFor one hundred days in 1994, the African country of Rwanda suffered a horrific campaign of mass murder. Neighbor turned against neighbor as violence engulfed the region, resulting in the deaths of over one-tenth of the country’s population. How did this happen? And why didn't international organizations intervene? Susanne Buckley-Zistel digs into the history of the Rwandan Genocide.\n\nLesson by Susanne Buckley-Zistel, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-caused-the-rwandan-genocide-susanne-buckley-zistel\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-caused-the-rwandan-genocide-susanne-buckley-zistel#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://mohammadbabakoohi.tumblr.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon and Eddy Trochez.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-27T15:00:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.253, "duration": 1.251, "text": "During their training," }, { "start": 8.504, "duration": 4.505, "text": "medical residents learn countless\ntechniques, surgeries, and procedures" }, { "start": 13.009, "duration": 2.335, "text": "which they’ll later use to save lives." }, { "start": 15.47, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Being able to remember these skills" }, { "start": 17.847, "duration": 2.92, "text": "can quite literally be\na matter of life and death." }, { "start": 20.892, "duration": 5.505, "text": "With this in mind, a 2006 research study\ntook a class of surgical residents" }, { "start": 26.397, "duration": 3.921, "text": "learning to suture arteries\nand split them into two groups." }, { "start": 30.443, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Each received the same study materials," }, { "start": 33.071, "duration": 4.379, "text": "but one group implemented a small\nchange in how they studied them." }, { "start": 37.658, "duration": 2.086, "text": "And when tested one month later," }, { "start": 39.744, "duration": 3.92, "text": "this group performed the surgeries\nsignificantly better" }, { "start": 43.664, "duration": 1.752, "text": "than the other residents." }, { "start": 45.5, "duration": 2.919, "text": "We’ll discuss the secret \nto that group’s success," }, { "start": 48.419, "duration": 3.462, "text": "along with two other highly effective\nstudy techniques" }, { "start": 51.881, "duration": 3.253, "text": "which can be applied both\nin and out of the classroom." }, { "start": 55.468, "duration": 2.461, "text": "But to understand why these methods work," }, { "start": 57.929, "duration": 4.713, "text": "let's first unpack how the brain\nlearns and stores information." }, { "start": 62.975, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Say you're trying to memorize\nthe anatomy of the heart." }, { "start": 66.27, "duration": 2.294, "text": "When you’re introduced to a new concept," }, { "start": 68.564, "duration": 3.921, "text": "the memory is temporarily encoded\nin groups of neurons" }, { "start": 72.485, "duration": 2.544, "text": "in a brain area called the hippocampus." }, { "start": 75.363, "duration": 2.753, "text": "As you continue to learn\nabout workings of the heart" }, { "start": 78.116, "duration": 3.294, "text": "in class or study its chambers\nfor an exam," }, { "start": 81.494, "duration": 2.711, "text": "you reactivate these same neurons." }, { "start": 84.247, "duration": 4.421, "text": "This repeated firing strengthens\nthe connections between the cells," }, { "start": 88.668, "duration": 1.71, "text": "stabilizing the memory." }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Gradually, the knowledge of heart anatomy\nis stored long-term," }, { "start": 94.799, "duration": 4.338, "text": "which involves another brain area\nknown as the neocortex." }, { "start": 99.345, "duration": 4.505, "text": "How information is transferred\nfrom short-term to long-term storage" }, { "start": 103.85, "duration": 2.419, "text": "is still not completely understood," }, { "start": 106.269, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but it’s thought to happen\nin between study sessions" }, { "start": 109.272, "duration": 2.878, "text": "and perhaps most crucially during sleep." }, { "start": 112.4, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Here the new knowledge is integrated with\nother related concepts you already know," }, { "start": 117.28, "duration": 4.462, "text": "such as how to measure heart rate,\nor the anatomy of other organs." }, { "start": 122.16, "duration": 2.252, "text": "And the process doesn’t end there." }, { "start": 124.412, "duration": 4.671, "text": "Each time you recall heart anatomy,\nyou reactivate the long-term memory," }, { "start": 129.25, "duration": 2.252, "text": "which makes it susceptible to change." }, { "start": 131.502, "duration": 2.461, "text": "The knowledge can be\nupdated, strengthened," }, { "start": 133.963, "duration": 3.462, "text": "and reintegrated with other\npieces of information." }, { "start": 137.717, "duration": 2.919, "text": "This is where our first study\ntechnique comes in." }, { "start": 140.97, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Testing yourself\nwith flashcards and quizzes" }, { "start": 144.015, "duration": 2.752, "text": "forces you to actively\nretrieve knowledge," }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 2.503, "text": "which updates and strengthens\nthe memory." }, { "start": 149.645, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Students often prefer other study methods," }, { "start": 152.523, "duration": 3.003, "text": "like rereading textbooks\nand highlighting notes." }, { "start": 155.526, "duration": 4.046, "text": "But these practices can generate\na false sense of competence," }, { "start": 159.572, "duration": 2.461, "text": "since the information is\nright in front of you." }, { "start": 162.116, "duration": 1.627, "text": "Testing yourself, however," }, { "start": 163.743, "duration": 3.712, "text": "allows you to more accurately gauge\nwhat you actually know." }, { "start": 167.663, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But what if, while doing this,\nyou can’t remember the answers?" }, { "start": 171.709, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Not to worry—" }, { "start": 172.835, "duration": 4.338, "text": "making mistakes can actually improve\nlearning in the long term." }, { "start": 177.298, "duration": 3.545, "text": "It’s theorized that as you rack your brain\nfor the answer," }, { "start": 180.843, "duration": 2.628, "text": "you activate relevant pieces of knowledge." }, { "start": 183.512, "duration": 2.795, "text": "Then, when the correct answer\nis later revealed," }, { "start": 186.307, "duration": 3.962, "text": "the brain can better integrate this\ninformation with what you already know." }, { "start": 190.603, "duration": 2.753, "text": "Our second technique builds on the first." }, { "start": 193.356, "duration": 5.297, "text": "When using flashcards to study, it's best\nto mix the deck with multiple subjects." }, { "start": 198.653, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Interleaving, or mixing the concepts\nyou focus on in a single session," }, { "start": 203.407, "duration": 3.838, "text": "can lead to better retention\nthan practicing a single skill" }, { "start": 207.245, "duration": 1.626, "text": "or topic at a time." }, { "start": 208.913, "duration": 4.129, "text": "One hypothesis of why this works is that,\nsimilar to testing," }, { "start": 213.042, "duration": 4.63, "text": "cycling through different subjects forces\nyour brain to temporarily forget," }, { "start": 217.672, "duration": 3.545, "text": "then retrieve information,\nfurther strengthening the memory." }, { "start": 221.259, "duration": 3.169, "text": "You may also find connections\nacross the topics," }, { "start": 224.428, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and better understand their differences." }, { "start": 226.889, "duration": 5.297, "text": "Now that you know how and what to study,\nour final technique concerns when." }, { "start": 232.812, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Spacing your review across multiple days" }, { "start": 235.94, "duration": 3.211, "text": "allows for rest and sleep\nbetween sessions." }, { "start": 239.277, "duration": 3.67, "text": "While “offline,”\nthe brain is actively at work," }, { "start": 242.947, "duration": 3.503, "text": "storing and integrating knowledge\nin the neocortex." }, { "start": 246.45, "duration": 3.754, "text": "So while cramming the night before\nthe exam may seem logical—" }, { "start": 250.204, "duration": 2.878, "text": "after all, won’t the material\nbe fresh in your mind?—" }, { "start": 253.082, "duration": 3.42, "text": "the information won’t stick\naround for the long term." }, { "start": 257.128, "duration": 2.878, "text": "This brings us back to our\nmedical residents." }, { "start": 260.172, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Both groups studied the surgery\nfor the same amount of time." }, { "start": 263.551, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Yet one group’s training was\ncrammed in a single day," }, { "start": 267.388, "duration": 4.421, "text": "while the other more successful group’s\ntraining was spread over four weeks." }, { "start": 272.31, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The reason all three of these\nstudy techniques work" }, { "start": 275.313, "duration": 2.836, "text": "is because they’re designed\nwith the brain in mind." }, { "start": 278.274, "duration": 4.254, "text": "They complement and reinforce\nthe incredible way the brain works," }, { "start": 282.528, "duration": 3.378, "text": "sorting through and storing the\nabundance of information" }, { "start": 285.906, "duration": 1.919, "text": "it’s fed day after day." } ] }, { "video_id": "x1trgRlaw6Y", "title": "Should you switch to solar? - Shannon Odell", "description": "Explore how solar units can help you save money on energy costs, and the most common challenges of switching to solar power.\n\n--\n\nToday in many countries solar is the cheapest form of energy to produce. Millions of homes are equipped with rooftop solar, with most units paying for themselves in their first seven to 12 years and then generating further savings. So, how much money can you save by switching to solar? Shannon Odell shares how solar units could help pave the way for a cleaner and more reliable energy future.\n\nLesson by Shannon Odell, directed by Biljana Labović.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to Eric O'Shaughnessy who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-solar-panels-worth-it-shannon-odell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/are-solar-panels-worth-it-shannon-odell#digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law and Hiroshi Uchiyama.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-22T15:01:02Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.0, "duration": 8.48, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 9.12, "duration": 5.88, "text": "in 1624 mugal Emperor jungar received" }, { "start": 12.799, "duration": 6.24, "text": "word of yet another defeat at the hands" }, { "start": 15.0, "duration": 6.08, "text": "of his greatest enemy Malik Amar despite" }, { "start": 19.039, "duration": 4.361, "text": "coming to India as an enslaved youth" }, { "start": 21.08, "duration": 3.72, "text": "Amar had risen to rule over the Indian" }, { "start": 23.4, "duration": 4.24, "text": "sultanate of" }, { "start": 24.8, "duration": 4.799, "text": "amagar and His Brilliant military" }, { "start": 27.64, "duration": 5.64, "text": "tactics had brought the mul's march of" }, { "start": 29.599, "duration": 6.081, "text": "Conquest to a screeching halt jungar was" }, { "start": 33.28, "duration": 3.92, "text": "so obsessed with defeating his rival" }, { "start": 35.68, "duration": 3.84, "text": "he'd commissioned a painting of himself" }, { "start": 37.2, "duration": 5.32, "text": "shooting an arrow at amar's" }, { "start": 39.52, "duration": 6.76, "text": "skull Malik Amar was born in the late" }, { "start": 42.52, "duration": 7.4, "text": "1540s in central Ethiopia as chapu a" }, { "start": 46.28, "duration": 5.24, "text": "member of the aromo people every year as" }, { "start": 49.92, "duration": 3.76, "text": "part of ongoing conflicts with their" }, { "start": 51.52, "duration": 4.519, "text": "neighbors aromo youth were among the" }, { "start": 53.68, "duration": 5.44, "text": "thousands of Ethiopians captured and" }, { "start": 56.039, "duration": 4.961, "text": "sold into the Indian Ocean slave trade" }, { "start": 59.12, "duration": 4.48, "text": "in this part of the World enslaved" }, { "start": 61.0, "duration": 4.439, "text": "individuals retained some legal rights" }, { "start": 63.6, "duration": 4.76, "text": "and enslavers could be held accountable" }, { "start": 65.439, "duration": 4.881, "text": "for severe mistreatment there was also" }, { "start": 68.36, "duration": 4.72, "text": "less legal discrimination against" }, { "start": 70.32, "duration": 4.56, "text": "previously enslaved people allowing some" }, { "start": 73.08, "duration": 4.039, "text": "individuals who gained their freedom to" }, { "start": 74.88, "duration": 4.599, "text": "acquire great wealth and" }, { "start": 77.119, "duration": 4.401, "text": "power however these circumstances" }, { "start": 79.479, "duration": 4.161, "text": "shouldn't overshadow the trauma of" }, { "start": 81.52, "duration": 5.599, "text": "enslavement which violently severed" }, { "start": 83.64, "duration": 6.88, "text": "individuals from their lives and loved" }, { "start": 87.119, "duration": 6.121, "text": "ones around the age of 12 chapu was" }, { "start": 90.52, "duration": 4.2, "text": "among those taken into bondage captives" }, { "start": 93.24, "duration": 4.4, "text": "were typically shipped to the Middle" }, { "start": 94.72, "duration": 5.439, "text": "East or South Asia women were sold into" }, { "start": 97.64, "duration": 4.64, "text": "sexual slavery as concubines were forced" }, { "start": 100.159, "duration": 3.6, "text": "to become domestic servants a position" }, { "start": 102.28, "duration": 4.199, "text": "in which they often had to endure" }, { "start": 103.759, "duration": 4.36, "text": "harassment and sexual violence men were" }, { "start": 106.479, "duration": 3.761, "text": "either purchased for Dangerous physical" }, { "start": 108.119, "duration": 3.881, "text": "labor or by wealthy individuals who" }, { "start": 110.24, "duration": 5.519, "text": "trained them to become Servants of the" }, { "start": 112.0, "duration": 5.96, "text": "political and Military Elite chapu was" }, { "start": 115.759, "duration": 4.201, "text": "part of the latter group he was taken to" }, { "start": 117.96, "duration": 3.839, "text": "Baghdad where he was educated in in" }, { "start": 119.96, "duration": 4.92, "text": "Arabic among other subjects and" }, { "start": 121.799, "duration": 6.0, "text": "converted to Islam before being resold" }, { "start": 124.88, "duration": 5.4, "text": "to the Chief Minister of amagar the" }, { "start": 127.799, "duration": 4.761, "text": "minister himself was a formerly enslaved" }, { "start": 130.28, "duration": 4.0, "text": "African but after being freed he'd risen" }, { "start": 132.56, "duration": 5.399, "text": "through the ranks becoming second in" }, { "start": 134.28, "duration": 6.4, "text": "command to the sultan himself chapu now" }, { "start": 137.959, "duration": 5.241, "text": "known as Malik Amar became the chief" }, { "start": 140.68, "duration": 5.199, "text": "Minister's Protege observing him advise" }, { "start": 143.2, "duration": 5.36, "text": "the sultan enact policies and navigate" }, { "start": 145.879, "duration": 5.401, "text": "Court politics after The Minister's" }, { "start": 148.56, "duration": 4.8, "text": "death his widow Grant amar's freedom and" }, { "start": 151.28, "duration": 5.08, "text": "like many newly freed Africans in India" }, { "start": 153.36, "duration": 5.68, "text": "at the time Amar became a mercenary" }, { "start": 156.36, "duration": 4.799, "text": "Soldier amagar was frequently under" }, { "start": 159.04, "duration": 4.76, "text": "attack from mugal Invaders who were" }, { "start": 161.159, "duration": 5.521, "text": "determined to expand their empire but" }, { "start": 163.8, "duration": 5.799, "text": "umar's daring Guerilla tactics derailed" }, { "start": 166.68, "duration": 5.76, "text": "The Invader Plans by interrupting mile" }, { "start": 169.599, "duration": 5.28, "text": "supply lines umar's military success" }, { "start": 172.44, "duration": 4.6, "text": "earned him a following and in 1600 he" }, { "start": 174.879, "duration": 5.761, "text": "used his influence to take advantage of" }, { "start": 177.04, "duration": 6.279, "text": "a royal power vacuum after placing a" }, { "start": 180.64, "duration": 6.159, "text": "young puppet ruler on the throne Umar" }, { "start": 183.319, "duration": 5.2, "text": "became the Regent and new chief minister" }, { "start": 186.799, "duration": 4.281, "text": "he also married his daughter to the new" }, { "start": 188.519, "duration": 5.36, "text": "Sultan creating a direct tie to the" }, { "start": 191.08, "duration": 5.32, "text": "royal family not all parties were" }, { "start": 193.879, "duration": 4.761, "text": "pleased with amar's power grab and the" }, { "start": 196.4, "duration": 5.199, "text": "new Sultan eventually conspired to" }, { "start": 198.64, "duration": 5.8, "text": "remove Amar from power but before these" }, { "start": 201.599, "duration": 6.72, "text": "plans could take form both conspirators" }, { "start": 204.44, "duration": 5.879, "text": "were mysteriously poisoned the Sultan's" }, { "start": 208.319, "duration": 5.28, "text": "5-year-old son was the placed on the" }, { "start": 210.319, "duration": 6.441, "text": "throne giving Malik Amar a once enslaved" }, { "start": 213.599, "duration": 6.321, "text": "EXs Soldier complete political economic" }, { "start": 216.76, "duration": 6.24, "text": "and Military control over" }, { "start": 219.92, "duration": 5.959, "text": "amagar Umar remained in power for over" }, { "start": 223.0, "duration": 5.04, "text": "25 years bringing long-term stability to" }, { "start": 225.879, "duration": 4.681, "text": "the embattled region he built a new" }, { "start": 228.04, "duration": 4.52, "text": "capital city negotiated trade deals with" }, { "start": 230.56, "duration": 3.8, "text": "Indian and European merchants and" }, { "start": 232.56, "duration": 5.239, "text": "reformed the tax system to better" }, { "start": 234.36, "duration": 5.92, "text": "protect peasants but most importantly he" }, { "start": 237.799, "duration": 5.201, "text": "continued to foil the m" }, { "start": 240.28, "duration": 4.84, "text": "Invasion his ragtag army of local" }, { "start": 243.0, "duration": 4.439, "text": "Indians enslaved and newly freed" }, { "start": 245.12, "duration": 5.44, "text": "Africans was religiously and ethnically" }, { "start": 247.439, "duration": 5.36, "text": "diverse yet they were United by umar's" }, { "start": 250.56, "duration": 4.08, "text": "leadership and he made up for his lack" }, { "start": 252.799, "duration": 4.16, "text": "of numbers by launching lightning" }, { "start": 254.64, "duration": 4.119, "text": "attacks that demoralized and exhausted" }, { "start": 256.959, "duration": 3.24, "text": "the mugal troops long before they" }, { "start": 258.759, "duration": 4.361, "text": "reached the" }, { "start": 260.199, "duration": 5.361, "text": "battlefield jealous of amar's success" }, { "start": 263.12, "duration": 4.4, "text": "and popularity some of his enemies" }, { "start": 265.56, "duration": 4.919, "text": "accused him of maintaining power through" }, { "start": 267.52, "duration": 5.399, "text": "sorcery or devil worship others" }, { "start": 270.479, "duration": 4.641, "text": "begrudgingly acknowledged his piety" }, { "start": 272.919, "duration": 4.761, "text": "generosity and Military" }, { "start": 275.12, "duration": 5.519, "text": "genius regardless very few ever" }, { "start": 277.68, "duration": 6.959, "text": "outmaneuvered him Malik Amar died of" }, { "start": 280.639, "duration": 6.521, "text": "natural causes in 1626 leaving amagar to" }, { "start": 284.639, "duration": 5.441, "text": "his son who was unable to maintain his" }, { "start": 287.16, "duration": 5.64, "text": "father's military record just 7 years" }, { "start": 290.08, "duration": 5.52, "text": "later the sultanate finally fell to the" }, { "start": 292.8, "duration": 5.76, "text": "mugal forces heralding the fall of the" }, { "start": 295.6, "duration": 4.84, "text": "Kingdom Amar had risen to" }, { "start": 298.56, "duration": 4.32, "text": "lead" }, { "start": 300.44, "duration": 5.4, "text": "who was behind This ferocious and" }, { "start": 302.88, "duration": 4.52, "text": "seemingly Unstoppable Mughal Empire" }, { "start": 305.84, "duration": 3.72, "text": "trace the rise and fall of one of the" }, { "start": 307.4, "duration": 4.41, "text": "world's wealthiest and most powerful" }, { "start": 309.56, "duration": 8.779, "text": "dynasties with this" }, { "start": 311.81, "duration": 6.529, "text": "[Music]" }, { "start": 318.8, "duration": 3.0, "text": "video" } ] }, { "video_id": "MF7EbUGlaOU", "title": "Why is Marie Antoinette so controversial? - Carolyn Harris", "description": "Marie Antoinette became a symbol for the evils of excess— but was she a wasteful queen or a convenient scapegoat? You decide.\n\n--\n\nShe was the Queen of France, notorious for living in opulence while peasants starved and became a symbol of everything wrong with monarchy. But was Marie Antionette a heartless, wasteful queen, or a convenient scapegoat in turbulent times? Carolyn Harris puts this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Marie Antoinette.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Harris, directed by Brett Underhill, PorkchopBob Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-marie-antoinette-so-controversial-carolyn-harris\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-marie-antoinette-so-controversial-carolyn-harris#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://porkchopbob.com \nMusic: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti and Hoai Nam Tran.