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Eric Hooglund Eric James Hooglund ( born March 18 , 1944 ) is an American political scientist and an expert on contemporary Iran . Since 2010 he has been a Senior Research Professor at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University in Sweden . Hooglund was born in Waterville , Maine , and was educated at the University of Maine at Orono , from where he revived a BA in history in 1966 . He was a Peace Corps Volunteer in Iran ( 1966–68 ) and subsequently undertook graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University under the pre-eminent scholar of Islamic law , Majid Khadduri , receiving a Ph.D in international relations and Middle Eastern Studies in 1975 . During his doctoral field research in Iran in the early 1970s , he worked with Hamid Enayat , Nader Afshar Naderi , Javad Safinejad and Mostafa Azkia . His dissertation on the politics of land reform became his first published book , `` Land and Revolution in Rural Iran , 1960-1980 '' , and it shows the influence of the ideas of James Scott , Eric Wolf , and Barrington Moore , Jr . on his approach to the study of peasant societies and rural resistance movements . Hooglund has a long-standing commitment to the development of Middle Eastern studies as an academic discipline . For more than a decade he was a member of the editorial collective of Middle East Report published by MERIP , later was editor of the Middle East Journal and since 1995 has been editor of Middle East Critique . He also has worked for several Middle East-focused non-governmental organizations , including the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , the National Security Archive , and the Institute for Palestine Studies . His teaching experience includes Bates College and Bowdoin College in Maine , Ohio State University , the University of California , Berkeley , St . Antony ’ s College , Oxford , Shiraz University in Iran , and Middle East Technical University in Turkey . Hooglund has published several books and over 100 articles during his professional career . In his work Hooglund examines diverse aspects of Iranian culture , government , history , international relations , literature , migration , political economy , sociology , and religion . Although trained as a political scientist his best-known work falls in the category of rural political economy and sociology .
Abel Erasmus Pass Abel Erasmus Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province , on the R36 road between Ohrigstad and Hoedspruit/Tzaneen , South Africa . It navigates the Manoutsa section of the Limpopo Drakensberg . Since 1959 the road passes through the 133 m long JG Strijdom Tunnel , named after old Prime Minister JG Strijdom . The pass is 11 km long and generally follows a coach route of the late 19th century .
Imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase In enzymology , an imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase ( ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are 4-imidazoleacetate , NADH , H , and O , whereas its 3 products are 5-hydroxy-4-imidazoleacetate , NAD , and HO . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on paired donors , with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen . The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor , and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor . The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-imidazoleacetate , NADH : oxygen oxidoreductase ( 5-hydroxylating ) . Other names in common use include imidazoleacetic hydroxylase , imidazoleacetate hydroxylase , and imidazoleacetic monooxygenase . This enzyme participates in histidine metabolism . It employs one cofactor , FAD .
Parkside School , Cullingworth Parkside School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Cullingworth in the City of Bradford , West Yorkshire , England . The school was formed after a wide scale reorganisation of education in the Bradford district in 2000 . Today it is a foundation school administered by the Parkside Creative Learning Trust and Bradford City Council . The school was also previously awarded specialist Arts College status .
Gerald Levinson Gerald Levinson ( born June 22 , 1951 in Westport , Connecticut ) is an American composer of contemporary classical music . At university , he studied with George Crumb , Richard Wernick , and George Rochberg . After college , Levinson went to study composition with Olivier Messiaen at the Paris Conservatory . He was inspired by Messiaen 's use of birdsong and his unique harmonic ideas , as well as the musics of Bali and India . Levinson has also worked with Simon Rattle , Ralph Shapey , and Seiji Ozawa . His notable works include `` Anahata '' , Symphony No . 2 , and `` Black Magic/White Magic '' ( 1981 ) , a collaboration with his wife , poet Nanine Valen . Numerous CDs of his music have been released , and his scores are published by Theodore Presser . He has taught music at Swarthmore College since 1977 . His works have previously been performed by orchestras such as the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Los Angeles Philharmonic . A new work for organ and orchestra by Levinson was premiered by the Philadelphia Orchestra in its 2005-2006 season . He has two children , Adam Valen Levinson , and Ari Valen Levinson .
2010 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles Rajeev Ram was the champion in 2009 ; however , he lost to qualifier Raven Klaasen in the second round. < br > Mardy Fish defeated Olivier Rochus in the final 5–7 , 6–3 , 6–4 .
Arne Austeen Arne Austeen DFC ( 1 July 1911 – 4 May 1945 ) was a Norwegian flying ace who was killed during World War II . He was born in Stokke to parents from Brunlanes and Ås . He took a degree in machine engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology , and pilot training in the armed forces . He settled in Gjøvik . During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he fled the country in 1941 and travelled to the United Kingdom to join the Allied aerial forces . He enrolled in the Royal Air Force , leading the No . 331 Squadron RAF from 1 October 1943 to 15 March 1944 . He was killed in action in the vicinity of Kiel in May 1945 , shortly before the war 's end . He was decorated with the St . Olav 's Medal With Oak Branch , the War Medal , the Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal and the Distinguished Flying Cross . The road `` Austeens veg '' in Gjøvik has been named after him .
Portal ( album ) Portal is the debut album of Windy & Carl , self-released in November , 1994 .
Usman Azad Urdu High School Akola Usman Azad Urdu High School is located at Ratanlal Plot , Akola . It is the largest Urdu school in Akola city , and provides education from fifth grade to high school . The school is affiliated with the Maharashtra State Board of Education . The school is located in a large , single building which is shared with the K. M. Asghar Husain College of Arts , Commerce , and Science and the K. M. Asghar Husain College of Education .
Atari , SA Atari , SA ( ASA ) is an international French holding company headquartered in Paris , France . It was originally called Infogrames Entertainment , SA ( IESA ) . Its subsidiaries include Atari London Studio , Atari Interactive and Atari , Inc.. Because of continuing pressures upon the company , and difficulty finding investors , it sought bankruptcy protection under French law in January 2013 ; its subsidiaries in the United States have sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection there as well . All three subsidiaries have since exited bankruptcy , and are all going through a vigorous turnaround campaign . During their fiscal year meeting ( May 2009 ) , IESA announced that it would be changing its corporate name to an Atari-branded name , in line with the use of the name for its subsidiaries . In reference to this , Atari , Inc . 's CEO Jim Wilson said : `` We 've gotten rid of the Infogrames and Atari duality , the confusion around that . We are one simplified company , under one management team , under one brand . '' Infogrames ' May 29 earnings report stated : A later July 24 earnings press release further clarified a name change from the May 29 report , with a change from Infogrames Entertainment , SA to Atari , SA It additionally stated the continued use of Atari Group for its Atari-branded and related subsidiaries . On April 19 , 2010 , Atari , SA announced Nolan Bushnell along with Tim Virden would join the company 's Board of Directors . As of March 31 , 2011 , the Board of Directors consisted of Frank Dangeard , Jim Wilson , Tom Virden , Gene Davis , Alexandra Fichelson.Jim Wilson ( COO ) As of August 2014 , the Board of Directors consisted of Frédéric Chesnais ( chairman ) , Frank Dangeard , Tom Virden , Erik Euvrard , and Alyssa Padia Walles . On October 21 , 2010 , Atari announced Atari 's reference shareholders BlueBay Value Recovery ( Master ) Fund Limited and BlueBay Multi-Strategy ( Master ) Fund Limited are exploring a disposal of the shares and equity-linked instruments held by them . However , BlueBay shareholders later interrupted the sale process of its holding in Atari . BlueBay later converted the conversion of a portion of the ORANEs held by them . In 2012 , Atari , SA , BlueBay Value Recovery ( Master ) Fund Limited , and The BlueBay Multi-Strategy ( Master ) Fund Limited reached an agreement following their negotiations regarding the restructuring of the debt and capital structure of the Atari group . As part of the agreement , the €20.9 million Credit Facility Agreement was extinguished via €10.9 million loan forgiveness from BlueBay Value Recovery ( Master ) Fund Limited and Atari 's payment of €10 million ; the cancellation of the dilutive effect of the ORANEs held by BlueBay ; €20 million capital increases to be submitted to the vote of Atari shareholders ( of which €10 million with preferential subscription right ) . On January 21 , 2013 , Atari , Inc. , Atari Interactive , Inc. , Humongous , Inc . and California US Holdings , Inc . ( collectively , the `` Companies '' ) filed petitions for relief under chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York . In July 2013 , Atari began to sell its game assets , developers and the famous tripod logo and the Atari name in auction . The Battlezone and Moonbase Commander games were bought by Rebellion Developments . The Backyard Sports franchise was sold to Epic Gear LLC and later to Day 6 Sports Group LLC . Tommo , Inc . bought Humongous Inc . and over 300 different games ( Including games from the company Accolade and Math Grand Prix . ) Total Annihilation was sold to Wargaming and lastly , Star Control was bought by Stardock . Atari also had plans to sell off the Test Drive and Roller Coaster Tycoon franchises . Eden Games also closed down during the Bankruptcy , but reopened up a year later as an independent developer . in 2014 , All 3 Ataris emerged from bankruptcy and entered the social casino gaming industry with Atari Casino . Frédéric Chesnais , who now heads all three companies , stated their entire operations consist of a staff of 10 people . In December 2016 , 3 years after the Bankruptcy sale , Atari sold the Test Drive franchise to BigBen Interactive . In 2015 , Atari announced a turnaround strategy that would focus on re-releasing the catalog of Atari games . The strategy is focused on `` download games , MMO games , mobile games and licensing activities , based in priority around traditional franchises . '' Projects currently in production or included in the turnaround strategy include : Atari 's overall strategy has four main focuses : These were studios that were either formally apart of Infogrames Entertainment , SA , GT Interactive , Hasbro Interactive or associated with the Atari name .
Extra Life ( band ) Extra Life was an experimental band from Brooklyn . They are known for using unusual rhythms and time signatures , and for Charlie Looker 's ( ex Zs and Dirty Projectors ) unique singing style , which often uses melisma and is reminiscent of medieval and Renaissance music . Other members of Extra Life also play in a number of other bands . Nick Podgurski plays drums in Yukon . Caley Monahon-Ward plays violin in Snowblink . Math rock artist Tyondai Braxton formerly of Battles recommended the band on their Myspace , saying `` Totally scored out . Awkward rhythm . Amazing '' . On November 13 , 2012 , Extra Life officially disbanded because , `` ... the inner creative momentum driving the band has stalled . ''
United Architects of the Philippines The United Architects of the Philippines ( UAP ) is the Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects ( IAPOA ) in the Philippines with more than 24,000 members . UAP is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) as a non-stock , non-profit organization , with SEC Registration No . 60782 .
Wholesale marketing of food The consumption and production of marketed food are spatially separated . Production is primarily in rural areas while consumption is in urban areas . Agricultural marketing is the process that overcomes this separation , allowing produce to be moved from an area of surplus to one of need . Food reaches the consumer by a complex network , involving production , assembly , sorting , packing , reassembly , distribution and retail stages . In developing countries the linkage between the producer and the retailer is still usually provided by assembly and wholesale markets , where wholesale marketing takes place using a variety of transaction methods . Recent years have seen an expansion of wholesale marketing in E. European and former CIS countries . On the other hand , the growth of supermarkets in many regions has seen the development of direct marketing and a reduced role for wholesale systems . Secondary wholesale markets are generally found only in developing countries these days . They are located in district or regional cities and take the bulk of their produce from rural assembly markets located in production areas , where the transactions are small scale and usually take place between farmers and traders . The distinction between rural assembly markets and secondary wholesale markets is that secondary wholesale markets are in permanent operation ( rather than being seasonal in nature or dealing in specialized produce ) , larger volumes of produce are traded than at the rural assembly markets and specialized functions may be present , such as commission agents and brokers.Wholesaling include all the activity involved in selling goods and services to those buying for resale or business use .Firms engaged primarily in wholesaling are called wholesalers . Wholesalers buy mostly from producers and sell mostly to retailers , industrial consumers , and other wholesalers . Types of wholesalers : 1 ) Merchant wholesalers are the largest single group of wholesalers , accounting for roughly 50 percent of all wholesaling . Merchant wholesalers include two broad types : full-service wholesalers and limited-service wholesalers . 2 ) Brokers and agents differ from merchant wholesalers in two ways : They do not take title to goods and they perform few function like merchant wholesalers , Like merchant wholesalers , they generally specialize by product line or customer type . A broker brings buyers and sellers together and assists in negotiation . Agents represent buyers or sellers on a more permanent basis . Terminal wholesale markets are located in major metropolitan areas , where produce is finally channelled to consumers through trade between wholesalers and retailers , caterers , etc . Produce may also be assembled for export . In some countries , such as India and China , terminal markets also supply other parts of the country . For example , New Delhi serves as a distribution centre to the south of India for apples grown in the Himalayan foothills . The problems of terminal wholesale markets are usually ones of congestion caused by an unsuitable location or by an inappropriate mixture of wholesale and retail functions . Traditionally , wholesale markets were built adjacent to city centres , located at a focal point of the inter-city transport facilities and close to the main retailing areas . Population growth , changes in urban land-use patterns and the development of modern transport systems have all influenced the suitability and functionality of existing sites . Wholesaling facilitates the economic function of buying and selling ( usually termed as `` price formation '' ) by allowing the forces of supply and demand to converge to establish a single price for a commodity . The wholesaler may also perform storage and warehousing functions , as well as allowing economies of scale to be obtained in the transportation of produce from farm to market . The people involved in wholesaling can act simply as merchants , buying and selling produce , can be brokers dealing in orders rather than goods , or can be commission agents . Prices are normally established by negotiation but some wholesale markets use the auction system . The auction is compulsory in all wholesale markets in big cities in Japan . A comparison of the Japanese system with that in Brisbane , Australia , found that prices moved more frequently and with a greater degree of volatility in Japan than those at Brisbane . Wholesale markets develop in a number of stages . They start as general markets , then become more specialized by trading in specific types of product . A later stage is to transact only graded and well packaged produce . A recent trend in Western Europe and the USA is for large retailers to by-pass the wholesale market system . Direct links are created between producers and supermarket chains , often by means of contract farming arrangements or through the use of preferred suppliers . Following the collapse of the iron curtain a large number of markets were developed in Eastern and Central Europe in the 1990s and early 2000s . Examples include markets in Warsaw , Gdansk , Budapest , and Bucharest . In other parts of the world , new markets have been built in Amman , Cairo and Mumbai , among many recent developments . Very few new wholesale markets have been built in western countries in the last decades , although old markets have been relocated to new sites ( e.g . the new Covent Garden Market relocated to Nine Elms in London and Rome 's new wholesale market , relocated from the centre to the east of the city ) . Those that already exist have tended to also attract warehouses for integrated food distribution , changing their role to `` food centers '' ( in the USA ) and including other non-fresh food products . Wholesale markets still have a role in the marketing of horticultural produce but the traditional fresh meat and fish wholesale markets , particularly those dealing with wholesale live produce , are generally being closed down in major urban centres . In developing countries , changes in work patterns , particularly the employment of women , and the impact of technological innovations in post-harvest handling , food processing and storage , including the use of domestic refrigerators , tends to encourage the development of one-stop shopping at supermarkets , often on a once-a-week basis . The challenge for wholesale markets in such a trading environment is to retain turnover , both by providing new services to supermarkets and by developing services to the non-supermarket trade and the growing hotel and catering sectors . The World Union of Wholesale Markets ( WUWM ) aims to represent wholesale markets internationally , and promote the exchange of information between them for mutual benefit .
Vicinal difunctionalization Vicinal difunctionalization refers to a chemical reaction involving transformations at two adjacent centers ( most commonly carbons ) . This transformation can be accomplished in α , β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to the β-position followed by trapping of the resulting enolate with an electrophile at the α-position . When the nucleophile is an enolate and the electrophile a proton , the reaction is called Michael addition . Vicinal difunctionalization reactions , most generally , lead to new bonds at two adjacent carbon atoms . Often this takes place in a stereocontrolled fashion , particularly if both bonds are formed simultaneously , as in the Diels-Alder reaction . Activated double bonds represent a useful handle for vicinal difunctionalization because they can act as both nucleophiles and electrophiles—one carbon is necessarily electron poor , and the other electron rich . In the presence of a nucleophile and an electrophile , then , the two carbons of a double bond can act as a `` relay , '' mediating electron flow from the nucleophile to the electrophile with the formation of `` two '' , rather than the usual one , chemical bonds . Most often , the nucleophile employed in this context is an organometallic compound and the electrophile is an alkyl halide . The mechanism proceeds in two stages : β-nucleophilic addition to the unsaturated carbonyl compound , followed by electrophilic substitution at the α-carbon of the resulting enolate . When the nucleophile is an organometallic reagent , the mechanisms of the first step can vary . Whether reactions take place by ionic or radical mechanisms is unclear in some cases . Research has shown that the second step may even proceed via single-electron transfers when the reduction potential of the electrophile is low . A general scheme involving ionic intermediates is shown below . Lithium organocuprates undergo oxidative addition to enones to give , after reductive elimination of an organocopper ( III ) species , β-substituted lithium enolates . In any case , the second step is well described in all cases as the reaction of an enolate with an electrophile . The two steps may be carried out as distinct experimental operations if the initially formed enolate is protected after β-addition . If the two steps are not distinct , however , the counterion of the enolate is determined by the counterion of the nucleophilic starting material and can influence the reactivity of the enolate profoundly . Steric approach control is common in conjugate addition reactions . Thus , in cyclic substrates , a `` trans '' relationship between substituents on the α- and β-carbons is common . The configuration at the α-position is less predictable , especially in cases when epimerization can occur . On the basis of steric approach control , the new α-substituent is predicted to be `` trans '' to the new β-substituent , and this is observed in a number of cases . Organocopper reagents are the most common nucleophiles for the β-addition step . These reagents can be generated catalytically in the presence of Grignard reagents using either copper ( I ) or copper ( II ) salts . ( 4 ) Copper reagents can also be used stoichiometrically , and among these , organocuprates are the most common ( they are more reactive than the corresponding neutral organocopper ( I ) compounds ) . The cuprate counterion may affect the addition and subsequent enolate reaction in subtle ways . Additions involving higher-order cuprates must be quenched with a silyl halide before alkylation . When unsymmetrical cuprates are employed , the group whose carbon-copper bond contains less s character is almost always transferred to the β-position . A few exceptions exist , however . In the example below , conducting the reaction in THF led to transfer of the vinyl moiety , while other solvents promoted methyl transfer . Enolates can also be used as nucleophiles for vicinal difunctionalization reactions . To prevent simple Michael addition ( which culminates in protonation of the enolate intermediate ) , trapping by the electrophile must be intramolecular . Considerations of the electrophile should take into account the nature of the conjugate enolate generated after the first step . Relatively reactive alkylating agents should be used , especially in cases involving the addition of cuprates ( enolates resulting from the addition of cuprates are often unreactive ) . Oxophilic electrophiles should be avoided , if C-alkylation is desired . Electrophiles should also lack hydrogens acidic enough to be deprotonated by an enolate . Cyclic α , β-unsaturated ketones are the most commonly employed substrates for vicinal difunctionalization . They tend to be more reactive than acyclic analogues and undergo less direct addition than aldehydes . Amides and esters can be used to encourage conjugate addition in cases when direct addition may be competitive ( as in the addition of organolithium compounds ) . Because the addition step is highly sensitive to steric effects , β-substituents are likely to slow the reaction . Acetylenic and allenic substrates react to give products with some retained unsaturation . A large number of examples of vicinal difunctionalization of unsaturated carbonyl compounds exist in the literature . In one example , the difunctionalization of unsaturated lactone 1 was employed en route to isostegane . This transformation was accomplished in one pot . Because the reaction creates two new bonds with a moderately high degree of stereocontrol , it represents a highly convergent synthetic method . Organometallic nucleophiles used for conjugate additions are most often prepared `` in situ '' . The use of anhydrous equipment and inert atmosphere is necessary . Because these factors are sometimes difficult to control and the strength of freshly prepared reagents can vary substantially , titration methods are necessary to verify the purity of reagents . A number of efficient titration methodologies exist . Usually , vicinal difunctionalizations are carried out in one pot , without the intermediacy of a neutral protected enolate . However , in specific cases it may be necessary to protect the intermediate of β-addition . Before reaching this point , however , solvent and nucleophile screens , order of addition adjustments , and counterion adjustments can be made to optimize the one-pot process for a particular combination of carbonyl compound , nucleophile , and alkylating ( or acylating ) agent . Solvent adjustments between the two steps are common ; if one solvent is used , tetrahydrofuran is the solvent of choice . Polar aprotic solvents should be avoided for the conjugate addition step . Concerning temperature , conjugate additions are usually carried out at low temperatures ( -78 °C ) , while alkylations are carried out at slightly higher temperatures ( 0 to -30 °C ) . Less reactive alkylating agents may require room temperature . To 6.25 g ( 50 mmol ) of 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one and 0.5 g ( 5.6 mmol ) of cuprous cyanide in 400 mL of diethyl ether at –23° under argon was added 100 mL ( ~0.75 M in diethyl ether ) of 5-trimethylsilyl-4-pentynylmagnesium iodide during 4 hours . Methyl chloroformate ( 8 mL , 100 mmol ) was added and stirring continued for 1 hour at –23° and 0.5 hour at room temperature . Hydrochloric acid ( 100 mL , 2.0 M ) then was added and the organic phase separated and dried with magnesium sulfate . The solvent was removed and the residue chromatographed on silica gel using 5 % diethyl ether–petroleum ether to give methyl 3,3-dimethyl-6-oxo-2- [ 5- ( trimethylsilyl ) -4-pentynyl ] cyclohexanecarboxylate , 9.66 g ( 60 % ) . IR 2000 , 2140 , 1755 , 1715 , 1660 , 1615 , 1440 , 1280 , 1250 , 1225 , 1205 , and 845 cm–1 ; 1H NMR ( CDCl ) δ 0.13 ( s , 9H ) , 0.93 ( s , 3H ) , 1.02 ( s , 3H ) , 1.2–2.3 ( m , 11H ) , 3.74 ( s , 3H ) . Anal . Calc . for CHOSi : C , 67.05 ; H , 9.4 . Found : C , 67.1 ; H , 9.65 .
Arthrobacter oryzae Arthrobacter oryzae is a Gram-positive bacterium species from the genus of `` Arthrobacter '' which has been isolated from soil in Japan .
Decaisnina signata Decaisnina signata is a species of flowering plant , an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia . It is found from Cape York to the Kimberleys .
El Malecon cocktail The `` Malecón Cocktail '' is named for `` El Malecón '' [ Spanish > `` Dike '' ] , the winding beachfront avenue atop the seawall in Havana , Cuba . There are two versions . He said he was inspired to make the cocktail after a trip to Havana . `` `` I have read that the essence of what it means to be Cuban is to accept the inevitabilities of human existence , that we are born and must die , and to make the very best of the life in between and have as good a time as possible . With this admirable attitude in mind , I wanted to create a drink that could be enjoyed at any time of day or night , and that would be at home in the most elegant London cocktail bar and equally at the Malecon in Havana with music , laughter and tobacco smoke in the air . '' '' The cocktail represents the feelings the avenue evoked in him as he walked along the sea wall - `` '' simplicity , joy , and life 's sweetness balanced by a touch of bitterness '' '' .
Lysine 6-dehydrogenase Lysine 6-dehydrogenase ( , `` L-lysine epsilon-dehydrogenase '' , `` L-lysine 6-dehydrogenase '' , `` LysDH '' ) is an enzyme with systematic name `` L-lysine : NAD 6-oxidoreductase ( deaminating ) '' . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction The enzyme is highly specific for L-lysine as substrate , although S- ( 2-aminoethyl ) -L-cysteine can act as a substrate , but more slowly .
Sergei Yeliseyev ( admiral ) Sergei Yeliseyev is a Vice Admiral , former First Deputy Commander of the Ukrainian Navy who left Ukrainian military service in favor of Russia in 2014 . In 19 February – 1 March 2014 Yeliseyev was acting Commander of Ukrainian Navy as the First Deputy Commander . Early in 2014 during the Crimean Crisis along with another high-ranking military officer Denis Berezovsky , he left the military oath of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and sided with the Russian Federation against Ukraine . Since July 2014 he serves as a Deputy Commander of the Russian Baltic Fleet .
