Hard thresholding, LASSO , adaptive LASSO and SCAD point estimators have been suggested for use in the linear regression context when most of the components of the regression parameter vector are believed to be zero, a sparsity type of assumption. Potscher and Schneider, 2010, Electronic Journal of Statistics, have considered the properties of fixed-width confidence intervals that include one of these point estimators (for all possible data values). They consider a normal linear regression model with orthogonal regressors and show that these confidence intervals are longer than the standard confidence interval (based on the maximum likelihood estimator) when the tuning parameter for these point estimators is chosen to lead to either conservative or consistent model selection. We extend this analysis to the case of variable-width confidence intervals that include one of these point estimators (for all possible data values). In consonance with these findings of Potscher and Schneider, we find that these confidence intervals perform poorly by comparison with the standard confidence interval, when the tuning parameter for these point estimators is chosen to lead to consistent model selection. However, when the tuning parameter for these point estimators is chosen to lead to conservative model selection, our conclusions differ from those of Potscher and Schneider. We consider the variable-width confidence intervals of Farchione and Kabaila, 2008, Statistics & Probability Letters, which have advantages over the standard confidence interval in the context that there is a belief in a sparsity type of assumption. These variable-width confidence intervals are shown to include the hard thresholding, LASSO, adaptive LASSO and SCAD estimators (for all possible data values).


Engineer or scientist. He’s also a climate change denier, so many are worried that NASA’s excellent work in that area is about to come to an end. Trump’s orders essentially revive the Constellation program, although it will likely involve much more of a private spaceflight component, since Trump’s pick for NASA administrator, James Bridenstine is very much pro-business, and not an engineer or scientist. He’s also a climate change denier, so many are worried that NASA’s excellent work in that area is about to come to an end. NASA is in a better place to execute Constellation, but it was a flawed program: During the Bush administration, billions was spent on Ares I, which ultimately didn’t pan out. However, it does have Orion, a successfully tested crew vehicle, and in theory it could be back on the moon within a decade. But there are very real medical questions about how long humans can remain in space, and building a moonbase, not to mention establishing regular traffic back and forth between the Moon as a staging ground to go to Mars, has a lot of question marks. And it may all be pointless without more advanced climate science work to help us understand the weather, since rocket launches are finicky things. During the Bush administration, billions was spent on Ares I, which ultimately didn’t pan out. However, it does have Orion, a successfully tested crew vehicle, and in theory it could be back on the moon within a decade. But there are very real medical questions about how long humans can remain in space, and building a moonbase, not to mention establishing regular traffic back and forth between the Moon as a staging ground to go to Mars, has a lot of question marks. And it may all be pointless without more advanced climate science work to help us understand the weather, since rocket launches are finicky things. And all of this is under threat anyway: Republicans love NASA, perhaps because its work directly benefits Republican strongholds, but there’s also this tax bill you may have heard about that cuts funding across the board. NASA won’t be able to buy moon boots, let alone a rocket to the moon, if its budget gets cut. In other words, Trump can insist this is a job-creating move, as he does in the below clip. But.


Willie Mullins is throwing his four best staying chasers at the Coral Punchestown Gold Cup in an effort to claim a large share of the €250,000 purse. Total Recall, Killultagh Vic and last year's runner-up Djakadam all ran in the Cheltenham Gold Cup, while Bellshill made a bold bid in the Irish National, being beaten just a length. Since Cheltenham, Total Recall was sent off favourite for the Aintree Grand National but an early error put him on the back foot and he never threatened to get involved. Assistant trainer Patrick Mullins said: "Total Recall made an early mistake or two and after that it knocked his confidence and Paul (Townend) wasn't hard on him, so it didn't take much out of him. "The worry is that sometimes horses come back from Aintree and can jump a bit careful, but he's schooled well. "Punchestown should be easier for Killultagh Vic to get into a rhythm. He definitely has the ability and if he does get into a rhythm, he must have a huge chance. "Bellshill has a huge engine. You don't know how much of a mark Fairyhouse might have left, but at home we can't see one and we're expecting a big run." Mullins jnr maintains his partnership with Djakadam, whom he partnered into fifth at Cheltenham. He said: "I got a great spin off Djakadam in the Gold Cup. Outlander after his Down Royal success "A lot of those who finished in front of him at Cheltenham aren't here, so that gives him a good chance." Mullins' big rival Gordon Elliott fields the enigmatic Outlander, who has been pulled up on his last two starts but did win a Grade One earlier in the season. "He's won another Grade One for us this season at Down Royal and was only beaten a neck at Leopardstown in February and three lengths there at Christmas, so he's a great little horse," said Elliott. "If the ground doesn't dry up too much, hopefully he'll be there or thereabouts." Noel Meade is hoping to gatecrash the party with Road To Respect, who ran a fine race to finish fourth at Cheltenham. "I think.


We study the implementation of one-, two-, and three-qubit quantum gates for interacting qubits using optimal control. Different Markovian and non-Markovian environments are compared and efficient optimisation algorithms utilising analytic gradient expressions and quasi-Newton updates are given for both cases. The performance of the algorithms is analysed for a large set of problems in terms of the fidelities attained and the observed convergence behaviour. New notions of success rate and success speed are introduced and density plots are utilised to study the effect of key parameters, such as gate operation times, and random variables, such as the initial fields required to start the iterative algorithm. Core characteristics of the optimal fields are statistically analysed. Substantial differences between Markovian and non-Markovian environments in terms of the possibilities for control and the control mechanisms are uncovered. In particular, in the Markovian case it is found that the optimal fields obtained without considering the environment cannot be improved substantially by taking the environment into account and the fidelities attained are determined mostly by the gate operation time as well as the overall strength of the environmental effects. Computation time is saved if the fields are pre-optimised neglecting decoherence. In the non-Markovian case, on the other hand, substantial improvements in the fidelities are observed when the details of the system-bath coupling are taken into account. In that case, field leakage is shown to be a significant issue which can make high gate fidelities impossible to obtain.


Errals under such plan (in the amount determined under subparagraph (B)) during the period which begins on the date of the reemployment and whose duration is the lesser of-- ``(I) 5 years; or ``(II) 3 times the period of qualified military service which resulted in such rights; and ``(ii) makes a matching contribution in respect of any additional elective deferral made pursuant to clause (i) which would have been required had such deferral actually been made during the period of such qualified military service. ``(B) Amount of makeup required.--The amount determined under this subparagraph is the maximum amount of elective deferrals that the individual would have been permitted to make under the plan during his period of qualified military service if he had continued to be employed by the employer during such period and received compensation at the rate computed in accordance with section 4318(b)(3) of title 38. Proper adjustment shall be made to the amount determined under the preceding sentence for any elective deferrals actually made during the period of such qualified military service. ``(C) Elective deferral.--For purposes of this paragraph, the term `elective deferral' has the meaning given to such term by section 402(g)(3); except that such term shall include any deferral of compensation under an eligible deferred compensation plan (as defined in section 457(b)). ``(3) Loan repayment suspensions permitted.--If any plan suspends the repayment of any loan made to an individual for the period while such individual is performing qualified military service, such suspension shall not be taken into account for purposes of section 72(p). ``(4) Qualified military service.--For purposes of this subsection, the term `qualified military service' means any service in the uniformed services (as defined in chapter 43 of title 38, United States Code) by any individual if such individual is entitled to reemployment rights under such chapter 43, with respect to such service. ``(5) Individual account plan.--For purposes of this subsection, the term `individual account plan' means any defined contribution plan and any eligible deferred compensation plan (as defined in section 457(b)).''. (b) Effective Date.--The amendment made by subsection (a) shall take effect as of September 2, 1974, and shall apply to plans as.


Polaris, the nearest and brightest classical Cepheid, is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 30 years. Using the High Resolution Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) at a wavelength of ~2255\AA, we have directly detected the faint companion at a separation of 0\farcs17. A second HST observation 1.04 yr later confirms orbital motion in a retrograde direction. By combining our two measures with the spectroscopic orbit of Kamper and an analysis of the Hipparcos and FK5 proper motions by Wielen et al., we find a mass for Polaris Aa of 4.5^{+2.2}_{-1.4} M_\odot--the first purely dynamical mass determined for any Cepheid. For the faint companion Polaris Ab we find a dynamical mass of 1.26^{+0.14}_{-0.07} M_\odot, consistent with an inferred spectral type of F6 V and with the flux difference of 5.4 mag observed at 2255\AA. The magnitude difference at the V band is estimated to be 7.2 mag. Continued HST observations will significantly reduce the mass errors, which are presently still too large to provide critical constraints on the roles of convective overshoot, mass loss, rotation, and opacities in the evolution of intermediate-mass stars. Our astrometry, combined with two centuries of archival measurements, also confirms that the well-known, more distant (18") visual companion, Polaris B, has a nearly common proper motion with that of the Aa,Ab pair. This is consistent with orbital motion in a long-period bound system. The ultraviolet brightness of Polaris B is in accordance with its known F3 V spectral type.


Restoration date by any person if the aggregate amount of such highway motor fuel held by such person on such date does not exceed 2,000 gallons. The preceding sentence shall apply only if such person submits to the Secretary (at the time and in the manner required by the Secretary) such information as the Secretary shall require for purposes of this paragraph. (2) Exempt fuel.--For purposes of paragraph (1), there shall not be taken into account any highway motor fuel held by any person which is exempt from the tax imposed by subsection (a) by reason of subsection (d). (3) Controlled groups.--For purposes of this section-- (A) Corporations.-- (i) In general.--All persons treated as a controlled group shall be treated as 1 person. (ii) Controlled group.--The term ``controlled group'' has the meaning given to such term by subsection (a) of section 1563 of such Code; except that for such purposes the phrase ``more than 50 percent'' shall be substituted for the phrase ``at least 80 percent'' each place it appears in such subsection. (B) Nonincorporated persons under common control.-- Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, principles similar to the principles of subparagraph (A) shall apply to a group of persons under common control if 1 or more of such persons is not a corporation. (f) Other Laws Applicable.--All provisions of law, including penalties, applicable with respect to the taxes imposed by section 4081of such Code shall, insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this section, apply with respect to the floor stock taxes imposed by subsection (a) to the same extent as.


