Figure A.8 depicts the solar system that contains Earth and the other planets orbiting the Sun.

Question: What does Figure A.8 depict?


Figure A.9 shows a spiral galaxy resembling the Milky Way Galaxy that contains such star systems.

Question: What does Figure A.9 contain?


Question: What structure is shown in Figure A.10?


Question: What does Figure A.12 show beyond the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy relative to the Milky Way disk?


Figure J.19 shows the original Valles Marineris canyons.

Question: What does Figure J.19 show?


Figure J.20 shows later water seepage undercut the cliffs and triggered landslides that widened the cracks into the great valleys seen today.

Question: What process does Figure J.20 show that widened the cracks into the great valleys seen today?


Figure K.2 shows the planet’s actual, more muted coloration.

Question: What coloration of Jupiter is shown in Figure K.2?


Figure K.10 emphasizes the puzzle of why Jupiter’s mostly hydrogen, cool atmosphere appears colorful.

Question: What puzzle about Jupiter’s atmosphere is emphasized in Figure K.10?


Figure K.3 shows Jupiter with atmospheric regions, condensation cloud, and photochemical reactions.

Question: What atmospheric features are seen on Jupiter in Figure K.3?


The text for Figure K.13 states that Saturn should have the same atmospheric regions, condensation cloud, and photochemical reactions seen on Jupiter.

Question: What does the text say Saturn should have in Figure K.13?


Figure K.5 shows the planet tipped with its south pole facing the Sun.

Question: In Figure K.5, how is Uranus oriented toward the Sun?


Figure K.6 shows that this tilt creates Uranus's strange seasonal cycles of light and dark in both hemispheres.

Question: In Figure K.6, what does Uranus's tilt create?


Figure K.10 shows the condensation clouds and photochemical atmospheric regions seen in Jupiter.

Question: What does Figure K.10 show about Jupiter?


Figure K.13 shows that Saturn should have the same condensation clouds and photochemical atmospheric regions.

Question: What does Figure K.13 show about Saturn?


Figure L.7 shows Io as a highly volcanic world.

Question: What does Figure L.7 show about Io?


Figure L.8 shows that this volcanism produces eruption plumes extending hundreds of kilometers into space.

Question: What does Figure L.8 show volcanism produces?


Figure L.9 shows new surface features appearing between Galileo orbits.

Question: What does Figure L.9 show appearing between Galileo orbits?


Figure L.10 identifies the underlying volcanism as eruptions of molten silicates like those on Earth.

Question: What underlying process does Figure L.10 identify?


Figure L.13 shows Huygens landing near drainage channels on the shore of an ancient hydrocarbon lake.

Question: What surface evidence is shown in Figure L.13 on Titan?


Figure L.14 shows Cassini evidence of large methane lakes and erosional features formed by methane rain and flow.

Question: What surface evidence is shown in Figure L.14 on Titan?


Figure M.5 shows Gaspra and Ida as elongated, irregular collision fragments.

Question: What does Figure M.5 show from Galileo's asteroid flybys?


Figure M.6 shows the additional finding that Ida has a moon, Dactyl, orbiting it.

Question: What additional finding is shown in Figure M.6 from Galileo's asteroid flybys?


Figure M.11 places Ceres in the Dawn mission context alongside Vesta.

Question: What mission context does Figure M.11 place Ceres in?


Figure M.12 shows specific surface features on Ceres, including bright white spots and Ahuna Mons.

Question: What specific surface features on Ceres are shown in Figure M.12?


Figure M.20 shows a close-up spacecraft image of its nucleus obtained at close range.

Question: What view of Comet Halley in 1986 is shown in Figure M.20?


Figure M.16 shows its telescopic appearance from Earth.

Question: What view of Comet Halley in 1986 is shown in Figure M.16?


Figure M.21 shows the much larger head, or coma, of gas and dust surrounding that nucleus.

Question: What does Figure M.21 show surrounding the nucleus?


Figure M.20 shows the small, irregular nucleus of Comet Halley.

Question: What does Figure M.20 show?


Figure M.22 shows how tail orientation changes as a comet passes perihelion.

Question: What overall tail behavior is shown in Figure M.22?


Figure M.23 compares the differently shaped dust and ion tail components.

Question: What tail components are compared in Figure M.23?


Figure M.24 shows the rough surface features of comet 67P.

Question: What surface features are shown in Figure M.24?


Figure M.25 shows that gas jets emerge from small active vents only a few meters across on that same rugged surface.

Question: From what do gas jets emerge in Figure M.25?


Figure M.13 shows a real asteroid impact at Chelyabinsk.

Question: What event is shown in Figure M.13?


Figure M.14 shows the increasing pace of NEA discoveries aimed at identifying potential impactors to protect Earth from future impacts.

Question: What is the increasing pace in Figure M.14 aimed at?


Question: What level of image quality is shown for the Halley comet nucleus in Figure M.20?


nearly 100 times better resolution than the best Halley images

Question: What resolution advantage is described for Rosetta observations in Figure M.24?


Figure M.29 shows Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 breaking into about 20 pieces after passing close to Jupiter.

Question: What happens to Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in Figure M.29 after passing close to Jupiter?


Figure M.30 shows the later step in which those fragments crashed into Jupiter in July 1994.

Question: What do the fragments do in Figure M.30?


Question: What event is shown in Figure M.30?


Impact Dust Cloud on Jupiter, showing the dark debris clouds that settled into Jupiter's stratosphere

Question: What does Figure M.31 show after the comet fragments crashed?


Figure N.11 shows the overall steps of solar system formation from the solar nebula.

Question: What does Figure N.11 show about solar system formation?


Figure N.12 provides a more detailed breakdown of how material condensed at different places in the maturing disk during that process.

Question: What detailed breakdown does Figure N.12 provide during that process?


Figure O.4 shows the solar structure from the center to the outer atmosphere.

Question: What does Figure O.4 show about the Sun’s structure?


Figure O.8 shows how temperature changes outward through the solar atmosphere.

Question: What does Figure O.8 show changing outward through the solar atmosphere?


Figure O.16 shows the relationship between sunspots and the Sun’s magnetic field.

Question: What relationship is shown in Figure O.16?


Figure O.17 shows that when magnetic field loops emerge from the solar surface, they create regions of sunspot activity.

Question: What creates regions of sunspot activity in Figure O.17?


Figure O.19 shows prominences that usually originate near sunspots, linking the two solar phenomena through their typical spatial association.

Question: What does Figure O.19 show that usually originates near sunspots?


Sunspots as the first evidence that the Sun changes

Question: What does Figure O.13 show?


Question: What event is shown in Figure O.21?


Question: What happens in Figure O.13?


Figure O.20 identifies the solar flare as the Sun's most violent surface eruption.

Question: What is identified in Figure O.20 as the Sun's most violent surface eruption?


Figure O.21 shows an example of the solar flare.

Question: What does Figure O.21 show an example of?


The SOHO images show active regions changing during the solar cycle.

Question: What does Figure O.22 show changing during the solar cycle?


Figure O.26 shows long-term variation in sunspot numbers over the past three centuries.

Question: What does Figure O.26 show varying over the past three centuries?


Figure P.15 outlines the core-to-surface energy transport by radiation and then convection.

Question: What energy transport sequence is outlined in Figure P.15 from the Sun’s center to surface?


Figure P.16 shows how temperature, density, energy generation rate, and composition vary across that same radial structure.

Question: What quantities are shown varying across the Sun’s radial structure in Figure P.16?


Figure Q.5 indicates that hydrogen lines peak in A stars around 10,000 K and weaken at both higher and lower temperatures.

Question: In Figure Q.5, at what stars do hydrogen lines peak?


Figure Q.6 shows the Balmer hydrogen lines are strongest at spectral type A1.

Question: In Figure Q.6, at what spectral type are the Balmer hydrogen lines strongest?


Figure Q.11 shows the general phenomenon of stellar proper motion as changes in stars' apparent positions on the celestial sphere.

Question: What does Figure Q.11 show about stellar proper motion?


Figure Q.12 shows the long-term effect of stellar proper motion in the Big Dipper 50,000 years from now.

Question: What does Figure Q.12 show about stellar proper motion?


a star’s space velocity determines how its position and distance from the Sun change over time

Question: What does Figure Q.13 say determines how a star’s position and distance from the Sun change over time?


Figure Q.12 shows the long-term effect of stellar proper motion in the Big Dipper 50,000 years from now.

Question: What does Figure Q.12 show about stellar proper motion?


Question: What is depicted in Figure R.6?


Question: What does Figure R.7 show for the binary system?


Figure B.3 depicts the celestial sphere concept.

Question: What concept is depicted in Figure B.3?


Figure B.4 shows that as Earth's axis intersects this sphere at the north and south celestial poles, the sky appears to rotate around those poles.

Question: What happens where Earth's axis intersects the sphere in Figure B.4?


Figure B.13 shows retrograde motion as an apparent westward motion caused when Earth passes between Mars and the Sun.

Question: In Figure B.13, what causes Mars's apparent westward motion?


Figure B.14 shows Ptolemy's epicycle-and-deferent model reproducing that same westward motion.

Question: In Figure B.14, what model reproduces Mars's westward motion?


Figure B.17 presents Copernicus's heliocentric model in which Earth and the other planets circle the Sun.

Question: What model is presented in Figure B.17?


Figure B.18 shows the full range of phases Venus should exhibit if it circles the Sun.

Question: What does Figure B.18 depict as evidence for the model?


Figure U.12 is used to estimate protostar ages from temperature and luminosity on an H–R diagram.

Question: What does Figure U.12 estimate from temperature and luminosity on an H–R diagram?


Figure U.14 shows that the inner, dense parts of most disks have disappeared by about 10 million years.

Question: What does Figure U.14 show happens by about 10 million years?


Figure V.11 shows NGC 3293 at about 10 million years old.

Question: What age is NGC 3293 in Figure V.11 shown as?


Figure V.12 shows the H–R diagram of M41 at roughly 100 million years old.

Question: What age is M41 in Figure V.12 shown as on the H–R diagram?


Figure V.12 shows progressively lower-mass stars moving off the main sequence after star formation ceases in a cluster.

Question: What does Figure V.12 show happening to progressively lower-mass stars after star formation ceases in a cluster?


Figure V.13 shows progressively lower-mass stars moving off the main sequence after star formation ceases in a cluster.

Question: What does Figure V.13 show happening to progressively lower-mass stars after star formation ceases in a cluster?


older stellar populations in which many stars have left the main sequence

Question: What kind of stellar population is shown in Figure V.13?


only the very bottom of the main sequence remains

Question: What extreme feature of the main sequence is shown in Figure V.14?


In older star clusters, the main-sequence turn-off point occurs lower on the H–R diagram.

Question: In Figure V.13, where does the main-sequence turn-off point occur in older star clusters?


