Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure N.11?


Glutamatergic synapses, Normal function, Ketamine, With drug present, NMDA receptor, presynaptic cell, GABA receptor, AMPA receptor, postsynaptic cell.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure N.12?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure N.12?


Reduced depressive symptoms within 1 day.

Question: What change in depression rating is described in Figure N.12?


A photo of Dr. Helen Mayberg and PET brain images are shown.

Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure N.13?


Treatment-specific FDG PET Change Patterns; Active fluoxetine; Placebo fluoxetine.

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure N.13?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure N.13?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.14?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure N.14?


Question: Which element is located directly below PFC in Figure N.14?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure N.15?


Reward, No reward prediction, Predicted (cued) reward occurs, Predicted (cued) reward does not occur, Summed firing, Individual DA neurons firing, Cue.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.15?


Question: Which element appears first according to vertical order in Figure N.15?


Rat brain, Nucleus accumbens neuron, Dopaminergic VTA neuron, Glutamatergic inputs (e.g. amygdala), GABA interneuron, Opioid peptide releasing neuron, Stimulants, Nicotine, Cannabinoid, Opioids, Alcohol, Glutamate, GABA, DA.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.16?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure N.16, suggesting it is the focal point?


Connections are shown among Glutamatergic inputs and the Dopaminergic VTA neuron, GABA interneuron and the Dopaminergic VTA neuron, Opioid peptide releasing neuron and Opioids, and the Dopaminergic VTA neuron and Nucleus accumbens neuron.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure N.16?


Question: What label is used to describe a group of elements in Figure N.17?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure N.17?


Norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin synapses, Normal function, With drug present, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, Cocaine.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.17?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure N.18, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


binge/intoxication, negative affect/withdrawal, preoccupation/anticipation, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.18?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure N.18?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure N.19?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure N.19?


Question: Which quantity increase in Figure N.19?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure N.20?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure N.20?


Large, Small, Low, High, First exposure, After repeated exposure.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.20?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure N.21?


DA D2 receptor binding, control, addicted, more, less.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.21?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure N.21?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure N.22?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the bottom side of Figure N.22?


Cue-induced reinstatement, Self-administration, Extinction, Reinstatement, Bar presses, Days, Cue, Lever press reinforced, Lever press not reinforced, Context-induced reinstatement.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure N.22?


Question: According to the labels in Figure O.2, how many distinct components make up the Types of rhythms?


Circadian, Ultradian, Infradian, Circannual

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.2?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom left of Figure O.2?


Level (gene expression, activity, hormone etc)

Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure O.3?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.3?


Question: Which component is positioned at the right side of Figure O.3?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure O.4?


Rodent wheel running increases during the night, when rodents are most active.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure O.4?


When shifted to constant darkness, the rodent maintains a 24h rhythm of activity.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure O.4?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure O.5?


Question: Where does decrease occur in Figure O.5?


Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure O.5?


Hypothalamus, Cortex, Pineal gland, Pituitary, Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.6?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure O.6?


Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN)

Question: What structure appears to the left of the Pituitary in Figure O.6?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure O.7?


SCN, Retinohypothalamic tract, Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.7?


ipRGC axons form the retinohypothalamic tract and excite the SCN.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Blue wavelength light activates intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the retina. in Figure O.7?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure O.8?


An intact hamster shows a 24h rhythm. They sleep when the lights are on and are active at night.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure O.8?


Transplanting fetal SCN tissue restores the hamster's free running rhythm. It still cannot entrain to light though.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure O.8?


Intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus (NPY), Raphe nuclei (5HT), ipRGCs (glutamate, PACAP), SCN

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.9?


ipRGCs (glutamate, PACAP) and SCN; Intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus (NPY) and SCN; Raphe nuclei (5HT) and SCN

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure O.9?


Intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus (NPY)

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure O.9?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure O.10?


Pineal gland, SCN, ipRGC, superior cervical ganglion, melatonin

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.10?


SCN cells project to neurons in the spinal cord, which project back to the pineal gland, inhibiting it. Pineal cells secrete melatonin in the blood stream, so SCN activation reduces melatonin secretion.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Light activates ipRGCs in the retina, which activate the SCN. in Figure O.10?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure O.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure O.11?


CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, CRY, promoter, cytoplasm, nucleus, per and cry gene expression

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.11?


Question: According to the labels in Figure O.12, how many distinct components make up the Why do we sleep?


Restoration of physical and mental energy, Reduced energy demand, Protection from predators, Support of growth and development, Support of plasticity for learning

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.12?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure O.12, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.13?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure O.13


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure O.13?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure O.14?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure O.14?


Awakening, Dreaming/REM, Stage 1 sleep, Stage 2 sleep, Stage 3 sleep, NREM

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.14?


Sleep spindles, Delta waves, EEG-recorded brain electrical activity during sleep

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.15?


Sleep spindles are rapid bursts in electrical activity in the brain during stage 2 NREM sleep that may be related to learning and memory.

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure O.15?


Delta waves are slow frequency, high amplitude waves evident during stage 3 NREM sleep

Question: Which element is located directly below Sleep spindles are rapid bursts in electrical activity in the brain during stage 2 NREM sleep that may be related to learning and memory. in Figure O.15?


VLPO (GABA, galanin), TMN (histamine), Raphe nuclei (5HT), Locus coeruleus (NE), LDT/PPT (ACh), Thalamus, Sleep, Wake

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.16?


Sleep transitions are regulated by a "flip flop switch."

Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom center of Figure O.16?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure O.16?


VLPO (GABA, galanin), TMN (histamine), Raphe nuclei (5HT), Locus coeruleus (NE), LDT/PPT (ACh)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.17?


VLPO (GABA, galanin) with TMN (histamine), Raphe nuclei (5HT), Locus coeruleus (NE), and LDT/PPT (ACh)

Question: Which components share a direct line connection in Figure O.17?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure O.17?


Awake, REM, N1, N2, N3, Lights off, Unscored, Nocturnal Polysomnography (Day 1), Multiple Sleep Latency Test (Day 2)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure O.18?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure O.18?


Question: Which element is located directly below Nocturnal Polysomnography (Day 1) in Figure O.18?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure O.19?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure O.19?


Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure O.19?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure P.2?


Blood oxygen levels, Body temperature, Caloric intake, Fluid intake

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.2?


Blood oxygen levels, Body temperature, Caloric intake, Fluid intake

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure P.2?


Question: According to the labels in Figure P.4, how many distinct components make up the homeostatic negative feedback loop?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure P.4, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.4?


Internal thermometer, Central processing unit, Internal fan

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.5?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure P.5, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure P.5?


House thermometer, Thermostat, Air conditioner, Furnace

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.6?


Question: According to the labels in Figure P.6, how many distinct components make up the bidirectional negative feedback loop?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure P.6?


Sensory cells, Control centers, Autonomic nervous system, Hypothalamus-pituitary axis, Change in behavior

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.7?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure P.7


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure P.7, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure P.8?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure P.8?


medulla respiratory control center, phrenic nerve, lungs, diaphragm

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.8?


medullary cardiovascular control center, Parasympathetic neurons, Sympathetic neurons, SA node, ventricles, arterioles

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.9?


medullary cardiovascular control center to Parasympathetic neurons and Sympathetic neurons

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure P.9?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure P.9?


Endotherms, like mammals and birds, create heat via metabolism

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure P.10?


Ectotherms, like lizards and amphibians, must get heat primarily from their environment

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure P.10?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure P.10?


TRPA1, TRPM8, TRPM3, TRPV4, TRPV3, TRPV1, TRPV2

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.11?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure P.11?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure P.11?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.12?


thermosensitive nerve ending to the spinal cord and then to the brain

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure P.12?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the brain in Figure P.12?