It is known that the gas has a fractal structure in a wide range of spatial scales with a fractal dimension that seems to be a constant around Df = 2.7. It is expected that stars forming from this fractal medium exhibit similar fractal patterns. Here we address this issue by quantifying the degree to which star-forming events are clumped. We develop, test, and apply a precise and accurate technique to calculate the correlation dimension Dc of the distribution of HII regions in a sample of disk galaxies. We find that the determination of Dc is limited by the number of HII regions, since if there are < 100 regions available then a bias tending to underestimate the dimension is produced. The reliable results are distributed in the range 1.5 < Dc < 2.0 with an average value Dc = 1.81. This corresponds to a three-dimensional dimension of Df = 2.73, very similar to the value measured in the interstellar clouds. However, we get significant variations in the fractal dimension among galaxies, contrary to a universal picture sometimes claimed in literature. The fractal dimension exhibits a weak but significant correlation with the absolute magnitude and, to a lesser extent, with the galactic radius. The faintest galaxies tend to distribute their HII regions in more clustered (less uniform) patterns. The fractal dimension for the brightest HII regions within the same galaxy seems to be smaller than for the faintest ones suggesting some kind of evolutionary efffect, but the obtained correlation remains unchanged.


Well, kind of. Since it measures from the middle of the unit (where the down arrow is), you can’t get it flush with the wall. Hence you have to add a couple of inches onto your measurement. For instance, it measured the width of one room at 9.213 feet, which is 110.5 inches. But a check of our trusty old-fashioned tape measure – which you can get right up to the wall by pulling out more tape than you need – tells us it actually measured 112.5 inches. The only way around this is to measure it from the doorway with the door open, so you can start measuring from exactly where the wall starts. But this isn’t always convenient. It also measures in feet by default, and there’s no obvious way – that we could see at least – of changing to metres or inches. So, contrary to the manufacturer’s claims, it does involve some calculations. When it gets things right, its measurements are pretty spot-on. But moreover, it's convenient. Measuring the height of a 10-foot ceiling was far easier just shooting it with a laser than clambering up a stepladder trying to keep a tape measure straight. The screen presents the information well, but it’s not readable from all angles, so you’ll have to get down on your hands and knees to read it in situ. The app is a bit hit and miss, too. You can supposedly send your measurements to it from the Cubit via Bluetooth, but we couldn’t figure out how. The ability to place virtual pictures and boxes on your actual walls and floors is pretty neat, but you’ll need decent lighting to prevent the results looking over-exposed -.


Background: The secondary structure and complexity of mRNA influences its accessibility to regulatory molecules (proteins, micro-RNAs), its stability and its level of expression. The mobile elements of the RNA sequence, the wobble bases, are expected to regulate the formation of structures encompassing coding sequences. Results: The sequence/folding energy (FE) relationship was studied by statistical, bioinformatic methods in 90 CDS containing 26,370 codons. I found that the FE (dG) associated with coding sequences is significant and negative (407 kcal/1000 bases, mean +/- S.E.M.) indicating that these sequences are able to form structures. However, the FE has only a small free component, less than 10% of the total. The contribution of the 1st and 3rd codon bases to the FE is larger than the contribution of the 2nd (central) bases. It is possible to achieve a ~ 4-fold change in FE by altering the wobble bases in synonymous codons. The sequence/FE relationship can be described with a simple algorithm, and the total FE can be predicted solely from the sequence composition of the nucleic acid. The contributions of different synonymous codons to the FE are additive and one codon cannot replace another. The accumulated contributions of synonymous codons of an amino acid to the total folding energy of an mRNA is strongly correlated to the relative amount of that amino acid in the translated protein. Conclusion: Synonymous codons are not interchangable with regard to their role in determining the mRNA FE and the relative amounts of amino acids in the translated protein, even.


Astronomy can never be a hard core physics discipline, because the Universe offers no control experiment, i.e. with no independent checks it is bound to be highly ambiguous and degenerate. Thus e.g. while superluminal motion can be explained by Special Relativity. data on the former can never on their own be used to establish the latter. This is why traditionally astrophysicists have been content with (and proud of) their ability to use known physical laws and processes established in the laboratory to explain celestial phenomena. Cosmology is not even astrophysics: all the principal assumptions in this field are unverified (or unverifiable) in the laboratory, and researchers are quite comfortable with inventing unknowns to explain the unknown. How then could, after fifty years of failed attempt in finding dark matter, the fields of dark matter {\it and now} dark energy have become such lofty priorities in astronomy funding, to the detriment of all other branches of astronomy? I demonstrate in this article that while some of is based upon truth, at least just as much of $\Lambda$CDM cosmology has been propped by a paralyzing amount of propaganda which suppress counter evidence and subdue competing models. The recent WMAP3 paper of Spergel et al (2007) will be used as case in point on selective citation. I also show that when all evidence are taken into account, two of the competing models that abolish dark energy and/or dark matter do not trail behind $\Lambda$CDM by much. Given all of the above, I believe astronomy is no longer heading towards a healthy future.


Such beneficiary by reason of cancellation of a contract referred to in subsection (b)(1). If any payment referred to in the preceding sentence consists of property other than money, the basis of such property in the hands of such beneficiary shall be the same as the trust's basis in such property immediately before the payment. ``(f) Exception if Interest Paid To Beneficiaries Pursuant to Election.--If, on or before the date on which a qualified funeral trust is established, the trustee, pursuant to an agreement with a beneficiary of such trust, elects to pay (not less than annually) to such beneficiary all income of the trust which is attributable to such beneficiary, then for purposes of this title such beneficiary's interest in such trust shall be treated as a separate trust to which this section does not apply. The election under this subsection, once made, shall be irrevocable. ``(g) Simplified Reporting.--The Secretary may prescribe rules for simplified reporting of all qualified funeral trusts having a single trustee.'' (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for subpart F of part I of subchapter J of chapter 1 is amended by adding at the end the following new item: ``Sec. 684. Treatment of funeral trusts.'' (c) Effective Date.-- (1) In general.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to items which, but for such amendment, would be taken into account in taxable years of a grantor or beneficiary which end after the date of the enactment of this Act. (2) Trusts established before date of enactment.--In the case of a trust established before the date of the enactment of this Act, section 684(f) of such Code (as added by this section) shall be applied by treating an election which is made before the end of the 1-year period beginning with the date of the enactment of this Act as if such election were made on or before the date on which the trust was established.


Face unlock is all the rage these days now that Apple has invented it for the iPhone X. Of course, face unlock has existed on Android for years—it just wasn't very good. Some device makers are returning to the concept, among them OnePlus. The OnePlus 5T and new OnePlus 6 have face unlock, but it's not as secure as other security options. In fact, one owner has shown that a printed photo is enough to bypass OnePlus' face unlock. As you can see in the video, it only takes a few seconds to get the phone unlocked with a printed photo. It also works with a black and white photo. I printed my face to unlock my OnePlus 6 for the lulz... it worked ¯_(ツ)_/¯ pic.twitter.com/rAVMq8JKBr — rik (@rikvduijn) May 29, 2018 Anyone who has been an Android user for long enough might remember when Google added face unlock in Android 4.0. It was a neat demo, but we all quickly realized that it was easy to defeat with a photo of the phone's owner. Google added a "liveness test" later that required you to blink, but even that was simple enough to fool with a video or photo animated to "blink." OnePlus doesn't even implement the liveness test because that slows down unlocking. The problem then (and to this day) is that a regular front-facing camera can't differentiate between a flat surface and a real face. Apple got around this by using an IR dot projector to map faces in 3D. Meanwhile, Samsung's face unlock works together with iris scanning. If the device is unlocked with your face only, you can't access more secure apps and services like Samsung Pay until you verify with a secure method. OnePlus does include a disclaimer when you configure face unlock, noting that it's less secure than other options. However, it does push face unlock aggressively during the setup process. Our own Ryne Hager tested this workaround and was unable to get the OnePlus 6 unlocked with a black and white photo of middling quality (see above). So, you might need a rather high-quality printer to pull it off. We've reached out to OnePlus for comment and will report back.


Suppose Alice wishes to send messages to Bob through a communication channel C_1, but her transmissions also reach an eavesdropper Eve through another channel C_2. The goal is to design a coding scheme that makes it possible for Alice to communicate both reliably and securely. Reliability is measured in terms of Bob's probability of error in recovering the message, while security is measured in terms of the mutual information between the message and Eve's observations. Wyner showed that the situation is characterized by a single constant C_s, called the secrecy capacity, which has the following meaning: for all $\epsilon > 0$, there exist coding schemes of rate $R \ge C_s - \epsilon$ that asymptotically achieve both the reliability and the security objectives. However, his proof of this result is based upon a nonconstructive random-coding argument. To date, despite a considerable research effort, the only case where we know how to construct coding schemes that achieve secrecy capacity is when Eve's channel C_2 is an erasure channel, or a combinatorial variation thereof. Polar codes were recently invented by Arikan; they approach the capacity of symmetric binary-input discrete memoryless channels with low encoding and decoding complexity. Herein, we use polar codes to construct a coding scheme that achieves the secrecy capacity of general wiretap channels. Our construction works for any instantiation of the wiretap channel model, as originally defined by Wyner, as long as both C_1 and C_2 are symmetric and binary-input. Moreover, we show how to modify our construction in order to achieve strong security, as defined by Maurer, while still operating at a rate that approaches the secrecy capacity. In this case, we cannot guarantee that the reliability condition will be satisfied.


