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Acer Says It Has No Plans to Phase out Netbooks. Acer on Wednesday in a statement
said that it has no plans to phase out netbooks as it increases its focus on tablets.
The company also said that it does not foresee tablets based on Sandy Bridge processors,
contrary to comments made earlier this week by an Acer sales manager in Taiwan.
Lu Bing-hsian earlier this week told the IDG News Service that Acer would begin
selling new tablet PCs in the first half of this year as it gradually phases out
netbooks and that tablets would come with processors based on Intel's Sandy Bridge
microarchitecture. "For the moment it is not foreseen yet ... devices based
on Sandy Bridge," Acer said. Acer said the range of devices available to
users is expanding and that tablets "will find their space next to netbooks
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with 5-inch, 7-inch and 10-inch screens running on Google's Android operating system, which were also shown at the recent Consumer Electronics Show. The company
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Eight Celebrities Who Felt The Need To Attempt A Music Career 			Posted by Brother Boomerang02/20/2009 10:38 AM
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Five Video Game Franchises That Took a Wrong Turn Recently and Have Yet to Recover 			Posted by Brother Fincher02/10/2009 11:00 AM
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GE Aviation: New GE Engine Service Organization Announced by GEAE
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June 10, 1995
New GE Engine Service Organization Announced by GEAE --LE BOURGET - GE Aircraft Engines has consolidated its Engine Services Department and its Commercial Spare Parts Operation into a single, $1.8 billion organization, GE Engine Services, headed by newly named general manager Tom Brisken.
"This new structure promises decided benefits for the customer, particularly in the areas of cost and time savings," said Brisken.
"Our maintenance shops will continue to provide comprehensive, top-quality overhaul and repair of engines and components.
But having Commercial Spares as an integral part of the organization ensures optimum coordination in those cases where replacement, rather than repair, serves the best interests of the customer."
GE Engine Services, the largest integrated engine maintenance provider in the world, is experiencing substantial growth, based on business volume.
Over a 40-year period, GE Engine Services has repaired more than 100,000 engines and currently provides complete maintenance support for CFM56, CF6, GE90, JT8, JT9, RB211, and Olympus aircraft engines, as well as GE's LM series of aeroderivative engines for marine and industrial applications.
In addition, GE Engine Services is a dynamic, innovative organization, as is evidenced by its investment, over the past five years, of approximately $150 million in new facilities, processes, and technological advances and the introduction of programs such as Maintenance Cost Per Hour (MCPH) and On-Wing Management.
Susan Pittman heads the Commercial Spares Operation of GE Engine Services, and Bob Malone will continue as director of sales for GE Engine Services.
Two new service general managers have been appointed at the service shops:
Scott Ernest at Strother Field, near Arkansas City, Kansas, and Mike Sims at the West Coast Operations, at Ontario, California.
Don Johnson remains as service general manager of Aviation Component Services in Cincinnati, Ohio, as does George Duncanson at GE Aircraft Engine Services Ltd., Cardiff, Wales.
A new service general manager will be named soon for GE Aviation Services Operation Pte Ltd., in Singapore.
Newly created Fleet Management Services, headed by service general manager John Abbott, administers the MCPH and On-Wing Management programs, as well as the GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) lease fleets.
MCPH is a customer-focused maintenance contract that is structured on a flat-rate cost per flying hour, tailored for the specific airline.
As a result, the airline is able to forecast its operating costs more accurately over the life of the contract, particularly if it takes advantage of the workscoping expertise of GE Engine Services.
On-Wing Management, introduced at London's Heathrow Airport


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Top Five Engineering Schools
Engineering is defined as "the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures." There are many reasons someone would choose to enter an engineering degree program. Engineering students are generally interested in innovation and the creation of new products or ideas. They have been exposed to the sciences and like learning about the scientific disciplines. Logic is a key element for engineering students, as they must reason through problems. Besides the intrinsic rewards of an engineering degree, students may pursue it for the lucrative salaries that come with an engineering career.
There are different engineering disciplines and all of the top five engineering schools offer programs within the disciplines. These disciplines include:
Architecture - designing structures/buildings
Chemical - converting raw materials to usable compounds
Civil - designing infrastructure like roads and bridges
Computer - creating all aspects of computers
Electrical - manipulating electricity and magnetism to create devices
Industrial - enhance industrial processes
Geotechnical - improve processes or machines related to natural resources like oil and wood
Mechanical - create mechanical systems such as vehicles or engines
Here are the top five Bachelor's degree engineering schools:
1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - This school is located in Cambridge, MA, which is also home to the prestigious Harvard University. MIT has an enrollment of 4,232 undergraduates and a total of 10,384 students and is within minutes of Boston. The tuition cost for the university is $39,212 but financial aid is available to cover these costs.