Thermosensory peripheral neurons and POA, POA, Sympathetic tone, Behavioral changes, Increased BAT thermogenesis, Vasoconstriction, Warm seeking, Closed posture, Shivering, Decreased BAT thermogenesis, Vasodilation, Cold seeking, Open posture, Licking, panting, sweating

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.13?


Question: Are Sympathetic tone and Behavioral changes in Figure P.13 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure P.13?


Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure P.14?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure P.14?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure P.14?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure P.15?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure P.15?


Amylin, CCK, PYY, Leptin, Ghrelin, Stomach expands, Stomach shrinks

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.15?


Vagus nerve, Empty stomach, Full stomach

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.16?


Question: Are Empty stomach and Full stomach in Figure P.16 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure P.16?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure P.17?


Blood ghrelin (pg/ml), Blood amylin (pg/ml), Blood leptin (ng/ml)

Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure P.17?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.17?


Stomach, Gastric balloon (deflated), Gastric balloon (inflated), Stretch, Stomach stretch, Food, Merge, Neurons

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.18?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure P.18?


Gastric balloon inflation can be used to induce stomach stretch in rodents

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure P.18?


Organ vasculosum of the lateral terminalis, Median eminence, Neurohypophysis, Subfornical organ, Pineal gland, Subcommissural organ

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.19?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure P.19?


Subfornical organ, Pineal gland, Subcommissural organ

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure P.19?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.20?


Question: Are POMC neurons and AgRP neurons in Figure P.20 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure P.20?


Arcuate nucleus, Median eminence, Long after the last meal, Right after a meal, POMC neuron, AgRP neuron, High orexigenic hormones, High anorexigenic hormones

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.21?


Question: Are POMC neuron and AgRP neuron in Figure P.21 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which element is located directly below Arcuate nucleus in Figure P.21?


Digestive system hormones, Ghrelin, Amylin, CCK, PYY, Leptin, AgRP/POMC neurons, Hunger circuits, Satiety circuits

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.22?


Digestive system hormones to AgRP/POMC neurons; AgRP/POMC neurons to Hunger circuits and Satiety circuits

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure P.22?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure P.22, suggesting it is the focal point?


Food consumed, Stomach stretch, Brainstem satiety centers, Limbic circuits, Feel full, Vagus nerve, Nucleus tractus solitarius, Full stomach, To limbic system

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.23?


Food consumed to Stomach stretch; Stomach stretch to Brainstem satiety centers; Brainstem satiety centers to Limbic circuits; Limbic circuits to Feel full

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure P.23?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure P.23?


Arcuate nucleus, ChR2-expressing AgRP neurons, ChR2-expressing POMC neurons, 1h light pulse stimulation, 24h light pulse stimulation, Food intake, Light, Off, On

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.24?


Question: Which column has the highest numerical value in Figure P.24?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure P.24?


Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Swollen red blood cell, Normal red blood cell, Shrunken (crenated) red blood cell, Low, Normal, High, Concentration of solute, Solute, Water

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.25?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure P.25?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure P.25?


SFO detects osmolarity, SFO/OVLT, Behavior, Pituitary gland, Increased motivation to drink (thirst), ADH release, more water reabsorption in kidney, Decreased ADH release, more water in urine

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.26?


SFO detects osmolarity to SFO/OVLT; SFO/OVLT to Behavior and Pituitary gland

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure P.26?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure P.26, suggesting it is the focal point?


Optical fiber implant, SFO, GCaMP expressing neurons, First lick/taste, Ca2+ signal change, Time (min), Chow, Room temp water, Cold water

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure P.27?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure P.27?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure P.27?


Innate Immunity, Adaptive Immunity First exposure, Adaptive Immunity Second exposure

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure Q.2?


Question: How many distinct components make up the immune responses shown in Figure Q.2?


Adaptive immune responses are more robust for pathogens you have encountered before.

Question: What text appears inside the numbered box 3 in Figure Q.2?


Skin (epithelia), Oral and nasal mucosa, Lung mucosa, Gut mucosa, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.3?


Skin (epithelia), Oral and nasal mucosa, Lung mucosa, and Gut mucosa belong to Physical barriers; neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes belong to Cells

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure Q.3?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the Cells in Figure Q.3?


3 different microbes and 3 identical receptors are shown

Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure Q.4?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.4?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure Q.4?


Pathogens entering wound, Skin (epithelial barrier), Tissue, Blood vessel, Neutrophil, Rapid phagocytosis, Macrophage, Phagocytosis, Complement proteins, Tissue-resident monocyte, Extravasation, Antigen presentation to adaptive immune cells

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.5?


Pathogens entering wound to Neutrophil; Macrophage to Phagocytosis; Macrophage to Antigen presentation to adaptive immune cells; Complement proteins to Tissue-resident monocyte; Extravasation to Tissue-resident monocyte

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure Q.5?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure Q.5?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure Q.6, suggesting it is the focal point?


Diabetes, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Pulmonary disease, Arthritis, Autoimmune diseases, Neurological diseases, Inflammation

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.6?


8 diseases are shown around Inflammation

Question: According to the labels in Figure Q.6, how many distinct components make up the inflammation-associated diseases shown?


Different B cells with different antibodies, Different microbes, Antibodies generated by B cells in adaptive immunity recognize specific epitopes on foreign microbial and non-microbial material., B cell bound to its specific antigen, Macrophage, Memory B cell, Secreted antibodies bind the pathogen and deliver it to macrophages., More B cells are created to recognize the same epitope., Memory B cells are made and retained for future use.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.7?


Question: How many different microbes are shown in Figure Q.7?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure Q.7?


B cell, Antibodies, Pathogen, Antibodies bound to pathogen, T cell, Pathogen, Infected cell, Attack!, B cells kill pathogens in the extracellular space., T cells kill infected cells and thereby the pathogens inside them.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.8?


Question: Are B cell and T cell in Figure Q.8 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure Q.8?


1 A healthy cell displays a bit of “self” epitope using MHC class I proteins. The T cell leaves it alone. 2 Antigen presenting cells display self signal with MHC class I but also display a pathogen epitope on MHC class II. The T cell learns about the pathogen epitope and becomes specialized to recognizing it. 3 An infected cell presents a pathogen epitope via MHC class I. A T cell that has learned about that epitope before will attack that infected cell.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.9?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.9?


T cell, MHC class I, Self, Healthy cell, Antigen presenting cell, Pathogen, MHC class II, Infected cell, attack!

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.9?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure Q.10?


Weakened blood vessels allow fluid to seep in and fill the lung cavities, leading to respiratory failure

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure Q.10?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.10?


Astrocyte end-feet, T cell, Endothelial cells, Blood, Macrophage, Monocyte, Neuron, Microglia

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.11?


Neuron and Microglia are shown below the blood vessel region

Question: Which element is located directly below Blood in Figure Q.11?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Endothelial cells in Figure Q.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure Q.13?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure Q.13?


Question: What is the minimum labeled value on the horizontal axis in Figure Q.13?


Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure Q.14?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure Q.14?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure Q.14


1 An injection of cyclophosphamide (or vehicle) is coupled with chocolate milk, followed by exposure to a foreign antigen. 2 Rats receiving cyclophosphamide show less immune response to the antigen than rats treated with vehicle. 3 Rats who had chocolate milk coupled with cyclophosphamide are exposed to just chocolate milk (or no milk) and the antigen. 4 Rats with no milk mount a normal immune response to the antigen. Rats treated with chocolate milk show immune suppression.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.15?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.15?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure Q.15?


1 Drinking chocolate milk is followed by exposure to a foreign antigen. 2 Rats who had chocolate milk coupled with antigen are exposed to just chocolate milk (or no milk). 3 Rats treated with chocolate milk show an increased immune response compared to those who got no milk.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.16?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.16?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure Q.16?