It’s a decent bet that “at least” will be followed with many additional allegations. The question is whether Mr. Weinstein, as a liberal lion of Hollywood and prominent donor to Democratic politicians, will suffer the same consequences as those Fox News troglodytes Mr. Ailes and Mr. O’Reilly. If past is prologue, perhaps not. As Camille Paglia noted in a recent interview with The Hollywood Reporter, prominent feminists like Gloria Steinem didn’t waste any time discarding sexual harassment guidelines when it came to Bill Clinton’s sexual predations as president. Principle rapidly gave way to partisanship and political opportunism. Newsletter Sign Up Continue reading the main story Sign Up for the Opinion Today Newsletter Every weekday, get thought-provoking commentary from Op-Ed columnists, the Times editorial board and contributing writers from around the world. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up You agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for The New York Times's products and services. Thank you for subscribing. An error has occurred. Please try again later. View all New York Times newsletters. Mr. Weinstein clearly understands this calculus. In the wake of the Times report, he issued a cringe-inducing apology: “I came of age in the ’60s and ’70s, when all the rules about behavior and workplaces were different. That was the culture then,” as if in the good olde days of the women’s liberation movement it was totally acceptable to ask a 20-something colleague to bathe you. He promises “to do better” and “conquer my demons.” He misquotes Jay-Z. He says he has hired a team of therapists to “deal with the issue head on.” But the real heart of his message was that he will be an even better progressive if given a second chance: “I’m going to need a place to channel that anger so I’ve decided I’m going to give the N.R.A. my full attention.” He’s also making a movie about Donald Trump. And if the virtue-signaling isn’t enough, the man who has bankrolled Barbara Boxer, Charles Schumer, Elizabeth Warren, Hillary Clinton, Cory Booker, Kirsten Gillibrand — the list goes on and on — is


Politics of Monday, 14 August 2017 Source: mynewsgh.com 2017-08-14 Some leaders of the National Democratic Congress The rancor and acrimony within the opposition National Democratic Congress (NDC) will only end when they have a presidential candidate to steer affairs in the party, lecturer with the Baptist University College believes. “They need to hold an emergency congress to elect a presidential candidate for the 2020 polls where they will all throw their support behind that person”, Mr. Collins Kankam-Kwarteng suggested According to him, though the current happenings in the party is normal in every political space but this could break their front if the party’s leadership swiftly do not take steps to manage it. “It is normal seeing political parties fighting and pointing accusing fingers at each other like immediately after leaving power”. The Marketing Lecturer and Policy Analyst in an exclusive interview with mynewsgh.com urged the ruling New Patriotic Party to take lessons from the situation the NDC currently finds itself seven month in opposition. “The NPP should also learn to manage their issues in their party well especially this time in government. They should tolerate and respect individual views on issues”, Mr. Collins Kankam-Kwarteng counseled. The country’s largest opposition NDC appears to be on a cross road less than one year in opposition with members pointing accusing fingers at each other for their hefty loss in the 2016 polls. They have even gone to a extent of blaming their founder and former President Jerry John Rawlings of clandestinely giving corruption messages to then opposition NPP which they believe affected their chances of reelection. But according to the lecturer, the internal wrangling could be managed well.


We use two-band imaging data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope for a detailed study of NGC1533, an SB0 galaxy in the Dorado group surrounded by a ring of HI. NGC1533 appears to be completing a transition from late to early type: it is red, but not quite dead. Faint spiral structure becomes visible following galaxy subtraction, and luminous blue stars can be seen in isolated areas of the disk. Dust is visible in the color map in the region around the bar, and there is a linear color gradient throughout the disk. We determine an accurate distance from the surface brightness fluctuations (SBF) method, finding m-M = 31.44\pm0.12 mag, or d = 19.4\pm1.1 Mpc. We then study the globular cluster (GC) colors, sizes, and luminosity function (GCLF). Estimates of the distance from the median of the GC half-light radii and from the peak of the GCLF both agree well with the SBF distance. The GC specific frequency is S_N=1.3\pm0.2, typical for an early-type disk galaxy. The color distribution is bimodal, as commonly observed for bright galaxies. There is a suggestion of the redder GCs having smaller sizes, but the trend is not significant. The sizes do increase significantly with galactocentric radius, in a manner more similar to the Milky Way GC system than to those in Virgo. This difference may be an effect of the steeper density gradients in loose groups as compared to galaxy clusters. Additional studies of early-type galaxies in low density regions can help determine.


GRBs generate an afterglow emission that can be detected from radio to X-rays during days, or even weeks after the initial explosion. The peak of this emission crosses the mm/submm range during the first hours to days, making their study in this range crucial for constraining the models. Observations have been limited until now due to the low sensitivity of the observatories in this range. We present observations of 10 GRB afterglows obtained from APEX and SMA, as well as the first detection of a GRB with ALMA, and put them into context with all the observations that have been published until now in the spectral range that will be covered by ALMA. The catalogue of mm/submm observations collected here is the largest to date and is composed of 102 GRBs, of which 88 had afterglow observations, whereas the rest are host galaxy searches. With our programmes, we contributed with data of 11 GRBs and the discovery of 2 submm counterparts. In total, the full sample, including data from the literature, has 22 afterglow detections with redshift ranging from 0.168 to 8.2. GRBs have been detected in mm/submm wavelengths with peak luminosities spanning 2.5 orders of magnitude, the most luminous reaching 10^33erg s^-1 Hz^-1. We observe a correlation between the X-ray brightness at 0.5 days and the mm/submm peak brightness. Finally we give a rough estimate of the distribution of peak flux densities of GRB afterglows, based on the current mm/submm sample. Observations in the mm/submm bands have been shown to be crucial for our understanding of the physics of GRBs, but have until now been limited by the sensitivity of the observatories. With the start of the operations at ALMA, the sensitivity will be increased by more than an order of magnitude. Our estimates predict that, once completed, ALMA will detect up to 98% of the afterglows.


Would only repeal that tax expenditure. That bill shall clearly identify the amount of budget authority that is proposed to be rescinded for each program, project, or activity to which that budget authority relates. ``(2) In the case of an appropriation Act that includes accounts within the jurisdiction of more than one subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, the President in proposing to rescind budget authority under this section shall send a separate special message and accompanying draft bill for accounts within the jurisdiction of each such subcommittee. ``(3) Each special message shall specify, with respect to the budget authority proposed to be rescinded, the matters referred to in paragraphs (1) through (5) of section 1012(a). ``(c) Procedures for Expedited Consideration.-- ``(1)(A) Before the close of the second legislative day of the House of Representatives after the date of receipt of a special message transmitted to Congress under subsection (b), the majority leader or minority leader of the House of Representatives shall introduce (by request) the draft bill accompanying that special message. If the bill is not introduced as provided in the preceding sentence, then, on the third legislative day of the House of Representatives after the date of receipt of that special message, any Member of that House may introduce the bill. ``(B) The bill shall be referred to the Committee on Appropriations or the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, as appropriate. The committee shall report the bill without substantive revision and with or without recommendation. The bill shall be reported not later than the seventh legislative day of that House after the date of receipt of that special message. If the committee fails to report the bill within that period, that committee shall be automatically discharged from consideration of the bill, and the bill shall be placed on the appropriate calendar. ``(C) A vote on final passage of the bill shall be taken in the House of Representatives on or before the close of the tenth legislative day of that House after the date of the introduction of the bill in that House. If the bill is passed, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall cause the bill to be engrossed, certified, and transmitted to the Senate within one calendar day of the day on which the bill is passed. ``(2)(A) A motion in the House of Representatives to proceed to the consideration of a bill under this section shall be highly privileged and not debatable. An amendment to the motion shall not be in order, nor shall it


It is a longstanding open problem to devise an oracle relative to which BQP does not lie in the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy (PH). We advance a natural conjecture about the capacity of the Nisan-Wigderson pseudorandom generator [NW94] to fool AC_0, with MAJORITY as its hard function. Our conjecture is essentially that the loss due to the hybrid argument (which is a component of the standard proof from [NW94]) can be avoided in this setting. This is a question that has been asked previously in the pseudorandomness literature [BSW03]. We then make three main contributions: (1) We show that our conjecture implies the existence of an oracle relative to which BQP is not in the PH. This entails giving an explicit construction of unitary matrices, realizable by small quantum circuits, whose row-supports are "nearly-disjoint." (2) We give a simple framework (generalizing the setting of Aaronson [A10]) in which any efficiently quantumly computable unitary gives rise to a distribution that can be distinguished from the uniform distribution by an efficient quantum algorithm. When applied to the unitaries we construct, this framework yields a problem that can be solved quantumly, and which forms the basis for the desired oracle. (3) We prove that Aaronson's "GLN conjecture" [A10] implies our conjecture; our conjecture is thus formally easier to prove. The GLN conjecture was recently proved false for depth greater than 2 [A10a], but it remains open for depth 2. If true, the depth-2 version of either conjecture would imply an oracle relative to which BQP is not in AM, which is itself an outstanding open problem. Taken together, our results have the following interesting interpretation: they give an instantiation of the Nisan-Wigderson generator that can be broken by quantum computers, but not by the relevant modes of classical computation.


We present the first ever direct $N$-body computations of an old Milky Way globular cluster over its entire life time on a star-by-star basis. Using recent GPU hardware at Bonn University, we have performed a comprehensive set of $N$-body calculations to model the distant outer halo globular cluster Palomar 14 (Pal 14). By varying the initial conditions we aim at finding an initial $N$-body model which reproduces the observational data best in terms of its basic parameters, i.e. half-light radius, mass and velocity dispersion. We furthermore focus on reproducing the stellar mass function slope of Pal 14 which was found to be significantly shallower than in most globular clusters. While some of our models can reproduce Pal 14's basic parameters reasonably well, we find that dynamical mass segregation alone cannot explain the mass function slope of Pal 14 when starting from the canonical Kroupa initial mass function (IMF). In order to seek for an explanation for this discrepancy, we compute additional initial models with varying degrees of primordial mass segregation as well as with a flattened IMF. The necessary degree of primordial mass segregation turns out to be very high. This modelling has shown that the initial conditions of Pal 14 after gas expulsion must have been a half-mass radius of about 20 pc, a mass of about 50000 M$_{\odot}$, and possibly some mass segregation or an already established non-canonical IMF depleted in low-mass stars. Such conditions might be obtained by a violent early gas-expulsion phase from an embedded cluster born with mass segregation. Only at large Galactocentric radii are clusters likely to survive as bound entities the destructive gas-expulsion process we seem to have uncovered for Pal 14. In addition we compute a model with a 5% primordial binary fraction to test.