2. Stanford University - Stanford University is located right by Palo Alto, California, a high technology city that is home to many prominent companies like Facebook, Hewlett-Packard, and Tesla Motors. Stanford has 6,878 undergraduates and a total enrollment of 15,319 students. Tuition at Stanford University costs $39,201 but the school has a no loans policy where students whose families earn less than $100,000 do not have to pay tuition, while those whose families earn less than $60,000 do not have to pay for room and board or dining plans as well.
3. University of California, Berkeley - The University of California, Berkeley is one of the most prominent public universities in the nation. It is located in Berkeley, CA, a forward-thinking city that was voted the third most liberal city in the United States and is home to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The university has 25,530 undergraduates and 35,843 total students. In-state tuition is $10,868 while out-of-state students are billed $33,747.
4. California Institute of Technology - The California Institute of Technology, known as Caltech, is situated in Pasadena, CA, about 11 miles northeast of downtown Los Angeles. Caltech has a smaller student body than the other universities on this list, with 967 undergraduates and 2,130 total students.  Annual tuition at Caltech is $36,282, but this is offset by the fact that Caltech alumni have the highest median starting salary among all universities, according to Payscale.
5. Georgia Institute of Technology - This is also one of the most prestigious public schools in the country and is usually called Georgia Tech. The campus is located in midtown Atlanta, GA


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Landmarks Commission | City of Boston
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Building Beantown: Exploring the Neighborhoods that Make Up the Hub
Old South Meeting House, Historic Boston Incorporated, and the Boston Landmarks Commission present a series of talks on the history of some of Boston's most vibrant neighborhoods.  The series begins February 2 and continues through March 29.
More information on the "Building Beantown" series »
Calling all Photographers!
In celebration of National Historic Preservation Month in May, the Boston Preservation Alliance is hosting their annual "Picture Preservation" photo contest.  Photographs should highlight an example of historic preservation in Boston's neighborhoods or downtown area.
More information »
Restoration of Washington Street Theaters Honored
Mayor Menino joined representatives from Boston's historic preservation community, Emerson College, and Suffolk University in Buffalo, New York to accept the esteemed Preservation Honor Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation for the restoration of Boston's Washington Street theaters.
Washington Street Theaters Award Video »
Weatherization and Energy Efficiency Resources
Learn ways to weatherize and make historic structures more energy efficient without jeopardizing their unique character.
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13-15 West Street Designated a Boston Landmark
13-15 West Street, Elizabeth Peabody's mid-19th century home, bookstore, and foreign circulating library, is the newest Boston Landmark.  The building was a meeting place for the Transcendentalist movement and hosted many prominent writers, philosophers, and artists, including Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
13-15 West Street Report »
As one of the oldest American cities, Boston has long played an important role in the development of the nation.  It is home to a wealth of important cultural resources: there are more than 8,000 properties located with the City’s nine local Historic Districts or designated as individual Boston Landmarks.  These are the buildings, structures, sites, and areas that inform us about the people that have lived and worked in Boston and the events that have shaped the City from its beginning to the present.The Boston Landmarks Commission, along with the local Historic District Commissions, serves as the City’s steward of Boston’s historic buildings, places, and neighborhoods.  The BLC and the Historic District Commissions, all headquartered within the Environment Department, provide information and assistance concerning the regulatory process, historic preservation planning, archaeology, sources for historical information, and technical assistance.This website is provided as a service to those interested in Boston’s historic buildings, districts, and sites. It is not a substitute for the advice of staff, nor is it a substitute for formal review of an application by the applicable Commission, as required by law. BLC staff can verify if your property has local Landmark status or any other historic status, and if so, what that means in terms of protection and regulation.  We may also be able to provide technical information if you are beginning an historic rehabilitation project on your building or grounds.What is the BLC?JurisdictionIn 1975, state legislation (Chapter 772, MGL 1975, as amended) created the Boston Landmarks Commission as Boston's City-wide historic preservation agency.  The many functions it performs include identifying and preserving historic properties, reviewing development and demolition activities proposed in the City, providing public information and assistance on historic preservation practices, and providing staff support to the local Historic District Commissions.  The BLC also administers the City's Demolition Delay process, Article 85 of the Zoning Code.MembersView List of Members
Mission StatementFrom the Boston Landmarks Commission enabling legislation:The purposes of this act are: (a) to protect the beauty of the city of Boston and improve the quality of its environment through identification, recognition, conservation, maintenance and enhancement of areas, sites, structures and fixtures which constitute or reflect distinctive features of the political, economic, social, cultural or architectural history of the city; (b) to foster appropriate use and wider public knowledge and appreciation of such features, areas, sites, structures and fixtures; (c) to resist and restrain environmental influences adverse to such purposes; (d) to encourage private efforts in support of such purposes; and (e) by furthering such purposes, to promote the public welfare, to strengthen the cultural and educational life of the city and the commonwealth and to make the city a more attractive and desirable place in which to live and work.