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-20T15:00:49Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 8.046, "duration": 5.547, "text": "For 100 days in 1994,\nthe African country of Rwanda" }, { "start": 13.593, "duration": 2.711, "text": "suffered a horrific campaign\nof mass murder." }, { "start": 17.055, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Neighbor turned against neighbor\nas violence engulfed the region," }, { "start": 21.267, "duration": 4.087, "text": "resulting in the deaths of over one-tenth\nof the country’s population." }, { "start": 26.397, "duration": 3.128, "text": "The seeds of this conflict were\nplanted a century earlier," }, { "start": 29.817, "duration": 4.672, "text": "first when German, and later Belgian,\ncolonizers arrived in the country." }, { "start": 35.031, "duration": 3.545, "text": "At the time, Rwanda was ruled\nby a monarchy of Tutsi," }, { "start": 39.035, "duration": 3.128, "text": "one of the three ethnic groups\ncomprising the population." }, { "start": 42.497, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Tutsi and the even smaller Twa communities\nwere minority groups," }, { "start": 47.001, "duration": 2.336, "text": "while Hutu composed the majority." }, { "start": 49.879, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Many Hutus and Tutsi civilians\nwere on good terms," }, { "start": 53.257, "duration": 3.087, "text": "but colonial powers encouraged\npolitical division." }, { "start": 57.97, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Belgians enforced record keeping\naround ethnic identity," }, { "start": 61.808, "duration": 4.337, "text": "and created a public narrative that cast\nTutsi as elite rulers" }, { "start": 66.145, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and Hutu as ordinary farmers." }, { "start": 68.898, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Over time, this propaganda led \nto intense political hostility." }, { "start": 72.985, "duration": 3.963, "text": "And while colonial powers had\nlargely withdrawn by 1959," }, { "start": 76.948, "duration": 2.752, "text": "lingering anger motivated a Hutu revolt," }, { "start": 79.826, "duration": 2.919, "text": "forcing many Tutsi leaders\nto flee the country." }, { "start": 83.204, "duration": 1.46, "text": "Over the following decade," }, { "start": 84.664, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Rwanda transitioned to an independent\nrepublic with a Hutu government." }, { "start": 89.335, "duration": 3.253, "text": "This new administration argued\nthat as the majority group," }, { "start": 92.588, "duration": 3.337, "text": "Hutu deserved exclusive access\nto political power." }, { "start": 96.217, "duration": 4.504, "text": "They excluded the Tutsi minority \nby appointing offices based on population" }, { "start": 100.888, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and prohibited the return of Tutsi\nfamilies that had fled years earlier." }, { "start": 105.393, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Hutu extremists also circulated propaganda" }, { "start": 108.813, "duration": 5.088, "text": "blaming Tutsi for the country’s economic,\nsocial, and political problems." }, { "start": 114.318, "duration": 2.044, "text": "Discontent with their life in exile," }, { "start": 116.362, "duration": 4.421, "text": "a small group of Tutsi insurgents\ninvaded Rwanda in 1990," }, { "start": 121.2, "duration": 1.877, "text": "beginning a violent civil war." }, { "start": 123.244, "duration": 4.838, "text": "The conflict lasted three years before it\nwas resolved with a formal peace accord." }, { "start": 128.166, "duration": 3.211, "text": "But the war’s aftermath was\nrife with insecurity." }, { "start": 131.377, "duration": 3.337, "text": "While some civilians in both groups\nremained amicable," }, { "start": 134.714, "duration": 2.794, "text": "the treaty intensified\npolitical polarization." }, { "start": 137.925, "duration": 5.297, "text": "And in 1994, when a plane carrying\nthe Hutu Rwandan president was shot down," }, { "start": 143.222, "duration": 1.919, "text": "the conflict broke out anew." }, { "start": 145.474, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This time, Hutu officials had prepared\na deadly response" }, { "start": 149.061, "duration": 2.002, "text": "to ensure they stayed in power." }, { "start": 151.147, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Working off a list of targets," }, { "start": 152.982, "duration": 3.253, "text": "government-funded Hutu militias\nflooded the streets," }, { "start": 156.235, "duration": 3.17, "text": "perpetrating acts of physical\nand sexual violence" }, { "start": 159.405, "duration": 2.961, "text": "against Tutsi political enemies\nand civilians." }, { "start": 162.658, "duration": 1.961, "text": "Over the chaotic following months," }, { "start": 164.619, "duration": 3.962, "text": "over 1 million Hutu civilians joined\ntheir ranks due to coercion," }, { "start": 168.581, "duration": 3.545, "text": "self-preservation, or the pursuit\nof personal agendas." }, { "start": 172.877, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Tutsi victims sought refuge\nat churches and schools" }, { "start": 176.172, "duration": 3.086, "text": "where they hoped international\norganizations would protect them," }, { "start": 179.258, "duration": 2.294, "text": "but no outside party came to their aid." }, { "start": 181.677, "duration": 2.628, "text": "UN soldiers who’d overseen\nthe Peace Accord" }, { "start": 184.305, "duration": 2.586, "text": "were instructed to abandon\nTutsi civilians," }, { "start": 186.891, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and UN leadership refused to acknowledge\nthe genocide taking place." }, { "start": 191.187, "duration": 2.544, "text": "The violence didn’t end until mid-July," }, { "start": 193.731, "duration": 3.17, "text": "when the Tutsi army—\nwho instigated the previous civil war—" }, { "start": 196.901, "duration": 1.918, "text": "seized control of the country." }, { "start": 199.111, "duration": 1.961, "text": "By the time the fighting was over," }, { "start": 201.072, "duration": 3.044, "text": "roughly 800,000 Rwandans had been killed," }, { "start": 204.242, "duration": 4.004, "text": "and only a small fraction of the\nTutsi population was left alive." }, { "start": 208.621, "duration": 1.543, "text": "In the months that followed," }, { "start": 210.164, "duration": 3.587, "text": "there was no easy strategy for bringing\nthe killers to justice." }, { "start": 213.876, "duration": 5.964, "text": "The UN established a special tribunal\nin Tanzania to try the key perpetrators." }, { "start": 219.924, "duration": 4.254, "text": "But Hutu civilians from every level\nof society had committed atrocities" }, { "start": 224.178, "duration": 3.42, "text": "against their neighbors, friends,\nand even family members." }, { "start": 227.974, "duration": 3.503, "text": "There were roughly 120,000 Rwandans\nawaiting trial," }, { "start": 231.602, "duration": 3.671, "text": "and inmates were dying from overcrowding\nand poor hygiene." }, { "start": 235.439, "duration": 4.463, "text": "The new Rwandan government estimated \nit would take 100 years to prosecute" }, { "start": 239.902, "duration": 2.461, "text": "every accused civilian in national court." }, { "start": 242.697, "duration": 3.211, "text": "So officials determined \nthe best path forward involved" }, { "start": 245.908, "duration": 1.794, "text": "looking to the country’s past." }, { "start": 248.077, "duration": 1.668, "text": "Rwanda has a traditional process" }, { "start": 249.745, "duration": 3.671, "text": "for resolving interpersonal conflicts\ncalled gacaca." }, { "start": 253.624, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Roughly translating\nto “justice on the grass,”" }, { "start": 256.627, "duration": 3.379, "text": "gacaca had long been used to address\noffenses within villages." }, { "start": 260.464, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Local witnesses would offer testimony" }, { "start": 262.883, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and could then speak for\nor against the accused." }, { "start": 266.178, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Then, appointed lay judges would determine\nan appropriate penalty" }, { "start": 270.057, "duration": 1.794, "text": "within the community’s means." }, { "start": 272.435, "duration": 2.544, "text": "In the hope of trying perpetrators\nmore quickly," }, { "start": 275.229, "duration": 3.087, "text": "the government adapted gacaca\nfor their formal courts." }, { "start": 278.441, "duration": 3.712, "text": "These hybrid trials had \nno professional attorneys or judges," }, { "start": 282.32, "duration": 2.419, "text": "and no evidence outside the spoken word" }, { "start": 284.739, "duration": 3.044, "text": "and a case file detailing the crimes\nof the accused." }, { "start": 288.2, "duration": 3.17, "text": "All charges were then divided\ninto four categories:" }, { "start": 291.662, "duration": 3.462, "text": "masterminding the genocide\nand committing acts of sexual violence," }, { "start": 295.124, "duration": 2.628, "text": "participating in the killings,\nphysical assault," }, { "start": 297.752, "duration": 1.751, "text": "or destroying Tutsi property." }, { "start": 299.879, "duration": 2.21, "text": "Those found guilty\nof the first two categories" }, { "start": 302.089, "duration": 2.586, "text": "were entered into the\ntraditional court system," }, { "start": 305.009, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but the other crimes were\nassigned set penalties" }, { "start": 308.012, "duration": 3.086, "text": "which could be reduced\nif the accused pled guilty." }, { "start": 311.265, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Beginning in 2002, thousands of gacaca\ncourts convened every week." }, { "start": 316.52, "duration": 2.92, "text": "The process proved faster \nthan conventional courts," }, { "start": 319.44, "duration": 2.878, "text": "but Rwandan opinion on the trials\nwas mixed." }, { "start": 322.693, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Some didn’t want to accuse\ntheir neighbors in a community setting," }, { "start": 326.072, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and many potential witnesses were\nintimidated to prevent their testimony." }, { "start": 330.201, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Additionally, while the trial showed that\nnot all Hutu participated in the killings," }, { "start": 335.206, "duration": 3.128, "text": "the courts only reviewed cases\nwith Tutsi victims," }, { "start": 338.334, "duration": 3.336, "text": "ignoring the Hutu casualties incurred\nduring the genocide" }, { "start": 341.67, "duration": 1.919, "text": "and the preceding civil war." }, { "start": 343.923, "duration": 2.335, "text": "When the trials concluded in 2012," }, { "start": 346.425, "duration": 3.587, "text": "the courts had convicted\n1.7 million individuals." }, { "start": 350.137, "duration": 3.42, "text": "For some families, these verdicts \nhelped restore the dignity" }, { "start": 353.557, "duration": 1.877, "text": "of those lost in the violence." }, { "start": 355.684, "duration": 3.504, "text": "For others, the trials\nwere a decade-long reminder" }, { "start": 359.188, "duration": 2.836, "text": "of a past they were desperate\nto leave behind." } ] }, { "video_id": "_ivM7J2ao1s", "title": "What is Juneteenth, and why is it important? #shorts #juneteenth", "description": "An excerpt of our video, “What is Juneteenth, and why is it important?” written by Karlos K. Hill and Soraya Field Fiorio, and directed by Rémi Cans, Atypicalist. \n\nWatch the full animation: https://bit.ly/TEDEdJuneteenth\n\n#shorts #juneteenth", "publishedAt": "2023-06-19T13:00:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 3.754, "text": "In 1952, polio was everywhere." }, { "start": 11.257, "duration": 6.215, "text": "For years, this virus killed or paralyzed\nroughly half a million people annually," }, { "start": 17.638, "duration": 5.548, "text": " leaving survivors reliant on crutches,\nwheelchairs, and respirators." }, { "start": 23.519, "duration": 7.007, "text": "Yet just 10 years later, paralytic polio\ncases in the US dropped by 96%." }, { "start": 31.194, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Soon, similar trends spread worldwide," }, { "start": 34.113, "duration": 4.421, "text": "and it looked like we were on track\nto eradicate polio for good." }, { "start": 39.786, "duration": 3.837, "text": "But in the 21st century, the virus\nstarted striking back." }, { "start": 44.082, "duration": 3.128, "text": "So, what’s the source\nof these recent spikes," }, { "start": 47.21, "duration": 6.298, "text": "and how can researchers fighting polio\nfinally get rid of this deadly disease?" }, { "start": 54.092, "duration": 5.13, "text": "To answer these questions, we first need\nto understand the true danger of polio." }, { "start": 59.472, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Most infected individuals only present\nmild flu symptoms or no symptoms at all," }, { "start": 65.603, "duration": 4.546, "text": "with paralysis occurring\nin less than 1% of cases." }, { "start": 70.608, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Which is why the real danger of polio\nis how infectious it is." }, { "start": 75.738, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Historically, there have been\nthree strains of poliovirus," }, { "start": 79.659, "duration": 4.129, "text": "all of which typically enter our mouths\nfrom airborne droplets" }, { "start": 83.913, "duration": 2.794, "text": "or contact with infected fecal matter." }, { "start": 87.041, "duration": 4.838, "text": "This means polio runs rampant\nin communities with poor sanitation." }, { "start": 92.13, "duration": 5.213, "text": "And once infected, individuals remain\ncontagious for 3 to 6 weeks," }, { "start": 97.385, "duration": 4.212, "text": "spreading a silent outbreak\nwith few trackable symptoms." }, { "start": 102.098, "duration": 2.586, "text": "This is what made polio unstoppable" }, { "start": 104.725, "duration": 5.923, "text": "until US physician Jonas Salk found\na solution in the early 1950s." }, { "start": 110.94, "duration": 5.172, "text": "He created an inactivated version\nof the virus that, when injected," }, { "start": 116.112, "duration": 3.837, "text": "prevented all three strains\nfrom causing paralysis." }, { "start": 120.199, "duration": 5.172, "text": "However, this inactivated\npoliovirus vaccine, or IPV," }, { "start": 125.496, "duration": 5.172, "text": "didn’t stop poliovirus from living\nin our bodies and spreading to others." }, { "start": 131.169, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Fortunately, Polish American\nmicrobiologist Albert Sabin" }, { "start": 135.59, "duration": 5.672, "text": "was creating the oral polio vaccine,\nor OPV, at the same time." }, { "start": 141.637, "duration": 3.921, "text": "This even cheaper and easier\nto administer treatment" }, { "start": 145.558, "duration": 4.129, "text": "contained weakened variants\nof each poliovirus strain, " }, { "start": 149.77, "duration": 2.503, "text": "known as attenuated viruses," }, { "start": 152.732, "duration": 5.881, "text": "And once ingested, these prevented polio\nfrom settling in the body altogether." }, { "start": 158.946, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Over the next several decades," }, { "start": 160.948, "duration": 5.422, "text": "IPV and OPV eliminated polio\nin country after country." }, { "start": 166.871, "duration": 1.793, "text": "But near the turn of the century," }, { "start": 168.664, "duration": 5.339, "text": "this arms race between medical ingenuity\nand viral evolution took a turn." }, { "start": 174.42, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Scientists discovered variant\nstrains of polio—" }, { "start": 178.174, "duration": 4.588, "text": "each almost identical to one\nof the three existing strains." }, { "start": 183.262, "duration": 2.753, "text": "And their source was even more troubling." }, { "start": 186.724, "duration": 6.256, "text": "Up to this point, one of OPV’s greatest\nadvantages was that its attenuated viruses" }, { "start": 192.98, "duration": 2.67, "text": "could spread just like wild polio," }, { "start": 195.65, "duration": 5.088, "text": "moving through the air and immunizing\nunvaccinated individuals." }, { "start": 200.863, "duration": 4.213, "text": "But researchers discovered that if\nthese weakened viruses circulated" }, { "start": 205.076, "duration": 3.92, "text": "for several weeks\nin under-vaccinated populations," }, { "start": 209.121, "duration": 4.839, "text": "they could mutate into new\nvaccine-derived strains." }, { "start": 214.21, "duration": 3.295, "text": "To be clear, this didn’t mean\nthe attenuated vaccine" }, { "start": 217.505, "duration": 1.71, "text": "was inherently dangerous." }, { "start": 219.215, "duration": 6.214, "text": "OPV had already been used to stop\nwild poliovirus type 2 worldwide" }, { "start": 225.721, "duration": 3.295, "text": "and eradicate all wild poliovirus" }, { "start": 229.016, "duration": 4.338, "text": "from the Americas, West Pacific,\nand countless other countries." }, { "start": 233.813, "duration": 5.589, "text": "The issue was ensuring populations met\na certain vaccination threshold—" }, { "start": 239.527, "duration": 5.464, "text": "specifically, at least 80% of every\ncommunity needed to be vaccinated" }, { "start": 244.991, "duration": 1.918, "text": "to prevent strains from mutating." }, { "start": 247.451, "duration": 2.67, "text": "So, in our current fight against polio," }, { "start": 250.121, "duration": 2.419, "text": "we've taken two approaches\nto this problem." }, { "start": 253.624, "duration": 5.005, "text": "First, vaccine developers have made\neven safer forms of OPV." }, { "start": 259.088, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Monovalent and bivalent OPVs " }, { "start": 262.008, "duration": 4.921, "text": "respectively contain one or two types\nof attenuated poliovirus," }, { "start": 267.096, "duration": 3.545, "text": "reducing the number of strains\nthat could possibly mutate." }, { "start": 271.017, "duration": 5.463, "text": "These vaccines helped eradicate\nwild poliovirus types 2 and 3," }, { "start": 276.772, "duration": 4.672, "text": "and today they’re tackling\nthe last remnants of type 1 poliovirus" }, { "start": 281.444, "duration": 2.335, "text": "in Pakistan and Afghanistan." }, { "start": 284.322, "duration": 6.089, "text": "Vaccine researchers also developed OPVs\ntargeting vaccine-derived polio." }, { "start": 291.037, "duration": 5.505, "text": "Currently, most polio cases are caused\nby vaccine-derived poliovirus" }, { "start": 296.542, "duration": 4.046, "text": "type 2 outbreaks in Africa\nand the Middle East." }, { "start": 300.755, "duration": 5.463, "text": "So researchers created a new vaccine\nspecifically to tackle this strain" }, { "start": 306.218, "duration": 2.294, "text": "with minimal risk of mutating." }, { "start": 308.804, "duration": 5.214, "text": "Second, medical workers on the front lines\nare using cutting-edge technology" }, { "start": 314.018, "duration": 4.379, "text": "to ensure every population meets\nthat 80% threshold." }, { "start": 318.898, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Digital tools like geospatial imaging\nand analysis" }, { "start": 322.818, "duration": 3.17, "text": "help them locate and immunize\nremote communities." }, { "start": 326.28, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Extensive monitoring systems ensure\nthey don’t miss a single child." }, { "start": 331.327, "duration": 3.67, "text": "And waste surveillance systems\nemployed across the globe" }, { "start": 335.164, "duration": 2.461, "text": "can alert us to potential outbreaks." }, { "start": 338.0, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Today, the fight against polio\nis at a critical moment." }, { "start": 342.004, "duration": 4.546, "text": "We’re primed to eradicate\nwild poliovirus in the near future," }, { "start": 346.759, "duration": 1.585, "text": "and with our new vaccines," }, { "start": 348.344, "duration": 4.755, "text": "eradicating vaccine-derived strains\nmight not be much further off." }, { "start": 353.641, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But doctors still struggle to reach areas" }, { "start": 356.602, "duration": 3.921, "text": "experiencing military conflict\nand civil unrest." }, { "start": 360.94, "duration": 2.878, "text": "And without keeping\nvaccination rates high," }, { "start": 363.818, "duration": 3.712, "text": "polio’s silent outbreaks\ncould easily surge." }, { "start": 367.738, "duration": 3.003, "text": "So it’s essential that we keep\nup the pressure" }, { "start": 370.741, "duration": 4.213, "text": " to finally finish what we started\nover 70 years ago." } ] }, { "video_id": "kVvewT_tWUA", "title": "Do your students have big ideas? #shorts", "description": "Bring TED-Ed Student Talks to your school! \n\nEducators can support students’ skill development and socio-emotional well-being via free and customizable TED-Ed Student Talks activities. Apply to get access to resources and our exclusive online educator platform!\n\nApply here: https://bit.ly/3qmLZm3\n\n#shorts", "publishedAt": "2023-06-15T20:30:09Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.253, "duration": 2.92, "text": "As one of the agency’s best employees," }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 1.96, "text": "you’ve been selected as a finalist" }, { "start": 12.133, "duration": 3.17, "text": "to potentially take on a new\ntop-secret mission." }, { "start": 15.511, "duration": 3.337, "text": "You've already shown your aptitude\nfor surveillance and disguise," }, { "start": 18.848, "duration": 3.962, "text": "but the agency is looking\nto test one last critical skill:" }, { "start": 22.977, "duration": 2.377, "text": "how well you can drive." }, { "start": 25.521, "duration": 4.046, "text": "To prove yourself, you’ll need to complete\na series of complicated challenges" }, { "start": 29.567, "duration": 1.21, "text": "behind the wheel." }, { "start": 30.902, "duration": 4.171, "text": "As the test begins, you notice\nthat the distances between yourself" }, { "start": 35.073, "duration": 3.837, "text": "and the cars around you\nare being meticulously monitored." }, { "start": 39.118, "duration": 3.712, "text": "One of the most widely recommended\nstrategies when it comes to safe driving" }, { "start": 42.83, "duration": 2.628, "text": "is known as defensive driving." }, { "start": 45.458, "duration": 1.918, "text": "It doesn’t mean driving paranoid—" }, { "start": 47.418, "duration": 4.838, "text": "but rather, making a conscious effort to\nanticipate potential errors and accidents." }, { "start": 52.34, "duration": 3.837, "text": "For example, keeping a three-second\ndistance from the car in front of you" }, { "start": 56.177, "duration": 4.379, "text": "increases your chances of stopping\nin time if traffic suddenly halts." }, { "start": 60.807, "duration": 4.921, "text": "You soon approach your first obstacle:\na sudden lane closure." }, { "start": 65.937, "duration": 3.295, "text": "While many assume that good driving\netiquette requires them to merge" }, { "start": 69.232, "duration": 1.167, "text": "as soon as possible," }, { "start": 70.399, "duration": 2.545, "text": "most safety studies suggest the opposite." }, { "start": 73.069, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Continuing at a consistent speed\nuntil you reach the lane end point," }, { "start": 77.156, "duration": 1.502, "text": "and then zipper merging" }, { "start": 78.658, "duration": 3.545, "text": "decreases the number of potentially\ndangerous lane switches." }, { "start": 82.245, "duration": 4.379, "text": "And this doesn’t just improve safety—\nit also keeps traffic moving." }, { "start": 86.749, "duration": 4.129, "text": "One study found that using signs\nthat encourage drivers to zipper merge" }, { "start": 91.087, "duration": 3.462, "text": "can reduce traffic backup lengths by 40%." }, { "start": 94.966, "duration": 3.044, "text": "Your phone lights up—\nit’s the agency." }, { "start": 98.344, "duration": 1.21, "text": "Should you pick it up?" }, { "start": 99.679, "duration": 3.503, "text": "While it might seem easy\nto multitask while you drive," }, { "start": 103.266, "duration": 4.296, "text": "most people can't balance driving\nwith anything else effectively." }, { "start": 107.728, "duration": 2.795, "text": "It's estimated that 80%\nof accidents happen" }, { "start": 110.523, "duration": 2.336, "text": "when the drivers look away from the road." }, { "start": 112.859, "duration": 2.085, "text": "And just because your hands\nare on the wheel" }, { "start": 114.944, "duration": 2.044, "text": "doesn’t mean you’re not distracted." }, { "start": 117.238, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In one study, drivers who were talking\non the phone hands-free" }, { "start": 120.825, "duration": 3.003, "text": "had delayed braking reactions\nand made as many mistakes" }, { "start": 123.828, "duration": 2.461, "text": "as drivers who were intoxicated." }, { "start": 126.414, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And those who think they're the exception\nto the rule might be most at risk." }, { "start": 130.585, "duration": 3.169, "text": "People who self-identify\nas multitasking pros" }, { "start": 133.754, "duration": 4.463, "text": "tend to perform worst at tests\nthat require dividing their attention." }, { "start": 138.551, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Suddenly, a car cuts you off, " }, { "start": 140.72, "duration": 3.003, "text": "and your hand instinctively moves\ntowards the horn." }, { "start": 143.806, "duration": 1.043, "text": "You’re not alone—" }, { "start": 144.849, "duration": 4.046, "text": "up to a third of drivers report that\nthey’ve acted aggressively on the road," }, { "start": 148.936, "duration": 2.544, "text": "honking or shouting at another driver." }, { "start": 151.814, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Road rage is thought to be sparked\nby the perception of other drivers" }, { "start": 155.234, "duration": 4.213, "text": "as reckless, rude, or even\ndeliberately trying to impede you." }, { "start": 159.947, "duration": 2.586, "text": "And it’s typically exacerbated\nby personal factors" }, { "start": 162.533, "duration": 2.127, "text": "like stress or being in a rush." }, { "start": 164.827, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Some psychologists theorize that we can\nfeel isolated from others" }, { "start": 168.623, "duration": 1.251, "text": "while in our cars," }, { "start": 169.874, "duration": 3.086, "text": "and, therefore, somewhat anonymous." }, { "start": 173.211, "duration": 2.627, "text": "This may make us more prone\nto act aggressively" }, { "start": 175.838, "duration": 2.836, "text": "or to even retaliate\nagainst other drivers." }, { "start": 179.091, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But being aware of this tendency\nand practicing relaxation techniques," }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 2.544, "text": "like taking a deep breath in the moment," }, { "start": 185.431, "duration": 3.17, "text": " can help you avoid these\nhot-tempered situations." }, { "start": 189.352, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Finally, you approach your last test:\na stop sign." }, { "start": 193.814, "duration": 1.21, "text": "But you don’t see it." }, { "start": 195.149, "duration": 4.797, "text": "You mistakenly cruise through without\nlooking and narrowly miss an accident." }, { "start": 200.071, "duration": 4.629, "text": "Mistakes don't feel great, but they're\nactually a valuable part of learning." }, { "start": 204.825, "duration": 2.545, "text": "This is especially true for new drivers." }, { "start": 208.246, "duration": 3.42, "text": "In one study, participants who\npracticed using a driving simulator" }, { "start": 211.666, "duration": 4.629, "text": "that flagged their errors performed\nbetter on subsequent driving tests." }, { "start": 216.462, "duration": 4.713, "text": "And like any skill, becoming an expert\ndriver takes time and practice." }, { "start": 221.467, "duration": 4.129, "text": "After all, controlling a vehicle while\nproperly assessing your surroundings" }, { "start": 225.596, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and following the often-complicated\nrules of the road is no easy feat." }, { "start": 230.393, "duration": 3.753, "text": "A majority of drivers first learn\nin their teens and early 20s," }, { "start": 234.146, "duration": 3.629, "text": "when the brain is uniquely wired\nto learn from new experiences" }, { "start": 237.858, "duration": 2.42, "text": "and take on risks and challenges." }, { "start": 240.611, "duration": 3.337, "text": "New drivers can take full advantage\nof this window of opportunity," }, { "start": 243.948, "duration": 3.128, "text": "beginning with short, familiar journeys\nto build confidence," }, { "start": 247.201, "duration": 3.67, "text": "and then tackling as many different\ndriving conditions as they can." }, { "start": 251.789, "duration": 3.253, "text": "You arrive back at the agency\nfeeling defeated," }, { "start": 255.376, "duration": 1.501, "text": "but to your surprise," }, { "start": 256.961, "duration": 3.545, "text": "you’re handed an envelope\nwith all the assignment details." }, { "start": 260.756, "duration": 2.044, "text": "While you may have made a few mistakes," }, { "start": 262.8, "duration": 4.087, "text": "it turns out you’re the only agent\nwho can parallel park." } ] }, { "video_id": "btWlBHE0pe4", "title": "Who is the fastest god in all mythology? - Iseult Gillespie", "description": "Witness the clash of mythology’s speediest supernaturals in an epic race and find out which creature is the fastest.