1 Pathogens cause immune cells to secrete cytokines, which signal throughout the brain and body to activate immune responses. 2 Cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus to release CRH. 3 CRH stimulates the pituitary to release ACTH into the blood. 4 HPA activation stimulates stress hormone- glucocorticoid, norepinephrine, and epinephrine- release from the adrenal glands. 5 Stress hormones act on immune cells in the spleen and thymus in complex ways that can activate or inhibit them.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.17?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.17?


Pathogens, Cytokines, Immune cells, Hypothalamus, CRH, Pituitary gland, ACTH, Adrenal gland, Epi, GCs, NE, Spleen, Thymus

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.17?


1 At baseline, immune cells hang out in the spleen and patrol the lymphoid tissues, the “barracks”. 2 In response to an acute stressor, immune cells rapidly move out of the barracks and into the blood as they redeploy to the battle stations of the body, such as the skin and gut.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.18?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.18?


Lymph nodes, Lymph vessel, Thymus, Spleen, Bone marrow, Lungs, Skin, Blood vessels, Small intestine, Large intestine

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.18?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure Q.19?


Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Vagus nerve

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.19?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure Q.19?


1 Pathogens stimulate peripheral immune cells to secrete cytokines. 2 Cytokines stimulate receptors on sympathetic nerve terminals. 3 Sympathetic nerves release neurotransmitters that activate leukocytes to deploy into the body.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.20?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.20?


Pathogens, Cytokines, Sympathetic terminal, Activate! Deploy!

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.20?


Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Bone marrow

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.21?


Brainstem region is connected by arrows to Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, and Bone marrow

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure Q.21?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure Q.21?


1 Cytokines released in response to an infection stimulate afferent vagus nerve fibers. 2 Sympathetic fibers are stimulated to release neurotransmitter on immune tissues, activating immune cells for deployment. 3 Later, efferent vagus nerve fibers release neurotransmitter, signaling to immune cells to suppress cytokine production.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.22?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.22?


Vagus nerve, Spleen, Sympathetic nerves, Vagus, Symp., Activate! Deploy!, Rest, recover

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.22?


1 Vagus nerve signals splenic nerve to release NE. 2 NE binds receptors on T-cells, causing release of ACh. 3 ACh binds to receptors on macrophages. 4 ACh binding inhibits release of proinflammatory cytokines.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.23?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.23?


Splenic nerve, Vagus, Norepinephrine, T-cell, Acetylcholine, Macrophage, Proinflammatory cytokines, Spleen, Vagus nerve, Splenic nerve, NE, ACh

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.23?


1 Early macrophage precursors migrate from the yolk sack to the brain and body. 2 Early macrophage precursors in the brain become microglia while those in the peripheral organs become macrophages. Other peripheral immune cells are also created later in development and throughout life from resident precursors in peripheral organs.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.24?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.24?


Early fetal development, Maturity, Yolk sack, Macrophage precursor cells, Fetal brain, In brain Microglia, In peripheral organs Macrophage, In peripheral organs Other immune cells derived later in development and during adulthood.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.24?


Control, Laser 10s, Laser 30s, 0 min, 1 min, 15 min, 150 min, Microglia express a green protein. Blood vessels are filled with a dye (blue)., Damaging tissue with a laser pulse cause microglia to migrate towards and send processes to the damage site.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.26?


5 time points are shown: 0 min, 0 min, 1 min, 15 min, 150 min

Question: How many items are grouped together under the time labels in Figure Q.26?


Real time in vivo multiphoton imaging of microglia in the cerebral cortex of a transgenic mouse

Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure Q.26?


microglia, Motility, dendritic spine, Synaptic interactions, debris, pathogens, foreign material, etc., Phagocytosis, Microglia morphology is visualized below in rat brain with immunolabeling for the microglia/macrophage-specific protein Iba1.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.27?


3 labeled functions are shown: Motility, Synaptic interactions, Phagocytosis

Question: How many distinct components make up the labeled functions shown in Figure Q.27?


A microscopy image with the text box about microglia morphology

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure Q.27?


Engulfment, Pruning, Microglia engulf and prune synapses in the CNS., Microglial synapse elimination helps to refine circuits., If microglia are impaired, insufficient synaptic pruning leaves circuits unrefined.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.28?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Engulfment in Figure Q.28?


Question: How many times does the term “Microglia” appear in Figure Q.28?


1 D1 receptors are rapidly eliminated by microglia from nucleus accumbens neurons during adolescence in males. 2 As a result of microglial pruning, adult nucleus accumbens have less D1 receptors. If the pruning is prevented, males show disrupted social behavior.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure Q.29?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure Q.29?


nucleus accumbens, microglia D1r contact, 3D reconstruction of a microglial cell shows contacts with D1R., Abundant D1 receptors, adolescence, Microglia, adult, Fewer D1 receptors

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure Q.29?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure R.2?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure R.2?


Sensory memory (seconds), Short-term memory (minutes), Intermediate-term memory (hours to days), Long-term memory (hours to lifetime)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.2?


Question: According to the labels in Figure R.2, how many distinct components make up the memory time course?


Question: What text appears inside the top box in Figure R.3?


Question: What text appears inside the central box in Figure R.3?


Question: What text appears inside the bottom box in Figure R.3?


Environmental input and Sensory registers; Sensory registers and Short-term store; Short-term store and Output response; Short-term store and Long-term store; Long-term store and Retrieval leading back to Short-term store

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure R.3?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the Sensory registers box in Figure R.3?


Question: Which element in Figure R.4 is highlighted or circled to indicate its importance?


Question: How many boxed regions are shown in Figure R.4?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure R.4?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure R.4?


Striatum: Procedural memory; Amygdala: Emotion association; Hippocampus: Episodic memory

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.5?


Question: According to the labels in Figure R.5, how many distinct components make up the major parallel pathways for long-term memory consolidation?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure R.5?


Short and long-term store minutes, days, years, decades

Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure R.6?


Explicit/declarative memory (concious) and Implicit/procedural memory (unconcious)

Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure R.6?


Question: How many subcategories are described under Explicit/declarative memory (concious) in Figure R.6?


Short and long-term store minutes, days, years, decades; Explicit/declarative memory (concious); Implicit/procedural memory (unconcious); Semantic memory: “Paris is the capital of France.”; Episodic memory: “When I was in Paris last year, I ate a delicious croissant.”

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.6?


Question: According to the labels in Figure R.7, how many distinct components make up the pathology of Alzheimer's disease?


brain shrinks, ventricles expand; Amyloid beta plaques; Tau protein tangle

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.7?


1 brain shrinks, ventricles expand; 2 Amyloid beta plaques; 3 Tau protein tangle

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.7?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure R.7?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure R.7?


1 Rodents learn where the platform is over many acquisition trials where they find it to escape the water. 2 After acquisition, the animal takes a shorter, faster path to the platform based on spatial memory. 3 In probe trials, the platform is removed. Animals with good location memory should swim directly to the platform location and stay near it.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.9?


Pathlength (cm) and Immediate Probe % Time

Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure R.9?


Hidden Trial Blocks and Young, Middle-aged, Aged

Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure R.9?


Young, Middle-aged, Aged; Target quadrant, Opposite quadrant

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure R.9?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure R.9?


1 Rodents learn where the escape is over many acquisition trials. 2 After acquisition, the animal takes a shorter, faster path to the escape based on spatial memory. 3 In probe trials, the escape is removed. Animals with good location memory should walk directly to the escape hole and stay near it.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.10?


Distance (cm) and Percent Path in Target Quadrant (%)

Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure R.10?


DAY 1, DAY 2, DAY 3, DAY 4 and YOUNG, MIDDLE-AGED, AGED

Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure R.10?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure R.10?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure R.10?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure R.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure R.11?


Stimulus quality, Stimulus frequency, and Response

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure R.11?


Siphon sensory neuron, Gill motor neuron, Serotonergic interneuron, Interneuron, Tail sensory neuron, Siphon, Gill, Withdraw, Tail, head, Gill (ventral side)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.13?