A number of misunderstandings about modeling the apparent accelerated expansion of the Universe, and about the `weak singularity' are clarified: 1. Of the five definitions of the deceleration parameter given by Hirata and Seljak (HS), only $q_1$ is a correct invariant measure of acceleration/deceleration of expansion. The $q_3$ and $q_4$ are unrelated to acceleration in an inhomogeneous model. 2. The averaging over directions involved in the definition of $q_4$ does not correspond to what is done in observational astronomy. 3. HS's equation (38) connecting $q_4$ to the flow invariants gives self-contradictory results when applied at the centre of symmetry of the Lema\^{\i}tre-Tolman (L-T) model. The intermediate equation (31) that determines $q_{3'}$ is correct, but approximate, so it cannot be used for determining the sign of the deceleration parameter. Even so, at the centre of symmetry of the L-T model, it puts no limitation on the sign of $q_{3'}(0)$. 4. The `weak singularity' of Vanderveld {\it et al.} is a conical profile of mass density at the centre - a perfectly acceptable configuration. 5. The so-called `critical point' in the equations of the `inverse problem' for a central observer in an L-T model is a manifestation of the apparent horizon - a common property of the past light cones in zero-lambda L-T models, perfectly manageable.


[Abridged] We investigate the detectability of the gravitational stochastic background produced by cosmological sources in scenarios of structure formation. The model considers the coalescences of three kind of binary systems: double neutron stars, the neutron star-black hole binaries, and the black hole-black hole systems. We also included the core-collapse supernovae leaving black holes as compact remnants. We use two different dark-energy scenarios, cosmological constant and Chaplygin gas, in order to verify their influence on the cosmic star formation rate, the coalescence rates, and on the gravitational wave backgrounds. We calculate the gravitational wave signals separately for each kind of source as well as we determine their collective contribution for the stochastic background of gravitational waves. Concerning to the compact binary systems, we verify that these sources produce stochastic backgrounds with signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) ~ 1.5 (~ 0.90) for NS-NS, ~ 0.50 (~ 0.30) for NS-BH, ~ 0.20 (~ 0.10) for BH-BH for a pair of advanced LIGO detectors in the cosmological constant (Chaplygin gas) cosmology. Particularly, the sensitivity of the future third generation of detectors as the Einstein Telescope (ET) could increase the present signal-to-noise ratios by a high-factor (~ 300 - 1000) when compared to the (S/N) calculated for advanced LIGO detectors. Thus, the third generation of gravitational wave detectors could be used to reconstruct the history of star formation in the Universe as well as for contributing with the characterization of the dark energy, for example, identifying.


-star, Vin Diesel, and that the two of them had been butting heads on set like two rams attempting to establish dominance, which is a lot of fun to picture, like, for real. August 11, 2016 — Tyrese takes a side Three days after The Rock’s post, with drama percolating and the world — mostly me — fascinated by the developing feud, Tyrese goes on Instagram and takes a side in an ellipses-filled post. Our brotherhood and every moment has inspired me to be a better man and father…. So much strength to pull from….. I’m so f-cking proud to call you my family and my brother…. even now I’m learning so much about sitting still and being centered in the mist of all of this unexpected energy……. I’ve always said that if ONLY people knew how hard you work to protect this franchise and characters, minds would be blown The post doesn’t mention anyone by name, but its message is clear. Tyrese is Team Vin. August 19, 2016 — A curious omission Damage control is underway. While no one has officially backtracked, both sides have attempted to cool things off a bit. The Rock says conflict can be a good thing. There were reports of a secret meeting between him and Vin Diesel. Things appeared to be calming down. But then The Rock posted the above message on Instagram, in which he shouted out pretty much everyone involved in the film except Vin Diesel. Was this an innocent omission? Or was it a subliminal shot? Many members of the media — still just me — stay awake at night wondering what it all means, and.


The paper tackles the power of randomization in the context of locality by analyzing the ability to`boost' the success probability of deciding a distributed language. The main outcome of this analysis is that the distributed computing setting contrasts significantly with the sequential one as far as randomization is concerned. Indeed, we prove that in some cases, the ability to increase the success probability for deciding distributed languages is rather limited. Informally, a (p,q)-decider for a language L is a distributed randomized algorithm which accepts instances in L with probability at least p and rejects instances outside of L with probability at least q. It is known that every hereditary language that can be decided in t rounds by a (p,q)-decider, where p^2+q>1, can actually be decided deterministically in O(t) rounds. In one of our results we give evidence supporting the conjecture that the above statement holds for all distributed languages. This is achieved by considering the restricted case of path topologies. We then turn our attention to the range below the aforementioned threshold, namely, the case where p^2+q\leq1. We define B_k(t) to be the set of all languages decidable in at most t rounds by a (p,q)-decider, where p^{1+1/k}+q>1. It is easy to see that every language is decidable (in zero rounds) by a (p,q)-decider satisfying p+q=1. Hence, the hierarchy B_k provides a spectrum of complexity classes between determinism and complete randomization. We prove that all these classes are separated: for every integer k\geq 1, there exists a language L satisfying L\in B_{k+1}(0) but L\notin B_k(t) for any t=o(n). In addition, we show that B_\infty(t) does not contain all languages, for any t=o(n). Finally, we show that.


You’ll keep tweeting. Suggesting you can still communicate through social media once you’re dead sounds like an episode of futuristic series “Black Mirror,” but living forever through our Facebook pages could happen within the decade. Researchers from the University of Melbourne have studied how social media and death relate to each other and discovered the concept of social immortality. Currently, Google and Facebook use an algorithm to create a profile of us, to target us with certain marketing campaigns that match up with our interests. This same algorithm could work with other software to generate posts from our profiles after we die, allowing us to update our statuses and participate in online conversations. It’s a scary thought, but a number of sites have been launched dedicated to maintaining your social presence once you die. “We all pass away sooner or later. We only leave behind a few photos, maybe some home videos, or in rare situations, a diary or autobiography,” it says on EterniMe. “But eventually, we are all forgotten.” People can sign up to the website and it collects your thoughts, stories and memories. Emailfromdeath.com is another website people sign up to so they can write emails to be sent out after they die. “You store your emails and the website prompts you to respond with a password. If you fail to respond a number of times it assumes you’re dead and sends out the emails you’ve prepared to the recipients you nominated,” University of Melbourne History and Philosophy Science associate professor Michael Arnold told News.com.au. “It can send emails to relatives or data to business partners or emotional content.” Arnold said another website, DeadSocial, also allowed people to manage their social media from beyond the grave. “It takes it a step further,” he said. “It’s not simply emails but also social media posts on anything like Twitter, Facebook or blogs.” “You can nominate when you have a social presence, whether that be immediately after your death or later on. You might prepare media to be sent out on the first anniversary of your death or on the wedding of your young child, 10, 15 years down the track.” Not only can you leave posts for websites to publish, but social media will be able to generate its own content. Looking at your social media activity, your sense of humor and language, algorithms could create a social media post so you can continue to participate in discussions online. More advanced technology could even mimic your voice and make phone calls on your


Imposed by paragraph (1) on any liquid held on the floor stocks tax date by any person if the aggregate amount of liquid held by such person on such date does not exceed 2,000 gallons. The preceding sentence shall apply only if such person submits to the Secretary (at the time and in the manner required by the Secretary) such information as the Secretary shall require for purposes of this subparagraph. (B) Exempt fuel.--For purposes of subparagraph (1), there shall not be taken into account fuel held by any person which is exempt from the tax imposed by paragraph (1) by reason of paragraph (4) or (5). (C) Controlled groups.--For purposes of this section-- (i) Corporations.-- (I) In general.--All persons treated as a controlled group shall be treated as 1 person. (II) Controlled group.--The term ``controlled group'' has the meaning given to such term by subsection (a) of section 1563 of such Code; except that for such purposes the phrase ``more than 50 percent'' shall be substituted for the phrase ``at least 80 percent'' each place it appears in such subsection. (ii) Nonincorporated persons under common control.--Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, principles similar to the principles of clause (i) shall apply to a group of persons under common control where 1 or more of such persons is not a corporation. (7) Other laws applicable.--All provisions of law, including penalties, applicable with respect to the taxes imposed by chapter 31 or 32 of such Code shall, insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this section, apply with respect to the floor stock taxes imposed by paragraph (1) to the same extent as.