\n\n--\n\nIt’s time for the Myth Olympics: the eternal arena in which creatures and deities compete for glory. Almost every mythical tradition claims one creature as the fastest— from goddesses who run like the wind to creatures who outstrip every captor. So, who will emerge victorious in a race of superhuman swiftness? Iseult Gillespie convenes mythology’s speediest supernaturals for an epic showdown.\n\nLesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by BASA.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-is-the-fastest-creature-in-mythology-iseult-gillespie\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-is-the-fastest-creature-in-mythology-iseult-gillespie#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.basaestudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley and Elija Peterson.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-15T15:00:34Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.253, "duration": 4.88, "text": "You are the only you that's existed\nin all of human history." }, { "start": 12.3, "duration": 3.128, "text": "Your experiences are yours\nand yours alone." }, { "start": 15.553, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Some of those experiences have taught\nyou things that are absolutely" }, { "start": 19.348, "duration": 1.836, "text": "worth sharing with an audience." }, { "start": 21.309, "duration": 2.335, "text": "And that's what we're here\nto learn how to do." }, { "start": 23.811, "duration": 3.921, "text": "Once you've found an idea that you're\nexcited to share with an audience," }, { "start": 27.732, "duration": 2.669, "text": "you're ready to start\nputting a talk together." }, { "start": 32.028, "duration": 3.17, "text": "The purpose of a talk is to say\nsomething meaningful." }, { "start": 35.364, "duration": 2.211, "text": "But many talks never quite do that." }, { "start": 37.992, "duration": 5.297, "text": "The number one reason this happens is\nthat a speaker does not have a proper plan" }, { "start": 43.289, "duration": 1.835, "text": "for the talk as a whole." }, { "start": 45.458, "duration": 4.379, "text": "They may have planned what to say\npoint by point or sentence by sentence," }, { "start": 49.879, "duration": 3.295, "text": "but did not plan how everything\nin the talk would link up" }, { "start": 53.257, "duration": 2.336, "text": "to deliver a meaningful message." }, { "start": 56.552, "duration": 5.256, "text": "There’s a helpful word that people use\nto analyze plays, movies, and novels." }, { "start": 61.891, "duration": 1.668, "text": "It applies to talks, too." }, { "start": 63.893, "duration": 2.211, "text": "The word is throughline." }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 2.795, "text": "The throughline of a talk is the main idea" }, { "start": 69.524, "duration": 2.794, "text": "that ties together everything\nthe speaker presents." }, { "start": 72.568, "duration": 2.336, "text": "Every talk should have a throughline." }, { "start": 75.613, "duration": 3.086, "text": "That doesn't mean a talk\nmust only cover one topic," }, { "start": 78.783, "duration": 4.671, "text": "or only tell a single story,\nor proceed in only one direction." }, { "start": 83.746, "duration": 2.086, "text": "It just means that everything\nin the talk" }, { "start": 85.832, "duration": 3.295, "text": "should connect to support the main idea." }, { "start": 89.836, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Here’s the start of a talk\nwithout a throughline:" }, { "start": 92.964, "duration": 4.462, "text": "“I want to share with you some experiences\nI had during my recent trip to Cape Town," }, { "start": 97.468, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and then make a few observations\nabout life on the road.”" }, { "start": 101.18, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Now here’s the start of a talk where the\nthroughline is made clear from the start:" }, { "start": 106.519, "duration": 4.129, "text": "“On my recent trip to Cape Town,\nI learned something new about strangers," }, { "start": 110.648, "duration": 2.961, "text": "when you can trust them,\nand when you definitely can’t." }, { "start": 113.609, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Let me share with you two\nvery different experiences I had.”" }, { "start": 118.281, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The version without a throughline\nmight work for your family," }, { "start": 122.285, "duration": 4.754, "text": "but the version with a throughline is\nmore exciting for a general audience." }, { "start": 127.623, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Here are the throughlines\nof some popular TED Talks:" }, { "start": 131.335, "duration": 2.962, "text": "“More choice actually makes\nus less happy.”" }, { "start": 134.714, "duration": 4.004, "text": "“Vulnerability is something to be\ntreasured, not hidden from.”" }, { "start": 139.677, "duration": 5.297, "text": "“Let’s bring on a quiet revolution—\na world redesigned for introverts.”" }, { "start": 145.349, "duration": 5.214, "text": "“A history of the universe in 18 minutes\nshows a journey from chaos to order.”" }, { "start": 151.063, "duration": 3.838, "text": "“Terrible city flags can reveal\nsurprising design secrets.”" }, { "start": 155.443, "duration": 3.003, "text": "“A ski trek to the South Pole\nthreatened my life" }, { "start": 158.446, "duration": 2.294, "text": "and changed my sense of purpose.”" }, { "start": 161.991, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Remember lesson one when we compared\na talk to a journey" }, { "start": 165.661, "duration": 2.419, "text": "that a speaker and an audience\ngo on together?" }, { "start": 168.372, "duration": 1.502, "text": "If a talk is a journey," }, { "start": 169.874, "duration": 3.712, "text": "then the throughline is the path\nthat journey takes." }, { "start": 173.92, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Following the path of a throughline\nmakes sure there are no impossible leaps." }, { "start": 179.717, "duration": 1.168, "text": "By the end of the talk," }, { "start": 180.885, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the speaker and the audience have arrived\ntogether at a satisfying destination." }, { "start": 186.599, "duration": 2.377, "text": "So, how do you figure\nout your throughline?" }, { "start": 189.352, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Pick an idea that can be properly explored\nin the time you have to give your talk." }, { "start": 194.857, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Then make sure everything you include\nin your talk links back to this main idea." }, { "start": 200.238, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Creating a great talk that fits into a\nlimited period of time can be hard work." }, { "start": 205.785, "duration": 2.961, "text": "But there’s a right way\nand a wrong way to go about it." }, { "start": 209.163, "duration": 4.296, "text": "The wrong way is to include all\nthe points you think you need," }, { "start": 213.501, "duration": 2.043, "text": "but cover them as briefly as possible—" }, { "start": 215.586, "duration": 3.045, "text": "maybe skipping out on details or examples." }, { "start": 219.09, "duration": 3.753, "text": "You can create a short script this way\nwith every topic you want to cover" }, { "start": 222.843, "duration": 2.086, "text": "included in summary form." }, { "start": 224.929, "duration": 3.628, "text": "You may even think there’s a\nthroughline connecting it all together." }, { "start": 228.766, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But throughlines that connect a great\nmany things don’t often work." }, { "start": 233.187, "duration": 4.421, "text": "If you rush through many different topics\nwithout exploring them deeply," }, { "start": 237.692, "duration": 2.544, "text": "your points won’t land with any force." }, { "start": 240.486, "duration": 1.502, "text": "It’s a simple equation:" }, { "start": 242.196, "duration": 3.212, "text": "overstuffed equals under-explained." }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 2.377, "text": "To say something meaningful in a talk," }, { "start": 248.911, "duration": 3.504, "text": "you have to take the time\nto do at least two things." }, { "start": 252.623, "duration": 3.879, "text": "First, you have to show why\nwhat you have to say matters." }, { "start": 256.961, "duration": 2.336, "text": "What is the question\nyou're trying to answer?" }, { "start": 259.338, "duration": 2.211, "text": "What's the problem you're trying to solve?" }, { "start": 261.716, "duration": 2.961, "text": "What's the experience\nyou're trying to share?" }, { "start": 265.219, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Second, you have to flesh out\neach point you make" }, { "start": 268.764, "duration": 3.212, "text": "with real examples, stories, and facts." }, { "start": 272.435, "duration": 4.921, "text": "This is how an idea that’s important to\nyou can be built in someone else’s mind." }, { "start": 278.399, "duration": 2.419, "text": "To give a really good talk," }, { "start": 280.86, "duration": 3.295, "text": "you may have to cut back on how\nmany topics you want to cover" }, { "start": 284.238, "duration": 4.505, "text": "and instead focus on a single\nconnected thread— a throughline—" }, { "start": 288.909, "duration": 3.129, "text": "that you have time to present\nthoroughly and completely." }, { "start": 292.538, "duration": 5.13, "text": "This is the right way to make a great\ntalk fit into a limited amount of time." }, { "start": 298.085, "duration": 3.629, "text": "You may make fewer points than you\nwould without a throughline," }, { "start": 301.714, "duration": 3.712, "text": "but the points you do make\nwill have more of an impact." }, { "start": 305.676, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Less can be more. " }, { "start": 309.096, "duration": 2.169, "text": "Choosing a throughline\nwill help you determine" }, { "start": 311.265, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which topics to include in your talk\nand which to leave out." }, { "start": 315.311, "duration": 4.379, "text": "It will help you filter out anything\nthat doesn't connect to your main idea." }, { "start": 319.94, "duration": 2.42, "text": "If you’re having trouble focusing\nyour throughline," }, { "start": 322.36, "duration": 5.547, "text": "a good exercise is to try to say it\nin no more than 15 words." }, { "start": 328.24, "duration": 4.38, "text": "What is the precise idea you want\nto build inside your listeners?" }, { "start": 332.828, "duration": 2.628, "text": "What do you want them\nto take away from your talk?" }, { "start": 336.248, "duration": 4.13, "text": "Here are some questions to ask yourself\nas you’re working out your throughline:" }, { "start": 340.836, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Is this a topic\nthat means something to me?" }, { "start": 343.464, "duration": 2.085, "text": "Does it inspire curiosity?" }, { "start": 345.966, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Does it offer the audience a new way\nof looking at something?" }, { "start": 349.261, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Is my talk a gift? Does it ask a question?" }, { "start": 352.556, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Is the information fresh\nor unexpected in some way?" }, { "start": 356.394, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Can I truly explain the topic\nin the time I have," }, { "start": 360.106, "duration": 2.21, "text": "complete with necessary examples?" }, { "start": 362.691, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Do I know enough about the topic,\nor do I need to do some research?" }, { "start": 366.737, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Does this topic connect to my experience?" }, { "start": 369.49, "duration": 3.921, "text": "What are the 15 words that capture\nmy talk?" }, { "start": 373.536, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Would those 15 words make someone\ninterested to hear my talk?" }, { "start": 378.457, "duration": 2.586, "text": "A speaking coach named\nAbigail Tenembaum" }, { "start": 381.043, "duration": 2.753, "text": "recommends testing your throughline\nout on someone." }, { "start": 384.213, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Saying everything you'd like\nto include in your talk out loud" }, { "start": 387.425, "duration": 2.252, "text": "will help you notice which bits are clear," }, { "start": 389.885, "duration": 2.336, "text": "which bits could use more explanation," }, { "start": 392.221, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and which bits should be cut\nin order for your central message" }, { "start": 395.808, "duration": 2.085, "text": "to land more powerfully." }, { "start": 398.602, "duration": 1.544, "text": "Once you have your throughline," }, { "start": 400.146, "duration": 2.335, "text": "you’re ready to plan\nwhat you’ll attach to it." }, { "start": 402.69, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Whether your time limit is two minutes,\n18 minutes, or an hour," }, { "start": 406.777, "duration": 5.506, "text": "remember: only cover as much as you\nhave time to really explore in depth." } ] }, { "video_id": "qwCBEgjUluU", "title": "What it means if you can see faces in objects - Susan G. Wardle", "description": "Dig into the phenomenon of face pareidolia, which is the tendency of our brains to see faces in everyday objects.\n\n--\n\nImagine opening a bag of chips, only to find Santa Claus looking back at you. Or turning a corner to see a building smiling at you. Humans see faces in all kinds of mundane objects, but these faces aren’t real— they're illusions due to a phenomenon known as face pareidolia. So why exactly does this happen, and how far does this distortion go? Susan G. Wardle explores why we see illusory faces.\n\nLesson by Susan G. Wardle, directed by Oksana Kurmaz.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-our-brains-see-faces-everywhere-susan-g-wardle\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-our-brains-see-faces-everywhere-susan-g-wardle#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://kurmaz.me\nMusic: https://soundcloud.com/aim-music\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath and Dan Nguyen.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-13T15:00:15Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 6.794, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Each year, approximately 20 million\npeople across the world" }, { "start": 10.923, "duration": 2.086, "text": "receive a cancer diagnosis." }, { "start": 13.092, "duration": 3.045, "text": "At this overwhelming,\nand often scary time," }, { "start": 16.22, "duration": 3.003, "text": "a patient usually learns\ntheir cancer’s stage," }, { "start": 19.223, "duration": 3.504, "text": "which is typically a number,\nranging from 1 to 4." }, { "start": 23.019, "duration": 4.129, "text": "While staging is designed in part\nto help patients better understand" }, { "start": 27.148, "duration": 1.209, "text": "what they’re facing," }, { "start": 28.357, "duration": 2.962, "text": "extracting this information\nfrom a simple number" }, { "start": 31.319, "duration": 2.961, "text": "can be confusing\nand less than straightforward." }, { "start": 34.572, "duration": 3.212, "text": "So, what do cancer stages actually mean?" }, { "start": 38.159, "duration": 2.044, "text": "To understand stage numbers," }, { "start": 40.203, "duration": 4.045, "text": "we first need to unpack\nthe three variables that inform it." }, { "start": 44.373, "duration": 4.964, "text": "Doctors utilize a system which uses\nthe letters T, N, and M" }, { "start": 49.337, "duration": 1.918, "text": "to describe a tumor’s size," }, { "start": 51.255, "duration": 2.795, "text": "its presence in the immune system’s\nlymph nodes," }, { "start": 54.133, "duration": 4.213, "text": "and whether it has metastasized,\nor spread, to other organs." }, { "start": 58.513, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Arriving at this letter staging\ntakes thorough investigation—" }, { "start": 62.934, "duration": 3.628, "text": "physicians will consider a person’s\nsymptoms and overall health," }, { "start": 66.562, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and may sample, or biopsy,\ncancerous tissue," }, { "start": 69.774, "duration": 3.962, "text": "order medical scans,\nand analyze blood tests." }, { "start": 74.112, "duration": 4.087, "text": "The T designation is usually\na number between 1 to 4," }, { "start": 78.199, "duration": 3.587, "text": "and is, in most cases,\nbased on tumor size." }, { "start": 81.786, "duration": 4.129, "text": "But each type of cancer has\nits own T staging criteria." }, { "start": 86.29, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Five-centimeter-wide tumors are labeled\nas T3 in oral cancers," }, { "start": 91.295, "duration": 2.461, "text": "but T2 in breast cancers." }, { "start": 93.965, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And some cancers use\nother staging criteria," }, { "start": 97.135, "duration": 4.379, "text": "like esophageal cancers, which are staged\nbased on how deeply" }, { "start": 101.514, "duration": 2.336, "text": "the tumor invades the layers of tissue." }, { "start": 104.183, "duration": 2.127, "text": "To assign an N stage," }, { "start": 106.31, "duration": 4.38, "text": "doctors evaluate the lymph nodes\nthrough biopsies and imaging." }, { "start": 110.898, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Cancer cells tend to break off\nfrom the initial tumor and spread." }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 2.795, "text": "They often travel through the\nlymphatic system—" }, { "start": 118.156, "duration": 2.21, "text": "a network of vessels and nodes," }, { "start": 120.366, "duration": 4.046, "text": "which filter waste and harbor cells\nthat help fight infection." }, { "start": 124.745, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Cancers that spread to larger,\nmore distant," }, { "start": 127.665, "duration": 5.756, "text": "or a greater number of lymph nodes\ntypically file into higher N stages." }, { "start": 133.671, "duration": 4.338, "text": "M staging involves a more threatening\ncategory of cancers’ spread—" }, { "start": 138.009, "duration": 6.256, "text": "when diseased cells scatter and then\nsettle on other organs or on bones." }, { "start": 144.473, "duration": 3.963, "text": "Historically, this stage has been\na matter of just “yes” or “no,”" }, { "start": 148.436, "duration": 4.588, "text": "because once a cancer has metastasized,\nit’s considered to be much more lethal." }, { "start": 153.149, "duration": 3.67, "text": "But advances in treatment have recently\nprompted the medical community" }, { "start": 156.819, "duration": 3.003, "text": "to rethink the M stage as a continuum." }, { "start": 160.198, "duration": 4.462, "text": "Doctors now consider the number of organs\nin which the cancer has spread," }, { "start": 164.744, "duration": 4.421, "text": "as well as the abundance and\ncharacteristics of the metastatic tumors." }, { "start": 169.332, "duration": 4.838, "text": "All sorts of combinations\nof T, N, and M are possible," }, { "start": 174.17, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and one letter doesn't always\nfollow the other." }, { "start": 177.089, "duration": 5.673, "text": "For example, some head and neck cancers\nwill test positive in the lymph nodes N1" }, { "start": 182.762, "duration": 3.253, "text": "with no clear initial tumor,\nor T0." }, { "start": 186.265, "duration": 4.254, "text": "So how do these three variables inform\na cancer's stage number?" }, { "start": 190.77, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Each TNM combination correlates\nto a different overall stage," }, { "start": 196.317, "duration": 3.42, "text": "ordered by how difficult\nthe cancer is to treat." }, { "start": 199.987, "duration": 3.629, "text": "This sorting is rigidly defined\nfor each type of cancer," }, { "start": 203.616, "duration": 4.296, "text": "based on generations of research looking\nat how cancers with different spreads" }, { "start": 207.912, "duration": 2.627, "text": "and characteristics tend to behave." }, { "start": 210.831, "duration": 5.756, "text": "Importantly, what a certain overall stage\nmeans varies from cancer to cancer." }, { "start": 216.879, "duration": 5.798, "text": "For example, a T3N1M0 combination\nfor a breast cancer" }, { "start": 222.677, "duration": 5.63, "text": "is considered stage 3 and carries\nan 85% five-year survival rate." }, { "start": 228.766, "duration": 4.296, "text": "A pancreatic cancer with this same\nTNM combination, however," }, { "start": 233.062, "duration": 4.254, "text": "is sorted to stage 2,\nand yet is more difficult to treat" }, { "start": 237.316, "duration": 2.461, "text": "with a 15% survival rate." }, { "start": 240.152, "duration": 2.628, "text": "The system is intricate—\nand ever-changing." }, { "start": 242.989, "duration": 4.629, "text": "For instance, someone with a stage 4\nthroat tumor in 2017," }, { "start": 247.618, "duration": 3.504, "text": "might be considered stage 1\njust one year later." }, { "start": 251.539, "duration": 3.67, "text": "The cancer didn’t improve;\nthe staging system did." }, { "start": 255.418, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Experts realized that a subset\nof these advanced cancers" }, { "start": 259.297, "duration": 3.169, "text": "responded to existing treatment\nbetter than others," }, { "start": 262.591, "duration": 2.503, "text": "so their staging was downgraded." }, { "start": 265.344, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Similar discoveries and advancements\nin the genetic testing of tumors" }, { "start": 269.557, "duration": 5.297, "text": "are refining staging in breast, prostate,\nand gynecological cancers." }, { "start": 275.104, "duration": 5.13, "text": "Meanwhile, breakthroughs in therapies can\nchange things seemingly overnight." }, { "start": 280.484, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Many cancers one considered\nnear impossible to treat" }, { "start": 284.071, "duration": 2.294, "text": "are now met with high rates of remission." }, { "start": 286.407, "duration": 2.419, "text": "And thanks to improvements in screenings," }, { "start": 288.868, "duration": 4.212, "text": "more and more cancers are being\ndiscovered at early stages." }, { "start": 293.205, "duration": 3.254, "text": "So while many will deal\nwith the reality of cancer," }, { "start": 296.459, "duration": 3.378, "text": "either for themselves,\nor through the diagnosis of a loved one," }, { "start": 300.004, "duration": 4.004, "text": "these advances offer better treatments,\nmore targeted cures," }, { "start": 304.008, "duration": 2.377, "text": "and greater hope for the years to come." } ] }, { "video_id": "e4Mj6wOURSg", "title": "What did people do before anesthesia? - Sally Frampton", "description": "Trace the history of anesthesia from the 3rd century to today, and explore how doctors performed surgery before anesthetic drugs.