Siphon sensory neuron and Gill motor neuron; Tail sensory neuron and Serotonergic interneuron through interneuron; Serotonergic interneuron and Siphon sensory neuron axon terminal

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure R.13?


At baseline, siphon stimulation causes an EPSP in the gill motor neuron. Tail shock causes serotonin release on the siphon sensory axon terminal, activating G protein signaling downstream of the serotonin receptor. After sensitization, siphon stimulation causes a bigger EPSP in the gill motor neuron, resulting in more gill motor neuron firing.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.13?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Gill in Figure R.13?


unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, Before conditioning, During conditioning, After conditioning

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.14?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure R.14?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure R.14?


unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response; conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure R.14?


Cued fear conditioning, Contextual fear conditioning, Acclimation, Training, Testing, delay

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.15?


1 Rodents acclimate to a chamber for several minutes. 2 A mild shock is applied through the floor grid at the same time as a tone is played over a speaker. 3 After a delay, the mouse is returned to a different chamber. Freezing behavior in response to the tone is used as a measure of memory. 1 Rodents acclimate to a chamber for several minutes. 2 A mild shock is applied through the floor grid. 3 After a delay, the mouse is returned to the chamber, Freezing behavior is used as a measure of memory for the context.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.15?


3 in cued fear conditioning and 3 in contextual fear conditioning

Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure R.15?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Training in Figure R.15?


Question: Which category is described as the top level in Figure R.16?


Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure R.16?


Question: How many subcategories are described under Reinforcement in Figure R.16?


Question: How many subcategories are described under Punishment in Figure R.16?


Operant conditioning, Reinforcement, Punishment, Positive: stimulus presented (+), Negative: stimulus removed (-), Behavior increases, Behavior decreases

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.16?


Training trials, Sequence probes, Recognition probes, Odors, Sequence probe A vs C, Recognition probe B vs X, Sham, Lesion

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.17?


1 In training, rats are presented with 4 odors in a set order. Each cup has a treat that they can dig to find. 2 In sequence probe trials, rats will find a reward only in the cup that appeared first in the training order. 3 In recognition probe trials, rats will find a reward only in the cup with an odor they have encountered before. 4 Rats with hippocampal lesions are impaired in the sequence memory but not the recognition memory.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.17?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure R.17?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure R.17?


Human hippocampus, Rodent (rat, mouse) hippocampus, Sagittal view, Coronal view

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.18?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure R.18?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure R.18?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure R.18?


Hippocampal place cells, Entorhinal grid cells

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.19?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure R.19?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure R.19?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Entorhinal grid cells in Figure R.19?


Schaffer collaterals, CA1, Perforant path, From entorhinal cortex, DG, Mossy fibers, CA3

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.20?


From entorhinal cortex and DG through Perforant path; DG and CA3 through Mossy fibers; CA3 and CA1 through Schaffer collaterals

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure R.20?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure R.20?


Question: Which element is located directly below CA1 in Figure R.20?


Recording electrode, Stimulating electrode, Perforant path, DG, EPSP Field Rising Slope [(mV/ms)], PTP, LTP, Baseline, Tetanus, Minutes

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.21?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure R.21?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure R.21?


Question: What is the maximum value shown on the vertical axis in Figure R.21?


Question: What is the minimum labeled value on the horizontal axis in Figure R.21?


Normal synaptic transmission, Long-term potentiation, Long-term depression, Repeated high frequency stimulation, Low frequency stimulation, Presynaptic terminal, Glutamate, AMPA receptor, NMDA receptor, Postsynaptic terminal, Postsynaptic response to presynaptic AP

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.22?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top right of Figure R.22?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom right of Figure R.22?


Normal synaptic transmission and Long-term potentiation through Repeated high frequency stimulation; Normal synaptic transmission and Long-term depression through Low frequency stimulation

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure R.22?


AMPA receptor, Glutamate, NMDA receptor, Glutamate binds both AMPA and NMDA opening their channels. To open, NMDA also requires glycine or serine to be bound as a co-ligand. However, the NMDA channel remains blocked due to a Mg2+ ion. Sodium ion influx causes membrane depolarization. This causes the Mg2+ to be expelled from the NMDA channel. With the Mg2+ gone the NMDA can now allow both Na+ and Ca2+ ions to enter. This is a key step for LTP!

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.23?


membrane depolarization and expulsion of the Mg2+ from the NMDA channel

Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure R.23?


Question: Which labeled component disappears in the final stage in Figure R.23?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure R.23?


Presynaptic firing, Normal synaptic transmission, Presynaptic terminal, Glutamate, Mg2+ blocks receptor, AMPA receptor, NMDA receptor, Postsynaptic terminal, Post-synaptic EPSP, During high frequency stimulation, AMPA receptor added, Signaling cascade, After high frequency stimulation, Na, Ca2+

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure R.24?


1 Normal synaptic transmission. 2 During high frequency stimulation. 3 After high frequency stimulation.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure R.24?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the second panel in Figure R.24?


Question: What new labeled structure appears in the third panel in Figure R.24?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure R.24?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.2?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure S.2, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the purple circle in Figure S.2?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure S.3?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the bottom side of Figure S.3?


Question: How many times does the term “Valid cue” appear in Figure S.3?


Question: How many times does the term “Invalid cue” appear in Figure S.3?


Fixation, Cue, Delay, Stimulus, Valid cue, Invalid cue, Endogenous, Exogenous

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.3?


A shape singleton is a unique target shape among distractor shapes; A color singleton is a uniquely colored object among homogenously colored distractor objects; A conjunction search requires the participant to scan the display for the combination of a particular shape and color

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure S.4?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure S.4?


A conjunction search requires the participant to scan the display for the combination of a particular shape and color

Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure S.4?


Pulvinar, Superior colliculus, Reticular activating system

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.5?


Question: According to the labels in Figure S.5, how many distinct components make up the brainstem and subcortical regions associated with arousal and selective attention?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure S.5?


FEF, IPS/SPL, TPJ (IPL/STG), VFC (IFG/MFG), Dorsal attention network, Ventral attention network

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.6?


FEF and IPS/SPL belong to the dorsal attention network; TPJ (IPL/STG) and VFC (IFG/MFG) belong to the ventral attention network

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure S.6?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure S.6?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure S.7?


Question: What unit is used on the x-axis in Figure S.7?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure S.7?


Question: What unit is used on the y-axis in Figure S.7?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure S.7?


Ineffective stimulus and Effective stimulus

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure S.8?


Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure S.8?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure S.8?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure S.8?


Ineffective stimulus, Effective stimulus, V4 neuron receptive field, Location of attention, Fixation cross, Attending to effective stimulus, Attending to ineffective stimulus, V4, Time (ms), V4 neuron firing

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.8?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure S.9?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure S.9?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure S.9?


Question: Which column has the highest numerical value in Figure S.9?


FFA, PPA, Attended faces, Attended houses, Region, % Signal change

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.9?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure S.10, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Sensory Inputs, Registration, Perceptual analysis, Semantic encoding/analysis, Executive functions, Decisions, memory, etc., Early selection, Late selection, Attended information source, Ignored information source

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.10?


Sensory Inputs to Registration; Registration to Perceptual analysis; Perceptual analysis to Semantic encoding/analysis; Semantic encoding/analysis to Executive functions and Decisions, memory, etc.

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure S.10?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure S.10?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure S.11?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure S.11?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure S.11?


Low load, High load, Feature search: any red “t”, upright or inverted, Conjunction search: blue upright “t”s and yellow inverted “t”s, V1, V2, V3, V4, V3a, Activity, Visual area

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.11?


Question: Which column has the highest numerical value in Figure S.11?


Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure S.12?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure S.12?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure S.12?


Question: What unit is used on the y-axis in Figure S.12?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure S.12?