Otaq Sara , Nur Otaq Sara ( , also Romanized as Oţāq Sarā ) is a village in Tatarestaq Rural District , Baladeh District , Nur County , Mazandaran Province , Iran . At the 2006 census , its existence was noted , but its population was not reported .
Toners Lake Toners Lake is a lake in Waseca County , in the U.S . state of Minnesota . Toners Lake was named for Richard Toner , a pioneer blacksmith .
Sergio Giral Sergio Giral ( born 2 January 1937 ) is a Cuban-American film writer and director . He was raised in New York City , as an aspiring young painter in the days of the Beatnik generation . In 1962 , Oscar-winning cinematographer Nestor Almendros invited Giral to work together at the ICAIC ( The Cuban Film Institute ) . It was there , after a series of shorts and documentaries , that Giral filmed a trilogy ( `` The Other Francisco '' , `` Rancheador '' and `` Maluala '' ) about slavery in 19th Century Cuba and the Caribbean . `` The Other Francisco '' was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Diploma . In 1991 Giral returned to the United States . He resides in Miami . Dos Veces Ana was his first feature film made in USA .
Neogymnomyces Neogymnomyces is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family .
George Braithwaite George Braithwaite may refer to :
Siege of Rhodes ( 1522 ) The Siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights of Rhodes from their island stronghold and thereby secure Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean . The first siege in 1480 had been unsuccessful . The Knights of St . John , or Knights Hospitallers , had captured Rhodes in the early 14th century after the loss of Acre , the last Crusader stronghold in Palestine in 1291 . From Rhodes , they became an active part of the trade in the Aegean sea , and at times harassed Turkish shipping in the Levant to secure control over the eastern Mediterranean . A first effort by the Ottomans to capture the island , in 1480 , was repulsed by the Order , but the continuing presence of the knights just off the southern coast of Anatolia was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion . Since the previous siege the fortress had received many upgrades from the new school of `` trace italienne '' , which made it much more formidable in resisting artillery . In the most exposed land-facing sectors , these included a thickening of the main wall , doubling of the width of the dry ditch , coupled with a transformation of the old counterscarp into massive outworks ( tenailles ) , the construction of bulwarks around most towers , and caponiers enfilading the ditch . Gates were reduced in number , and the old battlement parapets were replaced with slanting ones suitable for artillery fights . A team of masons , labourers and slaves did the construction work , the Muslim slaves were charged with the hardest labor . In 1521 , Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam was elected Grand Master of the Order . Expecting a new Ottoman attack on Rhodes , he continued to strengthen the city 's fortifications , work that had begun after the Ottoman invasion of 1480 and the earthquake of 1481 , and called upon the Order 's knights elsewhere in Europe to come to the island 's defence . The rest of Europe ignored his request for assistance , but some Venetian troops from Crete joined the knights , and Sir John Rawson , Prior of the Order 's Irish House , came alone . The city was protected by two and , in some places three , rings of stone walls and several large bastions . The defence of the walls and bastions was assigned in sections to the different `` Langues '' into which the knights had been organized since 1301 . The harbour entrance was blocked by a heavy iron chain , behind which the Order 's fleet was anchored . When the Turkish invasion force of 400 ships arrived on Rhodes on 26 June 1522 , they were commanded by Çoban Mustafa Pasha . Sultan Suleiman himself arrived with the army of 100,000 men on 28 July to take personal charge . The Turks blockaded the harbour and bombarded the town with field artillery from the land side , followed by almost daily infantry attacks . They also sought to undermine the fortifications through tunnels and mines . The artillery fire was slow in inflicting serious damage to the massive walls , but after five weeks , on 4 September , two large gunpowder mines exploded under the bastion of England , causing a portion of the wall to fall and to fill the moat . The attackers immediately assaulted this breach and soon gained control of it , but a counterattack by the English brothers under Fra ' Nicholas Hussey and Grand Master Villiers de L'Isle-Adam succeeded in driving them back again . Twice more the Turks assaulted the breach that day , but each time the English brothers , aided by German brothers , held the gap . On 24 September , Mustafa Pasha ordered a new massive assault , aimed mainly at the bastions of Spain , England , Provence and Italy . After a day of furious fighting , during which the bastion of Spain changed hands twice , Suleiman eventually called off the attack . He sentenced Mustafa Pasha , his brother-in-law , to death for his failure to take the city , but eventually spared his life after other senior officials had pleaded with him for mercy . Mustafa 's replacement , Ahmed Pasha , was an experienced siege engineer , and the Turks now focused their efforts on undermining the ramparts and blowing them up with mines while maintaining their continuous artillery barrages . The regularity of the locations where the mines were detonated under the walls ( which generally rest on rock ) has led to the suggestion that the Turkish miners may have taken advantage of culverts under the Hellenistic city which lies beneath the medieval city of Rhodes . Another major assault at the end of November was repelled , but both sides were now exhausted—the Knights because they were reaching the end of their capacity to resist and no relief forces could be expected to arrive in time , the Turks because their troops were increasingly demoralized and depleted by combat fatalities and disease spreading through their camps . Suleiman offered the citizens peace , their lives and food if they surrendered ; the alternative would be death or slavery if the Turks were compelled to take the city by force . Pressed by the townspeople , Villiers de L'Isle-Adam agreed to negotiate . A truce was declared for 11–13 December to allow negotiations , but when the locals demanded further assurances for their safety , Suleiman was angered and ordered the bombardment and assaults to resume . The bastion of Spain fell on 17 December . With most of the walls now destroyed , it was merely a matter of time before the city would have to surrender , and on 20 December , after several days of pressure from the town 's people , the Grand Master asked for a fresh truce . On 22 December , the representatives of the city 's Latin and Greek inhabitants accepted Suleiman 's terms , which were generous . The knights were given twelve days to leave the island and would be allowed to take with them their weapons and any valuables or religious icons they desired . Islanders who wished to leave could do so at any time within a three-year period . No church would be desecrated or turned into a mosque . Those remaining on the island would be free of Ottoman taxation for five years . On 1 January 1523 , the remaining knights and soldiers marched out of the town , with banners flying , drums beating and in battle armour . They boarded the 50 ships which had been made available to them and sailed to Crete ( a Venetian possession ) , accompanied by several thousand civilians . The siege of Rhodes ended with an Ottoman victory . The conquest of Rhodes was a major step towards Ottoman control over the eastern Mediterranean and greatly eased their maritime communications between Constantinople and Cairo and the Levantine ports . Later , in 1669 , from this base Ottoman Turks captured Venetian Crete . The Knights Hospitaller initially moved to Sicily , but , in 1530 , obtained the islands of Malta and Gozo and the North African port city of Tripoli in fief from Emperor Charles V .
Klin , Lublin Voivodeship Klin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranów , within Puławy County , Lublin Voivodeship , in eastern Poland . The village has a population of 29 . < br >
Hilde Zimmermann Hilde Zimmermann , born `` Hilde Wundsam '' , ( 12 September 1920 – 25 March 2002 ) was an Austrian resistance fighter against nazism and survivor of the KZ Ravensbrück ( also known as the deathmarch ) . Hilde Zimmermann died at Vienna .
Robert Dyke Robert Dyke ( died 1449 ) was an English-born cleric and judge who held high office in fifteenth-century Ireland , being appointed to the offices of Archdeacon of Dublin , Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland and Master of the Rolls in Ireland . Little is known of his life before 1419 , when he first appears as an official at the English Court . In 1422 he was appointed Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer ( or Chancellor of the Green Wax , as the office was then often described ) and clerk of the Court of Common Pleas ( Ireland ) with power to appoint a deputy to each office . He became vicar of Bridgnorth in Shropshire the same year . The actual date on which he arrived in Ireland to take up his official duties is unclear ; he was acting as Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland though deputies in 1430 . He was probably in Ireland in 1431 when he became Archdeacon of Dublin , and he was made parson of Trim , County Meath in 1434 . He became Master of the Rolls in 1436 , with a salary of 5 shillings a day , and he acted as Deputy to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1447 . By 1442 he had been appointed a member of the Privy Council of Ireland . In 1441 he was granted the manor of Ballymagarvey , County Meath , for a term of seven years . Irish politics from the 1420s through to the 1440s was dominated by the Butler–Talbot feud , between James Butler , 4th Earl of Ormond on the one side and John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable brother Richard , Archbishop of Dublin on the other . It was almost impossible for any senior Irish Crown official of the era to avoid being drawn into the feud , or to avoid taking sides . Dyke seems to have been a Butler partisan , and is said to have particularly offended Archbishop Talbot : among a long list of charges made against Talbot in 1442 was one that he had physically assaulted Dyke . Since Talbot , despite his clerical office , was notoriously hot-tempered , the charge may well be true . Dyke died in 1449 .
Hutto Commercial Historic District Hutto Commercial Historic District is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Hutto , Texas .
Vrécourt Vrécourt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France .
Edith Sempala Edith Grace Sempala ( née Edith Bafakulera ) , is a Ugandan civil engineer , civil servant , diplomat and political activist , who has served as Director and Senior Adviser at the World Bank since 2008 . She previously served as Uganda 's representative to the Nordic countries , the United States , the African Union , Ethiopia and Djibouti . She was born in 1953 in Namutamba , in modern-day Mityana District , in the Central Region of Uganda . She attended `` Namutamba Demonstration School '' for her elementary education . She attended Gayaza High School for her O-Level studies and went to Nabumali High School for her A-Level schooling . In 1973 , she entered Peoples ' Friendship University of Russia , then known as Lumumba University , where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in Civil Engineering , completing her studies in 1979 . Following her studies in the then Soviet Union , she spent next seven years ( 1979 to 1986 ) , in Sweden as a refugee . In 1986 , following the change of government in Kampala , she was named Uganda 's ambassador to the Nordic countries , based in Copenhagen , Denmark , serving in that capacity for 10 years . In 1986 , she was named Uganda 's ambassador to the United States , based in Washington DC . She served in that capacity for another 10 years . In 2006 , she was named to become Uganda 's ambassador to the African Union , based in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . She concurrently served as Uganda 's representative to Ethiopia and Djibouti . She served in this capacity from 2006 until 2008 . In 2008 , she joined the World Bank as Director and Senior Adviser , International Affairs , Office of the World Bank 's Vice-President for External Affairs . In 2015 , she was named by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to serve on the `` Advisory Group of Experts on Review of Peacebuilding Architecture '' . Edith Grace Sempala is a married mother of three children .
Meldal Meldal is a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Orkdalen region . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Meldal . The village of Meldal has a population ( 2013 ) of 628 , giving the village a population density of . Other villages include Løkken Verk , Bjørnli , and Storås . The municipality is most renowned for its mining activities at Løkken Verk , being the birthplace of the `` Orkla mining company '' , now Orkla Group . It is also home to the annual Storåsfestivalen music festival . Meldal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . In 1839 , the southern district of Rennebu was separated from Meldal to form a municipality of its own . The Old Norse form of the name was `` Meðaldalr '' . The first element is `` meðal '' which means `` middle '' and the last element is `` dalr '' which means `` valley '' or `` dale '' . The municipality is named this probably because it is located in the middle of the Orkdalen valley . The name was historically spelled `` Meldalen '' . The coat-of-arms is from modern times . They were granted on 5 February 1985 . The arms are a combination of a wheel as a symbol for the local industry , and a wheat ear as a symbol for the agriculture . Both items are yellow on a red background . The Church of Norway has two parishes `` ( sokn ) '' within the municipality of Meldal . It is part of the Deanery ( `` prosti '' ) of Orkdal and the Diocese of Nidaros . The municipality of Meldal is located along the Orkla River in the middle of the Orkdalen valley . The lakes Hostovatnet and Svorksjøen are located along the northern border of the municipality . The municipality of Rindal ( in Møre og Romsdal ) lies to the west , Rennebu lies to the south , Midtre Gauldal and Melhus to the east , and Orkdal to the north . The Løkken Station is the terminal station on the Thamshavn Line railway .
Old Dutch Parsonage The Old Dutch Parsonage is a historical house built in 1751 , moved about 1913 and now located at 38 Washington Place , Somerville , Somerset County , New Jersey , United States . The two and a half story brick house was the home of the first ministers of the first Dutch Reformed Churches in the area , built by the combined efforts of the congregations in Somerville , New Jersey , and Raritan , New Jersey , in 1751 . The first occupant was Reverend John Frelinghuysen ( 1727-1754 ) who taught seminarians in the house . His son Frederick Frelinghuysen was a Captain in the Continental Army . Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh , one of the seminarians who occupied the house after Frelinghuysen 's death along with the former reverend 's widow and her children , succeeded Frelinghuysen as minister , occupant of the house , and , in 1756 , as husband to the former Mrs . Frelinghuysen . Hardenbergh helped establish Queen 's College , now known as Rutgers University in 1766 and in 1785 became its first President . He moved from the house in 1781 but it continued in use as a parsonage until 1810 . Dr . Peter Stryker bought the house in 1810 and sold it to the Doughty family in 1836 . They owned it until 1907 when they sold it to the Central Railroad of New Jersey . In 1913 , the house was set to be knocked down by the railroad , but instead it was moved adjacent to the Wallace House , which was built in 1775 . Harmanus Barkeloo II ( 1745–1788 ) and John Waldron ( 1737–1790 ) are buried in the cemetery .
Individual freestyle dressage at the 2006 World Equestrian Games The individual freestyle dressage competition at the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games was held between August 22 and August 26 , 2006 . The first round of the individual freestyle dressage competition was held on August 22 and August 23 , 2006 . The second round of the individual freestyle dressage competition was held on August 25 , 2006 . This round was also used as the final for the individual special competition . The final round of the individual freestyle dressage competition was held on August 26 , 2006 .
Anthony Baffoe Anthony Baffoe ( born 25 May 1965 in Bad Godesberg , Bonn , West Germany ) is a business manager and former Ghana international footballer . As the son of a Ghanaian diplomat , Baffoe grew up near to the former West German capital of Bonn and made a name for himself in the 1980s in the Bundesliga , becoming a real crowd favourite for 1 . FC Köln and Fortuna Düsseldorf . The much-travelled Baffoe played for clubs on four different continents . He spent the majority of his career in the German First and Second Bundesliga , starting in 1983 at 1 . FC Köln at 18 years of age before moving across the border to join French side FC Metz nearly 10 years later . Baffoe was one of the first recognized black player to appear in the German Bundesliga . After 74 German top flight appearances for Köln and Düsseldorf merely he played for a further seven clubs , including spells in Hong Kong and Caracas . Baffoe was the first Ghanaian expatriate-player to play for the Black Stars . He was capped 16 times for Ghana , notably at 1992 and 1994 African Cup of Nations . After his playing career Baffoe used his broad popularity to set up and front a new TV magazine show devoted to youth football . He was successful on German television in various sport programmes and is the regular host of Viasat One 's Uefa Champions League show in Ghana . After a few years , the former defensive utility man evolved into a well-known representative of the African continent and his home country of Ghana . Currently Baffoe occupies several functions for the African Football Confederation ( CAF ) , as well as for FIFA . He is a member of FIFA and CAF Football Committees . He also serves as a Match Commissioner and General Coordinator for CAF and FIFA sanctioned tournaments . In February 2006 he was named `` Director for International Relations '' for the Ghana national football team . He is the founder and General Secretary of the Professional Footballers Association of Ghana . In that capacity is in close contact with the FIFPro Players ’ association and works in collaboration with the Ghana Football Association . Baffoe is a FIFA Ambassador for campaign against racism , a FIFA ambassador for SOS Children 's Village and an ambassador for Play Soccer Ghana . Baffoe is married to Kalsoume Sinare , one of Ghana 's finest actresses and they both have three children , Shaquille , Boukeem and Keisheira . Baffoe is the brother of German actress Liz Baffoe , who is famous for her role in the German TV series Lindenstraße .
James Apana James K. Apana , popularly known as Kimo Apana , served as Mayor of the County of Maui in Hawaii from 1999 to January 2 , 2003 . Born in Wailuku , he graduated from Kamehameha Schools and obtained a speech degree at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa . Upon ending his studies , Apana was hired by the Hawai'i State Legislature to be its budget analyst while at the same time , he managed a family business . In 1993 , Apana won his first of three terms to the Maui County Council representing his hometown of Wailuku . In 1998 , Apana was elected mayor as a Democrat to succeed then-gubernatorial candidate Mayor Linda Lingle .
Falima Teao Falima Teao ( born 1931 ) was the ulu , or head of government , of Tokelau from February 1997 to February 1998 . He was also the faipule , or chief head of council , of the atoll of Fakaofo from January 1996 to January 1999 . The position of ulu of Tokelau rotates annually between the three faipule ( one for each of the three atolls ) , who are elected for terms lasting three years . In 2004 , Teao was one of the two dentists resident on Fakaofo .
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Kimberly Derrick Kimberly Derrick ( born April 28 , 1985 in Blytheville , Arkansas ) is an American short track speed skater . Kimberly Derrick grew up on inline skates and , between the ages of 6 and 18 , she dominated the women 's inline world , winning and placing in numerous National Championships . At 18 , Derrick switched to ice and took on the speedskating world with the same ferocity she did with inline competitions . As a member of the 2006 U.S . Olympic Team in Torino , Italy , Derrick realized her dream of making an Olympic team , and in September 2009 , she earned a spot on the 2010 U.S . Olympic Team . During World Cup competition in the 2008-09 season , Derrick earned three medals in the 1000m , including a gold . She was also part of the ladies relay team that won the gold medal in Dresden , Germany - the first time the U.S . ladies have won gold in this event . During the ISU World Short Track Team Championships in the Netherlands , Derrick was part of the ladies team , earning a bronze medal overall . Derrick is an instrumental part of the ladies relay team which won a silver medal at World Cup 3 in Montreal . Derrick is a converted inline skater and the first U.S . Winter Olympian born in Arkansas . She has lived in Arkansas , Tennessee , Ohio , Michigan and Utah . At Northern Michigan University , she majored in elementary education , and she would like to go into teaching one day.Derrick graduated from Northern Michigan University with a degree in elementary education . At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Derrick competed in the 1000 meters ( in which she was eliminated in the quarterfinals ) and the 3000 meter relay ( in which her team finished fourth ) . Derrick became the first U.S . Winter Olympian born in Arkansas . Derrick 's grandfather died while in Turin to see her compete . Derrick decided to compete because she believed her grandfather would want her to do so . Derrick did n't make it past the heats in the 1000 and 1500 m races . However , Derrick won a bronze medal in the 3000 m relay ( she only competed in the semifinals ) .
Wang Laichun Wang Laichun ( 王来春 ) is a Chinese billionaire , chairman and one-third owner of the electronics manufacturer Luxshare Precision Industry , in Shenzhen , China , which supplies parts to Apple . In 2014 , The Daily Telegraph announced that , at the age of 46 , she was one of the world 's youngest self-made women billionaires . Laichun previously worked for ten years for the Taiwan billionaire Terry Gou 's Hon Hai Precision Industry .
Domnall ua Bécda Domnall ua Bécda was Bishop of Killala from 29 March 1199 to 1206 .
Lloyd Hill ( American football ) Lloyd Hill ( born January 16 , 1971 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He played football collegiately at Texas Tech , where he was named a First Team All-American before being drafted in the sixth round of the 1994 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears . Hill is the older brother of Roy Williams .
Stephen George ( Kerala ) Stephen George is an Indian politician . He was a young leader of Kerala Congress ( Mani ) , a splinter faction of Kerala Congress . He was a former Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) from Kaduthuruthy in Kottayam district . He resigned from the party in protest against the party leadership ’ s decision to deny him seat to contest in the April 13 , 2011 assembly elections .
National Airspace System Voice Switch The United States National Airspace System Voice Switch ( NVS ) project , a part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System ( NextGen ) , aims to establish a single set of scalable voice switches that can support a dynamic flow of air traffic . Voice communications network flexibility is essential for the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) to increase air traffic control network flexibility . Voice communications is a fundamental part of providing air traffic control services . Both air-to-ground and ground-to-ground voice communications are essential for the en route , flight service and terminal domains of aircraft flights to provide safe , orderly and efficient flow of air traffic . In the early years of the twenty-first century , air traffic control air-ground and ground-ground voice communications are managed on a geographical basis . The equipment used is a mixture of seventeen different types , some already 20 years old . Current voice communications switches are very static , and the ability to adjust the airspace for varying loads very limited . An air traffic controller in Miami in winter time may be over-loaded , whilst in the remainder of the year under-loaded . During the same periods , an air traffic controller in Minneapolis may be under-loaded in winter , and over-loaded at other times . With an inflexible system , the solution has to be to physically move controllers to cope with the higher workloads . NVS aims to enable voice switch flexibility by allowing the airspace to be dynamically reconfigured according to workload , without the physical movement of staff . So , an air traffic controller in Minneapolis could be logically reassigned to Miami without a physical movement being necessary . A migration from analog communications to Voice over Internet Protocol ( VOIP ) is also being considered . NVS will enable FAA air traffic control to establish a network-based communications system , to evolve towards flexible communications routing that provides dynamic re-sectorisation , resource reallocation , airspace redesign , and improved aircraft flow capacity . NVS will : Northrop Grumman Corporation announced the demonstration of the company 's Next Generation Voice Over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) Voice Switch to officials of the FAA in preparation for the upcoming National Airspace System Voice Switch program competition . The demonstration was the second phase of Northrop Grumman 's response to a Request for Information issued by the FAA for the NVS program .
Qemal Bey Vrioni Qemal Bey Vrioni ( 1885-1946 ? ) was an Albanian political figure of 1930s and 1940s . Vrioni was member of Vrioni family , a major landowning family from the Ottoman cast . He was the main landowner in the Fier region . Born in Fier in 1885 . He studied economics public administration in Istambul . < br > Qemal Vrioni was a participant at the Congress of Durrës in December 1918 . He was Assemblyman of Albanian Parliament during 1921-1928 . He was involved in the anti-Zogist uprising of Fier in 1935 . Unlike other organizers like Costa Chekrezi , Musa Kranja , or Xhevahir Arapi who fled the country or were severely punished , he managed to come out unharmed . < br > In 1938-1939 he was appointed in charge of `` SITA '' , an Italian corporation operating in Albania in the field of electrical equipment and infrastructure . He would be replaced later by Salih Bey Vuçitërni . < br > In 1940 , during the Italian Occupation he took over the direction of the `` Tomorri '' newspaper , a fascist media which succeeded `` Fashizmi '' ( Fascism ) . He was Minister of Finance in the government of Shefqet Vërlaci of 1940 succeeding Fejzi Alizoti . < br > At the end of World War II he was arrested by the Albanian Partisans , proceeded at the Special Court of Spring 1945 which handled many previous politicians at that time . He was initially sentenced to death as `` war criminal '' and `` enemy of the people '' , but later the charge was changed to prison time . According to Elsie , he died in Burrel prison in 1946 . According to Aliko , he was condemned to 10 years of imprisonment , and released in 1952 , being persecuted ever after . All the properties and estates were confiscated . Vrioni was accused during the 1920s for brutal behavior towards his estates ' peasants , including driving them out of his land and burning their homes . He was unsuccessfully brought to court for that .
Oecomys bicolor Oecomys bicolor , also known as the white-bellied oecomys or bicolored arboreal rice rat , is a species of rodent in the genus `` Oecomys '' of family Cricetidae . It has a wide distribution in Amazonia , occurring in northwestern Brazil , northern Bolivia , eastern Peru , eastern Ecuador , eastern Colombia , much of Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , and French Guiana , and extends into eastern Panama , but it may contain more than one species .
There 's a Place for Us There 's a Place for Us is an album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes in 1965 , for many years the most famous of the trio 's unreleased albums . The album , composed of show-tunes and pop standards , was released by Motown and Hip-O Records in 2004 ( see 2004 in music ) . `` There 's a Place for Us '' was recorded in late 1964 and through the first half of 1965 , and was to have been issued in the summer of that year to tie in with the group 's debut appearance at the famous Copacabana nightclub in New York City . Supremes members Diana Ross , Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson worked with two sets of producers , one in Los Angeles , the other in Detroit . The album was postponed and finally cancelled , with the live album `` The Supremes at the Copa '' being released in November 1965 . Several standards similar to those recorded for this album appeared on the Supremes ' next studio album , 1966 's `` I Hear a Symphony '' , whose cover is similar to that intended for `` There 's a Place for Us '' . Several selections from `` There 's a Place for Us '' would remain a staple of the group 's live act for several years to come , most notably `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' and `` Somewhere '' from `` West Side Story '' . The album 's title is derived from the first stanza of `` Somewhere 's '' lyrics . In 2004 , Hip-O Select remastered and released the album , with the original artwork and liner notes , in compact disc and digital download formats . Hip-O also expanded the original twelve tracks to twenty-six by incorporating selections from aborted album projects such as `` Tribute to the Girls '' ( to have been released in late 1965/early 1966 ) and `` The Supremes And The Motown Sound : From Broadway To Hollywood '' ( to have been released in 1967 ) , as well as outtakes from released albums . Mary Wilson sings a rare lead vocal on `` Our Day Will Come '' , while Florence Ballard sings lead on `` People '' . Diana Ross sings lead on the remaining songs . They are all featured on an original number , `` Fancy Passes '' .
