Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria share the parent Proteobacteria.

Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure V.12?


Question: What label is used to describe the overall group of elements in Figure V.12?


Four: Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria.

Question: How many bacterial phyla are displayed in Figure V.13?


Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Streptomyces, and Mycoplasmas.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure V.13 under Gram-positive bacteria?


Question: What label is used to describe the group that includes Phormidium in Figure V.13?


Four phyla: Korarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota.

Question: How many archaeal phyla are separated in Figure V.14?


Question: Which phylum label in Figure V.14 includes Halobacterium?


Question: Which phylum label in Figure V.14 includes Sulfolobus?


Archaea: ether bond; Bacteria and Eukarya: ester bond.

Question: What text appears inside the labels describing the bond type connecting the lipid to glycerol in Figure V.15?


Archaea: branched phytanyl sidechains; Bacteria and Eukarya: linear sidechains.

Question: What are the labels of the sidechains shown in Figure V.15 for Archaea versus Bacteria/Eukarya?


Two comparative diagrams: one for Archaea and one for Bacteria and Eukarya.

Question: How many phospholipid diagrams are presented in Figure V.15?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure V.16?


Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and porins in Gram-negative bacteria.

Question: What text appears identifying the outer membrane components unique to the right side of Figure V.16?


Question: What label in Figure V.16 anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane in Gram-positive bacteria?


Question: How many mechanisms of gene transfer are shown in Figure V.17?


(a) Transformation, (b) Transduction, (c) Conjugation.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure V.17?


A bacteriophage injecting DNA (Transduction).

Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure V.17?


It is a repeating cycle (the carbon cycle).

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure V.18, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure V.18?


Question: Which element is located at the bottom left of Figure V.18?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure V.19 that convert ammonium (NH4+) to nitrites (NO2-)?


Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes.

Question: What label in Figure V.19 identifies the bacteria on root nodules of legumes?


Nitrates (NO3-) to N2 via denitrifying bacteria.

Question: Which two components are connected by arrows showing conversion from nitrates (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2) in Figure V.19?


One world map indicating regions of emerging or re-emerging bacterial diseases.

Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure V.22?


Regions where bacterial diseases are emerging or re-emerging.

Question: What information is provided in Figure V.22?


Question: How many subfigures are shown in Figure V.23?


A characteristic bullseye rash associated with Lyme disease.

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure V.23?


A micrograph of Borrelia (a Gram-negative spirochete bacterium).

Question: Which element appears in the center of Figure V.23?


Question: How many subfigures are included in Figure V.24?


Vegetable sprouts grown at an organic farm.

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure V.24?


Destroyed red blood cells resulting in bloody diarrhea.

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure V.24?


Question: How many sub-figures labeled (a), (b), and (c) are shown in Figure W.1?


Subfigures (a) Acanthocystis turfacea and (b) Tetrahymena thermophila

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group of being visualized using light microscopy in Figure W.1?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure W.1?


Question: How many sub-figures are presented in Figure W.3?


Question: Which sub-figure in Figure W.3 shows a micrograph of Elodea sp. with chloroplasts as small green spheres?


Question: Which sub-figure in Figure W.3 illustrates stacks of thylakoid membranes?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure W.4?


Question: Which sub-figure in Figure W.4 shows red algae?


Question: Which elements are described as sharing similar DNA sequences with photosynthetic cyanobacteria in Figure W.4?


Question: How many total numbered steps are shown in Figure W.5?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows step 2 in Figure W.5?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure W.5, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: According to the labels in Figure W.6, how many membranes surround the plastids of chlorarachniophytes?


Two events: primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis

Question: How many endosymbiotic events are depicted in Figure W.6?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure W.6, is the progression shown as a linear sequence or a cycle?


Engulfment of a food particle, digestion within a lysosome, and expulsion of undigested materials

Question: What sequence is indicated by the stages in Figure W.7?


Question: How many main stages of phagocytosis are illustrated in Figure W.7?


Expulsion of undigested materials from the cell via exocytosis

Question: Which element appears last according to the sequence in Figure W.7?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure W.8?


Question: Which sub-figure in Figure W.8 shows hair-like appendages called cilia?


Question: Which sub-figure in Figure W.8 shows a whip-like tail called a flagellum?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure W.9?


Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure W.9: Dinoflagellates and Ciliates belong to which parent group?


Question: In the hierarchy shown in Figure W.9, which item is located at the bottom level?


Question: What is the genus name shown in Figure W.11?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure W.14, is the life cycle depicted as a repeating cycle or a one-way sequence?


Question: How many perpendicular flagella are shown for dinoflagellates in Figure W.21?


Question: According to Figure W.21, what motion results from the movement of the two perpendicular flagella?


Question: How many sub-figures are included in Figure W.23?


Question: Which sub-figure in Figure W.23 shows the apical complex of an apicomplexan protist?


Question: Which genus causing malaria is labeled in Figure W.23?


Oral groove (primitive mouth), anal pore, contractile vacuoles, cilia

Question: What are the labels of the components described in Figure W.24 for Paramecium?


Question: According to Figure W.24, which component is used to ingest food?


Question: Which component in Figure W.24 allows the organism to excrete excess water?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure W.25?


Two different mating types form a cytoplasmic bridge

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure W.25?


Two rounds of cell division produce four daughter cells

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure W.25?


Question: How many flagella are illustrated in Figure W.26?


Question: Which flagellum is described as hairy in Figure W.26?


Question: Which flagellum is described as smooth in Figure W.26?


Question: What structures form in the sporangia according to Figure W.28?


Question: Which stage is the 2n plant in Figure W.28?


Two stages: the gametophyte and the sporophyte

Question: How many stages are described as multicellular in Figure W.28?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure W.31?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure W.31?


A repeating cycle between tsetse fly and humans

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure W.31, is the life cycle depicted as a repeating cycle or a one-way sequence?


Question: Which label appears on the left side of Figure W.36?


Question: Which label appears on the right side of Figure W.36?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure X.1?


The spore-bearing structures of Aspergillus.

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure X.1?


A familiar mushroom (a reproductive structure).

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure X.1?


Question: Which organism is depicted in Figure X.3?


Question: How many main labeled subjects are shown in Figure X.3?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure X.5?


Question: What is the label for the hyphae type in panel (b) of Figure X.5?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.5 shows septa that divide the hyphae?


Question: How many panels are displayed in Figure X.6?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.6 shows a cloud of spores?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.6 shows the giant puffball mushroom?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure X.8, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows plasmogamy in Figure X.8?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows karyogamy in Figure X.8?


Labels point to the sporangium and the hyphae.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure X.9?


Question: What connects the sporangium to the hypha in Figure X.9?


“-mycota” is used to designate a phylum.

Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements in Figure X.10?


Six: Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Animalia.

Question: According to the labels in Figure X.10, how many distinct categories are shown along the tree?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure X.10?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure X.11?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.11 shows growth on a freshwater arthropod?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.11 shows growth on algae?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure X.12, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Formation of a heterokaryotic zygosporangium.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows plasmogamy in Figure X.12?


Diploid cells in the zygote undergo meiosis.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows karyogamy in Figure X.12?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows karyogamy in Figure X.14?


Question: What label in Figure X.14 denotes the fruiting body?


Question: Which two components are connected by plasmogamy in Figure X.14?


Question: Which structure releases the ascospores in Figure X.15?


Question: How many labeled components are indicated in Figure X.15?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure X.17, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Formation of a dikaryotic secondary mycelium.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows plasmogamy in Figure X.17?


Question: What label in Figure X.17 denotes the fruiting body?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure X.21?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.21 illustrates ectomycorrhizae?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.21 illustrates arbuscular or endomycorrhizae?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.22 shows spores and hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhiza?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.22 shows small roots covered with a white mantle?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure X.23?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.23 shows a hair-like lichen form?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.23 shows a leaf-like lichen form?


Upper cortex of fungal hyphae; algal zone; medulla of fungal hyphae; lower cortex; rhizines.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure X.24?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure X.24?


Question: Which element is located directly below the algal zone in Figure X.24?


Question: How many panels are presented in Figure X.26?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.26 shows green mold on grapefruit?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.26 shows grey rot on grapes?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure X.27?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.27 shows ringworm as a red ring on skin?


Question: Which panel in Figure X.27 shows Histoplasma capsulatum?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure Y.2, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Meiosis in Figure Y.2?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure Y.2?


Question: Which element is located directly below the Apical meristem in Figure Y.4?


Question: According to the labels in Figure Y.4, how many distinct components make up the root tip diagram?


Question: How many labeled panels are shown in Figure Y.5?


Question: Which element in Figure Y.5 is highlighted or circled to indicate its importance?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure Y.5?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure Y.6?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the Pterophytes in Figure Y.6?


Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (parent: Seed Plants, Spermatophytes)

Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure Y.6?


Question: Are Lycophytes and Pterophytes in Figure Y.6 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses (grouped as Bryophytes, non-vascular seedless plants)

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure Y.6?


Question: How many labeled panels are shown in Figure Y.7?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure Y.7?


Question: What are the labels of the component in panel (c) of Figure Y.7?


Question: Are Ulva and Chlamydomonas in Figure Y.7 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure Y.11, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Fertilization in Figure Y.11?


Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure Y.11?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure Y.13, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: Which elements share a direct line connection in Figure Y.13?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure Y.14, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Meiosis in Figure Y.14?


Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure Y.14?


Question: How many labeled panels are shown in Figure Y.23?


Question: What are the labels of the components in panel (b) of Figure Y.23?


Question: What text appears in panel (a) of Figure Y.23 describing the small bumps?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure Y.24, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Meiosis in Figure Y.24?


Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure Y.24?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Z.1?


(a) palm trees; (b) wheat; (c) cotton plant; (d) opium poppy.

Question: What are the labels of the subfigures in Figure Z.1?


Question: How many times does the term “credit” appear in Figure Z.1?


Question: How many times does the term “credit” appear in Figure Z.2?


Magnification of the pollen image (1,054 times).

Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure Z.5?


Question: How many times does the term “pollen” appear in Figure Z.5?


Question: How many times does the term “Wyoming” appear in Figure Z.5?


Question: What are the labels of the branching points in Figure Z.7?


Question: What are the labels of the items at the tips of the branches in Figure Z.7?


Question: How many times does the term “node” appear in the description of Figure Z.7?


Question: What connects the pollen grain to the egg in Figure Z.8?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows pollination in Figure Z.8?


Question: According to the labels in Figure Z.8, how many ovules per scale are contained in a female cone?


Question: In Figure Z.8, at what stage does the diploid zygote form?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Z.9?


(a) evergreen spruce Picea sp.; (b) juniper Juniperus sp.; (c) coastal redwood or sequoia Sequoia sempervirens; (d) tamarack Larix laricina.

Question: What are the labels of the subfigures in Figure Z.9?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure Z.9?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Z.12?


(a) Ephedra viridis; (b) Gnetum gnemon; (c) Welwitschia mirabilis.

Question: What are the labels of the subfigures in Figure Z.12?


All three subfigures show gnetophytes (the genera Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia).

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure Z.12?


Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements in Figure Z.14?


Two components: sepals (calyx) and petals (corolla).

Question: According to the labels in Figure Z.14, how many distinct components make up the perianth?


Stamens composed of filament and anther (androecium).

Question: What are the labels of the male reproductive components in Figure Z.14?


Two cells (a generative cell and a pollen tube cell).

Question: According to the labels in Figure Z.15, how many cells are contained in each pollen grain before tube growth?


Question: What process shown in Figure Z.15 is unique to angiosperms?


Question: How many sperm are deposited in the embryo sac according to Figure Z.15?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Z.18?


(a) common spicebush; (b) Piper nigrum (black pepper); (c) water lilies, Nymphaea lotus; (d) aggregate fruit of a magnolia.

Question: What are the labels of the subfigures in Figure Z.18?


Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements in Figure Z.18?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Z.19?


Monocots: (a) rice, (b) wheat, (c) bananas; Dicots: (d) cabbage, (e) beans, (f) peaches.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure Z.19?


(a) rice; (b) wheat; (c) bananas; (d) cabbage; (e) beans; (f) peaches.

Question: What are the labels of the subfigures in Figure Z.19?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Z.20?


Question: What are the labels of the subfigures in Figure Z.20?


Question: Are spines and thorns in Figure Z.20 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AA.3?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows the 8-cell stage in Figure AA.3?


Four (zygote, 8-cell stage, blastula, gastrula)

Question: How many total stages are shown in Figure AA.3?


Question: What is the label for the opening into the inner cavity of the gastrula in Figure AA.3?


Question: How many subfigures are present in Figure AA.4?


Question: What organisms are labeled in panels (a) and (b) of Figure AA.4?


Question: Which element is described as undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in Figure AA.4?


Question: What are the labels of the Hox gene clusters shown in Figure AA.5?


Question: How many distinct clusters are indicated for vertebrates in Figure AA.5?


Question: Which cluster label appears at the top of the list in Figure AA.5?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure AA.6?


Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure AA.6 under Protostomia?


Six (Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Molluska, Annelida)

Question: How many items are grouped together under Lophotrochozoa in Figure AA.6?


Question: Which categories share the same parent Deuterostomia in Figure AA.6?


Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AA.6?


Question: Which elements are described as radially symmetrical in Figure AA.7?


Question: Which element is described as asymmetrical in Figure AA.7?


Question: Which element is described as bilaterally symmetrical in Figure AA.7?


Question: Which element is described as showing rotational symmetry in Figure AA.7?


sagittal plane, coronal plane, transverse plane

Question: What are the labels of the planes shown in Figure AA.8?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AA.8?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AA.8?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure AA.8?


Question: How many germ layers are labeled in the triploblast diagram in Figure AA.9?


Question: What are the labels of the components in the diploblast diagram in Figure AA.9?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure AA.9?


Question: Which element is located between the ectoderm and endoderm in the triploblast diagram in Figure AA.9?


Three (acoelomates, eucoelomates, pseudocoelomates)

Question: How many types of body cavity conditions are illustrated in Figure AA.10?


Question: Which category in Figure AA.10 has no body cavity?


Question: What text appears inside the central cavity label of the pseudocoelomate diagram in Figure AA.10?


Question: What label names the body cavity in the eucoelomate diagram in Figure AA.10?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AA.11?


Question: What method of coelom formation is labeled for protostomes in Figure AA.11?


Question: What method of coelom formation is labeled for deuterostomes in Figure AA.11?


Question: How many labeled openings (mouth and anus) are shown in each embryo in Figure AA.11?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AA.12, how many distinct components are illustrated?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AA.12?


Choanoflagellate (protist); Sponge choanocyte cell; Sponge

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AA.12?


Question: How many subfigures are shown in Figure AA.13?


Question: Which item in Figure AA.13 is labeled as Ecdysozoa?


Question: Which item in Figure AA.13 is labeled as Lophotrochozoa?


Question: How many panels are included in Figure AA.14?


Stages on the geological time scale represented as a spiral (b)

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AA.14?


Earth’s history divided into eons, eras, and periods

Question: What does panel (a) depict in Figure AA.14?


Question: How many fossil items are shown in Figure AA.15?


Question: What are the labels of the fossils in Figure AA.15?


Question: Which fossil is noted as up to 1.4 m in Figure AA.15?


Question: Which fossil is noted as up to 5 cm in Figure AA.15?


Question: How many subfigures are included in Figure AA.17?


Question: To which organisms do the fossils in Figure AA.17 belong?


Question: During which period did the trilobites in Figure AA.17 first appear?


Oxygen concentration (percent) in Earth’s atmosphere

Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure AA.18?


Question: What unit is used on the x-axis in Figure AA.18?


Question: What change in oxygen concentration is described around 300 million years ago in Figure AA.18?


Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure AA.18?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure AA.19?


Question: What unit is used on the x-axis in Figure AA.19?


Question: Which labeled event appears at the far right among the highlighted events in Figure AA.19?


Question: What is the maximum value shown on the vertical axis in Figure AA.19?


Question: What are the labels of the major components in the basic sponge body plan in Figure AB.3?


Six cell types (lophocyte/collenocyte, pinacocyte, porocyte, choanocyte, amoebocyte, sclerocyte)

Question: According to the labels in Figure AB.3, how many distinct cell types are shown in panel (b)?


Question: Which labeled component is positioned at the top opening of the sponge in Figure AB.3?


Three (Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongia)

Question: How many sponge classes are illustrated in Figure AB.4?


All three pictured organisms belong to classes within phylum Porifera

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AB.4?


Question: Which sponge class appears on the left side of Figure AB.4?


Nematocyst (with coiled thread and barb), cnidocil, thread, barb

Question: What are the labels of the components shown inside the cnidocyte in Figure AB.5?


The thread, barb, and toxin are discharged

Question: According to Figure AB.5, which element appears last when the nematocyst fires?


The cnidocil triggering leads to the nematocyst releasing the thread and barb

Question: Which components are directly connected by arrows in Figure AB.5 during discharge?


Question: Which cnidarian body form is positioned on the left side of Figure AB.6?


Question: Which cnidarian body form is positioned on the right side of Figure AB.6?


Question: What is the jelly-like layer labeled between the two membranes in Figure AB.6?


Tentacles, mouth, outer epidermis, mesoglea, gastrovascular cavity, septum

Question: What are the labels of the components shown in the sea anemone diagram in Figure AB.8?