It would be Bali. With its screensaver beaches, tropical climate and prices so low, you feel like you’re cheating the system ($27 a night for a three-star hotel, $1 for a fresh fruit smoothie), the Island of the Gods is the closest thing to paradise on earth. But Bali, despite its natural splendor and affordability, is no Eden. It’s to Australians what Cancun is to Americans, what Ibiza is to Europeans. It attracts more than its share of hedonists who come for spring break year-round. INDONESIAN BOOZE BAN MAY HURT BALI TOURISM Expand / Contract A vendor sells fruit in a bustling Balinese market. (Taylor Jenson) In 2015, Bali welcomed 4 million foreign visitors — one traveler per resident. By 2020, Indonesia’s Ministry of Tourism aims to host 20 million — an ambitious goal, especially if the country’s House of Representatives passes a proposed alcohol ban that could impose sentences of up to 10 years in prison for producing, selling or consuming alcohol. But even if the law passes, the ministry is confident that Bali’s appeal will not be diminished. In that regard, it has an impressive track record. This is the same place that bounced back after deadly terrorist bombings in 2002 and 2005 and weathered a public relations storm in 2015 when two Australians were executed for drug trafficking. The State Department has warned of potential crime related issues for travelers noting that “organized crime remains a problem in Indonesia, most notably drug dealing and trafficking in persons.” But would an alcohol ban really curb any crime-related incidents? The Islamic groups who support the bill think it will help curb damage incurred from drunken tourists, but the head of the Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Association, Hariyadai Sukamdani, told The Jakarta Post that “their business will be done” if the bill passes. But not all foreigners would be turned off by an alcohol-free vacation in paradise. Taylor Jenson, a 28-year-old photographer from Colorado who returned from a vacation in Bali last month, said an alcohol ban wouldn’t affect his decision to return. “Alcohol is definitely a large part of the tourism culture there, but Bali has much more to offer than just partying,” he said. “The people, the food and the waves all outweigh alcohol.” Jenson said he was never offered drugs or women in Bali, though he


Then the amount is $40,000. ``(D) If the number of such children is greater than or equal to 300 and less than 450, then the amount is $50,000. ``(E) If the number of such children is greater than or equal to 450 and less than 600, then the amount is $60,000. ``(3) Census determination.-- ``(A) In general.--Each local educational agency desiring a grant under this section shall conduct a census not later than December 1 of each year to determine the number of kindergarten through grade 12 students in average daily attendance at the schools served by the local educational agency. ``(B) Submission.--Each local educational agency shall submit the number described in subparagraph (A) to the Secretary not later than March 1 of each year. ``(4) Penalty.--If the Secretary determines that a local educational agency has knowingly submitted false information under paragraph (3) for the purpose of gaining additional funds under this section, then the local educational agency shall be fined an amount equal to twice the difference between the amount the local educational agency received under this section, and the correct amount the local educational agency would have received under this section if the agency had submitted accurate information under paragraph (3). ``(d) Disbursal.--The Secretary shall disburse the funds awarded to a local educational agency under this section for a fiscal year not later than July 1 of that year. ``(e) Special Rule.--Any local educational agency that receives a grant under this section for a fiscal year shall be ineligible to receive funds for the fiscal year under the following provisions of law: ``(1) Subpart 2 of part A of title III. ``(2) Subpart 1 of part A of title VII. ``(3) Subpart 2 of part A of title VII. ``(4) Section 7142. ``(5) Part A of title X. ``(6) Part B of title X. ``(7) Part I of title X. ``(f) Supplement Not Supplant.--Funds made available under this section shall be used to supplement and not supplant any other Federal, State or local education funds. ``SEC. 10975. ACCOUNTABILITY. ``(a) Academic Achievement.-- ``(1) In general.--Each local educational agency that uses or receives funds under section 10973 or 10974


We study the production of gamma rays via LSP annihilations in the core of the Galaxy as a possible experimental signature of the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (CMSSM), in which supersymmetry-breaking parameters are assumed to be universal at the GUT scale, assuming also that the LSP is the lightest neutralino chi. The part of the CMSSM parameter space that is compatible with the measured astrophysical density of cold dark matter is known to include a stau_1 - chi coannihilation strip, a focus-point strip where chi has an enhanced Higgsino component, and a funnel at large tanb where the annihilation rate is enhanced by the poles of nearby heavy MSSM Higgs bosons, A/H. We calculate the total annihilation rates, the fractions of annihilations into different Standard Model final states and the resulting fluxes of gamma rays for CMSSM scenarios along these strips. We observe that typical annihilation rates are much smaller in the coannihilation strip for tanb = 10 than along the focus-point strip or for tanb = 55, and that the annihilation branching ratios differ greatly between the different dark matter strips. Whereas the current Fermi-LAT data are not sensitive to any of the CMSSM scenarios studied, and the calculated gamma-ray fluxes are probably unobservably low along the coannihilation strip for tanb = 10, we find that substantial portions of the focus-point strips and rapid-annihilation funnel regions could be pressured by several more years of Fermi-LAT data.


How would you make your mark on your town? This is the question asked by Wigan-based artist Jess Rotherham, who is calling for the community to explore their artistic flair as part of a new visual project. Jess, 25, is one of eight artists-in-residence as part of Wigan Council’s Imago programme and is leading on the project ‘Ideas for a town’, which encourages the residents to take ownership of the places that they live through art. Members of the public can sculpt, draw or write about their ideas before handing them into their local library or taking a photograph and uploading to the project blog. All submissions will then be included in Jess’ open exhibition from March 10 in Wigan Library. Jess said: “I am really keen to work with people who don’t necessarily engage with art on a daily basis. “Ideas don’t have to make sense and they don’t have to be realistic – I just want to give everybody the opportunity to be an artist. “I’m excited for what is an eclectic exhibition that has been contributed to by the whole community regardless of age, gender or background.” Sculpture packs can be picked up from the Grand Arcade or Wigan Library’s mezzanine, which have all the materials needed including a backdrop, clay and figurines. There have been more than 60 submissions so far with ideas such as a tower of pies, a brick maze and even a spaceship. For those who would like to work with Jess directly on their submission, there will be a free drop-in workshop on Monday, February 19, suitable for all ages at the Museum of Wigan Life, from 11am to 12.30pm. Alternatively, visit the blog at www.ideasforatown.tumblr.com for more information or to submit your ideas.


We study possible correlations between ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), observed by Auger, AGASA and Yakutsk, and nearby active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and $Fermi$ sources. We consider the deflection effects by a Galactic magnetic field (GMF) model constrained by the most updated measurements. We found that the average deflection angles of UHECRs by the Galactic magnetic fields are less than $4^\circ$. A correlation between the Auger cosmic-ray events and nearby AGNs with a significance level of $\sim 4\sigma$ was found for the Auger UHECR data sets with or without deflection correction. No correlation was found between the AGASA/Yakutsk events with nearby AGNs. Marginal correlations between the Auger events and the $Fermi$ sources, and between AGASA events and $Fermi$ AGNs were found when the deflections calculated by the GMF model were considered. However, no correlation was found between the Yakutsk data and $Fermi$ sources. Some $Fermi$ sources are close to the arrival directions of UHECR events detected by Auger, AGASA, and Yakutsk, most of which are probably chance coincidence rather than objects producing UHECRs in the nearby Universe. Four $Fermi$ sources, NGC 4945, ESO 323-G77, NGC 6951, and Cen A, within 100~Mpc have UHECR events within $3.1^{\circ}$ from their positions, which could potentially be cosmic ray accelerators. However, the association can only be confirmed.


Food or water dish. “Wherever germs have a moist environment, they are going to thrive,” Martin says. “Our own mouth flora is getting on the mouthpiece and marinating there.” Funnily enough, Martin admits to being just as guilty as the next person of not washing her water bottle every day. “I’m more concerned about sharing my water bottle with someone else than ingesting my own germs.” To keep from drinking anything but your own mouth germs, try to avoid touching the mouthpiece directly with your hands. For cleanliness, get two (or more) water bottles, she says. That way, you’ll always have a newly cleaned one at your disposal after washing the other one. Earbuds Can’t run without music? The more often you use your earbuds, the greater your chances of an ear infection, according to one study from Indian researchers. It found that, by increasing the temperature and humidity of the ear canal as well as causing small skin abrasions within the ear, earbuds create the perfect introduction for microorganisms to enter the body. Plus, think about it, where are your earbuds right now? Crumpled up in the bottom of a sweaty gym bag, perhaps? You could use an anti-microbial wipe or clean off those earbuds with a paper towel using just about any cleaner. Don’t drench the device as you don’t want extra moisture to get inside and cause them to go on the fritz. Also, for earbuds that have silicone tips, you can take them off and clean then separately. So, obviously earbuds aren’t for sharing. And.


Why not ban them? For much of the Obama presidency, the State Department waged a narrative war against the world’s jihadists. Through a small office known as the Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications, a... Jihadis are obsessed with American al Qaeda leader's old sermon It was a chilling prediction issued as part of a propaganda video intended to fuel hatred between Muslims and the West. Now jihadis claim the words of American-born al Qaeda... Ohio State attacker likely inspired by ISIS videos, FBI says The 18-year-old Somali refugee who drove a car into a group of fellow Ohio State students — and then slashed at them with a butcher knife — likely received “inspiration”... The secret sex life of one of al Qaeda's most fearsome members With the exception of Osama bin Laden, Anwar al-Awlaki was the most fearsome member of al Qaeda ever faced by the United States. The American-born Awlaki preached jihad from Yemen... Al-Qaeda recruiter gets 22 years in prison A Nigerian national who served as a propagandist and recruiter for late al-Qaeda leader Anwar al-Awlaki was hit with a 22 year prison term Wednesday in Brooklyn federal court. Lawal... How the CIA set a terrorist up with 'groupie' for marriage — and death In September 2009, Morten Storm, a young Danish national-turned-Islamic jihadist, flew to Yemen to visit an old friend — Anwar al-Awlaki, the American-born terrorist leading al Qaeda in Yemen. Awlaki had...


A description of the steps being taken to implement the North-South Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula; (11) an assessment of the participation by North Korea in talks between North Korea and the Republic of Korea; and (12) a description of any action taken by the President under section 6(a)(2). (b) Form of Report.--To the maximum extent possible, the President should submit the report in unclassified form. SEC. 13. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Act: (1) Agreed framework.--The term ``Agreed Framework'' means the document entitled ``Agreed Framework Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea'', signed October 21, 1994, at Geneva, and the attached Confidential Minute. (2) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term ``appropriate congressional committees'' means the Committees on Foreign Relations and Armed Services of the Senate and the Committees on International Relations and National Security of the House of Representatives. (3) IAEA safeguards.--The term ``IAEA safeguards'' means the safeguards set forth in an agreement between a country and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as authorized by Article III(A)(5) of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency. (4) North korea.--The term ``North Korea'' means the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, including any agency or instrumentality thereof. (5) Inspections.--The term ``inspections'' means inspections conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency pursuant to an IAEA safeguards agreement, including special inspection of undeclared information or locations.