\n\n--\n\nThe quest for anesthetics that could induce unconsciousness and enable more meticulous surgeries began around the early 3rd century CE. Before anesthesia was widely used, patients had to consciously endure every moment of surgery. So, what methods did doctors use before modern medicine caught up? Sally Frampton traces the history of anesthetic drugs.\n\nLesson by Sally Frampton, directed by Alexander Hellebaut.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-did-people-do-before-anesthesia-sally-frampton\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-did-people-do-before-anesthesia-sally-frampton#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://alexanderhellebaut.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale and Gatsby Dkdc.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-08T15:00:32Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.253, "duration": 2.795, "text": "The vast, white ice surface of Antarctica" }, { "start": 10.048, "duration": 2.836, "text": "stretches for over 3 million\nsquare kilometers:" }, { "start": 12.884, "duration": 2.878, "text": "empty, desolate,\nand almost completely silent." }, { "start": 16.637, "duration": 1.961, "text": "But appearances can be deceiving." }, { "start": 18.681, "duration": 1.71, "text": "On the coast of this expanse," }, { "start": 20.391, "duration": 4.213, "text": "just a few meters beneath the ice\nlies a multicolored constellation of life." }, { "start": 24.812, "duration": 5.172, "text": "This remarkably diverse realm is home\nto over 8,000 species of sea denizens" }, { "start": 29.984, "duration": 3.796, "text": "who rely on an arsenal\nof otherworldly traits to survive." }, { "start": 34.113, "duration": 2.67, "text": "So how do these species not only live,\nbut thrive," }, { "start": 36.783, "duration": 2.836, "text": "in conditions most animals\nwould be unable to bear?" }, { "start": 40.119, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Antarctic waters are some of the most\nconsistently frigid in the world," }, { "start": 44.207, "duration": 4.004, "text": "hovering below 0 degrees Celsius\nfor a large portion of the year." }, { "start": 48.377, "duration": 3.254, "text": "This means burning energy\ntoo quickly can be deadly," }, { "start": 51.714, "duration": 3.42, "text": "so survival in this ecosystem\nlooks slow and steady." }, { "start": 55.551, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Freezing temperatures persist\neven in the summer," }, { "start": 58.471, "duration": 2.878, "text": "but this season brings\na rare gift: sunlight." }, { "start": 61.766, "duration": 2.127, "text": "For a brief period, it’s abundant," }, { "start": 63.893, "duration": 2.628, "text": "shining through the ice\nfor 24 hours a day." }, { "start": 66.687, "duration": 4.296, "text": "This infusion of energy drives intense\ncoastal phytoplankton blooms," }, { "start": 71.192, "duration": 3.045, "text": "transforming the waters\ninto a thick green soup." }, { "start": 74.737, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Marine life both large and small\ntakes advantage of this bounty," }, { "start": 78.574, "duration": 2.503, "text": "including the giant Antarctic isopod." }, { "start": 81.16, "duration": 1.877, "text": "Cousins of the humble pill bug," }, { "start": 83.079, "duration": 3.587, "text": "these crustaceans can reach\nup to 11 centimeters long," }, { "start": 86.791, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and they never miss the opportunity\nfor a meal." }, { "start": 89.669, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The scavengers eat a wide variety of prey,\nincluding other giant isopods." }, { "start": 94.09, "duration": 3.42, "text": "And by slowing their metabolisms,\nthey can make this food last," }, { "start": 97.552, "duration": 4.087, "text": "with one study showing specimens surviving\nfor 50 days without eating." }, { "start": 102.014, "duration": 3.671, "text": "Since this adaptation involves careful\nconservation of energy," }, { "start": 105.685, "duration": 5.547, "text": "giant isopods spend most of their time\nstationary or inching across the seafloor." }, { "start": 111.607, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Meanwhile, their tiny amphipod relatives\ncelebrate the summer" }, { "start": 115.361, "duration": 3.17, "text": "by releasing offspring\nalongside the algal explosion," }, { "start": 118.531, "duration": 2.294, "text": "ensuring their young have\nan abundance of food." }, { "start": 121.117, "duration": 4.629, "text": "And sea cucumbers carpeting the seafloor\nhoover up the dense plankton" }, { "start": 125.788, "duration": 1.46, "text": "with outstretched\ntentacles," }, { "start": 127.248, "duration": 3.253, "text": "producing nutrient-rich feces\nthat nourish nearby life." }, { "start": 130.751, "duration": 2.67, "text": "But this big summer blowout\ndoesn’t last long." }, { "start": 133.462, "duration": 4.338, "text": "The first signs of autumn arrive\nin fine needles of frazil ice." }, { "start": 137.967, "duration": 3.921, "text": "These slowly coagulating crystals\nform a skin across the surface," }, { "start": 142.096, "duration": 4.338, "text": "then mix with falling snow\nbefore freezing into a thin crust of ice." }, { "start": 146.642, "duration": 1.961, "text": "The waters get darker and colder." }, { "start": 148.603, "duration": 1.876, "text": "And in this swiftly dimming world," }, { "start": 150.479, "duration": 2.837, "text": "a set of long, spiky limbs\nsidle into view." }, { "start": 153.524, "duration": 4.213, "text": "With up to six pairs of legs,\nthese giant sea spiders aren’t arachnids," }, { "start": 157.82, "duration": 4.088, "text": "but rather a related class of marine\narthropod unique to the seafloor." }, { "start": 162.2, "duration": 2.711, "text": "In addition to housing some\nof the animal’s organs," }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 2.168, "text": "its legs are covered in tiny holes," }, { "start": 167.079, "duration": 2.628, "text": "which grow more numerous\nas the spider ages." }, { "start": 169.832, "duration": 2.878, "text": "These holes will likely help absorb\nthe dissolved oxygen" }, { "start": 172.71, "duration": 2.252, "text": "that saturates these freezing\nsouthern waters." }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Since oxygen fuels growth," }, { "start": 176.839, "duration": 3.67, "text": "many local species have evolved\nto take advantage of this abundance," }, { "start": 180.593, "duration": 4.046, "text": "and it may be one of the reasons that\ngigantism is so common in this region." }, { "start": 185.181, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Individual sea spiders, for instance,\ncan grow to the size of dinner plates." }, { "start": 189.227, "duration": 3.92, "text": "But soon, these underwater giants\nwill be moving slower than ever." }, { "start": 193.94, "duration": 3.42, "text": "As winter settles in,\nthe sea floor becomes even colder." }, { "start": 197.36, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Waters fall to negative\n1.8 degrees Celsius." }, { "start": 201.03, "duration": 4.838, "text": "On the surface, the thin icy crust\nthickens into a layer called nilas," }, { "start": 206.035, "duration": 3.712, "text": "and young sea ice starts forming\nridges that block out the sun." }, { "start": 209.914, "duration": 2.961, "text": "The ocean begins to mirror\nthe still landscape above it." }, { "start": 213.626, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Antarctic sea cucumbers and urchins\ngo into dormancy for months," }, { "start": 217.838, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and their metabolic rates fall\nto the slowest on Earth." }, { "start": 220.8, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Antarctic limpets continue feeding," }, { "start": 223.219, "duration": 3.045, "text": "but at such a gradual pace that they're\nlargely still surviving" }, { "start": 226.264, "duration": 1.793, "text": "on energy reserves from the summer." }, { "start": 228.557, "duration": 3.087, "text": "Tiny crustaceans survive off the traces\nof algae" }, { "start": 231.644, "duration": 2.085, "text": "growing on their home’s icy ceiling," }, { "start": 233.729, "duration": 2.67, "text": "raising their young in these expansive\nwinter nurseries." }, { "start": 236.691, "duration": 3.253, "text": "But this seemingly endless winter\nwon't last forever." }, { "start": 240.236, "duration": 3.962, "text": "As spring comes, light slowly begins\nto trickle back down through the ice." }, { "start": 244.198, "duration": 1.919, "text": "And week by week, bit by bit," }, { "start": 246.117, "duration": 2.544, "text": "this underwater world will begin waking up" }, { "start": 248.661, "duration": 3.629, "text": "to begin its delicate,\nslow-motion dance once again." } ] }, { "video_id": "F4sVhVi0Ijo", "title": "Food expiration dates don’t mean what you think - Carolyn Beans", "description": "Find out what expiration date labels on food actually mean, and discover ways communities and governments can lessen food waste. \n\n--\n\nCountries around the world waste huge amounts of food every year: roughly a fifth of food items in the US are tossed because consumers aren’t sure how to interpret expiration labels. But most groceries are still perfectly safe to eat past their expiration dates. If the dates on our food don’t tell us that something’s gone bad, what do they tell us? Carolyn Beans shares how to prevent food waste.\n\nLesson by Carolyn Beans, directed by Anton Bogaty.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nA special thanks to Roni Neff who provided information and insights for the development of this video.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/food-expiration-dates-don-t-mean-what-you-think-carolyn-beans\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/food-expiration-dates-don-t-mean-what-you-think-carolyn-beans#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://antonbogaty.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles, Heather Slater, Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman and Edgardo Cuellar.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-06T15:02:02Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.795, "duration": 5.381, "text": "In 1834, the British Royal Navy ship,\nthe Chanticleer," }, { "start": 13.176, "duration": 4.045, "text": "was dealing with a terrible\ncockroach infestation." }, { "start": 17.68, "duration": 5.589, "text": "The ship's surgeon, however, wrote\nenthusiastically about the stowaways," }, { "start": 23.269, "duration": 4.129, "text": "describing them as\na “most valuable insect.”" }, { "start": 27.44, "duration": 1.835, "text": "Their shining characteristic?" }, { "start": 29.525, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Devouring every bedbug on board." }, { "start": 33.529, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Bedbugs have tormented\nhumans for millennia," }, { "start": 37.158, "duration": 6.59, "text": "so detested that their mere mention\ncan make hearts race and arms itch." }, { "start": 43.915, "duration": 5.505, "text": "So why are these unwelcomed\nhouseguests so difficult to defeat?" }, { "start": 50.046, "duration": 4.171, "text": "There are approximately\n100 species of bedbugs." }, { "start": 54.467, "duration": 6.173, "text": "Thankfully, only three feed on humans,\nall of which are chestnut brown," }, { "start": 61.015, "duration": 3.712, "text": "half a centimeter long,\nand incredibly flat—" }, { "start": 64.852, "duration": 2.461, "text": "as long as they haven’t eaten recently." }, { "start": 67.605, "duration": 2.419, "text": "To find their next blood meal," }, { "start": 70.191, "duration": 4.588, "text": "bedbugs follow the biological signals\nour bodies release," }, { "start": 75.029, "duration": 3.879, "text": "such as carbon dioxide, odor,\nand body heat." }, { "start": 79.367, "duration": 4.212, "text": "Once located, they use their\nstraw-like mouthparts" }, { "start": 83.579, "duration": 6.924, "text": "to inject a cocktail of proteins that\ndilate blood vessels for easier feeding," }, { "start": 90.711, "duration": 5.256, "text": "along with an anesthetic to block\nany pain that might give them away." }, { "start": 96.551, "duration": 6.631, "text": "These compounds and other foreign proteins\nare what can trigger our immune response." }, { "start": 103.641, "duration": 3.67, "text": "While some people’s bodies\ndon’t react to these bites," }, { "start": 107.478, "duration": 6.048, "text": "others develop itchy, red lesions\nthat can stick around for several weeks." }, { "start": 113.734, "duration": 3.671, "text": "And these bites can appear\nanywhere on the body—" }, { "start": 117.655, "duration": 4.63, "text": "it’s a myth that they always appear\nin neat rows or sets of three." }, { "start": 122.785, "duration": 4.797, "text": "While they're not considered\nsocial insects like bees or ants," }, { "start": 127.748, "duration": 3.337, "text": "bedbugs cooperate in fascinating ways." }, { "start": 131.252, "duration": 4.171, "text": "They huddle together in piles,\ncalled refugia," }, { "start": 135.423, "duration": 4.671, "text": "stacking their flat bodies\nwithin wall cracks or furniture," }, { "start": 140.261, "duration": 5.047, "text": "which is thought to help them preserve\nprecious moisture and energy reserves." }, { "start": 145.6, "duration": 3.753, "text": "They release chemical signals,\nknown as pheromones," }, { "start": 149.353, "duration": 1.919, "text": "to alert each other to threats." }, { "start": 151.439, "duration": 4.337, "text": "And their feces are rich\nin volatile compounds" }, { "start": 155.86, "duration": 6.131, "text": "that help guide feeding bedbugs back\nto the safety of the refugia in the dark." }, { "start": 162.533, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Once a colony is established,\nit has tremendous staying power." }, { "start": 167.496, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Bedbugs can go weeks\nor months without a meal." }, { "start": 172.335, "duration": 3.962, "text": "If they find themselves\nin a particularly cool environment," }, { "start": 176.297, "duration": 5.631, "text": "they can enter a dormant state\nand survive over a year without feeding." }, { "start": 182.511, "duration": 2.753, "text": "While bedbugs can easily move around," }, { "start": 185.306, "duration": 2.794, "text": "they usually stay within 20 feet" }, { "start": 188.142, "duration": 4.338, "text": "of where their human host is regularly\nsitting or sleeping." }, { "start": 193.105, "duration": 5.131, "text": "So new infestations are most\noften the result of humans" }, { "start": 198.236, "duration": 6.297, "text": "accidentally transporting bugs\nvia furniture, clothing, or other items." }, { "start": 204.909, "duration": 1.793, "text": "Throughout human history," }, { "start": 206.744, "duration": 5.339, "text": "we've tried almost everything\nto prevent these itchy invasions." }, { "start": 212.208, "duration": 4.421, "text": "In Eastern Europe, for example,\npeople used bean leaves," }, { "start": 216.629, "duration": 4.504, "text": "which can trap bedbugs\nin their tiny, hooked hairs." }, { "start": 221.217, "duration": 5.213, "text": "Another common trick was running\nlit candles along bed frames" }, { "start": 226.43, "duration": 2.628, "text": "to burn any hiding insects." }, { "start": 229.475, "duration": 3.212, "text": "While these methods were\noccasionally effective," }, { "start": 232.77, "duration": 2.503, "text": "bedbugs continued to thrive." }, { "start": 235.564, "duration": 2.169, "text": "And in the early 1900s," }, { "start": 237.775, "duration": 6.173, "text": "as central heating made homes more livable\nto humans and bugs year-round," }, { "start": 244.115, "duration": 3.42, "text": "populations hit unprecedented heights." }, { "start": 247.827, "duration": 3.462, "text": "But this bedbug renaissance\nwas short lived." }, { "start": 251.664, "duration": 4.588, "text": "In the 1940s, the pest faced\nan existential threat" }, { "start": 256.252, "duration": 5.964, "text": "in the powerful insecticide\ncalled dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane." }, { "start": 262.967, "duration": 6.089, "text": "Also known as DDT, this neurotoxin\ndisrupts insects’ nervous systems," }, { "start": 269.056, "duration": 2.169, "text": "causing spasms and death." }, { "start": 271.809, "duration": 6.381, "text": "For decades, DDT was used across\nthe globe to control agricultural pests" }, { "start": 278.357, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and combat insect-borne diseases." }, { "start": 281.736, "duration": 2.377, "text": "However, in the 1970s," }, { "start": 284.28, "duration": 5.881, "text": "scientists realized DDT had accumulated\nto dangerous levels in the environment," }, { "start": 290.369, "duration": 2.711, "text": "potentially putting human health at risk." }, { "start": 293.331, "duration": 2.794, "text": "Many countries began banning DDT," }, { "start": 296.208, "duration": 5.339, "text": "but not before it had rid the world\nalmost entirely of bedbugs." }, { "start": 301.797, "duration": 1.043, "text": "Almost. " }, { "start": 303.257, "duration": 6.131, "text": "After decades of quiet comfort,\nbedbugs reemerged in the early 2000s," }, { "start": 309.472, "duration": 3.67, "text": "shepherded by fast-moving\ninternational trade." }, { "start": 313.768, "duration": 4.337, "text": "Many of these insects have since\nbecome pesticide resistant," }, { "start": 318.272, "duration": 3.212, "text": "developing traits\nlike thicker exoskeletons," }, { "start": 321.484, "duration": 5.589, "text": "and the enhanced ability to break\ndown insecticide toxins in their bodies." }, { "start": 327.948, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Thankfully, we still have options." }, { "start": 330.576, "duration": 2.252, "text": "People can utilize high heat," }, { "start": 332.828, "duration": 6.757, "text": "as most bedbugs and their eggs can’t\nsurvive temperatures above 45° Celsius." }, { "start": 339.752, "duration": 2.085, "text": "And despite their adaptations," }, { "start": 342.004, "duration": 4.713, "text": "bedbugs remain vulnerable\nto the suction of a vacuum cleaner." }, { "start": 347.718, "duration": 3.545, "text": "While simple, these tools\nwarrant some gratitude." }, { "start": 351.847, "duration": 3.504, "text": "After all, unlike naval ships of the past," }, { "start": 355.393, "duration": 5.38, "text": "we no longer rely on the services\nof our other age-old nemesis," }, { "start": 360.981, "duration": 1.293, "text": "the cockroach." } ] }, { "video_id": "pFRXY8bV_ug", "title": "Test yourself: Can you tell the difference between music and noise? - Hanako Sawada", "description": "Get to know avant-garde music composer John Cage, whose work challenged the boundaries between music and noise.\n\n--\n\nIn 1960, composer John Cage went on television to share his latest work. But rather than using traditional instruments, Cage appeared surrounded by household clutter, including a bathtub, ice cubes, a toy fish, a rubber duck, several radios, and performed “Water Walk.” Most people watching had the same question: is this even music? Hanako Sawada explores the boundaries between music and noise.\n\nLesson by Hanako Sawada, directed by Héloïse Dorsan-Rachet.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/test-yourself-can-you-tell-the-difference-between-music-and-noise-hanako-sawada\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/test-yourself-can-you-tell-the-difference-between-music-and-noise-hanako-sawada#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.instagram.com/helo.dr\nMusic: https://yessian.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch and Tejas Dc.", "publishedAt": "2023-06-01T15:01:17Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 10.214, "duration": 3.254, "text": "One fall evening in 1779," }, { "start": 13.468, "duration": 2.919, "text": "Seneca Chief Handsome Lake lay down" }, { "start": 16.387, "duration": 3.295, "text": "for what he thought would be\nhis final rest." }, { "start": 20.058, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Instead, he had a vision\nthat would change his life—" }, { "start": 24.062, "duration": 1.626, "text": "and countless others." }, { "start": 26.105, "duration": 5.422, "text": "Before this moment, the US military had\nunleashed a brutal, months-long campaign" }, { "start": 31.527, "duration": 1.794, "text": "that plunged Handsome Lake’s village," }, { "start": 33.321, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and the larger Haudenosaunee Confederacy\nit belonged to," }, { "start": 36.866, "duration": 1.084, "text": "into turmoil." }, { "start": 38.034, "duration": 2.711, "text": "The military’s attacks\non the Haudenosaunee," }, { "start": 40.745, "duration": 2.961, "text": "who they commonly referred\nto as the Iroquois," }, { "start": 43.706, "duration": 4.046, "text": "destroyed entire communities\nand killed many." }, { "start": 48.753, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Suffering illness and despair," }, { "start": 51.13, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Handsome Lake prepared for death\nwhen suddenly," }, { "start": 54.509, "duration": 4.129, "text": "he found himself walking\nthrough a planted field." }, { "start": 59.472, "duration": 5.213, "text": "He felt something graze his shoulder\nand heard a woman call out behind him." }, { "start": 64.852, "duration": 4.88, "text": "But when he turned around, all he saw\nwere the long, golden leaves of corn" }, { "start": 69.732, "duration": 2.127, "text": "brushing against his shoulders." }, { "start": 71.859, "duration": 2.461, "text": "Again, he heard the woman’s voice." }, { "start": 74.32, "duration": 3.253, "text": "She told Handsome Lake that she\ncould sense his thoughts," }, { "start": 77.573, "duration": 4.129, "text": "and that the recent devastation\nhad also left her and her sisters" }, { "start": 81.702, "duration": 2.253, "text": "with little hope for the future." }, { "start": 84.038, "duration": 4.296, "text": "She asked if they could join him\non his journey toward death." }, { "start": 88.584, "duration": 5.965, "text": "At that moment, Handsome Lake realized the\nwoman speaking was the spirit of the corn—" }, { "start": 94.549, "duration": 3.878, "text": "her sisters,\nthe spirits of the beans and squash." }, { "start": 98.553, "duration": 4.588, "text": "For generations, the Haudenosaunee had\nsustained themselves off these crops," }, { "start": 103.141, "duration": 2.293, "text": "known as the Three Sisters." }, { "start": 105.893, "duration": 5.047, "text": "Planted together in the same mound,\neach sister helped the others grow." }, { "start": 111.482, "duration": 2.503, "text": "First, the corn, the eldest sister," }, { "start": 113.985, "duration": 3.336, "text": "provides a long stalk\nthat acts as a sturdy trellis." }, { "start": 117.446, "duration": 1.836, "text": "Then the second sister, beans," }, { "start": 119.282, "duration": 5.964, "text": "sends out its stems with touch-sensing\ntips that search for nearby supports." }, { "start": 125.288, "duration": 4.337, "text": "When they encounter the corn stalk,\nthey wrap around it and climb upwards," }, { "start": 129.625, "duration": 2.836, "text": "their leaves capturing ever more light." }, { "start": 132.837, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Reciprocally, when the corn\nfaces heavy winds," }, { "start": 135.798, "duration": 3.17, "text": "the bean plant provides\nstructural support." }, { "start": 139.093, "duration": 5.214, "text": "It also helps the corn grow by boosting\nthe amount of available nitrogen—" }, { "start": 144.307, "duration": 2.794, "text": "an essential nutrient for plant growth." }, { "start": 147.226, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The bean plant does this by releasing\nchemical messengers from its roots," }, { "start": 151.23, "duration": 1.752, "text": "attracting rhizobia," }, { "start": 152.982, "duration": 3.503, "text": "a kind of nitrogen-fixing bacteria\nliving in the soil." }, { "start": 156.694, "duration": 2.294, "text": "The bacteria infiltrate its cell walls," }, { "start": 158.988, "duration": 2.92, "text": "then begin siphoning food\nfrom the bean plant." }, { "start": 161.949, "duration": 4.838, "text": "And in return, the rhizobia bacteria\nconvert atmospheric nitrogen" }, { "start": 166.787, "duration": 3.712, "text": "into a form of nitrogen\nthe plants can use for growth." }, { "start": 171.0, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The third and lowest-lying sister, squash," }, { "start": 174.587, "duration": 5.088, "text": "produces large, umbrella-like leaves\nthat shade the soil and keep it moist." }, { "start": 180.092, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Some squash varietals are even\nequipped with prickly hairs," }, { "start": 183.846, "duration": 