Question: Which labeled structure is positioned at the center of the anemone diagram in Figure AB.8?


Two (outer epidermis and mesoglea around the cavity)

Question: How many distinct labeled tissue layers are indicated around the cavity in Figure AB.8?


Gastrovascular cavity, radial canal, nematocyst-bearing tentacles, mouth/anus, mesoglea

Question: Which components are labeled in the jelly diagram in Figure AB.9?


Question: Which labeled opening is located on the underside of the jelly in Figure AB.9?


Four diverticuli/radial canals are illustrated

Question: How many labeled canals branch from the center in Figure AB.9?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AB.10, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Formation of a zygote from sperm and egg, leading to a planula larva

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows the medusa in Figure AB.10?


Six (medusa, sperm/egg→zygote, planula larva, polyp, budding polyp, ephyra)

Question: How many distinct labeled stages appear around the cycle in Figure AB.10?


Obelia, Physalia physalis, Velella bae, and Hydra all belong to Hydrozoa

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AB.12?


Question: How many different hydrozoan examples are shown in Figure AB.12?


Question: Which hydrozoan example is positioned at the lower right of Figure AB.12?


Question: How many flatworm species are pictured in Figure AB.13?


Question: What type of animals are shown in Figure AB.13?


Gastrovascular cavity, mouth, pharynx, cerebral ganglia, eyespots, flame cell, transverse nerve cords, excretory pore, tubule cell, ventral nerve cord

Question: What are the labels of the components in the planarian diagram in Figure AB.14?


Question: Which labeled structure is at the anterior end of the planarian in Figure AB.14?


Question: How many labeled nerve cords run the length of the body in Figure AB.14?


Four (Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda)

Question: How many traditional flatworm classes are illustrated in Figure AB.15?


All four panels show representatives of phylum Platyhelminthes

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AB.15?


Class Cestoda (tapeworms such as Taenia saginata)

Question: Which class appears in the lower right panel of Figure AB.15?


Question: How many total numbered steps are shown in the tapeworm life cycle in Figure AB.16?


Eggs and proglottids in feces are passed into the environment (Step 1)

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AB.16?


Humans are infected by ingesting raw or undercooked meat containing larval cysts

Question: What connects the intermediate host (cattle or pigs) to the human host in Figure AB.16?


Question: Which class of rotifer is illustrated with a large corona in panel (a) of Figure AB.17?


Question: What organism is shown in panel (b) of Figure AB.17?


Question: Which panel in Figure AB.17 shows several sets of jaws from the mastax surrounding the animals?


Mouth, corona, cerebral ganglion, mastax, stomach, intestine, anus, foot, toe

Question: What are the labels of the components in the bdelloid rotifer diagram in Figure AB.18?


Question: Which labeled structure is at the top of the rotifer in Figure AB.18?


Question: Which labeled part is at the bottom of the diagram in Figure AB.18?


Mouth, proboscis, rhynchocoel, stomach, intestine, cerebral ganglion, lateral nerve cord, anus

Question: What are the labels of the components in the nemertean anatomy diagram in Figure AB.20?


Question: Which labeled structure lies dorsal to the gut in Figure AB.20?


Question: Which two components are connected at the posterior end in Figure AB.20?


Shell, mantle, mantle cavity, gill, visceral mass, stomach, digestive gland, heart, nerve cords, radula, mouth, foot, anus

Question: What are the labels of the main body regions and parts in Figure AB.21?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AB.21?


Question: Which two components are connected by the mantle cavity in Figure AB.21?


Question: Which organism in Figure AB.24 lacks a shell?


Both the snail and the slug are gastropods

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AB.24?


Question: Is the movement in the process shown in Figure AB.25 depicted as moving from left-to-right or top-to-bottom?


The anus of the adult animal is located over the head after torsion

Question: What anatomical feature is shown rotating to the front in Figure AB.25?


Four (nautilus, giant cuttlefish, reef squid, blue-ring octopus)

Question: How many cephalopod examples are shown in Figure AB.27?


All four are members of class Cephalopoda

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AB.27?


Dorsal blood vessel, intestine, nephridium, ventral nerve cord, ventral blood vessel

Question: What are the labels of the components in the cross-sectional earthworm diagram in Figure AB.30?


Question: Which labeled structure is located at the bottom of the cross-section in Figure AB.30?


Dorsal blood vessel and ventral blood vessel

Question: Which two blood vessels are shown running parallel in Figure AB.30?


Question: Which elements in Figure AB.31 are described as oligochaetes?


Question: How many annelid examples are shown in Figure AB.31?


Head ganglia, pharynx, mouth, dorsal nerve, ventral nerve, intestine, ventral nerve, anus, testis

Question: What labeled components are shown in the schematic nematode anatomy in Figure AB.32?


Question: How many major longitudinal nerve cords are labeled in Figure AB.32?


Question: Which labeled structure is at the posterior end of the nematode in Figure AB.32?


Question: How many juvenile stages (L1–L4) are shown in the life cycle in Figure AB.33?


Question: What special intermediate stage is labeled between L2 and L4 in Figure AB.33 when conditions are adverse?


Question: Which labeled stage appears at the top center of the life cycle diagram in Figure AB.33?


Question: How many numbered steps are shown in the life cycle diagram in Figure AB.34?


Step 6: L3 larvae are released when copepods die; larvae penetrate the host's stomach and intestinal wall

Question: Which step appears last according to numbering in Figure AB.34?


The worm is wrapped around a stick so it can be slowly extracted

Question: What activity is shown in panel (a) of Figure AB.34?


Question: Which respiratory structure shown in Figure AB.37 belongs to arachnids?


Question: Which respiratory structure shown in Figure AB.37 belongs to horseshoe crabs?


Question: Which components in Figure AB.37 appear as alternating air pockets and hemocoel tissue?


Question: Which myriapod in Figure AB.40 is the centipede Scutigera coleoptrata?


Question: Which myriapod in Figure AB.40 is the North American millipede Narceus americanus?


Question: Which element in Figure AB.41 is the terrestrial crustacean?


Question: How many crustacean examples are shown in Figure AB.41?


Question: Which panel in Figure AB.42 shows a biramous appendage?


Question: Which panel in Figure AB.42 shows a uniramous appendage?


Question: What are the labels of the components shown in the crayfish diagram in Figure AB.43?


Question: Which labeled component is located over the cephalothorax in Figure AB.43?


Question: Which larval stage shown in Figure AB.44 is characteristic of barnacles?


Question: How many different crustacean larval stages are illustrated in Figure AB.44?


Digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system

Question: What systems are labeled in the insect diagram in Figure AB.45?


Question: Which labeled structure is at the posterior end of the insect in Figure AB.45?


Question: Which two components are connected by the trachea in Figure AB.45?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure AB.46a?


Question: Which elements are described as sharing the presence of pharyngeal slits in Figure AB.46b?


Madreporite, stone canal, central ring canal, radial canal, tube foot, podium, digestive glands

Question: What are the labels of the water vascular components in Figure AB.47?


Question: Which component is positioned at the aboral surface in Figure AB.47?


Question: Which two components are directly connected by the stone canal in Figure AB.47?


Five (Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea)

Question: How many echinoderm classes are represented in Figure AB.48?


Question: Which class is shown in the lower right panel of Figure AB.48?


Question: Which echinoderm class is illustrated in the upper left of Figure AB.48?


Three animals are shown: a Siberian tiger, a mountain gorilla, and a harpy eagle.

Question: How many visible animals are shown in Figure AC.1?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AC.1?


Question: Which element appears in the center of Figure AC.1?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure AC.2?


Echinodermata and Chordata share the same parent, Deuterostomes.

Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure AC.2?


Question: What label is used to describe the group that includes reptiles, birds, and mammals in Figure AC.2?


Five components: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and endostyle.

Question: According to the labels in Figure AC.3, how many distinct components make up the chordate features shown?


Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AC.3?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AC.3?


Question: What are two dorsal structures labeled in Figure AC.4?


Question: Which element is labeled at the posterior end in Figure AC.4?


Question: What text appears near the ventral side indicating mucus-producing tissue in Figure AC.4?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AC.5?


A notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail.

Question: Which elements are described as present in the larval stage panel in Figure AC.5?


Question: Which elements remain in the adult stage panel in Figure AC.5?


Question: How many visible skeletal subjects are shown in Figure AC.7?


The backbone (vertebral column) that runs through the middle of the fish.

Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure AC.8, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AC.15?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AC.16?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AC.16?


Question: What text appears inside the central map area of Figure AC.21 indicating the supercontinent?


Amnion, chorion, yolk sac (yolk), and allantois.

Question: What are the labels of the membranes shown in Figure AC.22?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AC.22, how many distinct extraembryonic membranes are shown?