Let A be the adjacency matrix of a graph $X$ and suppose U(t)=exp(itA). We view A as acting on $\cx^{V(X)}$ and take the standard basis of this space to be the vectors $e_u$ for $u$ in $V(X)$. Physicists say that we have perfect state transfer from vertex $u$ to $v$ at time $\tau$ if there is a scalar $\gamma$ such that $U(\tau)e_u = \gamma e_v$. (Since $U(t)$ is unitary, $\norm\gamma=1$.) For example, if $X$ is the $d$-cube and $u$ and $v$ are at distance $d$ then we have perfect state transfer from $u$ to $v$ at time $\pi/2$. Despite the existence of this nice family, it has become clear that perfect state transfer is rare. Hence we consider a relaxation: we say that we have pretty good state transfer from $u$ to $v$ if there is a complex number $\gamma$ and, for each positive real $\epsilon$ there is a time $t$ such that $\norm{U(t)e_u - \gamma e_v} < \epsilon$. Again we necessarily have $|\gamma|=1$. Godsil, Kirkland, Severini and Smith showed that we have have pretty good state transfer between the end vertices of the path $P_n$ if and only $n+1$ is a power of two, a prime, or twice a prime. (There is perfect state transfer between the end vertices only for $P_2$ and $P_3$.) It is something of a surprise that the occurrence of pretty good state transfer is characterized by a number-theoretic condition. In this paper we study double-star graphs, which are trees with two vertices of degree $k+1$ and all other vertices with degree one. We prove that there is never perfect state transfer between the two vertices of degree $k+1$, and that there is pretty good state transfer between them.


Some people make it out to be.” He could think of only one time he was genuinely worried about his game. McIlroy was 19 and in his first full year as a pro in 2008. He had only two top 10s all year on the European Tour. He wasn’t eligible for any of the majors. He had missed three straight cuts in Sweden, Holland and Scotland. He was concerned he might lose his card. And then he lost in a playoff in Switzerland, lost in another playoff in Hong Kong and won his first pro event early in the next year. “And I was off and running,” he said. McIlroy reached No. 50 with that playoff loss in Hong Kong, and he hasn’t fallen out since then. He’s had a few dips, sure, “but it’s not as if I’ve had to panic.” Palmer and McIlroy share one other connection, at least for now. They are one leg short of the Grand Slam. Palmer never won the PGA Championship. McIlroy needs the Masters. When they had dinner at Bay Hill in 2015 — right before McIlroy’s first crack at the fourth leg of the slam — the topic never came up. “It’s amazing to think, all that Arnold did in the game, he never won that Grand Slam,” McIlroy said. McIlroy at the Masters, Phil Mickelson at the U.S. Open and Jordan Spieth at the PGA Championship each have a chance at the career slam this year. “I’m glad to be part of that conversation, get the first shot at it in a few weeks,” McIlroy said. “So we’ll see how we go.” His game is never far away, even.


And 2024 seems too long to wait, this month’s meteor showers might sate the craving. October is ripe for shooting stars. This Sunday, there’s the Draconid, and then a little later, the main event: the Orionid meteor shower. Meteor showers show snapshots of the past. As comets course through the sky, they burn up, shedding bits of debris. Those bits burn up as they fall to earth, producing the streaks of light we know as shooting stars. According to NASA, the Draconid meteor shower comes from the comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner. The Draconids, so called because they appear around the constellation Draco the Dragon, are expected to peak this Sunday, October 8. The Draconid meteor shower normally only provides 10 to 20 meteors per hour at its peak, but this year meteorologists predict that as many as 600 per hour will fall through the sky towards earth. As The New York Times notes, when you see a meteor shower, you’re actually seeing the remnants of the comet from the second-to-last time it showed up in Earth’s orbit. So you won't be seeing the remains of the Draconid from last time 21P/Giacobini-Zinner passed through earth's atmosphere, but from the time before. National Geographic estimates that there are an average of 21 meteor showers per year, mostly between August and December. The American Meteor Society keeps a detailed list of the meteor showers that are visible with the naked eye. And while this weekend's bright moonlight might make the Draconids hard to spot, the Orionids later this month should light up the skies. After the frenzy of eye care caution surrounding the eclipse and the warnings to under no circumstances look directly at the sun meteor-shower, stargazers can relax. According to The New York Times, it may actually be easiest to watch meteor showers through your own two eyes after letting them adjust to the dark night sky (NASA also regularly live streams the events for the public). If you can, get yourself to a spot away from the noise and lights of a city or town, somewhere where you can see the sky untainted. For the Draconids, point yourself north. Then, look up. No glasses necessary. Related Articles


During the 1- year period beginning with the 1st date on which such State recognized same-sex marriages, civil unions, or registered domestic partnerships; and (B) provides a sworn affidavit that such parent was married to, or in a domestic partnership with, such individual throughout the 1-year period ending on the date of the application for child's insurance benefits. SEC. 5. NOTIFICATION OF CHANGES IN LAW; OUTREACH CAMPAIGN. (a) In General.--As soon as practicable after the date of the enactment of this Act but not later than December 31, 2014, the Commissioner of Social Security shall conduct a comprehensive and effective 3-year outreach campaign to encourage individuals newly eligible for benefits under title II of the Social Security Act as a result of changes in law relating to same-sex marriage and occurring on or after June 26, 2013, including this Act and the amendments made thereby, to apply for such benefits. Such outreach campaign shall include direct notification regarding such changes in law to current beneficiaries and to individuals approaching retirement. (b) Report to Congress.--Not later than December 31 of each of the 1st 3 calendar years beginning with 2015, the Commissioner of Social Security shall submit to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Finance of the Senate, and the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate a report that includes-- (1) a description of the educational and outreach activities conducted by the Commissioner of Social Security under subsection (a) during the preceding year; (2) the number of applications for benefits under title II of the Social Security Act filed as a result of changes in law relating to same-sex marriage and occurring on or after June 26, 2013, including this Act and the amendments made thereby, in the preceding year; and (3) the number of such applications which resulted in entitlement to benefits.


An edge coloring of a graph $G$ with colors $1,2,\ldots ,t$ is called an interval $t$-coloring if for each $i\in \{1,2,\ldots,t\}$ there is at least one edge of $G$ colored by $i$, and the colors of edges incident to any vertex of $G$ are distinct and form an interval of integers. A graph $G$ is interval colorable, if there is an integer $t\geq 1$ for which $G$ has an interval $t$-coloring. Let $\mathfrak{N}$ be the set of all interval colorable graphs. In 2004 Kubale and Giaro showed that if $G,H\in \mathfrak{N}$, then the Cartesian product of these graphs belongs to $\mathfrak{N}$. Also, they formulated a similar problem for the lexicographic product as an open problem. In this paper we first show that if $G\in \mathfrak{N}$, then $G[nK_{1}]\in \mathfrak{N}$ for any $n\in \mathbf{N}$. Furthermore, we show that if $G,H\in \mathfrak{N}$ and $H$ is a regular graph, then strong and lexicographic products of graphs $G,H$ belong to $\mathfrak{N}$. We also prove that tensor and strong tensor products of graphs $G,H$ belong to $\mathfrak{N}$.


TORONTO — A judge has ruled that a class-action lawsuit can proceed against the Royal Winnipeg Ballet and a photographer who is alleged to have taken intimate photos of students. Lawyer Margaret Waddell says about 60 people have been identified so far as potential class-action members in the lawsuit against the ballet company and Bruce Monk, who worked as a photographer between 1984 and 2015. The lead plaintiff, Sarah Doucet, alleges Monk pressured her into letting him take semi-nude photos of her as a teenager and then distributed them. The allegations have not been proven in court, and both Monk and the ballet company have filed statements of defence denying the accusations. Police investigated a complaint against Monk in 2015 but no charges were laid. The recent decision by an Ontario Superior Court justice certifies Doucet's case as a class-action lawsuit, although the defendants have 30 days to appeal the ruling. "To date, 53 former students have contacted (Doucet's lawyer) self-identifying as potential class members, or they have been identified by the witnesses on this motion as students whose photographs are on the internet and who may have been photographed by Mr. Monk in a private setting," the ruling states. Lawyers for Monk and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet were not immediately available for comment Wednesday. Waddell said there are still a few steps before the lawsuit can be heard. "We have to get notice out to the class members, to let everybody know that the action has been certified ,and they have an opportunity to decide.


MIAMI (AP) — School district officials in Florida said they followed standard protocol last week when a 7-year-old boy was placed in handcuffs and removed from his school — and they say it was the second time since the school year began that the first-grader had to be restrained following aggressive behavior. The latest episode occurred Thursday, when a teacher at the Coral Way K-8 Center in Miami told the boy to stop playing with his food in the cafeteria. When the child refused to stop, he was taken from the cafeteria, according to an incident report from Miami-Dade County Public Schools police officer Munick Soriano. The report said the boy hit the teacher repeatedly in the back when they were in a hallway outside the cafeteria. The child continued punching and kicking the teacher until they both fell on the ground, according to the report, which also said he grabbed her hair. The boy was hospitalized briefly at Miami Children's Hospital under the Florida Mental Health Act, based on behavioral criteria that indicated he could pose a threat to himself or others, school district officials said. Authorities later said it was the second time officers had resorted to handcuffing the student under the same law. The child's mother, Mercy Alvarez, said her son doesn't have a mental disorder. Instead, she called what happened to her son "police abuse." "If my child wasn't aggressive anymore when we got there, like they were saying he was before, why take such extreme measures?" she said. Alvarez said her child didn't show aggressive behavior at home until the school year started; she said in past years he had gotten good grades, participated in other activities and behaved well. "This is too much for a boy that age to go through. It can't be a normal procedure," she said. Alvarez recorded the incident last week with her cellphone and shared it on Facebook, where it has been viewed nearly 3 million times. In his report, Soriano wrote that another teacher and several students witnessed the incident, which was also captured on the school's surveillance camera. The boy's parents were notified and came to the school, the report said. The child's father agreed with school officials that the child should be taken to a mental health facility, the report said. But the mother disagreed, telling officials nothing was wrong with her son. Alvarez said the officer was threatening to take the child to jail.