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BLC Agenda - March 13, 2012
View the agenda for the Boston Landmarks Commission's March 13, 2012 Business Meeting.
BLC Business Meeting 3-13-12
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum - Petition #230.08
On November 8, 2011, the Boston Landmarks Commission held public hearing on petition #230.08 in consideration of designation of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, 280 The Fenway, as a Boston Landmark.  Testimony was taken at the hearing.  A vote on potential Landmark designation will take place at a future BLC meeting, date to be determined.
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Study Report
Charles River Speedway Administration Building - Petition #206.02
On May 10, 2011, the Boston Landmarks Commission held a public hearing on petition #206.02, for the consideration of designation of the Charles River Speedway Administration Building, 1420-1440 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton


Chesterton Day by Day: March
Chesterton Day by Day
MARCH 1st
ST. DAVID'S DAY
MY eyes are void with vision; I sing but I
cannot speak;
I hide in the vaporous caverns like a
creature wild and weak
But for ever my harps are tuned and for ever my
songs are sung,
And I answer my tyrants ever in an unknown
tongue.
When the blue men broke in the battle with the
Roman or the Dane,
The cracks of my ghastly uplands they gathered
like ghosts again.
Some say I am still a Druid, some say my spirit
shows
Catholic, Puritan, Pagan; but no man knows.
Mother of God's good witches, of all white mystery,
Whatever else I am seeking, I seek for thee.
For the old harp better fitted and swung on a
stronger thong,
We, that shall sing for ever; O hear our song!
'The Seven Swords.'
MARCH 2nd
IT may be a very limited aim in morality to shoot
a 'many-faced and fickle traitor,' but at least
it is a better aim than to be a many-faced and
fickle traitor, which is a simple summary of a good
many modern systems from Mr. d'Annunzio's
downwards.
'The Defendant.'
MARCH 3rd
A MAN may easily be forgiven for not doing this
or that incidental act of charity, especially
when the question is as genuinely difficult
and dubious as is the case of mendicity. But there
is something quite pestilently Pecksniffian about
shrinking from a hard task on the plea that it is not
hard enough. If a man will really try talking to the
ten beggars who come to his door he will soon find
out whether it is really so much easier than the
labour of writing a cheque for a hospital.
'What's Wrong with the World.'
MARCH 4th
BUT the man we see every day -- the worker in
Mr. Gradgrind's factory, the little clerk in
Mr. Gradgrind's office -- he is too mentally
worried to believe in freedom. He is kept quiet with
revolutionary literature. He is calmed and kept in
his place by a constant succession of wild philosophies.
He is a Marxian one day, a Nietzscheite
the next day, a Superman (probably) the next
day, and a slave every day. The only thing that
remains after all the philosophies is the factory.
The only man who gains by all the philosophies is
Gradgrind. It would be worth his while to keep his
commercial helotry supplied with sceptical literature.
And now I come to think of it, of course, Gradgrind
is famous for giving libraries. He shows his sense:
all modern books are on his side. As long as the
vision of heaven is always changing, the vision of
earth will be exactly the same. No ideal will
remain long enough to be realized, or even partly
realized. The modern young man will never change
his environment, for he will always change his
mind.
'Orthodoxy.'
MARCH 5th
PROGRESS should mean that we are always
walking towards the New Jerusalem. It does
mean that the New Jerusalem is always
walking away from us. We are not altering the
real to suit the ideal. We are altering the ideal:
it is easier.
'Orthodoxy.'
MARCH 6th
IN a very entertaining work, over which we have
roared in childhood, it is stated that a point
has no parts and no magnitude. Humility is
the luxurious art of reducing ourselves to a point, not
to a small thing or a large one, but to a thing with
no size at all, so that to it all the cosmic things are
what they really are -- of immeasurable stature.
'The Defendant.'
MARCH 7th
THUS because we are not in a civilization which
believes strongly in oracles or sacred places,
we see the full frenzy of those who killed
themselves to find the sepulchre of Christ. But
being in a civilization which does believe in this
dogma of fact for fact's sake, we do not see the full
frenzy of those who kill themselves to find the North Pole. I am not speaking of a tenable ultimate
utility, which is true both of the Crusades and the
polar explorations. I mean merely that we do see
the superficial and aesthetic singularity, the startling
quality, about the idea of men crossing a continent
with armies to conquer the place where a man died.
But we do not see the aesthetic singularity and the
startling quality of men dying in agonies to find a
place where no man can live -- a place only interesting
because it is supposed to be the meeting-place
of some lines that do not exist.
'Heretics.'