The lower main-sequence turn-off point corresponds to lower-mass stars beginning to move toward the red giant region.

Question: In Figure V.15, what does the lower main-sequence turn-off point correspond to?


Question: What does Figure W.11 depict around SN 1987A?


Question: What does Figure W.12 depict around SN 1987A?


Figure W.8 shows the expanding remnant left by a supernova explosion of the kind depicted in Figure W.7.

Question: What does Figure W.8 show?


Five Supernova Explosions in Other Galaxies

Question: What kind of event is depicted in Figure W.7?


Figure X.8 shows an ant’s path being warped by a massive object depressing a rubber sheet.

Question: What happens to the ant’s path in Figure X.8?


Figure X.10 shows light bending near the Sun in curved spacetime.

Question: What happens to light near the Sun in Figure X.10?


an object moving within a freely falling system appears to travel straight relative to that system

Question: In Figure X.4, how does an object moving within a freely falling system appear to that system?


an object moving within a freely falling system actually falls with it

Question: In Figure X.6, what actually happens to an object moving?


Figure X.18 shows the gravitational-wave signal from a black hole merger.

Question: What does Figure X.18 show?


Figure X.19 shows multiple black hole merger events observed with gravitational waves.

Question: What does Figure X.19 show?


Figure Y.10 maps the Orion-Cygnus Arm section of the Galaxy where the Sun is located.

Question: What section of the Galaxy does Figure Y.10 map?


Figure Y.11 shows other visible objects that share this same small section of the Galaxy with us.

Question: What does Figure Y.11 show about the small section of the Galaxy we share?


Figure Y.12 shows how that differential rotation develops irregular interstellar blobs into spiral arms.

Question: What does Figure Y.12 show developing irregular interstellar blobs into spiral arms?


Figure Y.13 shows the Milky Way’s differential galactic rotation through the galaxy’s rotation curve.

Question: What does Figure Y.13 show through the galaxy’s rotation curve?


Figure Z.7 focuses specifically on elliptical galaxies.

Question: What does Figure Z.7 focus specifically on?


Figure Z.6 shows spiral galaxies alongside elliptical galaxies.

Question: What galaxies are shown alongside elliptical galaxies in Figure Z.6?


Figure AA.7 shows a jet emerging from the nucleus.

Question: What is shown emerging from the nucleus in Figure AA.7?


Figure AA.8 shows hot gas swirling in a central disk around the same region.

Question: What is swirling in a central disk in Figure AA.8?


a thick accretion disk channels outward-flowing material into narrow beams perpendicular to the disk

Question: In Figure AA.12, what does the thick accretion disk channel outward-flowing material into?


jets emerging perpendicular to a central dust-and-gas ring

Question: In Figure AA.13, what is seen emerging perpendicular to the central dust-and-gas ring?


the early universe’s higher rate of galaxy collisions

Question: What higher-rate event is shown alongside quasar counts in Figure AA.14?


colliding galaxies’ black holes merge into a larger black hole

Question: What outcome is depicted in Figure AA.18?


Figure AB.7 shows the observable structures produced by colliding galaxies.

Question: What does Figure AB.7 show?


Figure AB.8 shows computer simulations used to model the same collision process through gravitational interactions of stars and gas.

Question: What does Figure AB.8 show?


Figure AB.17 shows a lens producing two images.

Question: What gravitational lensing effect is shown in Figure AB.17?


Figure AB.18 shows multiple-image, arc, or ring effects.

Question: What gravitational lensing effects are shown in Figure AB.18?


Figure AB.18 illustrates gravitational lensing.

Question: What phenomenon does Figure AB.18 illustrate?


Figure AB.19 provides a specific case of gravitational lensing.

Question: What phenomenon does Figure AB.19 provide a specific case of?


Question: What does Figure AB.21 show?


the final simulated growth pattern of filaments, superclusters, and voids

Question: What pattern is shown in Figure AB.29?


Figure AC.18 presents Planck extending WMAP CMB measurements to higher spatial resolution and lower noise.

Question: What does Figure AC.18 present about Planck relative to WMAP CMB measurements?


Figure AC.20 shows the WMAP and Planck CMB observations whose differences still confirm a flat, critical-density universe.

Question: What do the differences in the WMAP and Planck CMB observations in Figure AC.20 still confirm?


Figure AC.19 links the universe's matter-energy density to overall space curvature.

Question: What does Figure AC.19 link to the universe's matter-energy density?


Figure AC.20 shows the corresponding differences in the apparent angular sizes of CMB hot and cold spots under densities equal to, greater than, or less than critical.

Question: What does Figure AC.20 show changes in under densities equal to, greater than, or less than critical?


Figure AC.21 presents the current composition of the universe as about 5% familiar matter and 95% dark matter and dark energy.

Question: What fraction of the universe does Figure AC.21 show as familiar matter?


Figure AC.22 shows that estimates of the fraction made of familiar particles have steadily decreased over the past three decades.

Question: What trend does Figure AC.22 show for estimates of the fraction made of familiar particles?


Figure AC.25 shows the inflationary expansion of the universe.

Question: What process is shown in Figure AC.25?


Figure AC.26 uses the skin of a balloon being blown up.

Question: What is being blown up in Figure AC.26?


a planet moves faster when nearer the Sun and slower when farther away

Question: What changing orbital speed is described in Figure C.5?


Question: What principle is explained in Figure C.8?


the North Pole and areas within 23° of it have continuous sunlight

Question: In Figure D.8, what illumination condition is shown at the North Pole and areas within 23° of it?


the Arctic Circle has 24-hour night and the Antarctic Circle has the midnight Sun six months later

Question: In Figure D.9, what illumination conditions are shown at the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle?


the Moon's differential gravitational forces on Earth

Question: What does Figure D.16 show?


the resulting tidal bulge on the side of Earth opposite the Moon produced by those tide-raising forces acting on ocean water

Question: What does Figure D.17 show?


Figure D.17 shows the Moon producing a tidal bulge on Earth.

Question: What does Figure D.17 show the Moon producing on Earth?


Figure D.19 shows that when the Sun and Moon are lined up, their tide-producing effects reinforce each other to create greater-than-normal tides.

Question: When the Sun and Moon are lined up in Figure D.19, what happens to their tide-producing effects?


Figure E.11 shows an absorption spectrum as dark missing wavelengths superimposed on a continuous spectrum.

Question: What kind of spectrum is shown in Figure E.11?


Figure E.12 shows emission spectra as bright lines at discrete wavelengths for common elements.

Question: What kind of spectra are shown in Figure E.12?


Figure E.14 presents Rutherford’s conclusion that atoms have a positively charged nucleus with negative charge orbiting around it.

Question: What conclusion about atomic structure is presented in Figure E.14?


Figure E.15 shows this same nuclear model specifically for a hydrogen atom, where the proton and electron’s opposite charges bind the atom together.

Question: What specific case of the nuclear model is shown in Figure E.15?


Figure E.15 shows hydrogen as one proton bound to one electron.

Question: What particles are shown in Figure E.15?


Figure E.16 shows helium as a nucleus with two protons and two neutrons surrounded by two electrons.

Question: What particles are shown in Figure E.16?


Figure E.12 shows that different elements produce unique line patterns.

Question: What does Figure E.12 show about different elements and their line patterns?


Figure E.21 summarizes emission line spectra as one of the main spectrum types.

Question: How does Figure E.21 classify emission line spectra?


hydrogen atoms absorb specific photons and then quickly re-emit them as they de-excite

Question: What process involving hydrogen atoms is explained in Figure E.20?


absorption and emission line spectra in gas clouds

Question: What spectral result is shown in Figure E.21?


Figure F.24 presents the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field in visible-light observations.

Question: What type of observations does Figure F.24 present?


Figure F.25 presents James Webb Space Telescope infrared images that reveal dusty star-forming regions and very early galaxy assembly.

Question: What type of images does Figure F.25 present?


Figure G.13 shows the collisions of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 fragments with Jupiter.

Question: What event is shown in Figure G.13?


Figure G.14 shows the aftermath of those collisions as debris clouds in Jupiter’s atmosphere.

Question: What does Figure G.14 show in Jupiter’s atmosphere?


Figure G.4 shows craters as part of geological history.

Question: What does Figure G.4 show craters as part of?


Figure G.15 shows that counting impact craters is used to estimate surface age on solid planets and moons.

Question: What is counting impact craters used to estimate in Figure G.15?


the liquid metallic core whose moving material generates Earth’s magnetic field

Question: What in Figure H.3 generates Earth’s magnetic field?


Question: What does the magnetic field dominate over in Figure H.5?


Figure H.13 illustrating planetary weather

Question: What does Figure H.13 illustrate about atmospheric responses to solar energy?


Figure H.14 showing long-term climate change on Earth through periodic ice ages

Question: What does Figure H.14 show about atmospheric responses to solar energy?


Figure H.17 shows that higher atmospheric CO2 raises Earth’s surface equilibrium temperature.

Question: What does Figure H.17 show about higher atmospheric CO2?


Figure H.18 shows the predicted increase in Earth’s CO2 level to twice its preindustrial value.

Question: What change in Earth’s CO2 level is predicted in Figure H.18?


Figure H.4 shows the surface of Earth’s crust.

Question: What does Figure H.4 show?


Figure H.7 shows that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into about a dozen tectonic plates that fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.

Question: What does Figure H.7 show about Earth’s crust and upper mantle?


Figure I.9 shows the lunar maria, which consist mostly of basaltic lava.

Question: What does Figure I.9 show the lunar maria consist mostly of?


Figure I.10 shows that this Moon basalt is very similar in composition to Earth's oceanic crust and many terrestrial volcanic lavas.

Question: What is Moon basalt in Figure I.10 very similar in composition to?


the oldest, most eroded mountains on Earth

Question: What kind of mountains on Earth are shown in Figure I.8?


Question: What is the profile of the Moon’s lunar highlands in Figure I.7?


Figure A.4 shows neurons with axons and dendrites branching from the soma.

Question: What neuronal structure is shown in Figure A.4?


Figure A.5 shows other neuronal varieties including bipolar and unipolar neurons.

Question: What neuronal varieties are shown in Figure A.5?


Figure A.6 identifies the soma, the cell body from which dendrites extend.

Question: What does Figure A.6 identify as the cell body from which dendrites extend?


Figure A.7 shows dendrites with dendritic spines.

Question: What structures are shown in Figure A.7?


Figure A.18 presents the overall ventricular system.

Question: What overall system is presented in Figure A.18?


Figure A.24 specifies that the rhombencephalic cavity develops into the fourth ventricle.

Question: What does the rhombencephalic cavity develop into in Figure A.24?


Figure A.22 defining medial and lateral positional relationships

Question: What positional relationships are defined in Figure A.22?


