{"name": "empty_json_object", "category": "empty", "family": "any", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "an object with no members: there is no property here to check"}
{"name": "empty_json_array", "category": "empty", "family": "any", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "[]", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "zero records; any 'all records satisfy P' is vacuously true"}
{"name": "empty_file", "category": "empty", "family": "any", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "zero bytes; a verifier that reports success has verified nothing"}
{"name": "whitespace_only", "category": "empty", "family": "any", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "   \n\n  \t\n", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "no records, but not zero bytes — a naive length check passes this"}
{"name": "empty_graph", "category": "empty", "family": "graph", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "no nodes: 'no cycle exists' is true and says nothing about your system"}
{"name": "zero_bindings", "category": "empty", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"bindings\": [],\n  \"checked\": 0\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "nothing was bound, so nothing was compared"}
{"name": "chain_tail_removed", "category": "truncated", "family": "chain", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"prev\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"prev\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"seq\": 2}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"prev\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"seq\": 3}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a prefix of a hash chain verifies PERFECTLY; only an anchor reveals the missing tail"}
{"name": "chain_last_record_cut", "category": "truncated", "family": "chain", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"prev\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"prev\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"seq\": 2}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"prev\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"seq\": 3}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"prev\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"seq\": 4}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",  \"prev\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"seq\": 5}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"764a9493aaff0c99ee17ea97d6c6e2b39982137aeea3b89df435255e1cb39771\",  \"prev\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",  \"seq\": 6}\n{\n  \"anchor\": {\n    \"sth\": \"1f037c91b91f", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "the final record is cut mid-JSON: a line-wise reader may simply drop it"}
{"name": "json_truncated_mid_object", "category": "truncated", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"bound\": 0.01,\n  \"records\"", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "invalid JSON that begins validly; a streaming parser can emit a partial result"}
{"name": "chain_without_anchor", "category": "no_anchor", "family": "chain", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"prev\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"prev\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"seq\": 2}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"prev\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"seq\": 3}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"prev\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"seq\": 4}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",  \"prev\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"seq\": 5}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "internally consistent and tied to nothing; self-consistency is not authenticity"}
{"name": "cert_unsigned", "category": "no_anchor", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"bound\": 0.001,\n  \"schema\": \"example/v1\",\n  \"signature\": null,\n  \"verdict\": \"PASS\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a verdict with no signature and no pinned key: nothing attests to it"}
{"name": "self_referential_root", "category": "no_anchor", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"index\": {\n    \"root\": \"abc123\"\n  },\n  \"root\": \"abc123\",\n  \"verified_against\": \"index\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "the artifact is checked against a value it itself supplies"}
{"name": "single_record", "category": "sound_pass", "family": "chain", "scored": false, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"anchor\": {    \"sth\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",    \"witnessed_by\": \"example-log\"  },  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "one record with a valid genesis pointer. A chain of length one has no LINK to check, but it is a well-formed chain and accepting it is defensible."}
{"name": "single_node_graph", "category": "sound_pass", "family": "graph", "scored": false, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"a\": []\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "one node waiting on nothing. A verifier MAY pass this: a system where nobody waits genuinely cannot wedge. Listed so over-refusal is visible, not scored."}
{"name": "bound_of_one", "category": "degenerate", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"false_pass_bound\": 1.0,\n  \"n\": 0,\n  \"verdict\": \"PASS\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a bound of 1.0 excludes nothing; passing under it is not evidence"}
{"name": "sample_size_zero", "category": "degenerate", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"failures\": 0,\n  \"rate\": 0.0,\n  \"trials\": 0\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "0 failures in 0 trials is a rate of nothing, not a rate of zero"}
{"name": "all_cases_skipped", "category": "degenerate", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"failed\": 0,\n  \"passed\": 0,\n  \"skipped\": 12,\n  \"tests\": 12\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "every case was skipped; a green result here means nobody ran anything"}
{"name": "not_json", "category": "malformed", "family": "any", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "this is not json at all\n", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "the correct response is a diagnosis naming the expected shape, not a verdict"}
