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README.md
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This dataset contains three datasets, **MalNet-Tiny**, **MalNet-Tiny-Common** and **MalNet-Tiny-Distinct**, designed to evaluate the
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robustness of graph-based Android malware classifiers under distribution shift. Derived from the [MalNet-Tiny](https://malnet.cs.gatech.edu/)
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dataset, these benchmarks introduce specific partitions to simulate realistic
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Call Graphs (FCGs) with semantic function metadata and LLM-based code embeddings.
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## Dataset Details
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### Dataset Description
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The dataset consists of Android Function Call Graphs (FCGs) where nodes represent functions and edges represent invocations. Unlike the original
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1. **Function Metadata:** Lightweight features such as function names, method signatures, and access flags.
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2. **LLM Embeddings:** Dense semantic representations of function bodies derived from Large Language Models (LLMs), extracted when source code is available.
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## Dataset Structure
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The dataset is composed of `.pt` files to be loaded into PyTorch Geometric. Accompanied code can be found at
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## Dataset Creation
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1. **Base Data:** Samples and labels were selected from MalNet, then download the corresponding raw APK from AndroZoo.
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* *MalNet-Tiny:* The split from the original MalNet.
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* *MalNet-Tiny-Common:* Samples from **
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* *MalNet-Tiny-Distinct:* Samples from **completely unseen** families of malwares.
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2. **Feature Extraction:**
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* *Metadata Extraction:* Function names, signatures, and flags were extracted to provide lightweight semantic context.
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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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* **Static Analysis Limitations:** The graphs are based on static analysis and may be vulnerable to obfuscation techniques that alter call graphs
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* **Feature Availability:** LLM embeddings depend on the successful decompilation and availability of function bodies.
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### Recommendations
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Users should be made aware of the risks, biases, and limitations of the dataset. Models trained on this dataset should be evaluated in
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## Citation
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```latex
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@misc{
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title={
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author={Ngoc N. Tran and Anwar Said and Waseem Abbas and Tyler Derr and Xenofon D. Koutsoukos},
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year={
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eprint={2508.06734},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.CR},
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This dataset contains three datasets, **MalNet-Tiny**, **MalNet-Tiny-Common** and **MalNet-Tiny-Distinct**, designed to evaluate the
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robustness of graph-based Android malware classifiers under distribution shift. Derived from the [MalNet-Tiny](https://malnet.cs.gatech.edu/)
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dataset, these benchmarks introduce specific partitions to simulate realistic covariate shift (intra-family) and domain (cross-family) shifts
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by enriching Function Call Graphs (FCGs) with semantic function metadata and LLM-based code embeddings.
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## Dataset Details
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### Dataset Description
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The dataset consists of Android Function Call Graphs (FCGs) where nodes represent functions and edges represent invocations. Unlike the original
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MalNet-Tiny, which relies on structure-only representations, this dataset enriches the graphs with:
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1. **Function Metadata:** Lightweight features such as function names, method signatures, and access flags.
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2. **LLM Embeddings:** Dense semantic representations of function bodies derived from Large Language Models (LLMs), extracted when source code is available.
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## Dataset Structure
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The dataset is composed of `.pt` files to be loaded into PyTorch Geometric. Accompanied code can be found at
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[this GitHub repository](https://github.com/ngoctnq/malnet-features).
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## Dataset Creation
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1. **Base Data:** Samples and labels were selected from MalNet, then download the corresponding raw APK from AndroZoo.
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* *MalNet-Tiny:* The split from the original MalNet.
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* *MalNet-Tiny-Common:* Samples from **same** malware *families* but different malware *types*.
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* *MalNet-Tiny-Distinct:* Samples from **completely unseen** families of malwares.
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2. **Feature Extraction:**
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* *Metadata Extraction:* Function names, signatures, and flags were extracted to provide lightweight semantic context.
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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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* **Static Analysis Limitations:** The graphs are based on static analysis and may be vulnerable to obfuscation techniques that alter call graphs
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(e.g., reflection, dynamic loading) without changing behavior.
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* **Feature Availability:** LLM embeddings depend on the successful decompilation and availability of function bodies.
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### Recommendations
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Users should be made aware of the risks, biases, and limitations of the dataset. Models trained on this dataset should be evaluated in
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conjunction with dynamic analysis methods for deployment in critical security environments.
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## Citation
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```latex
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@misc{tran2026quantifyinggeneralizationgapnew,
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title={Quantifying the Generalization Gap: A New Benchmark for Out-of-Distribution Graph-Based Android Malware Classification},
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author={Ngoc N. Tran and Anwar Said and Waseem Abbas and Tyler Derr and Xenofon D. Koutsoukos},
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year={2026},
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eprint={2508.06734},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.CR},
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