Figure A.23 showing the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal planes used to section the brain

Question: What planes are shown in Figure A.23?


Figure A.25 shows the spinal cord regions and the lateral emergence of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question: What does Figure A.25 show about the spinal nerves?


Figure A.26 shows the dorsal and ventral horns and roots that contain sensory and motor neurons associated with those spinal nerves.

Question: What do the dorsal and ventral horns and roots contain in Figure A.26?


Figure A.28 situates the diencephalon within the adult brain’s embryonic-origin-based organization.

Question: What structure does Figure A.28 situate within the adult brain’s embryonic-origin-based organization?


Figure A.33 highlights the hypothalamus, a diencephalic structure, as important for homeostatic control of basic functions.

Question: What diencephalic structure is highlighted in Figure A.33 as important for homeostatic control of basic functions?


Question: What structure is identified to connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres in Figure A.29?


Question: Where does Figure A.31 show the cingulate gyrus relative to the corpus callosum?


Figure A.39 shows autonomic ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Question: What does Figure A.39 show in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?


Figure A.41 shows the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions as two of the three parts of the ANS with generally antagonistic functions.

Question: How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions described in Figure A.41?


Figure A.39 refers to autonomic ganglia within the autonomic nervous system.

Question: What does Figure A.39 refer to within the autonomic nervous system?


Figure A.42 refers to the enteric nervous system, which is identified as one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system.

Question: What part of the autonomic nervous system does Figure A.42 refer to?


Figure J.2 depicts the sarcomere's structural components, including Z-disks, actin/tropomyosin thin filaments, myosin, and troponin.

Question: What structural components of the sarcomere are shown in Figure J.2?


Figure J.3 shows how these components function during contraction as myosin heads move along actin/tropomyosin and pull the Z-disks closer together.

Question: What happens during contraction in Figure J.3?


LMN axon collaterals synapse onto the postsynaptic surface of a muscle fiber.

Question: What does Figure J.5 show synapsing onto the postsynaptic surface of a muscle fiber?


Figure J.2 shows the sarcomere arrangement of that same muscle fiber.

Question: What does Figure J.2 show of that same muscle fiber?


Figure J.16 identifies the dopaminergic neurons projecting from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the caudate and putamen.

Question: What does Figure J.16 identify projecting from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the caudate and putamen?


Figure J.17 shows the circuit through which dopamine stimulates striatal regions that promote movement.

Question: What does Figure J.17 show?


Figure J.2 shows the sarcomere arrangement of the same muscle fiber that undergoes contraction.

Question: What arrangement is shown in Figure J.2?


Figure J.5 describes calcium release that initiates contraction.

Question: What initiates contraction in Figure J.5?


Figure J.5 shows LMN synapses at neuromuscular junctions.

Question: What does Figure J.5 show about LMN synapses?


Figure J.10 shows gamma motor neuron firing that maintains muscle spindle sensitivity during surrounding fiber contraction.

Question: What does Figure J.10 show gamma motor neuron firing maintaining?


Figure J.8 places local LMNs in the ventral spinal cord for limb and trunk movements.

Question: Where does Figure J.8 place local LMNs for limb and trunk movements?


Figure J.9 places LMNs in brainstem nuclei that drive head, face, eye, and tongue movements via cranial nerves.

Question: Where does Figure J.9 place LMNs that drive head, face, eye, and tongue movements?


Figure J.13 illustrates this movement-planning function as her premotor cortex plans force and distance and her supplementary motor area sequences the flip.

Question: In Figure J.13, what does the premotor cortex plan?


Figure J.14 explains that direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways respectively promote or inhibit VA/VL firing to control planned versus unwanted movement.

Question: In Figure J.14, what do the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways do to VA/VL firing?


Figure J.14 presents the basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways.

Question: What pathways are presented in Figure J.14?


Figure J.15 examines the direct pathway in greater detail to explain how disinhibition controls circuit activity.

Question: What does Figure J.15 examine in greater detail?


Figure J.19 relates the VA/VL thalamus to deep brain stimulation sites used to override basal ganglia signaling and reduce Parkinsonian tremors.

Question: In Figure J.19, what is the VA/VL thalamus related to?


Figure J.14 identifies the VA/VL thalamus as a movement-area thalamic target of inhibitory basal ganglia motor-loop output.

Question: In Figure J.14, what is the VA/VL thalamus identified as?


sexual reproduction process that produces diploid offspring with combined parental alleles

Question: What process is shown in Figure K.3?


Question: What does Figure K.4 use to visualize the different allele combinations offspring can inherit?


Figure K.13 shows early male androgen production.

Question: What does Figure K.13 show about male androgen production?


Figure K.14 shows a larger sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area.

Question: What feature is shown in Figure K.14?


Figure K.13 refers to the developmental timing of gonadal hormone activity before puberty.

Question: What developmental timing of gonadal hormone activity is referred to in Figure K.13?


Figure K.16 shows puberty-associated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that stimulates ovarian and testicular hormone production.

Question: What activation shown in Figure K.16 stimulates ovarian and testicular hormone production?


epigenetic reduction of DNA methylation helps masculinize the preoptic area

Question: What process in Figure K.22 helps masculinize the preoptic area?


a larger sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN-POA) in males than in females

Question: What outcome does Figure K.14 show for the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN-POA) in males versus females?


VTA neurons project to the nucleus accumbens.

Question: In Figure K.24, where do VTA neurons project?


Increased VTA dopamine neuron activity and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens accompany higher cocaine place preference in females.

Question: In Figure K.25, what accompanies higher cocaine place preference in females?


Figure K.16 shows the GnRH-anterior pituitary system of the HPG axis.

Question: What system is shown in Figure K.16?


Figure K.26 shows the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract and posterior pituitary anatomy.

Question: What anatomy is shown in Figure K.26?


Figure L.12 shows that the anterior pituitary is the structure stimulated by hypothalamic CRH to secrete ACTH.

Question: In Figure L.12, which structure is stimulated by hypothalamic CRH to secrete ACTH?


Figure L.13 identifies the anterior pituitary as a distinct part of the pituitary gland.

Question: In Figure L.13, what distinct part of the pituitary gland is identified?


Figure L.7 shows an inverted-U pattern relating stress level to outcome.

Question: What pattern does Figure L.7 show relating stress level to outcome?


Figure L.18 shows that the neurogenic response to stress follows the same inverted-U pattern relating stress level to outcome.

Question: What pattern does Figure L.18 show for the neurogenic response to stress?


Figure M.8 shows fMRI findings of brain neural systems engaged by core basic emotions.

Question: What does Figure M.8 show about studying emotion?


Figure M.10 shows polygraph sensors measuring bodily physiological changes associated with emotional arousal.

Question: What does Figure M.10 show about studying emotion?


the orbitofrontal region just above the eye sockets

Question: What region is identified in Figure M.17?


the location of the gunshot wound within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question: What location is shown in Figure M.21?


Figure M.16 spatially locates the orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the prefrontal cortex.

Question: Which cortical area is spatially located on the prefrontal cortex in Figure M.16?


Figure M.22 shows that damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex exacerbates depression symptoms.

Question: Damage to which cortical area exacerbates depression symptoms in Figure M.22?


Question: What damage is localized in Figure M.21?


Question: What does Figure M.22 say such damage does to depression?


Figure N.5 describes blocking serotonin reuptake into the presynaptic terminal.

Question: What general drug action is described in Figure N.5?


Figure N.10 illustrates blocking serotonin reuptake into the presynaptic terminal.

Question: What specific drug action is illustrated in Figure N.10?


Figure N.5 identifies receptor interaction during synaptic transmission as a mechanism by which drugs affect neuronal function.

Question: What mechanism does Figure N.5 identify by which drugs affect neuronal function?


Figure N.11 shows ketamine antagonism of NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons that reduces GABA release onto glutamatergic neurons.

Question: What mechanism is shown in Figure N.11 through ketamine antagonism of NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons?


Figure N.6 introduces ligand-gated channels.

Question: What class of channels is introduced in Figure N.6?


Figure N.8 shows the GABAA receptor as a specific example of the ligand-gated channels.

Question: What specific example is shown in Figure N.8?


Figure N.7 shows the general dose-response relationship between drug dose and receptor response.

Question: What relationship is shown in Figure N.7 between drug dose and receptor response?


Figure N.8 gives benzodiazepines as an example of positive allosteric modulation of the GABAA receptor.

Question: What example of receptor modulation is shown in Figure N.8?


ketamine’s NMDA receptor antagonism increasing glutamate release and AMPA receptor signaling implicated in synaptic plasticity

Question: What mechanism is shown in Figure N.11?


rapid antidepressant symptom reduction within 24 hours

Question: What outcome is shown in Figure N.12?


Figure N.14 depicts the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway connections.

Question: What does Figure N.14 depict?


Figure N.16 shows how several common classes of psychoactive drugs act on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system within that pathway.

Question: What does Figure N.16 show acting on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system?


Figure N.16 shows cocaine acting on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system.

Question: What system is shown in Figure N.16?


Figure N.17 shows the mechanism by which cocaine inhibits reuptake transporters so dopamine remains longer in the synapse and continues binding postsynaptic receptors.

Question: What does cocaine inhibit in Figure N.17?


tolerance as the need for increasingly higher doses to achieve the original effect

Question: In Figure N.20, how is tolerance described?


reduced dopamine release and downregulation of dopamine receptors after chronic exposure

Question: In Figure N.21, what cellular changes are shown after chronic exposure?


Figure N.18 presents addiction as a repeating cycle that includes preoccupation/anticipation and relapse risk during abstinence.

Question: What relapse-related process is presented in Figure N.18?


Figure N.22 shows reinstatement paradigms in which drug-associated cues or contexts restore drug-seeking behavior, modeling that relapse-like process experimentally.

Question: What restores drug-seeking behavior in Figure N.22?


Figure O.4 shows the wheel-running activity record used to detect shifts in activity onset.

Question: What does Figure O.4 show being used to detect shifts in activity onset?


Figure O.5 plots those measured phase shifts as a phase response curve after light pulses given at different subjective times.

Question: What does Figure O.5 plot after light pulses given at different subjective times?


Question: What input to the SCN is shown in Figure O.9?


Question: What effect is shown in Figure O.10?


Figure O.13 shows polysomnography collecting EEG signals during sleep.

Question: What does Figure O.13 show collecting EEG signals during sleep?


Figure O.15 shows the stage-specific EEG patterns those recordings reveal, including sleep spindles in Stage 2 non-REM sleep and delta waves in Stage 3 non-REM sleep.

Question: What does Figure O.15 show that those recordings reveal?


Figure O.14 presents the overall 90-minute sleep-stage cycle.

Question: What does Figure O.14 present?


Figure O.15 compares EEG and physiological features of Stage 2 and Stage 3 non-REM sleep, including sleep spindles in Stage 2 and delta waves in Stage 3.