MARCH 8th
IN one of his least convincing phrases, Nietzsche
had said that just as the ape ultimately produced
the man, so should we ultimately produce
something higher than the man. The immediate
answer, of course, is sufficiently obvious: the ape
did not worry about the man, so why should we
worry about the superman? If the superman will
come by natural selection, may we not leave it to
natural selection? If the superman will come by
human selection, what sort of superman are we to
select? If he is simply to be more just, more brave,
or more merciful, then Zarathustra sinks into a
Sunday-school teacher; the only way we can work
for it is to be more just, more brave, and more
merciful -- sensible advice, but hardly startling.
If he is to be anything else than this, why should
we desire him, or what else are we to desire?
These questions have been many times asked of
the Nietzscheites, and none of the Nietzscheites have
even attempted to answer them.
'George Bernard Shaw.'
MARCH 9th
A MAN can be a Christian to the end of the
world, for the simple reason that a man
could have been an Atheist from the beginning
of it. The materialism of things is on the face
of things: it does not require any science to find it
out. A man who has lived and loved falls down
dead and the worms eat him. That is Materialism,
if you like. That is Atheism, if you like. If mankind
has believed in spite of that, it can believe in
spite of anything. But why our human lot is made
any more hopeless because we know the names of
the worms who eat him, or the names of all the
parts of him that they eat, is to a thoughtful mind
somewhat difficult to discover.
'All Things Considered.'
MARCH 10th
WE should probably come considerably nearer to
the true conception of things if we treated all
grown-up persons, of all titles and types, with
precisely that dark affection and dazed respect with
which we treat the infantile limitations. A child
has no difficulty in achieving the miracle of speech,
consequently we find his blunders almost as marvellous
as his accuracy. If we only adopted the same
attitude towards Premiers and Chancellors of the
Exchequer, if we genially encouraged their stammering
and delightful attempts at human speech,
we should be in a far more wise and tolerant
temper.
'The Defendant.'
MARCH 11th
WHEN the working women in the poor districts
come to the doors of the public-houses and
try to get their husbands home, simple-minded
'social workers' always imagine that
every husband is a tragic drunkard and every wife
a broken-hearted saint. It never occurs to them
that the poor woman is only doing under coarser
conventions exactly what every fashionable hostess
does when she tries to get the men from arguing over
the cigars to come and gossip over the teacups.
'What's Wrong with the World.'
MARCH 12th
WHAT have we done, and where have we
wandered, we that have produced sages who
could have spoken with Socrates and poets
who could walk with Dante, that we should talk
as if we had never done anything more intelligent
than found colonies and kick niggers? We are the
children of light, and it is we that sit in darkness,
If we are judged, it will not be for the merely
intellectual transgression of failing to appreciate other
nations, but for the supreme spiritual transgression
of failing to appreciate ourselves.
'The Defendant.'
MARCH 13th
AND for those who talk to us with interfering
eloquence about Jaeger and the pores of the
skin, and about Plasmon and the coats of the
stomach, at them shall only be hurled the words
that are hurled at fops and gluttons, 'Take no
thought what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink,
or wherewithal ye shall be clothed. For after all
these things do the Gentiles seek. But seek ye first
the Kingdom of God, and His righteousness; and
all these things shall be added unto you.'
'Heretics.'
MARCH 14th
THE Christian admits that the universe is manifold
and even miscellaneous, just as a sane man
knows that he is complex. Nay, the really
sane man knows that he has a touch of the madman.
But the Materialist's world is quite simple and
solid, just as the madman is quite sure he is sane.
The Materialist is sure that history has been simply
and solely a chain of causation, just as the interesting
person before mentioned is quite sure that he
is simply and solely a chicken. Materialists and
madmen never have doubts.
'Orthodoxy.'
MARCH 15th
THE modern world (intent on anarchy in everything,
even in Government) refuses to perceive
the permanent element of tragic constancy
which inheres in all passion, and which is the
origin of marriage. Marriage rests upon the fact
that you cannot have your cake and eat it; that
you cannot lose your heart and have it.
Introduction to 'David Copperfield.'
MARCH 16th
MORALITY did not begin by one man saying
to another, 'I will not hit you if you do not
hit me '; there is no trace of such a transaction.
There is a trace of both men having said,
'We must not hit each other in the holy place.'
They gained their morality by guarding their
religion. They did not cultivate courage. They
fought for the shrine, and found they had become
courageous. They did not cultivate cleanliness.
They purified themselves for the altar, and found
that they were clean. The history of the Jews is
the only early document known to most Englishmen,
and the facts can be judged sufficiently from that.
The Ten Commandments which have been found
substantially common to mankind were merely
military commands a code of regimental orders,
issued to protect a certain ark across a certain desert.
Anarchy was evil because it endangered the sanctity.
And only when they made a holy day for God did
they find they had made a holiday for men.
'Orthodoxy.'