Pavel Plaskonny Pavel Syarheyevich Plaskonny ( ; ; born 29 January 1985 ) is a Belarusian footballer who plays defender for Gorodeya . Plaskonny started his career at Lokomotiv Moscow `` B '' . In January 2008 , he signed a 2.5-year deal with Panionios . In July 2010 , he signed with Neman Grodno . In early December 2011 , Plaskonny moved to Dinamo Minsk , putting pen to paper on a three-year contract . Shakhtyor Soligorsk Plaskonny has appeared 12 times for the senior Belarus national football team , his first call up coming in November 2005 .
VHC VHC may refer to :
Yasuoka Station
Common Sayings Source The Common Sayings Source is one of many theories that attempts to provide insight into the Synoptic Problem . The theory posits that the Gospel of Thomas , a sayings gospel , and the Q source , a hypothetical sayings gospel , have a common source . Elements of this Common Sayings Source can be found in the text of the Gospel of Thomas and what scholars are proposing existed in the `` Q '' source . The high level of similarities between the two sources suggests that both documents are later redactions of a single source , the original Common Sayings Source , which was then redacted by different groups to suit their own needs . The main proponent of the theory is John Dominic Crossan . He chaired the historical Jesus section of the Society of Biblical Literature and was co-director of the Jesus Seminar . The theory is based on research previously done by John Kloppenborg on the `` Q '' source , William Arnal on the Gospel of Thomas , and Stephen Patterson on the Common Tradition . John Dominic Crossan uses these scholars ’ research and combines them to create the theory of the Common Sayings Source . This source provides insight into the Synoptic Problem and lends more evidence for the two-document hypothesis and the `` Q '' source . Based on three scholars ’ previous work , Crossan uses the research in order to establish his theory of a Common Sayings Source . Arnal believes that the Gnostic Layer was added to the Sapiential layer , which is where his compositional stratification theory comes from . Similarly , Kloppenborg ’ s theory of traditional stratification suggests that the Sapiential Layer existed and the apocalyptic was later developed . Crossan adapts Patterson ’ s theory to be called the Common Sayings Source because he feels that it is more than a tradition but an actual source . He agrees that the original Common Sayings Tradition , presented by Patterson , contained neither Gnosticism nor Apocalypticism , but required redactional adaptation towards either or both of those eschatologies . The Common Sayings Source suggests that there are enough parallels in the `` Q '' source and Gospel of Thomas to suggest a common source . Crossan uses the data provided by the International `` Q '' Project in order to compare the two sources together and points out that approximately one third of each gospel is found in the other . The high level of similarities leads Crossan to believe that there must have been a common source . Similar to the reasoning behind the two-document hypothesis for the existence of a `` Q '' source , the percentage of common material found in Thomas and `` Q '' would suggest an earlier source shared by the authors of both documents . However , unlike `` Q '' , the Common Sayings Source is presumed to be oral , due to a lack of common order or sequence . This is not to say that a written document is an impossibility . It is clear in the Synoptic Gospels that it was common for authors to edit works for their own needs , including the slight change in the order or sequence . Crossan believes that this Common Sayings Source provided a foundation for the two later documents known as `` Q '' and The Gospel of Thomas . The common material believed to be the Common Sayings Source can be found in the “ special ” material of the Synoptic Gospels . These statistics provide evidence that the `` Q '' source and Gospel of Thomas material play a minor role in the Synoptic Gospels . The Common Sayings source does not provide an alternative solution to the Synoptic Problem but provides a deeper understanding of the two-document theory . As a hypothetical document , the `` Q '' source is still only a hypothesis . Prior to the discovery of the Gospel of Thomas in 1945 it was thought that a Gospel without a narrative that only contained sayings was out of the question . The find of the Gospel of Thomas in Nag Hammadi changed the possibility of a gospel of sayings . The possibility of the `` Q '' source being an ancient document has become closer to reality with the discovery of Thomas . Crossan ’ s theory provides further evidence that there is a connection between these two sources and if we find some of `` Q '' in Thomas that it is possible that these common sayings came from an earlier source . This evidence provides further evidence of the existence of the Common Sayings Source . A debate has formed around the dating of the Gospel of Thomas . In order for Crossan ’ s theory to be possible , an earlier dating for the Gospel of Thomas is necessary in order to be written prior to the Synoptic Gospels , like the `` Q '' source . Some scholars suggest that due to the Gnostic content , Thomas was compiled in the 2nd Century , one century after the Synoptic Gospels . These scholars believe that the author of Thomas incorporated the Synoptic texts after their circulation began and therefore , Thomas could not have been connected to the `` Q '' source . However , many scholars feel that the dating of Thomas rightfully belongs no later than 200 CE B. Grenfell and A. Hunt placed the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1 , one of the oldest copies of the Gospel of Thomas , in this period . It is not the autograph copy and therefore , must have existed earlier than 200ce . Additionally , an investigation of the text provides internal evidence that suggests a date of authorship to be the beginning of the 2nd Century . This timeframe would fit well with the time of the Synoptic Gospels and lend support to the idea that Thomas may have been written around the time of `` Q '' . Koester adds insight when he concluded that Thomas did not evolve from the editing of Synoptic parables but from an independent oral source . From “ careful analysis of the parable of the Sower in the Synoptics and Thomas , John Homan concludes not only that the version in Thomas is independent , but that it does indeed permit us to recover an earlier version of this parable. ” These examples provide evidence that Crossan ’ s theory may be accurate when he discusses an early dating of Thomas and the independent oral source . Another important issue of Crossan ’ s theory is discovering whether or not the connections between `` Q '' and Thomas are anything more than a coincidence . Many scholars seem to have no issue believing that Thomas began from an oral tradition , which is suggested by the theory of the Common Sayings Source . Koester believes “ Thomas is either dependent upon the earliest version of `` Q '' , or more likely shares with the author of `` Q '' one or several early collections of Jesus ’ sayings ... Thus Thomas attests to a stage in the `` Logoi Gattung '' shared by `` Q '' and Thomas which had not yet been redacted under the influence of Apocalyptic expectation. ” This seems surprisingly similar to the Common Sayings Source theory where Crossan contends that a common source without apocalyptic or Gnostic information is the source for `` Q '' and Thomas . McLean provides an explanation for any slight variation that can be found between the sayings in the two sources . “ One would expect that the discrete sayings collections available to `` Q '' and Thomas would have varied in content and been made available at different times . ” Even those who oppose Crossan ’ s theory , like Deconick , find themselves confused when attempting to locate the possible source for Thomas . Even though she believes the Common Sayings Source theory is unlikely , she does admit that “ Thomas emerged as an oral text , ” which is not out of line from what Crossan has suggested . The theory of the Common Sayings Source relies a great deal on the acceptance of the two-source hypothesis or the three-source hypothesis and the existence of the `` Q '' source . In addition to the hypothetical material in the `` Q '' source , another important factor to the Common Sayings source is the information provided in the Gospel of Thomas . The Gospel of Thomas is a relatively recent discovery and it is possible that there were other versions of the text , as can be said in the case of many other early Christian writings . A change in either the accepted `` Q '' document or another version of Thomas may prove to contain either more or less parallels . This could cause issues with the Common Sayings Source theory . A number of articles have been written reviewing Crossan ’ s book , `` The Birth of Christianity '' , where he discusses the Common Sayings Source theory . Many of which make the same comments regarding his theory . William Loader of Murdoch University comments , “ Crossan ’ s proposals are too inflexible , to much of a methodological ‘ short-cut ’ . ” He explains that Loader points out a number of issues with Crossan ’ s overall methodology and issues with the glossing over of important issues . Loader is not the only scholar to call attention to this deficiency . Christopher Mount of Chicago University had described Crossan ’ s methodology as “ overly simplified. ” Mount feels that Crossan ’ s unwillingness to question a fundamental perspective of the Christian sources with which he is working is evident at many points in his reconstruction , which leads to a slant in his generally well-thought-out analysis . Although , Mount ends his review by stating that attempting to better Crossan ’ s work “ can not be done with greater force of argument and command of the data than [ he ] has brought to bear on the task . ” Crossan relies heavily on the work of John Kloppenborg , who does not outwardly support Crossan ’ s theory . “ A documentary hypothesis for the relationship between `` Q '' and Thomas must be ruled out. ” Kloppenborg points out that there are instances of overlap that scholars believe are Common Sayings Source material found in the wisdom speeches , “ Thomas lacks elements present in Q , which had Thomas known Q , would surely have taken over. ” Kloppenborg created the stratification theory in `` Q '' that Crossan relies on but it seems that Kloppenborg does not agree with the use of his theory to create a comparison between his layering of `` Q '' and the layering of the Gospel of Thomas . Deconick also points out that “ equally questionable is the reliance on Kloppenborg ’ s hypothetical model of stratification for `` Q '' . ” Crossan admits in his work that his theory is heavily dependent on the accuracy of the three theories that he has combined , including the hypothetical `` Q '' source . Deconick uses this fact as an argument against Crossan ’ s theory . She also explains that she is “ reluctant to concede an early “ sapiential ” Thomas and that she finds it impossible to work from the premise that Thomas represents a collection of early sapiential non apocalyptic sayings and that the earliest stratification of `` Q '' must have been similar in content to it. ” This is one of the cornerstones to Crossan ’ s theory . She adds that “ we can not assume that Thomas was originally or entirely a sapiential gospel . This also meant that we can not assume that `` Q '' was sapiential because Thomas was sapiential . ”
Basacallis Basacallis is a genus of snout moths . It was described by Cashatt , in 1969 , and contains the species B. tarachodes . It is found in Panama , Florida , Mississippi and South Carolina . The wingspan is 16-23 mm . The forewings are light grey .
John Fennell John Fennell ( born May 28 , 1995 in Calgary , Alberta ) is a Canadian luger who has competed since 2011 . He competed for Canada in the first ever Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , where he finished 7th , and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , finishing 27th . He is the son of former Canadian Football League player Dave Fennell . In May 2014 , several months after competing at Sochi , Fennell came out as gay . Fennell competed well at the Sochi Olympics , but since he did not finish in the top 10 , he is now only partially funded by the Canadian Luge Association . As a result , in order to fulfil his funding needs , Fennell launched a fundraising campaign on the sports crowdfunding platform , MAKEACHAMP on December 12 , 2014 .
Antonina Prikhot'ko Antonina Fedorovna Prikhot'ko ( April 26 , 1906 in Pyatigorsk , Russia – September 29 , 1995 in Kiev , Ukraine ) , was a Russian-born Ukrainian Soviet experimental physicist . She was an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and is known for her fundamental contributions to the condensed matter spectroscopy . Prikhot'ko was accepted to the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute in 1923 and graduated in 1929 . Still as a Junior , she started research on spectroscopy under the supervision of Ivan V. Obreimov , and finally earned a PhD in this field under his guidance . In 1930 , she moved to the newly established Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology for working with Obreimov on low-temperature spectroscopy of molecular crystals , a field pioneered by him , in the first in the USSR cryogenic laboratory created by Lev Shubnikov . This research was primary focused on comparing the spectra of vapors and crystals of weakly interacting molecules that at low temperature manifest a number of narrow bands due to the freezing-out the thermal motion of molecules . In this way Obreimov and Prikhot'ko investigated a wide class of inorganic and organic molecular crystals and detected optically low-temperature transitions between their different phases . The principal technical advances were in taking absorption spectra in polarized light and measuring dispersion , including the anomalous dispersion near the absorption lines , at low temperatures . During WWII Prikhot'ko worked in the city of Ufa where a number of Institutions of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was evacuated . Since 1944 Prikhot'ko worked in Kiev , in the Institute of Physics , where here husband , a prominent Soviet nuclear physicist Aleksandr Leipunskii , was appointed as a Director . There she established a Division of the Physics of Crystals . The principal discovery of Prikhot'ko was published in her 1944 paper based on the experimental data collected still in Kharkov , and in her 1948 follow-up paper . She reported the discovery in the absorption spectra of monocrystals of naphthalene two new bands that were polarized along the symmetry axes of the crystal , as distinct from the majority of bands that there present in both components of the spectrum at the same frequencies . Because individual molecules in crystalline naphthalene are tilted with respect to the crystal axes , existence of strongly polarized absorption bands proved unambiguously that electronic excitation is not localized at individual molecules but propagates across the crystal . Prikhot'ko ' discovery stimulated development of Davydov ' theory of molecular excitons for crystals including several molecules in a unit cell . While existence of excitons was predicted previously by Yakov Frenkel and afterwards by Gregory Wannier and Nevill Mott , Prikhot'ko ' was the first convincing experimental discovery of excitons . The follow-up experiments on low-temperature spectra of benzine crystals confirmed agreement between the theory and experiment . During the following years Prikhot'ko and her collaborators investigated spectra of a number of crystals , and her personal favorite has been crystalline oxygen where electronic excitations combine with magnetic ones . Since 1965 Prikhot'ko served as a Director of the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . She was awarded a Lenin prize for her scientific achievements and a title of a Hero of Socialist Labor .
Vulture Peak The Vulture Peak ( Pali `` Gijjhakuta '' , sanskrit : `` Gṛdhrakūṭa '' ) or Gádhrakúta , was the Buddha ’ s favorite retreat in Rajagaha and the scene for many of his discourses . It is located in Rajgir , Bihar , India . Vulture Peak Mountain is , by tradition , one of several sites frequented by the Buddha and his community of disciples for both training and retreat . Its location is frequently mentioned in Buddhist texts in the Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhism and in the Mahayana sutras as the place where the Buddha gave particular sermons . Among the latter are the `` Heart Sutra '' , the `` Lotus Sutra '' and the `` Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra '' as well as many prajnaparamita sutras . It is explicitly mentioned in the `` Lotus Sutra '' , chapter 16 , as the Buddha 's pure land : < poem > And when the living have become faithful , Honest and upright and gentle , And wholeheartedly want to see the Buddha , Even at the cost of their own lives , Then , together with the assembly of monks I appear on Holy Eagle Peak . Such are my divine powers . Throughout countless eons , I have always lived on Holy Eagle Peak And in various other places . When the living witness the end of an eon , When everything is consumed in a great fire , This land of mine remains safe and tranquil , Always filled with human and heavenly beings. < /poem >
William McNairn Shaw William McNairn Shaw ( 1822 – December 30 , 1868 ) was an Ontario lawyer and political figure . He represented Lanark South in the 1st Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1868 as a Conservative member . He was born in Ramsay Township , Upper Canada in 1822 , the son of John Shaw . Shaw studied law with Daniel McMartin at Perth . He died in Perth in 1868 . His brother Alexander Shaw later served in the Canadian House of Commons .
Viridian Group Viridian Group plc is a Northern Ireland-based energy business with interests in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Viridian organises its business in two main groups : Power NI and Viridian Power & Energy . Viridian 's strategy is strongly focused on Irish energy markets . Its businesses are organised in two main groups : Power NI and Viridian Power & Energy . Power NI supplies nearly 800,000 homes and businesses in Northern Ireland with electricity . Power NI Power Procurement Business manages the group 's power purchase agreements . Power NI was the former customer supply business of Northern Ireland Electricity , known originally as NIE Supply and then after its separation from the rest of NIE , as NIE Energy . Both it and the Power Procurement Business `` were separated from NIE on 1 November 2007 in accordance with the requirements of the 2003 EU Electricity Directive which required the independence of the distribution system operation function. '' . In 2010 Viridian sold Northern Ireland Electricity , including the NIE name , to the Electricity Supply Board . As a result , NIE Energy was no longer allowed to use the NIE name , and it rebranded as Power NI on 25 July 2011 . Viridian Power & Energy generates electricity through Huntstown power plant and Eco Wind Power , while Energia provides gas and electricity to commercial customers . Viridian was formed in 1998 as a holding company for Northern Ireland Electricity plc , the purpose of the reorganisation was to `` step up the move into unregulated markets and for expansion overseas . '' NIE was a public utility which was privatised in 1993 . Formerly a vertically integrated monopoly , NIE 's power stations were demerged and sold prior to privatisation . On 6 October 2006 Viridian 's board agreed the acquisition of the group by ElectricInvest , a company owned by the international investment firm Arcapita . The acquisition , which valued Viridian at £1.62 billion , was completed on 8 December 2006 . On 6 July 2010 , Viridian agreed to sell Northern Ireland Electricity - including NIE Powerteam , but excluding NIE Energy - to the Electricity Supply Board in the Republic of Ireland . The acquisition was completed in December 2010 .
Les Bursill Leslie William ( Les ) Bursill ( OAM ) is a Dharawal ( Aboriginal Australian ) historian , archaeologist , anthropologist , and publisher , born in Hurstville , New South Wales , on 4 February 1945 . His father , Wallace Richard Bursill , was serving in the 7th Division of the Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd ) ( AIF ) in New Guinea at the time of Bursill 's birth . Although Bursill is strongly identified with the Dharawal of southern Sydney ( in 2009 , he became chair of the Sutherland Shire Aboriginal Advisory Committee ) , his maternal Dharawal forebears hailed from the area between Kangaroo Valley and the coast near Nowra . Bursill was made a Justice of the Peace at Sutherland Court House in 1976 . In 1995 he was appointed Lecturer in Mental Health and Counselling at the University of Sydney . He was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001 . In 2007 he was awarded the NSW Police Commanders Award for excellence in teaching . In 2008 he was appointed Adjunct Lecturer at Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga . In 2009 he was awarded a Premiers Heritage Volunteer Award and also received a Certificate of Excellence for Teaching from the Australian College of Educators . He received the Order of Australia Medal in that same year . At 18 years of age Bursill joined the Citizen Military Forces ( CMF ) ( 1 Div Pro Coy . ) and served in its ranks for some three years . He was then called up for National Service in the Artillery ( 12th Field Regiment 131 Divisional Locating Co . ) in 1966 , but did not see action during the Vietnam War . Nevertheless , he remained in the military beyond his National Service obligations and subsequently received the National Service Medal and Australian Defence Medal . After his discharge from the army , Bursill resumed work as a compositor with the Sydney Morning Herald and settled in Engadine , New South Wales where he and his first wife , Barbara Ann Bursill ( née Child , died of ovarian cancer in 2003 ) , had already purchased a home . There they raised a daughter and two sons . Les Bursill worked a total of twenty-one years with the [ Sydney Morning Herald and the Australian Financial Review . He was night manager , photo-composing , when he resigned in 1984 to pursue part-time tertiary studies . Bursill has since moved away from Engadine and now resides in his traditional country near Nowra , New South Wales . Bursill completed a Trades Certificate in Hand and Machine Composing whilst working for William Neville and Co . Printers in Sussex Street , Sydney in 1965 . He worked as a compositor for a number of years before moving on to the Fairfax owned `` Sydney Morning Herald '' where he was soon promoted to Leading Hand ( Facsimile Transmission Section ) and then to supervisor . At that time he and his wife Barbara Ann Bursill both commenced studies at Armidale university in 1982/83 . They both started and completed a Bachelor of Arts in History and Archaeology ( Les ) and English and Archaeology ( Barbara ) at the University of New England and then both embarked on a Master of Letters , at the same university . Les on the anthropology of the Aboriginal people of Sydney , and Barbara in English . They both received an M.Litt in 1993 . Over a ten-year period he also completed qualifications in Workplace Occupational Health and Safety , Pharmacology ( effects of drug and alcohol ) and counselling . In 1990 Bursill entered the New South Wales ( NSW ) Government . In 1993 he was promoted and moved to the head office of the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services , Sydney , where he made many important contributions in the development of counselling techniques for Aboriginal prisoners with drug and alcohol problems in New South Wales prisons and published a set of booklets on overcoming violence and alcohol abuse . With Zoe de Crespigny he also presented a paper on 'Best Practice Interventions in Corrections for Indigenous People ' in 2001 . Bursill attended many conferences in the role of Aboriginal AOD Co-ordinator in Corrective Services . In 1995 Bursill took two years leave to lecture in Counselling and Mental Health at the University of Sydney . In 1997 he became a Court Advisor in Bankstown , assisting magistrates in sentencing decisions , before returning to the Corrective Services Head Office in 1999 . In 2005 Bursill became a lecturer in continuing education with the New South Wales Police Service and received a Police Commander 's Award for professionalism in teaching in 2007 . He had earlier been awarded the Centenary Medal and the Public Service Medal ( 15 years ) . Bursill has made an important contribution in studying and disseminating knowledge of the heritage of the Dharawal in the Sutherland Shire , the Illawarra and beyond . He has personally recorded some 300 archaeological sites in the Sutherland Shire . He has served on Sutherland Shire Council 's Heritage Committee since early 2000 . He was instrumental in bringing together a catalogue of both archaeological and built-heritage items for the Shire in digital form on CD ROM . For over thirty years he has been a member of the Sutherland Shire Historical Society and has served as its research officer and archivist between 2001 and 2008 . Between May 2000 and November 2004 , he edited the society 's quarterly bulletin . In 2007 , Bursill was one of the two principal authors ( with Mary Jacobs ) of a pioneering book on his indigenous community , launched by Bruce Baird on 5 March 2008 . Reviewing this book , historian Edward Duyker described it as a 'community milestone ' and drew attention to the thematic vocabulary compiled by Dr Jackelin Troy and Bursill as 'an important local linguistic resource ' which will and give 'added meaning to all who seek environmental engagement from a Dharawal perspective ' Bursill produced five pamphlets on Aboriginal Drug and Alcohol issues for NSW Aboriginal inmates to assist them in changing and improving their lives in a drug-free environment . Bursill was elected Editor of the `` Sutherland Shire Historical Society Bulletin '' in December 2001 and held that position till late in 2004 . Remaining on the executive of the society , he changed positions to that of 'Archivist and Research Officer ' . In August 2008 , Bursill became the founding editor of a new journal of local history , art and natural history named Doryanthes ( after the genus of the Gymea Lily , endemic to the Sutherland Shire and Illawarra ) . In 2009 , Dawn Emerson , a former deputy mayor of the Sutherland Shire , became editor , but has since retired , guest editors are active each quarter . Bursill , however , has remained publisher . In 2009 he also became an adjunct lecturer at Charles Sturt University and initiated a 'Virtual Museum ' ( shirevirtual.tk ) for the Sutherland Shire . In the same year , Bursill and Mary Jacobs incorporated `` Dharawal Publishing Inc '' and continue to produce printed and web-based material under that Incorporated imprint . In 2012 Bursill produced three more books . `` A Collection of Dharawal Words and Phrases '' . Edited by Les Bursill ISBN 978-0-9870727-3-3 and `` The Story of Djeebahn , The Bay of the Whales and Creation Serpent . '' ISBN 978-0-9870727-1-9 . He re-published his ancestor , Dr . Ellis 's work on Aboriginal plant names in conjunction with Sir William Macarthur . Bursill was Chairman of the Sutherland Shire Council Aboriginal Advisory Committee but gave up that position in January 2013 due to ill health and has resigned from the committee . He is a founding member of the Kurranulla Aboriginal Corporation and Chairman of Dharawal Publications Inc . In June 2009 he was appointed a legatee ( St George and Sutherland ) of Legacy Australia an organisation which cares for the dependants of deceased Australian servicemen . In June 2010 he was elected as Chairman of the St.George and Sutherland Division of Legacy NSW . He completed two years as chairman in June 2012 and was a member of the Legacy N.S.W . Education Committee . Bursill resigned from Legacy in July 2013 due to ill health . He is a Board member for the Southern Metropolitan Cemeteries trust and was a board member for the NSW Mental Health Association , but resigned from that board , again due to ill health . He was appointed a member of the Relationships Australia Ethics Committee in April 2012 . `` Meaning is for those who are ready for it , for those who are trained for it . The rest get pretty pictures '' . Bursill quoted by Paul Bahn , “ once you accept that this is it , then life truly demands that you do your utmost with what you have here '' . Atheists Convention Blog , 12 March 2010 `` Yura marri ngara yanga marri , barrbanga gurlibuwa '' ( People become great as they hear and do good things as they learn to copy the proper way of doing things . ) Dharawal motto for the Sutherland Shire 'Virtual Museum ' , 19 July 2009 .