Line bisection task, Healthy, Neglect, Line cancellation task, Letter search task, Drawing from a model, Model, Patient copy, Drawing from memory

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.14?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure S.14?


Drawing from a model and Drawing from memory

Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure S.14?


Question: Which element is located directly below Model in Figure S.14?


Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure S.15?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure S.15?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure S.15?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure S.16?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure S.16?


Prism adaptation therapy reduces spatial neglect in a searching task (top) and a copying task (bottom).; rTMS over the unaffected cortical hemisphere reduces spatial neglect in a line bisection task.

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure S.16?


Question: What is the maximum value shown on the vertical axis in Figure S.16?


The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Sorting piles, Participant's current card, Participant's starting point, Goal, Congruent, Incongruent, Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Black

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.17?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure S.17?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure S.17?


dlPFC, vlPFC, lPFC, FPC, OFC, mPFC, ACC, Premotor cortex

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.18?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure S.18?


Question: In Figure S.18, is dlPFC positioned as a subset of lPFC, or are they shown as separate entities?


Question: Which element is located directly below mPFC in Figure S.18?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.19?


One photograph of Phineas Gage and two skull/brain reconstructions

Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure S.19?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure S.19?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure S.20?


Question: How many distinct components make up the mesocortical dopamine system in Figure S.20 according to the labels?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure S.20?


dendrite, soma, axon, Action potentials, Neurotransmitter

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.2?


Question: How many neurons are shown in Figure B.2?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the axon in Figure B.2?


Axon, Dendrite, Synaptic cleft, Synaptic vesicle, Neurotransmitter, Receptor, Presynaptic, Postsynaptic

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.3?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Synaptic cleft in Figure B.3?


Question: How many times does the term “Neurotransmitter” appear in Figure B.3?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.4?


The AP initiates the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure B.4, which step occurs immediately after The pre-synaptic neuron stores transmitter in vesicles, waiting to be released when an action potential (AP) reaches the synaptic terminal.?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure B.4?


Presynaptic neuron and Postsynaptic neuron

Question: Which two components are connected by the central bridge shown in the illustration in Figure B.5?


Presynaptic neuron, Postsynaptic neuron, Gap junction, Ions, Connexons, Individual connexon protein

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.5?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure B.5?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.6?


Neurons integrate EPSPs and IPSPs. If the sum is below threshold (just one EPSP from an excitatory partner E1), no action potential is produced, and the neuron does not release transmitter.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure B.6?


The action potential triggers transmitter release as it passes each of the neuron's pre-synaptic terminals.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure B.6?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure B.7?


Sensory neuron, Dendrites, Skin, Motor neuron, Muscle, Potential (mV), Time (ms)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.7?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure B.7?


Sensory axon, afferent (sensory) neuron, dorsal root ganglion, interneuron, motor root, efferent (motor) neuron, skin, skeletal muscle

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.8?


afferent (sensory) neuron and interneuron; interneuron and efferent (motor) neuron; efferent (motor) neuron and skeletal muscle

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure B.8?


Question: Which element is located directly below skin in Figure B.8?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.9?


Tritonia, Starfish, Stages of Swimming, Neural Circuit, Sensory neuron, Back muscles, Motor neurons, Inhibitory neuron, Partner neuron

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.9?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure B.9?


1 Parallel processing; 2 Feedback; 3 Rhythms; 4 Moderate activity; 5 Efficiency

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure B.10?


Pathway 1, Pathway 2, Pathway 3, Heartbeat monitor, Too much excitation: seizures spastic paralysis, Moderate: Best operation, Too much inhibition: coma flaccid paralysis

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure B.10?


Question: How many distinct components make up the pathways in Figure B.10?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure B.11, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure B.11?


Control; Hippocampus Disrupted; Hippocampus Disrupted, Simulated Replacement

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure B.11?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure B.12?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure B.12?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure B.12?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure B.13?


Like charges repel each other; Opposite charges attract each other; Molecules with balanced charge are neither attracted nor repulsed

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure B.13?


Molecules with balanced charge are neither attracted nor repulsed

Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure B.13?


electrical potential, current, and conductance

Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure B.14?


Reference electrode, Recording electrode, Ion channel, Cell membrane, Inside cell, Negative ion, Positive ion

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.14?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure B.14?


Reference electrode, Recording electrode, Resting potential, Membrane potential increases, Membrane potential decreases, Stable membrane potential, Inside neuron, Potential (mV), Time (ms)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.15?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure B.15?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the lettered sections of Figure B.15?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure B.16


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.16?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure B.16?


Diffusive force; Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration; Diffusive force pushes Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ into a typical neuron. Diffusive force pushes K+ out of a typical neuron.

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure B.17?


Question: Is the movement in this process in Figure B.17 depicted as moving from left-to-right or top-to-bottom?


Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Question: Which element is located directly below Diffusive force in Figure B.17?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the 3 common pumps in Figure B.18?


Ion pumps, Ion binds, Ion transported across membrane using ATP for energy, 3 common pumps, Ca2+ pump, Cl- pump, Na+/K+ pump, Inside neuron, ATP, ADP

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.18?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure B.18?


Question: How many items are grouped together under the 3 common ion channels in Figure B.19?


Ion channel, Central pore, Ion diffuses through channel, Outside, Neuronal membrane, Inside, 3 common ion channels, Leak channels, Ligand-gated channels, Voltage-gated channels, Always open, Opened by ligand binding (such as a neurotransmitter), Closed or opened by changes in membrane potential

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.19?


Leak channels, Ligand-gated channels, Voltage-gated channels

Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure B.19?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.21?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure B.21?


Open leak channels provide a constant ability for K+ to move the neuron towards a negative potential.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure B.21?


Neurotransmitter, Binding site, Transmitter-gated channel, Open channel, Ions move inside when the channel opens, Closed channel, Inside neuron

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.22?


Question: How many different channel states are shown in Figure B.22?


Question: Which element is located directly below Binding site in Figure B.22?


Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure B.23?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure B.23?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.23?


Excitatory input 1 (E1), Threshold, Resting potential, Time (ms), Membrane potential (mV), Temporal summation, Spatial summation, Inhibitory input (I1)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.24?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure B.24?


Question: How many graph panels are shown in Figure B.24?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.25?


Question: At which labeled point does the graph in Figure B.25 reach its highest value?


Membrane potential (mV), Time (ms), Rising phase, Falling phase, Threshold, Stimulus, Refractory

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.25?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.26?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.26?


Question: Is the movement in this process in Figure B.26 depicted as moving from left-to-right or top-to-bottom?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure B.27?


Resting Potential, Rising phase, Falling phase, Undershoot, Voltage-gated Na+ channel, Voltage-gated K+ channel, Open, Closed, Inactive, Membrane potential (mV), Time (ms), Threshold

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.27?


Question: Where is the lowest value described in Figure B.27?


Myelin, Ion channels, Axon, Node of Ranvier, 0.5 to 10 m/s, up to 150 m/s

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.28?


Question: How many nodes of Ranvier are labeled in the enlarged view in Figure B.28?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure B.28?


Ouabain, Na+/K+ pump function blocked by Ouabain, K+, Na+, 0 mV, -55 mV, 100 μm Ouabain - 10 min

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.29?


Question: What unit is used on the horizontal axis in Figure B.29?


Poison Arrow Plant (Acokanthera schimperi)

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure B.29?


Cell surface tag, Mutated cell surface tag, Normal Awake EEG, Absence Seizure EEG

Question: What text appears inside the specific shape or box in Figure B.30?


Question: How many EEG panels are shown in Figure B.30?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure B.30?


Puffed vs Unpuffed Puffer Fish, Tetrododotoxin, Voltage gated Na+ channel, Inside neuron, L-AP4, L-AP4 + TTX, 20 mV, 2 s

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.31?


