| NUCLE Release 3.3 |
| 24 Jan 2019 |
|
|
| This README file describes the NUS Corpus of Learner English (NUCLE). |
| It was collected in a collaboration project between the National |
| University of Singapore (NUS) Natural Language Processing (NLP) Group |
| led by Prof. Hwee Tou Ng and the NUS Centre for English Language |
| Communication (CELC) led by Prof. Siew Mei Wu. The work was carried |
| out as part of the PhD thesis research of Daniel Dahlmeier at the NUS |
| NLP Group. |
|
|
| The corpus is distributed under the standard NUS licensing agreement |
| available when downloading the corpus. Any questions regarding NUCLE |
| should be directed to Hwee Tou Ng at: nght@comp.nus.edu.sg |
|
|
| If you are using the NUCLE corpus in your work, please include a |
| citation of the following paper: |
|
|
| Daniel Dahlmeier, Hwee Tou Ng, and Siew Mei Wu (2013). Building a |
| Large Annotated Corpus of Learner English: The NUS Corpus of Learner |
| English. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP |
| for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2013). (pp. 22 |
| 31). Atlanta, Georgia, USA. |
|
|
|
|
| 1. About |
| ======== |
|
|
| NUCLE is a corpus of learner English. It consists of about 1,400 |
| essays written by university students at the National University of |
| Singapore on a wide range of topics, such as environmental pollution, |
| healthcare, etc. It contains over one million words which are |
| completely annotated with error categories and corrections. All |
| annotations have been performed by professional English instructors at |
| the NUS CELC. |
|
|
|
|
| 2. Data Format |
| ============== |
|
|
| The corpus is distributed in a simple SGML format. All annotations |
| come in a "stand-off" format. The start position and end position of |
| an annotation are given by paragraph and character offsets. |
| Paragraphs are enclosed in <P>...</P> tags. Paragraphs and characters |
| are counted starting from zero. Each annotation includes the following |
| fields: the error category, the correction, and optionally a |
| comment. If the correction replaces the original text at the given |
| location, it should fix the grammatical error. |
|
|
| Example: |
|
|
| <DOC nid="840"> |
| <TEXT> |
| <P> |
| Engineering design process can be defined as a process ... |
| </P> |
| <P> |
| Firstly, engineering design ... |
| </P> |
| ... |
| </TEXT> |
| <ANNOTATION teacher_id="173"> |
| <MISTAKE start_par="0" start_off="0" end_par="0" end_off="26"> |
| <TYPE>ArtOrDet</TYPE> |
| <CORRECTION>The engineering design process</CORRECTION> |
| </MISTAKE> |
| ... |
| </ANNOTATION> |
| </DOC> |
| <DOC nid="862"> |
| ... |
|
|
|
|
| Below is a complete list of the error categories in NUCLE release 2.0: |
|
|
| ERROR TAG ERROR CATEGORY |
| |
| Vt Verb tense |
| Vm Verb modal |
| V0 Missing verb |
| Vform Verb form |
| SVA Subject-verb-agreement |
| ArtOrDet Article or Determiner |
| Nn Noun number |
| Npos Noun possesive |
| Pform Pronoun form |
| Pref Pronoun reference |
| Wcip Wrong collocation/idiom/preposition |
| Wa Acronyms |
| Wform Word form |
| Wtone Tone |
| Srun Runons, comma splice |
| Smod Dangling modifier |
| Spar Parallelism |
| Sfrag Fragment |
| Ssub Subordinate clause |
| WOinc Incorrect sentence form |
| WOadv Adverb/adjective position |
| Trans Link word/phrases |
| Mec Punctuation, capitalization, spelling, typos |
| Rloc Local redundancy |
| Cit Citation |
| Others Other errors |
| Um Unclear meaning (cannot be corrected) |
|
|
|
|
| 3. Updates included in version 2.1 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| The major change made in version 2.1 is to map the error categories |
| Wcip and Rloc to Prep, Wci, ArtOrDet, and Rloc-. |
|
|
| In the original NUCLE corpus, there is not an explicit preposition |
| error category. Instead, preposition errors are part of the Wcip |
| (Wrong collocation/idiom/preposition) and Rloc (local redundancy) |
| error categories. In addition, redundant article or determiner errors |
| are part of the Rloc error category. |
|
|
| To facilitate the detection and correction of preposition errors and |
| article/determiner errors, we perform mapping of error categories in |
| the original NUCLE corpus. The mapping relies on POS tags, constituent |
| parse trees, and error annotations at the token level. |
|
|
| (a) Conditions to change from the error category Wcip or Rloc to Prep: |
|
|
| This applies to replacing a preposition by another preposition, or |
| deleting a preposition. The string to be replaced is one word w with |
| POS tag IN or TO, the parent of w is a PP in the constituent parse |
| tree, and the replacement is either a preposition or the empty string. |
