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NUCLE Release 3.3 |
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24 Jan 2019 |
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This README file describes the NUS Corpus of Learner English (NUCLE). |
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It was collected in a collaboration project between the National |
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University of Singapore (NUS) Natural Language Processing (NLP) Group |
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led by Prof. Hwee Tou Ng and the NUS Centre for English Language |
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Communication (CELC) led by Prof. Siew Mei Wu. The work was carried |
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out as part of the PhD thesis research of Daniel Dahlmeier at the NUS |
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NLP Group. |
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The corpus is distributed under the standard NUS licensing agreement |
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available when downloading the corpus. Any questions regarding NUCLE |
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should be directed to Hwee Tou Ng at: nght@comp.nus.edu.sg |
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If you are using the NUCLE corpus in your work, please include a |
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citation of the following paper: |
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Daniel Dahlmeier, Hwee Tou Ng, and Siew Mei Wu (2013). Building a |
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Large Annotated Corpus of Learner English: The NUS Corpus of Learner |
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English. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP |
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for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2013). (pp. 22 |
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31). Atlanta, Georgia, USA. |
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1. About |
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======== |
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NUCLE is a corpus of learner English. It consists of about 1,400 |
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essays written by university students at the National University of |
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Singapore on a wide range of topics, such as environmental pollution, |
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healthcare, etc. It contains over one million words which are |
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completely annotated with error categories and corrections. All |
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annotations have been performed by professional English instructors at |
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the NUS CELC. |
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2. Data Format |
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============== |
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The corpus is distributed in a simple SGML format. All annotations |
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come in a "stand-off" format. The start position and end position of |
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an annotation are given by paragraph and character offsets. |
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Paragraphs are enclosed in <P>...</P> tags. Paragraphs and characters |
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are counted starting from zero. Each annotation includes the following |
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fields: the error category, the correction, and optionally a |
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comment. If the correction replaces the original text at the given |
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location, it should fix the grammatical error. |
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Example: |
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<DOC nid="840"> |
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<TEXT> |
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<P> |
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Engineering design process can be defined as a process ... |
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</P> |
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<P> |
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Firstly, engineering design ... |
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</P> |
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... |
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</TEXT> |
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<ANNOTATION teacher_id="173"> |
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<MISTAKE start_par="0" start_off="0" end_par="0" end_off="26"> |
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<TYPE>ArtOrDet</TYPE> |
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<CORRECTION>The engineering design process</CORRECTION> |
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</MISTAKE> |
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... |
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</ANNOTATION> |
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</DOC> |
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<DOC nid="862"> |
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... |
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Below is a complete list of the error categories in NUCLE release 2.0: |
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ERROR TAG ERROR CATEGORY |
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Vt Verb tense |
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Vm Verb modal |
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V0 Missing verb |
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Vform Verb form |
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SVA Subject-verb-agreement |
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ArtOrDet Article or Determiner |
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Nn Noun number |
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Npos Noun possesive |
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Pform Pronoun form |
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Pref Pronoun reference |
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Wcip Wrong collocation/idiom/preposition |
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Wa Acronyms |
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Wform Word form |
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Wtone Tone |
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Srun Runons, comma splice |
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Smod Dangling modifier |
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Spar Parallelism |
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Sfrag Fragment |
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Ssub Subordinate clause |
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WOinc Incorrect sentence form |
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WOadv Adverb/adjective position |
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Trans Link word/phrases |
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Mec Punctuation, capitalization, spelling, typos |
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Rloc Local redundancy |
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Cit Citation |
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Others Other errors |
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Um Unclear meaning (cannot be corrected) |
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3. Updates included in version 2.1 |
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================================== |
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The major change made in version 2.1 is to map the error categories |
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Wcip and Rloc to Prep, Wci, ArtOrDet, and Rloc-. |
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In the original NUCLE corpus, there is not an explicit preposition |
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error category. Instead, preposition errors are part of the Wcip |
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(Wrong collocation/idiom/preposition) and Rloc (local redundancy) |
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error categories. In addition, redundant article or determiner errors |
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are part of the Rloc error category. |
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To facilitate the detection and correction of preposition errors and |
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article/determiner errors, we perform mapping of error categories in |
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the original NUCLE corpus. The mapping relies on POS tags, constituent |
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parse trees, and error annotations at the token level. |
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(a) Conditions to change from the error category Wcip or Rloc to Prep: |
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This applies to replacing a preposition by another preposition, or |