Question: How many puffer fish images are shown in Figure B.31?


Tetrododotoxin and Voltage gated Na+ channel illustration

Question: Which element is located directly below Puffed vs Unpuffed Puffer Fish in Figure B.31?


Normal myelinated neuron and Multiple Sclerosis

Question: Which elements are described as belonging to the same group in Figure B.32?


Normal myelinated neuron, Multiple Sclerosis, Axon hillock, Myelin Sheath, Damaged Myelin Sheath, Axon terminals, Membrane potential (mV), Time (ms)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.32?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure B.32?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure B.33?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure B.33?


Example excitatory cortical neurons, Example inhibitory cortical neurons, L1, L2/3, L5, L6

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure B.33?


Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, Microtubule, precursor protein, mRNA, Gene, Mature neuropeptide

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.1?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure C.1?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Mature neuropeptide in Figure C.1?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure C.2?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure C.2?


Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Histamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, adenosine, cannabinoid, orexin, many neuropeptides

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.2?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.3?


Neurotransmitters are transported into vesicles.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.3, which step occurs immediately after Enzymes convert the precursor nutrients into neurotransmitters?


Transporters, Precursor amino acid, sugar, fat or peptide, Neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme, Neurotransmitter, Autoreceptor, Reuptake Transporters, Astrocyte, Ions, Degrading enzyme

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.3?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.4?


Proteins on the vesicle and the presynaptic cell membrane bind to each other, docking the vesicle.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure C.4?


Neurotransmitter, Vesicle, Docking proteins, Cytosol, Synaptic cleft, Ca2+

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.4?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure C.5?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure C.5?


Ions, Neurotransmitter, Ion channel, GPCR, Effector protein, G-protein, Neurotransmitter binds to channel., Channel opens. Ions flow in or out., Neurotransmitter binds to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)., G-protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate channels., Ion channels open. Ions flow in or out.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.5?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.6?


Dopamine is converted to norepinephrine by dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in vesicles.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.6, which step occurs immediately after Dopamine (DA) is transported into vesicles.?


Tyrosine is transported out of the blood, into neurons., Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) converts tyrosine to L-DOPA, DOPA decarboxylase converts L-DOPA into dopamine., Dopamine (DA) is transported into vesicles., Dopamine is converted to norepinephrine by dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in vesicles., Norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by PNMT in vesicles., Norepinephrine and dopamine in the synaptic cleft are broken down by MAO and COMT., L-Tyrosine, Tyrosine hydroxylase, L-DOPA, DOPA decarboxylase, Dopamine, Dopamine β-hydroxylase, Norepinephrine, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, Epinephrine, Homovanillic acid, VMA, MAO, COMT

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.6?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure C.7?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure C.7?


D1-like receptor, D2-like receptor, DA, Gαs, Gαi, βγ, Adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, ATP, DA binding to D1-like receptors activates Gαs, 2nd messenger protein, which activates adenylyl cyclase., Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP., DA binding to D2-like receptors activates Gαi, 2nd messenger protein, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.7?


Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum, To spinal cord, Locus coeruleus

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.8?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure C.8?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Cerebellum in Figure C.8?


To striatum, Cerebral cortex, Corpus callosum, Thalamus, Pons, Medulla, To spinal cord, Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.9?


Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure C.9?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Thalamus in Figure C.9?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.10?


5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase converts 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan into serotonin

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.10, which step occurs immediately after Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) converts tryptophan in to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan?


Tryptophan is transported out of the blood, into neurons., Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) converts tryptophan in to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase converts 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan into serotonin, Serotonin (5HT) is transported into vesicles., Serotonin in the synaptic cleft is broken down by MAO and aldehyde dehydrogenase., L-Tryptophan, TPH, L-5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan, 5-HT, 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), MAO, Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, Tryptophan hydroxylase

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.10?


Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum, To spinal cord, Raphe nuclei

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.11?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure C.11?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Cerebellum in Figure C.11?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.12?


The precursor matures into the final neuropeptide and is released in response to action potentials.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure C.12?


Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, Microtubule, precursor protein, mRNA, Gene, axonal transport, Mature neuropeptide, The neuropeptide gene is transcribed and then translated into precursor protein., The precursor protein is packaged into vesicles and transported down the axon., The precursor matures into the final neuropeptide and is released in response to action potentials.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.12?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.13?


SON, PVN, Posterior pituitary, OXT, To cortex and limbic system, In bloodstream, Oxytocin is expressed by magnocellular neurons in the PVN and SON., Oxytocin protein is transported from the cell body to the axon terminals., Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream via axon terminals in the posterior pituitary., Oxytocin is also released throughout the limbic system and cortex.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.13?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure C.13?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.14?


Glutamate produced in the cytoplasm is transported into synaptic vesicles by a vesicular glutamate transporter.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.14, which step occurs immediately after Neurons primarily synthesize glutamate from glutamine via the enzyme glutaminase?


Transporters, Glutamine, Glutaminase, Glutamate, Vesicular glutamate transporter, SNAT, EAAT, Glutamine absorbed from food is transported out of the blood, across the BBB, and into neurons., Neurons primarily synthesize glutamate from glutamine via the enzyme glutaminase, Glutamate produced in the cytoplasm is transported into synaptic vesicles by a vesicular glutamate transporter., The arrival of the action potential causes vesicle fusion and glutamate is released in the synaptic cleft., Ionotropic and metabotropic postsynaptic glutamate receptors cause depolarization., Glutamate in the synapse is removed by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT) on astrocytes., In the astrocyte, glutamate is converted into glutamine by glutamine synthetase and transported out by a sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT). Glutamine is transported back into the glutamate neuron.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.14?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.15?


GABA is transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT).

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.15, which step occurs immediately after GABA is synthesized from glutamate by L-glutamic acid decarboxylase.?


Transporters, Glutamine, Glutaminase, L-glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA, VGAT, GABA-T, [CAC], GABA transporters, Glutamine absorbed from food is transported out of the blood, across the BBB, and into neurons., GABA is synthesized from glutamate by L-glutamic acid decarboxylase., GABA is transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)., The arrival of the action potential causes vesicle fusion and GABA release in the synaptic cleft., GABA binds to ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, causing hyperpolarization., GABA is removed from the synapse by transporter proteins located either pre-synaptically or on astrocytes., Inside the presynaptic terminal GABA is transported into vesicle again for release or catabolized by GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and then enters the citric acid cycle. This catabolization also occurs in astrocytes.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.15?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure C.16?


Question: What grouping of elements is described at the center of Figure C.16?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure C.16?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure C.17?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure C.17?


GABA-A, GABA-A-Rho & GABA-C receptors, GABA-B receptor, Cl-, GABA, K+, G Protein, Cl- flows into the cell and hyperpolarizes it., G-protein subunits activate K+ channels, letting K+ flow out, hyperpolarizing the cell.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.17?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure C.18?


Glutamate binds both AMPA and NMDA opening their channels. To open, NMDA also requires glycine or serine to be bound as a co-ligand. However, the NMDA channel remains blocked due to a Mg2+ ion.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure C.18?


AMPA receptor, NMDA receptor, Glutamate, Na+, Mg2+, Ser, Gly, Ca2+, Glutamate binds both AMPA and NMDA opening their channels. To open, NMDA also requires glycine or serine to be bound as a co-ligand. However, the NMDA channel remains blocked due to a Mg2+ ion., Sodium ion influx causes membrane depolarization. This causes the Mg2+ to be expelled from the NMDA channel., With the Mg2+ gone, the NMDA can now allow both Na+ and Ca2+ ions to enter.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.18?


Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum, To spinal cord, Tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.19?


Tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure C.19?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Cerebellum in Figure C.19?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.20?


Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.20, which step occurs immediately after Histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to histamine.?