Question: What does Figure O.15 compare?


Figure O.7 shows ipRGC signaling to the SCN through the retinohypothalamic tract.

Question: What pathway does Figure O.7 show for ipRGC signaling to the SCN?


Figure O.10 shows that melatonin secretion is tied to the circadian clock and is rapidly suppressed by light.

Question: What does Figure O.10 show light rapidly suppresses?


Figure P.4 shows animals restoring set points by counteracting deviations as a negative feedback mechanism.

Question: What mechanism does Figure P.4 illustrate?


Figure P.5 shows the same negative feedback principle in a laptop cooling system.

Question: What mechanism does Figure P.5 illustrate?


Figure P.11 identifies thermoTRPs as temperature-gated TRP ion channels.

Question: How does Figure P.11 identify thermoTRPs?


Figure P.12 shows that these thermoTRP ion channels are expressed in skin sensory projections from dorsal root and trigeminal ganglion neurons that measure body-surface temperature.

Question: Where are these thermoTRP ion channels expressed in Figure P.12?


stretch-evoked neural activity in vagal sensory fibers surrounding the stomach increases as the stomach becomes more stretched and full.

Question: What increases in Figure P.16 as the stomach becomes more stretched and full?


the stomach or intestines are experimentally inflated to study stretch-evoked neural activity.

Question: What is experimentally inflated in Figure P.18 to study stretch-evoked neural activity?


Figure P.20 identifies AgRP neurons, which are activated by orexigenic hormones and inhibited by anorexigenic hormones.

Question: In Figure P.20, how do AgRP neurons respond to orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones?


Figure P.21 identifies POMC neurons, which are activated by anorexigenic hormones and inhibited by orexigenic hormones.

Question: In Figure P.21, how do POMC neurons respond to anorexigenic and orexigenic hormones?


AgRP and POMC neurons respond oppositely to orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones.

Question: In Figure P.21, how do AgRP and POMC neurons respond to orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones?


These same neurons act on downstream neuronal populations to control hunger and satiety.

Question: In Figure P.22, what do these same neurons act on to control hunger and satiety?


Figure P.22 shows AgRP and POMC neuron pathways that control hunger and satiety.

Question: What neuron pathways are shown in Figure P.22 to control hunger and satiety?


Figure P.23 shows brainstem neurons that directly regulate satiety and the unpleasant fullness after a meal.

Question: What do the brainstem neurons in Figure P.23 directly regulate?


Figure P.25 explains osmosis as water movement across a membrane driven by solute concentration differences.

Question: What moves across a membrane in Figure P.25?


Figure P.26 identifies the subfornical organ (SFO) as the brain structure that senses blood osmolarity to support osmotic homeostasis.

Question: What does the subfornical organ sense in Figure P.26?


Figure Q.3 identifies the cellular components of the innate immune system.

Question: What does Figure Q.3 identify?


Figure Q.5 shows how these same innate immune cells function after detecting PAMPs in a penetrating skin wound with bacterial pathogens.

Question: What does Figure Q.5 show these same innate immune cells doing after detecting PAMPs in a penetrating skin wound with bacterial pathogens?


Figure Q.4 shows the pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Question: What does Figure Q.4 show on innate immune cells?


Figure Q.5 shows how those innate immune cell components function after detecting these PAMPs in a penetrating skin wound with bacterial pathogens.

Question: What does Figure Q.5 show happening after detecting these PAMPs?


Figure Q.8 presents cell-mediated immunity generally.

Question: What aspect of T-cell-mediated killing of infected cells is presented in Figure Q.8?


Figure Q.9 details how MHC I and MHC II antigen presentation activates T cells to recognize and destroy infected cells.

Question: What detail about T-cell activation and infected-cell killing is shown in Figure Q.9?


the cytokines amplified in the SARS-CoV2-induced lung cytokine storm

Question: What amplified process is shown in Figure Q.10?


Question: What response is overviewed in Figure Q.17?


infected animals seek warmth and die if prevented from doing so

Question: In Figure Q.13, what do infected animals seek?


LPS-injected mothers alter nest-building and pup-gathering behavior in response to cold

Question: In Figure Q.14, what behavior do LPS-injected mothers alter in response to cold?


Chocolate milk paired with cyclophosphamide later suppresses antibody production.

Question: In Figure Q.15, what happens to antibody production after chocolate milk is paired with cyclophosphamide?


Chocolate milk paired with a novel antigen later stimulates antibody production.

Question: In Figure Q.16, what happens to antibody production after chocolate milk is paired with a novel antigen?


Figure Q.17 shows the HPA axis stress-response pathway that leads to glucocorticoid release.

Question: What pathway is shown in Figure Q.17 that leads to glucocorticoid release?


Figure Q.18 shows the resulting activation and mobilization of white blood cells into the bloodstream and body tissues.

Question: What resulting process is shown in Figure Q.18 involving white blood cells?


Figure Q.19 shows that the autonomic nervous system organizes interactions between the CNS and endocrine and immune organs.

Question: What does Figure Q.19 show the autonomic nervous system organizes?


Figure Q.20 illustrates this function through sympathetic signaling during infection, in which cytokines bind sympathetic fibers and signal the brain to mobilize peripheral immune responses.

Question: What function is illustrated in Figure Q.20 during infection?


Figure Q.20 shows sympathetic activation of leukocytes via norepinephrine and cortisol to mobilize immune cells during infection.

Question: What does Figure Q.20 show leukocytes being activated by to mobilize immune cells during infection?


Figure Q.22 shows the subsequent vagus-nerve-driven anti-inflammatory response that restores homeostasis.

Question: What response is shown in Figure Q.22 that restores homeostasis?


microglial processes rapidly moving to a laser-induced cortical injury

Question: What are the microglial processes doing in Figure Q.26?


detecting and responding to neural activity, removing debris and dead or dying cells, and eliminating unwanted synapses

Question: What functions are associated with microglial process activities in Figure Q.27?


Figure Q.27 shows microglia chomping down on unneeded synapses.

Question: What does Figure Q.27 show microglia doing to unneeded synapses?


Figure Q.28 diagrams the general principle that microglia engulf relatively weak synapses during developmental synaptic refinement.

Question: What general principle is diagrammed in Figure Q.28 during developmental synaptic refinement?


Figure Q.28 shows the general principle of eliminating weak synapses during development.

Question: What aspect of microglia-mediated synaptic pruning is shown in Figure Q.28?


Figure Q.29 shows the specific pruning of dopamine D1rs in adolescence that is required for normal social behavior.

Question: What specific pruning process is shown in Figure Q.29?


Figure R.2 categorizes memory by duration.

Question: What does Figure R.2 categorize memory by?


Figure R.3 shows the sequential flow of memories from sensory memory through working memory into long-term memory via consolidation.

Question: What sequence of memory flow is shown in Figure R.3?


Figure R.5 diagrams the brain regions underlying different memory systems.

Question: What does Figure R.5 diagram?


Figure R.6 shows the functional memory categories those regions support and how the categories relate to each other.

Question: What does Figure R.6 show?


Figure R.9 shows the Morris water maze as a spatial navigation test used to assess memory.

Question: What does Figure R.9 show being used to assess memory?


Figure R.10 depicts the Barnes maze as a spatial navigation test used to assess memory.

Question: What does Figure R.10 depict being used to assess memory?


Figure R.11 introduces sensitization as one of the two main types of nonassociative learning.

Question: What does Figure R.11 introduce sensitization as?


Figure R.13 explains the underlying mechanism by which sensitization occurs in Aplysia.

Question: What does Figure R.13 explain about sensitization?


Figure R.14 presents classical conditioning as the general learning process.

Question: What does Figure R.14 present about classical conditioning?


Figure R.15 compares two fear conditioning paradigms that apply this process by pairing a foot shock unconditioned stimulus with different neutral stimuli.

Question: What does Figure R.15 compare in fear conditioning paradigms?


Figure R.20 depicts the hippocampal trisynaptic loop.

Question: What loop is depicted in Figure R.20?


Figure R.21 shows Bliss and Lomo recording LTP in the dentate gyrus.

Question: What component is LTP recorded in in Figure R.21?


Figure R.21 shows tetanus-induced LTP as a sustained 300% increase in pEPSP amplitude.

Question: What does Figure R.21 show about tetanus-induced LTP?


Figure R.22 diagrams both LTP and LTD together with some of their molecular mediators.

Question: What does Figure R.22 diagram about long-term synaptic plasticity?


Figure S.3 refers to the modified Posner cueing paradigm used to monitor brain activity during attentional selection.

Question: What paradigm is Figure S.3 referring to for monitoring brain activity during attentional selection?


Figure S.6 identifies the dorsal and ventral attentional networks that support voluntary and bottom-up shifts of attention.

Question: What networks does Figure S.6 identify as supporting voluntary and bottom-up shifts of attention?


Figure S.3 shows Posner’s target-detection task.

Question: What task is shown in Figure S.3?


Figure S.12 shows Moore and colleagues’ experiment measuring how FEF stimulation affects performance in an attention task.

Question: What experiment is shown in Figure S.12?


Figure S.4 shows that singleton-feature search is easier and conjunction search is harder.

Question: In Figure S.4, which search type is easier and which is harder?


Figure S.11 applies this same distinction to low-load versus high-load visual tasks in the fMRI experiment.

Question: In Figure S.11, which visual task load is lower and which is higher?


Figure S.5 refers to subcortical brainstem structures encountered earlier in the ascent.

Question: What structures does Figure S.5 refer to in the ascent?


Figure S.6 refers to cortical attentional networks encountered as the ascent continues into the cerebral cortex.

Question: What networks does Figure S.6 refer to as the ascent continues?


Figure S.17 presents executive-function tasks such as the Tower of London and Stroop task.

Question: What executive-function tasks are presented in Figure S.17?


Figure S.18 shows the prefrontal cortex regions whose activity is linked to those tasks, including dlPFC engagement during planning and sequencing and broader prefrontal activity during inhibitory processing.

Question: What prefrontal cortex activity linked to those tasks is shown in Figure S.18?


Figure S.18 identifies regions of the prefrontal cortex involved in executive function.

Question: What does Figure S.18 identify in relation to executive function?


Figure S.20 shows the mesocortical dopamine pathway projecting from the midbrain to the PFC that also supports those executive functions.