|
|
| (b) Conditions to change from the error category Wcip to Prep: |
|
|
| This applies to inserting a preposition. The replacement is a |
| preposition (one word only) and the immediately following word is |
| tagged as VBG or is the first word of a noun phrase (NP). |
|
|
| (c) Conditions to change from the error category Rloc to ArtOrDet: |
|
|
| The single word has POS tag DT and the replacement is the empty |
| string. |
|
|
| The remaining unaffected "Wcip" errors are assigned the new error |
| category "Wci" and the remaining unaffected "Rloc" errors are assigned |
| the new error category "Rloc-". |
|
|
| List of 36 Prepositions: |
|
|
| about along among around as at beside besides between by down during |
| except for from in inside into of off on onto outside over through to |
| toward towards under underneath until up upon with within without |
|
|
| Below is a complete list of 28 error categories in NUCLE release 2.1: |
|
|
| ERROR TAG ERROR CATEGORY |
| |
| Vt Verb tense |
| Vm Verb modal |
| V0 Missing verb |
| Vform Verb form |
| SVA Subject-verb-agreement |
| ArtOrDet Article or Determiner |
| Nn Noun number |
| Npos Noun possesive |
| Pform Pronoun form |
| Pref Pronoun reference |
| Prep Preposition |
| Wci Wrong collocation/idiom |
| Wa Acronyms |
| Wform Word form |
| Wtone Tone |
| Srun Runons, comma splice |
| Smod Dangling modifier |
| Spar Parallelism |
| Sfrag Fragment |
| Ssub Subordinate clause |
| WOinc Incorrect sentence form |
| WOadv Adverb/adjective position |
| Trans Link word/phrases |
| Mec Punctuation, capitalization, spelling, typos |
| Rloc- Local redundancy |
| Cit Citation |
| Others Other errors |
| Um Unclear meaning (cannot be corrected) |
|
|
|
|
| 3. Updates included in version 2.2 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| - Fixed the bug on expanding an error annotation involving part of a |
| token to the full token. |
|
|
| - Other miscellaneous corrections were made. |
|
|
|
|
| 4. Updates included in version 2.3 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| - Fixed the bug involving tokenization of punctuation symbols in the |
| correction string. |
|
|
| - Fixed the tokenization example in the README file of the M^2 scorer |
| to reflect the real tokenization to be used and removed irrelevant |
| codes from the scorer package. |
|
|
|
|
| 5. Updates included in version 3.0 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| - Resolved overlapping annotations in the NUCLE corpus to make them |
| non-overlapping. |
|
|
| - Corrected some minor mistakes in error annotations. |
|
|
|
|
| 6. Updates included in version 3.1 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| - Removed duplicate annotations in the NUCLE corpus with the same span |
| and correction string but different error type so as to keep only one of |
| those annotations. This fix only affects 0.1% of all annotations. |
|
|
| - Fixed end-of-paragraph annotations so that the end offset of such |
| annotations is the last character position in the paragraph. This fix |
| only affects 0.7% of all annotations. |
|
|
| - Corrected some minor mistakes in error annotations. |
|
|
| - Inclusion of the CoNLL-2013 test data, with all the known problems |
| described above fixed. Participating teams in the CoNLL-2014 shared |
| task can make use of the CoNLL-2013 test data in training and |
| developing their systems if they wish to do so. |
|
|
| - Fixed a minor bug in the M2 scorer that caused duplicate insertion |
| edits to receive high scores. |
|
|
|
|
| 7. Updates included in version 3.2 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| - Fixed the preprocessing script such that a gold edit that inserts an |
| empty string is not included in the token-level gold edit and scorer |
| answer files. |
|
|
| - Removed one edit that inserted an empty string from the CoNLL-2014 |
| test data. Also removed such instances from the NUCLE training data. |
|
|
| - Fixed a bug in the M2 scorer arising from scoring against gold edits |
| from multiple annotators. Specifically, the bug sometimes caused |
| incorrect scores to be reported when scoring against the gold edits |
| of subsequent annotators (other than the first annotator). |
|
|
| - Fixed a bug in the M2 scorer that caused erroneous scores to be |
| reported when dealing with insertion edits followed by deletion edits |
| (or vice versa). |
|
|
|
|
| 8. Updates included in version 3.3 |
| ================================== |
|
|
| - Added a subdirectory "bea2019" to contain the ERRANT typed NUCLE M2 |
| file for the BEA 2019 shared task on grammatical error correction. |
|
|