Question: Which element is positioned around the embryo in Figure AC.22?


Anapsid skull, synapsid skull, and diapsid skull.

Question: What are the labels of the skull types compared in Figure AC.23?


Question: How many temporal openings are shown for the diapsid skull in Figure AC.23?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure AC.24?


Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent 'Diapsida' in Figure AC.24?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AC.26?


Primary feathers and secondary feathers.

Question: What are the two types of flight feathers labeled in Figure AC.32?


Question: Which feather type is labeled closer to the body in Figure AC.32?


Question: What text identifies the type of bone shown in Figure AC.33?


Question: What labels indicate the phases of breathing in Figure AC.34?


Air sacs are connected with the lungs and trachea/bronchi by arrows showing airflow.

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AC.34?


Question: Which element is positioned at the center of Figure AC.35?


Question: What are the labels of the three middle ear bones shown in Figure AC.37?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AC.40?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AC.40?


Five: gibbon, human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan.

Question: How many primate skeletons are displayed side-by-side in Figure AC.44?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AC.45?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AC.45?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure AC.46?


The skull of Australopithecus afarensis.

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AC.47?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AC.47?


Question: How many glucose molecules link together in Figure C.2?


Formation of a water molecule as a byproduct.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows the linking of the two glucose molecules in Figure C.2?


Question: What new labeled structure appears after the reaction in Figure C.2?


Question: How many items are grouped together under backbone length categories in Figure C.4?


Question: What label is used to describe sugars with a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain in Figure C.4?


Question: What label is used to describe sugars with a carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain in Figure C.4?


Three (glucose, galactose, and fructose).

Question: How many hexose structures are shown in Figure C.5?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure C.5?


Question: What label describes fructose in Figure C.5?


Question: Which monosaccharide forms a six-membered ring in Figure C.6?


Question: Which elements are described as forming five-membered rings in Figure C.6?


The hydroxyl group locks into an α or β position.

Question: What new labeled structure appears when the ring forms in Figure C.6?


Carbon 1 in glucose and carbon 2 in fructose (a glycosidic linkage).

Question: Which two components are connected by the central bridge shown in the illustration in Figure C.7?


Two (a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer).

Question: How many monosaccharides combine to form sucrose in Figure C.7?


Question: What is lost during the reaction depicted in Figure C.7?


Question: What are the labels of the disaccharides shown in Figure C.8?


Question: How many common disaccharides are shown in Figure C.8?


Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are common disaccharides.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure C.8?


Question: What are the labels of the starch forms in Figure C.9?


Question: Which element in Figure C.9 is described as unbranched?


Question: Which linkage types are indicated for amylopectin in Figure C.9?


Question: What linkage type is labeled in the cellulose structure in Figure C.10?


Every glucose monomer is flipped relative to the next one.

Question: According to Figure C.10, how are successive glucose monomers oriented relative to each other?


Question: How is the cellulose chain described in Figure C.10?


Question: How many fatty acids join to the glycerol backbone in Figure C.13?


Question: How many water molecules release in the process shown in Figure C.13?


Question: What connects the fatty acids to the glycerol in Figure C.13?


Question: What is the labeled example shown in Figure C.14?


Question: What type of fatty acid is indicated in Figure C.14?


Question: According to the description of Figure C.14, what kind of bonds are in the hydrocarbon chain?


Question: How many double-bond configurations are labeled in Figure C.16?


Question: In Figure C.16, which configuration shows hydrogens on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain?


Question: Which configuration in Figure C.16 shows hydrogens on opposite sides?


Question: What molecule is used as the example in Figure C.17?


Question: According to Figure C.17, how many cis double bonds are present?


Question: To which group does the molecule in Figure C.17 belong?


Question: According to the labels in Figure C.19, how many fatty acids does a phospholipid contain?


Question: What occupies the glycerol backbone's third carbon in Figure C.19?


Fatty acid chains are hydrophobic; the phosphate-containing group is hydrophilic.

Question: Which components in Figure C.19 are described as hydrophobic and which as hydrophilic?


Question: According to the labels in Figure C.21, how many fused hydrocarbon rings comprise steroids?


Question: What are the two labeled examples shown in Figure C.21?


Question: Which functional group mentioned with Figure C.21 places many steroids in the alcohol classification?


Four (an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain/R group).

Question: According to the labels in Figure C.22, how many distinct groups are attached to the central carbon of an amino acid?


Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and side chain (R group).

Question: What are the labels of the groups attached to the central carbon in Figure C.22?


Question: What is the central atom called in Figure C.22?


Question: How many common amino acids are displayed in Figure C.23?


Question: What text is used to refer to the variable group in Figure C.23?


Question: Which amino acid is described as having an R group linked to the amino group forming a ring-like structure in Figure C.23?


A peptide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next.

Question: What connects one amino acid to the incoming amino acid in Figure C.24?


Question: What molecule is released in the reaction shown in Figure C.24?


Question: What type of reaction is depicted in Figure C.24?


Question: According to Figure C.25, how many peptide chains make up insulin?


Two disulfide bonds connect the A and B chains; a third disulfide bond is within the A chain.

Question: How many disulfide bonds connect the A and B chains together in Figure C.25?


Question: Which amino acid's side chain forms disulfide bonds as noted in Figure C.25?


Question: In Figure C.26, what amino acid is at position seven in normal hemoglobin?


Question: Which amino acid replaces glutamate at position seven in sickle cell hemoglobin in Figure C.26?


Question: According to Figure C.26, how many residues long is the beta chain of hemoglobin?


Question: What are the labels of the secondary structures shown in Figure C.28?


Hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and amino groups in the peptide backbone.

Question: What type of bonding holds the structures in Figure C.28 in shape?


Question: According to Figure C.28, what causes amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern?


Hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide linkages.

Question: What interactions are listed as determining tertiary structure in Figure C.29?


Question: Which interaction mentioned in Figure C.29 is the only covalent bond formed during protein folding?


Question: What term in Figure C.29 describes interactions that place nonpolar amino acids' R groups in the protein's interior?


Question: How many levels of protein structure are displayed in Figure C.30?


Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Question: What are the labels of the protein structure levels shown in Figure C.30?


Question: Which level is described as the sequence of a chain of amino acids in Figure C.30?


Three (a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups).

Question: According to Figure C.31, how many components comprise a nucleotide?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the purine group in Figure C.31?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the pyrimidine group in Figure C.31?


Question: Where is the phosphate backbone located in Figure C.32?


Stacked in the interior (inside the helix).

Question: Where are the bases located in Figure C.32?


Antiparallel (one 5′ to 3′ and the other 3′ to 5′).

Question: How are the two strands oriented in Figure C.32?


Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine.

Question: Which bases pair together as shown in Figure C.33?


One runs 5′ to 3′ and the other 3′ to 5′ (antiparallel).

Question: How do the strands run relative to each other in Figure C.33?


Question: Where is the phosphate backbone located in Figure C.33?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AD.2?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure AD.2?


Question: In Figure AD.2, is the Root system positioned as a subset of the Shoot system, or are they shown as separate entities?


Xylem, Phloem, Epidermis (Dermal tissue), and Vascular bundle

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.3?


Question: Which component is located toward the inside of each vascular bundle in Figure AD.3?


Question: Which component is located toward the outside of each vascular bundle in Figure AD.3?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.4?


Question: Which component is labeled as connecting the leaf to the stem in Figure AD.4?


Question: Which element is labeled between two nodes in Figure AD.4?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure AD.5, suggesting it is the focal point?


Central pith, Cortex, Xylem (red), and Phloem tissue (green, between the xylem and cortex)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.5?


Question: In Figure AD.5, is the phloem positioned as a subset of the xylem, or are they shown as separate entities?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.6?


Question: How many times does the term “Collenchyma” appear in Figure AD.6?


Guard cells, Open stoma, Closed stoma, Stomatal pore, Epidermal cells

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.8?


Arrows indicate guard cells surrounding the stoma/opening

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure AD.8?


Question: Which component sits within the layer of epidermal cells in Figure AD.8?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AD.9?


Question: In Figure AD.9, what tissue is located toward the interior of the vascular bundle?


They are scattered throughout the ground tissue

Question: In Figure AD.9, how are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems?


Question: Which component is positioned at the outermost layer in Figure AD.10?


Secondary xylem and secondary phloem are produced by the vascular cambium

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AD.10?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure AD.10?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure AD.13?


Question: Which element appears in panel (d) of Figure AD.13?


Question: Which element appears in panel (e) of Figure AD.13?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure AD.14?


Question: Which element is shown in panel (a) of Figure AD.14?


Question: Which element is shown in panel (b) of Figure AD.14?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure AD.15?


Question: Which root system is shown in panel (a) of Figure AD.15?


Question: Which root system is shown in panel (b) of Figure AD.15?