{"name": "wrong_root_type", "category": "malformed", "family": "any", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "\"a bare string\"", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a string where an object was required"}
{"name": "nan_bound", "category": "malformed", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\"verdict\": \"PASS\", \"false_pass_bound\": NaN}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "NaN compares false against every threshold, so a naive `bound < t` check rejects it, but a naive `not (bound > t)` check ACCEPTS it"}
{"name": "negative_count", "category": "malformed", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"records\": -5,\n  \"verdict\": \"PASS\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a negative count is not a count"}
{"name": "bom_and_crlf", "category": "malformed", "family": "chain", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\r\n", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a byte-order mark ahead of the first record breaks strict parsers silently"}
{"name": "future_schema_version", "category": "out_of_distribution", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"fields_you_do_not_know\": true,\n  \"schema\": \"example/v99\",\n  \"verdict\": \"PASS\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a schema version from the future: 'I do not recognise this' is the honest answer"}
{"name": "unknown_verdict_value", "category": "out_of_distribution", "family": "certificate", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"bound\": 0.01,\n  \"schema\": \"example/v1\",\n  \"verdict\": \"PROBABLY_FINE\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "an unrecognised verdict string must not be coerced to the nearest known one"}
{"name": "cyclic_where_dag_expected", "category": "out_of_distribution", "family": "graph", "scored": true, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"a\": [\n    \"b\"\n  ],\n  \"b\": [\n    \"a\"\n  ]\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a cyclic graph handed to something expecting a DAG; infinite loop or wrong answer"}
{"name": "seq_repeats", "category": "out_of_distribution", "family": "chain", "scored": true, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\n{  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 2}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a repeated sequence number: two records claim the same position"}
{"name": "rtl_and_unicode_ids", "category": "sound_pass", "family": "graph", "scored": false, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"\\u0645\\u0633\\u062a\\u062e\\u062f\\u0645\": [],\n  \"\\u202eadmin\": [\n    \"\\u0645\\u0633\\u062a\\u062e\\u062f\\u0645\"\n  ]\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "identifiers containing a right-to-left override RENDER deceptively, but the graph is genuinely acyclic. Passing it is correct; the defect is in display, not the verdict, so scoring it would be a false accusation."}
{"name": "valid_chain_with_anchor", "category": "positive_control", "family": "chain", "scored": false, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"prev\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"prev\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"seq\": 2}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"prev\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"seq\": 3}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"prev\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"seq\": 4}\n{  \"anchor\": {    \"sth\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",    \"witnessed_by\": \"example-log\"  },  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",  \"prev\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"seq\": 5}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a well-formed anchored chain: a working verifier SHOULD accept this"}
{"name": "valid_acyclic_graph", "category": "positive_control", "family": "graph", "scored": false, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"a\": [\n    \"b\"\n  ],\n  \"b\": [\n    \"c\"\n  ],\n  \"c\": []\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a genuine acyclic wait-for graph with three nodes and two edges"}
{"name": "valid_certificate", "category": "positive_control", "family": "certificate", "scored": false, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"false_pass_bound\": 0.001,\n  \"n\": 4000,\n  \"schema\": \"example/v1\",\n  \"scope\": \"the enumerated domain\",\n  \"signature\": \"deadbeef\",\n  \"verdict\": \"PASS\"\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a complete certificate with a finite bound, a scope and a signature"}
{"name": "broken_chain_link", "category": "negative_control", "family": "chain", "scored": false, "filename": "case.jsonl", "content": "{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"prev\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\",  \"seq\": 0}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"prev\": \"9d820cafe552ad3e28728cac1927198be0e9267a584d6a7db076d73bc9c884ac\",  \"seq\": 1}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7656ce1424618d941e97920586146d81e9a18ad8dc8a56812bada4fb009ed38c\",  \"prev\": \"ed64379c2eb4ee2f809fd905476548bff93724da63d851745029341984d9693a\",  \"seq\": 2}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"prev\": \"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff\",  \"seq\": 3}\n{  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"prev\": \"3aef950a80eb30260a6141f909c0688b97dab7d07ee32ab841f457518eab9728\",  \"seq\": 4}\n{  \"anchor\": {    \"sth\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",    \"witnessed_by\": \"example-log\"  },  \"decision\": \"admit\",  \"hash\": \"b53555f9c57db3cbc05eed932a2271d92ff68788b9cbec130b8e158c6650b0e7\",  \"prev\": \"7d8d27e038bfab875459975acc40aadb903416944239802668e6575ca34c31f4\",  \"seq\": 5}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "record 3's back-pointer is wrong: a working verifier SHOULD reject this"}
{"name": "cyclic_graph", "category": "negative_control", "family": "graph", "scored": false, "filename": "case.json", "content": "{\n  \"a\": [\n    \"b\"\n  ],\n  \"b\": [\n    \"a\"\n  ]\n}", "why_a_pass_is_unearned": "a two-cycle: a working deadlock checker SHOULD reject this"}