MARCH 17th
ST. PATRICK'S DAY
THE average autochthonous Irishman is close
to patriotism because he is close to the earth;
he is close to domesticity because he is close
to the earth; he is close to doctrinal theology and
elaborate ritual because he is close to the earth.
In short, he is close to the heavens because he is
close to the earth.
'George Bernard Shaw.'
MARCH 18th
WE men and women are all in the same boat,
upon a stormy sea. We owe to each other
a terrible and tragic loyalty. If we catch
sharks for food, let them be killed most mercifully
let anyone who likes love the sharks, and pet the
sharks, and tie ribbons round their necks and give
them sugar and teach them to dance. But if once a
man suggests that a shark is to be valued against a
sailor, or that the poor shark might be permitted
to bite off a nigger's leg occasionally, then I would
court-martial the man -- he is a traitor to the ship.
'All Things Considered.'
MARCH 19th
EVERY statute is a declaration of war, to be
backed by arms. Every tribunal is a revolutionary
tribunal. In a republic all punishment
is as sacred and solemn as lynching.
'What's Wrong with the World.'
MARCH 20th
I HAVE no sympathy with international aggression
when it is taken seriously, but I have a
certain dark and wild sympathy with it when
it is quite absurd. Raids are all wrong as practical
politics, but they are human and imaginable as
practical jokes. In fact, almost any act of ragging
or violence can be forgiven on this strict condition --
that it is of no use at all to anybody. If the aggression
gets anything out of it, then it is quite unpardonable.
It is damned by the least hint of utility or profit.
A man of spirit and breeding may brawl, but he does
not steal. A gentleman knocks off his friend's
hat, but he does not annex his friend's hat.
'All Things Considered.'
MARCH 21st
MODERN and cultured persons, I believe, object
to their children seeing kitchen company or
being taught by a woman like Peggotty.
But surely it is more important to be educated in a
sense of human dignity and equality than in anything
else in the world. And a child who has once
had to respect a kind and capable woman of the
lower classes will respect the lower classes for ever.
The true way to overcome the evil in class distinctions
is not to denounce them as revolutionists
denounce them, but to ignore them as children
ignore them.
'Charles Dickens.'
MARCH 22nd
THERE is no clearer sign of the absence of
originality among modern poets than their
disposition to find new topics. Really
original poets write poems about the spring. They
are always fresh, just as the spring is always fresh.
Men wholly without originality write poems about
torture, or new religions, or some perversion of
obscenity, hoping that the mere sting of the subject
may speak for them. But we do not sufficiently
realize that what is true of the classic ode is also
true of the classic joke. A true poet writes about
the spring being beautiful because (after a thousand
springs) the spring really is beautiful. In the same
way the true humorist writes about a man sitting
down on his hat because the act of sitting down on
one's own hat (however often and admirably
performed) really is extremely funny. We must not
dismiss a new poet because his poem is called 'To
a Skylark'; nor must we dismiss a humorist
because his new farce is called 'My Mother-in-Law.'
He may really have splendid and inspiring things
to say upon an eternal problem. The whole
question is whether he has.
Introduction to 'Sketches by Boz.'
MARCH 23rd
MAN is an exception, whatever else he is. If
he is not the image of God, then he is a
disease of the dust. If it is not true that
a divine being fell, then we can only say that one
of the animals went entirely off its head.
'All Things Considered.'
MARCH 24th
SOCIAL reformers have fired a hundred shots
against the public-house, but never one
against its really shameful character. The
sign of decay is not in the public-house, but in
the private bar; or rather the row of five or six
private bars, into each of which a respectable
dipsomaniac can go in solitude, and by indulging his
own half-witted sin violates his own half-witted
morality. Nearly all these places are equipped
with an atrocious apparatus of ground-glass
windows which can be so closed that they practically
conceal the face of the buyer from the seller.
Words cannot express the abysses of human
infamy and hateful shame expressed by that
elaborate piece of furniture. Whenever I go into
a public-house, which happens fairly often, I
always carefully open all these apertures and then
leave the place in every way refreshed.
'George Bernard Shaw.'
MARCH 25th
LADY DAY
FEARFULLY plain the flowers grew,
Like a child's book to read,
Or like a friend's face seen in a glass.
He looked, and there Our Lady was;
She stood and stroked the tall live grass
As a man strokes his steed.
Her face was like a spoken word
When brave men speak and choose,
The very colours of her coat
Were better than good news . . .
'The gates of heaven are tightly locked,
We do not guard our gain,
The heaviest hind may easily
Come silently and suddenly
Upon me in a lane.
'And any little maid that walks
In good thoughts apart,
May break the guard of the Three Kings,
And see the dear and dreadful things
I hid within my heart.'
'Ballad of Alfred.'
MARCH 26th
IT is one of the mean and morbid modern lies
that physical courage is connected with
cruelty. The Tolstoian and Kiplingite are
nowhere more at one than in maintaining this.