3.17, "text": "which protect the Three Sisters\nfrom foraging animals." }, { "start": 187.934, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Handsome Lake realized that\nif he left the world at that moment," }, { "start": 192.313, "duration": 4.379, "text": "he would take the millennia-old knowledge\nof the Three Sisters with him," }, { "start": 196.692, "duration": 4.129, "text": "uprooting tradition,\ndepriving his community of a lifeline," }, { "start": 200.821, "duration": 3.087, "text": "and estranging the sisters\nfrom one another." }, { "start": 204.283, "duration": 2.127, "text": "He couldn’t bear this fate." }, { "start": 206.41, "duration": 3.879, "text": "So he promised instead to stay\nand re-teach his community" }, { "start": 210.289, "duration": 2.211, "text": "how to care for the Three Sisters" }, { "start": 212.5, "duration": 3.211, "text": "and allow the crops to provide\nfor them in return." }, { "start": 216.295, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Today, the Haudenosaunee\ncontinue to grow the Three Sisters." }, { "start": 220.508, "duration": 3.92, "text": "And the ancient farming practice\nhas inspired solutions to many issues" }, { "start": 224.428, "duration": 2.586, "text": "caused by modern and industrial farming." }, { "start": 227.014, "duration": 1.835, "text": "For example, monocropping," }, { "start": 228.849, "duration": 4.296, "text": "where farmers plant a single type\nof plant in a field year after year," }, { "start": 233.145, "duration": 2.253, "text": "depletes soil of nutrients." }, { "start": 235.523, "duration": 4.254, "text": "And, as of 2022, it’s estimated\nthat one third of the world’s soil" }, { "start": 239.777, "duration": 2.711, "text": "is moderately to highly degraded." }, { "start": 242.905, "duration": 4.713, "text": "While a majority of US farmland now\nutilizes some form of crop rotation," }, { "start": 247.618, "duration": 3.796, "text": "this practice alone might not\nadequately replenish the soil." }, { "start": 251.622, "duration": 4.254, "text": "Meanwhile, crops tend to use\nground nutrients more efficiently" }, { "start": 255.876, "duration": 3.921, "text": "when grown together in close proximity,\nlike the Three Sisters." }, { "start": 260.047, "duration": 4.755, "text": "Many modern farms also overuse\nnitrogen-based fertilizers." }, { "start": 264.844, "duration": 3.378, "text": "But since crops, on average,\ntake up only half the nitrogen" }, { "start": 268.222, "duration": 1.668, "text": "released by these fertilizers," }, { "start": 269.89, "duration": 3.212, "text": "the remainder is broken down by microbes\nin the soil" }, { "start": 273.102, "duration": 2.794, "text": "and released as greenhouse gases—" }, { "start": 275.98, "duration": 3.295, "text": "or it washes away and pollutes\nlocal bodies of water." }, { "start": 279.734, "duration": 4.421, "text": "Planting beans, however, can decrease\nthe need for fertilizer." }, { "start": 284.53, "duration": 4.171, "text": "And current industrial farming practices\nare also water-intensive," }, { "start": 288.826, "duration": 2.92, "text": "demanding over 70% of the world's water." }, { "start": 291.787, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Incorporating low-lying cover\ncrops like squash, however," }, { "start": 295.666, "duration": 3.42, "text": "can increase the soil’s\nwater-holding capacity." }, { "start": 299.462, "duration": 4.838, "text": "The success of the Three Sisters shows us\nthat there are more sustainable ways" }, { "start": 304.3, "duration": 1.334, "text": "to grow food." }, { "start": 305.634, "duration": 3.546, "text": "And they’re just one example\nof regenerative agriculture—" }, { "start": 309.18, "duration": 3.044, "text": "a practice with ancient roots \nthat recognizes nature" }, { "start": 312.224, "duration": 2.837, "text": "as a dynamic, interconnected system." }, { "start": 315.269, "duration": 4.296, "text": "By implementing regenerative principles,\nwe can aid— not degrade—" }, { "start": 319.565, "duration": 1.71, "text": "the land that gives us food," }, { "start": 321.275, "duration": 4.671, "text": "while honoring those who preserved this\ntransformative, traditional knowledge." } ] }, { "video_id": "dhiWSsKUWEg", "title": "How (and why) to read William Faulkner - Sascha Morrell", "description": "Get to know the works of William Faulkner, whose inventive literature made him one of America’s most remarkable writers.\n\n--\n\nWilliam Faulkner is considered one of America’s most remarkable and perplexing writers. He confused his audience intentionally, using complex sentences, unreliable narrators, and outlandish imagery. His body of work is shocking, inventive, hilarious, and challenging. So how can readers navigate his literary labyrinths? Sascha Morrell explains how to read one of literature's most confusing writers.\n\nLesson by Sascha Morrell, directed by Naghmeh Farzaneh, Sarah Saidan.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-william-faulkner-so-difficult-to-read-sascha-morrell\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-william-faulkner-so-difficult-to-read-sascha-morrell#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.naghmehfarzaneh.com and https://vimeo.com/user8581494\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Akinola Emmanuel, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer and Javid Gozalov.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-30T15:00:40Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.754, "duration": 2.085, "text": "In the spring of 1954," }, { "start": 9.839, "duration": 4.796, "text": "the press excitedly gathered around\nBell Laboratories’ latest invention—" }, { "start": 14.844, "duration": 3.754, "text": "a silicon-based solar cell\nthat could efficiently convert" }, { "start": 18.598, "duration": 3.086, "text": "the sun's energy into electrical current." }, { "start": 22.226, "duration": 4.421, "text": "The creation was celebrated\nas the dawn of a new era," }, { "start": 26.647, "duration": 2.92, "text": "as reporters touted that civilization\nwould soon" }, { "start": 29.567, "duration": 2.794, "text": "run on the sun’s limitless energy." }, { "start": 32.445, "duration": 5.047, "text": "But the dream had a catch,\nas this first commercially sold solar cell" }, { "start": 37.492, "duration": 3.253, "text": "cost around $300 per watt," }, { "start": 40.745, "duration": 1.585, "text": "meaning at its current rate," }, { "start": 42.413, "duration": 4.88, "text": "it would cost well over a million\nto buy a unit large enough" }, { "start": 47.293, "duration": 2.294, "text": "to power a single home." }, { "start": 49.796, "duration": 1.835, "text": "But today in many countries" }, { "start": 51.631, "duration": 3.003, "text": "solar is the cheapest form\nof energy to produce," }, { "start": 54.634, "duration": 4.212, "text": "surpassing fossil fuel alternatives\nlike coal and natural gas." }, { "start": 59.222, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Millions of homes are equipped\nwith rooftop solar," }, { "start": 62.475, "duration": 4.254, "text": "with most units paying for themselves\nin their first 7 to 12 years" }, { "start": 66.729, "duration": 2.461, "text": "and then generating further savings." }, { "start": 69.816, "duration": 4.004, "text": "So how did solar become so affordable?" }, { "start": 74.362, "duration": 2.919, "text": "A turning point in solar’s\nprice history occurred" }, { "start": 77.281, "duration": 3.754, "text": "on the floor of Germany’s parliament,\nwhere in 2000," }, { "start": 81.035, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Herman Scheer introduced \nthe Renewable Energy Sources Act." }, { "start": 85.623, "duration": 3.587, "text": "This legislation laid out a vision\nfor the country’s energy future" }, { "start": 89.21, "duration": 1.71, "text": "in solar and wind." }, { "start": 91.087, "duration": 4.921, "text": "It incentivized citizens to personally\ninvest in rooftop solar panels" }, { "start": 96.008, "duration": 4.463, "text": "by guaranteeing payment to homeowners\nfor the renewable energy they generated" }, { "start": 100.471, "duration": 1.669, "text": "and sold to the grid." }, { "start": 102.682, "duration": 3.044, "text": "The pay rate for this electricity was\nhighly subsidized," }, { "start": 105.726, "duration": 3.087, "text": "at times reaching four times\nthe market price." }, { "start": 109.063, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Several other countries soon\nfollowed Germany’s example," }, { "start": 112.525, "duration": 2.794, "text": "implementing similar\npolicies and incentives" }, { "start": 115.319, "duration": 2.837, "text": "to drive their country’s solar use." }, { "start": 118.823, "duration": 4.087, "text": "This created unprecedented demand\nfor solar panels worldwide." }, { "start": 123.035, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Manufacturers were\nable to scale up production" }, { "start": 125.454, "duration": 2.42, "text": "and innovate in ways that cut costs." }, { "start": 127.999, "duration": 4.462, "text": "As a result, solar panel prices dropped,\nwhile efficiency grew." }, { "start": 133.045, "duration": 4.797, "text": "Today, a 46-square-meter rooftop\nsolar unit is often efficient enough" }, { "start": 137.842, "duration": 1.626, "text": "to fully power a home," }, { "start": 139.76, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and this residential unit\nno longer costs millions—" }, { "start": 143.222, "duration": 5.297, "text": "in the US in 2022, the average\nconsumer cost of a rooftop solar unit" }, { "start": 148.519, "duration": 5.047, "text": "ranged from around $17,000 to $23,000." }, { "start": 153.941, "duration": 6.59, "text": "These prices dropped by over 60%\nbetween 2010 and 2020 alone." }, { "start": 160.907, "duration": 3.962, "text": "So how much money can you save\nby switching to solar?" }, { "start": 165.411, "duration": 6.048, "text": "US solar equipped homeowners\ncan save around $1,500 per year" }, { "start": 171.459, "duration": 1.501, "text": "on their energy bills," }, { "start": 172.96, "duration": 6.465, "text": "equating to a net savings of $10,000\nto $30,000 during the unit’s lifetime." }, { "start": 179.842, "duration": 2.252, "text": "Month-to-month savings\ntend to vary," }, { "start": 182.094, "duration": 3.17, "text": "based on the amount of direct sunlight \nyour panel receives," }, { "start": 185.264, "duration": 3.504, "text": "weather conditions, and the price\nof electricity where you live." }, { "start": 189.393, "duration": 2.253, "text": "But not everyone can get solar." }, { "start": 191.771, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Adopting solar can be difficult\nfor renters, and in many countries," }, { "start": 195.107, "duration": 3.838, "text": "more than 25% of adults don’t own\ntheir own homes." }, { "start": 199.111, "duration": 4.88, "text": "Even if you do, your roof must meet\ncertain orientation and tilt requirements" }, { "start": 203.991, "duration": 2.419, "text": "to make solar a worthwhile investment." }, { "start": 207.161, "duration": 3.796, "text": "And while units often pay for themselves\nthrough offset energy costs," }, { "start": 211.04, "duration": 4.087, "text": "the initial purchase and installation\nprice for solar can be expensive." }, { "start": 215.336, "duration": 3.337, "text": "But several companies have adopted\nsolar leasing models," }, { "start": 218.673, "duration": 2.21, "text": "where they finance the material costs," }, { "start": 220.883, "duration": 3.504, "text": "installation, and upkeep\nof the rooftop systems." }, { "start": 225.012, "duration": 3.045, "text": "Homeowners can then buy the panel’s\ngenerated electricity" }, { "start": 228.057, "duration": 4.588, "text": "at a fixed rate that’s generally lower\nthan the local utility’s price." }, { "start": 233.729, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Still, many are working\ntowards community-based solutions," }, { "start": 237.733, "duration": 3.837, "text": "which would enable entire neighborhoods\nto profit from solar use." }, { "start": 241.862, "duration": 4.672, "text": "Europe is home to more than 7,000\ncommunity energy associations," }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 4.379, "text": "where local members collectively\ninvest in wind turbines and solar panels" }, { "start": 250.913, "duration": 1.794, "text": "to power their local grid." }, { "start": 252.873, "duration": 6.715, "text": "In 2005, the German town of Wolfhagen\ncreated an 800 member citizens co-op," }, { "start": 259.588, "duration": 3.879, "text": "which communally invested $2.84 million" }, { "start": 263.467, "duration": 3.379, "text": "to buy up 25% of the local energy company" }, { "start": 266.846, "duration": 2.502, "text": "and expand its renewables program." }, { "start": 269.64, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Today, its turbines and panels\ngenerate enough energy" }, { "start": 272.893, "duration": 2.586, "text": "to meet the town’s needs and then some." }, { "start": 275.813, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Surplus energy is sold\nto neighboring towns," }, { "start": 278.441, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and profits are reinvested\nback into the community." }, { "start": 282.903, "duration": 3.963, "text": "For many, the appeal of solar\ngoes beyond just savings." }, { "start": 287.116, "duration": 2.628, "text": "Homes equipped with it are\nmore climate resilient," }, { "start": 289.744, "duration": 3.628, "text": "because they can be protected\nfrom utility grid outages and brownouts." }, { "start": 293.622, "duration": 4.38, "text": "Not to mention solar’s key role\nin decarbonizing the energy grid." }, { "start": 298.21, "duration": 3.879, "text": "By working together with larger-scale\nwind and solar farms," }, { "start": 302.089, "duration": 4.171, "text": "rooftop solar units help reduce\nour reliance on fossil fuels," }, { "start": 306.469, "duration": 4.546, "text": "paving the way for a cleaner\nand more reliable energy future." } ] }, { "video_id": "S_mtmDL31g4", "title": "Can you outsmart Fate and break her ancient curse? - Dan Finkel", "description": "Practice more problem-solving at https://brilliant.org/TedEd\n\n--\n\nHundreds of years ago, your ancestor stole a magical tarot deck from Fate herself— and it came with a terrible cost. Once every 23 years, one member of your family must face Fate in a duel with rules only known to your opponent. And every time, generation after generation, the outcome is the same: Fate claims their soul. Today, it’s your turn. Can you defeat Fate? Dan Finkel shows how.\n\nLesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Brilliant\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-outsmart-fate-and-break-her-ancient-curse-dan-finkel\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/can-you-outsmart-fate-and-break-her-ancient-curse-dan-finkel#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\nEducator's website: https://mathforlove.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem, Ujjwal Dasu, Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez and Brian A. Dunn.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-25T15:00:18Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.796, "text": "The windows shuddered,\nthe chimney howled," }, { "start": 10.882, "duration": 3.253, "text": "and rain crashed upon\nMr. and Mrs. White’s roof" }, { "start": 14.302, "duration": 3.42, "text": "as they sat fireside\nwith their son, Herbert." }, { "start": 18.139, "duration": 1.877, "text": "They were expecting someone..." }, { "start": 25.897, "duration": 2.502, "text": "When a knock finally sounded at the door," }, { "start": 28.483, "duration": 3.42, "text": "Mr. White rose and welcomed\nhis old friend," }, { "start": 32.028, "duration": 2.377, "text": "Sergeant-Major Morris." }, { "start": 36.24, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Time flew as the sergeant regaled the\nfamily with epic tales from faraway lands—" }, { "start": 41.954, "duration": 4.421, "text": "until Mr. White asked about an artifact\nthe sergeant had alluded to." }, { "start": 49.629, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Slowly, the sergeant produced\nthe object from his pocket:" }, { "start": 53.883, "duration": 3.17, "text": "a mummified monkey’s paw." }, { "start": 57.762, "duration": 4.671, "text": "He explained that, in order to teach\nthe consequences of meddling with fate," }, { "start": 62.683, "duration": 6.298, "text": "a holy man had imbued the paw with the\npower to grant three wishes to three men." }, { "start": 69.857, "duration": 5.13, "text": "The sergeant said he’d obtained the paw\nafter the first man made his final wish" }, { "start": 75.238, "duration": 1.334, "text": "for death." }, { "start": 77.115, "duration": 3.336, "text": "When Herbert asked why he hadn’t\nused his wishes," }, { "start": 80.451, "duration": 5.673, "text": "the sergeant tensed and replied simply\nthat he had." }, { "start": 87.083, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Suddenly, he flung the paw into the fire," }, { "start": 89.627, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but Mr. White yelped and plucked\nit out of the flames." }, { "start": 92.755, "duration": 2.378, "text": "And despite the sergeant’s warnings," }, { "start": 95.133, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Mr. White persuaded him to part\nwith the paw." }, { "start": 101.973, "duration": 4.588, "text": "After their guest had gone, Herbert\nplayfully suggested that his father wish" }, { "start": 106.561, "duration": 2.294, "text": "for the rest of their home’s\nmortgage money." }, { "start": 108.855, "duration": 4.379, "text": "Mr. White chuckled and wished for £200." }, { "start": 113.276, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But just as the utterance left his lips,\nhe screamed out in terror." }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 3.337, "text": "The paw had curled in his grasp." }, { "start": 123.87, "duration": 2.168, "text": "The Whites soon bid each other good night." }, { "start": 126.038, "duration": 3.712, "text": "But as Mr. White sat staring\ninto the dying flames" }, { "start": 129.75, "duration": 1.877, "text": "that flickered in the fireplace," }, { "start": 131.627, "duration": 3.462, "text": "they morphed into blazing faces\nbefore him." }, { "start": 135.715, "duration": 4.212, "text": "He reached for a water glass to extinguish\nthe apparition, but as he did," }, { "start": 139.927, "duration": 4.505, "text": "the monkey’s paw grazed his hand\never so slightly." }, { "start": 147.101, "duration": 2.878, "text": "The morning's light soothed\nthe night's disquiet," }, { "start": 149.979, "duration": 3.754, "text": "and the family joked with one another\nabout the paw’s magical powers." }, { "start": 153.733, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Herbert left for work," }, { "start": 155.318, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and Mr. and Mrs. White passed\ntheir day as usual." }, { "start": 159.447, "duration": 4.296, "text": "But as evening loomed, Mrs. White noticed\na man at their gate," }, { "start": 163.826, "duration": 2.628, "text": "who appeared to be deliberating\nwhether to enter." }, { "start": 166.829, "duration": 3.337, "text": "She ushered him in and he broke the news:" }, { "start": 173.127, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Herbert had died,\ncaught in the factory machinery." }, { "start": 179.842, "duration": 1.293, "text": "To the Whites’ horror." }, { "start": 181.135, "duration": 4.254, "text": "the company would reward them\ncompensation, the man went on," }, { "start": 185.681, "duration": 4.964, "text": "in the form of £200." }, { "start": 200.863, "duration": 2.753, "text": "They buried Herbert at a cemetery\ndown the road," }, { "start": 209.372, "duration": 1.376, "text": "and over the following days," }, { "start": 210.748, "duration": 4.463, "text": "the cold, heavy grief of their loss\nsettled upon the home." }, { "start": 220.216, "duration": 3.503, "text": "One night, as Mr. White tried to comfort\nhis weeping wife," }, { "start": 224.428, "duration": 2.711, "text": "she bolted up,\npossessed by an idea." }, { "start": 227.139, "duration": 4.755, "text": "They still had the monkey’s paw—\nand Mr. White had two remaining wishes." }, { "start": 232.019, "duration": 3.17, "text": "He could will their son back to life." }, { "start": 240.403, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Yet the thought of the monkey's paw\nand Herbert's mangled body," }, { "start": 243.864, "duration": 4.213, "text": "reanimated after 10 days buried,\npetrified Mr. White." }, { "start": 252.873, "duration": 2.086, "text": "Mrs. White, however, was insistent." }, { "start": 254.959, "duration": 2.961, "text": "She hurried him downstairs\nto find the paw." }, { "start": 257.92, "duration": 2.336, "text": "And, moved by his wife’s desperation," }, { "start": 260.256, "duration": 4.087, "text": "Mr. White clutched it and wished\nfor Herbert to be alive again," }, { "start": 265.052, "duration": 3.42, "text": "then let the monkey’s paw\nfall to the floor." }, { "start": 271.142, "duration": 2.377, "text": "At first nothing happened, " }, { "start": 273.519, "duration": 3.42, "text": "and Mr. White felt a sneaking sense\nof relief." }, { "start": 277.023, "duration": 3.295, "text": "His suspicions that the paw was\njust an inanimate token" }, { "start": 280.318, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and the death of his beloved son\na sick coincidence" }, { "start": 283.446, "duration": 1.334, "text": "were affirmed." }, { "start": 285.031, "duration": 5.38, "text": "But as he lit a candle, a gust of wind\nextinguished the flame." }, { "start": 294.623, "duration": 3.379, "text": "A moment later, Mr. White\nheard a tap at the door." }, { "start": 300.713, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Gradually, it crescendoed\ninto a booming knock." }, { "start": 304.717, "duration": 3.045, "text": "He tried to restrain her,\nbut Mrs. White rushed to the door." }, { "start": 307.762, "duration": 3.211, "text": "Her shaking hands struggled\nwith its stubborn bolt," }, { "start": 310.973, "duration": 2.002, "text": "and she begged her husband for help." }, { "start": 313.017, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Mr. White, however, was scrambling\non the floor in frenzied horror," }, { "start": 316.937, "duration": 3.587, "text": "hands outstretched,\nsearching for the monkey’s paw." }, { "start": 321.233, "duration": 2.962, "text": "The knocks quickened\nand crashed at the door." }, { "start": 331.535, "duration": 3.671, "text": "And with a final force, Mrs. White\nshrieked and wrenched the bolt free" }, { "start": 335.206, "duration": 4.796, "text": "as Mr. White managed to seize the paw\nand choke out his third and final wish." }, { "start": 352.473, "duration": 5.464, "text": "The door opened to reveal\ntheir empty, lamplit street," }, { "start": 358.854, "duration": 4.922, "text": "and a frigid draft of air\nrushed into the house..." }, { "start": 367.571, "duration": 6.966, "text": "Thus concludes W.W. Jacobs’\n1902 short story, “The Monkey’s Paw.”" } ] }, { "video_id": "RSbi3BC-N9k", "title": "We can prevent the next epidemic - George Zaidan", "description": "What makes for an effective outbreak response? Explore successful systems from around the world that prevented epidemics.\n\n--\n\nIn 2013, an Ebola outbreak began in Guinea. The country had no formal response system and the outbreak became the largest Ebola epidemic in recorded history. Guinea then completely overhauled their response system, and were able to successfully combat another outbreak in 2021. So what does an effective epidemic response look like? George Zaidan explores how different communities have taken action.\n\nLesson by George Zaidan, directed by Gavin Edwards, Movult.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with the Skoll Foundation\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-epidemics-that-almost-happened-george-zaidan\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-epidemics-that-almost-happened-george-zaidan#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.movult.com\nMusic: https://www.workplaywork.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND, Samyogita Hardikar, Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski and Noah Webb.