Transporters, Histidine, Histamine, Histidine is absorbed from food and is transported out of the blood, across the BBB, and into neurons., Histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to histamine., Histamine is transported into vesicles., The arrival of the action potential causes neurotransmitter release in the synaptic cleft., Histamine binds to metabotropic postsynaptic receptors, H1 and H2, leading to EPSPs., Histamine binding to presynaptic metabotropic H3 signals to the presynaptic neuron to stop transmitter synthesis and/or release of acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.20?


FAAH — Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase; COX-1 — Cyclooxygenase-1; COX-2 — Cyclooxygenase-2

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure C.21?


N-Arachidonoyl-Phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), Anandamide, FAAH, Arachidonic acid, COX-1, COX-2, Prostaglandin G2, Prostaglandin H2, Arachidonate-Containing Diacylglycerol (DAG), 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.21?


N-Arachidonoyl-Phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) and Anandamide; Anandamide and Arachidonic acid; Arachidonate-Containing Diacylglycerol (DAG) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and Arachidonic acid; Arachidonic acid and Prostaglandin G2; Prostaglandin G2 and Prostaglandin H2

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure C.21?


Ca2+, Neurotransmitter, Retrograde neurotransmitter, Ions

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.22?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure C.22?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Retrograde neurotransmitter in Figure C.22?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.23?


Neurotransmitter, CB1 receptor, cAMP, Ca2+, K+, 2-AG, Anandamide, DAGLα, PLD, DAG, NAPE, Depolarization, Neurotransmitter release activates the postsynaptic cell., Postsynaptic activation activates DLGα and PLD to synthesize 2-AG and anandamide from their precursors DAG and NAPE, respectively., 2-AG and anandamide diffuse through the cell membrane and across the synaptic cleft to activate CB1 receptors., CB1 activation inhibits presynaptic neurotransmitter release, Ca2+ influx and cAMP production and promotes K+ efflux.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.23?


2-AG and anandamide diffuse through the cell membrane and across the synaptic cleft to activate CB1 receptors.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.23, which step occurs immediately after Postsynaptic activation activates DLGα and PLD to synthesize 2-AG and anandamide from their precursors DAG and NAPE, respectively.?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure C.24?


ACh autoreceptors signal to the presynaptic neuron to shutdown ACh synthesis and release.

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure C.24, which step occurs immediately after Neurotransmitter binding to receptors leads to EPSPs, IPSPs and/or secondary biochemical processes.?


Transporters, Choline, Acetyl CoA, CoA, auto-receptor, Choline Transporter, nicotinic ACh receptor, muscarinic ACh receptor, Ions, Choline is absorbed from food and transported into the brain from the blood., Enzymes add an acetyl group to choline to make acetylcholine., Acetylcholine is packaged into vesicles., The arrival of the action potential causes vesicle fusion and ACh release in the synaptic cleft., Neurotransmitter binding to receptors leads to EPSPs, IPSPs and/or secondary biochemical processes., ACh autoreceptors signal to the presynaptic neuron to shutdown ACh synthesis and release., ACh in degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase., Choline is recycled to make more ACh.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.24?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure C.25?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure C.25?


Nicotinic ACh receptor, Muscarinic ACh receptor, Na+, ACh, Effector protein, Ion channel, nAChR, mAChR, ACh binds to nAChR., nAChR opens. Na+ flows in., ACh binds to mAChR., G-protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate channels., Ion channels open. Ions flow in or out, depending on what channels are expressed in the cell.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.25?


Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cerebellum, To spinal cord, Basal forebrain

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure C.26?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure C.26?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Cerebellum in Figure C.26?


many brains from diverse species are shown around a phylogenetic tree

Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure D.2?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.2?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure D.2, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.3?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure D.3?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure D.3?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.4?


mesopallium, nidopallium, hyperpallium, striatum, cortex, somatosensory, visual, motor

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.4?


Question: How many times does the term “nidopallium” appear in Figure D.4?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.5?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure D.5?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure D.5?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure D.6?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.6?


Question: Which column has the highest numerical value in Figure D.6?


Question: How many categories are shown in the legend in Figure D.7?


Primary somatosensory area (S1), Somatosensory areas, Primary auditory area (A1), Posterior parietal cortex (PPC), Primary visual area (V1), Visual areas

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure D.7?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure D.7?


Retrograde, Anterograde, Tracer injection

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.8?


Tracer injection and the retrograde or anterograde pathways

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure D.8?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.8?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure D.9?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the bottom side of Figure D.9?


Task-based fMRI, Resting State fMRI, SIENA, Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.9?


Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure D.10?


Neural stem cells divide to create a daughter cell which will differentiate into a new neuron.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure D.10?


Later-born neurons migrate past neurons born earlier to settle in the outer layers of tissue.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure D.10?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure D.11?


Injected at E11, Injected at E13, Injected at E15

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.11?


developmental timing shown as E11, E13, and E15

Question: What variable is represented on the horizontal axis in Figure D.11?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure D.12?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure D.12?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure D.12?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure D.13?


Pluripotent stem cells are grown in the laboratory.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure D.13?


A piece of neuroectoderm is grown in a tube that spins constantly, making the cells grow in spheres.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure D.13?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure D.14?


Based on the numbering in Figure 4.14, which step occurs immediately after Isolate RNA from samples?

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure D.14, which step occurs immediately after Isolate RNA from samples?


Map sequencing reads to the transcriptome/genome

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure D.14?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure D.15?


Based on the numbering in Figure 4.15, which step occurs immediately after Tissue dissection?

Cellular composition of the dissected tissue

Question: Based on the numbering in Figure D.15, which step occurs immediately after Tissue dissection?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure D.15?


Basal Ganglia, DLPFC, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Rostral ACC, Dorsal ACC, OFC, Cerebellum

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.1?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure E.1?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure E.1?


Question: According to the labels in Figure E.2, how many distinct components make up the early neurodevelopment overview?


Gastrulation: Process of producing 3 germ layers

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure E.2?


Maturation: Early brain subdivisions mature into adult subdivisions

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure E.2?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.3?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure E.3?


Question: According to the arrows, which step follows Blastulation in Figure E.3?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure E.4?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the bottom side of Figure E.4?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in the gastrulation inset for zebrafish embryonic development in Figure E.4?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.5?


Neural tube closure occurs at the dorsal end of the neural tube, just adjacent to the epidermal tissue.

Question: According to the arrows, which step follows The neural plate invaginates inward to produce the neural groove. in Figure E.5?


neural plate border, future epidermis, mesoderm, notochord, endoderm, neural plate, neural groove, invagination, closure, nascent neural crest cells, somites, neural crest, neural stem cells of CNS

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.5?


Question: Are Unaffected and Spina bifida in Figure E.6 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure E.6?


Spina bifida, one of the most common neural tube defects, results from incomplete closure of the neural tube at the caudal end.

Question: What text appears inside the box in Figure E.6?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.7?


Pigmented newt to dorsal blastopore lip, dorsal blastopore lip to host, and host to the transplanted newt

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure E.7?


Pigmented newt, Dorsal blastopore lip, Non-pigmented newt, Host

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.7?


Question: According to the labels in Figure E.8, how many distinct components make up the dorsal view?


Telencephalon and Diencephalon share the same immediate parent, Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Question: Which two categories share the same immediate parent in Figure E.8?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure E.8?


Question: What text appears inside the central Figure E.9?


Question: Looking at the flow of Figure E.9, does the process move in a linear direction or is it a repeating cycle?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure E.9?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.10?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure E.10?


Neuroepithelial cells (NECs), IP, Radial glial cells (RGCs), Neurons, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, ventricular zone, subventricular zone, cortical plate, Pial surface, Lateral ventricle, RGC

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.10?


9 developmental brain images and 1 inset showing gyrus and sulcus

Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure E.11?


Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure E.11?


Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure E.11?