They have, I believe, some small sectarian quarrel
with each other: the one saying that courage
must be abandoned because it is connected with
cruelty, and the other maintaining that cruelty
is charming because it is a part of courage. But
it is all, thank God, a lie. An energy and boldness
of body may make a man stupid or reckless or dull
or drunk or hungry, but it does not make him
spiteful.
'What's Wrong with the World.'
MARCH 27th
FOR human beings, being children, have the
childish wilfulness and the childish secrecy.
And they never have from the beginning
of the world done what the wise men have seen
to be inevitable.
'The Napoleon of Notting Hill.'
MARCH 28th
CRUELTY to animals is cruelty and a vile
thing; but cruelty to a man is not cruelty;
it is treason. Tyranny over a man is not
tyranny: it is rebellion, for man is royal. Now,
the practical weakness of the vast mass of modern
pity for the poor and the oppressed is precisely
that it is merely pity; the pity is pitiful, but not
respectful. Men feel that the cruelty to the poor
is a kind of cruelty to animals. They never feel
that it is injustice to equals; nay, it is treachery
to comrades. This dark, scientific pity, this
brutal pity, has an elemental sincerity of its own,
but it is entirely useless for all ends of social reform.
Democracy swept Europe with the sabre when it
was founded upon the Rights of Man. It has done
literally nothing at all since it has been founded
only upon the wrongs of man. Or, more strictly
speaking, its recent failure has been due to its
not admitting the existence of any rights or wrongs,
or indeed of any humanity. Evolution (the
sinister enemy of revolution) does not especially
deny the existence of God: what it does deny
is the existence of man. And all the despair
about the poor, and the cold and repugnant pity
for them, has been largely due to the vague sense
that they have literally relapsed into the state
of the lower animals.
'Charles Dickens.'
MARCH 29th
THE modern humanitarian can love all opinions,
but he cannot love all men; he seems sometimes,
in the ecstasy of his humanitarianism,
even to hate them all. He can love all opinions,
including the opinion that men are unlovable.
Introduction to 'Hard Times.'
MARCH 30th
EVERY man is dangerous who only cares
for one thing.
'The Napoleon of Notting fIill.~
MARCH 31st
AS Mr. Blatchford says, 'The world does not
want piety, but soap -- and Socialism.' Piety
is one of the popular virtues, whereas soap
and Socialism


Direct Economy | Cooperation Commons
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A Case Study of Complex Adaptive Systems Theory
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HomeDirect Economy
Summary of: Direct Economy
Author(s) / Editor(s)
Comtesse, Xavier
Most issues related to the social, political and economic changes we are witnessing today due to the emergence and use of technologies of cooperation can be analyzed by using a matrix tracking levels of knowledge on one axis, and levels of interactivity of the other axis.
Disciplines
Business, Cultural Evolution, Technology, Economics, Information, Mathematics
Keywords
technology, evolution, democracy, cultural evolution, cooperation, communication
Publication Reference
Published in/by
-
Date
9/1/2006
Findings
The changes brought about by the emergence and use of technologies of cooperation can be analyzed through a matrix tracking levels of knowledge on one axis, and levels of interactivity of the other axis.
Levels of Interactivity:
Passive consumption: The consumer is getting products or services with no real interaction and no real choice. He has to take whatever is available.
Self Service: The consumer is given the ability to choose between various products or services.
DIY: Do It Yourself: The consumer starts getting involved in the value chain.
Co-design: The consumer starts adding value by customizing the product and therefore defining his needs himself (as opposed to buying a product defined by the product management team).
Co-creation: The consumer is involved in the design of the product or service itself.
Levels of knowledge
Raw Data: Data, typically from measurements, or attributes (small, big, expensive, etc...)
Information: Data that I can make sense of. Data within a referential or data that can be tied to a process, so that I establish a first level of knowledge. If I can measure, and if I can compare, I will be able to develop a better sense of understanding
Classification, categorization: When I can better define the context, place the information into categories
Process/Time: When you start introducing the concept of time, and evolution over time.
Logic: When you understand enough of a thing that you can capture this understanding into a logical model. From this comes automation.
Background:
The story starts at a banker's conference where Xavier was doing a presentation on e-Banking. The room suddenly woke up at the last slide when he offered a model to explain how banks could move forward. The impact was stunning, all of a sudden everybody wanted to jump into the discussion.
The model was the result of observations from Swissquote Inc, where intermediaries had become agents of change within the company and had help transform it into a hyperproductive company.
The model has since then been refined, with the definition of the "transformActors" and "ConsumActors", and the classification of knowledge (inspired from Mathematics) and interactivity along the 2 axis of a matrix.
The model has also been validated against 3 real cases with 3 Swiss companies: Swissquote, Largeur.com and Cla-Val.