Question: Which component is positioned at the tip of the root in Figure AD.16?


Question: Which zone is closest to the root tip in Figure AD.16?


Question: Which element is located directly below the 'Area of maturation' in Figure AD.16?


Sclerenchyma cells of the exodermis and xylem cells stain red; phloem cells stain blue

Question: What are the labels of the components that stain red and blue in Figure AD.17?


The stele (vascular tissue) inside the endodermis

Question: Which component is indicated by the green ring as the inner area in Figure AD.17?


Question: What label is used for the hair-like structures outside the epidermis in Figure AD.17?


Question: In the left panel of Figure AD.18, what arrangement does the vascular tissue form in the center of the root?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AD.18?


Question: Which component lies at the center of the monocot root in Figure AD.18?


Question: What items are depicted in Figure AD.19?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure AD.20?


Question: Which plant with aerial roots is shown in panel (a) of Figure AD.20?


Question: Which plant with aboveground prop roots is shown in panel (b) of Figure AD.20?


Tip, Midrib, Margin, Vein, Lamina, Petiole

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.21?


Question: Which component is positioned at the base of Figure AD.21 where the leaf attaches to the stem?


Question: Which component is positioned at the edge of the leaf in Figure AD.21?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.22 shows parallel venation?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.22 shows reticulate venation?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.22 shows dichotomous venation?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.23 shows a simple leaf?


Panel (b) (horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum)

Question: Which panel in Figure AD.23 shows palmately compound leaves?


Panel (c) (scrub hickory, Carya floridana)

Question: Which panel in Figure AD.23 shows pinnately compound leaves?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.24?


Question: Which component surrounds each stoma according to Figure AD.24?


Question: In panel (c) of Figure AD.24, which element is visible along with the large sub-stomatal air space?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.25?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.25 shows branched trichomes on Arabidopsis lyrata?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.25 shows multibranched trichomes on Quercus marilandica?


Palisade layer (palisade parenchyma) and Spongy layer (spongy parenchyma)

Question: What are the labels of the mesophyll layers in Figure AD.26?


Question: Which component is positioned at the very top of Figure AD.26?


Palisade parenchyma (palisade mesophyll)

Question: Which element is located directly below the upper epidermis in Figure AD.26?


Question: Which two components are labeled in Figure AD.27?


Xylem and phloem lie together within the vascular bundle

Question: Which elements are directly connected by adjacency in Figure AD.27?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.29?


Question: Which plant is shown in panel (a) of Figure AD.29?


Question: Which plant is shown in panel (b) of Figure AD.29?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.30?


Panel (a) (mangrove branches with aerial roots)

Question: Which panel in Figure AD.30 shows aerial roots that descend to the ground?


Panel (b) (cypress trees and some mangrove species)

Question: Which panel in Figure AD.30 shows pneumatophores involved in gas exchange?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.31?


Question: Which subject is shown in panel (a) of Figure AD.31?


Question: Which scene is shown in panel (b) of Figure AD.31?


Pure water; Positive pressure; Negative pressure; Solute

Question: What text appears inside the top labels of Figure AD.32?


Solutes (Ψs), pressure (Ψp), and gravity (Ψg)

Question: Which elements are shown as affecting the total water potential in Figure AD.32?


Question: How many U-tube panels are depicted in Figure AD.32?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.33?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.33 shows a wilted plant?


Question: Which panel in Figure AD.33 indicates turgor pressure (Ψp) keeping the plant erect?


Question: What value is labeled for the atmosphere in Figure AD.34?


Question: What value is labeled for the leaf at the tip of the tree in Figure AD.34?


Question: What value is labeled for the root cells in Figure AD.34?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AD.35?


Panel (a) (prickly pear cactus, Opuntia sp.)

Question: Which panel in Figure AD.35 shows a xerophyte?


Panel (d) (fragrant water lily, Nymphaea odorata)

Question: Which panel in Figure AD.35 shows a hydrophyte?


Sieve tube plate, Lateral sieve area, Sieve tube, Companion cell

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AD.36?


Adjacent sieve-tube elements are connected by the sieve tube plate

Question: Which two components are shown connected by the perforated structure in Figure AD.36?


Sieve-tube element and companion cell via lateral sieve areas

Question: Which elements share a direct line connection in Figure AD.36?


Question: Which components are labeled as the source and the sink in Figure AD.37?


Question: According to the arrows, which vessels return water to the leaves in Figure AD.37?


Question: Which element is positioned at the bottom of Figure AD.37?


Conversion of Pr (inactive) to Pfr (active)

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows illumination with red light in Figure AD.38?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AD.38 when exposed to far-red light or darkness?


Question: What text appears inside the central Figure AD.38 regarding the forms?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AE.2?


Question: What connects the root hairs to the leaves in Figure AE.2?


Question: Which element is positioned at the bottom of Figure AE.2?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AE.3, how many distinct components make up the cellulose illustration?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AE.3?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AE.3?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AE.4?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AE.4?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AE.4?


Question: Which section of the pie chart represents the largest percentage of the whole in Figure AE.6?


Four categories: inorganic mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air.

Question: How many categories are shown in the legend in Figure AE.6?


The four major components of soil by percentage of soil volume.

Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure AE.6?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AE.7?


Question: Which element is located directly below A in Figure AE.7?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure AE.7?


O horizon; A horizon; B horizon; C horizon.

Question: What are the labels of the horizons in Figure AE.7?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AE.8?


Question: Which element is located directly below the A horizon in Figure AE.8?


Question: Which component appears at the bottom of Figure AE.8?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AE.10?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AE.10?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AE.10?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AE.11?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure AE.11?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AE.11?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure AF.1?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AF.1?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AF.1?


A repeating cycle (alternation of generations).

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AF.2, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: How many times does the term “angiosperms” appear in Figure AF.2?


Question: How many times does the term “generations” appear in Figure AF.2?


Four parts: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

Question: According to the labels in Figure AF.3, how many distinct components make up the flower's main parts?


The calyx and corolla together are the perianth.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AF.3?


Androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).

Question: What are the labels of the reproductive groups shown in Figure AF.3?


Staminate (male) flowers clustered in the tassel at the tip of the stem.

Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AF.4?


Question: Which element is located in the immature ears in Figure AF.4?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AF.4, what is each strand of silk identified as?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AF.5?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AF.5?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure AF.5?


Question: How many microsporangia are shown in the immature anther in Figure AF.6?


Two stages (immature at top and mature at bottom).

Question: How many developmental stages of the anther cross section are shown in Figure AF.6?


Question: Which element in Figure AF.6 supports the development and maturation of the pollen grains?


Two coverings: the intine (inner) and the exine (outer).

Question: How many coverings does the pollen grain have in Figure AF.7?


Question: Which element is the outer layer of the pollen grain in Figure AF.7?


Question: Which cell is positioned inside the tube cell in Figure AF.7?


Question: How many synergids are shown in Figure AF.8?


Question: Which component is positioned at the end opposite the micropyle in Figure AF.8?


Question: What structure is labeled as the opening on the ovule sac in Figure AF.8?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AF.9, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AF.9 among the cone examples?


Question: How many times does the term “pollen” appear in Figure AF.9?


Question: Approximately how many microsporophylls are visible in the male cone cross section in Figure AF.10?


Question: About how many megasporophylls are shown in the female cone cross section in Figure AF.10?


Megaspore mother cell (MMC), micropyle, and a pollen grain.

Question: What are the labels of the components inside the single ovule in Figure AF.10?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AF.11?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AF.11?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure AF.11?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AF.16?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AF.16?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure AF.16?


Question: How many fertilization events are shown in Figure AF.18?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows fusion of a sperm with the polar nuclei in Figure AF.18?


Question: Which labeled product is 2n in Figure AF.18?


Question: How many total stages are shown in Figure AF.19?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AF.19?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure AF.19?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AF.20?


Question: How many cotyledons are shown in the dicot seed in Figure AF.20?


Question: Which labeled component develops into the root according to Figure AF.20?


Question: Which component protects the root tip in Figure AF.21?


Question: Which component protects the shoot tip in Figure AF.21?


Question: According to the sequence described, which structure emerges first in Figure AF.21?


Four categories: simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory fruits.

Question: How many categories are shown in the legend in Figure AF.22?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AF.22?


Question: What label is used to describe the group that includes the apple in Figure AF.22?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure AF.23?


Dandelion seeds dispersed by wind (panel a).

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AF.23?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AF.23?


Question: How many sub-figures are shown in Figure AF.24?


Question: Which element appears first according to lettering in Figure AF.24?


Question: Which element appears in panel (d) of Figure AF.24?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AF.25?


Question: What label is used for the stem that runs along the ground in Figure AF.25?


Question: Which element is located at the node in Figure AF.25?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AF.26, how many distinct components make up the graft assembly?


