"""Load every sweep, fit the scalings the theorems predict, emit figures + summary.""" import json import os import sys import numpy as np HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) RES = os.path.join(HERE, "results") FIG = os.path.join(HERE, "figs") os.makedirs(FIG, exist_ok=True) def load(name): p = os.path.join(RES, name) if not os.path.exists(p): return [] with open(p) as f: return json.load(f) def agg(recs, key, value_fn): """group by key -> (xs, mean, sem)""" d = {} for r in recs: d.setdefault(r[key], []).append(value_fn(r)) xs = sorted(d) mu = np.array([np.mean(d[x]) for x in xs]) se = np.array([np.std(d[x]) / max(1, np.sqrt(len(d[x]))) for x in xs]) return np.array(xs, float), mu, se def loglog_slope(x, y): ok = (x > 0) & (y > 0) & np.isfinite(y) if ok.sum() < 2: return float("nan"), float("nan") p, cov = np.polyfit(np.log(x[ok]), np.log(y[ok]), 1, cov=True) return float(p[0]), float(np.sqrt(cov[0, 0])) def r2(x, y, slope, inter): pred = slope * x + inter ss = np.sum((y - pred) ** 2) tot = np.sum((y - y.mean()) ** 2) return float(1 - ss / tot) if tot > 0 else float("nan") summary = {} # ===================================================================== # Claim 1 -- mechanism audit (exp2) # ===================================================================== e2 = load("exp2_mechanism.json") if e2: S = {} for tag in ["m", "n", "T", "d", "K", "overlap"]: S[tag] = [r for r in e2 if r["sweep"] == tag] out = {} # (A) the linearisation identity: |measured - first_order| ~ m^{-1/2} ms, rem, rse = agg(S["m"], "m", lambda r: abs(r["remainder"])) _, remM, _ = agg(S["m"], "m", lambda r: abs(r["remainder_M"])) _, fo_m, _ = agg(S["m"], "m", lambda r: abs(r["first_order"])) sl, sle = loglog_slope(ms, rem) slM, slMe = loglog_slope(ms, remM) out["remainder_vs_m"] = dict( m=ms.tolist(), remainder=rem.tolist(), sem=rse.tolist(), remainder_M=remM.tolist(), first_order=fo_m.tolist(), slope=sl, slope_err=sle, slope_M=slM, slope_M_err=slMe, predicted_slope=-0.5) # (B) remainder vs eta*T -> Thm-1 third term says (eta T)^2 Ts, remT, _ = agg(S["T"], "T", lambda r: abs(r["remainder"])) slT, slTe = loglog_slope(Ts, remT) _, foT, _ = agg(S["T"], "T", lambda r: abs(r["first_order"])) slFO, slFOe = loglog_slope(Ts, foT) _, measT, _ = agg(S["T"], "T", lambda r: abs(r["measured"])) out["vs_T"] = dict(T=Ts.tolist(), remainder=remT.tolist(), first_order=foT.tolist(), measured=measT.tolist(), slope_remainder=slT, slope_remainder_err=slTe, slope_first_order=slFO, slope_first_order_err=slFOe, predicted_remainder_slope=2.0, predicted_first_order_slope=1.0) # (C) sampling term vs n -> n^{-1/2} ns, fl, fse = agg(S["n"], "n", lambda r: abs(r["fo_fluct"])) _, fm, _ = agg(S["n"], "n", lambda r: abs(r["fo_mean"])) _, mm_, _ = agg(S["n"], "n", lambda r: abs(r["measured"])) sln, slne = loglog_slope(ns, fl) slnm, _ = loglog_slope(ns, fm) out["vs_n"] = dict(n=ns.tolist(), fo_fluct=fl.tolist(), sem=fse.tolist(), fo_mean=fm.tolist(), measured=mm_.tolist(), slope_fluct=sln, slope_fluct_err=slne, slope_mean=slnm, predicted_fluct_slope=-0.5, predicted_mean_slope=0.0) # (D) sampling term vs d -> d^{-1} ds, fld, _ = agg(S["d"], "d", lambda r: abs(r["fo_fluct"])) _, fmd, _ = agg(S["d"], "d", lambda r: abs(r["fo_mean"])) sld, slde = loglog_slope(ds, fld) sldm, sldme = loglog_slope(ds, fmd) out["vs_d"] = dict(d=ds.tolist(), fo_fluct=fld.tolist(), fo_mean=fmd.tolist(), slope_fluct=sld, slope_fluct_err=slde, slope_mean=sldm, slope_mean_err=sldme, predicted_fluct_slope=-1.0, predicted_mean_slope=-2.0) # (E) sqrt(K-k) dependence, from the per-task forgetting inside K=12 runs kk = {} for r in S["K"]: Kt = r["K"] for k, v in enumerate(r["fo_per_k"]): if Kt - 1 - k > 0: kk.setdefault(Kt - 1 - k, []).append(abs(v)) xs = np.array(sorted(kk), float) ys = np.array([np.mean(kk[int(x)]) for x in xs]) ses = np.array([np.std(kk[int(x)]) / np.sqrt(len(kk[int(x)])) for x in xs]) slk, slke = loglog_slope(xs, ys) out["vs_Kk"] = dict(Kk=xs.tolist(), forget=ys.tolist(), sem=ses.tolist(), slope=slk, slope_err=slke, predicted_slope=0.5) # (F) control: break orthogonality of task means ov, ovy, ovse = agg(S["overlap"], "overlap", lambda r: abs(r["measured"])) out["overlap_control"] = dict(overlap=ov.tolist(), forget=ovy.tolist(), sem=ovse.tolist()) summary["claim1"] = out # ===================================================================== # Claim 1/6 -- full GD sweeps (exp1) # ===================================================================== e1 = load("exp1_scalings.json") if e1: out = {} for tag, key in [("n", "n"), ("m", "m"), ("etaT", "T"), ("eta", "eta")]: rs = [r for r in e1 if r["sweep"] == tag] if not rs: continue xs, mu, se = agg(rs, key, lambda r: abs(r["forget"][0])) _, tf, tse = agg(rs, key, lambda r: abs(r["test_forget"][0])) _, gg, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["gen_gap"][0]) sl, sle = loglog_slope(xs, mu) out[tag] = dict(x=xs.tolist(), train_forget=mu.tolist(), sem=se.tolist(), test_forget=tf.tolist(), test_sem=tse.tolist(), gen_gap=gg.tolist(), slope=sl, slope_err=sle) rs = [r for r in e1 if r["sweep"] == "Kk"] if rs: kk = {} for r in rs: K = r["K"] for k, v in enumerate(r["forget"][:-1]): kk.setdefault(K - 1 - k, []).append(abs(v)) xs = np.array(sorted(kk), float) ys = np.array([np.mean(kk[int(x)]) for x in xs]) ses = np.array([np.std(kk[int(x)]) / np.sqrt(len(kk[int(x)])) for x in xs]) sl, sle = loglog_slope(xs, ys) out["Kk"] = dict(x=xs.tolist(), train_forget=ys.tolist(), sem=ses.tolist(), slope=sl, slope_err=sle) summary["claim1_gd"] = out # ===================================================================== # Claim 2 -- parameter regime (exp3 "regime") # ===================================================================== e3 = load("exp3_regime.json") if e3: out = {} for var in ["prescribed", "fixed_n", "long_train", "small_m"]: rs = [r for r in e3 if r.get("variant") == var] if not rs: continue xs, mu, se = agg(rs, "d", lambda r: abs(r["measured"])) sl, sle = loglog_slope(xs, mu) out[var] = dict(d=xs.tolist(), forget=mu.tolist(), sem=se.tolist(), slope=sl, slope_err=sle, n=[[r["n"] for r in rs if r["d"] == x][0] for x in xs], T=[[r["T"] for r in rs if r["d"] == x][0] for x in xs], m=[[r["m"] for r in rs if r["d"] == x][0] for x in xs]) summary["claim2"] = out # Claim 3 -- uniform train error, hinge loss rs = [r for r in e3 if r["sweep"] == "claim3"] if rs: c3 = [] # Group by eta as well as (n, m): the two horizons eta*T = 400 and 1600 # give qualitatively different answers for the *loss* half of Theorem 2, # and averaging them together hides that. for key in sorted({(r["eta"], r["n"], r["m"]) for r in rs}): g = [r for r in rs if (r["eta"], r["n"], r["m"]) == key] K = g[0]["K"] err_end = np.array([r["err_at"][K - 1] for r in g]) terr_end = np.array([r["test_err_at"][K - 1] for r in g]) loss_end = np.array([r["loss_at"][K - 1] for r in g]) tloss_end = np.array([r["test_loss_at"][K - 1] for r in g]) diag = np.array([[r["err_at"][k][k] for k in range(K)] for r in g]) c3.append(dict(eta=key[0], n=key[1], m=key[2], K=K, T=g[0]["T"], d=g[0]["d"], etaT=float(key[0] * g[0]["T"]), etaT_over_d2=float(key[0] * g[0]["T"] / g[0]["d"] ** 2), test_loss_end=tloss_end.mean(0).tolist(), test_loss_end_max=float(tloss_end.mean(0).max()), train_err_end=err_end.mean(0).tolist(), train_err_end_max=float(err_end.mean(0).max()), train_err_own=diag.mean(0).tolist(), test_err_end=terr_end.mean(0).tolist(), test_err_end_max=float(terr_end.mean(0).max()), train_loss_end=loss_end.mean(0).tolist(), train_loss_end_max=float(loss_end.mean(0).max()), seeds=len(g))) summary["claim3"] = c3 # Claim 6 -- (n, m) joint grid rs = [r for r in e3 if r["sweep"] == "claim6"] if rs: nn = sorted({r["n"] for r in rs}) mm = sorted({r["m"] for r in rs}) grid_tr = np.zeros((len(nn), len(mm))) grid_ts = np.zeros((len(nn), len(mm))) grid_gg = np.zeros((len(nn), len(mm))) for i, n in enumerate(nn): for j, m in enumerate(mm): g = [r for r in rs if r["n"] == n and r["m"] == m] grid_tr[i, j] = np.mean([abs(r["forget"][0]) for r in g]) grid_ts[i, j] = np.mean([abs(r["test_forget"][0]) for r in g]) grid_gg[i, j] = np.mean([r["gen_gap"][0] for r in g]) # decomposition check: |F^ts| <= |F^tr| + |F^gen| per run viol, tot, ratios = 0, 0, [] for r in rs: lhs = r["test_forget"][0] rhs = r["forget"][0] + r["gen_gap"][0] tot += 1 if lhs > rhs + 1e-12: viol += 1 ratios.append(lhs - rhs) # The *shape* of the grid is the claim, and the cleanest read of it is # the marginal slope along each axis holding the other fixed: an # additive bound predicts that moving along an axis whose term is not # dominant produces a flat (plateaued) slope. marg = dict(vs_n=[], vs_m=[]) for j, m in enumerate(mm): sl, se = loglog_slope(np.array(nn, float), grid_tr[:, j]) marg["vs_n"].append(dict(m=m, slope=sl, slope_err=se)) for i, n in enumerate(nn): sl, se = loglog_slope(np.array(mm, float), grid_tr[i, :]) marg["vs_m"].append(dict(n=n, slope=sl, slope_err=se)) summary["claim6"] = dict( n=nn, m=mm, train_forget=grid_tr.tolist(), test_forget=grid_ts.tolist(), gen_gap=grid_gg.tolist(), marginal_slopes=marg, decomp_runs=tot, decomp_violations=viol, decomp_slack_mean=float(np.mean(ratios)), decomp_slack_min=float(np.min(ratios))) # ===================================================================== # Claims 4 & 5 -- generalization gap (exp4) # ===================================================================== e4 = load("exp4_gengap.json") if e4: out = {} for tag, key in [("n", "n"), ("T", "T"), ("m", "m"), ("K", "K")]: rs = [r for r in e4 if r["sweep"] == tag] if not rs: continue xs, mu, se = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["gen_gap"]) _, b3, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["rhs_thm3"]) _, b4, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["rhs_thm4"]) _, b3c, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["rhs_thm3_core"]) _, b4c, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["rhs_thm4_core"]) _, ex3, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["exponent_thm3"]) _, ex4, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["exponent_thm4"]) _, cum, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["cum_train_loss"][0]) _, ck, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["c_kK"]) _, tf, _ = agg(rs, key, lambda r: r["train_forget"]) sl, sle = loglog_slope(xs, np.abs(mu)) s3, _ = loglog_slope(xs, b3) s4, _ = loglog_slope(xs, b4) scum, _ = loglog_slope(xs, cum) out[tag] = dict(x=xs.tolist(), gap=mu.tolist(), sem=se.tolist(), rhs_thm3=b3.tolist(), rhs_thm4=b4.tolist(), rhs_thm3_core=b3c.tolist(), rhs_thm4_core=b4c.tolist(), exponent_thm3=ex3.tolist(), exponent_thm4=ex4.tolist(), slope_thm3_core=loglog_slope(xs, b3c)[0], slope_thm4_core=loglog_slope(xs, b4c)[0], cum_train_loss=cum.tolist(), c_kK=ck.tolist(), train_forget=tf.tolist(), slope_gap=sl, slope_gap_err=sle, slope_thm3=s3, slope_thm4=s4, slope_cum=scum, seeds=len({r["seed"] for r in rs})) # constants that make each bound tight at the base point, and validity for tag in out: g = np.abs(np.array(out[tag]["gap"])) b3 = np.array(out[tag]["rhs_thm3"]) b4 = np.array(out[tag]["rhs_thm4"]) b3c = np.array(out[tag]["rhs_thm3_core"]) b4c = np.array(out[tag]["rhs_thm4_core"]) out[tag]["c3"] = float(np.max(g / b3c)) out[tag]["c4"] = float(np.max(g / b4c)) out[tag]["ratio_thm3_core"] = (g / b3c).tolist() out[tag]["ratio_thm4_core"] = (g / b4c).tolist() summary["claim45"] = out # ===================================================================== # Claim 2 (internal consistency) -- how large must eta*T actually be? (exp5) # # Thm 1/2 ask for eta*T = Theta(d^2) *and* m = Omega~(d^8 K^4) at the same # time. Those are only mutually satisfiable if the eta*T needed to fit a task # does not grow with m. Fit log etaT_needed = const + alpha log d + beta log m # and report both exponents: the regime is self-consistent iff beta ~ 0. # ===================================================================== e5 = load("exp5_etaT.json") if e5: ok = [r for r in e5 if r.get("etaT_needed")] censored = [r for r in e5 if not r.get("etaT_needed")] out = dict(n_probes=len(e5), n_resolved=len(ok), n_censored=len(censored), T_fixed=(e5[0]["T"] if e5 else None)) if len(ok) >= 4: A = np.array([[1.0, np.log(r["d"]), np.log(r["m"])] for r in ok]) b = np.log(np.array([r["etaT_needed"] for r in ok])) coef, *_ = np.linalg.lstsq(A, b, rcond=None) pred = A @ coef ss, tot = np.sum((b - pred) ** 2), np.sum((b - b.mean()) ** 2) # standard errors on the exponents dof = max(1, len(b) - 3) cov = (ss / dof) * np.linalg.pinv(A.T @ A) out.update(alpha_d=float(coef[1]), beta_m=float(coef[2]), alpha_d_err=float(np.sqrt(cov[1, 1])), beta_m_err=float(np.sqrt(cov[2, 2])), r2=float(1 - ss / tot) if tot > 0 else float("nan"), predicted_alpha_d=2.0, predicted_beta_m_for_consistency=0.0) # per-(d, m) medians for the figure grid = {} for r in ok: grid.setdefault((r["d"], r["m"]), []).append(r["etaT_needed"]) out["points"] = [dict(d=k[0], m=k[1], etaT_needed=float(np.median(v)), seeds=len(v)) for k, v in sorted(grid.items())] summary["claim2_etaT"] = out # ===================================================================== # Claim 3 control -- cluster noise (exp6) # ===================================================================== e6 = load("exp6_noise.json") if e6: rows = [] for sc in sorted({r["sigma_c"] for r in e6}): g = [r for r in e6 if r["sigma_c"] == sc] K = g[0]["K"] tr = np.array([r["train_err_end"] for r in g]) # (seeds, K) ts = np.array([r["test_err_end"] for r in g]) own = np.array([r["train_err_own"] for r in g]) ls = np.array([r["train_loss_end"] for r in g]) rows.append(dict( sigma_c=float(sc), seeds=len(g), K=K, # Theorem 2 asks for the error to be small *uniformly over tasks*, # so the max over k is the quantity the claim is about. train_err_max=float(tr.mean(0).max()), test_err_max=float(ts.mean(0).max()), train_err_own_max=float(own.mean(0).max()), train_loss_max=float(ls.mean(0).max()), train_err_per_task=tr.mean(0).tolist(), test_err_per_task=ts.mean(0).tolist())) summary["claim3_noise"] = dict( d=e6[0]["d"], m=e6[0]["m"], n=e6[0]["n"], K=e6[0]["K"], T=e6[0]["T"], eta=e6[0]["eta"], rows=rows) # ===================================================================== # Claim 6 control -- is the decomposition really violated? (exp7) # ===================================================================== e7 = load("exp7_decomp_mc.json") if e7: drop = np.array([r["dropped_term"] for r in e7]) slack = np.array([r["slack"] for r in e7]) per = [] for key in sorted({(r["n"], r["m"]) for r in e7}): g = [r for r in e7 if (r["n"], r["m"]) == key] dd = np.array([r["dropped_term"] for r in g]) per.append(dict(n=key[0], m=key[1], seeds=len(g), dropped_mean=float(dd.mean()), dropped_sd=float(dd.std(ddof=1)), n_negative=int((dd < 0).sum()))) summary["claim6_decomp"] = dict( n_test=e7[0]["n_test"], runs=len(e7), dropped_mean=float(drop.mean()), dropped_sd=float(drop.std(ddof=1)), dropped_sem=float(drop.std(ddof=1) / np.sqrt(len(drop))), dropped_t=float(drop.mean() / (drop.std(ddof=1) / np.sqrt(len(drop)))), n_negative=int((drop < 0).sum()), violations=int((slack > 1e-12).sum()), per_corner=per) # ===================================================================== # Claims 4/5 -- the corner where the bounds are non-vacuous (exp8) # ===================================================================== e8 = load("exp8_nonvacuous.json") if e8: rows = [] for key in sorted({(r["T"], r["m"], r["n"]) for r in e8}): g = [r for r in e8 if (r["T"], r["m"], r["n"]) == key] gp = np.array([r["gen_gap"] for r in g]) r3 = np.array([r["rhs_thm3"] for r in g]) r4 = np.array([r["rhs_thm4"] for r in g]) rows.append(dict( T=key[0], m=key[1], n=key[2], seeds=len(g), gap=float(gp.mean()), sem=float(gp.std(ddof=1) / np.sqrt(len(gp))), exponent_thm3=float(np.mean([r["exponent_thm3"] for r in g])), exponent_thm4=float(np.mean([r["exponent_thm4"] for r in g])), rhs_thm3=float(r3.mean()), rhs_thm4=float(r4.mean()), # slack = how many orders of magnitude the bound sits above the # measurement; < ~3 is what "non-vacuous" means in practice. slack3=float(np.log10(r3.mean() / abs(gp.mean()))), slack4=float(np.log10(r4.mean() / abs(gp.mean()))), holds3=bool(gp.mean() <= r3.mean()), holds4=bool(gp.mean() <= r4.mean()), train_loss_end=float(np.mean([r["train_loss_end"] for r in g])))) best = min(rows, key=lambda r: r["slack4"]) summary["claim45_nonvacuous"] = dict( d=e8[0]["d"], K=e8[0]["K"], eta=e8[0]["eta"], runs=len(e8), rows=rows, tightest=best, n_violations_thm3=int(sum(not r["holds3"] for r in rows)), n_violations_thm4=int(sum(not r["holds4"] for r in rows)), max_exponent_thm3=float(max(r["exponent_thm3"] for r in rows)), max_exponent_thm4=float(max(r["exponent_thm4"] for r in rows))) with open(os.path.join(RES, "summary.json"), "w") as f: json.dump(summary, f, indent=1) print(json.dumps(summary, indent=1)[:200]) print("\nwrote", os.path.join(RES, "summary.json")) for k in summary: print(" section:", k)