Question: What pathway does Figure S.20 show projecting to the PFC to support executive functions?


chemical messages at synapses generate EPSPs or IPSPs in the post-synaptic neuron

Question: In Figure B.4 Step 3, what do chemical messages at synapses generate in the post-synaptic neuron?


these EPSPs and IPSPs push the neuron above or below threshold for firing an action potential

Question: In Figure B.6 Step 1, what do EPSPs and IPSPs do to the neuron relative to threshold for firing an action potential?


whether the neuron is pushed above or below threshold to fire an action potential

Question: In Figure B.6 Step 1, what is determined about the neuron relative to threshold?


temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs combine

Question: What combines in Figure B.24?


sensory input must be strong enough to drive the interneuron to threshold for withdrawal

Question: In Figure B.8, what must sensory input be strong enough to drive the interneuron to reach?


temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs determine whether threshold is reached

Question: In Figure B.24, what determines whether threshold is reached?


Figure B.12 uses voltage-sensitive dyes to show signals across the entire neuron and how they spread.

Question: What does Figure B.12 use to show a neuron's membrane potential?


Figure B.15 uses a voltmeter that records potential only at the recording electrode's exact location.

Question: What does Figure B.15 record about membrane potential?


Figure B.22 identifies ligand-gated ion channels as the structures that produce EPSPs and IPSPs.

Question: What structures does Figure B.22 identify as producing EPSPs and IPSPs?


Figure B.23 shows that channel ion selectivity determines whether those channels generate IPSPs for Cl− or EPSPs for Na+ or Ca2+.

Question: What determines in Figure B.23 whether channels generate IPSPs for Cl− or EPSPs for Na+ or Ca2+?


Figure B.25 shows that this propagating action potential triggers transmitter release at each presynaptic membrane it passes.

Question: What does Figure B.25 show the propagating action potential triggers at each presynaptic membrane it passes?


Figure B.26 explains how inactivating voltage-gated Na+ channels generate and propagate the action potential.

Question: What does Figure B.26 explain generates and propagates the action potential?


opening and inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels generate the rising phase and propagation of the action potential

Question: What mechanism does Figure B.26 explain for generating the rising phase and propagation of the action potential?


Question: What mechanism does Figure B.27 recap as the neuron progresses from rest to the rising phase and then channel clogging?


Tetrodotoxin clogs the inactivating voltage-gated Na+ channels.

Question: What does Figure B.31 show tetrodotoxin doing to the inactivating voltage-gated Na+ channels?


These same channels generate the rising phase and propagation of the action potential.

Question: What do the inactivating voltage-gated Na+ channels generate in Figure B.26?


Figure C.3 shows neurotransmitters binding to a receptor in the synapse.

Question: What binds to a receptor in the synapse in Figure C.3?


Figure C.5 classifies those receptors into the two types ionotropic and metabotropic.

Question: Into what two types are receptors classified in Figure C.5?


Figure C.21 shows the synthesis of endocannabinoid neurotransmitters from neural membrane phospholipids.

Question: What does Figure C.21 show about endocannabinoid neurotransmitters?


Figure C.23 shows that these neurotransmitters bind selectively to different endocannabinoid receptors, with anandamide preferring CB1 and 2-AG preferring CB2.

Question: What does Figure C.23 show about endocannabinoid neurotransmitters and receptors?


Figure C.24 shows acetylcholine binding to protein receptors on a nearby neuron.

Question: What binds to protein receptors on a nearby neuron in Figure C.24?


Figure C.25 specifies that these receptors can be the muscarine or nicotine types.

Question: What receptor types are specified in Figure C.25?


larger brains are preferentially composed of the cerebral cortex

Question: In Figure D.6, what is preferentially composed in larger brains?


the relative proportions of cortical areas differ across species due to allometry and species-specific behavioral adaptations

Question: In Figure D.7, what differs across species due to allometry and species-specific behavioral adaptations?


Figure D.8 shows tract-tracing–based 3D reconstruction of anatomical pathways in a mouse.

Question: What brain connectivity mapping method is shown in Figure D.8?


Figure D.9 overviews neuroimaging techniques, including resting-state fMRI and diffusion MRI, used to map pathways in the live human brain.

Question: What neuroimaging techniques are included in Figure D.9 for mapping pathways in the live human brain?


Figure D.14 shows the basic process for bulk RNA sequencing from whole tissues or organs.

Question: What RNA sequencing process is shown in Figure D.14?


Figure D.15 shows a common method for single-cell RNA sequencing that captures transcriptional profiles from individual cells within a tissue.

Question: What RNA sequencing method is shown in Figure D.15?


Figure E.8 shows the neural tube developing into region-specific structures including the forebrain.

Question: What does Figure E.8 show the neural tube developing into?


Figure E.9 shows that abnormal separation of the forebrain results in variable holoprosencephaly severity among individuals.

Question: What results from abnormal separation of the forebrain in Figure E.9?


Neurons are migrating along RGC glial projections toward the pial surface.

Question: In step 3 of Figure E.10, where are neurons migrating?


Earlier-born neurons occupy inner layers while later-born neurons settle in progressively more superficial layers.

Question: In step 3 of Figure E.14, which neurons occupy inner layers and which settle in progressively more superficial layers?


Figure E.16 shows the mature synapse with structural components such as neurotransmitter vesicles, calcium channels, a synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic density.

Question: What kind of synapse is shown in Figure E.16?


Figure E.20 shows the immature characteristics of a synapse when the presynaptic cell first meets the postsynaptic target.

Question: What kind of synapse characteristics are shown in Figure E.20?


Figure E.24 shows elimination of excess motor neuron branches at the NMJ so each muscle fiber is singly innervated.

Question: What does Figure E.24 show about motor neuron branches at the NMJ?


Figure E.25 represents that synapse survival in the CNS depends on competition.

Question: What principle does Figure E.25 represent about synapse survival in the CNS?


Figure E.25 illustrates synaptic pruning as correlated inputs are strengthened and uncorrelated synapses are eliminated during development.

Question: What developmental process is illustrated in Figure E.25?


Figure E.26 shows that synapse numbers peak in childhood and pruning continues through adolescence.

Question: What timing of synapse numbers is shown in Figure E.26?


Figure E.29 identifies critical periods in prenatal development when embryos are especially vulnerable to environmental stimuli.

Question: What does Figure E.29 identify in prenatal development?


Figure E.30 illustrates Stockard's fish embryo after teratogen exposure during such a critical embryonic period, showing the resulting malformation.

Question: What does Figure E.30 show after teratogen exposure during a critical embryonic period?


Figure E.29 defines the critical periods in prenatal development during which alcohol exposure can cause abnormal nervous system development.

Question: What does Figure E.29 define about prenatal development and alcohol exposure?


Figure E.31 illustrates fetal alcohol syndrome with lifelong impairments.

Question: What does Figure E.31 illustrate?


Figure F.3 identifies the cornea, crystalline lens, and retina.

Question: Which structures are identified in Figure F.3?


Figure F.4 shows these structures bend diverging light rays to produce an inverted, left-right reversed image on the retina.

Question: What do the structures in Figure F.4 do to diverging light rays?


Figure F.11 shows the peak absorbance ranges of the major human visual pigments.

Question: What does Figure F.11 show about the major human visual pigments?


Figure F.12 explains that photons caught across those wavelengths initiate phototransduction in the same way and therefore a single pigment cannot distinguish wavelength from photon number.

Question: What does Figure F.12 explain about photons caught across those wavelengths?


Figure F.19 traces the visual pathway through the lateral geniculate nucleus toward the primary visual cortex.

Question: What pathway does Figure F.19 trace toward the primary visual cortex?


Figure F.20 shows the lateral geniculate nucleus itself as the thalamic structure on that pathway.

Question: What structure does Figure F.20 show on that pathway?


Figure F.23 shows multiple LGN neurons converging to excite a single V1 simple cell.

Question: What does Figure F.23 show converging to excite a single V1 simple cell?


Figure F.24 shows groups of simple cells with overlapping receptive fields exciting complex cells.

Question: What do groups of simple cells with overlapping receptive fields excite in Figure F.24?


Figure F.27 shows binocular and ocular dominance characteristics of V1 neurons.

Question: What response properties of V1 neurons are shown in Figure F.27?


Figure F.29 shows the cortical columnar organization of orientation preference and ocular dominance.

Question: What response properties of V1 neurons are shown in Figure F.29?


Figure F.29 maps the spatial organization of orientation pinwheels, cytochrome oxidase blobs, and ocular dominance columns.

Question: What does Figure F.29 map?


Figure F.30 shows that cortical layers have functional differences within cortical architecture.

Question: What does Figure F.30 show within cortical architecture?


Figure F.30 describes the layer-specific organization of V1 neurons and LGN inputs.

Question: What does Figure F.30 describe about V1 neurons and LGN inputs?


Figure F.31 focuses on color-selective responses among those V1 neurons in cortex.

Question: What does Figure F.31 focus on among V1 neurons in cortex?


Figure G.3 shows efficient acoustic energy transfer across the tympanic membrane when air is on both sides.

Question: What does Figure G.3 show about acoustic energy transfer across the tympanic membrane?


Figure G.8 shows how different frequencies are spatially separated along the basilar membrane.

Question: What does Figure G.8 show about different frequencies along the basilar membrane?


Figure G.14 concerns azimuthal sound location relative to the head and its effects on interaural timing and level.

Question: What does Figure G.14 concern relative to the head?


Figure G.15 shows the superior olivary complex mechanisms that compare those timing and level differences to determine azimuth.

Question: What mechanisms does Figure G.15 show for determining azimuth?


Figure G.15 identifies the medial superior olive as the brain structure that compares timing between the two ears.

Question: In Figure G.15, what brain structure compares timing between the two ears?


Figure G.16 shows that in birds the medial superior olive appears to implement a coincidence detector for calculating timing differences.

Question: In Figure G.16, what does the medial superior olive implement in birds for calculating timing differences?


Figure G.19 shows English-speaking listeners categorizing shifted consonant-vowel onsets as “ba,” “da,” or “ga.”

Question: What are the shifted consonant-vowel onsets categorized as in Figure G.19?


Figure G.20 shows that by 9–12 months infants become tuned to the phonetic contrasts of their native language and less sensitive to nonnative contrasts.

Question: What change in phonetic contrast sensitivity is shown in Figure G.20 by 9–12 months?


Figure G.20 shows experience-dependent tuning of infants' phoneme discrimination to their native language.

Question: What does Figure G.20 show about infants' phoneme discrimination?


Figure G.22 shows frequency-based organization in the rat auditory cortex that resembles how a child's brain commits to a phonetic map.

Question: What does Figure G.22 show in the rat auditory cortex?


Figure G.26 shows the central vestibular pathways from the vestibular nuclei to ocular motor nuclei.

Question: What does Figure G.26 show?


Figure G.27 illustrates the functional outcome of these pathways in the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex that maintains gaze during head rotation.

Question: What functional outcome does Figure G.27 illustrate?


Figure H.2 shows where taste buds are concentrated on the tongue.

Question: What does Figure H.2 show about the tongue?


Figure H.3 shows the rough anterior tongue surface with scattered smooth bumps.