Why it matters to you Norton Point has a pair of sunglasses that will appeal to the environmental conservatist in you -- not only are they made of recycled sea plastic, but the company behind them is also dedicated to cleaning the oceans. Ocean plastic never looked as good as it does on your face. Thanks to Norton Point, the recyclable trash found in the sea is being turned into glasses that help you see a bit better in the sun. The Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts-based company is the first to develop a line of eyewear made from recovered high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ocean plastics. The result? Shades that’ll make you feel as good as you look. “We believe that the 8 million metric tons of plastic flowing into our oceans is one of our planet’s greatest environmental challenges, and we have chosen to become part of the solution,” the company said in its Kickstarter campaign, which ultimately raised an impressive $55,367 from 509 backers. But Norton Point wants to do more than just rid the oceans of this plastic — rather, it wants to repurpose it in the name of fashion. More: Skelmet scans your face to 3D-print feather-light sunglasses with the perfect fit The sunglasses themselves are chic, well-designed pieces for both men and women that would certainly complement just about any style or aesthetic. But when you buy a pair of sunglasses from Norton Point, you’re doing a lot more than making a purchase – you’re helping fulfill a promise. “For every product, we sell we are committing to you to clean up 1 pound of plastic from the ocean,” Norton Point said. “We have also chosen to give back 5 percent of net profits to global cleanup, education, and remediation practices,” specifically to organizations like the Ocean Conservancy. “As a company, our mission is to help create a value chain for the reuse of ocean plastic,” the company noted on Kickstarter. Without a sustainable solution to reducing the tons of plastic that enter our planet’s bodies of water every year, the ocean could contain one pound of plastic for every three pounds of fish by 2025. But not.


We study quasi-geostrophic turbulence and plasma drift turbulence within the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima (CHM) model. We focus, theoretically and using numerical simulations, on conservation of {\em zonostrophy} and on its role in the formation of the zonal jets. The zonostrophy invariant was first predicted in \cite{perm,BNZ_invariant} in two special cases -- large-scale turbulence and anisotropic turbulence. Papers \cite{perm,BNZ_invariant} also predicted that the three invariants, energy, enstrophy and zonostrophy, will cascade anisotropically into non-intersecting sectors in the $k$-space, so that the energy cascade is "pushed" into the large-scale zonal scales. In the present paper, we consider the scales much less than the Rossby deformation radius and generalise the Fj{\o}rtoft argument of \cite{perm,BNZ_invariant} to find the directions of the three cascades in this case. For the first time, we demonstrate numerically that zonostrophy is well conserved by the CHM model, and that the energy, enstrophy and zonostrophy cascade as prescribed by the Fj{\o}rtoft argument if the nonlinearity is sufficiently weak. Moreover, numerically we observe that zonostrophy is conserved surprisingly well at late times and the triple-cascade picture is rather accurate even.


We have investigated planetary accretion from planetesimals in terrestrial planet regions inside the ice line around M dwarf stars through N-body simulations including tidal interactions with disk gas. Because of low luminosity of M dwarfs, habitable zones (HZs) are located in inner regions. In the close-in HZ, type-I migration and the orbital decay induced by eccentricity damping are efficient according to the high disk gas density in the small orbital radii. In the case of full efficiency of type-I migration predicted by the linear theory, we found that protoplanets that migrate to the vicinity of the host star undergo close scatterings and collisions, and 4 to 6 planets eventually remain in mutual mean motion resonances and their orbits have small eccentricities and they are stable both before and after disk gas decays. In the case of slow migration, the resonant capture is so efficient that densely-packed ~ 40 small protoplanets remain in mutual mean motion resonances. In this case, they start orbit crossing, after the disk gas decays and eccentricity damping due to tidal interaction with gas is no more effective. Through merging of the protoplanets, several planets in widely-separated non-resonant orbits with relatively large eccentricities are formed. Thus, the final orbital configurations of the terrestrial planets around M dwarfs sensitively depend on strength of type-I migration. We also found that large amount of water-ice is delivered by type-I migration from outer regions and final planets near the inner disk edge around M dwarfs are generally abundant in water-ice except for the innermost one that is shielded by the outer planets.


Tree and broke through a guardrail before ending up in an embankment on the side of the westbound 91 freeway in Buena Park on Friday morning. The driver reportedly had to be rescued from the rig but, it was unclear if he was injured. (Photo by Ken Steinhardt, Orange County Register/SCNG) A La Palma Police officer and a California Highway Patrol officer look at a big rig that hit a tree and broke through a guardrail before ending up in an embankment on the side of the westbound 91 freeway in Buena Park on Friday morning. The driver reportedly had to be rescued from the rig but, it was unclear if he was injured. (Photo by Ken Steinhardt, Orange County Register/SCNG) Firefighters look inside the cab of a big rig that hit a tree and broke through a guardrail before ending up in an embankment on the side of the westbound 91 freeway in Buena Park on Friday morning. The driver reportedly was rescued from the rig but, it was unclear if he was injured. (Photo by Ken Steinhardt, Orange County Register/SCNG) Firefighters look inside the cab of a big rig that hit a tree and broke through a guardrail before ending up in an embankment on the side of the westbound 91 freeway in Buena Park on Friday morning. The driver reportedly was rescued from the rig but, it was unclear if he was injured. (Photo by Ken Steinhardt, Orange County Register/SCNG) With his helmet showing signs of fighting many fires, Orange County Fire Authority firefighter George Robledo returns to his truck after looking inside the cab of a big rig that hit a tree and broke through a guardrail before ending up in an embankment on the side of the westbound 91 freeway in Buena Park on Friday morning. The driver reportedly was rescued from the rig but, it was unclear if he was injured. (Photo by Ken Steinhardt, Orange County Register/SCNG) The overturned rig spilled landscaping mulch. Crews were working to clear the road of the debris and remove the truck from the embankment. The driver reportedly had to be rescued from the rig but, it was unclear.


The mSUGRA parameter space corresponding to light sleptons well within the reach of LHC and relatively light squarks and gluinos (mass $\le$ 1 TeV) has three regions consistent with the WMAP data on dark matter relic density and direct mass bounds from LEP 2. Each region can lead to distinct leptonic signatures from squark-gluino events during the early LHC experiments (integrated luminosity $\sim 10 ~fb^{-1}$ or even smaller). In the much studied stau-LSP coannihilation region with a vanishing common trilinear coupling ($A_0$) at the GUT scale a large fraction of the final states contain electrons and / or muons and $e$ - $\mu$ - $\tau$ universality holds to a good approximation. In the not so well studied scenarios with non-vanishing $A_0$ both LSP pair annihilation and stau-LSP coannihilation could contribute significantly to the dark matter relic density for even smaller squark-gluino masses. Our simulations indicate that the corresponding signatures are final states rich in $\tau$-leptons while final states with electrons and muons are suppressed leading to a violation of lepton universality. These features may be observed to a lesser extent even in the modified parameter space (with non-zero $A_0$) where the coannihilation process dominates. We also show that the generic $m$-leptons + $n$-jets+ $\not! E_T$ signatures without flavour tagging can also discriminate among the three scenarios. However, the signals become more informative.


New and disturbing details have been released of the alleged abuse that led to the death of a 10-year-old boy in Lancaster.Prosecutors say Anthony Avalos suffered at least five days of sustained torture before his death on June 21, according to new court papers.Prosecutors add Anthony's mother, Heather Barron, and her boyfriend, Kareem Leiva are responsible for that torture.The torture included slamming the boy onto the bedroom floor, whipping him with a belt and cord, pouring hot sauce into his mouth and forbidding him to use the bathroom, according to the documents.Eight siblings witnessed and were forced to take part in some of the abuse, which according to the documents included making the other children fight Anthony and forcing the children keep watch "so Anthony would remain standing or kneeling."Sheriff's deputies were called to Anthony's home a day before he died at a hospital. His mother said the boy had fallen down stairs.Anthony also had reddened eyes and numerous bruises, cuts and scrapes on his forehead, nose, mouth, cheek, neck, legs, shoulder, hips, back, buttocks, stomach, ankle, legs and foot.Since 2013, DCFS reported receiving at least a dozen referrals for possible physical, emotional and sexual abuse of the boy. No such reports had been made in the last two years. Authorities are reviewing the agency's response to those reports.Authorities said Avalos' sexuality may have been a motivating factor in his death.If convicted of the charges against her, Barron faces a possible maximum sentence of 22 years to life in state prison. Leiva faces 32 years to life.


The ultraviolet luminosity of the background quasar can be severely diminished. When the spectrum is redshifted, this leads to a bias in optical surveys for DLAs. Previous estimates of the magnitude of this effect are in some tension; in particular, the distribution of DLAs in the column-density -- metallicity plane has led to claims that we may be missing a considerable fraction of metal rich, high column density DLAs, whereas radio surveys do not unveil a substantial population of otherwise hidden systems. Motivated by this tension, we perform a Bayesian parameter estimation analysis of a simple dust obscuration model. We include radio and optical observations of DLAs in our overall likelihood analysis and show that these do not, in fact, constitute conflicting constraints. Our model gives statistical limits on the biasing effects of dust, predicting that only 7% of DLAs are missing from optical samples due to dust obscuration; at 2 sigma confidence, this figure takes a maximum value of 17%. This contrasts with recent claims that DLA incidence rates are underestimated by 30 -- 50%. Optical measures of the mean metallicities of DLAs are found to underestimate the true value by just 0.1 dex (or at most 0.4 dex, 2 sigma confidence limit), in agreement with the radio survey results of Akerman et al. The quantity most affected by dust biasing is the total cosmic density of metals in DLAs, Omega_{Z,DLA}, which is underestimated in optical surveys by a factor of approximately two. (Abridged.)