Question: Which element appears at the top part of the graft in Figure AF.26?


Question: Which element appears at the bottom part providing the root in Figure AF.26?


Question: Which component is positioned under the soil in Figure AF.27?


Question: How many times does the term “layering” appear in Figure AF.27?


Question: Which element is shown forming a new plant in Figure AF.27?


Three types of symmetry: asymmetrical, radial, and bilateral.

Question: How many types of body symmetry are shown in Figure AG.2?


Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.

Question: What are the labels of the symmetry types in Figure AG.2?


Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry are all types of animal body symmetry.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.2?


Two apodemes (located above and below the fulcrum).

Question: How many apodemes are indicated in Figure AG.3?


Apodemes connect the muscles to the claw.

Question: What connects muscles to the claw in Figure AG.3?


Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AG.3?


Question: How many animals are shown in Figure AG.4?


Question: What are the labels of the animals in Figure AG.4?


Three planes are illustrated: midsagittal, frontal, and transverse.

Question: How many different body planes are illustrated in Figure AG.5?


Midsagittal plane, frontal (coronal) plane, and transverse (horizontal) plane.

Question: What are the labels of the planes in Figure AG.5?


Two major body cavities: the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.

Question: According to the labels in Figure AG.6, how many distinct components make up the major body cavities?


The cranial cavity and the spinal (vertebral) cavity belong to the dorsal cavity.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.6?


Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements containing the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity in Figure AG.6?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AG.7?


Stratified squamous epithelium (squamous epithelial cells arranged in stratified layers).

Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure AG.7?


Squamous epithelial cells and stratified squamous epithelium.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.7?


Simple columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.9?


Two types: columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells.

Question: How many types of cells are mentioned in Figure AG.9?


Pseudostratified columnar epithelia and goblet cells.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.10?


Goblet cells are interspersed between the columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory tract lining.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.10?


Two types: collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

Question: How many types of fibers are described in Figure AG.12?


Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and fibroblasts.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.12?


Collagen fibers and elastic fibers are both fibers of loose connective tissue.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.12?


Fibrous connective tissue from the tendon and strands of collagen fibers.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.13?


Strands of collagen fibers are part of fibrous connective tissue.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.13?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AG.15?


Osteons, central Haversian canal, rings of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.15b?


Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.

Question: What are the labels of the cell types in Figure AG.15c?


Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and plasma (fluid matrix).

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AG.17?


Question: How many major blood cell types are named in Figure AG.17?


Erythrocytes and leukocytes are the living cell types in blood.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.17?


Three: smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Question: How many types of muscle are shown in Figure AG.18?


Smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells.

Question: What are the labels of the muscle types in Figure AG.18?


Question: What are the labels of the specialized structures shown with cardiac muscle in Figure AG.18?


Two types: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Question: How many types of glial cells are labeled in Figure AG.19?


Question: What are the labels of the neuron's projections in Figure AG.19?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure AG.19, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure AG.20?


It is a repeating cycle (a negative feedback loop).

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AG.20, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


It is a repeating cycle (a positive feedback loop).

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AG.21, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Oxytocin (the hormone that stimulates uterine contractions).

Question: What text appears inside the labeled steps related to the hormone in Figure AG.21?


Question: How many mechanisms of heat exchange are shown in Figure AG.22?


Radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.

Question: What are the labels of the heat exchange mechanisms in Figure AG.22?


Radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction are all mechanisms of heat exchange.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AG.22?


Question: What are the labels of the responses when the body is too warm in Figure AG.23?


Vasoconstriction and shivering (involuntary contraction of muscles).

Question: What are the labels of the responses when the body is too cold in Figure AG.23?


Question: How many different responses across both conditions are described in Figure AG.23?


Question: How many subfigures labeled with letters are shown in Figure AH.2?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.2?


Both (a) mule deer and (b) monarch caterpillar are herbivores.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AH.2?


Question: How many subfigures labeled with letters are shown in Figure AH.3?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.3?


Both (a) lion and (b) ladybug are carnivores.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AH.3?


Question: How many subfigures labeled with letters are shown in Figure AH.4?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.4?


Both (a) bear and (b) crayfish are omnivores.

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AH.4?


Four components: mouth, pharynx, intestine, and anus.

Question: According to the labels in Figure AH.5(b), how many distinct components make up the alimentary canal?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.5(b)?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.5(a)?


Question: How many subfigures labeled with letters are shown in Figure AH.6?


(a) Human digestive system; (b) Rabbit digestive system

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.6?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AH.6?


Question: What are the labels of the components described as stomachs in Figure AH.7?


Question: Which element is located directly below the proventriculus in Figure AH.7?


Question: Which component is positioned at the very end of the tract in Figure AH.7, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AH.8, how many distinct components make up the stomach?


Question: What are the labels of the four stomach compartments in Figure AH.8?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AH.8?


Question: How many subfigures labeled with letters are shown in Figure AH.9?


Parotid gland; Sublingual gland; Submandibular gland

Question: What are the labels of the components that are the three major salivary glands in Figure AH.9(b)?


Question: Which element is located directly below the nasal cavity in Figure AH.9(a)?


Question: Is the movement in this process in Figure AH.10 depicted as moving from left-to-right or top-to-bottom?


Question: What text appears at the top of Figure AH.10?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure AH.10 as vertically stacked panels?


Question: What are the labels of the three parts of the small intestine in Figure AH.11?


Question: Which element is located directly below the liver in Figure AH.11?


Question: Which element appears at the top of Figure AH.11?


Two (a larger villus panel and a microvilli inset)

Question: How many subfigures are shown in Figure AH.12?


Villi; Microvilli; Lumen; Muscle layers; Vessel carrying blood; Capillary; Artery; Vein; Lymphatic vessel

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.12?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure AH.12's villus diagram?


Four: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

Question: How many parts of the colon are labeled in Figure AH.13?


Transverse colon; Ascending colon; Descending colon; Cecum; Vermiform appendix; Sigmoid colon; Rectum; Anus

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.13?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure AH.13?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure AH.14?


Fruits; Vegetables; Grains; Protein; Dairy

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AH.14?


Question: Which element appears on the side of the plate in Figure AH.14?


Four (amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase)

Question: How many enzyme names are shown in Figure AH.16?


Question: What connects sucrose to glucose + fructose in Figure AH.16?


Question: What connects starch/glycogen to maltose in Figure AH.16?


Stomach; Liver; Pancreas; Small intestine

Question: What are the labels of the organs shown in Figure AH.17?


Question: Which element is located directly below the stomach in Figure AH.17?


The stomach and the small intestine are connected by arrows.

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AH.17?


Seven numbered steps are shown in panel (a).

Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure AH.18?


Lipases break down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure AH.18, which step occurs immediately after 'Lipids are emulsified by the bile'?


Question: Which element is positioned at the bottom of Figure AH.18(a)?


Question: Which element is located directly below the esophagus in Figure AH.19?


Question: Which component is positioned at the very bottom of Figure AH.19?


Question: Is the movement in this process in Figure AH.19 depicted as moving from left-to-right or top-to-bottom?


Question: How many subfigures labeled with letters are shown in Figure AI.2?


(a) cnidarians, (b) echinoderms, (c) planarians, (d) arthropods, (e) octopi, (f) vertebrates

Question: What are the labels of the organisms in Figure AI.2?


Question: Which element appears on the far right of Figure AI.2?


Cell body (soma), Cell membrane, Dendrite, Axon, Node of Ranvier, Myelin sheath, Oligodendrocyte, Synapse

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AI.3?


Question: How many distinct labeled components are shown in Figure AI.3?


Question: Which element appears on the far right side of Figure AI.3?


Question: How many neuron examples are shown in Figure AI.4?


(a) pyramidal cell, (b) Purkinje cell, (c) olfactory cells

Question: What are the labels of the three neuron examples in Figure AI.4?


Question: Which element is positioned in the middle of Figure AI.4?


Question: How many neuron types are displayed in Figure AI.5?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AI.5?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AI.5?


Question: In Figure AI.6, which color labels cells with BrdU incorporated into their DNA?


Question: In Figure AI.6, which color labels cells that express GFAP?


Question: How many colors are used to label cells in Figure AI.6?


Four (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells)

Question: How many items are grouped together under the central nervous system glia in Figure AI.7?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the peripheral nervous system group in Figure AI.7?


Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent 'peripheral nervous system' in Figure AI.7?


Question: How many subfigures are shown in Figure AI.8?


Question: Which cell type is labeled in panel (a) of Figure AI.8?


Question: Which label corresponds to oligodendrocytes in Figure AI.8?


Question: How many configurations of voltage-gated ion channels are depicted in Figure AI.9?


Question: What text appears over the leftmost configuration in Figure AI.9?