Sir Thursday Sir Thursday is a young adult fantasy novel written by Australian author Garth Nix . It is the fourth book in The Keys to the Kingdom series , and was released in March 2006 . Sir Thursday continues from the preceding book , following the adventures of Arthur Penhaligon as he attempts to retrieve the Fourth key of the Kingdom , and claim mastership of The Great Maze . As with the other books in the series , the theme of 'seven ' is prevalent , along with the themes of sin and virtue . The book received generally favourable critical response , but was criticised for a slow pace , among other issues . The book begins with Arthur Penhaligon and Leaf attempting to return to Earth after their adventures in the Border Sea . While Leaf is able to pass through the front door and return to Earth , the presence of a Nithling duplicate of Arthur prevents him from doing so , and he is forced to remain in the Lower House . Dame Primus then informs him that Mister Monday and Grim Tuesday have been assassinated . Moments later , he is drafted into the Glorious Army of the Architect – wherein everyone living in the House must serve for 100 years – which is based in the chessboard-like demesne called the Great Maze . The leader of the army is the Fourth Trustee of the Will , Sir Thursday , a Denizen afflicted with the deadly sin of wrath . The army is currently involved in a campaign against the Piper , who is trying to claim the Fourth Key . Within the army , Arthur is soon mistaken for a Piper 's child and has his memory wiped , along with his friend Fred Initials Numbers Gold – a real Piper 's child . One month later and during the first battle against the Piper 's New Nithling army , Arthur begins to recall his identity . The entirety of it is recovered later in the book when an officer mentions his name and title . On Earth , Arthur 's double , known as the Skinless Boy , has thrown a hospital near Arthur 's home into panic by infecting staff and patients with a fungoid , extraterrestrial life-form which allows him to read and eventually control their thoughts and actions . This fungus , nicknamed Grayspot , is mistaken for a biological weapon , and the hospital put under quarantine . Leaf infiltrates the hospital , seeking to obtain and destroy the magical object used to create the Skinless Boy : a pocket torn from one of Arthur 's shirts . She succeeds , but is infected by Grayspot in the process . She then leaves the hospital , only to find that the House has appeared above it and can not be reached from the ground . With the help of a retired pharmacist named Sylvie , Leaf makes her way to Arthur 's house where she uses a special telephone to contact Arthur 's friends and get help , just as the fungus gains full control of her body . Suzy Turquoise Blue arrives and takes the pocket to the House . There , she finds Arthur and Fred , and joins them in a raid led by Sir Thursday to find and destroy the New Nithlings ' weapon , which is preventing the mechanical floor of the Great Maze from shifting . Arthur destroys the weapon by throwing the pocket into it , simultaneously destroying the Skinless Boy . As Arthur escapes from the Piper with Sir Thursday , he distracts Thursday enough for the fourth part of the Will , a snake embodying the virtue of justice , to break free , whereupon it makes Arthur the Bearer of the Fourth Key – a sword or baton depending on whether or not the wielder is in combat – and Commander of the Glorious Army of the Architect . With help from Dame Primus and others from the lower demesnes , Arthur defeats the New Nithling army . On Earth , Leaf wakes up in a hospital a week after the Skinless Boy was defeated . She soon learns from a nurse that the Grayspot has disappeared and that Lady Friday , another Trustee , has become a doctor on Earth . As with the previous books in the series , the themes of seven , sin and virtue are prevalent throughout `` Sir Thursday '' providing the personality characteristics for many of the main characters . In `` Sir Thursday '' , readers are also introduced to the power issues that Arthur begins to struggle with – his natural compassion and desire for fairness and kindness , against the characteristics displayed by other senior denizens and Dame Primus , and the influence of the key . In addition , the idea of Arthur losing his mortality and becoming an immortal Denizen of the House , represented by the silver/gold crocodile ring that was introduced in `` Drowned Wednesday '' , is further explored , with Arthur often choosing to refrain from using the key – and the power it represents – to ensure he remains human . The book also loosely explores the dangers of anger , and actions taken in anger . It is only Sir Thursday 's loss of control and subsequent murder of two Piper 's Children that allows Arthur to gain control of the Fourth Key , assisted by Thursday 's Dawn , Noon and Dusk . The book received generally favourable reviews . It is ranked 4 stars by Amazon users , and `` The Times '' stated `` Nix 's imagination is matched only by his prose style . '' In particular , the book was praised for its originality , intricacy , action and characters . `` VOYA '' says that the book `` ..is well written , action packed , imaginative , and full of quirky memorable characters ... '' , and `` Children 's Literature '' agrees that `` It is a readable choice ... '' The `` School Library Journal '' also extensively praised the book , saying `` Reluctant or 'hard to fit ' readers will find this series enjoyable , as Nix is able to create vivid pictures in the minds of his readers . Fans of the fantasy genre will appreciate these books for their strong continuity , believable characters , and edge-of-your-seat-action . This offering complements the series ’ well-established structure . '' The book did , however , receive consistent criticism . The most common complaint was on the speed of the plot – the `` School Library Journal '' summarises all the comments , saying that `` the events move a little slower than in previous installments ... '' – and the difficulty in entering the series without reading all the previous books first : `` VOYA '' simply says `` readers attempting to enter the series through this volume are likely to be quickly lost . '' `` Children 's Literature '' also criticised the repetition of previous content , saying there is `` ..entirely too much front matter [ which ] sags with the necessity of replaying earlier story lines . ''
Half a Life ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) `` Half a Life '' is the 22nd episode of the of the American science fiction television series `` '' , the 96th episode overall . It was originally released on May 6 , 1991 , in broadcast syndication . The episode was the first of the series written by Peter Allan Fields , who later joined the writing staff . Director Les Landau said that `` Half a Life '' was a morality play about `` how society deals with the elderly '' . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship `` Enterprise '' . In this episode , Lwaxana Troi ( Majel Barrett ) falls in love with Timicin ( David Ogden Stiers ) , a Kaelon scientist who is attempting to test his theories of stellar ignition in the hopes of saving his world 's dying star . The experiment fails , and Lwaxana encourages Timicin to continue his research , but as he is about to turn sixty years of age , he prepares instead for a ritual suicide . According to Timicin 's cultural tradition , his people voluntarily choose euthanasia to prevent the aged from becoming a burden to the younger generation . The episode features the first appearance of Michelle Forbes in the `` Star Trek '' franchise ; she would later appear as Ensign Ro Laren during . The cast praised the story and the expansion of the Lwaxana character . The episode received positive reviews , with critics noting the performances of Stiers and Barrett , their character 's love story , and the changes to the Lwaxana character . The U.S.S . `` Enterprise '' takes aboard Deanna Troi 's ( Marina Sirtis ) eccentric mother Lwaxana ( Majel Barrett ) and Dr . Timicin ( David Ogden Stiers ) of Kaelon II . Timicin is brought aboard to conduct an experiment which he hopes will save his threatened home planet , as its sun is in a state of near-collapse . The Federation enlists the `` Enterprise '' to take Timicin to a sun in a similar state of decay to conduct experiments which may yield a method for saving the Kaelon system from destruction . Upon arrival at their destination , the crew assists Timicin in modifying photon torpedos to launch into the proxy sun with the expectation that it will repair the damaged star and prove that the technique can be safely applied to the Kaelon sun . The torpedos are fired and , although the experiment seems initially to work , the effect is short-lived and the star explodes . The `` Enterprise '' returns to Kaelon II . Timicin is crushed , and after some questioning by Lwaxana , he reveals that there are other things troubling him . Timicin tells Lwaxana that he is about to turn 60 , and on Kaelon II , everyone who reaches that age performs the `` Resolution '' , a ritual act of voluntary euthanasia . Lwaxana is outraged to learn of this and brings it to the attention of Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) . Picard makes it clear to Lwaxana that due to the Prime Directive , he will not interfere in the planet 's local affairs . Lwaxana tries to beam herself down to the planet to halt the process herself but she is thwarted by Deanna who comforts her . After Lwaxana and Timicin spend an evening together , he tries to explain the custom of the Resolution . He tells her that a fixed age had to be selected by the Kaelons because just randomly choosing a time to die would be heartless . Lwaxana finds the practice barbaric and refuses to accept the Kaelon tradition . She tells Timicin how a Betazed woman on her planet successfully fought the tradition of wearing ornate wigs that contained live , captive birds . It only took one courageous woman to step forward and end this cruel tradition . Lwaxana also compares Timicin 's plans to end his life with his research to save his star . If it is Timicin 's time to die , Lwaxana argues , perhaps it is also time for his star to die as well , so why should he continue to try to prevent it ? Timicin thinks about what Lwaxana has told him . Timicin 's analysis of the failed test turns up some promising options , but if he follows through with the Resolution , no one will have his experience and knowledge to carry on his work to save his world . Concerned , Timicin requests asylum on the `` Enterprise '' so that he can renounce the Resolution and continue his research . B'Tardat ( Terrence E. McNally ) , the Science Minister on Kaelon II , is outraged after learning of Timicin 's request for asylum , and he sends up two warships to ensure that the `` Enterprise '' does not leave the system with Timicin on board . As Picard orders the bridge crew to analyze the offensive capabilities of the Kaelonian ships , Timicin realizes that his situation is not as simple as he had hoped , for his home planet will not accept any further reports from him , and he is told that even if he does find a solution , they will not accept it . Dara ( Michelle Forbes ) , Timicin 's daughter , beams on board the `` Enterprise '' to insist that he return to Kaelon II and undergo the Resolution . She tells him that she can not bear the thought of him being laid to rest anywhere but next to her mother and , although she loves him , she is ashamed of him . Timicin realizes that he is not the man to forge a cultural revolution , and agrees to return to Kaelon II . Lwaxana , despite her disagreement , realizes that Timicin 's decision is his to make . As it is the custom for loved ones to be present at the Resolution , Lwaxana beams down to be with him at his side as he dies . `` Half a Life '' was the first `` Star Trek '' credit for writer Peter Allan Fields , who would later co-write the `` '' with Morgan Gendel before becoming a staff writer on `` '' during . Prior to writing the script , Fields reviewed `` '' and `` '' , the two previous Lwaxana Troi episodes , but did not use them as references except to note Lwaxana 's level of privilege . `` I realized that you give her as much as they 'll let her have . She 'll take it '' , he explained . Marina Sirtis , who played Lwaxana 's daughter Deanna Troi on the show , thought that compared to earlier episodes , `` Half a Life '' showed a different side of her character 's mother . Lwaxana 's interactions in the episode , argues Sirtis , considerably broadened the character ; previous episodes had a tendency to become centered around Deanna and Lwaxana . Sirtis and director Les Landau felt that the plot of `` Half a Life '' resembled a morality play . Landau noted the similarity between the episode and the morality play-style plots that franchise creator Gene Roddenberry included in `` '' . `` It deals with the whole issue of growing old and how society deals with the elderly and , in my mind , it was one of the most pertinent story-lines I have done '' , Landau recalled . The episode guest starred David Ogden Stiers , best known for his role as Major Charles Emerson Winchester III on the American television series `` MAS*H '' . Stiers , a fan of `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' , was enthusiastic when the producers asked him if he would be interested in appearing on the show . On the set during production , Stiers met Gene Roddenberry , the series producer , and was invited to his house to practice scenes with Roddenberry 's wife , Majel Barrett . Stiers described Roddenberry as `` a grand old man - not in his behaviour but in people 's deference to him '' . Speaking highly of the story in `` Half a Life '' , Stiers indicated that the mood of the episode accentuated the debate over Timicin 's decision to end his life . `` It was an emotionally involved piece . The script quite responsibly argued both sides [ of the suicide ] issue and left the viewer to determine whether such a practice is acceptable or not , '' Stiers said . `` That episode was more powerful than simply a discussion . '' Michelle Forbes makes her first `` The Next Generation '' appearance in `` Half a Life '' , in a performance which led directly to her later casting in the larger role of Ensign Ro Laren , a recurring character from onwards . `` Half a Life '' was first released within the United States on May 6 , 1991 , in broadcast syndication . Keith DeCandido , in a review for Tor.com , commended Stiers ' acting , saying that he gave `` a noble , nuanced performance as Timicin . '' He also approved of the episode , saying that it was the first time that Lwaxana Troi was treated as a real character without causing him to cringe ; at the same time , DeCandido did not forget the problems with her previous appearances on the show . Noting that it was one of the best episodes to feature a Prime Directive debate , DeCandido endorsed the writer 's idea not to take sides regarding the suicide . `` This is a magnificent , tragic love story , one that takes a thin character and gives her depth , one that gives us a beautifully realized guest character in Timicin ( casting Stiers was a masterstroke , as he always brings subtle nuance to his roles ) , and one that takes its issues seriously , '' DeCandido wrote . He gave the episode a score of eight out of ten , later concluding that it featured `` one of the show 's most tragic love stories . '' In their book `` The Unauthorized Trek : The Complete Next Generation '' , James Van Hise and Hal Schuster observed a significant improvement in Majel Barrett 's performance in this episode compared to her previous appearances . They said that Barrett was `` capable of depth and feeling '' , and described the ending of the episode as `` touching and disturbing '' . A society should n't naturally evolve to include ritual suicide , Van Hise and Schuster argue , but population control methods such as the one-child policy in China , appear linked to a similar required effect , albeit through different means . Reviewing the episode for The A.V . Club , Zack Handlen said that Timicin served as an `` excellent foil '' for Lwaxana and made her `` seem less ridiculous '' . The relationship between Lwaxana and Timicin `` has a believable core '' , even if it is `` broad and arguably rushed '' , writes Handlen . `` There are some powerful moments ... and it 's pleasant for once to see Lwaxana adding , rather than subtracting , from a storyline . '' Handlen , however , criticizes the setup of Timicin 's situation , as it reduced the characterization available to some of the `` Enterprise '' crew . In spite of its flaw , Handlen decides that `` the episode largely redeems itself by staying true to its main point : No matter how much time you have left , it 's never enough . '' `` Half a Life '' was first released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on July 23 , 1996 . The episode was later released in the United States on September 3 , 2002 , as part of the `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' season four DVD box set . The first Blu Ray release was in the United Kingdom on July 29 , 2013 , followed by the United States on July 30 .
Nell Scovell Nell Scovell is a television and magazine writer , producer and director . She is the creator of the television series `` Sabrina , the Teenage Witch '' , which aired on ABC and The WB from 1996 until 2003 . Nell Scovell , the middle of five children , grew up outside of Newton , Massachusetts . Her father , Melvin E. Scovell , is chairman of the board of Scovell & Schwager , a health-care management company in Boston . In high school at Newton South High School , she was the manager of the boys ' track team . Scovell attended Harvard University , where she spent her time reporting and editing sports stories for `` The Harvard Crimson '' . In her senior year at Harvard , she wrote for the sports desk of the `` Boston Globe '' . She graduated `` cum laude '' from Harvard University in 1982 . After graduation , she moved to New York and was the first staff writer hired by `` Spy '' magazine in 1986 . Tina Brown recruited her to work at `` Vanity Fair '' , contributing quirky visual features about money and culture . Scovell wrote a spec script for `` It 's Garry Shandling 's Show '' , which they bought , and after serving as story editor for the final season of Newhart , she worked for David Letterman . As a television writer , Scovell wrote the season two episode of `` The Simpsons '' , `` One Fish , Two Fish , Blowfish , Blue Fish '' . Other TV writing credits include `` The Wilton North Report '' , `` Coach '' , `` Monk '' , `` Murphy Brown '' , `` Charmed '' , `` Newhart '' , `` The Critic '' , `` NCIS '' , and many others . She also wrote the season two episode of `` Space Ghost Coast to Coast '' , `` Urges '' . Outside of television , Scovell was the first staff writer hired at `` Spy '' magazine and is a former contributing editor at `` Vanity Fair '' . She has also written for `` Vogue '' , `` Rolling Stone '' , `` Self '' , `` Tatler '' , and `` The New York Times Magazine '' . She currently blogs for `` Vanity Fair '' 's web site . Scovell has also directed two made for television movies : `` Hayley Wagner , Star '' for Showtime and `` It Was One of Us '' for Lifetime . Briefly married to Tom Tisch , Scovell is currently married to Colin Summers , an architect . They have two sons . Comedian/magician Penn Jillette called her `` one of the funniest people alive '' in an interview with `` The A.V . Club '' . Scovell co-wrote Sheryl Sandberg 's 2013 book `` Lean In '' .
Sanskrit Collegiate School Sanskrit Collegiate School is one of the oldest schools in Kolkata , India , teaching grades pre-nursery to 12 under the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education . The boys-only school was established by the then Bengal intelligentsia along with Sanskrit College , Calcutta . The establishment date is 1 January 1824 . It is situated opposite the Presidency College , Kolkata , College Square and Hindu School , Kolkata and next to the University of Calcutta and Hindu School . It is located on College Street in central Kolkata . Its centrality is heightened by its proximity to Presidency College , Kolkata , the University of Calcutta , and the Indian Coffee House . It was established during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Amherst , based on a recommendation by HT James Prinsep and Thomas Babington Macaulay among others . The institution rose to prominence during the principalship by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in 1851 , who admitted students from other than the Brahmin caste . In particular the tol or traditional Indian training school model was incorporated as a department in the 1870s . In the pre-independence era , it was one of the finest seats of academic excellence in matters pertaining to Hinduism , eastern philosophy , ancient Indian history and ancient Indian languages like Pali and Prakrit . It is particularly well known for the contribution of its faculty and students in the social , cultural and religious transformation in nineteenth century Bengal in what came to be popularly regarded as the Bengal Renaissance . In terms of scholarship and intellectual output , it contributed hugely to enriching the knowledge of ancient Indian society and interpretation of ancient Indian texts . The combined campus of the Sanskrit Collegiate School and Sanskrit College is one of the largest in Kolkata . The ownership of the campus is a contentious issue , leading to conflicts about which parts of the ground the students can access , whether they can play in the College 's field and whether they can use the gates of the college.Though the campus does not contain a playground , the students are free to use the field of Presidency College . The school was once combined with Sanskrit College and was situated in the same building which was built in a Victorian Architecture . Later a new four storied building has been built for the school . As of March 2006 , a total of around 600 students study in the school . Class 11 and 12 are divided into two 'streams ' known as Science and Arts ( Humanities ) . As of March 2006 around 40 teachers are teaching in the school . A football tournament is held during the summer . Intra-section competitions as well as inter-section and inter-class ones ensure that almost every student gets a chance to play at the official tournament . During the winter , a cricket tournament of smaller scope is held . The annual sports competition is held in two stages , a heat followed by the finals . The events include running and the one-legged Race . The students engage in sports ( mostly football with some cricket and table tennis ) during the recess ( commonly called the tiffin period ) which lasts for 20 minutes from Monday to Thursday and for an hour on Fridays . There is no recess on Saturday ( it is a half-day ) , while on Sunday the school is closed . The annual prize distribution ceremony sees plays enacted by the students as well as other cultural programs held at the Derozio Hall . During the year other smaller cultural programs take place in the school , mainly featuring Rabindra Sangeets . The school participates in quiz contests . The largest festival is the Saraswati Puja , which is organised by the students of the school . A science exhibition usually accompanies the two-day festival . There is a controversy over whether the school should celebrate a religious festival like Saraswati Puja as it is under a constitutionally secular government , however students have tended to support holding the puja . As with most major religious festivals of Bengal , the puja can be said to transcend religious boundaries and become an almost secular signature of Bengali culture as a whole . The uniform is a white shirt with olive green shorts or trousers , white socks and black shoes . Physical education days require a white trouser and white cades instead and in winter olive green sweaters are allowed . The school badge is pinned to the shirt .
Toonman Toonman , aka Pedro Alves ( June 14 , 1975 ) is a Portuguese professional artist . His primary work being illustration , he has edited work in the fields of cartoons , comics , comic strips , caricature and character design . The style is mainly vectorial cartoon . His work with the Flor de Lis magazine is a benchmark in scout related illustration .
Moorabbin railway station Moorabbin railway station is located on the Frankston line , in Victoria , Australia . It serves the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Moorabbin . Opening on 19 December 1881 as South Brighton , it was renamed Moorabbin on 1 May 1907 . In the morning peak hour , Frankston bound services use Platform 3 , with Flinders Street bound trains using Platforms 1 and 2 . At other times Frankston bound trains use Platform 2 . Two morning peak hour services from Flinders Street terminate at Moorabbin and return to the city . In 1959 , the original station was relocated and placed in a deep cutting , coinciding with the construction of road overpasses for South Road and the Nepean Highway . At that time , provision was made for a third platform on the eastern side of the cutting . The third platform opened on 28 June 1987 , when a third line from Caulfield was opened . On 6 December 1994 , a fire destroyed all shops in the concourse . The concourse was rebuilt and new shops were constructed . It was upgraded to a Premium station in 1998 . The Station Street entrance and the bus interchange was re-built in 2014 , as part of an upgrade program on the Frankston line . Moorabbin has three platforms , all of which are accessed from the concourse via a ramp . The concourse contains a ticket office , toilets and shops . It is serviced by Metro Trains ' Frankston line services . Platform 1 : Platform 2 : Platform 3 : Ventura Bus Lines operates five routes via Moorabbin station :
Dominica at the 2016 Summer Olympics Dominica competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 5 to 21 August 2016 . This was the nation 's sixth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics . The Dominican squad featured only two track and field athletes at the Games : triple jumpers Thea LaFond and Cuban-born Yordanys Durañona , who eventually became the nation 's flag bearer in the opening ceremony . Dominica , however , has yet to win its first Olympic medal . Dominican athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events ( up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event ) :
Hajnáčka Hajnáčka ( earlier Hajnacžka ; ; ) is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of southern Slovakia . In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1245 as `` Danuskue '' ( 1255 `` Kues '' , 1344 `` Anyaskw '' ; the name comes from Slavic `` Hajnáč '' ) when a big castle was standing here . It was always the seat of important feudal lords . In 1545 it was besieged by Turks . The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive `` Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica , Slovakia ''
Weidmann 's Restaurant Weidmann 's Restaurant is a historic restaurant in Meridian , Mississippi , United States , established in 1870 . It was originally listed as a contributing property to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . The Urban Center Historic District was combined with the Meridian Depot Historic District in 2005 to become the Meridian Downtown Historic District . Weidmann 's was opened in 1870 by Felix Weidmann , an immigrant from Zurich , Switzerland . Previously an ocean liner chef , Weidmann began the establishment as a restaurant-hotel called the European House . Weidmann was later involved in the hotel business , establishing the International Hotel on the corner of 22nd Avenue and Front Street in 1884 . After Felix Weidmann 's death in 1885 , his son , Phillip Weidmann , took over . Phillip moved the restaurant to a location at the intersection of 24th Avenue and 5th Street and renamed it `` Taft and Weidmann 's '' . During World War I , the restaurant was moved to Hattiesburg , Mississippi , for two years in order to better serve soldiers at Camp Shelby . The restaurant would also occupy a location on 5th Street before moving to its current ( and original ) location on 22nd Avenue in 1923 . Henry Weidmann , Phillip 's son , took over the establishment after Phillip 's death in 1927 . In 1935 the celebration for Fred and Al Key 's record-breaking endurance flight , which lasted 653 hours and 34 minutes and was n't broken until 1973 by astronauts , was held at Weidmann 's . Shorty McWilliams , husband of Gloria Weidmann , owned the store in 1955 . Gloria Chancellor and her husband , great-great grandchildren of the founders , assumed ownership of the restaurant in 1989 . Weidmann 's would remain owned by someone in the Weidmann family until the 1990s . The restaurant , which is the oldest in the state of Mississippi , became one of the most well-known restaurants in the state as well , famous for its black bottom pie , peanut butter crocks , and numerous pictures hanging on the walls . The restaurant 's lunch counter has been in place since the business opened , and a `` treasure chest '' is filled with candy and other goodies given to reward children with good manners . In 2001 Southern Cast Products , a manufacturing company in Meridian , bought the restaurant . Weidmann 's closed later that year and underwent a $ 20 million renovation . The downstairs entrance was moved from the southwest corner to the northwest , and two banquet rooms were added on the second floor . After the renovation , the lease was held by Nick Apostle , owner of Nick 's Restaurant in Jackson , Mississippi . He operated the store until 2004 when he decided to devote his full attention to the Jackson restaurant , after which general manager Willie McGehee and others in Meridian assumed full operational control . With the onset of the Late-2000s recession , the restaurant experienced a downturn . Nearly half of the restaurant 's business came from large parties of workers from local hospitals and pharmaceutical companies . As part of the recession , though , many of these companies stopped paying for these dinners , so the workers were no longer able to eat there . In an attempt to garner support for the restaurant and to keep it from failing , the Alliance for Downtown Meridian urged people to eat there at least once a week . Despite the Alliance 's efforts , the restaurant closed its doors on April 17 , 2010 . In early June of the same year , Charles Frazier , manager of Crescent City Grill , bought the lease to the building . Frazier said he planned to recreate the restaurant 's past by reintroducing much of the classic Weidmann 's menu after it had been replaced by more expensive fine dining during the previous renovation and ownership change . Frazier reopened the restaurant in late July after adding hardwood floors and bringing back the lunch counter by knocking out the back wall . Two former employees were also rehired to give the restaurant a feeling more reminiscent of the past .