Question: What does Figure H.3 show about the tongue surface?


intragemmal nerve fibers detect neurotransmitters from taste receptor cells

Question: In Figure H.4, what do intragemmal nerve fibers detect from taste receptor cells?


taste information passes through the nucleus tractus solitarius and the posteroventral nucleus of the thalamus before reaching gustatory cortex

Question: In Figure H.9, through which structures does taste information pass before reaching gustatory cortex?


Figure I.3 shows the protein structure of piezo channels.

Question: What does Figure I.3 show?


Figure I.4 shows how these same channels open in response to mechanical force.

Question: What does Figure I.4 show about piezo channels?


Figure I.6 shows free nerve endings that transmit pain signals related to tissue damage.

Question: What does Figure I.6 show that transmits pain signals related to tissue damage?


Figure I.9 shows the pathways taken by the specialized sensory fibers from receptors into the spinal cord.

Question: What does Figure I.9 show about the specialized sensory fibers?


Figure I.7 summarizes the temperature sensitivities of several TRP channel types.

Question: What does Figure I.7 summarize?


Figure I.8 shows a specific warm-sensing TRP channel opening in response to heat and initiating sensory signaling.

Question: What does Figure I.8 show?


Figure I.20 summarizes opiate-induced changes in nociceptor neurons and the spinal cord.

Question: What changes does Figure I.20 summarize?


Figure I.21 shows that opiates acting at supraspinal sites such as the thalamus, amygdala, and sensory cortex produce antinociception by increasing descending inhibitory effects on the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Question: How do opiates produce antinociception in Figure I.21?


Figure J.6 places prometaphase as one stage of mitosis.

Question: What stage of mitosis does Figure J.6 place?


Figure J.7 shows that during this prometaphase stage spindle microtubules attach to sister chromatids at the kinetochore before later pulling chromosomes toward opposite poles in anaphase.

Question: What do spindle microtubules attach to during prometaphase in Figure J.7?


cytokinesis begins during late anaphase of mitosis

Question: During what stage of mitosis does cytokinesis begin in Figure J.6?


cytokinesis occurs at the former metaphase plate in animal and plant cells

Question: Where does cytokinesis occur in Figure J.8?


Question: What process is shown in Figure J.5?


three checkpoints that assess DNA integrity, chromosome duplication, and kinetochore attachment

Question: What regulates progression in Figure J.10?


Figure K.2 shows crossing over as visible chiasmata.

Question: What does Figure K.2 show as visible chiasmata?


Figure K.3 shows the later prophase I stage when, after synaptonemal complex breakdown and loss of cohesin between homologs, the homologous pairs remain joined only at those chiasmata.

Question: In Figure K.3, after synaptonemal complex breakdown and loss of cohesin between homologs, what remains joining the homologous pairs?


Figure K.5 emphasizes that meiosis I differs from mitosis whereas meiosis II is analogous to mitotic division.

Question: In Figure K.5, what is emphasized about meiosis I and meiosis II relative to mitosis?


Figure K.7 emphasizes that both are preceded by one cycle of DNA replication but meiosis includes two nuclear divisions.

Question: In Figure K.7, what is emphasized about DNA replication and nuclear divisions in meiosis and mitosis?


Figure K.8 shows animals as diploid-dominant with haploid cells limited to gametes.

Question: What life-cycle strategy is shown in Figure K.8?


Figure K.9 shows fungi and algae as haploid-dominant with multicellular haploid structures arising from spores.

Question: What life-cycle strategy is shown in Figure K.9?


spores forming multicellular haploid structures in haploid-dominant fungi and algae

Question: In Figure K.9, what do spores form?


spores developing into gametophytes in alternation of generations

Question: In Figure K.10, what do spores develop into?


Figure L.4 shows the four possible allele combinations from a self-cross of Yy heterozygotes.

Question: What does Figure L.4 show in the Punnett square?


Figure L.5 shows test-cross outcomes that distinguish whether a dominant-expressing organism is homozygous or heterozygous.

Question: What does Figure L.5 show in the Punnett square?


Figure N.3 shows bacterial transformation indicating that a transferable substance carries hereditary traits.

Question: What does Figure N.3 indicate carries hereditary traits?


Figure N.4 shows that phage DNA enters cells and demonstrates that DNA is the genetic material.

Question: What does Figure N.4 demonstrate is the genetic material?


Figure N.17 shows proofreading by DNA polymerase during replication.

Question: What DNA replication error correction stage is shown in Figure N.17?


Figure N.18 shows mismatch repair after replication is completed.

Question: What DNA replication error correction stage is shown in Figure N.18?


Question: In Figure N.18, what type of bases are removed during mismatch repair?


Question: In Figure N.19, what type of bases are removed during nucleotide excision repair?


an RNA copy synthesized 5'-3' from the DNA template strand

Question: In Figure O.7, what is messenger RNA described as?


recognizes the promoter and initiates transcription

Question: In Figure O.8, what does the σ subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase do?


Figure O.11 shows that introns must be spliced out of eukaryotic mRNA.

Question: What must be spliced out of eukaryotic mRNA in Figure O.11?


Figure O.13 explains that splicing is the precise removal of introns from the primary RNA transcript by spliceosomes containing proteins and snRNAs.

Question: What removes introns from the primary RNA transcript in Figure O.13?


Figure O.14 depicts translation by showing tRNAs recognizing mRNA codons with their anticodons and delivering amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, with a specific phenylalanine-tRNA example.

Question: What does Figure O.14 show tRNAs doing during translation?


Figure O.16 depicts translation by showing tRNAs recognizing mRNA codons with their anticodons and delivering amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, describing the overall ribosomal process.

Question: What does Figure O.16 describe during translation?


Figure O.9 emphasizes concurrent translation of bacterial transcripts by numerous ribosomes.

Question: What aspect of translation is emphasized in Figure O.9?


Figure O.16 details the stepwise mechanism of translation initiation and elongation on an mRNA.

Question: What aspect of translation is detailed in Figure O.16?


Figure O.7 explains how RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA complementary to the template strand in the 5'-3' direction.

Question: In Figure O.7, how does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA relative to the template strand?


Figure O.9 shows the same transcription process occurring simultaneously by multiple polymerases on a bacterial gene while the resulting mRNAs are translated.

Question: In Figure O.9, how is transcription occurring on the bacterial gene?


Figure O.8 states that transcription and translation can occur at the same time.

Question: What does Figure O.8 state about transcription and translation?


Figure O.9 shows multiple polymerases transcribing one gene while numerous ribosomes simultaneously translate the mRNA.

Question: What simultaneous processes are shown in Figure O.9?


Figure P.8 shows that chromatin modifications open the promoter region for RNA polymerase and transcription factors.

Question: What does Figure P.8 show opening the promoter region for RNA polymerase and transcription factors?


Figure P.9 shows how activators at enhancer sites interact with mediator proteins and transcription factors at the promoter to promote transcription.

Question: What does Figure P.9 show activators at enhancer sites interacting with to promote transcription?


Question: What method is described in Figure Q.5?


Question: What is amplified in Figure Q.15 to detect prostate-cancer-associated PCA3 expression?


Figure Q.7 shows molecular cloning generating recombinant DNA vectors.

Question: What does Figure Q.7 generate?


Figure Q.9 shows those vectors being used in gene therapy to deliver a good gene into diseased cells.

Question: What are the vectors used for in Figure Q.9?


Figure R.11 shows species branching over evolutionary time.

Question: What does Figure R.11 show about speciation?


Figure R.12 shows divergence in the geographically separated northern and Mexican spotted owl subspecies along the west coast of the United States.

Question: What does Figure R.12 show about speciation?


Figure S.4 depicts chance-driven genetic drift more generally.

Question: What process is depicted in Figure S.4?


Figure S.5 specifically shows the bottleneck effect as a catastrophic event that reduces genetic variability by wiping out a large portion of the genome.

Question: What specific effect is shown in Figure S.5?


Figure B.19 presents the pH scale that contextualizes blood pH regulation.

Question: What does Figure B.19 present?


Figure B.20 shows the carbonic acid-bicarbonate-carbon dioxide buffer mechanism that maintains that pH by converting excess carbonic acid to exhaled carbon dioxide.

Question: What mechanism does Figure B.20 show for maintaining blood pH?


Figure B.24b shows cis and trans geometric isomerism in butene.

Question: What does Figure B.24b show cis and trans geometric isomerism in?


Figure B.25 shows the same bond arrangement in fatty acids of triglycerides.

Question: What does Figure B.25 show the same bond arrangement in?


Figure T.4 shows a specific evolutionary trait pattern in which lizards and rabbits share amniotic eggs but frogs do not.

Question: What specific evolutionary trait pattern is shown in Figure T.4?


Figure T.2 illustrates broad evolutionary relationships among different organisms in a tree of life.

Question: What does Figure T.2 illustrate about evolutionary relationships?


Figure T.5 presents the overall model of increasingly specific categories.

Question: What does Figure T.5 present in the hierarchical taxonomic classification system?


Figure T.6 shows how those levels progress toward specificity for other organisms.

Question: What does Figure T.6 show about the levels in the hierarchical taxonomic classification system?


Figure U.3 shows helical, polyhedral, and complex capsid forms.

Question: What virion shape categories are shown in Figure U.3?


Figure U.5 distinguishes complex viruses from relatively simple shapes.

Question: What virus shape distinction is shown in Figure U.5?


Nucleoprotein, Capsid, Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin

Question: What are the parts of the influenza virus shown in Figure U.5?


Figure U.8 shows glycoproteins attaching to a host epithelial cell during infection.

Question: In Figure U.8, what are the glycoproteins attaching to during infection?


Figure U.15 shows Tamiflu inhibiting influenza neuraminidase.

Question: What does Figure U.15 show Tamiflu inhibiting?


Figure U.16 shows anti-HIV drugs inhibiting multiple phases of the HIV replicative cycle.

Question: What does Figure U.16 show anti-HIV drugs inhibiting?


Figure V.2 shows the microbial mat of prokaryotes whose activity precipitates minerals from water to form the stromatolite shown in Figure V.3.

Question: What activity is shown in Figure V.2?


Figure V.2 shows the microbial mat of prokaryotes whose activity precipitates minerals from water to form the stromatolite shown in Figure V.3.

Question: What structure is shown in Figure V.3?


Figure V.18 shows prokaryotes driving the carbon cycle.

Question: Which essential macronutrient cycle is driven by prokaryotes in Figure V.18?


Figure V.19 shows prokaryotes driving the nitrogen cycle.

Question: Which essential macronutrient cycle is driven by prokaryotes in Figure V.19?


Figure W.3 identifies chloroplasts as photosynthetic plastids.

Question: In Figure W.3, what are chloroplasts identified as?


Figure W.5 explains that chloroplasts originated when an early eukaryote established an endosymbiotic relationship with a photosynthetic prokaryote.