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-23T15:00:45Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 0.04, "duration": 6.04, "text": "I learned about Ted through my son and I" }, { "start": 3.0, "duration": 5.76, "text": "researched about Ted Ed clubs after that" }, { "start": 6.08, "duration": 4.679, "text": "and when I saw the impact that it could" }, { "start": 8.76, "duration": 4.2, "text": "have my mind just was creating all kinds" }, { "start": 10.759, "duration": 4.721, "text": "of scenarios that we could go with since" }, { "start": 12.96, "duration": 5.8, "text": "then our Eagle 7 Ted Ed Club has helped" }, { "start": 15.48, "duration": 6.2, "text": "to spark this initiative with exposing" }, { "start": 18.76, "duration": 5.04, "text": "more youth more parents more of my" }, { "start": 21.68, "duration": 4.72, "text": "community to Ted and just see the" }, { "start": 23.8, "duration": 5.04, "text": "snowball eff of what can happen I think" }, { "start": 26.4, "duration": 4.56, "text": "student voices matter and so by giving" }, { "start": 28.84, "duration": 4.32, "text": "them a platform to be able to express" }, { "start": 30.96, "duration": 4.52, "text": "themselves and find strength in their" }, { "start": 33.16, "duration": 3.88, "text": "voice can help them overcome a lot of" }, { "start": 35.48, "duration": 3.56, "text": "obstacles that they're going to face as" }, { "start": 37.04, "duration": 4.16, "text": "they grow up if we don't work and" }, { "start": 39.04, "duration": 4.32, "text": "nurture them and develop these skills in" }, { "start": 41.2, "duration": 5.08, "text": "them at this point in time then we're" }, { "start": 43.36, "duration": 6.0, "text": "missing an opportunity so it's up to us" }, { "start": 46.28, "duration": 4.88, "text": "as facilitators that see the future" }, { "start": 49.36, "duration": 3.719, "text": "knowing that we may not be a part of" }, { "start": 51.16, "duration": 4.44, "text": "that landscape but we can affect how it" }, { "start": 53.079, "duration": 5.96, "text": "looks and we can do that by impacting" }, { "start": 55.6, "duration": 3.439, "text": "one youth at a time" } ] }, { "video_id": "U0EySK4T2aY", "title": "Is it normal to talk to yourself?", "description": "Dig into the psychological benefits of positive self-talk, and find out when it can become problematic.\n\n--\n\nBeing caught talking to yourself can feel embarrassing, and some people even stigmatize this behavior as a sign of mental instability. But decades of research show that talking to yourself is completely normal; most if not all of us engage in some form of self-talk every day. So why do we talk to ourselves? And does what we say matter? Dig into the psychological benefits of positive self-talk.\n\nDirected by Avi Ofer.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Character Lab\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-it-normal-to-talk-to-yourself\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/is-it-normal-to-talk-to-yourself#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://aviofer.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Sandra Tersluisen, Zhexi Shan, Bárbara Nazaré, Andrea Feliz, Victor E Karhel, Sydney Evans, Latora, Noel Situ, emily lam, Sid, Niccolò Frassetto, Mana, I'm here because of Knowledge Fight Facebook group., Linda Freedman, Edgardo Cuellar, Jaspar Carmichael-Jack, Michael Burton, VIVIANA A GARCIA BESNE, The Vernon's, Olha Bahatiuk, Jesús Bíquez Talayero, Chels Raknrl, Sai Pranavi Jonnalagadda, Stuart Rice, Jing Chen, Vector-Dopamine math, Jasper Song, Giorgio Bugnatelli, Chardon, Eddy Trochez, OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Shear, Leith Salem, Omar Hicham, Adrian Rotaru, Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory and Blas Borde.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-18T15:00:55Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.128, "duration": 3.587, "text": "According to legend,\nin the 27th century BCE," }, { "start": 10.798, "duration": 3.963, "text": "the Yellow Emperor of China charged\nhis historian, Cangjie," }, { "start": 14.761, "duration": 1.918, "text": "to develop a system of writing." }, { "start": 17.138, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Sitting alongside a riverbank, Cangjie\nnoticed the imagery that surrounded him." }, { "start": 22.226, "duration": 3.212, "text": "From this, he created\nthe first Chinese characters." }, { "start": 25.73, "duration": 3.795, "text": "And that night, the sky rained millet\nwhile ghosts cried," }, { "start": 29.525, "duration": 3.045, "text": "fearing their actions may now be\ncondemned by the written word." }, { "start": 32.987, "duration": 2.753, "text": "We can’t say for sure whether\nthe story is true." }, { "start": 35.74, "duration": 3.003, "text": "But the earliest artifacts containing\nChinese characters" }, { "start": 38.743, "duration": 4.671, "text": "date to the Shang Dynasty,\naround 1250 to 1050 BCE," }, { "start": 43.664, "duration": 3.087, "text": "still making it one of the earliest\nforms of written language." }, { "start": 47.293, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Characters etched on ox bones\nand turtle shells" }, { "start": 50.004, "duration": 3.087, "text": "show Shang kings’ writings\nto their ancestors," }, { "start": 53.257, "duration": 3.629, "text": "discussing everything from agriculture\nto the origins of a toothache." }, { "start": 57.095, "duration": 1.543, "text": "And as the legend suggests," }, { "start": 58.638, "duration": 2.878, "text": "these ancient characters\nwere mainly pictograms," }, { "start": 61.516, "duration": 3.003, "text": "or symbols that resemble\nwhat they’re meant to represent." }, { "start": 64.894, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Even today, some of the most foundational\nChinese characters remain pictographic," }, { "start": 69.232, "duration": 5.088, "text": "like rén (人), which means person,\nand mù (木), which means wood or tree." }, { "start": 74.654, "duration": 4.504, "text": "Some characters are ideograms, or\nsymbols that represent abstract concepts," }, { "start": 79.158, "duration": 3.295, "text": "like the numbers yī (一),\nèr (二), and sān (三)." }, { "start": 82.62, "duration": 2.002, "text": "Others are compound ideograms," }, { "start": 84.622, "duration": 3.045, "text": "which combine two or more\npictograms or ideograms." }, { "start": 87.875, "duration": 3.545, "text": "For example, xiū (休) places\nthe character for person" }, { "start": 91.42, "duration": 3.254, "text": "next to the character for tree\nand means to rest." }, { "start": 94.882, "duration": 3.796, "text": "However, most modern-day characters\nare known as logograms," }, { "start": 98.678, "duration": 3.503, "text": "and are constructed of two components:\na radical component," }, { "start": 102.181, "duration": 2.252, "text": "which gestures at the meaning\nof the character," }, { "start": 104.433, "duration": 3.212, "text": "and a sound component,\nwhich hints at its pronunciation." }, { "start": 107.812, "duration": 3.17, "text": "And all characters are built\nfrom a variety of strokes," }, { "start": 110.982, "duration": 2.669, "text": "which are often simplified\nto eight basic types." }, { "start": 113.86, "duration": 3.67, "text": "There are 214 radicals,\neach with its own definition." }, { "start": 117.655, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Some can stand alone, while others cannot." }, { "start": 120.366, "duration": 4.171, "text": "For instance, the radical rì (日),\nwritten on its own means sun." }, { "start": 124.787, "duration": 3.045, "text": "It’s also used in characters\nwith sun-related definitions," }, { "start": 127.832, "duration": 2.336, "text": "such as xiǎo (晓) meaning dawn." }, { "start": 130.459, "duration": 3.295, "text": "The radical cǎo (艹), on the other hand,\nnever stands alone," }, { "start": 133.754, "duration": 3.045, "text": "but can be found within characters related\nto grass and plants," }, { "start": 136.799, "duration": 1.919, "text": "like huā (花) meaning flower." }, { "start": 139.01, "duration": 3.712, "text": "And the radical shuǐ (水), meaning water,\nalways stands alone," }, { "start": 142.722, "duration": 3.712, "text": "but has a variant (氵) that is used when\nit’s part of more complex characters" }, { "start": 146.434, "duration": 2.085, "text": "like hé (河), meaning river." }, { "start": 148.686, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Radicals can appear\nin different positions:" }, { "start": 150.897, "duration": 3.503, "text": "to the left, to the right, above, below," }, { "start": 154.4, "duration": 2.294, "text": "or even surrounding the rest\nof the character." }, { "start": 156.986, "duration": 2.711, "text": "There are many more sound components\nthan radicals," }, { "start": 159.739, "duration": 2.169, "text": "with estimates ranging in the thousands." }, { "start": 162.074, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Similar sounding words often share\nthe same sound component," }, { "start": 165.286, "duration": 2.544, "text": "and their radicals help shed light\non their meanings." }, { "start": 167.83, "duration": 1.794, "text": "Take fēng (峰) and fēng (蜂)." }, { "start": 169.79, "duration": 2.044, "text": "The radical shān (山) means mountain," }, { "start": 171.834, "duration": 3.003, "text": "which hints at the first\ncharacter’s definition: summit." }, { "start": 175.004, "duration": 3.545, "text": "The radical in the second character,\nchóng (虫), means insect," }, { "start": 178.674, "duration": 2.753, "text": "and together with the sound component\nmeans bee." }, { "start": 182.094, "duration": 3.712, "text": "While many words in Chinese sound similar,\njust like in other languages," }, { "start": 185.973, "duration": 2.92, "text": "context or tonality helps\nclarify their meaning." }, { "start": 189.101, "duration": 3.587, "text": "Yet how each character is pronounced\ndepends on dialect," }, { "start": 192.688, "duration": 1.961, "text": "which varies across the country." }, { "start": 194.899, "duration": 4.546, "text": "So conversations in Chengdu may sound\nvastly different than in Nanjing," }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 2.92, "text": "but in both places,\nthe written language is the same." }, { "start": 202.698, "duration": 1.669, "text": "And unlike the romance languages," }, { "start": 204.367, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Chinese has no gendered nouns\nor verb conjugations." }, { "start": 207.411, "duration": 3.671, "text": "So the character chī (吃), meaning to eat,\nremains unchanged" }, { "start": 211.082, "duration": 4.754, "text": "whether the subject is yourself,\na coworker, or a lesion of fearful ghosts." }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 3.545, "text": "To indicate the past, a marker\nlike le (了) can be added." }, { "start": 219.757, "duration": 2.794, "text": "So “I eat bread” becomes “I ate bread.”" }, { "start": 222.927, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Over the years, the Chinese writing\nsystem has undergone many changes." }, { "start": 227.014, "duration": 3.379, "text": "As characters went from being\netched in bone, to cast in bronze," }, { "start": 230.393, "duration": 1.334, "text": "to brushed on paper," }, { "start": 231.727, "duration": 2.002, "text": "their script has evolved along the way." }, { "start": 233.896, "duration": 4.004, "text": "In the 1950s and 60s,\nthe Chinese Communist Party introduced" }, { "start": 237.9, "duration": 2.711, "text": "new simplified versions\nof the traditional characters," }, { "start": 240.611, "duration": 1.794, "text": "which are now standard in China," }, { "start": 242.53, "duration": 3.336, "text": "though traditional characters remain\nin use in Hong Kong and Taiwan." }, { "start": 246.033, "duration": 2.628, "text": "And while the Chinese character\nsystem may seem unique," }, { "start": 248.786, "duration": 2.878, "text": "its development greatly influenced\nthe spoken languages" }, { "start": 251.664, "duration": 1.918, "text": "and writing systems of its neighbors." }, { "start": 253.833, "duration": 4.337, "text": "For example, around 60% of Japanese\ndictionary entries are kanji—" }, { "start": 258.337, "duration": 4.129, "text": "characters that originated in Chinese\nor were created from its elements." }, { "start": 262.55, "duration": 2.085, "text": "With a 3,000 year history," }, { "start": 264.719, "duration": 3.753, "text": "Chinese characters have and will\ncontinue to leave their mark." } ] }, { "video_id": "tekiHV-e8Uw", "title": "The strangest summer in recorded history - David Biello", "description": "Dig into geoengineering, which uses technology to manipulate Earth’s environments to counteract climate change.\n\n--\n\nIn 1815, Mount Tambora erupted and its emissions spread across the globe, blotting out the sun for almost an entire year. This wreaked havoc on agriculture, leading to famines all across the Northern hemisphere. It was the year without summer— one of the darkest periods in human history. So why are some modern researchers considering repeating it? David Biello digs into geoengineering.\n\nLesson by David Biello, directed by Léon Moh-Cah, Andi Concha, Na Na Na Studio.\n\nThis video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-year-without-summer-david-biello\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-year-without-summer-david-biello#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: http://nananastudio.com\nMusic: http://www.wonderboyaudio.com\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Eunsun Kim, Phyllis Dubrow, Ophelia Gibson Best, Paul Schneider, Joichiro Yamada, Henrique Cassús, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Vignan Velivela, Ana Maria, Exal Enrique Cisneros Tuch, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Martin Stephen, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mandeep Singh, Abhijit Kiran Valluri, Morgan Williams, Devin Harris, Pavel Zalevskiy, Karen Goepen-Wee, Filip Dabrowski, Barbara Smalley, Megan Douglas, Tim Leistikow, Ka-Hei Law, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Mark Morris, Misaki Sato, EdoKun, SookKwan Loong, Bev Millar, Lex Azevedo, Michael Aquilina, Jason A Saslow, Yansong Li, Cristóbal Moenne, Dawn Jordan, Prasanth Mathialagan, Samuel Doerle, David Rosario, Dominik Kugelmann - they-them, Siamak Hajizadeh, Ryohky Araya, Mayank Kaul, Christophe Dessalles and Heather Slater.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-16T15:00:57Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 5.005, "text": "The Parker Solar Probe, the fastest\nobject ever made by human hands," }, { "start": 12.133, "duration": 5.923, "text": "surfs the solar winds at more than\n630,000 kilometers per hour." }, { "start": 18.431, "duration": 4.296, "text": "That’s more than 500 times\nthe speed of sound on Earth." }, { "start": 23.019, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Its mission? " }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 5.005, "text": "To touch the Sun— and, ideally,\nto avoid melting in the process." }, { "start": 29.65, "duration": 3.003, "text": "It achieved this goal in 2021," }, { "start": 32.904, "duration": 5.172, "text": "when the probe flew by Venus\nand skimmed through the corona," }, { "start": 38.076, "duration": 2.46, "text": "the Sun’s outermost atmosphere." }, { "start": 40.828, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Since then, it's carved\ncloser and closer paths," }, { "start": 44.707, "duration": 4.838, "text": "revealing extraordinary details\nabout our star in the process." }, { "start": 49.796, "duration": 6.089, "text": "On its closest approach, it’s projected\nto cross within 8.8 solar radii—" }, { "start": 55.968, "duration": 5.131, "text": "that’s less than 4.5 sun lengths\naway from the solar surface." }, { "start": 61.224, "duration": 5.839, "text": "And it will endure temperatures\nof 1,500 degrees Celsius." }, { "start": 67.396, "duration": 3.796, "text": "But there’s a limit to just how close\nParker can get." }, { "start": 71.192, "duration": 5.255, "text": "And there are questions scientists\ncan't answer without probing even deeper" }, { "start": 76.489, "duration": 2.002, "text": "into the solar atmosphere." }, { "start": 78.908, "duration": 4.63, "text": "Among these mysteries is the astonishing\nfact that the solar surface" }, { "start": 83.579, "duration": 3.254, "text": "is actually much cooler\nthan the outer corona." }, { "start": 87.333, "duration": 4.546, "text": "Above the solar surface is a thin\n100 kilometer layer" }, { "start": 91.879, "duration": 2.002, "text": "known as the transition zone," }, { "start": 94.048, "duration": 4.88, "text": "where temperatures dip\nfrom a scorching 500,000°C" }, { "start": 99.137, "duration": 3.128, "text": "to a relatively cool 8,000 degrees." }, { "start": 102.515, "duration": 4.087, "text": "While physicists have theories\non how the transition zone forms," }, { "start": 106.686, "duration": 4.379, "text": "we won't know for sure until\nwe can make closer observations." }, { "start": 111.357, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Further, some scientists predict\nthat if a spacecraft" }, { "start": 115.57, "duration": 4.337, "text": "could fly within about 3 solar radii\nfrom the Sun’s surface" }, { "start": 119.991, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and fire its rockets\nat just the right time," }, { "start": 123.202, "duration": 3.754, "text": "it could use the Sun’s gravity\nto slingshot itself" }, { "start": 127.039, "duration": 2.128, "text": "into the outer solar system." }, { "start": 129.792, "duration": 3.754, "text": "This daring flight path,\ncalled the Oberth maneuver," }, { "start": 133.588, "duration": 4.421, "text": "could propel a spacecraft past Pluto\nin just three years," }, { "start": 138.259, "duration": 3.378, "text": "a trip that currently\ntakes around a decade." }, { "start": 141.929, "duration": 2.294, "text": "But probing deeper into the corona—" }, { "start": 144.223, "duration": 4.046, "text": "without melting, exploding,\nor falling directly into the Sun—" }, { "start": 148.269, "duration": 2.628, "text": "is a monumental engineering challenge." }, { "start": 151.272, "duration": 3.337, "text": "The first challenge is directing\nthe probe's path." }, { "start": 154.692, "duration": 5.005, "text": "A probe falling directly towards the Sun\nwould likely pick up so much speed" }, { "start": 159.697, "duration": 4.838, "text": "in its descent that it would either crash\nor be flung in the opposite direction." }, { "start": 164.911, "duration": 2.711, "text": "To avoid this, the Parker Space Probe" }, { "start": 167.622, "duration": 4.212, "text": "made a series of complicated orbital\nmaneuvers around Venus." }, { "start": 172.251, "duration": 2.836, "text": "Using the planet’s gravity as a brake," }, { "start": 175.171, "duration": 4.379, "text": "it could readjust its orbit\nand get incrementally closer." }, { "start": 179.884, "duration": 4.504, "text": "But these current orbital tricks\ncan only get us so far." }, { "start": 184.722, "duration": 2.002, "text": "As for the scorching heat," }, { "start": 186.891, "duration": 5.505, "text": "the Parker Probe used a strategy that is\nnot unlike sitting under a beach umbrella." }, { "start": 192.813, "duration": 5.923, "text": "Its instrumentation is packed behind\na heat shield just 4.5 inches thick." }, { "start": 199.153, "duration": 3.879, "text": "One side is made of highly reflective\nwhite ceramic" }, { "start": 203.032, "duration": 2.669, "text": "that scatters much\nof the incoming sunlight." }, { "start": 205.91, "duration": 6.34, "text": "The other side consists of a carbon foam\nsandwiched between two layers of carbon," }, { "start": 212.375, "duration": 2.711, "text": "further reinforced with carbon fiber." }, { "start": 215.503, "duration": 5.13, "text": "The foam is around 97% air,\nso it acts as an insulator," }, { "start": 220.758, "duration": 2.544, "text": "not allowing much heat to flow through." }, { "start": 223.552, "duration": 4.839, "text": "The outer carbon panel is very dark\nand can withstand high temperatures," }, { "start": 228.474, "duration": 5.631, "text": "so it efficiently absorbs any remaining\nheat and radiates it back out to space." }, { "start": 234.647, "duration": 3.67, "text": "A sensor system\nconstantly adjusts this shield" }, { "start": 238.401, "duration": 3.795, "text": "to ensure the craft’s instruments\nremain in its shadow." }, { "start": 242.363, "duration": 3.962, "text": "But Parker’s heat shield can only\nget so close." }, { "start": 246.534, "duration": 1.46, "text": "To get even closer," }, { "start": 248.119, "duration": 5.172, "text": "one possibility would be to ditch the\nheat-absorbing carbon materials entirely" }, { "start": 253.374, "duration": 2.336, "text": "and double down on deflection." }, { "start": 256.085, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Researchers at NASA’s Innovative Advanced\nConcepts program" }, { "start": 260.381, "duration": 5.13, "text": "have developed a novel ultra-reflective\ncoating called Solar White" }, { "start": 265.636, "duration": 5.339, "text": "that’s predicted to reflect 99.9%\nof the Sun’s energy." }, { "start": 271.517, "duration": 5.506, "text": "They plan to use Solar White to coat\nan outer curved umbrella-like shield." }, { "start": 277.231, "duration": 5.339, "text": "Then, a second conical shield made\nfrom a silvered reflective material" }, { "start": 282.611, "duration": 4.171, "text": "would shunt away any remaining\nradiation that escapes through." }, { "start": 287.158, "duration": 1.751, "text": "With both novel shields," }, { "start": 288.909, "duration": 5.548, "text": "scientists believe they could surf a probe\nas close as 2 solar radii" }, { "start": 294.457, "duration": 1.126, "text": "from the surface." }, { "start": 295.666, "duration": 4.213, "text": "But we won’t know for sure until\nthese materials are further tested." }, { "start": 300.296, "duration": 5.047, "text": "At these close distances, we might\nunlock the mystery of the transition zone." }, { "start": 305.76, "duration": 3.378, "text": "We may learn how to better\npredict solar behaviors" }, { "start": 309.138, "duration": 2.628, "text": "like flares and geomagnetic storms," }, { "start": 311.766, "duration": 4.337, "text": "which puts satellites and our\ncommunication systems on Earth at risk." }, { "start": 316.52, "duration": 5.297, "text": "And we’d get an unprecedented look\nat our star, and perhaps one day," }, { "start": 321.817, "duration": 4.129, "text": "with the Sun’s assistance,\nat our most distant neighbors." } ] }, { "video_id": "jdOjB0j329g", "title": "Why were there three popes at the same time? - Joëlle Rollo-Koster", "description": "Dig into the history of the Papal Schism, which caused a split in the Catholic Church while 3 popes vied for supremacy. \n\n--\n\nFor almost two millennia, the Pope has been a figure of supreme spiritual authority for Catholics around the world. But in the late 14th century, Catholics found themselves with not one, not two, but three popes. Where did this plethora of popes come from? And who among them was the genuine article? Joëlle Rollo-Koster shares the origins of this papal predicament.\n\nLesson by Joëlle Rollo-Koster, directed by Kaspar Jancis.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-were-there-three-popes-at-the-same-time-joelle-rollo-koster\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-were-there-three-popes-at-the-same-time-joelle-rollo-koster#digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Sebastiaan Vleugels, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Abhishek Goel, Heidi Stolt, Nicole Sund, Karlee Finch, Mario Mejia, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry, Keven Webb, Mihai Sandu, Deepak Iyer, Javid Gozalov, Kyanta Yap, Rebecca Reineke, William Biersdorf, Patricia Alves Panagides, Yvette Mocete, Cyrus Garay, Samuel Barbas, LadyGeek, Marin Kovachev, Penelope Misquitta, Hans Peng, Gaurav Mathur, Erik Biemans, Tony, Michelle, Katie and Josh Pedretti, Hoai Nam Tran, Kack-Kyun Kim, Michael Braun-Boghos, zjweele13, Anna-Pitschna Kunz, Edla Paniguel, Thomas Mungavan, Jaron Blackburn, Venkat Venkatakrishnan, ReuniteKorea, Aaron Henson, Rohan Gupta, Begum Tutuncu, Brian Richards, Jørgen Østerpart, Tyron Jung, Carsten Tobehn, Katie Dean, Ezgi Yersu, Gerald Onyango and alessandra tasso.