Ryuko Kawaji Kawaji was born in Tokyo , and was a graduate of the Japanese Painting School of the Tokyo School of the Arts ( present day Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music ) . However , rather than to pursue a career as an artist , he chose to become a writer of free verse poetry instead . His poetry was influential , as it was among the first to be written in the modern Japanese language . He won the Japan Art Academy literary award in 1957 for his anthology `` Nami '' ( `` Waves '' ) . He was co-author of `` Histoire de la Litterature Japonaise '' , written in collaboration with K. Matsuo and Alfred Smoular ( Paris , 1935 ) . His grave is at the Tama Reien outside of Tokyo .
Mack Morton Barn The Mack Morton Barn is a historic eleven-sided barn at 11516 Appleby Road in Appleby , Arkansas . Built about 1900 to house cows and horses , it is sheathed in board-and-batten siding and topped by a hip roof with an eleven-sided cupola at the center . It is believed to be the only surviving geometrically unusual barn in the state . The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .
Seantrel Henderson Seantrel Henderson ( born January 21 , 1992 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Bills in the seventh round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Miami . Henderson attended Cretin-Derham Hall High School and originally signed a letter of intent to play college football at the University of Southern California , but was released from his commitment in July 2010 and eventually committed to the University of Miami . When Henderson was in high school , Tom Lemming called him `` a cross between Jonathan Ogden and Orlando Pace , '' two of the best offensive tackles in the NFL in the 2000s ; `` Sports Illustrated '' called him `` probably the most polished lineman of the past decade . '' Henderson was considered the top overall player in his class by a number of recruiting services ; `` Rivals.com '' named him their 2008 Junior of the Year , while `` USA Today '' named him to their All-American First-Team as one of only two juniors . Henderson made the All-USA team in 2009 again , and was also named Offensive Player of the Year , the first lineman to do so in the 28-year history of the award . He was also featured in a July 2008 issue of `` Sports Illustrated '' , profiling young athletes poised to star in their sports , alongside Taylor Hall and Jeremy Tyler . In 2009 , Henderson helped Cretin-Derham Hall to a 5A state championship and was named Minnesota Player of the Year by the `` Associated Press '' . It ’ s believed to be the first time the annual award has gone to a lineman . A two-sport star , Henderson also played basketball . He played for the `` Howard Pulley Panthers '' on the AAU circuit alongside Harrison Barnes , one of the nation 's top basketball prospects . Henderson also throws shot put and discus and won the 1500 meter race walk , shot put , and discus in the USATF 2004 Minnesota Junior Olympics Outdoor Championships . After unofficial visits to Minnesota , Wisconsin , Michigan and Michigan State , he acknowledged that Michigan was his early favorite . In the summer of 2009 , Henderson took unofficial visits to Florida State , Florida , Ohio State , Tennessee , Southern California and UCLA . At that point , Notre Dame , USC , Ohio State and Michigan were mentioned as leading contenders . Henderson 's former Cretin-Derham Hall teammate Michael Floyd was playing for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Henderson scheduled his fifth and final official recruiting visit to the University of Miami for the 2010 Pro Bowl weekend in late January . He had already made official visits to USC , Ohio State , Notre Dame and Florida . Henderson announced his college decision on Tom Lemming 's television show on `` CBS College Sports '' on National Signing Day . He verbally committed to the Trojans , but did not sign his letter of intent until after USC went before the NCAA infractions committee on February 19 to respond to allegations relating to a scandal involving Heisman Trophy-winning tailback Reggie Bush . Henderson finally signed his letter of intent on March 22 , 2010 . When the NCAA rendered its decision banning USC from postseason play for two years and imposing severe scholarship reductions , Henderson asked to be released from his commitment to USC . Henderson was released from his commitment to USC on July 6 , 2010 . On July 9 , 2010 , Henderson announced his decision to attend the University of Miami , which had always been his `` second choice '' , according to his father . As a true freshman at Miami , Henderson played 12 games ( including 9 starts ) and saw most of his action at right tackle . Henderson earned All-Freshman selections by the Football Writers Association of America , `` College Football News '' , Phil Steele , Rivals.com . In 2011 , Henderson played in eight games and earned two starts after recovering from off-season back surgery . In March 2012 , Henderson was suspended for the first weekend of spring practice for violating team policy . The team also announced that he would not play in the opening game of the 2012 season against Maryland . On August 1 , 2012 , Henderson was involved in a car accident while driving to a friend 's funeral in which the Chevy Impala he was driving ran a red light and crashed into a car carrying a family of six . Two children in the car were transported to the hospital . Henderson received a concussion . Henderson was cited for driving with an expired license and running a red light . Henderson missed the first twelve Miami Hurricane practices while recovering from the concussion . In the 2012 season , Henderson started seven games at right tackle for the Hurricanes . He was an honorable mention on the All-Atlantic Coast Conference team . Henderson opted to remain at Miami rather than make himself eligible for the 2013 NFL Draft . After the 2013 season , Henderson was once again named an honorable mention on the All-Atlantic Coast Conference team . He was demoted to backup for three games and suspended for one . Henderson was invited to the 2014 Senior Bowl . Before the game , he admitted that marijuana use led to his three suspensions from the University of Miami football team . `` I 'm just being honest with every ( NFL ) team and letting them know exactly what the situations were , and that I 'm putting all the negative things behind me moving on to the next level , '' he said . `` I want to be a starter and play in the NFL . '' The Buffalo Bills selected Henderson in the seventh round ( 237th overall ) of the 2014 NFL Draft . In his rookie season in 2014 , Henderson started all 16 games at right tackle . He was a standout as a rookie as he led all NFL players in performance-based pay . In 2015 , Henderson missed the final three games of the season after he was diagnosed with Crohn 's disease . In 2016 , Henderson underwent surgery and another operation to remove all infected areas and reattach his intestines before announcing that he would return to the team . Henderson was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season for violating the league 's substance abuse policy . On November 29 , 2016 , Henderson was suspended 10 games for a second violation of the NFL 's policy and program for substances of abuse .
Javier Mercedes González Javier Mercedes González ( born 24 September 1979 in Asuncion ) is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing in Paraguay for Club Nacional . González began his career in 2000 with Club Cerro Corá . He has also played for Sport Colombia , Sportivo Luqueño , Club Guaraní and his current club Libertad in Paraguay . In 2007 González played in Ecuador with Barcelona SC . González has made 2 appearances for the Paraguay national team in 2001 and in 2006 .
Leroni of Darkover Leroni of Darkover is an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley . The stories are set in Bradley 's world of Darkover . The book was first published by DAW Books ( No . 865 ) in November , 1991 .
Bengali , Nancowry Bengali is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India . It is located in the Nancowry tehsil . According to the 2011 census of India , Bengali has 150 households . The effective literacy rate ( i.e . the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below ) is 75.08 % .
Wisconsin Highway 140 State Trunk Highway 140 ( often called Highway 140 , STH 140 or WIS 140 ) is a state highway in the U.S . state of Wisconsin . It runs in north–south in south central Wisconsin from the Illinois border south of Clinton to Emerald .
Buena , New Jersey Buena ( pronounced ) is a borough in Atlantic County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 4,603 , reflecting an increase of 730 ( +18.8 % ) from the 3,873 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn declined by 568 ( -12.8 % ) from the 4,441 counted in the 1990 Census . Charles K. Landis was a land developer who was the driving force behind the creation of Hammonton and Vineland . Landis also had a hand in establishing other small communities , including Landisville , in Buena Borough . He planned to make it county seat of a new county called Landis County , which would incorporate land from the surrounding counties . However , the locals were against this , and began calling him `` King Landis '' . Buena was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 1 , 1948 , from portions of Buena Vista Township . The borough was reincorporated on May 18 , 1949 . The borough derives its named from Buena Vista Township , which in turn was named for the 1847 Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican–American War . In 1979 , local resident Madeline Barrale authored a 115-page book illustrating the Borough 's history . Buena Borough celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 1999 with the 1st Annual `` Buena Day '' at Bruno Melini Park . In 2002 , the St . Padre Pio Shrine was erected by Italian-American farmers in the Landisville section of Buena and has attracted what was described by `` The New York Times '' as a `` steady stream of Catholics '' who come to pray at the site . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough had a total area of 7.579 square miles ( 19.630 km ) , including 7.578 square miles ( 19.626 km ) of land and 0.001 square mile ( 0.003 km ) of water ( 0.02 % ) . Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Landisville and Minotola , each of which had postal facilities established with those names in 1871 and 1897 , respectively . The borough borders Vineland , and the townships of Franklin and Buena Vista . The borough is one of 56 South Jersey municipalities that are included within the New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve , a protected natural area of unique ecology covering , that has been classified as a United States Biosphere Reserve and established by Congress in 1978 as the nation 's first National Reserve . Part of the borough is included in the state-designated Pinelands Area , which includes portions of Atlantic County , along with areas in Burlington , Camden , Cape May , Cumberland , Gloucester and Ocean counties . Unexpected Road was named the seventh wackiest street name according to a 2006 poll by Car Connection website . The Census Bureau 's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that ( in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars ) median household income was $ 53,060 ( with a margin of error of +/- $ 14,830 ) and the median family income was $ 60,398 ( +/- $ 6,199 ) . Males had a median income of $ 47,439 ( +/- $ 6,193 ) versus $ 35,700 ( +/- $ 8,353 ) for females . The per capita income for the borough was $ 23,044 ( +/- $ 2,700 ) . About 8.2 % of families and 11.3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.6 % of those under age 18 and 9.9 % of those age 65 or over . As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,873 people , 1,454 households , and 978 families residing in the borough . The population density was 509.1 people per square mile ( 196.5/km ) . There were 1,553 housing units at an average density of 204.1 per square mile ( 78.8/km ) . The racial makeup of the borough was 77.28 % White , 7.64 % African American , 0.52 % Native American , 0.44 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 10.53 % from other races , and 3.56 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.65 % of the population . As of the 2000 Census , 33.5 % of Buena residents were of Italian ancestry , the 22nd-highest percentage of any municipality in the United States , and ninth-highest in New Jersey , among all places with more than 1,000 residents identifying their ancestry . There were 1,454 households out of which 32.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 48.0 % were married couples living together , 13.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 32.7 % were non-families . 28.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.23 . In the borough the population was spread out with 25.7 % under the age of 18 , 8.6 % from 18 to 24 , 30.1 % from 25 to 44 , 19.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 95.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.1 males . The median income for a household in the borough was $ 35,679 , and the median income for a family was $ 44,352 . Males had a median income of $ 37,985 versus $ 23,788 for females . The per capita income for the borough was $ 16,717 . About 11.8 % of families and 18.7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.1 % of those under age 18 and 14.1 % of those age 65 or over . Buena Borough is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government . The governing body consists of a Mayor and a Borough Council comprising six council members , with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election . A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office . The Borough Council consists of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis , with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle . The Borough form of government used by Buena , the most common system used in the state , is a `` weak mayor / strong council '' government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie . The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council . The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members , and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council . , the Mayor of Buena Borough is Republican G. David Zappariello , whose term of office ends December 31 , 2019 . Members of the Buena Borough Council are Council President Rosalie M. Baker ( R , 2018 ) , Robert L. James Jr . ( R , 2017 ) , Joseph Mancuso Jr . ( R , 2018 ) , Jeffrey Marolda ( R , 2016 ) , Gregory McAvaddy ( R , 2017 ) and Matthew Walker Sr . ( R , 2016 ; appointed to serve an unexpired term ) . In February 2016 , the borough council selected Matthew Walker Sr . from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2016 that had been held by Edward Cugini until his resignation ; Walker became the first African-American to serve on the Borough Council . After Council President Joseph Santagata resigned from office in July 2014 , the Borough Council selected Robert L. James to fill Santagata 's vacant council seat , while Rosalie M. Baker was chosen to succeed Santagata as Council President . Gregory McAvaddy was sworn into office in August 2013 to fill the vacant seat of Frank DeStefano , who had resigned earlier that month to devote more time to his business . In the 2013 general election , Republican incumbents Edward S. Cugini and Jeffrey Marolda won re-election and McAvaddy won the balance of the unexpired term of office . The Chief of Police in Buena Borough is David Sherma , who was sworn into the Chief position in 2010 on an acting basis and took over the post officially at the start of 2011 . Buena is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey 's 2nd state legislative district . Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census , Buena had been in the 1st state legislative district . As of March 23 , 2011 , there were a total of 2,771 registered voters in Buena , of which 593 ( 21.4 % vs . 30.5 % countywide ) were registered as Democrats , 764 ( 27.6 % vs . 25.2 % ) were registered as Republicans and 1,414 ( 51.0 % vs . 44.3 % ) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were no voters registered to other parties . Among the borough 's 2010 Census population , 60.2 % ( vs . 58.8 % in Atlantic County ) were registered to vote , including 80.2 % of those ages 18 and over ( vs . 76.6 % countywide ) . In the 2012 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 1,011 votes ( 53.2 % vs . 57.9 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 847 votes ( 44.6 % vs . 41.1 % ) and other candidates with 18 votes ( 0.9 % vs . 0.9 % ) , among the 1,899 ballots cast by the borough 's 2,919 registered voters , for a turnout of 65.1 % ( vs . 65.8 % in Atlantic County ) . In the 2008 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 1,048 votes ( 53.0 % vs . 56.5 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican John McCain with 877 votes ( 44.3 % vs . 41.6 % ) and other candidates with 31 votes ( 1.6 % vs . 1.1 % ) , among the 1,979 ballots cast by the borough 's 2,932 registered voters , for a turnout of 67.5 % ( vs . 68.1 % in Atlantic County ) . In the 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 927 votes ( 49.7 % vs . 52.0 % countywide ) , ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 894 votes ( 47.9 % vs . 46.2 % ) and other candidates with 14 votes ( 0.7 % vs . 0.8 % ) , among the 1,867 ballots cast by the borough 's 2,749 registered voters , for a turnout of 67.9 % ( vs . 69.8 % in the whole county ) . In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 707 votes ( 66.0 % vs . 60.0 % countywide ) , ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 326 votes ( 30.4 % vs . 34.9 % ) and other candidates with 10 votes ( 0.9 % vs . 1.3 % ) , among the 1,072 ballots cast by the borough 's 2,977 registered voters , yielding a 36.0 % turnout ( vs . 41.5 % in the county ) . In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 692 votes ( 50.4 % vs . 47.7 % countywide ) , ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 547 votes ( 39.8 % vs . 44.5 % ) , Independent Chris Daggett with 56 votes ( 4.1 % vs . 4.8 % ) and other candidates with 29 votes ( 2.1 % vs . 1.2 % ) , among the 1,373 ballots cast by the borough 's 2,819 registered voters , yielding a 48.7 % turnout ( vs . 44.9 % in the county ) . Students in public school for pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade from Buena Borough attend the Buena Regional School District , together with students from Buena Vista Township and Newfield , a non-operating school district . Students are sent to the district 's high school for grades 9 - 12 from both Estell Manor City and Weymouth Township as part of sending/receiving relationships with the respective school districts . Newfield , decided to sever its ties with the Buena Regional School District , and began a relationship with Delsea Regional School District , a plan approved in 2009 by the New Jersey Department of Education under which students attending grades 10-12 at Buena Regional High School as of the 2010-11 school year would finish their education there . As of the 2011-12 school year , the district 's six schools had an enrollment of 2,356 students and 163.0 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student–teacher ratio of 14.45:1 . Schools in the district ( with 2010-11 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Collings Lakes Elementary School ( now grades PreK-3 , was K-5 ; 261 students ) John C. Milanesi Elementary School ( now PreK-3 , was PreK-5 , 447 ) , Dr . J.P . Cleary Elementary School ( opened in September 2012 for grades 4-5 ) , Buena Regional Middle School ( 507 ; 6-8 ) and Buena Regional High School ( 814 ; 9-12 ) . Students from the borough , and from all of Atlantic County , are eligible to attend Atlantic County Institute of Technology , located in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township , which provides vocational education in 30 different career programs as part of the Atlantic County Vocational School District . , the borough had a total of of roadways , of which were maintained by the municipality , by Atlantic County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation . U.S . Route 40 ( with County Route 557 running concurrent ) pass through the heart of the town . Route 54 passes through along the eastern border . The closest limited access road is Route 55 in Vineland and Franklin . The Atlantic City Expressway can be reached by Route 54 . People who were born in , residents of , or otherwise closely associated with Buena include :
Kalpanakumari Devi Kalpanakumari Devi ( , born 1936 ) is an Indian novelist and poet in the Odia language . She won the 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for Odia literature . Kalpanakumari Devi ( also spelled Kalpana Kumari Devi or Debi ) was born in Odisha in 1936 . She moved to Kolkata in 1958 . Her first novel , `` Kabi '' , was published in 1954 . Her observations on the social changes in the country were recognised . She was awarded the 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for Odia literature for her novel `` Achinha Basabhumi '' . She was married to the Odia writer Kanduri Charan Das , who died in 2014 . Their daughter Shabarni Das is an editor of a Bengali journal , `` Prathama '' . After Kalpanakumari Devi 's `` Achinha Basabhumi '' was nominated for the Sahitya Akademi award , several Odia litterateurs protested against it , citing procedural irregularities as well critical differences with the choice . Upon the announcement of the award to the author , Barendra Krushna Dhal , a member of the Sahitya Akademi 's advisory board resigned in protest . Sricharan Pratap Kanishka , an Odia writer , filed a public interest litigation with the Orissa High Court in January 2012 against the award , leading to an interim stay of the presentation ceremony . His complaint was that , in order to be eligible for the award , the book should have been published between 2007 and 2009 , and he accused the book 's publisher of having back-dated its publication date to 2009 , whereas , he claimed , it was published in 2010 . The litigation was rejected by the high court on February 14 , 2012 , and Kalpanakumari Devi received the award .
K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran ( generally known as Sattur Ramachandran ) was the Minister for Backward Classes between 2006 and 2011 in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly , India . He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Assembly seven times , and won on three consecutive occasions as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) candidate from the Sattur constituency . After the death of M. G. Ramachandran , he won the neighbouring Vilathikulam constituency as a candidate for the AIADMK ( Jayalalitha faction ) . He again won Sattur , as a candidate of the then-new Anna Puratchi Thalaivar Munnetra Kazhagam and subsequently suffered his first defeat after re-joining the AIADMK in 1996 . Switching allegiance once more - this time to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam - he won the next two elections , in 2001 and 2006 . He was the Minister for Cooperation and Public Works Department in the M. G. Ramachandran Cabinet between 1984 and 1987 . In M.Karunanidhi Cabinet he act as Minister of Health , later act as Minister of BAckward class welfare between 2006-2011 . 2011 He lost the election . in 2016 again he won by 18000 votes margin in Aruppukkottai .
Ronald James Marsh Ronald James Marsh ( 7 August 1914 – 11 January 1987 ) , was a British author who was born in Broadstairs in Kent and spent much of his life in Rochester , where he was City Librarian . The son of Donald Alfred Sackett Marsh and Helen Cicely Perkins , he was born on 7 August 1914 and died aged 72 in Chatham , Kent , on 11 January 1987 . He married first in Thanet in 1936 , Maud Ethel Chandler and second in Oxford in 1947 , Phyllis Glenice Higgins . His most widely known novel , `` Irene '' ( 1949 ) , was made into a 1950 film `` Once a Sinner '' starring : Patricia Kirkwood - Irene James Jack Watling - John Ross Joy Shelton - Vera Lamb Sydney Tafler - Jimmy Smart Thora Hird - Mrs . James The story is that of John Ross , a bank clerk , who is in love with Irene James for whom he will do anything , including stooping to crime . Irene can not give up her criminal former boyfriend , Jimmy Smart , while John realises , too late , that he should have remained with his former fiancée . The story ultimately ends in the tragedy so often associated with obsessive love . Ronald Marsh 's other novels include :
House of Nobility ( Sweden ) The House of Nobility ( ) in Stockholm , Sweden , is a corporation and a building , that maintains records and acts as an interest group on behalf of the Swedish nobility . The name is literally translated as `` House of Knights '' , as the knights ( ) belong to the higher ranks of the Swedish nobility , sometimes also together with titles as count ( ) and baron ( ) . All esquires are also represented in the corporation ( most of the families , so called `` untitled nobility '' , ) . This is a tradition from the Middle Ages when Sweden during the Kalmar Union only had one knight : Sten Sture . Between the 17th and the 19th century the House of Nobility was a chamber in the Estates of the realm , and as such , a Swedish equivalent to the British House of Lords . In the 18th century , the building was often used for public concerts . From 1731 , public concerts were performed here by Kungliga Hovkapellet . Elisabeth Olin is believed to have debuted here in the 1750s , and foreign artists performed such as Elisabetta Almerighi , Giovanni Ansani ( 1772 ) and Rosa Scarlatti . After 1866 , when the old Parliament of the Estates was replaced by the new Parliament of Sweden , the Swedish House of Nobility served as a quasi-official representative body for the Swedish nobility , regulated by the Swedish government . Since 2003 , it has been a private institution which maintains records and acts as an interest group on behalf of the Swedish nobility , its main purpose being to maintain old traditions and culture . The Riddarhuset is also the name of the building maintained by the corporation in Stockholm old town . The French-born architect Simon De la Vallée started the planning of the building , but was killed by a Swedish nobleman in 1642 . The plans were eventually finished by his son , Jean De la Vallée , in 1660 . The south end of the building carries the Latin inscription , `` after the clear example of the forefathers '' , and holds a statue of Gustav Vasa . North of the building is a park in which is a statue of Axel Oxenstierna . The architecture of the old main library in Turku , Finland , was influenced by the Swedish House of Nobility .
Usa ( Germany ) The Usa is a river that is long in Hesse , Germany . It is right tributary of the Wetter , which it joins at the outskirts of Friedberg . The principal towns along the river are Usingen , Bad Nauheim and Friedberg .