Question: Which configuration label appears on the right side of Figure AI.9?


Question: How many panels are shown in Figure AI.10?


Question: Which panel in Figure AI.10 shows depolarization?


Question: According to Figure AI.10, which ion enters the cell during depolarization?


Question: How many total numbered steps are shown in Figure AI.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure AI.11?


Question: According to the numbering, which step follows step 2 in Figure AI.11?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure AI.12?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AI.12?


Linear direction (left-to-right along the axon)

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AI.12, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: What are the gaps in myelin coverage called in Figure AI.13?


Question: How many types of channels are labeled at the nodes in Figure AI.13?


Question: Which element is located between myelin sheath segments in Figure AI.13?


Question: What connects the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane in Figure AI.15?


Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and ligand-gated ion channels

Question: Which two types of channels are labeled in Figure AI.15?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure AI.15?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure AI.16?


Question: Which two types of inputs are labeled in Figure AI.16?


Question: What text labels the horizontal line in Figure AI.16?


Signals go to a computer, then to a tool (such as a computer, a wheelchair, or a robotic arm)

Question: Which two components are connected by arrows after the brain in Figure AI.17?


A tool (such as a computer, a wheelchair, or a robotic arm)

Question: Which element is located on the right side of Figure AI.17?


Linear direction (brain → computer → tool)

Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AI.17, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: How many panels are shown across Figure AI.18?


Question: Which ion is shown blocking the NMDA receptor in the left panel of Figure AI.18?


Additional AMPA receptors inserted into the postsynaptic membrane

Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure AI.18?


Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question: What labels name the three layers covering the brain in Figure AI.19?


Question: Which component is positioned outermost at the top of Figure AI.19?


Question: Which element is located directly below the arachnoid mater in Figure AI.19?


Four (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

Question: According to the labels in Figure AI.21, how many distinct lobes are named on the cerebral cortex?


Question: Which lobe label is positioned at the back of the brain in Figure AI.21?


Question: Which lobe label appears at the front of the brain in Figure AI.21?


Question: What text at the base identifies the hemisphere in Figure AI.22?


Question: Which label in Figure AI.22 refers to the brain region rather than a body part?


Question: How many animals are illustrated in Figure AI.23?


Question: Which animal name appears on the far right of the top row in Figure AI.23?


Question: Which animal label appears at the far left of the bottom row in Figure AI.23?


Six (cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary)

Question: How many labeled structures are shown in Figure AI.24?


Question: Which structure is located below the thalamus in Figure AI.24?


Amygdala (other correct labels include cingulate gyrus or hippocampus)

Question: Name one structure labeled as part of the limbic system in Figure AI.24.


Question: Which label names the central butterfly-shaped region in Figure AI.25?


Question: How many labeled 'horn' regions are indicated in Figure AI.25?


Question: Which label in Figure AI.25 surrounds the gray matter?


Question: How many pathways are displayed side-by-side in Figure AI.26?


Parasympathetic system ('rest and digest' response)

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure AI.26?


Sympathetic system ('fight or flight' response)

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure AI.26?


Question: Which side in Figure AI.27 lists the effect 'Dilates pupil'?


Question: Which side in Figure AI.27 lists the effect 'Constricts pupil'?


Question: How many cranial nerves are shown in Figure AI.28?


Question: Which cranial nerve label appears at the top left of Figure AI.28?


Question: Which cranial nerve label is positioned immediately to the right of 'Olfactory' in Figure AI.28?


Question: Which component in Figure AI.29 is labeled as containing sensory neuron somas?


Question: How many labeled roots are shown in Figure AI.29?


Question: Which element in Figure AI.29 is located in the ventral portion of the gray matter?


Two (a normal brain and a brain with Alzheimer’s disease)

Question: How many brain images are compared in Figure AI.30?


Question: Which labeled structure is described as 'severely enlarged' in the Alzheimer’s brain in Figure AI.30?


Hippocampus (and cerebral cortex are labeled as extremely shrunken)

Question: Which labeled area shows 'extreme shrinkage' in Figure AI.30?


Question: How many categories are shown in Figure AI.32?


Question: Which category has the highest percentage in Figure AI.32?


Question: Which labeled category at the bottom combines depression, anxiety, and conduct in Figure AI.32?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AJ.2b?


Question: Which element is located at the bottom of Figure AJ.2a?


Question: What are the labels of the hair cells in Figure AJ.2b?


Arrows connect the thalamus to processing regions in the cortex.

Question: What connects the thalamus to the final processing regions in the cortex in Figure AJ.3?


Question: What text appears in the central illustration in Figure AJ.3a?


Three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Question: According to the labels in Figure AJ.4, how many distinct components make up the mammalian skin layers?


Question: What are the labels of the three layers in Figure AJ.4?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AJ.4?


Five: Merkel’s disk, Meissner’s corpuscle, Ruffini ending, Pacinian corpuscle, and Krause end bulb.

Question: How many different mechanoreceptor types are labeled in Figure AJ.5?


Question: Which elements are labeled in the epidermis region in Figure AJ.5?


Question: Which element appears on the right side among the receptor types in Figure AJ.5?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AJ.8b?


Question: Which element is labeled near the lower open area in Figure AJ.8b?


Question: What text appears beside the single-cell drawing in Figure AJ.8a?


Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae.

Question: What are the labels of the papillae shown in Figure AJ.10a?


Question: What is the value on the scale bar in Figure AJ.10b?


Question: What unit is used on the scale bar in Figure AJ.10b?


Four: circumvallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform papillae.

Question: How many different papilla types are labeled in Figure AJ.11?


Question: Which element is located directly below the 'Taste pore' label in Figure AJ.11?


Basal cell, Gustatory cell, and Transitional cell.

Question: Which components are labeled as cell types in Figure AJ.11?


Question: What label is used for the vertical dimension in Figure AJ.12?


Question: What quantity is indicated by the horizontal bracket in Figure AJ.12?


Question: Which line is shown as softer in volume in Figure AJ.12, the dashed line or the solid line?


Question: How many labeled ossicles are shown in Figure AJ.13?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AJ.13 within the outer ear?


Question: Which component is labeled at the boundary to the inner ear in Figure AJ.13?


The ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes).

Question: What connects the tympanic membrane to the oval window in Figure AJ.14?


Question: What are the labels of the two fluid spaces inside the cochlea shown in Figure AJ.14?


Question: Which membrane is labeled below the cochlear duct in Figure AJ.14?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AJ.15?


Question: What are the labels of the hair-like projections in Figure AJ.15?


Question: What is the label for the connectors between stereocilia in Figure AJ.15?


Three: Horizontal canal, Posterior canal, and Superior canal.

Question: How many semicircular canals are labeled in Figure AJ.16?


Question: Which element is located at the bottom as the spiral-shaped structure in Figure AJ.16?


Question: What are the labels of the two otolith organs shown in Figure AJ.16?


Question: What unit is used on the bottom axis in Figure AJ.17?


Question: What unit is used for the top scale in Figure AJ.17?


Question: What label marks the small band corresponding to human-visible light in Figure AJ.17?


Question: Which component is labeled at the front opening of the eye in Figure AJ.18a?


Question: Which component lies between the cornea and the lens in Figure AJ.18a?


Question: Which cells are located at the top of the retinal layer diagram in Figure AJ.18b (where light first passes)?


Rod (Rod outer segment contains rhodopsin).

Question: According to the labels in Figure AJ.19, which photoreceptor contains rhodopsin?


Question: Which labeled item 'Oil droplet' appears in which photoreceptor in Figure AJ.19?


Two (one for the rod and one for the cone).

Question: How many labeled 'outer segment' parts are shown across the two photoreceptors in Figure AJ.19?


Question: Which label names the membrane protein part of rhodopsin in Figure AJ.20a?


Question: What are the two isomer labels shown under the retinal drawings in Figure AJ.20b?


Question: What is the label of the G-protein shown in Figure AJ.20a?


Question: Which label indicates the enzyme that converts cGMP to GMP in Figure AJ.21?


Question: What change occurs in sodium channels in Figure AJ.21 when light strikes rhodopsin?


Question: What variable is represented on the horizontal axis in Figure AJ.22?


Question: What quantity is shown on the vertical axis in Figure AJ.22?


Question: Which labeled photoreceptor curve peaks at the shortest wavelength in Figure AJ.22?


Cholesterol, testosterone, and estradiol.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AK.2?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AK.2, how many distinct components make up the structures shown?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AK.2?


Tyrosine, epinephrine, tryptophan, and melatonin.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AK.3?


Tyrosine is connected to epinephrine; tryptophan is connected to melatonin.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure AK.3?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure AK.3?


Oxytocin, growth hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AK.4?


Question: According to Figure AK.4, how many distinct peptide hormones are illustrated?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure AK.4?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure AK.5, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What text appears inside the nucleus in Figure AK.5?