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deleting a preposition. The string to be replaced is one word w with |
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POS tag IN or TO, the parent of w is a PP in the constituent parse |
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tree, and the replacement is either a preposition or the empty string. |
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(b) Conditions to change from the error category Wcip to Prep: |
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This applies to inserting a preposition. The replacement is a |
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preposition (one word only) and the immediately following word is |
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tagged as VBG or is the first word of a noun phrase (NP). |
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(c) Conditions to change from the error category Rloc to ArtOrDet: |
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The single word has POS tag DT and the replacement is the empty |
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string. |
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The remaining unaffected "Wcip" errors are assigned the new error |
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category "Wci" and the remaining unaffected "Rloc" errors are assigned |
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the new error category "Rloc-". |
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List of 36 Prepositions: |
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about along among around as at beside besides between by down during |
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except for from in inside into of off on onto outside over through to |
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toward towards under underneath until up upon with within without |
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Below is a complete list of 28 error categories in NUCLE release 2.1: |
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ERROR TAG ERROR CATEGORY |
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Vt Verb tense |
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Vm Verb modal |
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V0 Missing verb |
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Vform Verb form |
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SVA Subject-verb-agreement |
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ArtOrDet Article or Determiner |
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Nn Noun number |
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Npos Noun possesive |
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Pform Pronoun form |
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Pref Pronoun reference |
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Prep Preposition |
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Wci Wrong collocation/idiom |
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Wa Acronyms |
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Wform Word form |
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Wtone Tone |
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Srun Runons, comma splice |
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Smod Dangling modifier |
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Spar Parallelism |
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Sfrag Fragment |
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Ssub Subordinate clause |
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WOinc Incorrect sentence form |
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WOadv Adverb/adjective position |
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Trans Link word/phrases |
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Mec Punctuation, capitalization, spelling, typos |
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Rloc- Local redundancy |
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Cit Citation |
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Others Other errors |
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Um Unclear meaning (cannot be corrected) |
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3. Updates included in version 2.2 |
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================================== |
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- Fixed the bug on expanding an error annotation involving part of a |
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token to the full token. |
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- Other miscellaneous corrections were made. |
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4. Updates included in version 2.3 |
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================================== |
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- Fixed the bug involving tokenization of punctuation symbols in the |
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correction string. |
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- Fixed the tokenization example in the README file of the M^2 scorer |
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to reflect the real tokenization to be used and removed irrelevant |
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codes from the scorer package. |
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5. Updates included in version 3.0 |
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================================== |
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- Resolved overlapping annotations in the NUCLE corpus to make them |
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non-overlapping. |
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- Corrected some minor mistakes in error annotations. |
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6. Updates included in version 3.1 |
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================================== |
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- Removed duplicate annotations in the NUCLE corpus with the same span |
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and correction string but different error type so as to keep only one of |
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those annotations. This fix only affects 0.1% of all annotations. |
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- Fixed end-of-paragraph annotations so that the end offset of such |
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annotations is the last character position in the paragraph. This fix |
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only affects 0.7% of all annotations. |
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- Corrected some minor mistakes in error annotations. |
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- Inclusion of the CoNLL-2013 test data, with all the known problems |
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described above fixed. Participating teams in the CoNLL-2014 shared |
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task can make use of the CoNLL-2013 test data in training and |
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developing their systems if they wish to do so. |
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- Fixed a minor bug in the M2 scorer that caused duplicate insertion |
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edits to receive high scores. |
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7. Updates included in version 3.2 |
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================================== |
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- Fixed the preprocessing script such that a gold edit that inserts an |
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empty string is not included in the token-level gold edit and scorer |
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answer files. |
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- Removed one edit that inserted an empty string from the CoNLL-2014 |
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test data. Also removed such instances from the NUCLE training data. |
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- Fixed a bug in the M2 scorer arising from scoring against gold edits |
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from multiple annotators. Specifically, the bug sometimes caused |
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incorrect scores to be reported when scoring against the gold edits |
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of subsequent annotators (other than the first annotator). |
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- Fixed a bug in the M2 scorer that caused erroneous scores to be |
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reported when dealing with insertion edits followed by deletion edits |
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(or vice versa). |
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8. Updates included in version 3.3 |
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================================== |
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- Added a subdirectory "bea2019" to contain the ERRANT typed NUCLE M2 |
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file for the BEA 2019 shared task on grammatical error correction. |
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