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-11T15:01:09Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 2.962, "text": "You're stranded at sea\nand getting thirsty." }, { "start": 10.298, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Water fills the horizon— but you know\nyou’re not supposed to drink it." }, { "start": 14.385, "duration": 3.253, "text": "So, what would actually happen to you\nif you did?" }, { "start": 17.764, "duration": 2.502, "text": "And how can you find a way to hydrate?" }, { "start": 20.6, "duration": 4.129, "text": "The danger in drinking saltwater\nlies at the cellular level." }, { "start": 24.937, "duration": 2.503, "text": "To maintain their structural integrity," }, { "start": 27.565, "duration": 4.88, "text": "your body’s cells match the concentration\nof certain ions, like salt," }, { "start": 32.528, "duration": 3.837, "text": " within their membranes with the\nconcentration outside of them—" }, { "start": 36.491, "duration": 2.043, "text": "in your bloodstream, for instance." }, { "start": 38.701, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Seawater is about four times\nsaltier than your blood." }, { "start": 42.914, "duration": 5.297, "text": "So when it's ingested, the fluid outside\nyour cells becomes much saltier." }, { "start": 48.461, "duration": 2.461, "text": "To relieve the resulting\npressure difference," }, { "start": 50.922, "duration": 2.544, "text": "water flows out of your cells." }, { "start": 53.758, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Your kidneys use this water to begin\nremoving the excess salt—" }, { "start": 58.096, "duration": 4.504, "text": "but they require much more freshwater\nto actually flush it all out." }, { "start": 62.85, "duration": 5.798, "text": "Consuming enough seawater without any\nfreshwater can lead to salt poisoning." }, { "start": 68.856, "duration": 5.214, "text": "The effects can be devastating as the\nbody's cells lose water and contract." }, { "start": 74.32, "duration": 2.753, "text": "This can cause tissues\nto shift and rupture" }, { "start": 77.073, "duration": 3.128, "text": "and fluids to collect in critical organs." }, { "start": 80.451, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Overall, drinking seawater\nonly makes things worse." }, { "start": 84.413, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Survival depends on finding—\nor creating— freshwater." }, { "start": 88.918, "duration": 2.169, "text": "In the 4th century BCE," }, { "start": 91.087, "duration": 5.922, "text": "Greek philosopher Aristotle described\ntwo main modes of seawater desalination," }, { "start": 97.009, "duration": 1.794, "text": "which are still used today." }, { "start": 99.095, "duration": 1.543, "text": "One is thermal," }, { "start": 100.638, "duration": 5.339, "text": "and relies on heating seawater to yield\nvaporized condensed freshwater," }, { "start": 106.227, "duration": 3.587, "text": "a method ancient Greek sailors\nused regularly." }, { "start": 110.106, "duration": 2.461, "text": "The other is reverse osmosis," }, { "start": 112.567, "duration": 4.879, "text": "which uses pressure to push seawater\nthrough a salt-filtering membrane—" }, { "start": 117.655, "duration": 4.296, "text": "a process Aristotle documented\nwith a sealed wax jar." }, { "start": 122.243, "duration": 1.668, "text": "In the intervening millennia," }, { "start": 123.911, "duration": 3.796, "text": "people continued using and innovating\non these methods." }, { "start": 127.999, "duration": 5.046, "text": "Making potable freshwater from seawater\nis a bigger project now than ever." }, { "start": 133.379, "duration": 3.962, "text": "Today, 2 billion people can't\naccess clean drinking water," }, { "start": 137.341, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and 87 different countries," }, { "start": 139.427, "duration": 3.128, "text": "including many currently\nconsidered “water rich,”" }, { "start": 142.597, "duration": 3.461, "text": "are projected to be “water scarce”\nby 2050." }, { "start": 146.267, "duration": 3.962, "text": "As of 2022, the world’s largest\ndesalination plant" }, { "start": 150.229, "duration": 4.88, "text": "turned over 2 billion liters of saltwater\ninto drinkable freshwater" }, { "start": 155.109, "duration": 3.253, "text": "every day using mostly thermal technology." }, { "start": 158.613, "duration": 1.96, "text": "But this method has drawbacks." }, { "start": 160.781, "duration": 3.838, "text": "A lot of energy is required to generate\nthe necessary heat," }, { "start": 164.619, "duration": 2.752, "text": "which is usually provided by fossil fuels." }, { "start": 167.705, "duration": 5.631, "text": "Thermal desalination plants also produce\nconsiderable waste in the form of brine—" }, { "start": 173.502, "duration": 3.087, "text": "ultra-concentrated saltwater\nthat can be harmful" }, { "start": 176.589, "duration": 2.878, "text": "if simply returned\nto natural bodies of water." }, { "start": 179.717, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Many see more promise in reverse osmosis," }, { "start": 182.887, "duration": 5.547, "text": "which nowadays uses synthetic membranes\nto filter out salt and other impurities." }, { "start": 188.684, "duration": 5.381, "text": "Overall, it’s more energy-efficient\nand less briny than thermal desalination." }, { "start": 194.315, "duration": 4.129, "text": "As of 2020,\naround 17,000 desalination plants" }, { "start": 198.444, "duration": 3.712, "text": "supplied more than 300 million\npeople with freshwater, " }, { "start": 202.323, "duration": 2.461, "text": "most of them using reverse osmosis." }, { "start": 204.951, "duration": 1.751, "text": "Those numbers are increasing." }, { "start": 206.869, "duration": 4.922, "text": "But waste, cost, efficiency, and\nsustainability remain big issues." }, { "start": 211.916, "duration": 4.129, "text": "More research is needed to make\nrenewable-powered desalination plants" }, { "start": 216.045, "duration": 3.503, "text": "energy- and cost-effective \nat larger scales." }, { "start": 219.799, "duration": 3.295, "text": "Meanwhile, another body of water\nappears promising" }, { "start": 223.094, "duration": 3.253, "text": "in combating water scarcity: wastewater." }, { "start": 226.555, "duration": 5.131, "text": "Reverse osmosis membranes actually\nrequire less energy to remove contaminants" }, { "start": 231.686, "duration": 2.961, "text": "and the small amounts of salt\nfound in wastewater" }, { "start": 234.647, "duration": 2.919, "text": "than they do to desalinate saltwater." }, { "start": 237.942, "duration": 3.337, "text": "And, importantly,\nwastewater recycling operations" }, { "start": 241.279, "duration": 3.169, "text": "still yield pure, safe drinking water." }, { "start": 244.615, "duration": 3.17, "text": "Okay, but back to the boat\nstranded at sea." }, { "start": 248.035, "duration": 2.67, "text": "First, a couple dehydration don’ts." }, { "start": 250.788, "duration": 2.503, "text": "Drinking your own urine\nisn’t recommended" }, { "start": 253.291, "duration": 3.503, "text": "because a few days of filtering\naccumulating waste products" }, { "start": 256.794, "duration": 3.712, "text": "without any freshwater relief\ncan cause kidney damage." }, { "start": 260.589, "duration": 4.922, "text": "And while it might feel counterintuitive,\nif you don’t have any freshwater to drink," }, { "start": 265.594, "duration": 4.255, "text": "it’s best not to eat—\nespecially protein-rich food—" }, { "start": 269.932, "duration": 3.045, "text": "because your body doesn’t have enough\nwater to digest it" }, { "start": 272.977, "duration": 2.21, "text": "without becoming more dehydrated." }, { "start": 275.313, "duration": 3.378, "text": "You can, however, work to secure\nfreshwater sources" }, { "start": 278.691, "duration": 5.464, "text": "using any water-wicking materials you can\nfind to help collect rain and dew." }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 4.088, "text": "And you could get a low-tech\nthermal desalination operation going" }, { "start": 288.451, "duration": 4.88, "text": "by letting seawater sunbake in containers\nand collecting the condensation." }, { "start": 293.622, "duration": 5.214, "text": "You can also try getting some hydration\nby drinking bird and turtle blood" }, { "start": 298.919, "duration": 2.962, "text": "and fish spinal fluid and eyes." }, { "start": 302.298, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Maybe that sounds unappealing—" }, { "start": 304.008, "duration": 4.755, "text": "but desperate times might call for a\ncollection of thirst-quenching measures." } ] }, { "video_id": "fLu080UX25o", "title": "Humans are all almost exactly the same... almost - Greg Foot", "description": "Dig into why ethnic diversity is so important to medical research when creating new treatments and medicines for diseases.\n\n--\n\nWhile all humans share 99.9% of our DNA, differences in the remaining 0.1% hold important clues about the causes of diseases—and their potential treatments. The problem is, the genetics that researchers are combing through are heavily biased to those of people from European descent, and often overlook other ethnicities. Greg Foot explains the importance of ethnic diversity in medical research.\n\nLesson by Greg Foot, directed by Kirk Zamieroski.\n\nThis video was produced for TED-Ed by NIHR, the National Institute for Health and Care Research\nLearn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: https://bit.ly/TEDEdPartners\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-missing-in-medical-research-greg-foot\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-missing-in-medical-research-greg-foot#digdeeper\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Brad Sullivan, Karen Ho, Niklas Frimberger, Hunter Manhart, Nathan Nguyen, Igor Stavchanskiy, James R DeVries, Jasdeep Brar, Grace Huo, Diana Huang, Chau Hong Diem, Orlellys Torre, Corheu, Thomas Mee, Maryann H McCrory, Blas Borde, John Hellmann, Poompak Meephian, Chuck Wofford, Adam Pagan, Wes Winn, Conder Shou, ntiger, Noname, Hansan Hu, David D, Mac Hyney, Keith Ellison, robin valero walters, Lynne Truesdale, Gatsby Dkdc, Matthew Neal, Denis Chon, Julian Oberhofer, Monte Carroll, Eddy, Jay M, Constantino Victor Delgado, Andrea Galvagni, Andrew Tweddle, Laurel-Ann Rice, Fernando A. Endo, Helen Lee, pam morgan, sarim haq, Gerardo Castro, Michel-Ange Hortegat, Enes Kirimi, Amaury BISIAUX, ND and Samyogita Hardikar.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-09T15:01:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.211, "duration": 6.966, "text": "The year is 2050 and your morning\nis not off to a good start." }, { "start": 14.677, "duration": 3.17, "text": "School is closed for yet another heat day," }, { "start": 18.056, "duration": 5.505, "text": "meaning the kids need to stay home\nand the AC needs to stay on." }, { "start": 24.187, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Your usual babysitter can’t come help" }, { "start": 26.939, "duration": 4.255, "text": "because the rails for their commuter train\nwere warped by the heat." }, { "start": 31.569, "duration": 3.629, "text": "And to make matters worse,\nyour dog is desperate for a walk," }, { "start": 35.406, "duration": 4.171, "text": "but the pavement is hot enough\nto give third degree burns" }, { "start": 39.577, "duration": 3.795, "text": "to any paw or person that touches it." }, { "start": 43.831, "duration": 5.506, "text": "In many parts of the world,\nthis sweltering future is already here." }, { "start": 49.879, "duration": 5.505, "text": "On average, heat waves are happening\nmore often with greater intensity" }, { "start": 55.426, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and for longer durations. " }, { "start": 57.678, "duration": 2.878, "text": "But according to a 2022 projection," }, { "start": 60.556, "duration": 6.382, "text": "by 2050, Earth’s mid-latitudes could be\nexperiencing extreme heat" }, { "start": 67.146, "duration": 3.337, "text": "between 90 and 180 days a year," }, { "start": 70.733, "duration": 3.212, "text": "with tropical regions enduring even more." }, { "start": 74.779, "duration": 5.255, "text": "So, how hot is too hot, and what can\npeople do to handle the heat?" }, { "start": 80.284, "duration": 3.379, "text": "While human bodies are decent\nat managing temperature," }, { "start": 83.788, "duration": 4.546, "text": "our cooling mechanisms only work\nunder the right conditions." }, { "start": 88.543, "duration": 2.085, "text": "When air temperatures climb," }, { "start": 90.67, "duration": 5.046, "text": "the hypothalamus tells blood vessels\nnear the skin to widen," }, { "start": 95.967, "duration": 5.297, "text": "allowing more blood to flow near the\nbody's surface and release heat." }, { "start": 101.889, "duration": 4.838, "text": "This hormonal cascade also\nturns on our sweat glands." }, { "start": 106.978, "duration": 3.92, "text": "As sweat evaporates, it pulls\nthe heat from our skin." }, { "start": 111.274, "duration": 6.548, "text": "But if humidity is high, the rate of\nevaporation slows and eventually stops." }, { "start": 118.03, "duration": 4.505, "text": "Scientists use this principle to track\nhumidity with a metric" }, { "start": 122.535, "duration": 2.711, "text": "called wet-bulb temperature," }, { "start": 125.58, "duration": 4.504, "text": "in which they wrap a wet, room temperature\ncloth around a thermometer" }, { "start": 130.209, "duration": 2.962, "text": "to see if evaporation will\nlower the reading." }, { "start": 133.421, "duration": 4.963, "text": "If it doesn't, it's too humid\nfor sweat to cool us off." }, { "start": 138.759, "duration": 4.713, "text": "A wet-bulb temperature of roughly 35°C" }, { "start": 143.556, "duration": 3.795, "text": "is generally considered\nthe limit of human survival," }, { "start": 147.476, "duration": 3.838, "text": "though current temperatures\nrarely reach this threshold." }, { "start": 152.023, "duration": 4.713, "text": "The US National Weather Service uses\nthe relationship between humidity" }, { "start": 156.736, "duration": 3.962, "text": "and air temperature as the basis\nfor their heat index." }, { "start": 160.865, "duration": 4.463, "text": "As those two metrics rise,\nso too does the heat index;" }, { "start": 165.536, "duration": 2.086, "text": "and heat is considered dangerous" }, { "start": 167.622, "duration": 5.297, "text": "if the index climbs above 39.4°C." }, { "start": 173.085, "duration": 2.586, "text": "That’s 103°F." }, { "start": 176.047, "duration": 4.921, "text": "But even a lower heat index can\nbe hazardous over multiple days." }, { "start": 181.219, "duration": 5.714, "text": "A heat wave is a streak of two or more\ndays of unusually hot weather" }, { "start": 187.016, "duration": 1.835, "text": "for a place and season. " }, { "start": 189.101, "duration": 5.464, "text": "For example, a string of 32°C days\nin Houston, Texas," }, { "start": 194.565, "duration": 1.71, "text": "is standard in the summer, " }, { "start": 196.275, "duration": 3.003, "text": "but would constitute a heat wave in March." }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 5.422, "text": "And the impact of these events touches\nnearly every aspect of daily life." }, { "start": 205.117, "duration": 4.213, "text": "Imagine a June heat wave\nstrikes a tropical city." }, { "start": 209.747, "duration": 3.587, "text": "The first to experience effects\nare outdoor workers." }, { "start": 213.459, "duration": 4.588, "text": "Their excessive sweating leads\nto dehydration and muscle pain" }, { "start": 218.13, "duration": 2.044, "text": "known as heat cramps." }, { "start": 220.341, "duration": 3.086, "text": "If they push on,\ntheir conditions could worsen" }, { "start": 223.427, "duration": 3.42, "text": "to heat exhaustion and even heat stroke—" }, { "start": 227.014, "duration": 6.674, "text": "a life-threatening ailment that occurs\nwhen a body’s temperature exceeds 40°C." }, { "start": 233.938, "duration": 3.92, "text": "Medical emergency calls\nspike across the city," }, { "start": 237.984, "duration": 4.254, "text": "often for children and people\nwho are pregnant or elderly." }, { "start": 242.655, "duration": 4.838, "text": "The heat also increases hospital\nvisits for heart, kidney," }, { "start": 247.493, "duration": 2.085, "text": "and lung-related conditions," }, { "start": 249.62, "duration": 5.714, "text": "creating an influx of patients that\nthreatens to overwhelm medical providers." }, { "start": 255.543, "duration": 4.171, "text": "Over the following week,\nthe city slows to a crawl." }, { "start": 259.964, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Schools and construction sites close." }, { "start": 263.759, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Airplanes need to reduce\ntheir weight limits to take off," }, { "start": 268.055, "duration": 3.42, "text": "bumping countless travelers\nfrom their flights." }, { "start": 271.726, "duration": 6.131, "text": "Restaurants shut down as overheated\nkitchens become unbearable." }, { "start": 278.232, "duration": 4.963, "text": "Residents who remain inside\nwith air conditioners stay safe." }, { "start": 283.321, "duration": 2.919, "text": "But blasting AC isn’t cheap," }, { "start": 286.532, "duration": 5.214, "text": "and many families have to choose\nbetween keeping cool and staying fed." }, { "start": 291.996, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Either way, if the heat continues," }, { "start": 294.707, "duration": 4.296, "text": "the stress of these air conditioners\ncould overwhelm the power grid," }, { "start": 299.128, "duration": 3.462, "text": "potentially leading to city-wide outages." }, { "start": 303.09, "duration": 3.462, "text": "These consequences are all very real." }, { "start": 306.761, "duration": 5.714, "text": "Each year, close to 500,000 people\ndie due to excessive heat," }, { "start": 312.683, "duration": 4.171, "text": "and these extreme conditions\nare only growing more common." }, { "start": 317.063, "duration": 5.964, "text": "We can limit medical impacts by seeking\nhelp for heat-related illnesses," }, { "start": 323.235, "duration": 1.418, "text": "staying hydrated, " }, { "start": 324.653, "duration": 5.715, "text": "and keeping people cool\nthrough public access to water and AC." }, { "start": 330.701, "duration": 5.297, "text": "But don’t let anyone tell you\n1 to 2 degrees doesn’t matter." }, { "start": 336.29, "duration": 2.878, "text": "It will change our very way of life." } ] }, { "video_id": "ZExGV6jSuBw", "title": "The rise and fall of the Mughal Empire - Stephanie Honchell Smith", "description": "Trace the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire, which became one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world.\n\n--\n\nThough he was descended from some of the world’s most successful conquerors, Babur struggled to gain a foothold among the many other ambitious princes in Central Asia. So he turned his attention to India, where his descendants stayed and built the Mughal Empire. Stephanie Honchell Smith details the rise and fall of one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world.\n\nLesson by Stephanie Honchell Smith, directed by Raghav Arumugam, Jagriti Khirwar.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-mughal-empire-stephanie-honchell-smith\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-mughal-empire-stephanie-honchell-smith#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.raghavarumugam.com & https://www.jagritikhirwar.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Angel Alberici, Minh Quan Dinh, Sylvain, Terran Gimpel, Talia Sari, Katie McDowell, Allen, Mahina Knuckles, Charmaine Hanson, Thawsitt, Jezabel, Abdullah Abdulaziz, Xiao Yu, Melissa Suarez, Brian A. Dunn, Francisco Amaya, Daisuke Goto, Matt Switzler, Peng, Tzu-Hsiang, Bethany Connor, Jeremy Shimanek, Mark Byers, Avinash Amarnath, Xuebicoco, Rayo, Po Foon Kwong, Boffin, Jesse Jurman, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, paul g mohney, Steven Razey, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, Annastasshia Ames, Amy Lopez, Vinh-Thuy Nguyen, Liz Candee, Ugur Doga Sezgin, Karmi Nguyen, John C. Vesey, Yelena Baykova, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey and Akinola Emmanuel.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-04T15:00:34Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.003, "duration": 5.464, "text": "American engineer Percy Spencer developed\nWorld War II RADAR technology" }, { "start": 12.467, "duration": 2.46, "text": "that helped detect Nazi airplanes—" }, { "start": 15.094, "duration": 3.796, "text": "but it would soon have other\nsurprising applications." }, { "start": 19.182, "duration": 4.838, "text": "One day in 1945, Spencer was standing\nnear a RADAR instrument" }, { "start": 24.02, "duration": 1.752, "text": "called a magnetron," }, { "start": 25.772, "duration": 5.38, "text": "a device that produced high-intensity\nmicrowaves that could reflect off planes." }, { "start": 31.569, "duration": 4.838, "text": "Suddenly, he noticed that the\ncandy bar in his pocket had melted." }, { "start": 36.532, "duration": 3.337, "text": "He exposed other things to the magnetron\nand, sure enough," }, { "start": 39.869, "duration": 1.793, "text": "popcorn kernels popped," }, { "start": 41.662, "duration": 3.379, "text": "and an egg—well— exploded\nonto a colleague." }, { "start": 45.416, "duration": 3.504, "text": "Soon after, the first microwave oven\nbecame available," }, { "start": 48.92, "duration": 3.086, "text": "operating using the very same technology." }, { "start": 52.256, "duration": 1.752, "text": "So, how does it work?" }, { "start": 54.342, "duration": 5.797, "text": "All light energy travels in waves of\noscillating electric and magnetic fields." }, { "start": 60.306, "duration": 2.878, "text": "These oscillations span a range\nof frequencies" }, { "start": 63.184, "duration": 3.295, "text": "comprising the electromagnetic spectrum." }, { "start": 66.646, "duration": 3.003, "text": "The higher the frequency,\nthe more energetic." }, { "start": 69.816, "duration": 3.461, "text": "Gamma rays and X-rays\nhave the highest frequencies;" }, { "start": 73.277, "duration": 2.837, "text": "microwaves and radio waves,\nthe lowest." }, { "start": 76.364, "duration": 5.172, "text": "Generally, light’s oscillating electric\nfield exerts forces on charged particles," }, { "start": 81.536, "duration": 2.043, "text": "like the electrons in a molecule." }, { "start": 83.621, "duration": 3.921, "text": "When light encounters polar molecules,\nlike water," }, { "start": 87.542, "duration": 1.751, "text": "it can make them rotate," }, { "start": 89.293, "duration": 4.672, "text": "as their positive and negative regions are\npushed and pulled in different directions." }, { "start": 94.132, "duration": 2.335, "text": "The frequency the light is traveling at" }, { "start": 96.467, "duration": 3.212, "text": "also determines how it\ninteracts with matter." }, { "start": 100.138, "duration": 4.713, "text": "Microwaves interact strongly with the\nwater molecules found in most foods." }, { "start": 104.851, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Essentially, they make the molecules\njostle against each other," }, { "start": 108.521, "duration": 1.96, "text": "creating frictional heat." }, { "start": 111.941, "duration": 4.338, "text": "Household microwave ovens are\nfitted with cavity magnetrons." }, { "start": 116.362, "duration": 2.127, "text": "When you activate\na microwave oven," }, { "start": 118.489, "duration": 3.712, "text": "a heated element within the magnetron\nejects electrons," }, { "start": 122.201, "duration": 3.963, "text": "and a strong magnet forces them\nto spiral outwards." }, { "start": 126.33, "duration": 3.295, "text": "As they pass over the magnetron’s\nmetallic cavities," }, { "start": 129.625, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the electrons induce\nan oscillating charge," }, { "start": 132.628, "duration": 4.588, "text": "generating a continuous stream\nof electromagnetic microwaves." }, { "start": 137.3, "duration": 4.296, "text": "A metal pipe directs the microwaves\ninto the main food compartment," }, { "start": 141.596, "duration": 1.918, "text": "where they bounce off the metal walls" }, { "start": 143.514, "duration": 3.629, "text": "and penetrate a few centimeters\ninto the food inside." }, { "start": 148.394, "duration": 4.379, "text": "When the microwaves encounter\npolar molecules in the food, like water," }, { "start": 152.773, "duration": 2.837, "text": "they make them vibrate\nat high frequencies." }, { "start": 156.777, "duration": 4.38, "text": "This can have interesting effects\ndepending on the food's composition." }, { "start": 161.449, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Oil and sugar absorb fewer\nmicrowaves than water," }, { "start": 165.453, "duration": 3.462, "text": "so if you microwave them alone,\nnot much happens." }, { "start": 169.29, "duration": 3.045, "text": "But when microwaves encounter\na marshmallow," }, { "start": 172.335, "duration": 3.837, "text": "they heat the moisture trapped\nwithin its gelatin-sugar matrix," }, { "start": 176.172, "duration": 3.879, "text": "making the hot air expand\nand the marshmallow puff." }, { "start": 180.468, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Butter is essentially a suspension\nof water droplets in fat." }, { "start": 185.097, "duration": 3.337, "text": "When microwaved,\nthe water rapidly vaporizes," }, { "start": 188.434, "duration": 4.755, "text": "making the butter melt quickly—\nand sometimes, a bit violently." }, { "start": 193.689, "duration": 4.129, "text": "So microwaves heat food molecules\nmechanically, through friction—" }, { "start": 197.818, "duration": 2.086, "text": "but they don't alter them chemically." }, { "start": 200.071, "duration": 3.879, "text": "Soup heated in the microwave\nis molecularly indistinguishable" }, { "start": 203.95, "duration": 2.669, "text": "from soup heated using a stove or oven." }, { "start": 206.827, "duration": 3.504, "text": "The term “microwave radiation”\ncan be alarming." }, { "start": 210.331, "duration": 6.006, "text": "But in physics, radiation simply describes\nany transfer of energy across a gap." }, { "start": 216.796, "duration": 3.879, "text": "High frequency, ionizing radiation\nmay be harmful" }, { "start": 220.675, "duration": 4.129, "text": "because it can strip electrons\nfrom molecules, including DNA." }, { "start": 225.012, "duration": 4.838, "text": "However, microwaves aren’t energetic\nenough to alter chemical bonds." }, { "start": 229.892, "duration": 3.879, "text": "And microwave ovens are designed\nto prevent leakage—" }, { "start": 233.771, "duration": 2.878, "text": "for safety and efficiency’s sake." }, { "start": 236.816, "duration": 2.878, "text": "Nonetheless, to totally limit exposure," }, { "start": 239.694, "duration": 5.422, "text": "experts recommend simply standing a\nfew feet away when a microwave oven is on." }, { "start": 245.908, "duration": 3.462, "text": "Microwaving metal is dangerous, \nthough, right?" }, { "start": 249.829, "duration": 1.585, "text": "Well, it depends." }, { "start": 251.414, "duration": 1.501, "text": "Metals are conductors," }, { "start": 252.915, "duration": 3.128, "text": "meaning their electrons are loosely bound\nto their atoms" }, { "start": 256.043, "duration": 3.254, "text": "and move freely in response\nto electric fields." }, { "start": 259.338, "duration": 2.544, "text": "Instead of absorbing microwave radiation," }, { "start": 261.882, "duration": 3.087, "text": "the metal’s electrons concentrate\non the surface," }, { "start": 264.969, "duration": 4.713, "text": "leading to high voltages at sharp edges,\ncorners, and small gaps." }, { "start": 269.724, "duration": 4.212, "text": "This includes areas between the creases\non a sheet of aluminum foil," }, { "start": 273.936, "duration": 1.502, "text": "the prongs of a fork," }, { "start": 275.438, "duration": 3.92, "text": "or a metal object\nand the microwave oven’s metal walls." }, { "start": 279.567, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Sometimes, voltages get high enough\nto strip electrons" }, { "start": 282.82, "duration": 2.002, "text": "from the surrounding air molecules." }, { "start": 284.905, "duration": 5.756, "text": "This electrically charged gas, or plasma,\nmay then form lightning-like sparks" }, { "start": 290.661, "duration": 2.795, "text": "and grow as it absorbs more microwaves." }, { "start": 293.539, "duration": 3.837, "text": "Once the oven is turned off,\nthe plasma dissipates." }, { "start": 297.96, "duration": 3.504, "text": "But not all metal objects\nspark in the microwave—" }, { "start": 301.464, "duration": 3.128, "text": "though they might make things\ncook a little unevenly." }, { "start": 304.717, "duration": 4.379, "text": "In fact, a lot of microwavable packaging\ntakes advantage of this," }, { "start": 309.305, "duration": 3.795, "text": "using a thin metal coating\nto crisp the food’s surface." }, { "start": 313.309, "duration": 3.295, "text": "And overall, as long as it doesn't\napproach the oven's walls," }, { "start": 316.604, "duration": 3.044, "text": "leaving a metal spoon\nin a microwaving bowl of soup" }, { "start": 319.648, "duration": 2.378, "text": "should be a pretty uneventful affair." }, { "start": 322.276, "duration": 4.171, "text": "That’s just another neat benefit\nof cooking with RADAR." } ] }, { "video_id": "Z7bfPaTfU0c", "title": "Why do we have crooked teeth when our ancestors didn’t? - G. Richard Scott", "description": "Explore the prevailing scientific theory of why crooked teeth and impacted wisdom teeth are recent developments in human evolution.