Radoma Court Radoma Court was designed in 1937 by the Harold Le Roith practice of architects . It is situated prominently on a corner site in Bellevue , at stand 474 where Cavendish and Yeo Streets meet . At the time of construction , it was considered the most important block of flats in the international style of the modern movement . Clive Chipkin describes Radoma Court as ‘ a stunning building ’ and it has gained iconic status . A corner building , Radoma Court has its facade on the South and West boundaries of Cavendish and Yeo streets in Bellevue , Gauteng . Erected prior to the war , the building comprises 27 flats , of which 4 have two bedrooms and the rest are bachelor flats , and a basement parking garage . The building has been published both in South Africa and overseas and is regarded by student and architects as iconic . Radoma Court occupies a corner site with street frontages on the south and west sides . This situation imposes difficult problems in orientation , out of which emerged the articulated plan and hence the lively three-dimensional composition of the building . The main theme is the contrast between the sun-soaked west facade and the shaded southern elevation . On the south elevation , continuous banded windows are possible , while on the west , the necessity for protection has resulted in a deeply recessed treatment , in which the balcony fronts lie behind the main face of the building , defined by the broad horizontal bands top and bottom , and the connecting vertical piers . These two contrasting elevations are moulded together in the composition by the soaring stair tower with its curved face of sparkling glass brick . Its articulation from the western block gives emphasis to its verticality and its subtle curve ties it to the south wall . The four storey building is constructed of reinforced concrete frame with brick walls , which were plastered smooth and painted white to give a sleek , minimalist appearance . The staircase tower has a distinctive full height glass brick window panel and the building has a flat reinforced concrete roof . The windows are steel framed hung on pivots and with casements . The design utilizes the sloping topography of the site , gaining useful basement space from the decrease in ground level from the entrance corner . The entrance itself is a covered area acting like an extension of the public street and can be approached from either Yeo Street or Cavendish Road . Slender concrete columns sit on the horizontal ground floor slab and support the overhang to the entrance . In the north-east corner of the site there is a garden court with flower beds and pool , and on the roof a solarium and loggia with planting boxes is provided . Internally , each dwelling had a customized kitchen , bathroom and built in fittings . Clever space planning created compact living areas that were also spacious due to the use of built in fittings . Artisan craftsmanship delivered high quality interiors using materials such as oak floor boards . Social space was generously proportioned and the shared amenities were carefully considered so as to maintain privacy whilst also encouraging social interaction between the residents . Erected prior to the First World War , at the time of its construction it was considered the most important block of flats in the international style of the modern movement . When Radoma Court was finished in 1937 it was the most remarkable building that Johannesburg had ever seen . It brought South Africa into the mainstream of modern architecture . The International Style is characterized by asymmetrical composition , an absence of mouldings , large windows in horizontal bands and a predilection for white rendering . The influence of Le Courbusier , the leading French architect at that time , can be seen all over Radoma Court , from the curved stair-tower with glass-brick end wall to the precision of large square inset windows in blank walls . This is the most important example of a flat building in the “ International ” style outside the central area . It marks the highest point in the flat building work of the architect Harold le Roith , which had a great influence on flat building in Johannesburg . Strong plastic handling of building masses is evidenced , in which the varying functions of the parts of the building are expressed . Originally , colour contrast enhanced this effect : Deep blue face brick with white recessed horizontal joints forms the wall of the basement garage which is entered at the northwest corner of the site . Pale blue balcony recesses , fawn squaring on the parapets , and the wire mesh parapets are white . The south wall is pale blue with white window frames . The entrance porch is in a deep plum colour on a rough textured plaster on which the name of the building in white lettering is fixed . The squared panel is grey , doors are white and the floor black . These were bold colour choices , emphasizing the depth of the recesses and entrance overhang . White balcony mesh panels would have stood out against the pale blue recesses and the white lettering in the entrance porch would have had even stronger contrast on the plum walls there . On the roof , the solarium walls were painted a more subtle ‘ Eau-de-Nil ’ colour which appears as different shades of green in varied sunlight conditions . The original polychromatic appearance of the building has been lost in later maintenance cycles making extensive use of white paint . In recent years most buildings around Radoma Court were hijacked or left in a state of neglect due to white flight . In 2014 , the owner needed to repair the roof and decided to build an additional storey at the same time . But they did not obtain consent from the City of Johannesburg or the Provincial Heritage Resource Agency in Gauteng . Plans were submitted for the alteration but works commenced whilst waiting for approval . Stop notices were issued but these were ignored and works continued . This action by the owner without the necessary permissions from the City of Johannesburg and the PHRAG caused local outcry . The Radoma Court building is a protected historic monument for the following reasons :
Lumière ( film ) Lumière ( ) is a French drama directed by Jeanne Moreau .
Elisaveta Bykova Elisaveta Ivanovna Bykova ( or `` Elisabeth Bykova '' , Russian : Елизаве́та Ива́новна Бы́кова ; 4 November 1913 in Bogolyubovo , Vladimir Oblast , Russian Empire – 8 March 1989 in Moscow ) was a Soviet chess player and the third and fifth Women 's World Chess Champion , from 1953 until 1956 , and again from 1958 to 1962 . She was awarded the title of Woman International Master in 1950 , International Master in 1953 , and Woman Grandmaster in 1976 . Bykova was born to a peasant family . When she was twelve , her family moved to Moscow , where she began to play chess with her brother . Her talent became apparent in 1927 , when she won her school ’ s chess championship . In 1938 she won the women 's Moscow championship and after the second world war she was a three-time winner of the women 's Soviet Championship ( 1946 , 1947 and 1950 ) . After winning in 1952 the women 's candidate tournament in Moscow , in 1953 she defeated in Leningrad the reigning champion Lyudmila Rudenko , with seven wins , five losses , and two draws . She lost the title to Olga Rubtsova in 1956 , but won it back two years later , becoming the first woman to do so . In 1960 she defended successfully the title against Kira Zvorykina ( +6 -2 =5 ) , but in 1962 she lost the title against the 21-year-old Nona Gaprindashvili ( +0 -7 =4 ) . She worked as an engineer in a large Moscow printing house , and was also an author and columnist about chess in the USSR . Passionate about women ’ s chess , Bykova also wrote three books about Vera Menchik , Soviet women chess players , and the Women ’ s World Championship . She also promoted chess through lectures and the organization of tournaments .
Herald Records Herald Records was an American record label of the 1950s and 1960s , owned and operated by Al Silver . Specialising in the vocal group sound , its biggest hit was `` Stay '' by Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs . This label specialized in vocal group sound , and its biggest hit was `` Stay '' by Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs . Herald was founded in 1952 by Fred Mendelsohn and Al Silver .
Healthcare in Oman Omani nationals have free access to the country 's public health care , though expatriates typically seek medical care in private sector clinics and hospitals . Generally , the standard of care in the public sector is high for a middle-income country . The country now has very low rate of disease once common communicable diseases such as measles and typhoid . Due to rapidly increasing incomes and changing lifestyles and diet , the levels of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes are an increasing problem . The hospitals in Oman generally provide a high quality of health care . Most of the largest and most advanced hospitals and health centres are located in Muscat , such as the Royal Hospital of Oman and the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital . Though the Omanis have a high life expectancy of 73.8 the nation 's medical industry can not be compared to other more developed countries . Still the government is trying to develop this sector and encourage students to study medicine . Although a sizeable portion of the healthcare workforce is foreign born , due to an aggressive government policy of `` Omanization '' , this is beginning to change . The country now has an accredited medical university and many Omani doctors have obtained their medical training in countries such as Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom and the United States .
Strawberries and Cream Strawberries and Cream is the second studio album by the American comedy band Ninja Sex Party . The album was released on April 15 , 2013 . Three tracks from the album , `` FYI I Wan na F Your A '' , `` Next to You '' , and `` Unicorn Wizard '' , were released as singles prior to the album 's release .
At Newport ( Cecil Taylor & Gigi Gryce album ) At Newport is a live album by the Gigi Gryce-Donald Byrd Jazz Laboratory and the Cecil Taylor Quartet recorded for the Verve label at the Newport Jazz Festival in July 1957 . The original LP album featured one side of performances by Taylor with Buell Neidlinger , Denis Charles and Steve Lacy and the other by Gryce , Byrd , Hank Jones , Wendell Marshall , and Osie Johnson . The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden states `` At first combining a set by Cecil Taylor with another by the Gigi Gryce-Donald Byrd Jazz Laboratory seems like an odd pairing , but it ends up working rather well . These live recordings , which come from the 1957 Newport Jazz Festival , have stood the test of time rather well '' . The Cecil Taylor Quartet : The Gigi Gryce-Donald Byrd Jazz Laboratory :
Lobbying in the United States Lobbying in the United States describes paid activity in which special interests hire well-connected professional advocates , often lawyers , to argue for specific legislation in decision-making bodies such as the United States Congress . It is a highly controversial phenomenon , often seen in a negative light by journalists and the American public . While lobbying is subject to extensive and often complex rules which , if not followed , can lead to penalties including jail , the activity of lobbying has been interpreted by court rulings as constitutionally-protected free speech and a way to petition the government for the redress of grievances , two of the freedoms protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution . Since the 1970s , lobbying activity has grown immensely in the United States in terms of the numbers of lobbyists and the size of lobbying budgets , and has become the focus of much criticism of American governance . It is possible for foreign nations to hire American lobbyists to influence the foreign policy of the United States ; for example , in 2016 , Taiwanese officials hired American senator-turned-lobbyist Bob Dole to set up a controversial phone call between president-elect Donald Trump and Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-Wen , a move marking a shift in US foreign policy . Since lobbying rules require extensive disclosure , there is a large amount of information in the public sphere about which entities lobby , how , at whom , and for how much . The current pattern suggests much lobbying is done primarily by corporations , although a wide variety of coalitions representing diverse groups also occurs . Lobbying takes place at every level of government , including federal , state , county , municipal , and even local governments . In Washington , D.C. , lobbying usually targets members of Congress , although there have been efforts to influence executive agency officials as well as Supreme Court appointments . Lobbying can have an important influence on the political system ; for example , a study in 2014 suggested that special interest lobbying enhanced the power of elite groups and was a factor shifting the nation 's political structure toward an oligarchy in which average citizens have `` little or no independent influence '' . While the number of lobbyists in Washington is estimated to be over twelve thousand , those with real clout number in the dozens , and a small group of firms handles much of lobbying in terms of expenditures . A report in `` The Nation '' in 2014 suggested that while the number of 12,281 registered lobbyists was a decrease since 2002 , lobbying activity was increasing and `` going underground '' as lobbyists use `` increasingly sophisticated strategies '' to obscure their activity . Analyst James A. Thurber estimated that the actual number of working lobbyists was close to 100,000 and that the industry brings in $ 9 billion annually . Lobbying has been the subject of academic inquiry in various fields , including law , public policy , and economics . Political scientist Thomas R. Dye once said that politics is about battling over scarce governmental resources : who gets them , where , when , why and how . Since government makes the rules in a complex economy such as the United States , it is logical that various organizations , businesses , individuals , nonprofits , trade groups , religions , charities and others—which are affected by these rules—will exert as much influence as they can to have rulings favorable to their cause . And the battling for influence has happened in every organized society since the beginning of civilization , whether it was Ancient Athens , Florence during the time of the Medici , Late Imperial China , or the present-day United States . Modern-day lobbyists in one sense are like the courtiers of the Ancien Régime . If voting is a general way for a public to control a government , lobbying is a more specific , targeted effort , focused on a narrower set of issues . The term `` lobby '' has etymological roots in the physical structure of the British Parliament , in which there was an intermediary covered room outside the main hall . People pushing an agenda would try to meet with members of Parliament in this room , and they came to be known , by metonymy , as `` lobbyists '' , although one account in 1890 suggested that the application of the word `` lobby '' is American and that the term is not used as much in Britain . The term `` lobbying '' in everyday parlance can describe a wide variety of activities , and in its general sense , suggests advocacy , advertising , or promoting a cause . In this sense , anybody who tries to influence any political position can be thought of as `` lobbying '' , and sometimes the term is used in this loose sense . A person who writes a letter to a congressperson , or even questions a candidate at a political meeting , could be construed as being a `` lobbyist '' . However , the term `` lobbying '' generally means a paid activity with the purpose of attempting to `` influence or sway '' a public official - including bureaucrats and elected officials - towards a desired specific action often relating to specific legislation . If `` advocacy '' is disseminating information , including attempts to persuade public officials as well as the public and media to promote the cause of something and support it , then when this activity becomes focused on specific legislation , either in support or in opposition , then it crosses the line from `` advocacy '' and becomes `` lobbying '' . This is the usual sense of the term `` lobbying . '' One account suggested that much of the activity of nonprofits was not `` lobbying '' per se , since it usually did not mean changes in legislation . A lobbyist , according to the legal sense of the word , is a professional , often a lawyer . Lobbyists are intermediaries between client organizations and lawmakers : they explain to legislators what their organizations want , and they explain to their clients what obstacles elected officials face . One definition of a lobbyist is someone `` employed to persuade legislators to pass legislation that will help the lobbyist 's employer . '' Many lobbyists work in lobbying firms or law firms , some of which retain clients outside lobbying . Others work for advocacy groups , trade associations , companies , and state and local governments . Lobbyists can be one type of government official , such as a governor of a state , who presses officials in Washington for specific legislation . A lobbyist may put together a diverse coalition of organizations and people , sometimes including lawmakers and corporations , and the whole effort may be considered to be a `` lobby '' ; for example , in the abortion issue , there is a `` pro-choice lobby '' and a `` pro-life lobby '' . An estimate from 2007 reported that more than 15,000 federal lobbyists were based in Washington , DC ; another estimate from 2011 suggested that the count of registered lobbyists who have actually lobbied was closer to 12,000 . While numbers like these suggest that lobbying is a widespread activity , most accounts suggest that the Washington lobbying industry is an exclusive one run by a few well-connected firms and players , with serious barriers to entry for firms wanting to get into the lobbying business , since it requires them to have been `` roaming the halls of Congress for years and years . '' Generally , lobbyists focus on trying to persuade decision-makers : Congress , executive branch agencies such as the Treasury Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Supreme Court , state governments ( including governors ) . Federal agencies have been targeted by lobbyists since they write industry-specific rules ; accordingly , interest groups spend `` massive sums of money '' trying to persuade them to make so-called `` carve-outs '' or try to block specific provisions from being enacted . A large fraction of overall lobbying is focused on only a few sets of issues , according to one report . It is possible for one level of government to lobby another level ; for example , the District of Columbia has been lobbying Congress and the President for greater power , including possible statehood or voting representation in Congress ; one assessment in 2011 suggested that the district needed to rethink its lobbying strategy , since its past efforts have only had `` mixed results '' . Many executive branch agencies have the power to write specific rules and are a target of lobbying . Federal agencies such as the State Department make rules such as giving aid money to countries such as Egypt , and in one example , an Egyptian-American businessman named Kais Menoufy organized a lobby to try to halt U.S . aid to Egypt . Since the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review and can render a congressional law unconstitutional , it has great power to influence the course of American life . For example , in the `` Roe v. Wade '' decision , it ruled on the legality of abortion . A variety of forces use lobbying tactics to pressure the court to overturn this decision . Lobbyists represent their clients ' or organizations ' interests in state capitols . An example is a former school superintendent who has been lobbying state legislatures in California , Michigan and Nevada to overhaul teacher evaluations , and trying to end the `` Last In , First Out '' teacher hiring processes ; according to one report , Michelle Rhee is becoming a `` political force . '' State governments can be lobbied by groups which represent `` other governments '' within the state , such as a city authority ; for example , the cities of Tallahassee and St . Petersburg lobbied the Florida legislature using paid lobbyists to represent the city 's interests . There is lobbying activity at the county and municipal levels , especially in larger cities and populous counties . For example , officials within the city government of Chicago called aldermen became lobbyists after serving in municipal government , following a one-year period required by city ethics rules to abstain from lobbying . While the bulk of lobbying happens by business and professional interests who hire paid professionals , some lobbyists represent non-profits pro-bono for issues in which they are personally interested . Pro bono publico clients offer activities to meet and socialize with local legislators at events like fundraisers and awards ceremonies . Lobbies which push for a single issue have grown in importance during the past twenty years , according to one source . Corporations generally would be considered as `` single issue '' lobbies . If a corporation wishes to change public policy , or to influence legislation which impacts its success as a business , it may use lobbying as a `` primary avenue '' for this purpose . One research study suggested that `` single issue '' lobbies often operate in different kinds of institutional venues , sometimes bringing the same message to different groups . Lobbies which represent groups such as labor unions , business organizations , trade associations and such are sometimes considered to be `` multiple issue lobbies '' , and to succeed they must be somewhat more flexible politically and be willing to accept compromise . The Constitution was crafted in part to solve the problem of special interests , today usually represented by lobbies , by having these factions compete . James Madison identified a faction as `` a number of citizens , whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community '' , and Madison argued in Federalist No . 10 that there was less risk of injury by a narrowly focused faction in a large republic if any negative influence was counteracted by other factions . In addition , the Constitution protected free speech , including the right to petition the government , and these rights have been used by lobbying interests throughout the nation 's history . There has been lobbying at every level of government , particularly in state governments during the nineteenth century , but increasingly directed towards the federal government in the twentieth century . The last few decades have been marked by an exponential increase in lobbying activity and expenditures . The number of registered Washington lobbyists is substantial . In 2009 , the `` Washington Post '' estimated that there were 13,700 registered lobbyists , describing the nation 's Capitol as `` teeming with lobbyists. '' . In 2011 , `` The Guardian '' estimated that in addition to the approximately 13,000 registered lobbyists , thousands more unregistered lobbyists could exist in Washington . The ratio of lobbyists employed by the healthcare industry , compared with every elected politician , was six to one , according to one account . Nevertheless , the numbers of lobbyists actively engaged in lobbying is considerably less , and the ones occupied with lobbying full-time and making significant money is even less . Corporations which lobby actively tend to be few in number , large , and often sell to the government . Most corporations do not hire lobbyists . One study found that the actual number of firms which do lobbying regularly is fewer than 300 , and that the percent of firms engaged in lobbying was 10 % from 1998 to 2006 , and that they were `` mainly large , rich firms getting in on the fun . '' These firms hired lobbyists year after year , and there was not much evidence of other large firms taking much interest in lobbying . Corporations considering lobbying run into substantial barriers to entry : corporations have to research the relevant laws about lobbying , hire lobbying firms , and cultivate influential people and make connections . When an issue regarding a change in immigration policy arose , large corporations currently lobbying switched focus somewhat to take account of the new regulatory world , but new corporations—even ones likely to be affected by any possible rulings on immigration—stayed out of the lobbying fray , according to the study . Still , of all the entities doing lobbying in Washington , the biggest overall spenders are , in fact , corporations . In the first decade of the 2000s , the most lucrative clients for Gerald Cassidy 's lobbying firm were corporations , displacing fees from the appropriations business . Wall Street lobbyists and the financial industry spent upwards of $ 100 million in one year to `` court regulators and lawmakers '' , particularly since they were `` finalizing new regulations for lending , trading and debit card fees . '' One academic analysis in 1987 found that firms were more likely to spend on lobbying if they were both large and concerned about `` adverse financial statement consequences '' if they did not lobby . Big banks were `` prolific spenders '' on lobbying ; JPMorgan Chase has an in-house team of lobbyists who spent $ 3.3 million in 2010 ; the American Bankers Association spent $ 4.6 million on lobbying ; an organization representing 100 of the nation 's largest financial firms called the `` Financial Services Roundtable '' spent heavily as well . A trade group representing Hedge Funds spent more than $ 1 million in one quarter trying to influence the government about financial regulations , including an effort to try to change a rule that might demand greater disclosure requirements for funds . Amazon.com spent $ 450,000 in one quarter lobbying about a possible online sales tax as well as rules about data protection and privacy . Corporations which sell substantially to the government tend to be active lobbiers . For example , aircraft manufacturer Boeing , which has sizeable defense contracts , pours `` millions into lobbying '' : One report suggested the United Food & Commercial Workers International Union spent $ 80,000 lobbying the federal government on issues relating to `` the tax code , food safety , immigration reform and other issues . '' Other possible players in the lobbying arena are those who might influence legislation : House & Senate colleagues , public opinion in the district , the White House , party leaders , union leaders , and other influential persons and groups . Interest groups are often thought of as `` nonparty organizations '' which regularly try to change or influence government decision-making . Lobbying has much in common with highly people-intensive businesses such as management consulting and public relations , but with a political and legal sensibility . Like lawmakers , many lobbyists are lawyers , and the persons they are trying to influence have the duty of writing laws . That the disciplines of law and lobbying are intertwined could be seen in the case of a Texas lawyer who had been seeking compensation for his unfairly imprisoned client ; since his exonerated-prisoner client had trouble paying the legal expenses , the lawyer lobbied the Texas state legislature to raise the state 's payment for unfairly imprisoned prisoners from $ 50,000 per year to $ 80,000 per year ; it succeeded , making it possible for his newly freed client to pay the lawyer 's fees . Well-connected lobbyists work in Washington for years , know the issues , are highly skilled advocates , and have cultivated close connections with members of Congress , regulators , specialists , and others . They understand strategy and have excellent communication skills ; many are well suited to be able to choose which clients they would like to represent . Lobbyists patiently cultivate networks of powerful people , over many years , trying to build trust and maintain confidence and friendships . When a client hires them to push a specific issue or agenda , they usually form coalitions to exert political pressure . Lobbying , as a result , depends on trying to be flexible to new opportunities , but at the same time , to act as an agent for a client . As one lobbyist put it : Access is important and often means a one-on-one meeting with a legislator . Getting access can sometimes be difficult , but there are various avenues : email , personal letters , phone calls , face-to-face meetings , meals , get-togethers , and even chasing after congresspersons in the Capitol building : When getting access is difficult , there are ways to wear down the walls surrounding a legislator . Jack Abramoff explained : Lobbyists often assist congresspersons with campaign finance by arranging fundraisers , assembling PACs , and seeking donations from other clients . Many lobbyists become campaign treasurers and fundraisers for congresspersons . This helps incumbent members cope with the substantial amounts of time required to raise money for reelection bids ; one estimate was that congresspersons had to spend a third of their working hours on fundraising activity . PACs are fairly easy to set up ; it requires a lawyer and about $ 300 , roughly . An even steeper possible reward which can be used in exchange for favors is the lure of a high-paying job as a lobbyist ; according to Jack Abramoff , one of the best ways to `` get what he wanted '' was to offer a high-ranking congressional aide a high-paying job after they decided to leave public office . When such a promise of future employment was accepted , according to Abramoff , `` we owned them '' . This helped the lobbying firm exert influence on that particular congressperson by going through the staff member or aide . At the same time , it is hard for outside observers to argue that a particular decision , such as hiring a former staffer into a lobbying position , was purely as a reward for some past political decision , since staffers often have valuable connections and policy experience needed by lobbying firms . Research economist Mirko Draca suggested that hiring a staffer was an ideal way for a lobbying firm to try to sway their old bosses—a congressperson—in the future . Lobbyists , according to several sources , strive for communications which are clear , straightforward , and direct . In a one-on-one meeting with a lobbyist , it helps to understand precisely what goal is wanted . A lobbyist wants action on a bill ; a legislator wants to be re-elected . The idea is to persuade a legislator that what the lobbyist wants is good public policy . Lobbyists often urge lawmakers to try to persuade other lawmakers to approve a bill . Still , persuasion is a subtle business , requiring a deft touch , and carelessness can boomerang . In one instance of a public relations reversal , a lobbying initiative by the Cassidy firm which targeted Senator Robert C. Byrd blew up when the Cassidy-Byrd connection was published in the `` Washington Post '' ; this resulted in a furious Byrd reversing his previous pro-Cassidy position and throwing a `` theatrical temper tantrum '' regarding an $ 18 million facility . Byrd denounced `` lobbyists who collect exorbitant fees to create projects and have them earmarked in appropriation bills ... for the benefit of their clients . '' Since it often takes a long time to build the network of relationships within the lobbying industry , ethical interpersonal dealings are important . A maxim in the industry is for lobbyists to be truthful with people they are trying to persuade ; one lobbyist described it this way : `` what you 've basically got is your word and reputation '' . An untruth , a lie is too risky to the successful development of a long-term relationship and the potential gain is not worth the risk . One report suggested that below-the-belt tactics generally do not work . One account suggest that groping for `` personal dirt '' on opponents was counterproductive since it would undermine respect for the lobbyist and their clients . And , by reverse logic , if an untruth is told by an opponent