The Model
The problem:
low cost offshoring, baby boomers reaching retirement age, etcâ€¦ create tension in the economy. And the answer is not in lowering costs, but rather in achieving high productivity.
The solution:
changing Consumers into ConsumActors. We have heard of crowdsourcing, but the real underlying change is that the customers are getting more involved into the value chain.
Technologies of Cooperation
While technology helps improve processes, the real value behind these technologies is the shift in the interactivity between the producers and the consumers: consumers are getting used to getting more and more involved into the process (self service, product configuration and customization, etc...)
Levels of interactivity
The level of interactivity that is possible with ConsumActors can be classified as follows:
4.1 Passive consumption:
The consumer is getting products or services with no real interaction and no real choice. He has to take whatever is available.
4.2 Self Service
The consumer is now given the ability to choose between various products or services. This first step is already a huge step forward, as the consumer can go around the vendor to pick and choose what he wants.
4.3 DIY: Do It Yourself
At this level, the consumer starts getting involved in the value chain. This is what IKEA offers, where you are not just buying a product, you are actually also delivering it to your home and building it yourself. This case is an example of the first disruption from the standard retail value chain.
4.4 Co-design
At this level, the consumer starts adding value by customizing the product and therefore defining his needs himself (as opposed to buying a product defined by the product management team). This is what Dell is asking from customers when they have to pick and choose options to build a computer.
4.5 Co-creation
This is the ultimate level of involvement, where the consumer is actually involved in the design of the product or service itself. This is what Open Source does for developers, and what Wikipedia does for knowledge consumers. Similarly Procter and Gamble has a "Connect and Develop" program that lets innovators define products.
Levels of knowledge
Being able to interact at the various level listed above requires various levels of access to knowledge. For example co-designing a computer on the Dell website implies that the consumer has a good understanding of the various components and their importance within the system. A slow processor with lots of memory, or a fast processor with very little RAM are not going to be good options.
And then knowledge includes a notion of context that should also be taken into account: knowing that something is small is only useful relative to a context: is Jean small because he is only 4 years old, or is he small because most people his age are typically 5" tall?
Following these concepts, knowledge can be classified as follows:
5.1 Basic Knowledge
5.1.1 Raw Data
Data, typically from measurements, or attributes (small, big, expensive, etc...)
5.1.2 Information
Information is data that I can make sense of. Data within a referential or data that can be tied to a process, so that I can establish a first level of knowledge. If I can measure, and if I can compare, I will be able to develop a sense of understanding: Jean is 4 feet, and I can measure his classmates to decide whether Jean is small or not. From information I can develop basic knowledge.
5.2 Formal knowledge
5.2.1 Classification, categorization
This second level of knowledge is when I can better define the context. In the example of Jean, I can place the information into categories to reach another level of understanding: boy/girl, small/tall. By defining categories and sub-categories, I can refine the level of knowledge I have.
5.2.2 Process/Time
The third level of knowledge is when you start introducing the concept of time, and evolution over time. This introduces another level of complexity and another level of understanding beyond what can be known now.
5.2.3 Logic
The final level of knowledge is when you understand enough of a thing that you can capture this understanding into a logical model. From this comes automation. This is how we started building calculators, encapsulating logic into a machine, and now expanding to building transistors into microchips to build computers for example. It all seems as if mathematic algorithms were slowly but irreversibly being materialized into automated processes. And we are only at the very beginning of an exponential curve in this area.
5.3. Informal Knowledge
Another type of knowledge that will not be considered in this document, but should be mentioned, is informal knowledge.
5.3.1 Informal Experience
This is knowledge learned from accumulated experience. This is how people learn how to drive for example
5.3.2 Informal Thinking
This is the knowledge from "soft" fields, for example philosophical, cultural, religious, moral or ethical knowledge. They should not be ignored since they are at the forefront of the political, social and cultural scene. An expression of this type of knowledge is on display in blogs or reality TV shows for example.
The management of Knowledge is what has led to major changes in the way we work today:
It all started with the concept of “Community of practice” presented by Etienne Wenger on 9/18/88
It evolved towards becoming a core engine of the enterprise, with Knowledge Management, to manage both static (as in encyclopedias) and dynamic knowledge (as in knowledge facilitated by groupware, starting with email).
It has also now been opened and shared to allow for collective intelligence, benefiting both from internal and external input.
The matrix
Using the 2 axis that were defined, it is possible to create a matrix that can be used to resolve the issue of transferring production from the producer to the consumer.
On the vertical axis:
Data - info - classification/categories - time process - model
On the horizontal axis:
Receive - Self Service - Do It Yourself - Co-design - Co-creation
To use the matrix you need to start from the bottom left (data/Receive), to then evolve towards the right to include the consumer into the value chain and define the level of knowledge that needs to be transferred to the consumer to enable his involvement.