\n\n--\n\nAccording to the fossil record, ancient humans usually had straight teeth, complete with wisdom teeth. In fact, the dental dilemmas that fuel the demand for braces and wisdom teeth extractions today appear to be recent developments. So, what happened? While it’s nearly impossible to know for sure, scientists have a hypothesis. G. Richard Scott shares the prevailing theory on crooked teeth.\n\nLesson by G. Richard Scott, directed by Igor Coric, Artrake Studio.\n\nSupport Our Non-Profit Mission\n----------------------------------------------\nSupport us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon\nCheck out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop\n----------------------------------------------\n\nConnect With Us\n----------------------------------------------\nSign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter\nFollow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook\nFind us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter\nPeep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram\n----------------------------------------------\n\nKeep Learning\n----------------------------------------------\nView full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-we-have-crooked-teeth-when-our-ancestors-didn-t-g-richard-scott\nDig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-we-have-crooked-teeth-when-our-ancestors-didn-t-g-richard-scott#digdeeper\n\nAnimator's website: https://www.artrake.com\nMusic: https://www.campstudio.co\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Vanessa Graulich, Vandana Gunwani, Abdulmohsin Almadi, AJ Lyon, Geoffrey Bultitude, Mi Mi, Thomas Rothert, Brian Elieson, Oge O, Weronika Falkowska, Nevin Spoljaric, Sid Chanpuriya, Anoop Varghese, David Yastremski, Noah Webb, Roberto Chena, Oliver Koo, Luke Pisano, Andrea Gordon, Aleksandar Donev, Nicole Klau Ibarra, Jesse Lira, Ezekiel Raui, Petr Vacek, Dennis, Olivia Fu, Kari Teffeau, Cindy Lai, Rajath Durgada Manjunath, Dan Nguyen, Chin Beng Tan, Tom Boman, Karen Warner, Iryna Panasiuk, Aaron Torres, Eric Braun, Sonja Worzewski, Michael Clement, Adam Berry, Ghaith Tarawneh, Nathan Milford, Tomas Beckett, Alice Ice, Eric Berman, Kurt Paolo Sevillano, Jennifer Heald, Megulo Abebe, isolwi, Kate Sem and Ujjwal Dasu.", "publishedAt": "2023-05-02T15:01:16Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.17, "duration": 2.961, "text": "Great public speaking is like magic." }, { "start": 10.173, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Whether it's a presentation for school,\na talk for your community," }, { "start": 13.885, "duration": 2.711, "text": "or a video message for family and friends," }, { "start": 16.596, "duration": 4.921, "text": "a good talk can electrify an audience\nand even change the world." }, { "start": 21.684, "duration": 1.919, "text": "It all starts with an idea." }, { "start": 24.145, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Ideas change everything." }, { "start": 26.856, "duration": 4.796, "text": "They bring people together,\nspark curiosity, and inspire action." }, { "start": 32.07, "duration": 4.379, "text": "The right idea can ripple across\nthe planet at the speed of light." }, { "start": 36.824, "duration": 2.711, "text": "But what is an idea, exactly?" }, { "start": 39.994, "duration": 5.38, "text": "Your number one mission as a speaker is to\ntake something that matters deeply to you" }, { "start": 45.5, "duration": 3.461, "text": "and rebuild it in the minds\nof your listeners." }, { "start": 49.42, "duration": 1.919, "text": "That's something is an idea." }, { "start": 51.672, "duration": 3.212, "text": "Think of it like a gift you give\nyour audience;" }, { "start": 54.884, "duration": 3.921, "text": "something they can walk away with, value,\nand be changed by." }, { "start": 59.138, "duration": 4.463, "text": "Your idea doesn’t need to be a\nscientific discovery or a genius invention" }, { "start": 63.601, "duration": 1.001, "text": "to be great." }, { "start": 64.644, "duration": 3.17, "text": "You can share instructions\nfor a special skill you have." }, { "start": 67.897, "duration": 3.003, "text": "Or a story from your life\nand the lessons it taught you." }, { "start": 71.067, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Or a vision you have for the future." }, { "start": 73.861, "duration": 2.92, "text": "Or just a reminder of the things\nthat matter most." }, { "start": 77.115, "duration": 4.254, "text": "An idea is anything that can change\nhow people see the world." }, { "start": 81.452, "duration": 3.295, "text": "If you can conjure up an exciting\nidea in someone's mind," }, { "start": 84.997, "duration": 2.419, "text": "you have done something wondrous." }, { "start": 87.667, "duration": 3.879, "text": "A little piece of you\nhas become part of them." }, { "start": 92.171, "duration": 4.421, "text": "In March 2015, a scientist named\nSophie Scott gave a TED Talk:" }, { "start": 96.843, "duration": 2.46, "text": "“What I’m going to do now is just\nplay some examples" }, { "start": 99.303, "duration": 1.794, "text": "of real human beings laughing." }, { "start": 101.097, "duration": 2.711, "text": "And I want you just to think\nabout the sounds people make" }, { "start": 103.808, "duration": 3.545, "text": "and how odd that can be, and in fact,\nhow primitive laughter is as a sound." }, { "start": 107.353, "duration": 2.753, "text": "It's much more like an animal\ncall than it is like speech." }, { "start": 110.106, "duration": 3.587, "text": "So here we’ve got some laughter for you—\nthe first one is pretty joyful.”" }, { "start": 128.291, "duration": 4.045, "text": "Within minutes, Sophie\nhad the entire audience cracking up." }, { "start": 132.879, "duration": 3.378, "text": "She's one of the world's\nleading researchers on laughter." }, { "start": 136.632, "duration": 4.213, "text": "She was showing the audience just\nhow weird a phenomenon laughter is." }, { "start": 141.304, "duration": 3.003, "text": "“Now, this next guy,\nI need him to breathe." }, { "start": 144.307, "duration": 3.503, "text": "There’s a point in this when I’m like\nyou’ve got to get some air in there," }, { "start": 147.81, "duration": 2.211, "text": "because he just sounds\nlike he’s breathing out." }, { "start": 158.321, "duration": 1.835, "text": "This hasn’t been edited, this is him.”" }, { "start": 167.288, "duration": 3.712, "text": "“More like an animal call than speech,”\nas Sophie put it." }, { "start": 171.25, "duration": 2.419, "text": "Sophie’s talk was a lot of fun\nto listen to," }, { "start": 173.92, "duration": 3.378, "text": "but she gave her audience\nsomething more than just a good time." }, { "start": 177.506, "duration": 2.795, "text": "She changed the way\nthey think about laughter." }, { "start": 180.468, "duration": 5.589, "text": "Sophie's core idea is that laughter\nexists as a way human beings form bonds" }, { "start": 186.057, "duration": 1.084, "text": "with one another. " }, { "start": 187.266, "duration": 3.629, "text": "Her research shows that\nlaughing strengthens relationships." }, { "start": 191.27, "duration": 3.379, "text": "Nobody who listened to Sophie's\ntalk will ever hear laughter" }, { "start": 194.649, "duration": 1.418, "text": "the same way again. " }, { "start": 196.234, "duration": 3.211, "text": "A laugh isn’t just a silly sound\nin reaction to a joke—" }, { "start": 199.445, "duration": 3.796, "text": "it’s a biological process through\nwhich we can connect with one another." }, { "start": 203.366, "duration": 2.752, "text": "Sophie gave her audience a gift." }, { "start": 206.202, "duration": 3.587, "text": "She gave them an idea\nthat will be part of them forever." }, { "start": 210.289, "duration": 3.379, "text": "In order for an audience\nto receive the gift of an idea," }, { "start": 213.834, "duration": 4.839, "text": "a speaker has to deliver the idea\nin a way that the audience can understand." }, { "start": 218.881, "duration": 1.418, "text": "How does a speaker do that?" }, { "start": 220.341, "duration": 3.503, "text": "Well, it can be helpful to think\nof a talk as a journey that a speaker" }, { "start": 223.844, "duration": 1.627, "text": "and an audience take together." }, { "start": 225.68, "duration": 3.378, "text": "You, the speaker,\nare the trusty tour guide." }, { "start": 229.475, "duration": 1.502, "text": "To be a good tour guide," }, { "start": 230.977, "duration": 2.919, "text": "a speaker must start\nwhere the audience is," }, { "start": 234.105, "duration": 3.17, "text": "and must be careful not\nto lose anyone by rushing ahead" }, { "start": 237.275, "duration": 2.168, "text": "or constantly changing direction." }, { "start": 239.485, "duration": 3.962, "text": "The goal is to lead the audience\nto a beautiful new place," }, { "start": 243.447, "duration": 1.418, "text": "step by step." }, { "start": 245.032, "duration": 2.336, "text": "And this is done using language." }, { "start": 247.576, "duration": 3.754, "text": "Language is a very powerful tool.\nLet’s prove it." }, { "start": 251.497, "duration": 3.796, "text": "Imagine an elephant\nwith its trunk painted bright red," }, { "start": 255.459, "duration": 1.585, "text": "waving the trunk to and fro" }, { "start": 257.044, "duration": 3.379, "text": "in sync with the shuffling steps\nof a giant orange parrot," }, { "start": 260.423, "duration": 3.128, "text": "dancing on the elephant’s\nhead and shrieking over and over:" }, { "start": 263.551, "duration": 2.335, "text": "“let’s do the fandango!”" }, { "start": 266.137, "duration": 2.711, "text": "You have just formed in your mind\nan image of something" }, { "start": 268.848, "duration": 2.294, "text": "that has never existed in history," }, { "start": 271.142, "duration": 3.336, "text": "except in the minds of the people\nwho have heard that sentence." }, { "start": 274.854, "duration": 2.502, "text": "A single sentence can do that." }, { "start": 278.316, "duration": 3.169, "text": "The fact that we can transfer ideas\nin this way" }, { "start": 281.485, "duration": 2.628, "text": "is why speaking skills are so important." }, { "start": 284.363, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Language builds our world." }, { "start": 287.158, "duration": 2.502, "text": "Our ideas make us who we are." }, { "start": 289.869, "duration": 4.337, "text": "And speakers who have figured out how\nto spread their ideas into others’ minds" }, { "start": 294.206, "duration": 3.129, "text": "have the power to make\nan incredible impact." }, { "start": 297.626, "duration": 2.67, "text": "Do you have ideas that deserve\na wider audience?" }, { "start": 300.546, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Focusing on what gift you would like\nto give your audience," }, { "start": 303.799, "duration": 2.086, "text": "or what journey you might lead them on," }, { "start": 306.01, "duration": 3.17, "text": "are two great ways to start\npreparing your talk." } ] }, { "video_id": "5D3hQS6ezXc", "title": "Trust the process #shorts", "description": "Take a look behind the scenes of our video, “The Opposites Game”, animated by Anna Samo and Lisa LaBracio! Here's the creative process behind the final animation’s scenes.\n\n#shorts #animation #behindthescenes", "publishedAt": "2023-04-28T21:00:03Z", "transcript": [ { "start": 7.086, "duration": 3.545, "text": "Order! Order! Who’s the defendant today?\nLooks pretty fancy." }, { "start": 11.007, "duration": 1.084, "text": "Indeed, Your Honor." }, { "start": 12.091, "duration": 3.295, "text": "This is Marie Antoinette,\nthe Queen of France" }, { "start": 15.386, "duration": 4.296, "text": "who was notorious for living in opulence\nwhile the peasants starved." }, { "start": 20.266, "duration": 2.628, "text": "That is sensationalist slander." }, { "start": 22.894, "duration": 3.628, "text": "Marie Antoinette had little power\nover her circumstances" }, { "start": 26.522, "duration": 4.755, "text": "and spent her brief life trying to survive\nin a turbulent, foreign country." }, { "start": 31.569, "duration": 1.627, "text": "You mean she wasn't French?" }, { "start": 34.197, "duration": 1.334, "text": "That’s right, Your Honor." }, { "start": 35.531, "duration": 5.923, "text": "She was born in 1755 as the\nHapsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia." }, { "start": 41.662, "duration": 2.42, "text": "After two of her older sisters\npassed away," }, { "start": 44.082, "duration": 4.212, "text": "she became the only choice for a political\nmarriage to Louis-August," }, { "start": 48.294, "duration": 1.627, "text": "heir to the French throne." }, { "start": 50.088, "duration": 5.005, "text": "Essentially, she was sacrificed to secure\npeace between Austria and France," }, { "start": 55.093, "duration": 2.502, "text": "all at the age of 14." }, { "start": 58.054, "duration": 4.296, "text": "She seemed to have had adjusted\nto this “sacrifice” by 1774" }, { "start": 62.35, "duration": 1.918, "text": "when her husband was crowned king." }, { "start": 64.352, "duration": 3.462, "text": "She lived a life of luxury, \nwearing elaborate headdresses," }, { "start": 67.814, "duration": 1.793, "text": "importing foreign fabrics—" }, { "start": 69.607, "duration": 3.212, "text": "she even had her own private chateau\nnear Versailles!" }, { "start": 72.902, "duration": 3.086, "text": "Meanwhile, France was \nin an economic tailspin." }, { "start": 75.988, "duration": 2.962, "text": "Bad harvests resulted\nin mass food shortages," }, { "start": 78.95, "duration": 3.795, "text": "wages were falling,\nand the cost of living had skyrocketed." }, { "start": 82.787, "duration": 4.129, "text": "Marie Antoinette’s expensive tastes\nwere completely insensitive" }, { "start": 86.916, "duration": 1.668, "text": "to the plight of her subjects." }, { "start": 88.96, "duration": 1.251, "text": "She was the Queen!" }, { "start": 90.211, "duration": 3.003, "text": "If she hadn’t looked glamorous,\nshe would have been criticized." }, { "start": 93.256, "duration": 2.627, "text": "Besides, she sometimes used\nher image for good." }, { "start": 95.883, "duration": 3.587, "text": "After convincing the King to be\nvaccinated against smallpox," }, { "start": 99.47, "duration": 5.005, "text": "she commissioned a special headdress\nto make the treatment fashionable for all." }, { "start": 104.767, "duration": 4.213, "text": "She also used her influence to appoint\nunqualified friends and admirers" }, { "start": 108.98, "duration": 1.418, "text": "to important posts." }, { "start": 110.398, "duration": 3.336, "text": "Even more disastrous, she encouraged\nthe King to get involved" }, { "start": 113.734, "duration": 1.377, "text": "in the American Revolution," }, { "start": 115.111, "duration": 4.296, "text": "a conflict that cost France\n1.5 billion francs." }, { "start": 119.907, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Objection!" }, { "start": 120.908, "duration": 4.004, "text": "The Queen had very little influence over\nher husband’s political decisions" }, { "start": 124.912, "duration": 1.001, "text": "at that time." }, { "start": 125.955, "duration": 3.67, "text": "Besides, France’s financial crisis was\nmuch more related to the country’s" }, { "start": 129.625, "duration": 3.837, "text": "outdated tax system and lack\nof an effective central bank." }, { "start": 133.88, "duration": 1.001, "text": "How so?" }, { "start": 135.173, "duration": 4.087, "text": "While France's nobility and clergy\nhad numerous tax exemptions," }, { "start": 139.26, "duration": 3.42, "text": "peasants often paid more than half\ntheir income in taxes." }, { "start": 142.722, "duration": 4.045, "text": "This system buried France in debt\nlong before the Queen's arrival." }, { "start": 146.767, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Her personal expenses were\nmerely a scapegoat" }, { "start": 149.353, "duration": 2.378, "text": "for decades of financial negligence." }, { "start": 151.939, "duration": 3.879, "text": "That doesn’t change that Marie Antoinette\nspent tax money on luxuries" }, { "start": 155.818, "duration": 1.794, "text": "while the masses starved!" }, { "start": 157.82, "duration": 3.712, "text": "She was so oblivious that when she heard\npeople couldn’t afford bread," }, { "start": 161.532, "duration": 2.878, "text": "she recommended they eat cake instead." }, { "start": 164.785, "duration": 5.047, "text": "This is almost certainly a fabrication\nattributed to the Queen by her enemies." }, { "start": 169.874, "duration": 3.587, "text": "In fact, Marie Antoinette frequently\nengaged in charity work" }, { "start": 173.461, "duration": 1.793, "text": "focused on addressing poverty." }, { "start": 175.379, "duration": 4.296, "text": "Her reputation as a heartless queen\nwas based on rumors and slander." }, { "start": 179.675, "duration": 3.712, "text": "Even the most famous case against her\nwas a complete fraud." }, { "start": 183.846, "duration": 1.001, "text": "Pardon?" }, { "start": 184.889, "duration": 3.795, "text": "In 1784, a thief forged fake letters\nfrom the Queen" }, { "start": 188.684, "duration": 3.295, "text": "to purchase an outrageously expensive\ndiamond necklace." }, { "start": 192.104, "duration": 1.46, "text": "The truth came out eventually," }, { "start": 193.564, "duration": 3.504, "text": "but the public already saw\nher as a wasteful spendthrift." }, { "start": 197.235, "duration": 3.378, "text": "Meanwhile, it's really her husband\nwho ruined France's finances." }, { "start": 200.988, "duration": 1.418, "text": "On that, we agree." }, { "start": 202.448, "duration": 2.211, "text": "Louis XVI was an incompetent king." }, { "start": 204.659, "duration": 2.877, "text": "Even after the revolution began\nand he lost much of his power" }, { "start": 207.536, "duration": 1.877, "text": "to the newly formed National Assembly," }, { "start": 209.413, "duration": 1.877, "text": "he refused to yield control." }, { "start": 211.374, "duration": 2.586, "text": "Louis vetoed numerous pieces\nof legislation—" }, { "start": 213.96, "duration": 3.169, "text": "and he was supported \nby his conservative Queen." }, { "start": 217.338, "duration": 1.126, "text": "To a point." }, { "start": 218.464, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Marie Antoinette believed\nin the divine right of kings," }, { "start": 221.175, "duration": 3.629, "text": "but despite personal reservations,\nshe tried to work with reformers." }, { "start": 224.804, "duration": 3.795, "text": "Though all she got in return were false\nreports that she was sleeping with them." }, { "start": 228.599, "duration": 4.129, "text": "No amount of charity work could counter\nthis avalanche of slander." }, { "start": 232.728, "duration": 3.921, "text": "The revolutionaries also prevented\nthe King’s family from leaving Paris—" }, { "start": 236.649, "duration": 3.003, "text": "how could she negotiate with people\nkeeping her prisoner?" }, { "start": 239.902, "duration": 1.502, "text": "Well, they were right to do so!" }, { "start": 241.404, "duration": 3.712, "text": "In 1791, the royal couple tried\nfleeing to Austria" }, { "start": 245.116, "duration": 2.46, "text": "to gather support and regain power." }, { "start": 247.576, "duration": 1.377, "text": "Even after they were caught," }, { "start": 248.953, "duration": 3.003, "text": "the King and Queen continued\nto pass military secrets" }, { "start": 251.956, "duration": 1.752, "text": "to their Austrian contacts." }, { "start": 253.958, "duration": 1.209, "text": "Isn't that treason?" }, { "start": 255.293, "duration": 4.754, "text": "Certainly, and Louis was executed for it,\nalongside 32 other charges." }, { "start": 260.381, "duration": 3.253, "text": "Even if you believe the King's\nexecution was just," }, { "start": 263.634, "duration": 3.796, "text": "there's no excuse for how the new\ngovernment treated Marie Antoinette." }, { "start": 267.68, "duration": 4.004, "text": "She was separated from her son\nand kept in a cell with no privacy." }, { "start": 271.684, "duration": 4.212, "text": "The tribunal in charge of prosecuting \nthe Queen had no proof of her treason," }, { "start": 275.896, "duration": 4.38, "text": "so they denigrated her with baseless\naccusations of incest and orgies." }, { "start": 280.443, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Yet she maintained composure\nuntil the very end." }, { "start": 283.154, "duration": 3.712, "text": "The Queen’s final words were an apology\nto her executioner" }, { "start": 286.866, "duration": 1.71, "text": "for stepping on his foot." }, { "start": 289.035, "duration": 1.96, "text": "However refined she may have been," }, { "start": 290.995, "duration": 4.004, "text": "Marie Antoinette was willing to betray\nher country to stay in power." }, { "start": 294.999, "duration": 3.879, "text": "In life and death, she remains a symbol\nof everything wrong" }, { "start": 298.878, "duration": 2.127, "text": "with the decadent monarchy." }, { "start": 301.505, "duration": 1.21, "text": "A convenient symbol—" }, { "start": 302.715, "duration": 3.337, "text": "and an example of the public’s appetite\nfor smearing prominent women" }, { "start": 306.052, "duration": 2.711, "text": "with their own fantasies and frustrations." }, { "start": 309.18, "duration": 2.669, "text": "So what you’re saying is she\nwas guilty of being Queen?" }, { "start": 312.558, "duration": 2.711, "text": "Should monarchs be judged \nby their personal qualities" }, { "start": 315.269, "duration": 2.252, "text": "or the historical role they occupied?" }, { "start": 317.605, "duration": 3.211, "text": "And can even the powerful be\nvictims of circumstance?" }, { "start": 321.025, "duration": 3.795, "text": "These are the questions that arise\nwhen we put history on trial." } ] } ]