Question: According to the labels in Figure E.12, how many distinct components make up the neural stem cell outputs?


neural stem cell, neuron, glial cell, neural precursor

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.12?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure E.12?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure E.13?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the right side of Figure E.13?


Developing cortex, Ventricle, Ganglionic eminences, Migrating new neuron, Neural stem cell process, Proliferative zone, Neural stem cell, Migrating new interneuron

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.13?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.14?


Pregnant mice are injected with tracer molecule at one of three time points.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure E.14?


Injected at E11, Injected at E13, Injected at E15, Golgi stain of an adult brain shows layers of cells in cortex

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.14?


How many categories are shown in the legend in Figure 5.15?

Question: How many categories are shown in the legend in Figure E.15?


Cranial NCCs, Vagal NCCs, Cardiac NCCs, Trunk NCCs, Sacral NCCs, Enteric NCCs

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure E.15?


Epidermis (Non-Neural), Neural crest cells, Neural tube, Endoderm, Notochord (mesoderm-derived), Human St.12 21 S1 (26 d), Mouse E10.5 35-39 s, Cranial Nerves, Pituitary Gland, VSMC in Brain, Melanocytes, Adipocytes, Bones and Cartilages of the Skull, Carotid Body, Meninges: Dura Mater Arachnoid Pia Mater

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.15?


Presynaptic neuron, Synaptic vesicle, Postsynaptic neuron, Neurotransmitter, Ion of interest, Receptor (channel), Synaptic cleft

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.16?


Question: Which element is located directly below Synaptic vesicle in Figure E.16?


Presynaptic neuron and Postsynaptic neuron

Question: Which two components are connected by the central bridge shown in the illustration in Figure E.16?


Filopodia, Lamellipodia, growing axon shaft

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.17?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure E.17?


Question: How many times does the term “Filopodia” appear in Figure E.17?


Chemorepulsive soluble cues, Filopodium leading edge, Actin, Integrins, Extracellular matrix, Chemoattractive soluble cues, Cell adhesion molecules

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.18?


Question: What structure appears to the left of the Cell adhesion molecules in Figure E.18?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure E.18?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.19?


dorsal, ventral, Caudal neural tube, Ipsilateral axon, Netrin, floor plate, Commissural axon, Frazzled, Robo, Slit

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.19?


Netrin to the floor plate region, Frazzled and Robo toward the ipsilateral axon region, and the commissural axon toward the floor plate region

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure E.19?


Question: Are Mature synapse and Immature synapse in Figure E.20 placed within the same labeled group or different groups?


has many vesicles; has a postsynaptic density (PSD); has few vesicles; lacks a postsynaptic density (PSD)

Question: What text appears inside the box in Figure E.20?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure E.20?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure E.21?


Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure E.21?


Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure E.21?


dying neuron, surviving neuron, neurotrophin, target tissue

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.22?


dying neuron and target tissue; surviving neuron and target tissue

Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure E.22?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure E.22?


In early development, motor neurons innervate multiple muscle fibers.

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the top side of Figure E.24?


During maturation, synapses are eliminated such that motor neuron axons synapse on only 1 muscle fiber.

Question: What grouping of elements is described on the bottom side of Figure E.24?


Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.24?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure E.25?


Question: Which step appears to have multiple inputs in Figure E.25?


Post-synaptic neurons receive multiple inputs with different patterns of action potentials.; Inputs are stronger when they correlate with others.; Signals that do not correlate are weaker.; Weak and ineffective inputs are eliminated.; Synapses of correlated inputs are strengthened and drive the postsynaptic cell.

Question: What text appears inside the box in Figure E.25?


Age (post-conception weeks) and Age (years)

Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure E.26?


Question: What quantity is being measured in Figure E.26?


Prefrontal cortex, Visual cortex, Auditory cortex

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure E.26?


Conception, Birth, Juvenile, Adolescence, Young adult, Age (years), In utero

Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure E.27?


Synaptic pruning, Myelination, Synaptogenesis, Gliogenesis, Neuronal migration, Neurogenesis

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.27?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure E.27?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in the top panel of Figure E.28?


TEA, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 10 months, 12 months, 18 months, horizontal images, sagittal images, P7, P10, P14, P17, P21, P24, P28, P35

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.28?


Rat brain sections labeled P7, P10, P14, P17, P21, P24, P28, P35

Question: Which element appears on the bottom side of Figure E.28?


From conception-term (weeks), Postnatal Infant-toddler (months), Postnatal Child-adult (years)

Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure E.29?


Visual and auditory cortex (seeing/hearing); Angular gyrus/Broca’s area (language and speech); Prefrontal cortex (higher cognitive functions); Rapid development; Prolonged development

Question: What information is provided in the legend of Figure E.29?


Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure E.29


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure E.30?


Question: What text appears inside the central Figure E.30?


Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure E.30?


Fetal period, Alcohol, Intellectual disability, Flat midface, Shortened nose, Abnormal brain development, Narrow forehead, Narrow eyelid openings, Absent philtrum, Growth retardation

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.31?


Question: Which elements are directly connected by arrows in Figure E.31?


Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure E.31?


Basal Ganglia, DLPFC, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Rostral ACC, Dorsal ACC, OFC, Cerebellum

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure E.32?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure E.32?


Question: Which element appears on the right side of Figure E.32?


Question: What variable is represented on the x-axis in Figure E.33?


Question: What variable is represented on the y-axis in Figure E.33?


Question: What grouping of elements is described on the left side of Figure E.33?


Radiowaves, Infrared, UV, X-rays, Gamma rays, and Visible light.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure F.2?


Six categories are represented: Radiowaves, Infrared, UV, X-rays, Gamma rays, and Visible light.

Question: How many different categories are represented in the legend of Figure F.2


Visible light is positioned at the center of the electromagnetic spectrum illustration.

Question: Which component is positioned at the center of Figure F.2?


Ciliary muscle, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Aqueous humor, Lens, Zonule fibers, Vitreous humor, Sclera, Choroid, Retina, Fovea, Optic nerve and retinal vessels, Optic disk.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure F.3?


Question: According to the labels in Figure F.3, how many distinct components make up the human eye?


Ciliary muscle, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Aqueous humor, Lens, Zonule fibers, and Vitreous humor appear on the left side.

Question: Which element appears on the left side of Figure F.3?


1. Light is reflected from objects to the observer. 2. Rays of light reflected from objects diverge in the world. 3. The lens focuses the rays to project a sharp image of the world on the retina. It also flips the image upside-down and left-right.

Question: What sequence is indicated by the numbered labels in Figure F.4?


Question: How many total steps are shown in Figure F.4?


Light is reflected from objects to the observer.

Question: Which element appears first according to numbering in Figure F.4?


The lens focuses the rays to project a sharp image of the world on the retina. It also flips the image upside-down and left-right.

Question: Which element appears last according to numbering in Figure F.4?


Normal eye, Myopic eye "nearsighted", Hyperopic eye "farsighted", Light focused in front of the retina, Light focused behind the retina, Corrected with concave lens, Corrected with convex lens.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure F.5?


Question: How many visible elements are shown in Figure F.5?


Question: Which component is positioned at the top of Figure F.5?


Photoreceptor cells, Horizontal cells, Bipolar cells, Amacrine cells, Ganglion cells, To optic nerve, Light.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure F.6?


Question: According to the labels in Figure F.6, how many distinct components make up the retina structure?


Question: Which component is positioned at the bottom of Figure F.6?


Choroid with blood vessels, Cone outer segments, Cone cell bodies, Bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells, Retinal ganglion cells, Fovea.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure F.7?


Question: Which component is placed at the very center of Figure F.7, suggesting it is the focal point?


Question: How many distinct labeled components are shown in Figure F.7?


Rod outer segment, Cone outer segment, Rod, Cone, Discs, Cytoplasmic space, Plasma membrane, Connecting cilium, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Synaptic terminal, Outer segment, Inner segment.

Question: What are the labels of the components in Figure F.8?