The matrix can be used for several analytical purposes:
7.1 Historical analysis - the matrix can be used to compare the result of 2 strategies used at different times, to analyze why one worked better than the other:
Nestle had tried to sell Nespresso through the regular channels without much success. Then they decided to change strategy (break with history) and created the Club Nespresso, where customers are educated and provided with a tool to order directly online, which completely change the buying and consuming experience
7.2. Market analysis - the matrix can be used to compare the strategy of two different companies on the same market:
Napster introduced technology that allowed users to download songs for free. The technology also allowed mixing and matching of songs so that users could create their own CDs. The same concept was then used by Apple to create iTune and the iPod, while Sony decided to simply extend its existing model to make room for this new technology, but trying to keep as-is the control of the IP.
The matrix shows that the game was about adding a level of freedom in the consumption of songs, rather than just extending technology.
7.3 Strategic analysis - the matrix can be used to define where to direct future developments:
Telcos are being threatened by VOIP, which allows near free communication anywhere around the world. Several options are available for them to react: bundle services, or offer new services for mobile, where VOIP is not a player today. Docomo is now offering payments through mobile phones, thus starting to compete with banks. The matrix can help figure out which players they should work with to make this strategy successful
7.4 Positioning analysis - the matrix can help position a product on a market. A computer is a complex thing and I can decide to buy through an expert who will help me design the computer I need, or I can go to Dell to build online my own. The 2 market segments can co-exist today, but the matrix can help understand which market will survive in the long term
Case studies
8.1 Swissquote (a Swiss equivalent of eTrade)
From the CEO prospective, the success of Swissquote is due to:
Empowerment: providing the right information and tools to customers to allow them to trade online
Monitoring: performing statistical analysis to evaluate risk, as a tool for both the bank and the users
E-wealth management: tools to help users optimize their investments
One challenge was and still is the education of customers. 2 types of classes are offered: first step (free), and paying classes on specific topics. This is a very costly undertaking, a risk taken to help the transformation
The other challenge is to provide the right tools, allowing to perform complex operations while remaining user friendly. This challenge still needs to be addressed today.
Looking at the banking industry, there are 2 major trends that can be identified:
Communities of practice are taking over the education of consumers and improved interactions
Models need to be improved to help provide more sophisticated tools
The matrix can help clarify these trends and challenges
8.2 Largeur.com - citizen journalism
After several experiments, Largeur.com has settled for a model where they produce high quality journalism but getting the content from freelancers and offering aggressive prices. Once the customer base was established, they looked into opening the platform to students and other members of the civil society (teachers, thought leaders but also unemployed people), which are representative of the audience they are addressing already.
The media industry is organized around 3 major poles:
Convergence (synergy between traditional media and the Internet) - Financial Times, Wall Street Journal
Divergence (break from the traditional model to go towards a crowdsourcing approach) - OhMyNews
Complementarities (compromise between the other two) - TSR.ch
The matrix can help rationalize the various content production and content delivery tools (blogs, RSS, Web, SMS/MMS, and Newspapers) to better understand the media industry
8.3 Cla-Val - pumps to regulate pressure
They have evolved around 4 major poles:
Commoditization: they have accumulated over the years more than 100 standard products
Customization: their customers cannot get an end to end solution from just the standard products
Geographical expansion: the experience gained in the implementation of custom solutions opens new geographical markets and allows rapid expansion
Customer innovation: customization has also introduced flexibility into the system, and combined with remote management capabilities has enabled co-innovation
The matrix clearly shows how this evolution was possible.
Conclusion
Direct economy is the result of 5 major factors:
Introduction of the consumer into the value chain
Death of the old intermediaries, to leave room for new types of interactions
Empowerment of ordinary people to include them in the innovation process, which creates the issue of Intellectual Property and how to handle it
Emergence of new business models that threaten the existing monopolies
Emergence of new pricing models: donations (OhMyNews) or Bidding (EBay).
IKEA, Easyjet, Dell, Nokia, L'Oreal, Procter&Gamble, Swissquote are examples of the transformations that can be implemented. Companies have to move towards hypergrowth to survive.
What is interesting is that new sub-categories of products are being created in the process (song vs. album), that banks and credit cards were not setup to handle originally. Hel looks and The Satorialist are examples of what is happening in the fashion industry. Istockphoto, Innocentive or Marketocracy are example of consumer involvement in the value chain.
In conclusion, isn't it that the changes we are witnessing in the economy are similar to what happened with Direct Democracy in Switzerland?
The consumers have been empowered, and are we not slowly evolving towards a Direct Economy, completely changing the underlying principles of the Global Economy as we know it today?
Epilogue
While Switzerland introduced Direct Democracy, they are now lagging in their e-government implementation effort. The matrix can help understand what is happening and what needs to be done. It can help compare what is available today against what others in Europe