or opposing lobby , then it makes sense to publicize it . But the general code among lobbyists is that unsubstantiated claims are bad business . Even worse is planting an informant in an opponent 's camp , since if this subterfuge is ever discovered , it will boomerang negatively in a hundred ways , and credibility will drop to zero . The importance of personal relationships in lobbying can be seen in the state of Illinois , in which father-son ties helped push a smart-grid energy bill , although there were accusations of favoritism . And there is anecdotal evidence that a business firm seeking to profitably influence legislation has to pay particular attention to which lobbyist it hires . Strategic considerations for lobbyists , trying to influence legislation , include `` locating a power base '' or a constituency logically predisposed to support a given policy . Timing , as well , is usually important , in the sense of knowing when to propose a certain action and having a big-picture view of the possible sequence of desired actions . Strategic lobbying tries to estimate the possible responses of different groups to a possible lobby approach ; one study suggested that the `` expectations of opposition from other interests '' was a key factor helping to determine how a lobby should operate . Increasingly , lobbyists seek to put together coalitions and use `` outside lobbying '' by swaying public opinion . Bigger , more diverse and deep pocketed coalitions tend to be more effective in outside lobbying , and the `` strength in numbers '' principle often applies . Interest groups try to build `` sustainable coalitions of similarly situated individual organizations in pursuit of like-minded goals '' . According to one study , it is often difficult for a lobbyist to influence a staff member in Congress directly , since staffers tend to be well-informed and subject to views from competing interests . As an indirect tactic , lobbyists can try to manipulate public opinion which , in turn , can sometimes exert pressure on congresspersons . Activities for these purposes include trying to use the mass media , cultivating contacts with reporters and editors , encouraging them to write editorials and cover stories to influence public opinion , which may have the secondary effect of influencing Congress . According to analyst Ken Kollman , it is easier to sway public opinion than a congressional staff member since it is possible to bombard the public with `` half-truths , distortion , scare tactics , and misinformation . '' Kollman suggests there should be two goals : ( 1 ) communicate that there is public support behind an issue to policymakers and ( 2 ) increase public support for the issue among constituents . Kollman suggested outside lobbying was a `` powerful tool '' for interest group leaders . In a sense , using these criteria , one could consider James Madison as having engaged in `` outside lobbying '' , since after the Constitution was proposed , he wrote many of the 85 newspaper editorials arguing for people to support the Constitution , and these writings later became the `` Federalist Papers '' . As a result of this `` lobbying '' effort , the Constitution was ratified , although there were narrow margins of victory in four of the state legislatures . Lobbying today generally requires mounting a coordinated campaign , using targeted blitzes of telephone calls , letters , emails to congressional lawmakers , marches down the Washington Mall , bus caravans , and such , and these are often put together by lobbyists who coordinate a variety of interest group leaders to unite behind a hopefully simple easy-to-grasp and persuasive message . It is important for lobbyists to follow rules governing lobbying behavior . These can be difficult and complex , take time to learn , require full disclosure , and mistakes can land a lobbyist in serious legal trouble . Gifts for congresspersons and staffers can be problematic , since anything of sizeable value must be disclosed and generally such gifts are illegal . Failure to observe gift restrictions was one factor which caused lobbyist Jack Abramoff to eventually plead guilty to a `` raft of federal corruption charges '' and led to convictions for 20 lobbyists and public officials , including congressperson Bob Ney and Bush deputy interior secretary Stephen Griles . Generally gifts to congresspersons or their staffs or federal officials are not allowed , but with a few exceptions : books are permitted , provided that the inside cover is inscribed with the congressperson 's name and the name of one 's organization . Gifts under $ 5 are allowed . Another exception is awards , so it is permitted to give a congressperson a plaque thanking him or her for support on a given issue . Cash gifts payable by check can only be made to campaign committees , not to a candidate personally or to his or her staff ; it is not permitted to give cash or stock . Wealthy lobbyists often encourage other lobbying clients to donate to a particular cause , in the hope that favors will be returned at a later date . Lobbyist Gerald Cassidy encouraged other clients to give for causes dear to a particular client engaged in a current lobbying effort . Some lobbyists give their own money : Cassidy reportedly donated a million dollars on one project , according to one report , which noted that Cassidy 's firm received `` many times that much in fees from their clients '' paid in monthly retainers . And their clients , in turn , had received `` hundreds of millions in earmarked appropriations '' and benefits worth `` hundreds of millions more '' . The dynamics of the lobbying world make it fairly easy for a semi-skilled operator to defraud a client . This is essentially what happened in the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal . There was a concerned client—in this case , an Indian casino—worried about possible ill-effects of legislation on its gambling business ; and there were lobbyists such as Jack Abramoff who knew how to exploit these fears . The lobbyists actively lobbied `` against '' their own casino-client as a way to ratchet up their fears of adverse legislation as well as stoke possible future contributions ; the lobbyists committed other violations such as grossly overbilling their clients as well as violating rules about giving gifts to congresspersons . Numerous persons went to jail after the scandal . The following are factors which can make fraud a fairly easy-to-do activity : that lobbyists are paid only to `` try to '' influence decision-makers , and may or may not succeed , making it hard to tell if a lobbyist did actual work ; that much of what happens regarding interpersonal relations is obscure despite rather strict disclosure and transparency requirements ; that there are sizable monies involved—factors such as these almost guarantee that there will be future scandals involving fraudulent lobbying activity , according to one assessment . A fraud similar to Abramoff 's was perpetrated in Maryland by lobbyist Gerard E. Evans , who was convicted of mail and wire fraud in 2000 in a case involving falsely creating a `` fictitious legislative threat '' against a client , and then billing the client to work against this supposed threat . Lobbyists routinely monitor how congressional officials vote , sometimes checking the past voting records of congresspersons . One report suggested that reforms requiring `` publicly recorded committee votes '' led to more information about how congresspersons voted , but instead of becoming a valuable resource for the news media or voters , the information helped lobbyists monitor congressional voting patterns . As a general rule , lawmakers must vote as a particular interest group wishes them to vote , or risk losing support . Strategy usually dictates targeting specific office holders . On the state level , one study suggested that much of the lobbying activity targeted the offices of governors as well as state-level executive bureaucrats ; state lobbying was an `` intensely personal game '' with face-to-face contact being required for important decisions . Lobbying can be a counteractive response to the lobbying efforts of others . One study suggested this was particularly true for battles surrounding possible decisions by the Supreme Court which is considered as a `` battleground for public policy '' in which differing groups try to `` etch their policy preferences into law '' . Sometimes there are lobbying efforts to slow or derail other legislative processes ; for example , when the FDA began considering a cheaper generic version of the costly anti-clotting drug Lovenox , the French pharmaceutical firm Sanofi `` sprang into action to try and slow the process . '' Lobbyists are often assembled in anticipation of a potential takeover bid , particularly when there are large high-profile companies , or a large foreign company involved , and substantial concern that the takeover may be blocked by regulatory authorities . An example may illustrate . The company Tyco had learned that there had been discussion about a possible new tax provision that might have cost it $ 4 billion overall . So the firm hired Jack Abramoff and paid him a retainer of $ 100,000 a month . He assembled dozens of lobbyists with connections to key congressional committees with the ultimate objective being to influence powerful Senator Charles Grassley . Abramoff began with a fundraising effort to round up `` every check '' possible . He sought funds from his other lobbying clients : Since government has grown increasingly complex , having to deal with new technologies , the task of writing rules has become more complex . `` Government has grown so complex that it is a virtual certainty that more than one agency would be affected by any piece of legislation , '' according to one view . Lobbyists , therefore , spend considerable time learning the ins and outs of issues , and can use their expertise to educate lawmakers and help them cope with difficult issues . Lobbyists ' knowledge has been considered to be an intellectual subsidy for lawmakers . Some lobbyists become specialists with expertise in a particular set of issues , although one study suggested that of two competing criteria for lobbyists—expertise or access—that access was far more important . Lobby groups and their members sometimes also write legislation and whip bills , and in these instances , it is helpful to have lawyers skilled in writing legislation to assist with these efforts . It is often necessary to research relevant laws and issues beforehand . In many instances lobbyists write the actual text of the proposed law , and hire lawyers to `` get the language down pat '' —an omission in wording or an unclear phrase may open up a loophole for opponents to wrangle over for years . And lobbyists can often advise a lawmaker on how to navigate the approval process . Lobbying firms can serve as mentors and guides . For example , after months of protesting by the Occupy Wall Street , one lobbying firm prepared a memo to its clients warning that Republicans may `` turn on big banks , at least in public '' which may have the effect of `` altering the political ground for years to come . '' Here are parts of the memo which were broadcast on the MSNBC network . Since the 1970s , there has been explosive growth in the lobbying industry , particularly in Washington D.C.. By 2011 , one estimate of overall lobbying spending nationally was $ 30+ billion dollars . An estimate of lobbying expenses in the federal arena was $ 3.5 billion in 2010 , while it had been only $ 1.4 billion in 1998 . And there is prodigious data since firms are required to disclose lobbying expenditures on a quarterly basis . The industry , however , is not immune to economic downturns . If Congress is gridlocked , such as during the summer and early fall of 2011 , lobbying activity dipped considerably , according to `` The Washington Post '' . Lobbying firm Patton Boggs reported drops in revenue during that year , from $ 12 million in 2010 to $ 11 million in 2011 . To cope with the downturn , some law firms compensated by increasing activity in litigation , regulatory work , and representing clients in congressional investigations . A sea-change in government , such as a shift in control of the legislature from one political party to the other , can affect the lobbying business profoundly . For example , the primarily Democratic-serving lobbying firm Cassidy & Associates learned that control of Congress would change hands from Democrats to Republicans in 1994 , and the firm acquired Republican lobbyists before the congressional handover of power , and the move helped the lobbying firm stay on top of the new political realities . There are numerous examples of lobbying activity reported by the media . One report chronicled a somewhat unusual alliance of consumer advocates and industry groups to boost funding for the Food and Drug Administration ; the general pattern of lobbying efforts had been to try to reduce the regulatory oversight of such an agency . In this case , however , lobbying groups wanted the federal watchdog agency to have tougher policing authority to avert expensive problems when oversight was lax ; in this case , industry and consumer groups were in harmony , and lobbyists were able to persuade officials that higher FDA budgets were in the public interest . Religious consortiums , according to one report , have engaged in a $ 400 million lobbying effort on such issues as the relation between church and state , civil rights for religious minorities , bioethics issues including abortion and capital punishment and end-of-life issues , and family issues . While national-level lobbyists working in Washington have the highest salaries , many lobbyists operating at the state level can earn substantial salaries . The table shows the top lobbyists in one state—Maryland—in 2011 . Top power-brokers such as Gerald Cassidy have made fortunes from lobbying : The general consensus view is that lobbying generally works overall in achieving sought-after results for clients , particularly since it has become so prevalent with substantial and growing budgets , although there are dissenting views . A study by the investment-research firm Strategas which was cited in `` The Economist '' and the `` Washington Post '' compared the 50 firms that spent the most on lobbying relative to their assets , and compared their financial performance against that of the S & P 500 in the stock market ; the study concluded that spending on lobbying was a `` spectacular investment '' yielding `` blistering '' returns comparable to a high-flying hedge fund , even despite the financial downturn of the past few years . A 2009 study by University of Kansas professor Raquel Meyer Alexander suggested that lobbying brought a substantial return on investment . A 2011 meta-analysis of previous research findings found a positive correlation between corporate political activity and firm performance . There are numerous reports that the National Rifle Association or NRA successfully influenced 45 senators to block a proposed rule to regulate assault weapons , despite strong public support for gun control . The NRA spends heavily to influence gun policy ; it gives $ 3 million annually to the re-election campaigns of congresspersons directly , and gives additional monies to PACs and others to influence legislation indirectly , according to the `` BBC '' in 2016 . There is widespread agreement that a key ingredient in effective lobbying is money . This view is shared by players in the lobbying industry . Still , effectiveness can vary depending on the situational context . One view is that large multiple-issue lobbies tend to be effective in getting results for their clients if they are sophisticated , managed by a legislative director familiar with the art of compromise , and play `` political hardball '' . But if such lobbies became too big , such as large industrial trade organizations , they became harder to control , often leading to lackluster results . A study in 2001 which compared lobbying activity in US-style congressional against European-style parliamentary systems , found that in congressional systems there was an advantage favoring the `` agenda-setters '' , but that in both systems , `` lobbying has a marked effect on policies '' . One report suggested that the 1,000 registered lobbyists in California were highly influential such that they were called the `` Third House '' . Studies of lobbying by academics in previous decades painted a picture of lobbying being an ineffectual activity , although many of these studies were done before lobbying became prevalent in American politics . A study in 1963 by Bauer , Pool , & Dexter suggested lobbyists were mostly `` impotent '' in exerting influence . Studies in the early 1990s suggested that lobbying exerted influence only `` marginally '' , although it suggested that when lobbying activity did achieve political impacts , that the results of the political choices were sufficient to justify the expenditure on lobbying . A fairly recent study in 2009 is that Washington lobbies are `` far less influential than political rhetoric suggests '' , and that most lobbying campaigns do not change any views and that there was a strong entrenchment of the status quo . But it depends on what is seen as `` effective '' , since many lobbying battles result in a stalemate , since powerful interests battle , and in many cases , merely keeping the `` status quo '' could be seen as a victory of sorts . What happens often is that varying coalitions find themselves in `` diametrical opposition to each other '' and that stalemates result . There is anecdotal evidence from numerous newspaper accounts of different groups battling that lobbying activity usually achieves results . For example , the Obama administration pledged to stop for-profit colleges from `` luring students with false promises '' , but with this threat , the lobbying industry sprang into action with a $ 16 million campaign , and their efforts succeeded in watering down the proposed restrictions . How did the lobbying campaign succeed ? Actions taken included : And sometimes merely keeping the status quo could be seen as a victory . When gridlock led to the supposed supercommittee solution , numerous lobbyists from all parts of the political spectrum worked hard , and a stalemate resulted , but with each side defended their own special interests . And while money is an important variable , it is one among many variables , and there have been instances in which huge sums have been spent on lobbying only to have the result backfire . One report suggested that the communications firm AT & T failed to achieve substantial results from its lobbying efforts in 2011 , since government antitrust officials rejected its plan to acquire rival T-Mobile . Lobbying is a practical necessity for firms that `` live and die '' by government decisions , such as large government contractors such as Boeing . A study done in 2006 by `` Bloomberg News '' suggested that lobbying was a `` sound money-making strategy '' for the 20 largest federal contractors . The largest contractor , Lockheed Martin Corporation , received almost $ 40 billion in federal contracts in 2003-4 , and spent $ 16 million on lobbying expenses and campaign donations . For each dollar of lobbying investment , the firm received $ 2,517 in revenues , according to the report . When the lobbying firm Cassidy & Associates began achieving results with earmarks for colleges and universities and medical centers , new lobbying firms rose to compete with them to win `` earmarks of their own '' , a clear sign that the lobbying was exceedingly effective . Lobbying has been the subject of much debate and discussion . There is general consensus that lobbying has been a significant corrupting influence in American politics , although criticism is not universal , and there have been arguments put forward to suggest that the system is working properly . Generally the image of lobbyists and lobbying in the public sphere is not a positive one , although this is not a universal sentiment . Lobbyists have been described as a `` hired gun '' without principles or positions . Scandals involving lobbying have helped taint the image of the profession , such as ones involving lobbyist Jack Abramoff , and congressmen Randy `` Duke '' Cunningham , and Bob Ney and others , and which featured words such as `` bribery '' , `` lobbyist '' , `` member of Congress '' and `` prison '' tending to appear together in the same articles . Negative publicity can sully lobbying 's image to a great extent : high-profile cases of lobbying fraud such as Abramoff 's ; dubious father-son exchange-of-favors ties ; public officials such as Newt Gingrich being accused and then denying accusations of having done lobbying and earning $ 1.6 million from `` strategic advice '' . There are a variety of reasons why lobbying has acquired a negative image in public consciousness . While there is much disclosure , much of it happens in hard-to-disclose personal meetings , and the resulting secrecy and confidentiality can serve to lower lobbying 's status . Since the 1980s , congresspersons and staffers have been `` going downtown '' —becoming lobbyists—and the big draw is money . The `` lucrative world of K Street '' means that former congresspersons with even `` modest seniority '' can move into jobs paying $ 1 million or more annually , without including bonuses for bringing in new clients . The general concern of this revolving-door activity is that elected officials—persons who were supposed to represent the interests of citizens—have instead become entangled with the big-money interests of for-profit corporations and interest groups with narrow concerns , and that public officials have been taken over by private interests . In July 2005 , Public Citizen published a report entitled `` The Journey from Congress to K Street '' : the report analyzed hundreds of lobbyist registration documents filed in compliance with the Lobbying Disclosure Act and the Foreign Agents Registration Act among other sources . It found that since 1998 , 43 percent of the 198 members of Congress who left government to join private life have registered to lobby . A similar report from the Center for Responsive Politics found 370 former members were in the `` influence-peddling business '' , with 285 officially registered as federal lobbyists , and 85 others who were described as providing `` strategic advice '' or `` public relations '' to corporate clients . `` The Washington Post '' described these results as reflecting the `` sea change that has occurred in lawmakers ' attitudes toward lobbying in recent years . '' The report included a case study of one particularly successful lobbyist , Bob Livingston , who stepped down as Speaker-elect and resigned his seat in 1999 . In the six years since his resignation , The Livingston Group grew into the 12th largest non-law lobbying firm , earning nearly $ 40 million by the end of 2004 . During roughly the same time period , Livingston , his wife , and his two political action committees ( PACs ) contributed over $ 500,000 to the campaign funds of various candidates . Numerous reports chronicle the `` revolving door '' phenomenon . A 2011 estimate suggested that nearly 5,400 former congressional staffers had become federal lobbyists over a ten-year period , and 400 lawmakers made a similar jump . It is a `` symbiotic relationship '' in the sense that lobbying firms can exploit the `` experience and connections gleaned from working inside the legislative process '' , and lawmakers find a `` ready pool of experienced talent . '' There is movement in the other direction as well : one report found that 605 former lobbyists had taken jobs working for lawmakers over a ten-year period . A study by the London School of Economics found 1,113 lobbyists who had formerly worked in lawmakers ' offices . The lobbying option is a way for staffers and lawmakers to `` cash in on their experience '' , according to one view . Before the 1980s , staffers and aides worked many years for congresspersons , sometimes decades , and tended to stay in their jobs ; now , with the lure of higher-paying lobbying jobs , many would quit their posts after a few years at most to `` go downtown . '' And it is not just staffers , but lawmakers as well , including high-profile ones such as congressperson Richard Gephardt . He represented a `` working-class '' district in Missouri for many years but after leaving Congress , he became a lobbyist . In 2007 , he began his own lobbying firm called `` Gephardt Government Affairs Group '' and in 2010 it was earning close to $ 7 million in revenues with clients including Goldman Sachs , Boeing , Visa Inc. , Ameren Corporation , and Waste Management Inc.. Senators Robert Bennett and Byron Dorgan became lobbyists too . Mississippi governor Haley Barbour became a lobbyist . In 2010 , former representative Billy Tauzin earned $ 11 million running the drug industry 's lobbying organization . called the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America . Many former representatives earned over $ 1 million in one year , including James Greenwood and Daniel Glickman . A similar concern voiced by critics of lobbying is that Washington politics has become dominated by elites , and that it is an `` insider 's game '' excluding regular citizens and which favors entrenched firms . Individuals generally can not afford to lobby , and critics question whether corporations with `` deeper pockets '' should have greater power than regular persons . In this view , the system favors the rich , such that the `` rich have gotten richer , the weak weaker '' , admits lobbyist Gerald Cassidy . There is concern that those having more money and better political connections can exert more influence than others . However , analyst Barry Hessenius made a case that the excessive for-profit lobbying could be counteracted if there were more efforts to increase nonprofit lobbying and boost their effectiveness . There is so much money that it has been described as a `` flood '' that has a `` corrupting influence '' , so that the United States appears to be `` awash '' in interest groups . If coalitions of different forces battle in the political arena for favorable treatment and better rules and tax breaks , it can be seen as fair if both sides have equal resources and try to fight for their interests as best they can . Gerald Cassidy said : A related but slightly different criticism is that the problem with lobbying as it exists today is that it creates an `` inequity of access to the decision-making process '' . As a result , important needs get left out of the political evaluation , such that there are no anti-hunger lobbies or lobbies seeking serious solutions to the problem of poverty . Nonprofit advocacy has been `` conspicuously absent '' from lobbying efforts , according to one view . Critics suggest that when a powerful coalition battles a less powerful one , or one which is poorly connected or underfunded , the result may be seen as unfair and potentially harmful for the entire society . The increasing number of former lawmakers becoming lobbyists has led Senator Russ Feingold ( D-WI ) to propose paring back the many Capitol Hill privileges enjoyed by former senators and representatives . His plan would deprive lawmakers-turned-lobbyists of privileges such as unfettered access to otherwise `` members only '' areas such as the House and Senate floors and the House gym . A concern among many critics is that influence peddling hurts overall decision making , according to this criticism . Proposals with merit are dropped in favor of proposals backed by political expediency . An example cited in the media is the recent battling between food industry lobbyists and healthcare lobbyists regarding school lunches . A group supported by the United States Department of Agriculture proposed healthier lunches as a way to combat childhood obesity by limiting the number of potatoes served , limiting salty foods , and adding more fresh vegetables , but this group was countered by a strong food lobby backed by Coca-Cola , Del Monte , and makers of frozen pizza . The food lobbyists succeeded in blocking the proposed reforms , even writing rules suggesting that the tomato paste on a pizza qualified as a vegetable , but overall , according to critics , this case appeared to be an example where business interests won out over health concerns . Critics use examples such as these to suggest that lobbying distorts sound governance . A study by IMF economists found that the `` heaviest lobbying came from lenders making riskier loans and expanding their mortgage business most rapidly during the housing boom , '' and that there were indications that heavy-lobbying lenders were more likely to receive bailout funds . The study found a correlation between lobbying by financial institutions and excessive risk-taking during 2000-2007 , and the authors concluded that `` politically active lenders played a role in accumulation of risks and thus contributed to the financial crisis '' . Another study suggested that governments tend to protect domestic industries , and have a habit of shunting monies to ailing sectors ; the study suggested that `` it is not that government policy picks losers , it is that losers pick government policy . '' One critic suggested that the financial industry has successfully blocked attempts at regulation in the aftermath of the 2008 financial collapse . Critics have contended that when lawmakers are drawn into battles to determine issues such as the composition over school lunches or how much an ATM fee should be , more serious issues such as deficit reduction or global warming or social security are neglected . It leads to legislative inertia . The concern is that the preoccupation with what are seen as superficial issues prevents attention to long-term problems . Critics suggested that the 2011 Congress spent more time discussing per-transaction debit-card fees while neglecting issues seen as more pressing . In this line of reasoning , critics contend that lobbying , in and of itself , is not the sole problem , but only one aspect of a larger problem with American governance . Critics point to an interplay of factors : citizens being uninvolved politically ; congresspersons needing huge sums of money for expensive television advertising campaigns ; increased complexity in terms of technologies ; congresspersons spending three days of every week raising money ; and so forth . Given these temptations , lobbying came along as a logical response to meet the needs of congresspersons seeking campaign funds and staffers seeking personal enrichment . In a sense , in competitive politics , the common good gets lost : A lobbyist can identify a client 's needs . But it is hard for a single individual to say what is best for the whole group . The intent of the Constitution 's Framers was to have built-in constitutional protections to protect the common good , but according to these critics , these protections do not seem to be working well : Lawrence Lessig , a professor at Harvard Law School and author of `` Republic , Lost '' , suggested that the moneyed persuasive power of special interests has insinuated itself between the people and the lawmakers . He quoted congressperson Jim Cooper who remarked that Congress had become a `` Farm League for K Street '' in the sense that congresspersons were focused on lucrative lobbying careers after Congress rather than on serving the public interest while in office . In a speech , Lessig suggested the structure of incentives was such that legislators were tempted to propose unnecessary regulations as a way to further lobbying industry activity . According to one view , major legislation such as proposed Wall Street reforms have spurred demand for `` participating in the regulatory process . '' Lessig suggested the possibility that it was not corporations deciding to take up lobbying , but Congress choosing to debate less-than-important issues to bring well-heeled corporations into the political fray as lobbyists . As a result of his concerns , Lessig has called on state governments to summon a Second Constitutional Convention to propose substantive reform . Lessig believes that a constitutional amendment should be written to limit political contributions from non-citizens , including corporations , anonymous organizations , and foreign nationals . Scholars such as Richard Labunski , Sanford Levinson , Glenn Reynolds , Larry Sabato , as well as newspaper columnist William Safire , and activists such as John Booth of `` RestoringFreedom.org '' have called for constitutional changes that would curb the powerful role of money in politics . Law in the United States is generally made by Congress , but as the federal government has expanded during much of the twentieth century , there are a sizeable number of federal agencies , generally under the control of the president . These agencies write often industry-specific rules and regulations regarding such things as automobile safety and air quality . Unlike elected congresspersons who are constantly seeking campaign funds , these appointed officials are harder to influence , generally . However , there are indications that lobbyists seek to expand their influence from the halls of Congress deeper into the federal bureaucracy . President Obama pledged during the election campaign to rein in lobbying . As president in January 2009 , he signed two executive orders and three presidential memoranda to help ensure his administration would be more open , transparent , and accountable . These documents attempted to bring increased accountability to federal spending and limit the influence of special interests , and included a lobbyist gift ban and a revolving door ban . In May 2009 , the `` Recovery Act Lobbying Rules '' . The Executive Branch Reform Act , H.R . 