Question: In Figure W.5, how did chloroplasts originate?


Figure W.4 shows that red and green algae share DNA similarities with photosynthetic cyanobacteria.

Question: What does Figure W.4 show about red and green algae and photosynthetic cyanobacteria?


Figure W.5 explains that engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved into chloroplasts in eukaryotes.

Question: What does Figure W.5 explain engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved into?


Figure W.24 shows the Paramecium cell structure including the oral groove and nuclei.

Question: What does Figure W.24 show in the Paramecium cell structure?


Figure W.25 shows the sexual reproduction process of conjugation carried out by Paramecium.

Question: What process does Figure W.25 show in Paramecium?


Figure W.5 presents the endosymbiotic theory of one cell engulfing another.

Question: What process is presented in Figure W.5?


Figure W.6 shows the later secondary endosymbiosis process in which a eukaryote engulfed an ancestral cell already containing a photosynthetic endosymbiont, leading to chlorarachniophytes.

Question: What later process is shown in Figure W.6?


apicomplexan protists with complex life cycles involving multiple hosts

Question: What kind of life cycles are referred to in Figure W.23?


Trypanosoma brucei cycling between a mammalian host and the tsetse fly for transmission

Question: What transmission cycle is depicted in Figure W.31?


Question: What concept is shown in Figure Y.2?


the same cycle in a fern with a dominant sporophyte stage

Question: What specific example is illustrated in Figure Y.24?


Figure Y.11 shows the life cycle of a typical lobate liverwort.

Question: What reproductive cycle is shown in Figure Y.11?


Figure Y.14 shows the life cycle of mosses.

Question: What reproductive cycle is shown in Figure Y.14?


Figure Y.13 depicts the reproductive life cycle of hornworts, showing alternation of generations.

Question: What reproductive life cycle is depicted in Figure Y.13?


Figure Y.14 depicts the reproductive life cycle of mosses, showing alternation of generations.

Question: What reproductive life cycle is depicted in Figure Y.14?


Figure Z.14 identifies the flower structures involved in reproduction, including the androecium and gynoecium.

Question: Which flower structures involved in reproduction are identified in Figure Z.14?


Figure Z.15 shows how these same structures function in the angiosperm life cycle through meiosis in the anther’s microsporangia and development of the ovule within the ovary.

Question: What functions of these structures are shown in Figure Z.15?


Figure AA.9 distinguishes animals by having two or three embryonic germ layers.

Question: In Figure AA.9, how are animals distinguished by embryonic germ layers?


Figure AA.10 further subdivides the three-layered triploblasts by whether they develop a coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom.

Question: In Figure AA.10, how are three-layered triploblasts further subdivided?


Figure AA.17 shows trilobites as one of the groups that disappeared completely during the mass extinction events.

Question: What group does Figure AA.17 show as having disappeared completely during the mass extinction events?


Figure AA.19 represents the mass extinction events.

Question: What events are represented in Figure AA.19?


Figure AA.3 shows cleavage of the zygote at the start of animal development.

Question: What developmental event is shown in Figure AA.3?


Figure AA.4 shows a later developmental outcome in species that undergo complete metamorphosis, where the embryo develops into feeding larval stages.

Question: What later developmental outcome is shown in Figure AA.4?


Figure AA.10 shows eucoelomates as animals with a true coelom.

Question: What does Figure AA.10 show eucoelomates as?


Figure AA.11 comparatively subdivides these bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates into protostomes and deuterostomes based on whether the mouth develops at the blastopore or at the other end of the gut.

Question: Into what two groups does Figure AA.11 subdivide eucoelomates?


Figure AB.21 shows the anatomy of an aquatic gastropod.

Question: What does Figure AB.21 show?


Figure AB.25 shows the embryonic development process of torsion that occurs in some gastropods.

Question: What process does Figure AB.25 show?


Figure AB.27 shows examples of cephalopods within that class.

Question: What does Figure AB.27 show examples of?


Figure AB.21 identifies Class Cephalopoda as a molluscan group.

Question: What class does Figure AB.21 identify as a molluscan group?


Figure AB.46 places echinoderms within the Ambulacraria clade.

Question: What clade does Figure AB.46 place echinoderms within?


Figure AB.48 hierarchically breaks that group down into the classes of echinoderms.

Question: What does Figure AB.48 break the echinoderm group down into?


Figure AC.4 shows all five chordate structures.

Question: What does Figure AC.4 show about chordate structures?


After metamorphosis, Figure AC.5 shows that only the pharyngeal gill slits and endostyle remain, while the notochord, nerve cord, and tail disappear.

Question: After metamorphosis, which chordate structures remain in Figure AC.5?


Figure AC.32 shows wing flight feathers that generate lift and thrust.

Question: What flight function do the wing flight feathers in Figure AC.32 perform?


Figure AC.33 shows pneumatic bones that reduce body weight to make flight possible.

Question: What effect do the pneumatic bones in Figure AC.33 have on body weight?


Figure AC.32 concerns bird flight feathers on the wings.

Question: What does Figure AC.32 concern on the wings?


Figure AC.34 shows the unidirectional airflow in bird lungs that is adapted to support the high metabolic rate required for flight.

Question: What airflow pattern in bird lungs does Figure AC.34 show?


Figure C.9 depicts starch and amylopectin with α-linked glucose chains.

Question: What type of glucose chains are depicted in Figure C.9?


Figure C.10 depicts cellulose with glucose monomers linked by β 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

Question: What kind of glycosidic bonds link the glucose monomers in Figure C.10?


Figure C.5 identifies glucose, galactose, and fructose as structural-isomer monosaccharides.

Question: What does Figure C.5 identify as structural-isomer monosaccharides?


Figure C.6 shows that such monosaccharides usually exist in ring forms in aqueous solutions rather than as linear chains.

Question: What does Figure C.6 show about monosaccharides in aqueous solutions?


Figure C.25 presents the primary structure of bovine serum insulin.

Question: What does Figure C.25 present about bovine serum insulin?


Figure C.26 shows a hemoglobin β chain in which a single amino acid substitution alters structure and function.

Question: What change is shown in Figure C.26 for the hemoglobin β chain?


Figure C.28 shows protein secondary structures formed by hydrogen bonding in the peptide backbone.

Question: What protein structure is shown in Figure C.28?


Figure C.29 shows the protein's tertiary three-dimensional structure produced primarily by interactions among R groups.

Question: What protein structure is shown in Figure C.29?


Figure C.29 shows the tertiary structure of a polypeptide.

Question: What does Figure C.29 show?


Figure C.30 places that tertiary structure within the broader set of four levels of protein structure.

Question: What broader set does Figure C.30 place the tertiary structure within?


Figure AD.3 identifies xylem and phloem as adjacent tissues.

Question: What spatial relationship between xylem and phloem is identified in Figure AD.3?


Figure AD.9 shows these tissues organized together as vascular bundles scattered throughout monocot stem ground tissue.

Question: How are xylem and phloem organized in Figure AD.9?


Figure AD.16 divides the root tip into developmental zones.

Question: What does Figure AD.16 divide the root tip into?


Figure AD.17 shows the internal tissue regions of the root, including the cortex and pith.

Question: What internal tissue regions of the root are shown in Figure AD.17?


Figure AD.21 shows the structure of a typical eudicot leaf.

Question: What structure is shown in Figure AD.21?


Figure AD.22 shows that monocots and dicots differ in their venation patterns.

Question: What difference is shown in Figure AD.22?


Figure AD.24 identifies stomata as epidermal openings regulated by guard cells.

Question: In Figure AD.24, what regulates stomata?


Figure AD.26 shows that guard cells are the only epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts.

Question: In Figure AD.26, which epidermal cells contain chloroplasts?


Question: What does Figure AD.32 show that explains the turgor pressure changes?


Question: What happens in Figure AD.33 when water loss by transpiration lowers Ψp toward 0 MPa?


Figure AD.33 shows the effect of water loss and restoration on leaf turgor.

Question: What effect on leaf turgor is shown in Figure AD.33?


Figure AD.34 shows the cohesion–tension mechanism by which transpiration drives water ascent in the xylem that underlies that turgor change.

Question: What mechanism is shown in Figure AD.34 that drives water ascent in the xylem?


Figure AD.34 shows sap ascent through the xylem under cohesion–tension.

Question: What transport process is shown in Figure AD.34?


Figure AD.37 shows phloem bulk flow from source to sink driven by osmotic pressure changes.

Question: What transport process is shown in Figure AD.37?


Figure AD.36 shows companion cells associated with sieve tube elements to support their metabolic activity.

Question: What cells are associated with sieve tube elements in Figure AD.36 to support their metabolic activity?


Figure AD.37 shows how the phloem system then uses pressure generated by osmotic water entry to drive bulk flow of phloem sap from source to sink.

Question: What drives bulk flow of phloem sap from source to sink in Figure AD.37?


the embryo and cotyledons filling the seed as it becomes ready for dispersal

Question: What does Figure AF.19 show filling the seed as it becomes ready for dispersal?


the mature seed structure that includes the seed coat, cotyledons, endosperm, and a single embryo

Question: What mature seed structure is shown in Figure AF.20?


Figure AF.20 shows the overall structure of monocot and dicot seeds.

Question: What does Figure AF.20 show about seed structure?


Figure AF.21 specifically details the monocot seed by showing its fused testa and tegmen and the emergence of the primary root and shoot during germination.

Question: What specific monocot seed details are shown in Figure AF.21?


Figure AF.9 shows the conifer gymnosperm lifecycle.

Question: What does Figure AF.9 show?


Figure AF.11 explains that gymnosperm reproduction differs from angiosperm reproduction in the location of the female gametophyte, which is exposed on female cone bracts rather than enclosed in an ovule within an ovary.

Question: What difference in gymnosperm reproduction does Figure AF.11 explain?


Figure AG.20 illustrates insulin lowering blood glucose in a negative feedback system.

Question: What type of feedback system is illustrated in Figure AG.20?


Figure AG.21 illustrates uterine contractions during childbirth as a positive feedback system.

Question: What type of feedback system is illustrated in Figure AG.21?


Figure AG.9 shows digestive tract cells with nuclei aligned near the base.

Question: In Figure AG.9, where are the nuclei aligned?


Figure AG.10 shows respiratory tract cells with nuclei at different levels that make the tissue appear stratified even though each cell contacts the basement membrane.

Question: In Figure AG.10, how are the nuclei arranged?


Figure AG.12 shows loose connective tissue with a sampling of connective tissue components including fibroblasts and macrophages.

Question: What connective tissue type is shown in Figure AG.12?


Figure AG.13 shows regular fibrous connective tissue with large amounts of collagen fibers and few cells or matrix material.

Question: What connective tissue type is shown in Figure AG.13?