Hormone binds the receptor (NR) with HSP, the complex moves to the nucleus, and binds the HRE on DNA.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure AK.5?


Question: What text appears inside the enzyme box that converts ATP to cAMP in Figure AK.6?


Question: What connects ATP to cAMP in Figure AK.6?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AK.6?


Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.

Question: What connects renin to angiotensinogen in Figure AK.7?


Angiotensin I is connected to angiotensin II.

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AK.7?


Question: What are the labels of the hormones indicated to increase blood pressure and volume in Figure AK.7?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AK.9?


Three (estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin).

Question: How many items are grouped together under the ovaries in Figure AK.9?


GnRH from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, and FSH and LH from the pituitary to the ovaries.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure AK.9?


Eight (Central nervous system, Eyes, Respiratory, Urinary, Systemic, Gastric, Breath, and Skin).

Question: How many labeled system categories are shown around the body in Figure AK.10?


Question: What text appears inside the label for the Urinary system in Figure AK.10?


Question: What text appears inside the label near the mouth under 'Breath' in Figure AK.10?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure AK.11, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: What text appears inside the bottom box in Figure AK.11?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure AK.11?


Three (skeleton, kidneys, and intestine).

Question: According to Figure AK.12, how many distinct target components for PTH are shown?


Question: What are the labels of the target components shown for PTH in Figure AK.12?


Question: What text appears near the kidneys indicating the active form of vitamin D in Figure AK.12?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AK.13?


GHRH stimulates the release of GH; GHIH inhibits the release of GH.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows near the head region in Figure AK.13?


Question: How many hypothalamic hormones are labeled near the head in Figure AK.13?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AK.14?


Anterior pituitary gland and thyroid gland (via TSH).

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AK.14?


Question: How many thyroid hormones are named at the bottom of Figure AK.14?


Question: What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in Figure AK.15?


Question: What text labels the structure at the base of the brain in panel (a) of Figure AK.15?


Question: What text appears next to the connecting stalk in panel (b) of Figure AK.15?


Question: Which element appears above the thyroid gland in Figure AK.16?


Question: Which element appears below the thyroid gland in Figure AK.16?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure AK.16?


Question: What text labels the small glands on the posterior of the thyroid in Figure AK.17?


Question: Which larger structure is labeled along with the parathyroid glands in Figure AK.17?


Question: Which element is at the center of Figure AK.17?


Question: How many adrenal glands are shown in Figure AK.18?


Question: Which organ is directly below each adrenal gland in Figure AK.18?


Question: Which component is at the top of each kidney in Figure AK.18?


Question: Which element is located directly below the stomach in Figure AK.19?


Question: Which organ toward which the pancreas points is labeled on the right in Figure AK.19?


Question: What text labels the duct shown extending from the gall bladder in Figure AK.19?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AL.5, how many distinct components make up the axial skeleton?


Bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AL.5?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure AL.5?


Question: How many times does the term “bones” appear in Figure AL.6?


Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements in Figure AL.7?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AL.7?


Question: How many cervical vertebrae are labeled in Figure AL.8?


Question: How many thoracic vertebrae are labeled in Figure AL.8?


Question: How many lumbar vertebrae are labeled in Figure AL.8?


Costal Cartilage, Sternum, Ribs, Thoracic Cage

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AL.9?


Question: How many different labeled components are shown in Figure AL.9?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the pectoral limbs in Figure AL.10?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the pelvic limbs in Figure AL.10?


Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements in Figure AL.10?


Question: Which bones form the pectoral girdle in Figure AL.11?


Question: How many distinct bones are labeled as part of the pectoral girdle in Figure AL.11?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AL.11?


Question: What are the two bones of the forearm labeled in Figure AL.12?


Question: How many bones of the carpus are indicated in Figure AL.12?


Question: How many bones of the phalanges are labeled in Figure AL.12?


Question: How many pelvises are compared in Figure AL.13?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AL.13?


Question: How many times does the word “pelvis” appear in Figure AL.13?


Question: What text appears as the label for the kneecap in Figure AL.14?


Question: Which bones are labeled as forming the leg in Figure AL.14?


Question: Which bone is labeled as the thigh in Figure AL.14?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AL.15?


Question: According to the text near Figure AL.15, how many phalanges does the big toe have?


Question: How many different types of bones are shown in Figure AL.16?


Flat, irregular, long, short, and sesamoid

Question: What are the labels of the bone types in Figure AL.16?


Question: What is the central shaft labeled in Figure AL.17?


Question: What are the rounded ends labeled in Figure AL.17?


Question: What fills the marrow cavity labeled in Figure AL.17?


Question: What structure in Figure AL.19 contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers?


Question: In Figure AL.19, what do the small dark ovals in the osteon represent?


Question: What are the cylindrical units of compact bone labeled in Figure AL.19?


Question: What are the two labeled line types in Figure AL.20?


Question: How many labeled line categories are shown in Figure AL.20?


Question: What label in Figure AL.21 names the connective tissue on the outside of bone that acts as the interface with blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments?


Question: What label in Figure AL.21 identifies the region responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones?


Question: What is the labeled joint type shown in Figure AL.23?


Question: How many times does the term “Sutures” appear in Figure AL.23?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure AL.23?


A gomphosis (fibrous joint) with the periodontal ligament

Question: What connects the teeth to their sockets in Figure AL.24?


Question: What text appears as the joint name in Figure AL.24?


Question: How many times does the term “gomphoses” appear in Figure AL.24?


Question: What text appears in the central Figure AL.25?


Question: Which component is labeled as the tissue covering the ends of bones in Figure AL.25?


Question: How many types of synovial joints are shown in Figure AL.26?


Pivot, hinge, saddle, condyloid, plane (planar), and ball-and-socket

Question: What are the labels of the joint types in Figure AL.26?


Question: What joint type is illustrated in Figure AL.27?


Question: Where are the planar joints shown in Figure AL.27 located?


Question: How many times does the word “carpal” appear in Figure AL.27?


Question: What type of joint is shown in Figure AL.28?


Question: Which bones articulate at the elbow joint in Figure AL.28?


Question: How many bones are named in the caption of Figure AL.28?


Question: What joint type is depicted in Figure AL.29?


Two (the first and second vertebrae of the neck)

Question: How many vertebrae are referenced in Figure AL.29?


Question: What type of joint is shown in Figure AL.30?


Metacarpophalangeal joints in the finger

Question: Which body part example is labeled in Figure AL.30?


Question: What text appears as the joint name in Figure AL.30?


Question: What joint type is illustrated in Figure AL.31?


Question: Which body part example is shown in Figure AL.31?


Question: What type of joint is shown in Figure AL.32?


Question: Which body region is depicted in Figure AL.32?


Question: How many types of muscle tissue are shown in Figure AL.33?


Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AL.33?


Question: According to Figure AL.33, what microscopy method is used to visualize the tissues?


Question: What is the plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell labeled in Figure AL.34?


Question: What are the long cylindrical structures labeled inside the muscle fiber in Figure AL.34?


Question: What is the cytoplasm labeled in Figure AL.34?


Question: What is the region from one Z line to the next Z line labeled in Figure AL.35?


Question: What vertical line at the center is labeled in Figure AL.35?


Question: Which filaments are labeled in Figure AL.35?


Question: What change in I band size is described in Figure AL.36 during contraction?


Question: Which band is labeled as staying the same width in Figure AL.36?


Question: What change occurs at full contraction according to Figure AL.36?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure AL.37?


The active site on actin is exposed as Ca2+ binds troponin

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AL.37?


A new molecule of ATP attaches to the myosin head, causing the cross-bridge to detach; ATP hydrolyzes to ADP and phosphate, which returns the myosin to the “cocked” position

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AL.37?


During the power stroke, the myosin head bends, and ADP and phosphate are released

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure AL.37, which step occurs immediately after the myosin head forms a cross-bridge with actin?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure AL.38?


Acetylcholine released from the axon terminal binds to receptors on the sarcolemma

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure AL.38?


Question: According to the numbered labels in Figure AL.38, at which step is Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?


Question: According to the numbering in Figure AL.38, at which step is acetylcholine removed by acetylcholinesterase?


Tropomyosin returns to the original position, blocking the myosin binding sites on actin

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure AL.38?


Question: How many fish are shown in Figure AM.5?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure AM.6?


Three: primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi.

Question: According to the labels in Figure AM.7, how many distinct components make up the bronchi classification?


Question: Which element is located directly below the larynx in Figure AM.7?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AM.7?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure AM.8?


The trachea connects to the primary bronchi.

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure AM.8?


Question: According to the labels in Figure AM.9, how many distinct components make up the right lung lobes?


Question: Which element is positioned at the bottom of Figure AM.9?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure AM.9?