985 , was a bill which would have required over 8,000 Executive Branch officials to report into a public database nearly any `` significant contact '' from any `` private party . '' The purpose was to identify lobbying activity . The bill was supported by proponents as an expansion of `` government in the sunshine '' including groups such as `` Public Citizen '' . But the proposals ran into serious opposition from various groups including the lobbying industry itself . Opponents argued that the proposed reporting rules would have infringed on the right to petition , making it difficult not just for lobbyists , but for regular citizens to communicate their views on controversial issues without having their names and viewpoints entered into a government database . Opposition groups suggested that although the proposed rules were promoted as a way to regulate `` lobbyists , '' persons described as a `` private party '' could be practically anybody , and that anybody contacting a federal official might be deemed to be a `` lobbyist '' . The U.S . Department of Justice raised constitutional and other objections to the bill . Opponents mobilized over 450 groups including the U.S . Chamber of Commerce and National Association of Realtors with letter writing campaigns against the proposed restrictions . Lobbyist Howard Marlowe argued in a `` stern letter '' that the restriction on gift-giving to federal employees would create `` fear of retribution for political donations '' : In 2011 , there were efforts to `` shift regulatory power from the executive branch to Congress '' by requiring that any `` major rule '' which may cost the economy more than $ 100 million must be decided by Congress with an up-or-down vote . But skeptics think that such a move proposed by Republican lawmakers could `` usher in a lobbying bonanza from industry and other special-interest groups '' to use campaign contributions to reshape the regulatory milieu . Critics suggest that Congress has the power to fix itself , but is reluctant to sacrifice money and power . One report suggested that those in control had an `` unbroken record of finding ways to navigate around reform laws or turn regulatory standards to their own advantage . '' There are counterarguments that the system is working as it should , despite being rather messy . According to this line of argument , the Madisonian view of politics—in which factions were supposed to compete with other factions—is working exactly as it should . Competing factions , or in this case , competing interest groups , square off . Battling happens within the federal government , but instead of by settling arguments by elections , arguments are settled by powerful interest groups fighting each other , often financially . And it might appear to members of groups which lost in a lobbying battle that the `` reason '' for their loss was that the other side lobbied unfairly using more money . There are numerous instances in which opposed lobbies stalemate , and instances in which these stalemates have been seen as a positive result . And sometimes powerful financial interests lose the battle . Lobbying brings valuable information to policymakers , according to another argument in favor of lobbying . Since lobbyists often become highly knowledgeable about a specific issue by studying it in depth over years , they can bring considerable expertise to help legislators avoid errors as well as grasp the nuances of complex issues . This information can also help Congress oversee numerous federal agencies which often regulate complex industries and issue highly detailed and specific rulings . Accordingly , it is difficult for Congress to keep track of what these agencies do . It has been argued that lobbyists can help Congress monitor this activity by possibly raising `` red flags '' about proposed administrative rulings . Further , congresspersons can quickly gauge where they stand about a proposed administrative ruling simply by seeing which lobbying groups support the proposal , and which oppose it . Another argument in support of lobbying is that different interest groups and lobbyists , while trying to build coalitions and win support , often amend or soften or change their positions in this process , and that interest groups and lobbyists regulate each other , in a sense . But a more general sentiment supporting the lobbying arrangement is that every citizen can be construed as being `` represented '' by dozens of special interests : If powerful groups such as the oil industry succeed in winning a battle in government , consumers who drive gas-powered cars can benefit a bit , according to this view . Even readers of Wikipedia could be conceived as being a `` special interest '' and represented by various lobbies . For example , opponents of the Stop Online Piracy Act believed that the act might restrict sites such as Wikipedia ; on January 18 , 2012 , as a form of protest and as a way to encourage readers and contributors of English Wikipedia to write their congresspersons , the online encyclopedia was `` blacked out for a day as part of an effort to lobby the government . Another view in support of lobbying is that it serves a helpful purpose as helping guard against extremism . According to this view , lobbying adds `` built-in delays '' and permits and encourages opposing lobbies to battle . In the battling , possibly damaging decrees and incorrect decisions are stymied by seemingly unhelpful delays and waits . A slightly different view is that lobbying is no different from other professions : Generally , the United States requires systematic disclosure of lobbying , and it may be one of the few countries to have such extensive requirements . Disclosure in one sense allows lobbyists and public officials to justify their actions under the banner of openness and with full compliance of the law . The rules often specify how much a lobbyist can spend on specific activities , and how to report expenses ; many of the laws and guidelines are specified in the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 . Transparency and disclosure requirements mean that there are volumes of statistics available for all kinds of analyses—by journalists , by the public , by rival lobbying efforts . Researchers can subdivide lobbying expenditures by numerous breakdowns , such as by contributions from energy companies . Sometimes defining clearly who is a `` lobbyist '' and what precisely are `` lobbying activities '' can be difficult . According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act , several authorized definitions include : Still , distinguishing `` lobbyists '' from a `` strategic adviser '' can be difficult , since the duties of each can often overlap and are hard to define precisely . There have been issues raised about what constitutes the difference between a `` lobbyist '' and a `` bundler '' ; one report described `` bundlers '' as `` supporters who contribute their own money to his campaign and solicit it from others '' , and there was a question whether such persons were really `` lobbyists '' involved with raising campaign monies for the election of Barack Obama , and whether Obama had broken his own pledge not to receive money from lobbyists . The legal ramifications of lobbying are further intertangled with aspects of campaign finance reform , since lobbyists often spend time seeking donations for the reelection efforts of congresspersons ; sorting out these issues can pose ethical challenges . There are numerous regulations governing the practice of lobbying , often ones requiring transparency and disclosure . People paid to lobby must register with the secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House of Representatives within 45 days of contacting a legislator for the first time , or 45 days after being employed . An exception is that lobbyists who earn less than $ 3,000 per client for each fiscal quarter , or whose total lobbying expenses are less than $ 11,500 each quarter , do not need to register . Part-time lobbyists are exempt from registering unless they spend more than 20 % of their working hours doing lobbying activities in any quarter . If lobbyists have two or more contacts with a legislator as a lobbyist , then they must register . Requirements for registering also apply to companies that specialize in lobbying , or ones that have an in-house lobbyist , particularly if they spend more than $ 11,500 on lobbying . Generally , nonprofit organizations , other than churches , are exempt from registering if they hire an outside lobbying firm . Filing must be made each quarter , and a separate file is needed for each of the lobbyist 's clients , and include information such as the name and title of the client , an estimate of lobbying expenses , and an estimate of income the lobbyist achieved after doing the lobbying . States , in addition , are moving in the direction of greater disclosure and transparency regarding lobbying activities . California has an online database called `` Cal-Access '' although there were reports that it has been underfunded . Money collected from registration fees are often used to pay for the disclosure services such as Cal-Access . There were complaints in Illinois that the disclosure requirements were often not rigorous enough and allowed lobbyists to work `` without public notice '' and with possible `` conflicts of interest '' . Many local municipalities are requiring legislative agents register as lobbyists to represent the interests of clients to local city council members such as in the swing state of Ohio cities such as Columbus and Cincinnati . Laws requiring disclosure have been more prevalent in the twentieth century . In 1946 , there was a so-called `` sunshine law '' requiring lobbyists to disclose what they were doing , on whose behalf , and how much they received in payment . The resulting Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 governed lobbying rules up until 1995 when the Lobbying Disclosure Act replaced it . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 , later amended in 2002 as the McCain Feingold Act , had rules governing campaign contributions . Each branch of Congress has rules as well . Legislation generally requires reports containing an accounting of major expenditures as well as legislation that was influenced ; the wording of some of the pertinent laws can be found in . Lobbying law is a constantly evolving field ; the American Bar Association published a book of guidelines in 2009 with over 800 pages . The laws are often rather specific , and when not observed , can lead to serious trouble . Failing to file a quarterly report , or knowingly filing an incorrect report , or failing to correct an incorrect report , can lead to fines up to $ 200,000 and imprisonment up to five years . Penalties can apply to lobbyists who fail to list gifts made to a legislator . In other situations , the punishment can be light : for example , Congressional aide-turned-lobbyist Fraser Verrusio spent a few hours in jail after pleading guilty to report taking a client to a World Series baseball game and failing to report it . Tax rules can apply to lobbying . In one situation , the charity `` Hawaii Family Forum '' risked losing its tax-exempt status after it had engaged in lobbying activity ; federal tax law requires charities such as that one to limit their lobbying to 20 % of their overall expenditures or else be eligible for being taxed like a for-profit corporation . Lobbyists sometimes support rules requiring greater transparency and disclosure : Scandals can spur impetus towards greater regulation as well . The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal , which started in the 1990s and led to a guilt plea in 2006 , inspired the 'Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 ' ( ) . According to `` Time Magazine '' the Senate bill : In 1995 , the 104th Congress tried to reform Lobbying by passing the `` Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 '' which defines and requires lobbyists who are compensated for their actions to register with congressional officials . The legislation was later amended by the `` Lobbying Disclosure Technical Amendments Act of 1998 '' . There were subsequent modifications leading to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 . The `` Lobbying Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 '' ( ) legislation modified Senate rules , although some senators and a coalition of good-government groups assailed the bill as being too weak . The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 was a comprehensive ethics and lobbying reform bill , ( ) , which passed in 2007 in the House and Congress by a large majority . A parallel Senate version of the legislation , ( ) , passed in 2007 by a nearly unanimous vote . After the House & Senate resolved their differences and passed an amended revision , President Bush signed the enrolled bill into law ( ) . Some states have considered banning government employees permanently from lobbying on issues they had worked on . For example , there was a proposal along these lines to prevent county employees in Maryland from ever lobbying on issues they had worked on . The proposal insisted that county officials post financial disclosures as well as prohibit gifts from contractors . Jack Abramoff , emerging from prison , has spoken publicly about lobbying . In his view , regulations designed to rein in the excesses of lobbying have not been effective , and that reforms and regulations have not cleaned up the system `` at all '' . Abramoff said lobbyists could `` find a way around just about any reform Congress enacted '' , and gave an example : A similar view suggested that lobbying reform efforts have been `` fought tooth and nail to prevent its passage '' since the people with the power to reform would curtail their own powers and income flows . Since commerce worldwide is becoming more integrated , with firms headquartered in one country increasingly doing business in many other countries , it is logical to expect that lobbying efforts will reflect the increasing globalization . Sometimes foreign-owned corporations will want to lobby the United States government , and in such instances , new rules can apply , since it can be particularly thorny resolving whether national security interests are at stake and how they might be affected . In 1938 , the `` Foreign Agents Registration Act '' required an explicit listing of all political activities undertaken by a lobbyist on behalf of any foreign principal . There were serious concerns about lobbying firms representing foreign entities – and potentially values opposed to American principles - after Axis power agitprop was planted in American soils during World War II through the efforts of public-relations specialist Ivy Lee 's proxy firm `` German Dye Trust '' . As a result , in 1938 , the Foreign Agents Registration Act or FARA was passed by Congress , and this law required foreign lobbyists to share information about their contracts with the Justice Department . FARA 's mandate was to disclose to policymakers the sources of information that influenced public opinions , policies , and law . However , the goal was not to restrict the speech of the lobbyist or the content of the lobbying . Nonetheless , it was estimated that less than half of foreign lobbyists who should have registered under FARA actually did so . By the 1960s , perceived failures in FARA ’ s enforcement led to public outcry against lobbying excesses , while revelations of foreign bribery circulated regularly well into the early 1970s . This prompted legislation proposed to reduce the autonomy of foreign firms , most of which was not ratified for concerns over a lack of constitutionality . While the House of Representatives passed a rule to increase public scrutiny of foreign lobbying , one estimate was that about 75 % of lobbyists were exempt from a registration requirement , including individuals representing foreign interests . A general trend is that the number of lobbyists representing foreign companies is rising . The case of Washington ’ s APCO Worldwide , a firm which represented the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha of Nigeria in 1995 whose regime had hanged nine pro-democracy activists , attracted negative publicity . While current law forbids foreign nations from contributing to federal , state , or local elections , loopholes allow American subsidiaries of foreign corporations to establish so-called `` separated segregated funds '' or SSFs to raise money . According to one view , the definition of which firms are defined as `` foreign '' was unclear , and the lack of clarity undermines the ability to regulate their activity . Foreign-funded lobbying efforts include those of Israel , Saudi Arabia , Turkey , Egypt , Pakistan , Libya , and China lobbies . While Congress has tried to quell criticisms against the leverage of domestic lobbying firms by updating domestic lobbying legislation – such as the revision of the Lobbyist Disclosure Act in 1997 ) —there was a report that its inaction in rectifying loopholes in foreign lobbying regulation has led to scandals . There was a report of an upsurge of lobbying by foreign-owned U.S . subsidiaries against Democratic efforts to limit campaign spending in early 2010 . The proposed was to restrict lobbying by U.S . subsidiaries of foreign firms . In 2011 , the Chinese firm Alibaba hired a lobbying firm in Washington when it began contemplating a purchase of the U.S . firm Yahoo ! . There was a case in which a lobbying effort described as `` extraordinary '' was trying to change the designation of a fringe Iranian opposition group from being a terrorist organization to being a benign organization . Lobbyists seeking to downgrade the designation hired influential foreign affairs officials , including former CIA directors , a former FBI director , and others to advocate for the change of designation . But there have been others accused of illegally lobbying for foreign nations or who failed to register as a foreign agent who may face prison time as a result .
Wicks Corner , California Wicks Corner ( also , Antelope Springs , Wicks , Wicks Ranch , Wicks Tavern , and Wick ) is an unincorporated community in Butte County , California , at the junction of California State Route 70 and California State Route 149 . It lies at an elevation of 272 feet ( 83 m ) . A post office operated at Wick from 1884 to 1886 . The place is named for Moses Wick , first postmaster .
Cordelia Lutheran Church Cordelia Lutheran Church was dedicated by Pastor Peter Carlson on December 15 , 1883 and is the oldest Lutheran building in the state of Idaho . The church was built on property given by Andrew Olson in the Lenville , Idaho area to serve the Swedish Lutheran families in the area . In 1920 , the building ceased to be used for regular church services . The building and surrounding is currently owned by Emmanuel Lutheran Church in Moscow , Idaho and administered by a non-profit group named `` Friends of Cordelia '' . The building is used for picnics , socials and Easter Sunrise service by area residents . In 1948 money was made available by the daughter of Andrew Olson to restore the building . The structure has undergone several additional major renovations , most recently in 1996 and 2001 . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 . The site is located south of the junction of the Genesee-Troy Road and Danielson Road to the southeast of Moscow , Idaho in Latah County . There is a small cemetery behind the church .
Apanasenkovsky District Apanasenkovsky District ( ) is an administrative district ( raion ) , one of the twenty-six in Stavropol Krai , Russia . Municipally , it is incorporated as Apanasenkovsky Municipal District . It is located in the north of the krai . The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality ( a `` selo '' ) of Divnoye . Population : 36,038 ( 2002 Census ) ; 35,682 ( 1989 Census ) . The population of Divnoye accounts for 42.6 % of the district 's total population .
Alejandra Vasquez Alejandra Carolina Vasquez Castillo ( born ) is a Venezuelan group rhythmic gymnast . She represents her nation at international competitions . She competed at world championships , including at the 2010 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships .
2009–10 DFB-Pokal The 2009–10 DFB-Pokal is the sixty-seventh season of the annual German football cup competition . It commenced on the weekend around 1 August 2009 with the matches of Round 1 and ended on 15 May 2010 with the final which is traditionally held at Olympic Stadium in Berlin . Since the cup winner , Bayern Munich , also won the German championship and the runner-up , Werder Bremen , qualified for the Champions League , VfB Stuttgart , the sixth-placed team of the championship , qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round instead . The following 64 teams competed in Round 1 : The draws for the different rounds are conducted as following : For the first round , the participating teams will be split into two pots . The first pot contains all teams which have qualified through their regional cup competitions , the best four teams of the 3rd Liga and the bottom four teams of the Second Bundesliga . Every team from this pot will be drawn to a team from the second pot , which contains all remaining professional teams . The teams from the first pot will be set as the home team in the process . The two-pot scenario will also be applied for the second round , with the remaining 3rd Liga/amateur teams in the first pot and the remaining professional teams in the other pot . Once one pot is empty , the remaining pairings will be drawn from the other pot with the first-drawn team for a match serving as hosts . For the remaining rounds , the draw will be conducted from just one pot . Any remaining 3rd Liga/amateur team will be the home team if drawn against a professional team . In every other case , the first-drawn team will serve as hosts . The draw took place on 27 June 2009 , 18:00 UTC+2 at the Norisring , Nuremberg , and involved the 64 teams listed in the table above . Germany international Renate Lingor conducted the draw . The matches will be played from 31 July–3 August 2009 . The draw took place on 8 August 2009 at Rhein-Neckar-Arena , Sinsheim and involved the 32 winners of Round 1 . Germany international Inka Grings conducted the draw . The matches were played on 22–23 September 2009 . The draw took place on 1 November 2009 as part of the ARD-Sportschau , and involved the 8 winners of Round 3 . Germany international Linda Bresonik conducted the draw . The matches will be played on 9–10 February 2010 . The draw was conducted on 10 February .
Giekau Giekau is a municipality in the district of Plön , in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany .
Your Body Above Me Your Body Above Me is the debut album by the alternative rock band Black Lab . Released on Geffen Records on October 21 , 1997 , it featured two US radio hits , `` Wash it Away '' and `` Time Ago . '' The album was also simultaneously released as a three-sided vinyl LP with a press of the album artwork on the fourth side . It was released outside of America in January 1998 . The band split with Geffen in 1999 , and in October 2006 , lead singer Paul Durham announced that the album would be re-released as `` Your Body Above Me : The Director 's Cut '' , with an alternate track listing and two bonus tracks , as well as two minutes of additional music cut from the original tracks .
Puckett 's Versus the Country Boy Puckett 's Versus the Country Boy is the debut solo EP from former Weezer bassist and The Rentals front man Matt Sharp . The album features no electric guitar , synths , or percussion . Instead lap steel , acoustic guitar , piano , and organ are the only accompaniment to Sharp 's vocals . The album was recorded in Tennessee .
Bettcher Industries Bettcher Industries , Inc . is a developer and manufacturer of cutting tools used in food processing operations and industrial applications . The company , often referred to as just Bettcher , manufactured the first mechanically powered hand-held meat trimmer in 1954 . Since then , the company has introduced successive design generations of trimmers which are sold under the Whizard® and Bettcher Quantum® brand names and are used in meat processing plants in the United States and more than 50 other countries . Bettcher also manufactures AirShirz® pneumatic scissors , designed to reduce the pain and fatigue associated with using manual scissors in repetitive cutting activities . AirShirz scissors are used in meat and poultry processing plants and in non-food applications such as cutting engineered fabrics , rubber , and wire mesh . In addition , Bettcher manufactures equipment and products used in the foodservice industry including automated batter breading machines , sifter tables , and gyros electric knives . The company , which was founded by Louis A. Bettcher , Jr . in 1944 , has manufacturing , warehouse , sales and/or service facilities in the United States as well as China , Brazil and Switzerland . Its international headquarters are in Birmingham , Ohio ( USA ) . In 2011 , Bettcher formed Exsurco Medical , a business unit formed to develop and commercialize radial cutting technology that improves cadaveric tissue recovery and processing in the tissue bank industry . Bettcher Industries , Inc . was founded by Louis A. Bettcher in 1944 in the meatpacking district on Cleveland ’ s West Side . The original name of the company was Bettcher Dieweld Company . What began as a tool and die shop soon grew into the making of cutting machinery . The first products manufactured by Bettcher were carcass splitters . In 1954 , Bettcher introduced the world ’ s first mechanically-powered meat trimming hand tool , and by 1959 , was selling the tools in Europe in addition to the United States . In 1960 , the company won awards from the Salon International des Inventeurs ( Brussels ) and Concours International d ’ Inventions ( Paris ) as the “ best American invention of the year. ” Successive design generations of this tool have improved meat yields and productivity . Today ’ s models include Whizard Series II Trimmers and the Bettcher Quantum Trimmer System , introduced in 2013 . Beginning in the 1960s , the company broadened its offerings through new product introductions . Notable among these was the 1995 introduction of AirShirz air-powered scissors , a major advancement in scissors technology , along with the development of automated batter breading machines for making fresh-breaded products in restaurant kitchens , which were introduced to the market in 1988 . In 1994 , Bettcher designed a powered knife for slicing meat cones for gyros sandwiches , which have become popular in ethnic restaurants inside and outside the United States . In 1977 , the company developed a non-metallic cut-resistant protective glove for meat processors and industrial applications . The glove had greater dexterity and was warmer to wear than the chain-mail glove products then in use . It manufactured these gloves for 17 years until selling the product line to Wells Lamont in 1996 . Recognizing that radial cutting technology was highly suited to the tissue bank industry , in 2011 , Bettcher established Exsurco Medical , a business unit formed to develop and commercialize advanced medical tools for the recovery and processing of cadaveric tissue used for regenerative and reconstructive surgical procedures , including burn and trauma surgeries . The formation of this entity was supported in part with funding from the State of Ohio Office of Technology Investments ’ Ohio Third Frontier initiative to promote the formation and growth of new technology-based businesses in the state . Major milestones : Bettcher GmbH , Dierikon , Switzerland Supplier of meat trimmers and cutting products in Western and Eastern Europe , the Middle East and Africa . Bettcher do Brasil , São Paulo Supplier of meat trimming and cutting products in Brazil and South America . Bettcher China , Beijing Supplier of meat trimming and cutting products in the People ’ s Republic of China and other East Asian countries . Bettcher Foodservice Division Manufacturer of automated batter breading machines , breader/sifter tables and electric gyro knives for restaurant kitchens and other foodservice operations . Gainco , Inc . Manufacturer and distributor of weighing , sizing , sorting , distribution and food safety equipment for enhancing yields in meat and food processing plants . Exsurco Medical Developer and manufacturer of medical tools for the recovery and processing of cadaveric tissue used for regenerative and reconstructive surgical procedures , including burn and trauma surgeries . Bettcher holds patents on numerous equipment designs . A partial listing of patents that are currently in force includes : Bettcher equipment and products are sold under various trade names registered with the U.S . Patent & Trademark Office . Among the best-known are : AirShirz , Amalgatome , Bettcher Quantum , DuraLite , DuraSift , Edge King , Exsurco , Optimax , TrimVac , and Whizard .
Racism in Zimbabwe Racism in Zimbabwe refers to racial discrimination , primarily against White communities in the country . After the collapse of white-ruled Rhodesia wherein the majority of farmland was owned by the white minority , a new ZANU government was formed in Zimbabwe . This government , led by Robert Mugabe , forcefully evicted much of the population from their farms . The white population of Zimbabwe has subsequently declined from a peak of 260,000 in 1975 ( four percent of the population ) to under 30,000 in 2014 . Genocide Watch has declared the violence against whites in Zimbabwe a stage 5 case .
Potter Pond Archeological District The Potter Pond Archeological District is a large complex of archaeological sites in coastal South Kingstown , Rhode Island . The area is roughly bounded by United States Route 1 , Point Judith Pond , Matunuck Beach Road , and the south coast , and includes 22 archaeologically significant sites dating from the Late Archaic through the Late Woodland periods . The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .
2015 FIVB Volleyball Men 's U23 World Championship The 2015 FIVB Volleyball Men 's U23 World Championship was held in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , from 24 to 31 August 2015 . This was the second edition of the tournament . The competition format will see the 12 teams split into two pools of six teams playing in round robin format . The semifinals will feature the top two teams from each pool . The FIVB Sports Events Council confirmed a proposal to streamline the number of teams participating in the Age Group World Championships on 14 December 2013 . Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their FIVB U21 World Ranking as of December 2014 . FIVB reserved the right to seed the hosts as head of Pool A regardless of the U21 World Ranking . Rankings are shown in brackets except Hosts who ranked 72nd . Match won 3–0 or 3–1 : 3 match points for the winner , 0 match points for the loser < br > Match won 3–2 : 2 match points for the winner , 1 match point for the loser

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