Figure AH.11 shows the duodenum as one part of the small intestine.

Question: What part of the small intestine is shown in Figure AH.11?


Figure AH.12 shows the villi and microvilli on the small intestine's folded surface that enable nutrient absorption.

Question: What structures on the small intestine's folded surface are shown in Figure AH.12?


Figure AH.11 shows the ileum, which ends at the ileocecal valve where the large intestine shown in Figure AH.13 begins, linking the two structures at their anatomical junction.

Question: What structure does Figure AH.11 show that ends at the ileocecal valve?


Figure AH.11 shows the ileum, which ends at the ileocecal valve where the large intestine shown in Figure AH.13 begins, linking the two structures at their anatomical junction.

Question: What structure shown in Figure AH.13 begins at the ileocecal valve?


Figure AH.13 shows the large intestine and colon where plant fiber moves waste and intestinal flora extract some nutrition from it.

Question: What does Figure AH.13 show about plant fiber in the large intestine and colon?


Figure AH.14 summarizes the balanced dietary nutrients and fiber humans require.

Question: What does Figure AH.14 summarize that humans require?


humans and many animals have a monogastric digestive system

Question: What digestive system type is shown for humans and many animals in Figure AH.6?


ruminants have a multi-chambered stomach to help digest large amounts of plant material

Question: What stomach feature is shown for ruminants in Figure AH.8?


Figure AI.10 depicts the opening of Na+ channels in the axon hillock when depolarization reaches the threshold potential of -55 mV, initiating sodium influx that leads to full depolarization.

Question: In Figure AI.10, what happens when depolarization reaches the threshold potential of -55 mV?


Figure AI.11 depicts the opening of Na+ channels in the axon hillock when depolarization reaches the threshold potential of -55 mV, initiating sodium influx that leads to full depolarization.

Question: In Figure AI.11, what does the opening of Na+ channels initiate?


most preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system originate in the spinal cord

Question: Where do most preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system originate in Figure AI.27?


a preganglionic neuron of the CNS synapses with a postganglionic neuron of the PNS

Question: What synapses with a postganglionic neuron of the PNS in Figure AI.26?


Question: What structure is shown in Figure AI.24?


Figure AI.30 compares a normal brain with an Alzheimer’s brain in which loss of neurons in the hippocampus is especially severe.

Question: What is especially severe in the hippocampus in Figure AI.30?


Figure AI.28 details the named cranial nerves that emerge from or enter the skull.

Question: What does Figure AI.28 detail?


Figure AI.29 shows dorsal root ganglia containing sensory neuron cell bodies in spinal nerves.

Question: What does Figure AI.29 show?


Figure AJ.8 describes sensory transduction in the human olfactory system.

Question: What system is described in Figure AJ.8?


Figure AJ.13 describes sensory transduction in the human auditory system through the ear and organ of Corti.

Question: What system is described in Figure AJ.13?


Figure AJ.18 shows the retina in the eye.

Question: What structure in the eye is shown in Figure AJ.18?


Figure AJ.19 shows that rods and cones are the photoreceptors located within that retina.

Question: What photoreceptors are shown in Figure AJ.19 as being located within the retina?


Figure AJ.20 shows light-induced activation of rhodopsin and transducin.

Question: What activation event is shown in Figure AJ.20?


Figure AJ.21 shows the downstream transducin-mediated cascade that activates phosphodiesterase, lowers cGMP, closes sodium channels, and hyperpolarizes the membrane.

Question: What downstream cascade is shown in Figure AJ.21?


Figure AK.10 shows the symptoms that result when insulin function is impaired in diabetes mellitus.

Question: What does Figure AK.10 show about insulin function in diabetes mellitus?


Figure AK.11 shows how insulin and glucagon normally work together to maintain homeostatic glucose levels.

Question: What does Figure AK.11 show about insulin and glucagon?


Figure AL.5 shows the axial skeleton forming the body's central axis.

Question: What major division of the skeleton is shown in Figure AL.5?


Figure AL.10 shows the appendicular skeleton consisting of the upper and lower limbs and their pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Question: What major division of the skeleton is shown in Figure AL.10?


Figure AL.6 shows that the separately developed adult facial bones are tightly fused and immobile in the adult skull.

Question: What does Figure AL.6 show about the adult facial bones in the adult skull?


Figure AL.7 identifies the 14 facial bones that make up the fused set of adult facial bones.

Question: What does Figure AL.7 identify about the adult facial bones?


Figure AL.11 shows the pectoral girdle that attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

Question: What does Figure AL.11 show?


Figure AL.12 shows the bones of the upper limb itself.

Question: What does Figure AL.12 show?


Question: What structure is shown in Figure AL.13?


Figure AL.14 identifies the bones of the lower limbs.

Question: What is identified in Figure AL.14?


Figure AL.19 describes compact bone as the outer layer and spongy bone as the inner layer of bones.

Question: In Figure AL.19, what are the outer and inner layers of bones?


Figure AL.20 shows the femur neck transferring body weight to the shaft.

Question: In Figure AL.20, what does the femur neck transfer to the shaft?


Figure AL.25 refers to synovial joints as a joint type with a space between adjoining bones.

Question: What joint type with a space between adjoining bones is referred to in Figure AL.25?


Figure AL.26 presents the six categories used to classify synovial joints by shape and structure.

Question: What does Figure AL.26 present for synovial joints?


Figure AL.26 defines the pivot joint category.

Question: What category is defined in Figure AL.26?


Figure AL.29 shows the joint between the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows head movement.

Question: What example is shown in Figure AL.29?


Figure AL.26 classifies synovial joints by shape and structure.

Question: What does Figure AL.26 classify by shape and structure?


Figure AL.30 shows that condyloid joints are one of these categories, characterized by an oval-shaped bone end fitting into an oval hollow and allowing angular movement along two axes.

Question: What category of synovial joint is shown in Figure AL.30?


Figure AL.26 classifies synovial joints into categories based on joint shape and structure.

Question: What does Figure AL.26 classify synovial joints into?


Figure AL.31 shows the thumb joint as an example of the saddle-joint category within that classification.

Question: What example does Figure AL.31 show within the saddle-joint category?


Figure AL.34 shows myofibrils within a muscle fiber.

Question: What does Figure AL.34 show within a muscle fiber?


Figure AL.35 shows that each myofibril is composed of many sarcomeres marked by Z discs.

Question: What is each myofibril composed of in Figure AL.35?


Figure AL.35 defines the sarcomere as the space between two Z discs containing one A band and two half I bands.

Question: How is the sarcomere defined in Figure AL.35?


Figure AL.36 shows that the sarcomere shortens when thick filaments pull thin filaments toward its center.

Question: What happens to the sarcomere in Figure AL.36?


myosin binding to actin to form cross-bridges that generate filament movement

Question: What happens in Figure AL.36 during the cross-bridge cycle?


ATP attaching to myosin to restart the cross-bridge cycle for further contraction

Question: What happens in Figure AL.37 during the cross-bridge cycle?


Figure AM.7 shows air passing through the trachea and into the bronchi to reach the lungs.

Question: In Figure AM.7, where does air pass through to reach the lungs?


Figure AM.8 shows that these same trachea and bronchi are supported by incomplete rings of cartilage.

Question: In Figure AM.8, what supports the trachea and bronchi?


Figure AM.9 shows the bronchi branching from the trachea in the lungs.

Question: What does Figure AM.9 show branching from the trachea in the lungs?


Figure AM.10 shows terminal bronchioles connecting to respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.

Question: What smaller airway structures does Figure AM.10 show terminal bronchioles connecting to?


Figure AM.12 shows human lung volumes and capacities.

Question: What does Figure AM.12 show?


Figure AM.18 shows how the FEV1/FVC ratio derived from forced exhalation volumes is used to diagnose restrictive versus obstructive lung disease.

Question: What does Figure AM.18 show about the FEV1/FVC ratio?


Figure D.28 depicts intercellular channels that connect adjacent cells and permit transport and communication.

Question: What does Figure D.28 depict connecting adjacent cells?


Figure D.31 depicts intercellular channels that connect adjacent cells and permit transport and communication.

Question: What does Figure D.31 depict connecting adjacent cells?


Question: What organelle is shown in Figure D.14?


Question: What additional internal structure is shown in Figure D.17?


Figure D.22 shows that microfilaments are one of the three fiber types in the cytoskeleton.

Question: What does Figure D.22 identify microfilaments as within the cytoskeleton?


Figure D.23 details microfilaments as the narrowest fibers, composed of actin strands and involved in cellular movement.

Question: What detail does Figure D.23 give about microfilaments?


diffusion-based exchange in simple animals

Question: In Figure AN.3, what exchange mechanism suffices in simpler body plans?


evolved circulatory systems of more complex vertebrates

Question: In Figure AN.4, what transport system is required in more complex vertebrates?


Figure AN.10 shows the pulmonary and systemic divisions of circulation.

Question: What divisions of circulation are shown in Figure AN.10?


Figure AN.11 shows that the left side is larger because it pumps to the systemic circuit.

Question: Why is the left side of the heart larger in Figure AN.11?


the blood vessels in the body-wide network

Question: What does Figure AN.15 show at the body-wide level?


the blood vessels consist of three distinct wall layers, or tunics, whose structure reflects vessel function

Question: What does Figure AN.16 show about the blood vessels?


Figure AN.17 shows precapillary sphincters controlling blood entry into capillary beds.

Question: What does Figure AN.17 show controlling blood entry into capillary beds?


Figure AN.18 shows the remaining plasma draining from interstitial fluid into nearby lymphatic vessels.

Question: What does Figure AN.18 show draining from interstitial fluid into nearby lymphatic vessels?


Figure AO.7 identifies the descending and ascending loop of Henle as nephron segments with different transport properties.

Question: What nephron segments are identified in Figure AO.7 as having different transport properties?


Figure AO.8 shows that these opposing permeabilities make the loop of Henle function as a countercurrent multiplier.

Question: What function does Figure AO.8 show the loop of Henle performing because of opposing permeabilities?


Figure AP.5 shows monocytes maturing into macrophages during the inflammatory response.

Question: What process involving monocytes is shown in Figure AP.5?


Figure AP.8 shows a macrophage functioning as an antigen-presenting cell that engulfs a bacterium and presents its antigen with MHC II.

Question: What role does the macrophage perform in Figure AP.8?


Figure AP.11 shows cytotoxic T cells derived from activated CD8+ T cells killing infected cells.

Question: What cells derived from activated CD8+ T cells are shown killing infected cells in Figure AP.11?


Figure AP.14 illustrates how NK cells and CTLs together maximize infected-cell removal.

Question: Which cells are shown together maximizing infected-cell removal in Figure AP.14?


Figure AP.13 shows the B cell receptor binding antigen.

Question: What event involving the B cell receptor is shown in Figure AP.13?