80 percent not later than September 30, 2023. (b) Reduction of Data Centers.--Not later than 6 months after the issuance of recommendations by the Director under subsection (a), the head of each executive agency shall implement the recommendations by reducing the number of Federal data centers in accordance with such recommendations. Subtitle B--Repeal of Duplicative Catfish Inspection Program SECTION 211. REPEAL OF DUPLICATIVE CATFISH INSPECTION PROGRAM. (a) In General.--Effective on the date of the enactment of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 8701 et seq.), section 11016 of such Act (Public Law 110-246; 122 Stat. 2130) and the amendments made by such section are repealed. (b) Application.--The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (7 U.S.C. 1621 et seq.) and the Federal Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) shall be applied and administered as if section 11016 (Public Law 110-246; 122 Stat. 2130) of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 8701 et seq.) and the amendments made by such section had not been enacted. Subtitle C--Closing Empty Bank Accounts SEC. 221. DOCUMENTING AND CLOSING LONG-EMPTY FEDERAL BANK ACCOUNTS. (a) Inspectors General Report.--Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency shall submit to Congress a report that-- (1) lists each bank account held by the United States Government that has a balance of zero dollars for 180 days or more; and (2) recommends which of these accounts should be immediately closed. (b) Closure of Accounts Required.--Not later than 7 days after the report is submitted under subsection (a), the head of each agency with a bank account recommended for closure in the report described in subsection (a) shall close each such account that is managed by the agency. (c) Agency Defined.--In this section, the term ``agency'' has the meaning.


Measures recommended by the multistakeholder community to increase the transparency of ICANN deliberations and decisions, such as providing public access on the Internet to meetings of the board of directors and associated materials. (4) ICANN will adopt policies and procedures for disclosing to the public records and other information that are at least as protective of public access as the policies and procedures required by section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the Freedom of Information Act). The policies and procedures adopted will include a means by which the denial of a request for access to records or other information may be appealed through the independent dispute resolution process described in paragraph (2)(I). (5) There will be established a private, nonprofit corporation, to be known as the IANA Consortium, that is financed and managed by the top-level domain registries and not by ICANN. (6) The IANA Consortium, and not ICANN, will-- (A) manage the content of the root zones; (B) select an entity to carry out the editing of the root zone files that-- (i) is separate from the IANA Consortium; and (ii) the IANA Consortium is satisfied demonstrates technical competence that is at least equal to that of VeriSign; and (C) oversee the performance of such entity in the editing of the root zone files. (7) There will be established within ICANN a body to be known as the Internet Freedom Panel, which shall be composed of representatives of the Internet community, including registrars, technology groups, and civil society. No member of the Panel will be selected by or represent a governmental or intergovernmental body. (8) The bylaws of ICANN will provide that the Internet Freedom Panel will have the power to review and to veto changes to the domain name system proposed by ICANN that the Panel considers to threaten freedom of expression, the openness, stability, resiliency, or security of the Internet, responsiveness to the user community, or other commitments undertaken by ICANN in the Affirmation of Commitments in effect between the NTIA and ICANN on the date of the enactment of this Act. Any such veto will be final and will not be subject to override by any director or officer of ICANN. (9) The entity selected by the IANA Consortium to carry out the editing of the root zone files in accordance with paragraph (6)(B) will


M31-RV was an extraordinarily luminous (~10^6 Lsun) eruptive variable, displaying very cool temperatures (roughly 1000 Kelvins) as it faded. The photometric behavior of M31-RV (and several other very red novae, i.e. luminous eruptive red variables) has led to several models of this apparently new class of astrophysical object. One of the most detailed models is that of "mergebursts": hypothetical mergers of close binary stars. These are predicted to rival or exceed the brightest classical novae in luminosity, but to be much cooler and redder than classical novae, and to become slowly hotter and bluer as they age. This prediction suggests two stringent and definitive tests of the mergeburst hypothesis. First, there should always be a cool red remnant, and NOT a hot blue remnant at the site of such an outburst. Second, the inflated envelope of a mergeburst event should be slowly contracting, hence it must display a slowly rising effective temperature. We have located a luminous, UV-bright object within 0.4 arcsec (1.5 sigma of the astrometric position) of M31-RV in archival WFPC2 images taken 10 years after the outburst: it resembles an old nova. Twenty years after the outburst, the object remains much too hot to be a mergeburst. Its behavior remains consistent with that of theoretical nova models which erupt on a low mass white dwarf. Future Hubble UV and visible images could determine.


(Abridged). We present new high spatial resolution narrowband imaging observations of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) in four late-type, actively star forming edge-on spirals, obtained with ACS on-board HST. Our F658N (H-alpha) observations reveal a multitude of structures on both small and large scales. Whereas all four galaxies have been studied with ground-based telescopes before, here the small scale structure of the extended emission line gas is presented for the first time at a spatial resolution of 0.05", corresponding to 5.0 pc at the mean distance to the target galaxies. The eDIG morphology is very different for all four targets, probably as a result of their different levels of star formation activity. We find that the morphology of the eDIG, in particular the break-up of diffuse emission into filaments in galaxy halos, shows a strong dependence on the level of star formation activity per unit area, and eDIG can be arranged into a morphological sequence. NGC4634 and NGC5775 have the highest SF rate per unit area in our sample and the observed morphology suggests that the break-up of the smooth eDIG layer into individual resolved filaments occurs only above a certain threshold of SF activity per unit area. Combined with ground-based data for samples that span a larger range of galaxy mass our results indicate that the gravitational potential also plays an important role in the eDIG morphology. In low-mass galaxies the gas can be expelled due to shallow gravitational potentials more easily and couple with strong star formation driven outflows on a local scale. This is in contrast to the more massive galaxies, which show smooth eDIG layers.


It is known that both quantum and classical cellular automata (CA) exist that are computationally universal in the sense that they can simulate, after appropriate initialization, any quantum or classical computation, respectively. Here we introduce a different notion of universality: a CA is called physically universal if every transformation on any finite region can be (approximately) implemented by the autonomous time evolution of the system after the complement of the region has been initialized in an appropriate way. We pose the question of whether physically universal CAs exist. Such CAs would provide a model of the world where the boundary between a physical system and its controller can be consistently shifted, in analogy to the Heisenberg cut for the quantum measurement problem. We propose to study the thermodynamic cost of computation and control within such a model because implementing a cyclic process on a microsystem may require a non-cyclic process for its controller, whereas implementing a cyclic process on system and controller may require the implementation of a non-cyclic process on a "meta"-controller, and so on. Physically universal CAs avoid this infinite hierarchy of controllers and the cost of implementing cycles on a subsystem can be described by mixing properties of the CA dynamics. We define a physical prior on the CA configurations by applying the dynamics to an initial state where half of the CA is in the maximum entropy state and half of it is in the all-zero state (thus reflecting the fact that life requires non-equilibrium states like the boundary between a hold and a cold reservoir). As opposed to Solomonoff's prior, our prior does not only account for the Kolmogorov complexity but also for the cost of isolating the system during the state preparation.


Any physical channel of communication offers two potential reasons why its capacity (the number of bits it can transmit in a unit of time) might be unbounded: (1) Infinitely many choices of signal strength at any given instant of time, and (2) Infinitely many instances of time at which signals may be sent. However channel noise cancels out the potential unboundedness of the first aspect, leaving typical channels with only a finite capacity per instant of time. The latter source of infinity seems less studied. A potential source of unreliability that might restrict the capacity also from the second aspect is delay: Signals transmitted by the sender at a given point of time may not be received with a predictable delay at the receiving end. Here we examine this source of uncertainty by considering a simple discrete model of delay errors. In our model the communicating parties get to subdivide time as microscopically finely as they wish, but still have to cope with communication delays that are macroscopic and variable. The continuous process becomes the limit of our process as the time subdivision becomes infinitesimal. We taxonomize this class of communication channels based on whether the delays and noise are stochastic or adversarial; and based on how much information each aspect has about the other when introducing its errors. We analyze the limits of such channels and reach somewhat surprising conclusions: The capacity of a physical channel is finitely bounded only if at least one of the two sources of error (signal noise or delay noise) is adversarial. In particular the capacity is finitely bounded only if the delay is adversarial, or the noise is adversarial and acts with knowledge of the stochastic delay. If both error sources are stochastic, or.


We describe natural K\"ahler or para-K\"ahler structures of the spaces of geodesics of pseudo-Riemannian space forms and relate the local geometry of hypersurfaces of space forms to that of their normal congruences, or Gauss maps, which are Lagrangian submanifolds. The space of geodesics L(S^{n+1}_{p,1}) of a pseudo-Riemannian space form S^{n+1}_{p,1} of non-vanishing curvature enjoys a K\"ahler or para-K\"ahler structure (J,G) which is in addition Einstein. Moreover, in the three-dimensional case, L(S^{n+1}_{p,1}) enjoys another K\"ahler or para-K\"ahler structure (J',G') which is scalar flat. The normal congruence of a hypersurface s of S^{n+1}_{p,1} is a Lagrangian submanifold \bar{s} of L(S^{n+1}_{p,1}), and we relate the local geometries of s and \bar{s}. In particular \bar{s} is totally geodesic if and only if s has parallel second fundamental form. In the three-dimensional case, we prove that \bar{s} is minimal with respect to the Einstein metric G (resp. with respect to the scalar flat metric G') if and only if it is the normal congruence of a minimal surface s (resp. of a surface s with parallel second fundamental form); moreover \bar{s} is flat.